Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Telephone outreach to increase colorectal cancer screening in an urban minority population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Basch, C.E. Author-Name: Wolf, R.L. Author-Name: Brouse, C.H. Author-Name: Shmukler, C. Author-Name: Neugut, A. Author-Name: DeCarlo, L.T. Author-Name: Shea, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2246-2253 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067223 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the effectiveness of a telephone outreach approach versus a direct mail approach in improving rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in a predominantly Black population. Methods. A randomized trial was conducted between 2000 and 2003 that followed 456 participants in the New York metropolitan area who had not had recent CRC screening. The intervention group received tailored telephone outreach, and the control group received mailed printed materials. The primary outcome was medically documented CRC screening 6 months or less after randomization. Results. CRC screening was documented in 61 of 226 (27.0%) intervention participants and in 14 of 230 (6.1%) controls (prevalence rate difference = 20.9%; 95% CI = 14.34, 27.46). Compared with the control group, the intervention group was 4.4 times more likely to receive CRC screening within 6 months of randomization. Conclusions. Tailored telephone outreach can increase CRC screening in an urban minority population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067223_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Victimization, substance use, and HIV risk behaviors among gay/bisexual/two-spirit and heterosexual American Indian men in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simoni, J.M. Author-Name: Walters, K.L. Author-Name: Balsam, K.F. Author-Name: Meyers, S.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2240-2245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054056 Abstract: Objectives. Our primary aims were to identify differences on the basis of sexual orientation in victimization, substance use, and HIV risk behaviors and to examine associations among these variables in American Indian men. Our secondary aims included describing condom-use attitudes, beliefs about HIV/AIDS in the Indian community, HIV knowledge, HIV status, and preference for and access to HIV prevention services in this population. Methods. A survey was mailed to all members of an American Indian community organization in New York City. Results. The 20 men self-identifying as gay, two-spirit, or bisexual (hereafter, "two-spirit") were more likely to report being victimized and engaging in HIV risk behaviors than the 51 heterosexual respondents, although they reported comparable levels of recent substance use. Overall, victimization was associated with lifetime HIV risk behaviors (even after control for sexual orientation) but not with substance use or unsafe sex in the past 12 months. The percentage of HIV infection was surprisingly high (10% of two-spirit men and 6% of heterosexual men). Conclusions. Two-spirit men are a vulnerable population whose victimization must be understood within an appropriate historical and political context. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054056_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Infant mortality trends and differences between American Indian/Alaska Native infants and white infants in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1998-2000 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tomashek, K.M. Author-Name: Qin, C. Author-Name: Hsia, J. Author-Name: Iyasu, S. Author-Name: Barfield, W.D. Author-Name: Flowers, L.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2222-2227 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053744 Abstract: Objectives. To describe changes in infant mortality rates, including birthweight-specific rates and rates by age at death and cause. Methods. We analyzed US linked birth/infant-death data for 1989-1991 and 1998-2000 for American Indians/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White singleton infants at ≥20 weeks' gestation born to US residents. We calculated birth weight-specific infant mortality rates (deaths in each birthweight category per 1000 live births in that category), and overall and cause-specific infant mortality rates (deaths per 100 000 live births) in infancy (0-364 days) and in the neonatal (0-27 days) and postneonatal (28-364 days) periods. Results. Birthweight-specific infant mortality rates declined among AIAN and White infants across all birthweight categories, but AIAN infants generally had higher birthweight-specific infant mortality rates. Infant mortality rates declined for both groups, yet in 1998-2000, AIAN infants were still 1.7 times more likely to die than White infants. Most of the disparity was because of elevated postneonatal mortality, especially from sudden infant death syndrome, accidents, and pneumonia and influenza. Conclusions. Although birthweight-specific infant mortality rates and infant mortality rates declined among both AIAN and White infants, disparities in infant mortality persist. Preventable causes of infant mortality identified in this analysis should be targeted to reduce excess deaths among AIAN communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053744_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in female breast cancer: Screening rates and stage at diagnosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sassi, F. Author-Name: Luft, H.S. Author-Name: Guadagnoli, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2165-2172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071761 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether population rates of mammography screening, and their changes over time, were associated with improvements in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and whether the strength of this association varied by race/ethnicity. Methods. We analyzed state cancer registry data linked to socioeconomic characteristics of patients' areas of residence for 1990-1998 time trends in the likelihood of early stage diagnosis. We appended each cancer registry record with matching subgroup estimates of self-reported mammography screening. Results. Trends in screening and stage at diagnosis were consistent within groups, but African American women had a significantly lower proportion of early stage cancers despite an advantage in screening. Population screening rates were significantly associated with early diagnosis, with a weaker association in African American women than White women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70; P < .0001 vs OR = 2.02; P < .0001, respectively). Conclusions. Improvements in screening rates during the 1990s across racial/ ethnic groups appear to have contributed significantly to earlier diagnosis within each group, but a smaller effect in African American women should raise concerns. A key health policy challenge is to ensure that screening effectively translates into earlier diagnosis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071761_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The persistence of American Indian health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, D.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2122-2134 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054262 Abstract: Disparities in health status between American Indians and other groups in the United States have persisted throughout the 500 years since Europeans arrived in the Americas. Colonists, traders, missionaries, soldiers, physicians, and government officials have struggled to explain these disparities, invoking a wide range of possible causes. American Indians joined these debates, often suggesting different explanations. Europeans and Americans also struggled to respond to the disparities, sometimes working to relieve them, sometimes taking advantage of the ill health of American Indians. Economic and political interests have always affected both explanations of health disparities and responses to them, influencing which explanations were emphasized and which interventions were pursued. Tensions also appear in ongoing debates about the contributions of genetic and socioeconomic forces to the pervasive health disparities Understanding how these economic and political forces have operated historically can explain both the persistence of the health disparities and the controversies that surround them. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054262_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health for all in the 21st century Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2089 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.102533 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102533_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of cross-level interaction between individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status on adult mortality rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Winkleby, M. Author-Name: Cubbin, C. Author-Name: Ahn, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2145-2153 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060970 Abstract: Objective. We examined whether the influence of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) on mortality differed by individual-level SES. Methods. We used a population-based, mortality follow-up study of 4476 women and 3721 men, who were predominately non-Hispanic White and aged 25-74 years at baseline, from 82 neighborhoods in 4 California cities. Participants were surveyed between 1979 and 1990, and were followed until December 31, 2002 (1148 deaths; mean follow-up time 17.4 years). Neighborhood SES was defined by 5 census variables and was divided into 3 levels. Individual SES was defined by a composite of educational level and household income and was divided into tertiles. Results. Death rates among women of low SES were highest in high-SES neighborhoods (1907/100 000 person-years), lower in moderate-SES neighborhoods (1323), and lowest in low-SES neighborhoods (1128). Similar to women, rates among men of low SES were 1928, 1646, and 1590 in high-, moderate-, and low-SES neighborhoods, respectively. Differences were not explained by individual-level baseline risk factors. Conclusion. The disparities in mortality by neighborhood of residence among women and men of low SES demonstrate that they do not benefit from the higher quality of resources and knowledge generally associated with neighborhoods that have higher SES. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060970_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social circumstances and education: Life course origins of social inequalities in metabolic risk in a prospective national birth cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Langenberg, C. Author-Name: Kuh, D. Author-Name: Wadsworth, M.E.J. Author-Name: Brunner, E. Author-Name: Hardy, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2216-2221 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049429 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relative importance of education and childhood and adult social class in the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods. We conducted a prospective birth cohort study of 1311 men and 1318 women aged 53 years in 1999, when metabolic syndrome components were measured. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate relative index of inequality estimates. Results. Relative to men and women at the highest education levels, men (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 3.2) and women (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.5, 4.6) with the least education were at twice the risk or more of having the metabolic syndrome. Adjustment for childhood and adult social class strengthened this result among men and weakened it among women. Childhood social class was independently associated with the metabolic syndrome in women (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1, 3.6) but not in men (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.7, 1.8). Associations between adult social class and the metabolic syndrome or its components were largely accounted for by childhood socioeconomic measures. Conclusions. Educational differences should be considered in the design of interventions aimed at reducing the burden of the metabolic syndrome in socially disadvantaged groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049429_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and health care for the 21st century: For all the people Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koop, C.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2090-2092 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098962 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098962_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of race, ethnicity, and individual socioeconomic factors on breast cancer stage at diagnosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lantz, P.M. Author-Name: Mujahid, M. Author-Name: Schwartz, K. Author-Name: Janz, N.K. Author-Name: Fagerlin, A. Author-Name: Salem, B. Author-Name: Liu, L. Author-Name: Deapen, D. Author-Name: Katz, S.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2173-2178 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072132 Abstract: Objectives. Previous research has generally found that racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis attenuate when measures of socioeconomic status are included in the analysis, although most previous research measured socioeconomic status at the contextual level. This study investigated the relation between race/ethnicity, individual socioeconomic status, and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Methods. Women with stage 0 to III breast cancer were identified from population-based data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results tumor registries in the Detroit and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. These data were combined with data from a mailed survey in a sample of White, Black, and Hispanic women (n = 1700). Logistic regression identified factors associated with early-stage diagnosis. Results. Black and Hispanic women were less likely to be diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer than were White women (P < .001). After control for study site, age, and individual socioeconomic factors, the odds of early detection were still significantly less for Hispanic women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.45) and Black women (OR = 0.72) than for White women. After control for the method of disease detection, the White/Black disparity attenuated to insignificance; the decreased likelihood of early detection among Hispanic women remained significant (OR = 0.59). Conclusion. The way in which racial/ethnic minority status and socioeconomic characteristics produce disparities in women's experiences with breast cancer deserves further research and policy attention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072132_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid status and stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Malley, C.D. Author-Name: Shema, S.J. Author-Name: Clarke, L.S. Author-Name: Clarke, C.A. Author-Name: Perkins, C.I. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2179-2185 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072553 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether Medicaid beneficiaries are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage cervical cancer than women not enrolled in Medicaid. Methods. Using the California Cancer Registry-Medicaid linked file, we identified 4682 women diagnosed during 1996-1999 with invasive cervical cancer. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between late-stage diagnosis and prediagnosis Medicaid status. Results. Late-stage disease was diagnosed in 51% of Medicaid and 42% of non-Medicaid women. Relative to women without Medicaid coverage, adjusted odds ratios for late-stage diagnosis were 2.8 times higher among women enrolled in Medicaid at the time of their diagnosis and 1.3 times higher among those intermittently enrolled before being diagnosed. Vietnamese women were less likely than White women to have advanced disease; the adjusted odds for women in other racial/ethnic groups did not differ from those among Whites. Women of low socioeconomic status and older women were at increased risk. Conclusions. Women intermittently enrolled in Medicaid or not enrolled until their diagnosis were at greatest risk of a late-stage diagnosis, suggesting that more outreach to at-risk women is needed to ensure access to screening services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072553_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of maternal weight and glucose tolerance on infant birthweight in Latino mother-infant pairs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kieffer, E.C. Author-Name: Tabaei, B.P. Author-Name: Carman, W.J. Author-Name: Nolan, G.H. Author-Name: Guzman, J.R. Author-Name: Herman, W.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2201-2208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065953 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the influence of maternal anthropometric and metabolic variables, including glucose tolerance, on infant birthweight. Methods. In our prospective, population-based cohort study of 1041 Latino mother-infant pairs, we used standardized interviews, anthropometry, metabolic assays, and medical record reviews. We assessed relationships among maternal sociodemographic, prenatal care, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics and birthweight with analysis of variance and bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results. Forty-two percent of women in this study entered pregnancy overweight or obese; at least 36% exceeded weight-gain recommendations. Twenty-seven percent of the women had at least some degree of glucose abnormality, including 6.8% who had gestational diabetes. Maternal multiparity, height, weight, weight gain, and 1-hour screening glucose levels were significant independent predictors of infant birthweight after adjustment for gestational age. Conclusion. Studies of birthweight should account for maternal glucose level. Given the increased risk of adverse maternal and infant outcomes associated with excessive maternal weight, weight gain, and glucose intolerance, and the high prevalence of these conditions and type 2 diabetes among Latinas, public health professionals have unique opportunities for prevention through prenatal and postpartum interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065953_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial differences in 30-day mortality for pulmonary embolism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Author-Name: Stone, R.A. Author-Name: Obrosky, S. Author-Name: Sartorius, J. Author-Name: Fine, M.J. Author-Name: Aujesky, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2161-2164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.078618 Abstract: Objectives. Previous studies reported a higher incidence of in-hospital mortality for Black patients who had pulmonary embolism than for White patients. We used a large statewide database to compare 30-day mortality (defined as death within 30 days from the date of latest hospital admission) for Black and White patients who were hospitalized because of pulmonary embolism. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 15 531 discharged patients who had been treated for pulmonary embolism at 186 Pennsylvania hospitals between January 2000 and November 2002. We used random-effects logistic regression to model 30-day mortality for Black and White patients, and adjusted for patient demographic and clinical characteristics. Results. The unadjusted 30-day mortality rates were 9.0% for White patients, 10.3% for Blacks, and 10.9% for patients of other or unknown race. When adjusted for severity of disease using a validated clinical prognostic model for pulmonary embolism, Black patients had 30% higher odds of 30-day mortality compared with White patients at the same site (adjusted odds ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.1,1.6). Neither insurance status nor hospital volume was a significant predictor of 30-day mortality. Conclusion. Black patients who had pulmonary embolism had significantly higher odds of 30-day mortality compared with White patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078618_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rudolf Carl Virchow: medical scientist, social reformer, role model. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2104-2105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.078436 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078436_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic gradients in health for White and Mexican-origin populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, N. Author-Name: Kimbro, R.T. Author-Name: Turra, C.M. Author-Name: Pebley, A.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2186-2193 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062752 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether the few findings to date suggesting weak relationships between education and health-related variables among Hispanics are indicative of a more widespread pattern. Methods. We used logistic regression models to examine education differentials (i.e., education gradients) in health behaviors and outcomes among White and Mexican-origin adults, adolescents, and infants. We gathered information from 3 data sets: the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, and the National Health Interview Survey. Results. In contrast with patterns for Whites, education was weakly associated or not associated with numerous health-related variables among the US Mexican-origin population. Among adults, Mexican immigrants were especially likely to have weaker education gradients than Whites. Conclusions. The weak relationships between education and health observed among individuals of Mexican origin may have been the result of several complex mechanisms: social gradients in health in Mexico that differ from those in the United States, selective immigration according to health and socioeconomic status, and particular patterns of integration of Mexican immigrants into US society. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062752_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sobering thoughts: Town hall meetings on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ryan, D.M. Author-Name: Bonnett, D.M. Author-Name: Gass, C.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2098-2101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062729 Abstract: Prenatal exposure to alcohol is one of the leading causes of preventable birth defects and developmental disabilities. During the past 30 years, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), including fetal alcohol syndrome, have gradually begun to attract attention. However, awareness and understanding of the disorders remain low, and people who are affected are seriously underserved. The FASD Center for Excellence held a series of town hall meetings in 2002 and 2003 to gauge the issues surrounding FASD nationwide. On the basis of its findings, the center proposed a series of recommendations to begin to remedy some of the deficiencies that were identified. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062729_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ascertainment of Hispanic ethnicity on California death certificates: Implications for the explanation of the Hispanic mortality advantage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eschbach, K. Author-Name: Kuo, Y.-F. Author-Name: Goodwin, J.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2209-2215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080721 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the size and correlates of underascertainment of Hispanic ethnicity on California death certificates. Methods. We used 1999 to 2000 vital registration data. We compared Hispanic ethnicity reported on the death certificate to Hispanic ethnicity derived from birthplace for the foreign-born and an algorithm that used first and last name and percentage of Hispanics in the county of residence for the US-born. We validated death certificate nativity by comparing data with that in linked Social Security Administration records. Results. Ethnicity and birthplace information was concordant for foreign-born Hispanics, who have mortality rates that are 25% to 30% lower than those of non-Hispanic Whites. Death certificates likely underascertain deaths of US-born Hispanics, particularly at older ages, for persons with more education, and in census tracts with lower percentages of Hispanics. Conservative correction for underascertainment eliminates the Hispanic mortality advantage for US-born men. Conclusions. Hispanic ethnicity is accurately ascertained on the California death certificate for immigrants. Immigrant Hispanics have lower age-adjusted mortality rates than do non-Hispanic Whites. For US-born Hispanics, the mortality advantage compared with non-Hispanic Whites is smaller and may be explained by underreporting of Hispanic ethnicity on the death certificate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080721_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Monitoring socioeconomic disparities in death: Comparing individual-level education and area-based socioeconomic measures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rehkopf, D.H. Author-Name: Haughton, L.T. Author-Name: Chen, J.T. Author-Name: Waterman, P.D. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2135-2138 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075408 Abstract: We compared all-cause mortality rates stratified by individual-level education and by census tract area-based socioeconomic measures for Massachusetts (1999-2001). Among persons aged 25 and older, the age-adjusted relative index of inequality was slightly higher for the census tract than for the individual education measures (1.5 vs 1.2, respectively). Only the census tract socioeconomic measures could provide a relative index of inequality (2-3) for deaths before age 25 or detect expected socioeconomic disparities for deaths among persons 65 and older (relative index of inequality = approximately 1.2 vs 0.8 for census tract measures and individual education, respectively). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075408_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advances in medical technology and creation of disparities: The case of Down syndrome Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khoshnood, B. Author-Name: De Vigan, C. Author-Name: Vodovar, V. Author-Name: Bréart, G. Author-Name: Goffinet, F. Author-Name: Blondel, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2139-2144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069377 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed socioeconomic differences in probabilities of prenatal diagnoses of Down syndrome and continuation of pregnancies after such diagnoses, along with the effects of these differences on disparities in live-birth prevalences of Down syndrome. Methods. Using population-based data derived from 1433 cases of Down syndrome and 3731 control births, we assessed age-adjusted effects of maternal occupation and geographic origin on prenatal diagnoses, as well as overall and live-birth odds, of Down syndrome. Results. Maternal occupation and geographic origin had significant effects on the probability of a prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and on continuation of pregnancy after such a diagnosis. Women in lower-status occupational categories had higher odds of delivering a live-born infant with Down syndrome. In comparison with women in the highest-status occupational category, the age-adjusted odds ratio for a Down syndrome live birth among women without an occupation was 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7, 3.3). By contrast, there were no disparities in age-adjusted overall likelihood of Down syndrome. Conclusions. Socioeconomic differences in use of prenatal testing have created disparities in the live-birth prevalence of Down syndrome. Overall Down syndrome risk does not vary according to socioeconomic status. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069377_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental, social, and personal correlates of having ever had sexual intercourse among American Indian youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hellerstedt, W.L. Author-Name: Peterson-Hickey, M. Author-Name: Rhodes, K.L. Author-Name: Garwick, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2228-2234 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053454 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the correlates of having ever had sexual intercourse among American Indians aged 13 to 18 years in Minnesota. Methods. To assess key environmental, social, and individual correlates of sexual experience, we analyzed data from 4135 American Indian youths who participated in the 1998 and 2001 Minnesota Student Surveys. Results. Forty-two percent of those aged 13 to 15 years and 69% of those aged 16 to 18 years reported that they had ever had sexual intercourse. Correlates of sexual experience varied by age and gender. School connections had the strongest negative associations with sexual experience in young girls, and living with a father had negative associations with sexual experience for younger, but not older, youths. Sexual experience was most strongly and positively associated with risk behaviors such as substance use, violence exposure, and violence perpetuation. Conclusions. The strongest correlates of sexual experience for American Indian youths were high-risk behaviors and exposure to violence. Future work is needed to develop and employ measures that reflect youth assets and that specifically reflect the experiences of American Indian youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053454_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in report of physician-provided smoking cessation advice: Analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lopez-Quintero, C. Author-Name: Crum, R.M. Author-Name: Neumark, Y.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2235-2239 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071035 Abstract: Objectives. We explored racial/ethnic disparities in reports of smoking cessation advice among smokers who had visited a physician in the previous year. Also, we examined the likelihood of receipt of such advice across Hispanic subgroups and levels of English proficiency. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Results. Nearly half of the 5652 respondents reported receiving smoking cessation advice from their doctor. Compared with Hispanics, and after control for a range of other factors, respondents in the non-Hispanic White (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.2, 2.0), non-Hispanic Black (adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.0, 2.0), and other non-Hispanic (adjusted OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.3, 3.6) groups were significantly more likely to report receiving advice. I English proficiency was not associated with receipt of physician advice among Hispanic smokers. Conclusions. Some 16 million smokers in the United States could not recall receiving advice to quit smoking from their physician in the preceding year. These missed opportunities, compounded by racial/ethnic disparities such as those observed between Hispanics and other groups and between Hispanic subgroups, suggest that considerably greater effort is needed to diminish the toll stemming from smoking and smoking-related diseases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071035_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing health care disparities and increasing workforce diversity: The next step for the dental, medical, and public health professions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mitchell, D.A. Author-Name: Lassiter, S.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2093-2097 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082818 Abstract: The racial/ethnic composition of our nation is projected to change drastically in the coming decades. It is therefore important that the health professions improve their efforts to provide culturally competent care to all patients. We reviewed literature concerning health care disparities and workforce diversity issues - particularly within the oral health field - and provide a synthesis of recommendations to address these issues. This review is highly relevant to both the medical and public health professions, because they are facing similar disparity and workforce issues. In addition, the recent establishment of relationships between oral health and certain systemic health conditions will elevate oral health promotion and disease prevention as important points of intervention in the quest to improve our nation's public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082818_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing health disparities research within the health care system: A conceptual framework Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kilbourne, A.M. Author-Name: Switzer, G. Author-Name: Hyman, K. Author-Name: Crowley-Matoka, M. Author-Name: Fine, M.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2113-2121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077628 Abstract: We provide a framework for health services-related researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to guide future health disparities research in areas ranging from detecting differences in health and health care to understanding the determinants that underlie disparities to ultimately designing interventions that reduce and eliminate these disparities. To do this, we identified potential selection biases and definitions of vulnerable groups when detecting disparities. The key factors to understanding disparities were multilevel determinants of health disparities, including individual beliefs and preferences, effective patient-provider communication; and the organizational culture of the health care system. We encourage interventions that yield generalizable data on their effectiveness and that promote further engagement of communities, providers, and policymakers to ultimately enhance the application and the impact of health disparities research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077628_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence and mortality among Hispanics, 1996-2002: The need for ethnoregional studies in cancer research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cruz, G.D. Author-Name: Salazar, C.R. Author-Name: Morse, D.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2194-2200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079137 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer (OPC) incidence and mortality statistics among Hispanics in New York State differed from those among Hispanics in the United States as a whole. Methods. OPC incidence and mortality statistics for 1996-2002 were obtained from the New York State Cancer Registry and compared with national statistics released by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for the same period. Results. Among Hispanic men, OPC incidence rates were approximately 75% and 89% higher in New York State and New York City, respectively, than national rates reported by the SEER program. No notable differences were identified among Hispanic women. Incidence rates among New York State Hispanic men were 16% higher than those of their non-Hispanic White counterparts. The difference was twice as high (32%) among Hispanic men in New York City. Mortality rates among both men and women exhibited patterns similar to the incidence patterns. Conclusions. Ethnoregional differences exist in the incidence and mortality rates of OPC in the United States. New York State Hispanic men exhibit much higher incidence and mortality rates than US Hispanics as reported by the SEER program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079137_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beginning to begin: Reports from the battle on obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Foxhall, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2106-2112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096891 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096891_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Report on the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia. 1848. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Virchow, R.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2102-2105 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:12:2102-2105_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of televised, tobacco company - Funded smoking prevention advertising on youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions, and behavior Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wakefield, M. Author-Name: Terry-McElrath, Y. Author-Name: Emery, S. Author-Name: Saffer, H. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Author-Name: Szczypka, G. Author-Name: Flay, B. Author-Name: O'Malley, P.M. Author-Name: Johnston, L.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2154-2160 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083352 Abstract: Objective. To relate exposure to televised youth smoking prevention advertising to youths' smoking beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. Methods. We obtained commercial television ratings data from 75 US media markets to determine the average youth exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted and parent-targeted smoking prevention advertising. We merged these data with nationally representative school-based survey data (n = 103 172) gathered from 1999 to 2002. Multivariate regression models controlled for individual, geographic, and tobacco policy factors, and other televised antitobacco advertising. Results. There was little relation between exposure to tobacco company-sponsored, youth-targeted advertising and youth smoking outcomes. Among youths in grades 10 and 12, during the 4 months leading up to survey administration, each additional viewing of a tobacco company parent-targeted advertisement was, on average, associated with lower perceived harm of smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 0.93; confidence interval [CI] = 0.88, 0.98), stronger approval of smoking (OR = 1.11; CI = 1.03,1.20), stronger intentions to smoke in the future (OR = 1.12; CI = 1.04,1.21), and greater likelihood of having smoked in the past 30 days (OR = 1.12; CI = 1.04,1.19). Conclusions. Exposure to tobacco company youth-targeted smoking prevention advertising generally had no beneficial outcomes for youths. Exposure to tobacco company parent-targeted advertising may have harmful effects on youth, especially among youths in grades 10 and 12. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083352_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy vs effectiveness trial results of an indicated "model" substance abuse program: Implications for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hallfors, D. Author-Name: Cho, H. Author-Name: Sanchez, V. Author-Name: Khatapoush, S. Author-Name: Hyung, M.K. Author-Name: Bauer, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 12 Pages: 2254-2259 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067462 Abstract: Objectives. The US Department of Education requires schools to choose substance abuse and violence prevention programs that meet standards of effectiveness. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Agency certifies "model" programs that meet this standard. We compared findings from a large, multisite effectiveness trial of 1 model program to its efficacy trial findings, upon which the certification was based. Methods. 1370 high-risk youths were randomized to experimental or control groups across 9 high schools in 2 large urban school districts. We used intent-to-treat and on-treatment approaches to examine baseline equivalence, attrition, and group differences in outcomes at the end of the program and at a 6-month follow-up. Results. Positive efficacy trial findings were not replicated in the effectiveness trial. All main effects were either null or worse for the experimental than for the control group. Conclusions. These findings suggest that small efficacy trials conducted by developers provide insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Federal agencies and public health scientists must work together to raise the standards of evidence and ensure that data from new trials are incorporated into ongoing assessments of program effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067462_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dangerous journey: Documenting the experience of Tibetan refugees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dolma, S. Author-Name: Singh, S. Author-Name: Lohfeld, L. Author-Name: Orbinski, J.J. Author-Name: Mills, E.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2061-2064 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067777 Abstract: Objectives. Since the 1950 invasion of Tibet by China, Tibetan refugees have attempted to flee into Nepal over the Himalayan mountains. We documented the experiences of a group of refugees making this journey. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with 50 recent refugees at the Tibetan Refugee Transit Centre in Kathmandu, Nepal. Results. Participants ranged in age from 8 to 56 years, and 21 were female. The average length of their journey from Tibet to Nepal was 34 days. During their journey, a majority of the refugees encountered authorities or became involved in altercations with Nepali Maoist groups. Most of these interactions resulted in extortion and threats of expulsion. Several Tibetans were tortured, beaten with weapons, threatened with being shot, and robbed. Three women were sexually assaulted at gunpoint. Conclusions. The refugees who took part in this study experienced physical and mental hardships and, often, human rights abuses on their journey to Nepal. International pressure is needed to prevent human rights violations and reduce potential long-term physical and mental health effects associated with this dangerous crossing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067777_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investments in cancer genomics: Who benefits and who decides Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Foster, M.W. Author-Name: Mulvihill, J.J. Author-Name: Sharp, R.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1960-1964 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075424 Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas-formerly the Human Cancer Genome Project-provides an opportunity for considering how social concerns about resource allocation are interrelated with practical decisions about specific research strategies-part of a continuing convergence between scientific and public evaluations of priorities for biomedical research funding. For example, the manner, order, and extent that The Cancer Genome Atlas selects tumor types and populations to be sampled will determine who benefits most from its findings. Those choices will be determined on the basis of both scientific and social values. By soliciting public involvement and conducting rigorous policy analysis in the design of large scientific projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, cancer researchers can help democratize the allocation of scientific resources and foster public confidence in biomedical research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075424_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Human rights and ethics in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Author-Name: Dickens, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1903-1905 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.099606 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099606_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Images in public health (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 93 (1626-1629) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.021915) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sember, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1901 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:11:1901_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population-level changes in folate intake by age, gender, and race/ethnicity after folic acid fortification Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bentley, T.G.K. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Weinstein, M.C. Author-Name: Kuntz, K.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2040-2047 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067371 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to quantify the impact of the 1998 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) folic acid fortification policy by estimating folate intake at the population level. Methods. We analyzed total folate intake levels (from food and supplements) according to gender, age, and race/ethnicity, using data from 2 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We measured pre- and postfortification folate intake distributions, adjusted for measurement error, and examined proportions of the population who reached certain thresholds of daily total folate intake. Results. Mean daily food and total folate intake increased by approximately 100 μg/day after fortification. The proportion of women aged 15-44 years who consume more than 400 μg/day of folate has increased since fortification, but has not yet reached the FDA's 50% target and varies by race/ethnicity from 23% to 33%. Among persons aged 65 years and older who may be at risk for masking a vitamin B12 deficiency, the percentage who consume more than 1000 μg/day (the "tolerable upper intake level") has at least doubled among Whites and Black men, but has remained less than 5% for all groups. Conclusions. Since fortification, folic acid intake among the US population has increased, and there are substantial variations by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067371_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Agent-based modeling of drinking behavior: A preliminary model and potential applications to theory and practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gorman, D.M. Author-Name: Mezic, J. Author-Name: Mezic, I. Author-Name: Gruenewald, P.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2055-2060 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063289 Abstract: Objectives. We developed a preliminary agent-based simulation model designed to examine agent-environment interactions that support the development and maintenance of drinking behavior at the population level. Methods. The model was defined on a 1-dimensional lattice along which agents might move left or right in single steps at each iteration. Agents could exchange information about their drinking with each other. In the second generation of the model, a "bar" was added to the lattice to attract drinkers. Results. The model showed that changes in drinking status propagated through the agent population as a function of probabilities of conversion, rates of contact, and contact time. There was a critical speed of population mixing beyond which the conversion rate of susceptible nondrinkers was saturated, and the bar both enhanced and buffered the rate of propagation, changing the model dynamics. Conclusions. The models demonstrate that the basic dynamics underlying social influences on drinking behavior are shaped by contacts between drinkers and focused by characteristics of drinking environments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063289_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legalized Sunday packaged alcohol sales and alcohol-related traffic crashes and crash fatalities in New Mexico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McMillan, G.P. Author-Name: Lapham, S. Author-Name: Steenberg, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1944-1948 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069153 Abstract: We determined the relative risk of alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents and fatalities after New Mexico lifted its ban on Sunday packaged alcohol sales. We extracted all alcohol-related crashes from New Mexico police reports for 3652 days between July 1, 1990, and June 30, 2000, and found a 29% increase in alcohol-related crashes and a 42% increase in alcohol-related crash fatalities on Sundays after the ban on Sunday packaged alcohol sales was lifted. There was an estimated excess of 543.1 alcohol-related crashes and 41.6 alcohol-related crash fatalities on Sundays after the ban was lifted. Repealing the ban on Sunday packaged alcohol sales introduced a public health and safety hazard in New Mexico. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069153_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genes, race, and population: Avoiding a collision of categories Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kahn, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1965-1970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067926 Abstract: A wide array of federal mandates have a profound impact on the use of racial and ethnic categories in biomedical research, clinical practice, product development, and health policy. Current discussions over the appropriate use of racial and ethnic categories in biomedical contexts have largely focused on the practices of individual researchers. By contrast, our discussion focuses on relations between the daily practices of biomedical professionals and federal regulatory mandates. It draws upon the legal doctrine of equal protection to move beyond such debates and to propose guidelines to address the structural forces imposed by federal regulations that mandate how data about race and ethnicity are used in biomedical research. It offers a framework to manage the tension involved in using existing federally mandated categories of race and ethnicity alongside new scientific findings about human genetic variation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067926_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: "Let the record show...": Art activism and the AIDS epidemic (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 96 (967-969) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.089219) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sember, R. Author-Name: Gere, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1901 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:11:1901_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety belt use and the switch to primary enforcement, 1991-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Houston, D.J. Author-Name: Richardson Jr., L.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1949-1954 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074385 Abstract: State seat belt laws have increased use rates and have reduced traffic fatalities, but tremendous variation exists in the laws. New Hampshire does not have a law, and 30 states have only secondary enforcement laws. Whereas primary enforcement allows an officer to issue a citation for any infraction, secondary enforcement permits a citation only if a motorist is stopped for another infraction first. We performed a cross-sectional time-series analysis of the impact of upgrading to primary enforcement on belt use rates for 47 states and the District of Columbia from 1991 to 2003. Our results suggest that states with secondary enforcement laws could increase belt use by 10 percentage points and improve public safety considerably by upgrading to primary enforcement. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.074385_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "It's like tuskegee in reverse": A case study of ethical tensions in institutional review board review of community-based participatory research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Author-Name: Yerger, V.B. Author-Name: McGruder, C. Author-Name: Froelicher, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1914-1919 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082172 Abstract: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) addresses the social justice dimensions of health disparities by engaging marginalized communities, building capacity for action, and encouraging more egalitarian relationships between researchers and communities. CBPR may challenge institutionalized academic practices and the understandings that inform institutional review board deliberations and, indirectly, prioritize particular kinds of research. We present our attempt to study, as part of a CBPR partnership, cigarette sales practices in an inner-city community. We use critical and communitarian perspectives to examine the implications of the refusal of the university institutional review board (in this case, the University of California, San Francisco) to approve the study. CBPR requires expanding ethical discourse beyond the procedural, principle-based approaches common in biomedical research settings. The current ethics culture of academia may sometimes serve to protect institutional power at the expense of community empowerment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082172_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ashkenazi Jews and breast cancer: The consequences of linking ethnic identity to genetic disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brandt-Rauf, S.I. Author-Name: Raveis, V.H. Author-Name: Drummond, N.F. Author-Name: Conte, J.A. Author-Name: Rothman, S.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1979-1988 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083014 Abstract: We explored the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnic categories in genetic research. With the discovery that certain breast cancer gene mutations appeared to be more prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews, breast cancer researchers moved their focus from high-risk families to ethnicity. The concept of Ashkenazi Jews as genetically unique, a legacy of Tay-Sachs disease research and a particular reading of history, shaped this new approach even as methodological imprecision and new genetic and historical research challenged it. Our findings cast doubt on the accuracy and desirability of linking ethnic groups to genetic disease. Such linkages exaggerate genetic differences among ethnic groups and lead to unequal access to testing and therapy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083014_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An exploration of the dimensions of pregnancy intentions among women choosing to terminate pregnancy or to initiate prenatal care in New Orleans, Louisiana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santelli, J.S. Author-Name: Speizer, I.S. Author-Name: Avery, A. Author-Name: Kendall, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2009-2015 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064584 Abstract: Objectives. We examined pregnancy decisionmaking among women seeking abortion or prenatal care. Methods. Conventional measures of pregnancy intentions were compared with newer measures in 1017 women seeking abortion. A reduced sample of abortion patients (142 African American women from New Orleans) was compared with 464 similar women entering prenatal care. Results. Virtually all abortion patients reported the pregnancy as unintended; two thirds of prenatal patients reported the pregnancy as unintended. Reasons for seeking abortion related to life circumstances, including cost, readiness, not wanting any more children, marital status, relationship stability, and being too young. Abortion patients were more likely to report trying hard to avoid a pregnancy and not being in a relationship. They were less likely to report that their partner wanted a baby (odds ratio = 0.10) or that they wanted a baby with their partner (odds ratio = 0.13) than prenatal patients. Conclusions. Traditional measures of pregnancy intentions did not readily predict a woman's choice to continue or abort the pregnancy. Relationship with male partners, desire for a baby with the partner, and life circumstances were critical dimensions in pregnancy decisionmaking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064584_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Privacy protection versus cluster detection in spatial epidemiology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olson, K.L. Author-Name: Grannis, S.J. Author-Name: Mandl, K.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2002-2008 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069526 Abstract: Objectives. Patient data that includes precise locations can reveal patients' identities, whereas data aggregated into administrative regions may preserve privacy and confidentiality. We investigated the effect of varying degrees of address precision (exact latitude and longitude vs the center points of zip code or census tracts) on detection of spatial clusters of cases. Methods. We simulated disease outbreaks by adding supplementary spatially clustered emergency department visits to authentic hospital emergency department syndromic surveillance data. We identified clusters with a spatial scan statistic and evaluated detection rate and accuracy. Results. More clusters were identified, and clusters were more accurately detected, when exact locations were used. That is, these clusters contained at least half of the simulated points and involved few additional emergency department visits. These results were especially apparent when the synthetic clustered points crossed administrative boundaries and fell into multiple zip code or census tracts. Conclusions. The spatial cluster detection algorithm performed better when addresses were analyzed as exact locations than when they were analyzed as center points of zip code or census tracts, particularly when the clustered points crossed administrative boundaries. Use of precise addresses offers improved performance, but this practice must be weighed against privacy concerns in the establishment of public health data exchange policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069526_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health implications of smokeless tobacco use as a harm reduction strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Savitz, D.A. Author-Name: Meyer, R.E. Author-Name: Tanzer, J.M. Author-Name: Mirvish, S.S. Author-Name: Lewin, F. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1934-1939 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075499 Abstract: Harm reduction strategies involve promoting a product that has adverse health consequences as a substitute for one that has more severe adverse health consequences. Smokeless tobacco low in nitrosamine content offers potential benefits in reducing smoking prevalence rates. Possible harm arises from the potential for such products to serve as a gateway to more harmful tobacco products, public misinterpretation of "less harmful" as "safe," distraction from the public health goal of tobacco elimination, and ethical issues involved in advising those marketing these harmful products. We offer a research agenda to provide a stronger basis for evaluating the risks and benefits of smokeless tobacco as a means of reducing the adverse health effects of tobacco. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075499_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal upward socioeconomic mobility and Black-White disparities in infant birthweight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colen, C.G. Author-Name: Geronimus, A.T. Author-Name: Bound, J. Author-Name: James, S.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2032-2039 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076547 Abstract: Objectives. We estimate the extent to which upward socioeconomic mobility limits the probability that Black and White women who spent their childhoods in or near poverty will give birth to a low-birthweight baby. Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 US Census were used to complete a series of logistic regression models. We restricted multivariate analyses to female survey respondents who, at 14 years of age, were living in households in which the income-to-needs ratio did not exceed 200% of poverty. Results. For White women, the probability of giving birth to a low-birthweight baby decreases by 48% for every 1 unit increase in the natural logarithm of adult family income, once the effects of all other covariates are taken into account. For Black women, the relation between adult family income and the probability of low birthweight is also negative; however, this association fails to reach statistical significance. Conclusions. Upward socioeconomic mobility contributes to improved birth outcomes among infants born to White women who were poor as children, but the same does not hold true for their Black counterparts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076547_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Antimicrobial resistance and the ethics of drug development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aiello, A.E. Author-Name: King, N.B. Author-Name: Foxman, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1910-1914 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077214 Abstract: Since the 1960s, scientists and pharmaceutical representatives have called for the advancement and development of new antimicrobial drugs to combat infectious diseases. In January 2005, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist (R-TN), MD, introduced a biopreparedness bill that included provisions for patent extensions and tax incentives to stimulate industry research on new antimicrobials. Although government stimulus for private development of new antimicrobials is important, it does not resolve long-standing conflicts of interest between private entities and society. Rising rates of antimicrobial resistance have only exacerbated these conflicts. We used methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a case study for reviewing these problems, and we have suggested alternative approaches that may halt the vicious cycle of resistance and obsolescence generated by the current model of antimicrobial production. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077214_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient privacy and conflicting legal and ethical obligations in El Salvador: Reporting of unlawful abortions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McNaughton, H.L. Author-Name: Mitchell, E.M.H. Author-Name: Hemandez, E.G. Author-Name: Padilla, K. Author-Name: Blandon, M.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1927-1933 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071720 Abstract: Postabortion care providers who breach patient confidentiality endanger women's health and violate ethics. A 1998 abortion ban in El Salvador likely spurred an increase in the number of women investigated, because many women were reported to legal authorities by health care providers. Having analyzed safeguards of confidentiality in laws and ethical guidelines, we obtained information from legal records on women prosecuted from 1998 to 2003 and identified factors that may lead to reporting through a survey of obstetrician-gynecologists (n = 110). Although ethical and human rights standards oblige providers to respect patients' privacy, 80% of obstetrician-gynecologists mistakenly believed reporting was required. Most respondents (86%) knew that women delay seeking care because of fear of prosecution, yet a majority (56%) participated in notification of legal authorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071720_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Coming together to enhance public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1902 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100073 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100073_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public willingness to participate in and public opinions about genetic variation research: A review of the literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sterling, R. Author-Name: Henderson, G.E. Author-Name: Corbie-Smith, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1971-1978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069286 Abstract: Scientists are turning to genetic variation research in hopes of addressing persistent racial/ethnic disparities in health. Despite ongoing controversy, the advancement of genetic variation research is likely to produce new knowledge and technologies that will substantially change the ways in which we understand and value health. They also may affect the ways in which individuals and groups organize socially, politically, and economically. Addressing concerns that may exist in different communities is vital to the scientific and ethical advancement of genetic variation research. We review empirical studies of public willingness to participate in and opinions about genetic research with particular attention to differences in consent and opinion by racial/ethnic group membership. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069286_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making big tobacco give in: You lose, they win Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wander, N. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2048-2054 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075119 Abstract: Objectives. To better understand how the tobacco industry responds to tobacco control activists, we explored Philip Morris's response to demands that consumers in developing countries be informed about smoking risks, and analyzed the implications of negotiating with a tobacco company. Methods. We reviewed internal tobacco industry documents and related materials, constructed a case history of how Philip Morris responded to a shareholder campaign to require health warnings on cigarettes sold worldwide, and analyzed interactions between (1) socially responsible investment activists, (2) Philip Morris management, (3) institutional investors, and (4) industry competitors. Results. After resisting for 11 years, Philip Morris unilaterally reversed direction, and proposed its own labeling initiative. While activists celebrated, Philip Morris's president detailed privately how the company would yield little and benefit disproportionately. Activists portrayed the tobacco industry as preying on the poor and uneducated and used delegitimization to drive a wedge between the industry and its financial and political allies. When Philip Morris "gave in" to their demands, it exchanged negative publicity for positive public relations and political credibility. Conclusions. Tobacco companies can appear to accommodate public health demands while securing strategic advantages. Negotiating with the tobacco industry can enhance its legitimacy and facilitate its ability to market deadly cigarettes without corresponding benefits to public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075119_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Newborn screening: Complexities in universal genetic testing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, N.S. Author-Name: Dolan, S.M. Author-Name: Murray, T.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1955-1959 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.070300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.070300 Abstract: Newborn screening (NBS)-in which each newborn infant is screened for up to 50 specific metabolic disorders for early detection and intervention-is the first program of populationwide genetic testing. As a public health intervention, NBS has greatly improved the lives of thousands of affected children. New technologies and new economic and social forces pose significant ethical and clinical challenges to NBS. Two primary challenges concern (1) accommodating clinical and ethical standards to rapid technological developments in NBS and (2) preparing public health systems to respond to the medical advances and social forces driving expansion of NBS programs. We describe and analyze these challenges through consideration of 3 disorders: phenylketonuria, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and cystic fibrosis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070300_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Results of the first year of Active for Life: Translation of 2 evidence-based physical activity programs for older adults into community settings (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 96 (1201-1209) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074690) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilcox, S. Author-Name: Dowda, M. Author-Name: Griffin, S.F. Author-Name: Rheaume, C. Author-Name: Ory, M.G. Author-Name: Leviton, L. Author-Name: King, A.C. Author-Name: Dunn, A. Author-Name: Buchner, D.M. Author-Name: Bazzarre, T. Author-Name: Estabrooks, P.A. Author-Name: Campbell-Voytal, K. Author-Name: Bartlett-Prescott, J. Author-Name: Dowdy, D. Author-Name: Castro, C.M. Author-Name: Carpenter, R.A. Author-Name: Dzewaltowski, D.A. Author-Name: Mockenhaupt, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1901 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:11:1901_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the application of decomposition methods [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schempf, A. Author-Name: Becker, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1899 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.094789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.094789 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.094789_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Jonathan Mann: founder of the health and human rights movement. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tarantola, D. Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1942-1943 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098079 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098079_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of intensive case management for substance-dependent women receiving temporary assistance for needy families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morgenstern, J. Author-Name: Blanchard, K.A. Author-Name: McCrady, B.S. Author-Name: McVeigh, K.H. Author-Name: Morgan, T.J. Author-Name: Pandina, R.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2016-2023 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076380 Abstract: Objective. We tested the effectiveness of a long-term coordinated care strategy-intensive case management (ICM)-compared with usual care (UC) among a group of substance-dependent women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Methods. Substance-dependent women on TANF (N = 302) were recruited from welfare offices. They were assessed and randomly assigned to ICM or UC; follow-up was at 3, 9, and 15 months. UC consisted of a health assessment at the welfare office and a referral to substance abuse treatment and TANF services. ICM clients received ICM services in addition to UC services. Results. ICM clients had significantly higher levels of substance abuse treatment initiation, engagement, and retention compared with UC clients. In some cases, ICM treatment attendance rates were double those of UC rates. Additionally, almost twice as many ICM clients were abstinent at the 15 month follow-up compared with UC clients (P<.0025). Conclusions. ICM is a promising intervention for managing the chronic nature of substance dependence among women receiving TANF. Future research should refine long-term care strategies-such as ICM-that address the chronic nature of substance dependence among low-income populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076380_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blood and oil: Vehicle characteristics in relation to fatality risk and fuel economy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, L.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1906-1909 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084061 Abstract: I examined the potential for a lower risk of death compatible with increased fuel economy among 67 models of 1999-2002 model year cars, vans, and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) during the calendar years 2000 to 2004. The odds of death for drivers and all persons killed in vehicle collisions were related to vehicle weight, size, stability, and crashworthiness. I calculated that fatality rates would have been 28% lower and fuel use would have been reduced by 16% if vehicle weights had been reduced to the weight of vehicles with the lowest weight per size, where size is measured by the lateral distance needed to perform a 180-degree turn. If, in addition, all vehicles had crashworthiness and stability equal to those of the top-rated vehicles, more than half the deaths involving passenger cars, vans, and SUVs could have been prevented by vehicle modifications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084061_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring the ethics of clinical research in an urban community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grady, C. Author-Name: Hampson, L.A. Author-Name: Wallen, G.R. Author-Name: Rivera-Goba, M.V. Author-Name: Carrington, K.L. Author-Name: Mittleman, B.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1996-2001 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071233 Abstract: Objectives. We consulted with representatives of an urban community in Washington, DC, about the ethics of clinical research involving residents of the community with limited access to health care. Methods. A semistructured community consultation was conducted with core members of the Health Partnership Program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Three research case examples were discussed; questions and probes (a predetermined question or series of questions used to further investigate or follow-up a response) guided the discussion. Results. The community representatives who took part in the consultation were supportive of research and appreciated the opportunity to be heard. They noted the importance of respecting the circumstances, values, needs, and welfare of research participants; supported widely representative recruitment strategies; and cited the positive benefits of providing care or treatment to participants. Monitoring participants' welfare and ensuring care at a study's end were emphasized. Trust was a central theme; participants suggested several trust-enhancing strategies, including full disclosure of information and the involvement of advocates, physicians, and trusted church members. Conclusions. Several important strategies emerged for conducting ethical research in urban communities whose residents have limited access to health care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071233_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research recruitment through US central cancer registries: Balancing privacy and scientific issues Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beskow, L.M. Author-Name: Sandler, R.S. Author-Name: Weinberger, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1920-1926 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061556 Abstract: Cancer registries are a valuable resource for recruiting participants for public health-oriented research, although such recruitment raises potentially competing concerns about patient privacy and participant accrual. We surveyed US central cancer registries about their policies for research contact with patients, and results showed substantial variation. The strategy used most frequently (37.5% of those that allowed patient contact), which was among the least restrictive, was for investigators to notify patients' physicians and then contact patients with an opt-out approach. The most restrictive strategy was for registry staff to obtain physician permission and contact patients with an opt-in approach. Population-based studies enhance cancer control efforts, and registry policies can affect researchers' ability to conduct such studies. Further discussion about balanced recruitment approaches that protect patient privacy and encourage beneficial research is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061556_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and human rights: if not now, when? 1997. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mann, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1940-1943 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:11:1940-1943_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Yang et al. respond [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, Q. Author-Name: Greenland, S. Author-Name: Flanders, W.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1899-1901 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.094870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.094870 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.094870_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Welfare receipt and substance-abuse treatment among low-income mothers: The impact of welfare reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollack, H.A. Author-Name: Reuter, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 2024-2031 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061762 Abstract: Objectives. We explored changing relations between substance use, welfare receipt, and substance-abuse treatment among low-income mothers before and after welfare reform. Methods. We examined annual data from mothers aged 18 to 49 years in the 1990-2001 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse and the 2002 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression was used to examine determinants of treatment receipt. Results. Among low-income, substance-using mothers, the proportion receiving cash assistance declined from 54% in 1996 to 38% in 2001. The decline was much smaller (37% to 31%) among low-income mothers who did not use illicit substances. Low-income, substance-using mothers who received cash assistance were much more likely than other low-income, substance-using mothers to receive treatment services. Among 2002 National Survey of Drug Use and Health respondents deemed "in need" of substance-abuse treatment, welfare recipients were significantly more likely than nonrecipients to receive such services (adjusted odds ratio = 2.31; P<.05). Controlling for other factors, welfare receipt was associated with higher prevalence of illicit drug use. Such use declined among both welfare recipients and other mothers between 1990 and 2001. Conclusions. Welfare is a major access point to identify and serve low-income mothers with substance-use disorders, but it reaches a smaller proportion of illicit drug users than it did pre-reform. Declining welfare receipt among low-income mothers with substance abuse disorders poses a new challenge in serving this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061762_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Voluntary participation and informed consent international genetic research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, P.A. Author-Name: Adebamowo, C.A. Author-Name: Adeyemo, A.A. Author-Name: Ogundiran, T.O. Author-Name: Vekich, M. Author-Name: Strenski, T. Author-Name: Zhou, J. Author-Name: Prewitt, T.E. Author-Name: Cooper, R.S. Author-Name: Rotimi, C.N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 11 Pages: 1989-1995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076232 Abstract: Objectives. We compared voluntary participation and comprehension of informed consent among individuals of African ancestry enrolled in similarly designed genetic studies of hypertension in the United States and Nigeria. Methods. Survey questionnaires were used to evaluate factors associated with voluntariness (the number of people volunteering) and understanding of the study's genetic purpose. A total of 655 individuals (United States: 348; Nigeria: 307) were interviewed after participation in the genetic studies. Results. Most US respondents (99%), compared with 72% of Nigerian respondents, reported being told the study purpose. Fewer than half of the respondents at both sites reported that the study purpose was to learn about genetic inheritance of hypertension. Most respondents indicated that their participation was voluntary. In the United States, 97% reported that they could withdraw, compared with 67% in Nigeria. In Nigeria, nearly half the married women reported asking permission from husbands to enroll in the hypertension study; no respondents sought permission from local elders to participate in the study. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the need for more effective approaches and interventions to improve comprehension of consent for genetic research among ethnically and linguistically diverse populations in all settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076232_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detection of co-occuring mental illness among adult patients in the New Jersey substance abuse treatment system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hu, H.M. Author-Name: Kline, A. Author-Name: Huang, F.Y. Author-Name: Ziedonis, D.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1785-1793 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072736 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the detection of mental illness in an adult population of substance abuse patients and the rate of referral for mental health treatment. Methods. We obtained combined administrative records from 1994 to 1997 provided by the New Jersey substance abuse and mental health systems and estimated detection and referral rates of patients with co-occurring disorders (n = 47 379). Mental illness was considered detected if a diagnosis was in the record and considered undetected if a diagnosis was not in the record but the patient was seen in both treatment systems within the same 12-month period. Predictors of detection and referral were identified. Results. The detection rate of co-occurring mental illness was 21.9% (n = 10 364); 57.9% (n = 6001) of these individuals were referred for mental health treatment. Methadone maintenance clinics had the lowest detection rate but the highest referral rate. Male, Hispanic, and African American patients, as well as those who used heroin or were in the criminal justice system, had a higher risk of mental illness not being detected. Once detected, African American patients, heroin users, and patients in the criminal justice system were less likely to be referred for treatment. Conclusions. There is a need to improve the detection of mental illness among substance abuse patients and to provide integrated treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072736_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communal housing settings enhance substance abuse recovery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jason, L.A. Author-Name: Olson, B.D. Author-Name: Ferrari, J.R. Author-Name: Lo Sasso, A.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1727-1729 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.070839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.070839 Abstract: Oxford Houses are democratic, mutual help-oriented recovery homes for individuals with substance abuse histories. There are more than 1200 of these houses in the United States, and each home is operated independently by its residents, without help from professional staff. In a recent experiment, 150 individuals in Illinois were randomly assigned to either an Oxford House or usual-care condition (i.e., outpatient treatment or self-help groups) after substance abuse treatment discharge. At the 24-month follow-up, those in the Oxford House condition compared with the usual-care condition had significantly lower substance use, significantly higher monthly income, and significantly lower incarceration rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070839_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relative efficacy of a multisession sexual risk-reduction intervention for young men released from prisons in 4 states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolitski, R.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1854-1861 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056044 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the effects of an enhanced multisession intervention with a single-session intervention on the sexual risk behavior of young men released from prison. Methods. Young men, aged 18 to 29 years, were recruited from US prisons in 4 states and systematically assigned to the prerelease single-session intervention or the pre- and postrelease enhanced intervention. Both interventions addressed HIV, hepatitis, and other sexually transmitted infections; the enhanced intervention also addressed community reentry needs (e.g., housing, employment). Assessment data were collected before intervention, and 1, 12, and 24 weeks after release. Results. A total of 522 men were included in intent-to-treat analyses. Follow-up rates ranged from 76% to 87%. Unprotected vaginal or anal sex during the 90 days before incarceration was reported by 86% of men in the enhanced intervention and 89% in the single-session intervention (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.46, 1.32). At 24 weeks, 68% of men assigned to the enhanced intervention reported unprotected vaginal or anal sex compared with 78% of those assigned to the single-session intervention (OR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.88). Conclusion. Project START demonstrated the efficacy of a sexual risk-reduction intervention that bridges incarceration and community reentry. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056044_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sudden infant death syndrome and reported maternal smoking during pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shah, T. Author-Name: Sullivan, K. Author-Name: Carter, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1757-1759 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.073213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.073213 Abstract: We investigated the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the relative risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) by linking data from Georgia birth and death certificates from 1997 to 2000. We estimated the effect of misclassifying smokers as non-smokers and the effect of being misclassified on SIDS rates, and we calculated the fraction of cases caused by exposure. Of all SIDS cases, 21% were attributable to maternal smoking; among smokers, 61% of SIDS cases were attributable to maternal smoking. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a significantly increased risk of SIDS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.073213_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Poussaint-Satcher-Cosby Chair in Mental Health: Creating activist on behalf of our communities, our youths, and ourselves Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Poussaint, A.F. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1725-1726 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096693 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096693_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons for management of sexually transmitted infection treatment programs as part of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McKay, J. Author-Name: Campbell, D. Author-Name: Gorter, A.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1760-1761 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062596 Abstract: We analyzed the treatment schedule of a long-running HIV/AIDS prevention program in Managua, Nicaragua, that targets sex workers through mass and specific clinic-based treatment of sexually transmitted infections and confirmed the role of frequency of treatment in generating a sustained reduction in measured prevalence of sexually transmitted infections. Unplanned variations in the time between treatments, a situation common to public health programs, provided the basis for attributing changes in measured levels of sexually transmitted infections to the program and for testing the statistical significance of the relationship. This information is critical to program design and funding and to resource allocation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062596_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mental health of married, cohabiting, and non-coresident parents with infants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeKlyen, M. Author-Name: Brooks-Gunn, J. Author-Name: McLanahan, S. Author-Name: Knab, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1836-1841 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049296 Abstract: Objectives. We compared recent parents (married, cohabiting, not cohabiting but romantically involved, and not romantically involved) to examine the association between mental health problems and relationship status. Methods. We analyzed data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study that followed a cohort of approximately 4900 births in large US cities. Our study included a large oversample of nonmarital births (n = 3700) and interviews with both mothers and fathers. We used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form to assess depression and generalized anxiety 1 year after the birth. Self reports were used to measure heavy drinking, illicit drug use, incarceration, and partner violence. Results. Unmarried parents reported more mental health and behavioral problems than did married parents, and unmarried parents whose relationships ended before the birth reported more impairment compared with other groups of unmarried parents. Conclusions. A substantial number of children are born to unmarried parents and are at risk for poor parenting and poor developmental outcomes. Government initiatives aimed at increasing marriage rates among low-income couples need to consider the mental health status of unmarried parents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049296_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mild cognitive impairment in early life and mental health problems in adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, C.-Y. Author-Name: Lawlor, J.P. Author-Name: Duggan, A.K. Author-Name: Hardy, J.B. Author-Name: Eaton, W.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1772-1778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057075 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the extent to which borderline mental retardation and mental retardation at preschool ages are related to emotional and behavioral problems in young adulthood. We also explored early risk factors for having mental health problems as a young adult that might be related to preschool differences in cognitive ability. Methods. We used data from a cohort of births studied in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study and followed up in the Pathways to Adulthood Study. Preschool cognitive functioning was assessed at 4 years of age. Individual characteristics, psychosocial factors, and mental problems were prospectively evaluated from birth through young adulthood. Results. Children with subaverage cognitive abilities were more likely to develop mental health problems than their counterparts with IQs above 80. Inadequate family interactions were shown to increase 2- to 4-fold the risk of emotional or behavioral problems among children with borderline mental retardation. Conclusions. Subaverage cognitive functioning in early life increases later risk of mental health problems. Future research may help to delineate possible impediments faced at different developmental stages and guide changes in supportive services to better address the needs of children with borderline mental retardation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057075_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental hygiene. 1916. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Salmon, T.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1740-1742 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:10:1740-1742_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Privatization of public services: Organizational reform efforts in public education and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Author-Name: Jacobson, P.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1733-1739 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068007 Abstract: The public health and the public education systems in the United States have encountered problems in quality of service, accountability, and availability of resources. Both systems are under pressure to adopt the general organizational reform of privatization. The debate over privatization in public education is contentious, but in public health, the shift of functions from the public to the private sector has been accepted with limited deliberation. We assess the benefits and concerns of privatization and suggest that shifting public health functions to the private sector raises questions about the values and mission of public health. Public health officials need to be more engaged in a public debate over the desirability of privatization as the future of public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068007_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incarceration as forced migration: Effects on selected community health outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, J.C. Author-Name: Torrone, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1762-1765 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.081760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.081760 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the effects of high incarceration rates on rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies. Methods. We calculated correlations between rates of incarceration in state prisons and county jails and rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies for each of the 100 counties in North Carolina during 1995 to 2002. We also estimated increases in negative health outcomes associated with increases in incarceration rates using negative binomial regression analyses. Results. Rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies, adjusted for age, race, and poverty distributions by county, consistently increased with increasing incarceration rates. In the most extreme case, teenage pregnancies exhibited an increase of 71.61 per 100 000 population (95% confidence interval [CI] = 41.88, 101.35) in 1996 after an increase in the prison population rate from 223.31 to 468.58 per 100000 population in 1995. Conclusions. High rates of incarceration can have the unintended consequence of destabilizing communities and contributing to adverse health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081760_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Freeing the insane Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1743 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.095448 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095448_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: We must fight HIV/AIDS with science, not politics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinn, S.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1723 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.095919 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095919_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of Black and White suicide decedents in Fulton County, Georgia 1988-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abe, K. Author-Name: Mertz, K.J. Author-Name: Powell, K.E. Author-Name: Hanzlick, R.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1794-1798 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082131 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the prevalence of risk factors for Black and White suicide decedents in Fulton County, Georgia, from 1988-2002. Methods. We used data from the Fulton County Medical Examiner's Office to compile information on suicides that occurred in Fulton County between 1988 and 2002. We used the χ2 test and logistic regression to identify associations between suicide risk factors and race. Results. Black suicide decedents were more likely than White suicide decedents to be male (odds ratio [OR] = 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38, 3.09), to be younger, (≤24 y [OR = 4.74; 95% CI = 2.88, 7.81]; 25-34 y [OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.74, 4.47]; 35-44 y [OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.13, 3.07]), and to hurt others in a suicide (OR = 4.22; 95% CI = 1.60, 11.15) but less likely to report depression (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.83), to have a family history of suicide (OR = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.61), or to leave a suicide note (OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.26, 0.52). Conclusions. Future research should consider that Black suicide decedents are less likely to report depression than White suicide decedents. This suicide risk difference is important when developing effective suicide prevention programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082131_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Concordance between self-reported maltreatment and court records of abuse or neglect among high-risk youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swahn, M.H. Author-Name: Whitaker, D.J. Author-Name: Pippen, C.B. Author-Name: Leeb, R.T. Author-Name: Teplin, L.A. Author-Name: Abram, K.M. Author-Name: McClelland, G.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1849-1853 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.058230 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the concordance between measures of self-reported maltreatment and court records of abuse or neglect in a sample of detained youths. Methods. Data were collected by the Northwestern Juvenile Project and include interviews from 1829 youths aged 10-18 years. Participants were newly detained youths in the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center in Illinois between 1995 and 1998. Self-reported cases of child maltreatment were compared with court records of abuse or neglect in the Cook County judicial system. Results. We found that among detained youths, 16.6% of those who reported any maltreatment, 22.2% of those who reported the highest level of maltreatment, and 25.1% of those who reported that they required medical treatment as a result of maltreatment had a court record of abuse or neglect. Among those with any self-reported maltreatment, girls (vs boys) and African Americans (vs Whites) were more likely to have a court record (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53, 3.09; and AOR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.23, 3.63, respectively). Conclusions. Official records seriously underestimate the prevalence of maltreatment, which indicates that multiple data sources are needed to document the true prevalence of maltreatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.058230_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perpetration of intimate partner violence associated with sexual risk behaviors among young adult men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Raj, A. Author-Name: Santana, M.C. Author-Name: La Marche, A. Author-Name: Amaro, H. Author-Name: Cranston, K. Author-Name: Silverman, J.G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1873-1878 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.081554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.081554 Abstract: Objective. We assessed the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and sexual risk behaviors and fatherhood (having fathered children) among young men. Methods. Sexually active men aged 18 to 35 years who visited an urban community health center and who reported having sexual intercourse with a steady female partner during the past 3 months (N = 283) completed a brief self-administered survey about sexual risk behaviors, IPV perpetration, and demographics. We conducted logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographics to assess associations between IPV and sexual risk behaviors and fatherhood. Results. Participants were predominantly Hispanic (74.9%) and Black (21.9%). Participants who reported IPV perpetration during the past year (41.3%) were significantly more likely to report (1) inconsistent or no condom use during vaginal and anal sexual intercourse, (2) forcing sexual intercourse without a condom, (3) having sexual intercourse with other women, and (4) having fathered 3 or more children. Conclusion. IPV perpetration was common among our sample and was associated with increased sexual risk behaviors. Urban community health centers may offer an important venue for reaching this at-risk population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081554_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Low birthweight and asthma among young urban children (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 96 (1604-1610)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nepomnysachy, L. Author-Name: Reichman, N.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1723 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:10:1723_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Thomas W. Salmon: advocate of mental hygiene. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parry, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1741 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.095794 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095794_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Opioid analgesic involvement in drug abuse deaths in American metropolitan areas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paulozzi, L.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1755-1757 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071647 Abstract: I measured the role of opioid analgesics in drug abuse-related deaths in a consistent panel of 28 metropolitan areas from the Drug Abuse Warning Network. The number of reports of opioid analgesics increased 96.6% from 1997 to 2002; methadone, oxycodone, and unspecified opioid analgesics accounted for 74.3% of the increase. Oxycodone reports increased 727.8% (from 72 to 596 reports). By 2002, opioid analgesics were noted more frequently than were heroin or cocaine. Dramatic increases in the availability of such opioids have made their abuse a major, growing problem. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071647_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mending our broken mental health systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braithwaite, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1724 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096552 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096552_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men and women entering California prisons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernstein, K.T. Author-Name: Chow, J.M. Author-Name: Ruiz, J. Author-Name: Schachter, J. Author-Name: Horowitz, E. Author-Name: Bunnell, R. Author-Name: Bolan, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1862-1866 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056374 Abstract: Objective. We estimated the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among newly arriving inmates at 6 California prisons. Methods. In this cross-sectional study in 1999, urine specimens collected from 698 men aged 18 to 25 years and 572 women aged 18 years or older were tested at intake for C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae using ligase chain reaction. An analysis of demographic and arrest-related correlates of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae infection was performed. Results. The overall C trachomatis prevalence was 9.9% (95% CI = 7.8%, 12.3%) among men aged 18 to 25 years, 8.9% (95% CI = 2.9%, 22.1%) among women aged 18 to 25 years, and 3.3% (95% CI = 2.0%, 5.1%) among women overall. Three N gonorrhoeae cases were detected with an overall prevalence of 0.24% (95% CI = 0.05%, 0.69%). Conclusions. The prevalence of C trachomatis infection at entry to California prisons, especially among young female and male inmates, was high, which supports routine screening at entry into prison. In addition, screening in a jail setting where most detainees are incarcerated before entry into the prison setting may provide an excellent earlier opportunity to identify these infections and treat disease to prevent complications and burden of infection in this high-risk population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056374_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prisons and health reforms in England and Wales Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hayton, P. Author-Name: Boyington, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1730-1733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056127 Abstract: Prison health in England and Wales has seen rapid reform and modernization. Previously it was characterized by overmedicalization, difficulties in staff recruitment, and a lack of professional development for staff. The Department of Health assumed responsibility from Her Majesty's Prison Service for health policymaking in 2000, and full budgetary and health care administration control were transferred by April 2006. As a result of this reorganization, funding has improved and services now relate more to assessed health need. There is early but limited evidence that some standards of care and patient outcomes have improved. The reforms address a human rights issue: that prisoners have a right to expect their health needs to be met by services that are broadly equivalent to services available to the community at large. We consider learning points for other countries which may be contemplating prison health reform, particularly those with a universal health care system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056127_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Employee and customer injury during violent crimes in retail and service businesses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peek-Asa, C. Author-Name: Casteel, C. Author-Name: Kraus, J.F. Author-Name: Whitten, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1867-1872 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071365 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to compare the frequency and risk factors for employees and customers injured during crimes in retail (convenience, grocery, and liquor stores) and service businesses (bars, restaurants, motels). Methods. A total of 827 retail and service businesses in Los Angeles were randomly selected. Police crime reports (n = 2029) from violent crimes that occurred in these businesses from January 1996 through June 2001 were individually reviewed to determine whether a customer or an employee was injured and to collect study variables. Results. A customer injury was 31% more likely (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 1.51) than an employee injury during a violent crime. Customer injury was more frequent than employee injury during violent crimes in bars, restaurants, convenience stores, and motels but less likely in grocery or liquor stores. Injury risk was increased for both employees and customers when resisting the perpetrator and when the perpetrator was suspected of using alcohol. Customers had an increased risk for injury during crimes that occurred outside (relative risk [RR] = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.57, 2.58) and at night (RR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.40, 2.29). Conclusions. Security programs should be designed to protect customers as well as employees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071365_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing times: A longitudinal analysis of international firearm suicide data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ajdacic-Gross, V. Author-Name: Killias, M. Author-Name: Hepp, U. Author-Name: Gadola, E. Author-Name: Bopp, M. Author-Name: Lauber, C. Author-Name: Schnyder, U. Author-Name: Gutzwiller, F. Author-Name: Rössler, W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1752-1755 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075812 Abstract: We investigated changes in the proportion of firearm suicides in Western countries since the 1980s and the relation of these changes to the change in the proportion of households owning firearms. Several countries had an obvious decline in firearm suicides: Norway, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Multilevel modeling of longitudinal data confirmed the effect, of the proportion of households owning firearms. Legislation and regulatory measures reducing the availability of firearms in private households can distinctly strengthen the prevention of firearm suicides. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075812_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self reported discrimination and mental health status among African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: The added dimension of immigration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Ryan, A. Author-Name: Laflamme, D.J. Author-Name: Holt, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1821-1828 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080085 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether self-reported racial discrimination was associated with mental health status and whether this association varied with race/ethnicity or immigration status. Methods. We performed secondary analysis of a community intervention conducted in 2002 and 2003 for the New Hampshire Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health 2010 Initiative, surveying African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos. We assessed mental health status with the Mental Component Summary (MCS12) of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12, and measured discrimination with questions related to respondents' ability to achieve goals, discomfort/anger at treatment by others, and access to quality health care. Results. Self-reported discrimination was associated with a lower MCS12 score. Additionally, the strength of the association between self-reported health care discrimination and lower MCS12 score was strongest for African descendants, then Mexican Americans, then other Latinos. These patterns may be explained by differences in how long a respondent has lived in the United States. Furthermore, the association of health care discrimination with lower MCS12 was weaker for recent immigrants. Conclusions. Discrimination may be an important predictor of poor mental health status among Black and Latino immigrants. Previous findings of decreasing mental health status as immigrants acculturate might partly be related to experiences with racial discrimination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080085_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumption of soft drinks and hyperactivity, mental distress, and conduct problems among adolescents in Oslo, Norway Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lien, L. Author-Name: Lien, N. Author-Name: Heyerdahl, S. Author-Name: Thoresen, M. Author-Name: Bjertness, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1815-1820 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059477 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether high levels of consumption of sugar-containing soft drinks were associated with mental distress, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among adolescents. Methods. A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted with 10th-grade students in Oslo, Norway (n = 5498). We used the Hopkins Symptom Checklist and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess mental health outcomes. Results. There was a J-shaped dose-response relationship between soft drink consumption and mental distress, conduct problems, and total mental health difficulties score; that is, adolescents who did not consume soft drinks had higher scores (indicating worse symptoms) than those who consumed soft drinks at moderate levels but lower scores than those with high consumption levels. The relationship was linear for hyperactivity. In a logistic regression model, the association between soft drink consumption and mental health problems remained significant after adjustment for behavioral, social, and food-related variables. The highest adjusted odds ratios were observed for conduct problems among boys and girls who consumed 4 or more glasses of sugar-containing soft drinks per day. Conclusions. High consumption levels of sugar-containing soft drinks were associated with mental health problems among adolescents even after adjustment for possible confounders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059477_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in mental health and substance abuse services at the nation's community health centers: 1998-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Druss, B.G. Author-Name: Bornemann, T. Author-Name: Fry-Johnson, Y.W. Author-Name: McCombs, H.G. Author-Name: Politzer, R.M. Author-Name: Rust, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1779-1784 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076943 Abstract: Objective. We examined trends in delivery of mental health and substance abuse services at the nation's community health centers. Methods. Analyses used data from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Bureau of Primary Care's (BPHC) 1998 and 2003 Uniform Data System, merged with county-level data. Results. Between 1998 and 2003, the number of patients diagnosed with a mental health/substance abuse disorder in community health centers increased from 210 000 to 800 000. There was an increase in the number of patients per specialty mental health/substance abuse treatment provider and a decline in the mean number of patient visits, from 7.3 visits per patient to 3.5 by 2003. Although most community health centers had some on-site mental health/substance abuse services, centers without on-site services were more likely to be located in counties with fewer mental health/substance abuse clinicians, psychiatric emergency rooms, and inpatient hospitals. Conclusions. Community health centers are playing an increasingly central role in providing mental health/substance abuse treatment services in the United States. It is critical both to ensure that these centers have adequate resources for providing mental health/substance abuse care and that they develop effective linkages with mental health/substance abuse clinicians in the communities they serve. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076943_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treatment for cigarette smoking among depressed mental health outpatients: A randomized clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hall, S.M. Author-Name: Tsoh, J.Y. Author-Name: Prochaska, J.J. Author-Name: Eisendrath, S. Author-Name: Rossi, J.S. Author-Name: Redding, C.A. Author-Name: Rosen, A.B. Author-Name: Meisner, M. Author-Name: Humfleet, G.L. Author-Name: Gorecki, J.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1808-1814 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080382 Abstract: Objectives. Using a brief contact control, we tested the efficacy of a staged care intervention to reduce cigarette smoking among psychiatric patients in outpatient treatment for depression. Methods. We conducted a randomized clinical trial that included assessments at baseline and at months 3, 6, 12, and 18. Three hundred twenty-two patients in mental health outpatient treatment who were diagnosed with depression and smoked ≥1 cigarette per day participated. The desire to quit smoking was not a prerequisite for participation. Staged care intervention participants received computerized motivational feedback at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months and were offered a 6-session psychological counseling and pharmacological cessation treatment program. Brief contact control participants received a self-help guide and referral list of local smoking-treatment providers. Results. As we hypothesized, abstinence rates among staged care intervention participants exceeded those of brief contact control participants at months 12 and 18. Significant differences favoring staged care intervention also were found in occurrence of a quit attempt and stringency of abstinence goal. Conclusion. The data suggest that individuals in psychiatric treatment for depression can be aided in quitting smoking through use of staged care interventions and that smoking cessation interventions used in the general population can be implemented in psychiatric outpatient settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080382_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public conceptions of serious mental illness and substance abuse, their causes and treatments: Findings from the 1996 General Social Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kuppin, S. Author-Name: Carpiano, R.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1766-1771 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060855 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the degree to which lay beliefs about the causes of disorders may predict beliefs about what constitutes appropriate treatment. Methods. We analyzed randomized vignette data from the MacArthur Mental Health Module of the 1996 General Social Survey (n = 1010). Results. Beliefs in biological causes (i.e., chemical imbalance, genes) were significantly associated with the endorsement of professional, biologically focused treatments (e.g., prescription medication, psychiatrists, and mental hospital admissions). Belief that the way a person was raised was the cause of a condition was the only nonbiologically based causal belief associated with any treatment recommendations (talking to a clergy member). Conclusions. Lay beliefs about the biological versus nonbiological causes of mental and substance abuse disorders are related to beliefs regarding appropriate treatment. We suggest areas for further research with regard to better understanding this relationship in an effort to construct effective messages promoting treatment for mental health and substance abuse disorders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060855_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood trauma and women's health outcomes in a California prison population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Messina, N. Author-Name: Grella, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1842-1848 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082016 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence of childhood traumatic events among incarcerated women in substance abuse treatment and to assess the relation between cumulative childhood traumatic events and adult physical and mental health problems. Methods. The study was modeled after the Adverse Childhood Events study's findings. In-depth baseline interview data for 500 women participating in the Female Offender Treatment and Employment Program evaluation were analyzed. Results. Hypotheses were supported, and regression results showed that the impact of childhood traumatic events on health outcomes is strong and cumulative (greater exposure to childhood traumatic events increased the likelihood of 12 of 18 health-related outcomes, ranging from a 15% increase in the odds of reporting fair/poor health to a 40% increase in the odds of mental health treatment in adulthood). Conclusions. Our findings suggest a need for early prevention and intervention, and appropriate trauma treatment, within correctional treatment settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082016_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US suicide rates by age group, 1970-2002: An examination of recent trends Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McKeown, R.E. Author-Name: Cuffe, S.P. Author-Name: Schulz, R.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1744-1751 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066951 Abstract: US suicide rates have declined in recent years, reversing earlier trends. We examined suicide rates among 4 age groups from 1970 to 2002 and the factors that may have contributed to the decline. We paid particular attention to newer anti-depressants because of recent concerns and controversy about a possible association with suicidal behaviors. These trends warrant more extensive analysis of suicide rates among specific subgroups, including consideration of additional variables that may influence rates differentially. The relative contributions of depression diagnosis and treatment, postsuicide attempt care, and other contextual factors (e.g., overall economic conditions) also deserve attention. If the decline is associated with contextual factors, clarifying these associations will better inform public policy decisions and contribute to more effective interventions for preventing suicide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066951_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rates and correlates of seeking mental health services among Cambodian refugees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, G.N. Author-Name: Berthold, S.M. Author-Name: Schell, T.L. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Chun, C.-A. Author-Name: Hambarsoomians, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1829-1835 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.086736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.086736 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the rates and correlates of seeking mental health services among a probability sample of Cambodian refugees who needed such services. Methods. Interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with a representative sample drawn from the largest US community of Cambodian refugees. The analytic sample included 339 persons who met past 12-month criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression disorder, or alcohol use disorder. Respondents described contact with service providers for psychological problems during the preceding 12 months. We examined bivariate and multivariate predictors of seeking services. Results. Respondents reported high rates of contact with both medical care providers (70%) and mental health care providers (46%). Seeking services from both types of providers was associated with lack of English-speaking proficiency, unemployment, 3 or fewer years of preimmigration education, and being retired or disabled. Women, individuals with health insurance, and persons receiving government assistance also were more likely to seek services. Conclusions. Cambodian refugees with mental health problems had high rates of seeking service for psychological problems during the preceding 12 months. Research is needed to examine the effectiveness of services received by Cambodian refugees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.086736_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Persistent tobacco use during pregnancy and the likelihood of psychiatric disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Flick, L.H. Author-Name: Cook, C.A. Author-Name: Homan, S.M. Author-Name: McSweeney, M. Author-Name: Campbell, C. Author-Name: Parnell, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 10 Pages: 1799-1807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057851 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between psychiatric disorders and tobacco use during pregnancy. Methods. Data were derived from a population-based cohort of 744 pregnant African American and White low-income women living in urban and rural areas. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to assess women for 20 different psychiatric disorders. Results. In comparison with nonusers, persistent tobacco users (women who had used tobacco after confirmation of their pregnancy) and nonpersistent users (women who had used tobacco but not after pregnancy confirmation) were 2.5 and 2 times as likely to have a psychiatric disorder. Twenty-five percent of persistent users had at least 1 of the following diagnoses: generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar I disorder, oppositional disorder, drug abuse or dependence, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Conclusions. In this cohort study, 5 diagnoses were more prevalent among persistent tobacco users than among nonusers, suggesting that several psychiatric disorders contribute to difficulty discontinuing tobacco use during pregnancy. Smoking cessation efforts focusing on pregnant women may need to address co-occurring psychiatric disorders if they are to be successful. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057851_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Framing health matters? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLeroy, K. Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1537 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096180 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096180_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Low birthweight and asthma among young urban children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nepomnyaschy, L. Author-Name: Reichman, N.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1604-1610 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079400 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether the association between low birthweight and early childhood asthma can be explained by an extensive set of individual- and neighborhood-level measures. Methods. A population-based sample of children born in large US cities during 1998-2000 was followed from birth to age 3 years (N = 1803). Associations between low birthweight and asthma diagnosis at age 3 years were estimated using multilevel models. Prenatal medical risk factors and behaviors, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and neighborhood characteristics were controlled. Results. Low-birthweight children were twice as likely as normal birthweight children to have an asthma diagnosis (34% vs 18%). The fully adjusted association (OR = 2.36; P<.001) was very similar to the unadjusted association (OR = 2.48; P < .001). Rates of renter-occupied housing and vacancies at the census tract-level were strong independent predictors of childhood asthma. Conclusions. Very little of the association between low birthweight and asthma at age 3 can be explained by an extensive set of demographic, socioeconomic, medical, behavioral, and neighborhood characteristics. Associations between neighborhood housing characteristics and asthma diagnosis in early childhood need to be further explored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079400_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missed opportunities for type 2 diabetes mellitus screening among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, C. Author-Name: Tabaei, B.P. Author-Name: Burke, R. Author-Name: McEwen, L.N. Author-Name: Lash, R.W. Author-Name: Johnson, S.L. Author-Name: Schwartz, K.L. Author-Name: Bernstein, S.J. Author-Name: Herman, W.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1643-1648 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065722 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine rates and factors associated with screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods. We retrospectively studied women with diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus who delivered at a university-affiliated hospital (n = 570). Data sources included medical and administrative record review. Main outcome measures were the frequency of any type of glucose testing at least 6 weeks after delivery and the frequency of recommended glucose testing. We assessed demographic data, past medical history, and prenatal and postpartum care characteristics. Results. Rates of glucose testing after delivery were low. Any type of glucose testing was performed at least once after 38% of deliveries, and recommended glucose testing was performed at least once after 23% of deliveries. Among women with at least 1 visit to the health care system after delivery (n = 447), 42% received any type of glucose test at least once, and 35% received a recommended glucose test at least once. Factors associated with testing were being married, having a visit with an endocrinologist after delivery, and having more visits after delivery. Conclusions. These findings suggest that most women with gestational diabetes mellitus are not screened for type 2 DM after delivery. Opportunities for DM prevention and early treatment are being missed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065722_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking the Hispanic paradox: Death rates and life expectancy for US non-Hispanic White and Hispanic populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, D.P. Author-Name: Bradshaw, B.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1686-1692 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.035378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.035378 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the "Hispanic paradox," whereby persons of Hispanic origin seemed to experience lower mortality than the non-Hispanic White population. This paradox coincided with a change from the classification of deaths and population by Spanish surname to the use of Hispanic-origin questions in the census and vital statistics. Methods. To estimate US Hispanic and non-Hispanic White mortality, we applied a familiar relation between death rates for population subgroups to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White population death rates. We calculated age-specific death rates for the Hispanic population and the non-Hispanic White population and computed life tables for each. Result. For Texas between 1980 (surname) and 1990 (origin), the change in Hispanic deaths in persons aged 65 years or older was only half as great as the change in population size, implying a relative omission of 15% to 20% of deaths. By a different approach, the life tables for the US Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations pointed to a similar omission. Conclusions. There is no "Hispanic paradox." The Hispanic paradox described in past research derives from inconsistencies in counts of Hispanic-origin deaths and populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.035378_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Education and diabetes in a racially and ethnically diverse population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrell, L.N. Author-Name: Dallo, F.J. Author-Name: White, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1637-1642 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072884 Abstract: Objectives. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey (1997-2002) to examine the association between education and the prevalence of diabetes in US adults and whether this relation differs by race/ethnicity. Methods. The analyses were limited to non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites, and Hispanics. SUDAAN was used to account for the complex sampling design. Results. Educational attainment was inversely associated with the prevalence of diabetes. Individuals with less than a high-school diploma were 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 1.8) times more likely to have diabetes than those with at least a bachelor's degree. Whites and Hispanics exhibited a significant relation between diabetes and having less than a high-school education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.5, 2.0; and OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.3, respectively). In addition, the odds of having diabetes was stronger for women (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.6, 2.4) than for men (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.6). Conclusions. Educational attainment was inversely associated with diabetes prevalence among Whites, Hispanics, and women but not among Blacks. Education may have a different effect on diabetes health among different racial/ethnic groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072884_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diabetes care in the San Francisco County Jail Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clark, B.C. Author-Name: Grossman, E. Author-Name: White, M.C. Author-Name: Goldenson, J. Author-Name: Tulsky, J.P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1571-1574 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056119 Abstract: Chronic disease management is becoming increasingly important in correctional settings, especially diabetes. We conducted a retrospective chart review of diabetic inmates in San Francisco County Jail and examined the sociodemographic characteristics, markers of disease status, and compliance with jail-specific care guidelines within this setting. We found high rates of compliance with immediate-term care guidelines (e.g., finger-stick glucose and blood pressure checks at intake) but less success in providing the more complex care required for chronic diseases. Inmates' age, race, and gender did not affect likelihood of meeting guidelines. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056119_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rusen and Enarson respond [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rusen, I.D. Author-Name: Enarson, D.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1534-1535 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.091025 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.091025_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender and the burden of disease attributable to obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muennig, P. Author-Name: Lubetkin, E. Author-Name: Jia, H. Author-Name: Franks, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1662-1668 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068874 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the burden of disease in the United States attributable to obesity by gender, with life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, years of life lost annually, and quality-adjusted life years lost annually as outcome measures. Methods. We obtained burden of disease estimates for adults falling into the following body-mass index categories: normal weight (23 to <25), overweight (25 to <30), and obese (>30). We analyzed the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to obtain health-related quality-of-life scores and the 1990-1992 National Health Interview Survey linked to National Death Index data through the end of 1995 for mortality. Results. Overweight men and women lost 270 000 and 1.8 million quality-adjusted life years, respectively, relative to their normal-weight counterparts. Obese men and women lost 1.9 million and 3.4 million quality-adjusted life years, respectively, per year. Much of the burden of disease among overweight and obese women arose from lower health-related quality of life and late life mortality. Conclusions. Relative to men, women suffer a disproportionate burden of disease attributable to overweight and obesity, mostly because of differences in health-related quality of life. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068874_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Powell, L.M. Author-Name: Slater, S. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Author-Name: Harper, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1676-1680 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between neighborhood demographic characteristics and the availability of commercial physical activity-related outlets by zip code across the United States. Methods. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the availability of 4 types of outlets: (1) physical fitness facilities, (2) membership sports and recreation clubs, (3) dance facilities, and (4) public golf courses. Commercial outlet data were linked by zip code to US Census Bureau population and socioeconomic data. Results. Results showed that commercial physical activity-related facilities were less likely to be present in lower-income neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African American residents, residents with Hispanic ethnicity, and residents of other racial minority backgrounds. In addition, these neighborhoods had fewer such facilities available. Conclusions. Lack of availability of facilities that enable and promote physical activity may, in part, underpin the lower levels of activity observed among populations of low socioeconomic status and minority backgrounds. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065573_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attacking the obesity epidemic: The potential health benefits of providing nutrition information in restaurants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burton, S. Author-Name: Creyer, E.H. Author-Name: Kees, J. Author-Name: Huggins, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1669-1675 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054973 Abstract: Objectives. Requiring restaurants to present nutrition information on menus is under consideration as a potential way to slow the increasing prevalence of obesity. Using a survey methodology, we examined how accurately consumers estimate the nutrient content of typical restaurant meals. Based on these results, we then conducted an experiment to address how the provision of nutrition information on menus influences purchase intentions and reported preferences. Methods. For both the survey and experiment, data were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques. Results. Survey results showed that levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat in less-healthful restaurant items were significantly underestimated by consumers. Actual fat and saturated fat levels were twice consumers' estimates and calories approached 2 times more than what consumers expected. In the subsequent experiment, for items for which levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat substantially exceeded consumers' expectations, the provision of nutrition information had a significant influence on product attitude, purchase intention, and choice. Conclusions. Most consumers are unaware of the high levels of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium found in many menu items. Provision of nutrition information on restaurant menus could potentially have a positive impact on public health by reducing the consumption of less-healthful foods. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054973_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-based participatory research: Conducting a formative assessment of factors that influence youth wellness in the Hualapai community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Teufel-Shone, N.I. Author-Name: Siyuja, T. Author-Name: Watahomigie, H.J. Author-Name: Irwin, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1623-1628 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054254 Abstract: Objectives. Using a community-based participatory research approach, a tribe-university team conducted a formative assessment of local factors that influence youth wellness to guide the design of a culturally and locally relevant health promotion program. Methods. Open-ended interviews with key informants, a school self-assessment using the Centers for Disease Control's School Health Index, and a locally generated environmental inventory provided data that were triangulated to yield a composite of influential factors and perceived need within the community. Results. Family involvement and personal goal setting were identified as key to youth wellness. Supportive programs were described as having consistent adult leadership, structured activities, and a positive local and regional image. Availability of illicit drugs and alcohol, poor teacher attitude, and lack of adult involvement were significant negative factors that impact youth behavior. Conclusions. Local/native (emic) and university/nonnative (etic) perspectives and abilities can be combined to yield a culturally relevant formative assessment that is useful to public health planning. In this collaborative effort, standard means of data collection and analysis were modified in some cases to enhance and build upon the knowledge and skills of community researchers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054254_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Frustrations with FIDELIS: Promising idea, problematic approach [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lauer, K.J. Author-Name: Birn, A.-E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1534 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090738 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090738_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Television viewing and pedometer-determined physical activity among multiethnic residents of low-income housing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bennett, G.G. Author-Name: Wolin, K.Y. Author-Name: Viswanath, K. Author-Name: Askew, S. Author-Name: Puleo, E. Author-Name: Emmons, K.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1681-1685 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080580 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the association between television viewing and pedometer-determined physical activity among predominantly racial/ethnic minority residents of low-income housing in metropolitan Boston in 2005. Methods. We used mixed models to analyze the association between reported hours of television viewing and pedometer-determined steps per day among 486 adults. We also examined whether television viewing was associated with the achievement of 10000 steps per day. Results. There was a mean 3.6 hours of average daily television watching. In multivariable analyses, each hour of television viewing on an average day was associated with 144(95% confidence interval [CI] =-276,-12) fewer steps per day and a decreased likelihood of accumulating 10000 steps per day (odds ratio [OR] = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.71, 0.99). Weekday and weekend television viewing were each also associated with fewer steps per day. Conclusions. Average daily television viewing was associated with reductions in total pedometer-determined physical activity levels (approximately 520 steps per day) in this lower-income sample. As part of a comprehensive physical activity promotion plan, recommendations to reduce television viewing should be made. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080580_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asthma and enrollment in special education among urban schoolchildren Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stingone, J.A. Author-Name: Claudio, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1593-1598 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075887 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether asthma is associated with urban children's use of special education services. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 24 randomly selected New York City public elementary schools using a parent-report questionnaire focusing on sociodemographic characteristics, special education enrollment, asthma diagnosis and symptoms, school absences, and use of health care services. Results. Thirty-four percent of children enrolled in special education had been diagnosed with asthma, compared with 19% of children in the general student population. After control for sociodemographic factors, children with asthma were 60% more likely than children without asthma to be enrolled in special education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 2.16). Asthmatic children in special education were significantly more likely to be from low-income families and to have been hospitalized in the previous 12 months than asthmatic children in general education. Conclusions. Inadequate asthma control may contribute to a greater risk of asthmatic children residing in urban areas being placed in special education. School health programs should consider targeting low-income urban children with asthma at risk for enrollment in special education through increased asthma interventions and medical support services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075887_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assembling a global vaccine development pipeline for infectious diseases in the developing world Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Serdobova, I. Author-Name: Kieny, M.-P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1554-1559 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074583 Abstract: Commercial realities have drastically reduced private investment in the development of new public health tools, but increased awareness of this situation has resulted in the emergence of a variety of research-based, nonprofit organizations. We reviewed current vaccine developments and developed a framework for efficient research and development investments in this area. We have identified several key "push" and "pull" forces within the vaccine research and product development environment and have examined their impacts on the process. These forces affect the global vaccine pipeline, which is composed of all individual vaccine initiatives and global partnerships (i.e., stakeholders). All of these research and development stake-holders must work together to establish and promote a global, sustainable research and development pipeline that delivers optimal vaccines and immunization technologies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.074583_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthier choices and increased participation in a middle school lunch program: Effects of nutrition policy changes in San Francisco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wojcicki, J.M. Author-Name: Heyman, M.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1542-1547 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.070946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.070946 Abstract: In order to address overall nutritional health, including increases in numbers of overweight children and adolescents, the San Francisco Unified School District implemented a progressive nutrition policy beginning in August 2003. We review this policy and focus on its impact on school and district revenues and students' participation in the federally subsidized school lunch program. We examined changes in menu items and the consequent effects of these changes on student eating patterns and school revenues at Aptos Middle School in San Francisco. This case study and additional district data show that provision of healthy menu options led to increased student participation in the federal school lunch program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070946_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes for fiber: Sociodemographic characteristics of preschoolers with high fiber intakes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kranz, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1538-1541 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068700 Abstract: To better understand the public health impact of the National Academy of Sciences' Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for fiber in preschoolers, I analyzed data from the United States Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake in Individuals for 5437 preschoolers and examined sociodemographic predictors of meeting the DRIs. Overall, only 12% of the children met the DRIs. Older children (age 4 and 5 years) were less likely than younger children, girls were less likely than boys, and children from medium-income families (those earning 186% to 350% of the poverty guidelines, with poverty set at 100%) were least likely to meet the DRIs. Low-income children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children were twice as likely as nonparticipants to meet the DRIs. The public should be educated about the importance of increasing fiber density in the diet. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068700_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population health as a framework for public health practice: A Canadian perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, B.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1574-1576 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075192 Abstract: I explored the discourse on population health within 3 diverse regional health authorities in Manitoba, Winnipeg, with a focus on the public health sector. At all study sites, population health was viewed primarily as an epidemiological tool for population health assessment and surveillance rather than as an approach to taking action on the broad determinants of health. My findings suggest that concerns about the limitations of population health as a framework for public health efforts to reduce inequities in health are warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075192_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of youths in the US hemophilia population: Results of a national survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nazzaro, A.-M. Author-Name: Owens, S. Author-Name: Hoots, W.K. Author-Name: Larson, K.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1618-1622 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075234 Abstract: Objectives. The National Hemophilia Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a national survey focusing on knowledge about, attitudes toward, and behaviors associated with key prevention activities among youths with hemophilia and used the data gathered to design a health promotion campaign. Methods. A national, random sample of 459 patients was drawn from 20 hemophilia treatment centers and 8 hemophilia associations; 110 (24%) of the respondents were young people. A telephone questionnaire was used to measure knowledge, behaviors, and barriers to prevention. Results. Thirty-six percent of the youth respondents believed that joint disease cannot be prevented; 60% managed hemophilia by avoiding physical activity. Only 31% of the respondents treated bleeding episodes within 1 hour. Although hepatitis was a clear threat to this hemophilic cohort, 78% did now know transmission routes for hepatitis C, and 67% did not know transmission routes for hepatitis B. Conclusions. Young people with chronic disorders need help understanding that they can prevent complications. We identified key messages for a hemophilia prevention campaign, including exercising to ensure healthy joints and treating bleeding episodes early and adequately. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075234_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in hospitalization and sociodemographic factors in diabetic and nondiabetic populations in Germany: National health survey, 1990-1992 and 1998 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Icks, A. Author-Name: Haastert, B. Author-Name: Rathmann, W. Author-Name: Rosenbauer, J. Author-Name: Giani, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1656-1661 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063339 Abstract: Objectives. We examined time trends of hospitalization, a main outcome measure in health care, in the diabetic and nondiabetic populations in Germany and their associations with sociodemographic variables. Methods. Using data from 2 national health surveys, we estimated hospital days per person-year in the diabetic and nondiabetic populations in 1998 (n = 5422) and 1990-1992 (n = 7363) in Germany. We used Poisson regression to estimate relative risks and interaction of secular time with age, gender, and educational level, considering the cluster sample design of the study. Results. Hospital days per person-year decreased between 1990-1992 and 1998-from 3.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.59, 4.97) to 3.14 (95% CI = 2.16, 4.56) for the diabetic population and from 1.38 (95% CI = 1.23, 1.55) to 1.33 (95% CI = 1.17, 1.51) for the nondiabetic population-but the decrease was not statistically significant. In the diabetic population, the decrease tended to be more pronounced (interaction year×time not significant; P = .756). Also, there was a notable decrease in men and in the group aged 25 to 39 years, and a decrease in both high- and low-educational-level subjects. Conclusions. There seems to have been a larger decrease in hospitalization in the diabetic population than in the nondiabetic population in Germany. An increase in social disparity in this health outcome measure in the diabetic population could not be confirmed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063339_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identification of American Indian and Alaska Native veterans in administrative data of the Veterans Health Administration and the Indian Health Service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kramer, B.J. Author-Name: Wang, M. Author-Name: Hoang, T. Author-Name: Harker, J.O. Author-Name: Finke, B. Author-Name: Saliba, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1577-1578 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.073205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.073205 Abstract: We sought to determine the extent to which the Indian Health Service (IHS) identified enrollees who also use the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) as veterans. We used a bivariate analysis of administrative data from fiscal years 2002-2003 to study the target population. Of the 32259 IHS enrollees who received care as veterans in the VHA, only 44% were identified by IHS as veterans. IHS data underestimates the number of veterans, and both IHS and VHA need mechanisms to recognize mutual beneficiaries in order to facilitate better coordination of strategic planning and resource sharing among federal health care agencies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.073205_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Edentulism among Mexican adults aged 35 years and older and associated factors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Medina-Solís, C.E. Author-Name: Pérez-Núñez, R. Author-Name: Maupomé, G. Author-Name: Casanova-Rosado, J.F. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1578-1581 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071209 Abstract: We used National Performance Evaluation Survey data to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of edentulism among noninstitutionalized adults aged 35 years and older in Mexico. Statistically, the variables positively associated with edentulism were older age (odds ratio [OR] = LOS) and female gender (OR=1.79). Nonsmoking status (OR=0.70) and having a higher wealth index score (OR = 0.72) were negatively associated. This infor-mation constitutes the first large-scale evaluation in Mexico for one of the World Health Organization's priority oral health problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071209_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding disparities in use of mental health services among families involved with child welfare [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1535-1536 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093096 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093096_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The power of policy: A case study of healthy eating among children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cassady, D. Author-Name: Vogt, R. Author-Name: Oto-Kent, D. Author-Name: Mosley, R. Author-Name: Lincoln, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1570-1571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072124 Abstract: We used a case study approach to examine the nutritional effect of a policy to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in the Students Today Achieving Results for Tomorrow afterschool program. The snack menu was changed in 44 after-school programs serving 8000 low-income and ethnically diverse elementary-school students. A comparison of previous and current snack menus identified a significant increase in fruit servings (83%) and no change in vegetable servings. We discuss the unintended consequences resulting from the menu changes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072124_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race/ethnicity and nativity differences in alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perreira, K.M. Author-Name: Cortes, K.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1629-1636 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056598 Abstract: Objectives. We examined race/ethnicity and nativity correlates of prenatal substance use. Methods. Using data on a nationally representative cohort of pregnant women in US cities (N = 4185), we evaluated the relative importance of socioeconomic status, paternal health behaviors, social support, and maternal stress and health history in explaining variations in prenatal substance use by race/ethnicity and nativity. Results. Maternal stress and health history appeared to fully explain differences in alcohol use by nativity, but these and other factors could not explain differences in prenatal smoking. For all races/ethnicities, paternal health behaviors were most strongly associated with maternal substance use. Except among Black women, socioeconomic background bore little relation to prenatal substance use after adjustment for more proximal risk factors (e.g., paternal and maternal health behaviors). Social support was most protective among Hispanic women. Conclusions. Foreign-born immigrant women are at equal risk of prenatal alcohol use compared with similarly situated US-born women and should not be overlooked in the design of interventions for at-risk women. Furthermore, the inclusion of fathers and the development of social support structures for at-risk women can strengthen interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056598_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosed and possible undiagnosed asthma among public-school children in Chicago Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinn, K. Author-Name: Shalowitz, M.U. Author-Name: Berry, C.A. Author-Name: Mijanovich, T. Author-Name: Wolf, R.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1599-1603 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071514 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial and ethnic disparities in the total potential burden of asthma in low-income, racially/ethnically heterogeneous Chicago schools. Methods. We used the Brief Pediatric Asthma Screen Plus (BPAS+) and the Spanish BPAS+, validated, caregiver-completed respiratory questionnaires, to identify asthma and possible asthma among students in 14 racially/ethnically diverse public elementary schools. Results. Among 11490 children, we demonstrated a high lifetime prevalence (12.2%) as well as racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosed asthma, but no disparities in prevalences of possible undiagnosed asthma. Possible asthma cases boost the total potential burden of asthma to more than 1 in 3 non-Hispanic Black and Puerto Rican children. Conclusions. There are significant racial and ethnic disparities in diagnosed asthma among inner-city schoolchildren in Chicago. However, possible undiagnosed asthma appears to have similar prevalences across racial/ethnic groups and contributes to a high total potential asthma burden in each group studied. A better understanding of underdiagnosis is needed to address gaps in asthma care and intervention for low-income communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071514_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of the CDC's Section 317 immunization grants program funding on childhood vaccination coverage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rein, D.B. Author-Name: Honeycutt, A.A. Author-Name: Rojas-Smith, L. Author-Name: Hersey, J.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1548-1553 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.078451 Abstract: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Section 317 Grants Program is the main source of funding for state and jurisdictional immunization programs, yet no study has evaluated its direct impact on vaccination coverage rates. Therefore, we used a fixed-effects model and data collected from 56 US jurisdictions to estimate the impact of Section 317 financial assistance immunization grants on childhood vaccination coverage rates from 1997 to 2003. Our results showed that increases in Section 317 funding were significantly and meaningfully associated with higher rates of vaccination coverage; a $10 increase in per capita funding corresponded with a 1.6-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage. Policymakers charged with funding public health programs should consider this study's findings, which indicate that money allocated to vaccine activities translates directly into higher vaccine coverage rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078451_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An enlightenment view of school health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Outram, D. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1560 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.094185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.094185 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.094185_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Images against teen pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sember, R. Author-Name: Kropf, A. Author-Name: Di Mauro, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1561 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.094151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.094151 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.094151_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Proximity of licensed child care facilities to near-roadway vehicle pollution Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Houston, D. Author-Name: Ong, P. Author-Name: Wu, J. Author-Name: Winer, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1611-1617 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077727 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed child care facilities' proximity to heavily traveled roadways in an attempt to estimate the extent of potential exposure of young children to vehicle-related pollution in this understudied microenvironment. Methods. We examined approximately 24000 licensed child care facilities in California located within 200 m of heavily traveled roadways. Results. Approximately 57 000 of the available slots in California child care centers (7% of the overall capacity) are in facilities located within 200 m (650 ft) of roadways averaging 50000 or more vehicles per day, and another 172000 (21%) are in facilities located within 200 m of roadways averaging 25000 to 49000 vehicles per day. Facilities providing care to infants or preschool-aged children and facilities located in disadvantaged areas were more often situated in medium- or high-traffic areas. Conclusions. Additional research is needed to further clarify the significance of the child care microenvironment in terms of potential childhood exposures to vehicle-related pollutants. Design strategies, notification standards, and distance-based siting restrictions should be considered in the facility licensing process and in land use and transportation planning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077727_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding the determinants of health for people with type 2 diabetes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maddigan, S.L. Author-Name: Feeny, D.H. Author-Name: Majumdar, S.R. Author-Name: Farris, K.B. Author-Name: Johnson, J.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1649-1655 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067728 Abstract: Objective. We assessed which of a broad range of determinants of health are most strongly associated with health-related quality of life (HRQL) among people with type 2 diabetes. Methods. Our analysis included respondents from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.1 (2000-2001) who were aged 18 years and older and who were identified as having type 2 diabetes. We used regression analyses to assess the associations between the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 and determinants of health. Results. Comorbidities had the largest impact on HRQL, with stroke (-0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.17, -0.06) and depression (-0.11; 95% CI = -0.15, -0.06) being associated with the largest deficits. Large differences in HRQL were observed for 2 markers of socioeconomic status: social assistance (-0.07; 95% CI = -0.12, -0.03) and food insecurity (-0.07; 95% CI = -0.10, -0.04). Stress, physical activity, and sense of belonging also were important determinants. Overall, 36% of the variance in the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 was explained. Conclusion. Social and environmental factors are important, but comorbidities have the largest impact on HRQL among people with type 2 diabetes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067728_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The answer to diabetes prevention: Science, surgery, service delivery, or social policy? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colagiuri, R. Author-Name: Colagiuri, S. Author-Name: Yach, D. Author-Name: Pramming, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1562-1569 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067587 Abstract: The diabetes and obesity epidemics are closely intertwined. International randomized controlled trials demonstrate that, in high-risk individuals, type 2 diabetes can be prevented or at least delayed through lifestyle modification and, to a lesser degree, medication. We explored the relative roles of science, surgery, service delivery, and social policy in preventing diabetes. Although it is clear that there is a role for all, diabetes is a complex problem that demands commitment across a range of government and nongovernment agencies to be effectively controlled. Accordingly, we argue that social policy is the key to achieving and sustaining social and physical environments required to achieve widespread reductions in both the incidence and prevalence of diabetes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067587_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based health centers and the decline in Black teen fertility during the 1990s in Denver, Colorado Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ricketts, S.A. Author-Name: Guernsey, B.P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1588-1592 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059816 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the changes in Black adolescent fertility rates in high-school areas with school-based health centers and compared them over time with changes in rates in high-school areas without school-based health centers. Methods. Fertility rates were estimated for high-school areas with and without school-based health centers with geocoded birth certificate and school enrollment data. Results. A high adolescent fertility rate (165 births/1000) in 1992 among Black students in Denver high-school areas with school-based health centers declined to a low rate (38/1000) in 1997 that matched the rate of school areas that did not have school-based health centers. Rates declined for both types of areas over the study period, but the rate of decline in the areas with school-based health centers was significantly greater (77% vs 56%). Conclusions. The rapid and significant decline in Black adolescent fertility in school areas with school-based health centers strongly suggests that attending to the health needs of students at risk of pregnancy resulted in a radically lowered risk of fertility. The decline is likely the result of strategies to identify, intervene, and follow-up on students engaging in behaviors that place them at risk for unintended pregnancy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059816_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting social inclusion in schools: A group-randomized trial of effects on student health risk behavior and well-being Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patton, G.C. Author-Name: Bond, L. Author-Name: Carlin, J.B. Author-Name: Thomas, L. Author-Name: Butler, H. Author-Name: Glover, S. Author-Name: Catalano, R. Author-Name: Bowes, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1582-1587 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.047399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.047399 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to test the efficacy of an intervention that was designed to promote social inclusion and commitment to education, in reducing among students health risk behaviors and improving emotional well-being. Methods. The design was a cluster-randomized trial in 25 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. The subjects were 8th-grade students (aged 13 to 14 y) in 1997 (n = 2545) and subsequent 8th-grade students in 1999 (n = 2586) and 2001 (n = 2463). The main outcomes were recent substance use, antisocial behavior, initiation of sexual intercourse, and depressive symptoms. Results. At 4-year follow-up, the prevalence of marked health risk behaviors was approximately 20% in schools in the comparison group and 15% in schools in the intervention group, an overall reduction of 25%. In ordinal logistic regression models a protective effect of intervention was found for a composite measure of health risk behaviors in unadjusted models (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50, 0.95) and adjusted models (OR = 0.71; CI = 0.52, 0.97) for potential confounders. There was no evidence of a reduction in depressive symptoms. Conclusion. The study provides support for prevention strategies in schools that move beyond health education to promoting positive social environments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047399_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Libby et al. respond [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Libby, A.M. Author-Name: Orion, H.D. Author-Name: Spicer, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 9 Pages: 1536 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093310 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093310_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of increased social unacceptability of cigarette smoking on reduction in cigarette consumption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alamar, B. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1359-1363 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069617 Abstract: Taxes on cigarettes have long been used to help reduce cigarette consumption. Social factors also affect cigarette consumption, but this impact has not been quantified. We computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals' responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed. A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. If, through an active tobacco control campaign, the average individual's views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would be a 15% drop in cigarette consumption, equivalent to a $1.17 increase in the excise tax on cigarettes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069617_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An old custom, a new threat to tobacco control [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Primack, B.A. Author-Name: Aronson, J.D. Author-Name: Agarwal, A.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1339 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090381 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090381_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cessation among smokers of "light" cigarettes: Results from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tindle, H.A. Author-Name: Rigotti, N.A. Author-Name: Davis, R.B. Author-Name: Barbeau, E.M. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Shiffman, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1498-1504 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072785 Abstract: Objectives. A large proportion of smokers erroneously believe that low-nicotine/low-tar cigarettes, also called "light cigarettes" or "lights," reduce health risks and are a rational alternative to smoking cessation. However, the availability of light cigarettes may deter smoking cessation. Methods. We analyzed the 32374 responses to the US 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Current and former smokers ("ever-smokers") were asked if they had ever used a lower tar and nicotine cigarette to reduce health risks. Multivariable logistic regression identified determinants of lights use and smoking cessation. Results were weighted to reflect the national population. Results. Of 12285 ever-smokers, 37% (N=4414) reported having used light cigarettes to reduce health risks. Current abstinence was less often reported by ever-smokers who had previously used light cigarettes than by ever-smokers who had never used lights (37% vs 53%, P<.01). Adjusted odds of cessation among ever-smokers who had used light cigarettes relative to those who had never used lights were reduced by 54% (adjusted odds ratio=0.46, 95% confidence interval=0.41, 0.51). Conclusions. Use of light cigarettes was common and was associated with lower odds of current smoking cessation, validating the concern that smokers may use lights as an alternative to cessation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072785_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of domestic violence on perinatal and early childhood mortality: Evidence from North India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahmed, S. Author-Name: Koenig, M.A. Author-Name: Stephenson, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1423-1428 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066316 Abstract: Objective. We examined the effect of physical violence during pregnancy on perinatal and early-childhood mortality. Methods. We estimated the prevalence of domestic violence during pregnancy among a population-based sample of 2199 women in Uttar Pradesh, India. We used a survival regression model to examine the risks for perinatal, neonatal, postneonatal, and early-childhood (aged 1-3 years) mortality by mother's exposure to domestic violence, after we controlled for other sociodemographic and maternal health behavior risk factors. Results. Eighteen percent of the women in our study experienced domestic violence during their last pregnancy. After we adjusted for other risk factors, births among mothers who had experienced domestic violence had risks for perinatal and neonatal mortality that were 2.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.35, 4.95) and 2.37 (95% CI = 1.21, 4.62) times higher, respectively, than births among mothers who had not experienced violence. We found no significant associations between domestic violence and either postneonatal or early-childhood mortality. Conclusions. Domestic violence is a significant risk factor for perinatal and neonatal mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066316_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health and the anticorporate movement: Rationale and recommendations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiist, W.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1370-1375 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072298 Abstract: Institutions and informal networks have formed a movement that is challenging the growing power and pervasive influence of large corporations. The movement's analyses show that the historical development and current function of the corporate entity requires production of a profit regardless of consequences to health, society, or the environment, As a result, public health professionals frequently address health problems related to products, services, or practices of corporations. There are possibilities for links between public health and the anticorporate movement. Public health research and the professional preparation curriculum should focus on the corporate entity as a social structural determinant of disease. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072298_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of the health and mental health status of homeless mothers in Worcester, Mass: 1993 and 2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weinreb, L.F. Author-Name: Buckner, J.C. Author-Name: Williams, V. Author-Name: Nicholson, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1444-1448 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069310 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed background characteristics, health status, and prevalence rates of mental health disorders in 2 studies of homeless mothers conducted in Worcester, Mass, one in 1993 and the other in 2003. Methods. We compared the women taking part in the 2 studies, which involved similar methodologies, on the key variables of interest over time. Results. Homeless families taking part in the 2003 study were poorer than those taking part in the 1993 study, and female heads of household in that study reported more physical health limitations, major depressive illness, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion. Data from 2003 suggest that the characteristics of homeless mothers changed over the 10-year period assessed. Service providers and shelter staff may need to refine services so that they are responsive to these changing needs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069310_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interpersonal violence in the lives of urban American Indian and Alaska Native women: Implications for health, mental health, and help-seeking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Evans-Campbell, T. Author-Name: Lindhorst, T. Author-Name: Huang, B. Author-Name: Walters, K.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1416-1422 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054213 Abstract: Objective. We surveyed American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) women in New York City to determine the prevalence of 3 types of interpersonal violence among urban AIAN women and the behavioral health and mental health factors associated with this violence. Methods. Using a survey, we questioned 112 adult AIAN women in New York City about their experiences with interpersonal violence, mental health, HIV risk behaviors, and help-seeking. The sampling plan utilized a multiple-wave approach with modified respondent-driven sampling, chain referral, and target sampling. Results. Among respondents, over 65% had experienced some form of interpersonal violence, of which 28% reported childhood physical abuse, 48% reported rape, 40% reported a history of domestic violence, and 40% reported multiple victimization experiences. Overwhelmingly, women experienced high levels of emotional trauma related to these events. A history of interpersonal violence was associated with depression, dysphoria, help-seeking behaviors, and an increase in high-HIV risk sexual behaviors. Conclusions. AIAN women experience high rates of interpersonal violence and trauma that are associated with a host of health problems and have important implications for health and mental health professionals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054213_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Andrija Stampar: charismatic leader of social medicine and international health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1383 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090084 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090084_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sustainability of public health programs: The example of tobacco treatment services in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: LaPelle, N.R. Author-Name: Zapka, J. Author-Name: Ockene, J.K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1363-1369 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067124 Abstract: Sustaining important public or grant-funded services after initial funding is terminated is a major public health challenge. We investigated whether tobacco treatment services previously funded within a statewide tobacco control initiative could be sustained after state funding was terminated abruptly. We found that 2 key strategies-redefining the scope of services being offered and creative use of resources-were factors that determined whether some community agencies were able to sustain services at a much higher level than others after funding was discontinued. Understanding these strategies and developing them at a time when program funding is not being threatened is likely to increase program sustainability. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067124_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Variations in the health conditions of 6 Chicago community areas: A case for local-level data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shah, A.M. Author-Name: Whitman, S. Author-Name: Silva, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1485-1491 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.052076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.052076 Abstract: Objectives. Although local-level chronic disease and risk factor data are not typically available, they are valuable for guiding public health interventions and policies. To present a case for disaggregated community-level health data, we conducted a study exploring the relevance of such data to research on health disparities. Methods. We designed a population-based health survey to gather information on many health measures, 13 of which are presented here. Interviews were conducted with 1699 adults (18-75 years) in 6 Chicago community areas between September 2002 and April 2003. Results. Statistically significant variations in health measures were found between the 6 communities themselves (108 of 195 pairwise comparisons were significant) and between the communities and Chicago as a whole (35 of 54 comparisons were significant). Conclusions. The local-level variations in health revealed in this study emphasize that geographic and racial/ethnic health disparities are still prominent in Chicago and shed light on the limitations of existing city- and regional-level data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.052076_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parental english proficiency and children's health services access Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Author-Name: Huang, Z.J. Author-Name: Schwalberg, R.H. Author-Name: Nyman, R.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1449-1455 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069500 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relation between parents' level of English proficiency and their children's access to health care. Methods. Using the 2001 California Health Interview Survey, we conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses of several measures of children's access to health care (current health insurance status, usual source of care, emergency room visits, delayed or forgone care, traveling to another country for health care, and perceived discrimination in health care) and their association with parents' English proficiency. Results. Compared with English-speaking households, children in non-English-speaking households were more likely to lack health insurance, to not have doctor contact, and to go to other countries for health care and were less likely to use emergency rooms. Their parents were less likely to report their children's experiencing delayed or forgone care or discrimination in health care. Conclusion. English proficiency is a strong predictor of access to health insurance for children, and children in non-English-speaking families are especially likely to rely on other countries for their health care. English proficiency may mitigate the effects of race/ethnicity commonly observed in health care access and utilization studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069500_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experiences of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: Implications for future planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brodie, M. Author-Name: Weltzien, E. Author-Name: Altman, D. Author-Name: Blendon, R.J. Author-Name: Benson, J.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1402-1408 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084475 Abstract: Objectives. To shed light on how the public health community can promote the recovery of Hurricane Katrina victims and protect people in future disasters, we examined the experiences of evacuees housed in Houston area shelters 2 weeks after the hurricane. Methods. A survey was conducted September 10 through 12, 2005, with 680 randomly selected respondents who were evacuated to Houston from the Gulf Coast as a result of Hurricane Katrina. Interviews were conducted in Red Cross shelters in the greater Houston area. Results. Many evacuees suffered physical and emotional stress during the storm and its aftermath, including going without adequate food and water. In comparison with New Orleans and Louisiana residents overall, disproportionate numbers of this group were African American, had low incomes, and had no health insurance coverage. Many had chronic health conditions and relied heavily on the New Orleans public hospital system, which was destroyed in the storm. Conclusions. Our results highlight the need for better plans for emergency communication and evacuation of low-income and disabled citizens in future disasters and shed light on choices facing policymakers in planning for the long-term health care needs of vulnerable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084475_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social ties and health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ellis, J.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1341 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093633 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093633_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of state laws limiting malpractice damage awards on health care expenditures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hellinger, F.J. Author-Name: Encinosa, W.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1375-1381 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077883 Abstract: Twenty-eight states have laws that limit payments in malpractice cases, and several studies indicate that these laws reduce the frequency and severity of malpractice claims and lower premiums. Moreover, proponents believe that such laws reduce health care expenditures by reducing the practice of defensive medicine. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence about the impact of these laws on the cost of health care. We used multivariate models and relatively recent data to estimate the impact of state tort reform laws that directly limit malpractice damage payments on health care expenditures. Estimates from these models suggest that laws limiting malpractice payments lower state health care expenditures by between 3% and 4%. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077883_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ten years and 1 Master Settlement Agreement later: The nature and frequency of alcohol and tobacco promotion in televised sports, 2000 through 2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zwarun, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1492-1497 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064642 Abstract: Objectives. I sought to identify what kinds of promotion for alcohol and tobacco products are found in televised sports programming, as well as how frequently they occur. I compared my findings with data from 5 and 10 years earlier to examine the effects of the Master Settlement Agreement and detect industry trends. Method. A content analysis of more than 83 hours of televised sports programming from 2000 through 2002 was conducted. Composite week sampling was used to ensure results were representative of the overall population of television sports programs. Programs were examined for traditional advertising (commercials) and nontraditional advertising (stadium signs, announcer voiceovers, etc.). Results. Rates of certain types of alcohol advertising have decreased, but what remains is strategically chosen to increase the likelihood of audience exposure. Despite the Master Settlement Agreement, tobacco advertising remains prevalent in many sports. A new trend of placing alcohol and tobacco brand names in commercials for other products is evident. Conclusions. Alcohol and tobacco marketers appear able to cleverly adapt to advertising challenges, such as digital video recorders and legislation. Alcohol and tobacco brands remain visible on sports programming. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064642_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social capital and health: Civic engagement, community size, and recall of health massages Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Viswanath, K. Author-Name: Steele, W.R. Author-Name: Finnegan Jr., J.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1456-1461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.029793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.029793 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the effects of community integration and pluralism on recall of cardiovascular disease health information messages. Methods. With 1980-1983 data from the Minnesota Heart Health Program, we examined whether ties to community groups were associated with recall of health messages, and whether this relation was modified by size and degree of differentiation of the community. Results. A higher level of civic engagement through ties to community groups was associated with better recall of health messages. Ties to community groups independently contributed to better message recall even after control for gender, education, and other variables. The moderating role of community size was non-significant but intriguing. Conclusions. Community group membership could increase exposure to health messages, providing a critical pathway for social capital to influence health promotion and, thus, public health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.029793_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Orphan care in Botswana's working households: Growing responsibilities in the absence of adequate support Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, C.M. Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Rajaraman, D. Author-Name: Heymann, S.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1429-1435 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072280 Abstract: Objectives. Botswana has one of the world's highest HIV-prevalence rates and the world's highest percentages of orphaned children among its population. We assessed the ability of income-earning households in Botswana to adequately care for orphans. Methods. We used data from the Botswana Family Health Needs Study (2002), a sample of 1033 working adults with caregiving responsibilities who used public services, to assess whether households with orphan-care responsibilities encountered financial and other difficulties. Thirty-seven percent of respondents provided orphan care, usually to extended family members. We applied logistic regression models to determine the factors associated with experiencing problems related to orphan caregiving. Results. Nearly half of working households with orphan-care responsibilities reported experiencing financial and other difficulties because of orphan care. Issues of concern included caring for multiple orphans, caring for sick adults and orphans simultaneously, receiving no assistance, and low income. Conclusions. The orphan crisis is impoverishing even working households, where caregivers lack sufficient resources to provide basic needs. Neither the public sector nor communities provide adequate safety nets. International assistance is critical to build capacity within the social welfare infrastructure and to fund community-level activities that support households. Lessons from Botswana's orphan crisis can provide valuable insights to policymakers throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072280_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Organization and financing of alcohol and substance abuse programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Author-Name: Gabriel, R.M. Author-Name: Bigelow, D.A. Author-Name: Walker, R.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1469-1477 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050575 Abstract: Objectives. Although American Indians and Alaska Natives have high rates of substance abuse, few data about treatment services for this population are available. We used national data from 1997-2002 to describe recent trends in organizational and financial arrangements. Methods. Using data from the Indian Health Service (IHS), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Census Bureau, we estimated the number of American Indians served by substance abuse treatment programs that apparently are unaffiliated with either the IHS or tribal governments. We compared expected and observed IHS expenditures. Results. Half of the American Indians and Alaska Natives treated for substance abuse were served by programs (chiefly in urban areas) apparently unaffiliated with the IHS or tribal governments. IHS substance abuse expenditures were roughly what we expected. Medicaid participation by tribal programs was not universal. Conclusions. Many Native people with substance abuse problems are served by programs unaffiliated with the IHS. Medicaid may be key to expanding needed resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050575_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increased access to unrestricted pharmacy sales of syringes in Seattle-King County, Washington: Structural and individual-level changes, 1996 versus 2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deibert, R.J. Author-Name: Goldbaum, G. Author-Name: Parker, T.R. Author-Name: Hagan, H. Author-Name: Marks, R. Author-Name: Hanrahan, M. Author-Name: Thiede, H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1347-1353 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.032698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.032698 Abstract: We examined pharmacists' attitudes and practices related to syringe sales to injection drug users before and after legal reform and local programming to enhance sterile syringe access. We replicated a 1996 study by conducting pharmacist phone surveys and syringe test-buys in randomly selected pharmacies. Test-buy success increased from 48% in 1996 to 65% in 2003 (P=.04). Pharmacists agreeing that syringes should be available to injection drug users through pharmacy purchase increased from 49% to 71% (P<.01). Pharmacy policies and pharmacist attitudes were strongly associated with syringe access. Structural changes, including policy reform and pharmacy outreach, appear to increase syringe access. Interventions should address pharmacy policies and pharmacist attitudes and policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.032698_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood social capital and dental injuries in Brazilian adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pattussi, M.P. Author-Name: Hardy, R. Author-Name: Sheiham, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1462-1468 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066159 Abstract: Objectives. Evidence suggests that communities with higher levels of social capital have better health, but this association has not been explored specifically in relation to dental injury. We investigated the association between social capital and dental injury. Methods. We conducted a multilevel study assessed individual and neighborhood effects on dental injury of 1302 14- to 15-year-old adolescents in 39 schools of Distrito Federal, Brazil. Children underwent a dental examination and, with their parents, answered a questionnaire about their local environments. Our data analysis used logistic multilevel modeling of students and neighborhood (the latter defined by catchment areas of schools). Results. The prevalence of dental injury was significantly lower in neighborhoods with higher levels of social capital, especially among boys. After control for individual and neighborhood variables, the adjusted odds ratio for a 1-unit increase in the standardized social capital index was 0.55 (95% confidence interval =0.37, 0.81; P=.002) among boys. Conclusions. Social capital may explain inequalities in rates of dental injury, especially among boys. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066159_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a theory-driven model of acculturation in public health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abraído-Lanza, A.F. Author-Name: Armbrister, A.N. Author-Name: Flórez, K.R. Author-Name: Aguirre, A.N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1342-1346 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064980 Abstract: Interest in studying the impact of acculturation on immigrant health has increased in tandem with the growth of the Latino population in the United States. Linear assimilation models continue to dominate public health research despite the availability of more complex acculturation theories that propose multidimensional frameworks, reciprocal interactions between the individual and the environment, and other acculturative processes among various Latino groups. Because linear and unidimensional assessments (e.g., nativity, length of stay in the United States, and language use) provide constricted measures of acculturation, the rare use of multidimensional acculturation measures and models has inhibited a more comprehensive understanding of the association between specific components of acculturation and particular health outcomes. A public health perspective that incorporates the roles of structural and cultural forces in acculturation may help identify mechanisms underlying links between acculturation and health among Latinos. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064980_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening for suicide risk [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1339-1340 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090597 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090597_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychosocial care for adult and child survivors of the 2004 tsunami disaster in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Becker, S.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1397-1398 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064428 Abstract: The tsunami disaster in South Asia affected the mental health of thousands of survivors, but psychological aspects of rehabilitation are frequently overlooked in public health initiatives. From January to March 2005, teams from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences in Bangalore, India, traveled to south India and implemented a "train the trainer" community-based mental health program of psychosocial care to facilitate the recovery of child and adult survivors. Psychosocial care has applications to natural and man-made disasters in developing countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064428_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A nationwide population-based study identifying health disparities between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations living in select urban counties Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Castor, M.L. Author-Name: Smyser, M.S. Author-Name: Taualii, M.M. Author-Name: Park, A.N. Author-Name: Lawson, S.A. Author-Name: Forquera, R.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1478-1484 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053942 Abstract: Objectives. Despite their increasing numbers, little is known about the health of American Indians/Alaska Natives living in urban areas. We examined the health status of American Indian/Alaska Native populations served by 34 federally funded urban Indian health organizations. Methods. We analyzed US census data and vital statistics data for the period 1990 to 2000. Results. Disparities were revealed in socioeconomic, maternal and child health, and mortality indicators between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations in urban Indian health organization service areas and nationwide. American Indians/Alaska Natives were approximately twice as likely as these general populations to be poor, to be unemployed, and to not have a college degree. Similar differences were observed in births among mothers who received late or no prenatal care or consumed alcohol and in mortality attributed to sudden infant death syndrome, chronic liver disease, and alcohol consumption. Conclusions. We found health disparities between American Indians/Alaska Natives and the general populations living in selected urban areas and nationwide. Such disparities can be addressed through improvements in health care access, high-quality data collection, and policy initiatives designed to provide sufficient resources and a more unified vision of the health of urban American Indians/Alaska Natives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053942_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On health politics. 1919. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stampar, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1382-1385 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:8:1382-1385_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of job strain on blood pressure: A prospective study of male and female white-collar workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guimont, C. Author-Name: Brisson, C. Author-Name: Dagenais, G.R. Author-Name: Milot, A. Author-Name: Vézina, M. Author-Name: Mâsse, B. Author-Name: Moisan, J. Author-Name: Laflamme, N. Author-Name: Blanchette, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1436-1443 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057679 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated whether cumulative exposure to job strain increases blood pressure. Methods. A prospective study of 8395 white-collar workers was initiated during 1991 to 1993. At follow-up, 7.5 years later, 84% of the participants were re- assessed to estimate cumulative exposure to job strain. Results. Compared with men who had never been exposed, men with cumulative exposure and those who became exposed during follow-up showed significant systolic blood pressure increments of 1.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1, 3.5) and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI = 0.2, 2.8), respectively, and relative risks of blood pressure increases in the highest quintile group of 1.33 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.76) and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.14, 1.73). Effect magnitudes were smaller among women. Effects tended to be more pronounced among men and women with low levels of social support at work. Conclusions. Among these white-collar workers, exposure to cumulative job strain had a modest but significant effect on systolic blood pressure among men. The risk was of comparable magnitude to that observed for age and sedentary behavior. Men and women with low levels of social support at work appeared to be at higher risk for increases in blood pressure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057679_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asbestos-related disease in South Africa: The social production of an invisible epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braun, L. Author-Name: Kisting, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1386-1396 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064998 Abstract: South Africa was the third largest exporter of asbestos in the world for more than a century. As a consequence of particularly exploitative social conditions, former workers and residents of raining regions suffered-and continue to suffer-from a serious yet still largely undocumented burden of asbestos-related disease. This epidemic has been invisible both internationally and inside South Africa. We examined the work environment, labor policies, and occupational-health framework of the asbestos industry in South Africa during the 20th century. In a changing local context where the majority of workers were increasingly disenfranchised, unorganized, excluded from skilled work, and predominantly rural, mining operations of the asbestos industry not only exposed workers to high levels of asbestos but also contaminated the environment extensively. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064998_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diffusion of the D.A.R.E and syringe exchange programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Sloboda, Z. Author-Name: Friedman, S.R. Author-Name: Tempalski, B. Author-Name: McKnight, C. Author-Name: Braine, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1354-1358 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060152 Abstract: We examined the diffusion of the D.A.R.E program to reduce use of illicit drugs among school-aged children and youths and the diffusion of syringe exchange programs to reduce HIV transmission among injection drug users. The D.A.R.E program was diffused widely in the United States despite a lack of evidence for its effectiveness; there has been limited diffusion of syringe exchange in the United States, despite extensive scientific evidence for its effectiveness. Multiple possible associations between diffusion and evidence of effectiveness exist, from widespread diffusion without evidence of effectiveness to limited diffusion with strong evidence of effectiveness. The decision theory concepts of framing and loss aversion may be useful for further research on the diffusion of public health innovations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060152_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospital religious affiliation and emergency contraceptive prescribing practices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubin, S.E. Author-Name: Grumet, S. Author-Name: Prine, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1398-1401 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061218 Abstract: With access to reproductive health care eroding, examination of prescribing of contraception, including emergency contraception (EC), is important. We examined whether working in a family practice affiliated with a religious institution changes the likelihood of a provider prescribing EC. Our survey asked about EC prescribing practices in a range of situations. As predicted, practitioners in non-religiously affiliated practices reported higher rates of prescribing EC than those in religiously affiliated practices. In both cases, however, the practitioners' prescribing patterns were inadequate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061218_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hallfors and Steckler respond [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hallfors, D.D. Author-Name: Steckler, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1340 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090795 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090795_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interpersonal violence among women seeking welfare: Unraveling lives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lown, E.A. Author-Name: Schmidt, L.A. Author-Name: Wiley, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 8 Pages: 1409-1415 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057786 Abstract: Objectives. Exposure to violence is a widespread problem among women who receive welfare benefits. Research has focused on partner violence among women with children on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), ignoring low-income women without dependent children who are eligible for General Assistance (GA). Methods. We report findings from a survey of 1235 women seeking TANF (N = 1095) and GA (N = 140) throughout a California county. Results. Estimates of recent physical, sexual, and severe violence were high in both populations. However, the highest rates occurred among women without children seeking GA, suggesting that they are at higher risk for sexual violence and more severe forms of physical violence, especially from intimate partners. This increased risk is partly accounted for by the co-occurrence of other serious health and social problems. In multivariate analyses, past-year violence was associated with substance use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 2.9), recent homelessness (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4, 2.6), family fragmentation including divorce or separation (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.8, 5.2), or foster care involvement (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1, 4.5) Conclusions. Welfare reform created TANF programs to address domestic violence. Women seeking GA may need similar services because of the high prevalence of violence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057786_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disproportionate rates of incarceration contribute to health disparities [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gaiter, J.L. Author-Name: Potter, R.H. Author-Name: O'Leary, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1148-1149 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.086561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.086561 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.086561_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: G. Stanley Hall: psychologist and early gerontologist. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parry, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1161 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incomplete priorities: Ignoring the role of firearms in US suicides [5] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sorenson, S.B. Author-Name: Miller, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1149 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087965 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087965_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Teaching public health through a pedagogy of collegiality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chávez, V. Author-Name: Turalba, R.-A.N. Author-Name: Malik, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1175-1180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062950 Abstract: Curriculum development in masters of public health programs that effectively meets the complex challenges of the 21 st century is an important part of public health education and requires purposeful thinking. Current approaches to training the public health work-force do not adequately prepare professionals to be culturally competent in addressing health disparities. Principles of community-based participatory research highlight the importance of building relationships of mutual accountability and emphasize collegial teaching. We present background and theoretical foundations for a pedagogy of collegiality and describe specific teaching methods, classroom activities, and key assignments organized around 4 essential features: principles of community organizing, building community and valuing diversity, engaging the senses, and writing across the curriculum. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062950_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: Study of women's health across the nation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gold, E.B. Author-Name: Colvin, A. Author-Name: Avis, N. Author-Name: Bromberger, J. Author-Name: Greendale, G.A. Author-Name: Powell, L. Author-Name: Sternfeld, B. Author-Name: Matthews, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1226-1235 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066936 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether vasomotor symptom reporting or patterns of change in symptom reporting over the perimenopausal transition among women enrolled in a national study differed according to race/ethnicity. We also sought to determine whether racial/ethnic differences were explained by sociodemographic, health, or lifestyle factors. Methods. We followed 3198 women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation during 1996 through 2002. We analyzed frequency of vasomotor symptom reporting using longitudinal multiple logistic regressions. Results. Rates of vasomotor symptom reporting were highest among African Americans (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21, 2.20). The transition to late perimenopause exhibited the strongest association with vasomotor symptoms (adjusted OR =6.64; 95% CI = 4.80/9.20). Other risk factors were age (adjusted OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.13, 1.21), having less than a college education (adjusted OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.40, 2.61), increasing body mass index (adjusted OR = 1.03 per unit of increase; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.04), smoking (adjusted OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.25, 2.12), and anxiety symptoms at baseline (adjusted OR = 3.10;95% CI = 2.33, 4.12). Conclusions. Among the risk factors assessed, vasomotor symptoms were most strongly associated with menopausal status. After adjustment for covariates, symptoms were reported most often in all racial/ethnic groups in late perimenopause and nearly as often in postmenopause. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066936_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Knox and caine respond [6] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1149-1150 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.088641 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088641_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The widening gap in mortality by educational level in the Russian Federation, 1980-2001 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murphy, M. Author-Name: Bobak, M. Author-Name: Nicholson, A. Author-Name: Rose, R. Author-Name: Marmot, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1293-1299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056929 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in the relation between educational level and adult mortality in the Russian Federation in the period 1989 through 2001. Methods. We used a convenience cohort based on survey respondents' information about age, survival status, and educational level of close relatives, and applied modified indirect demographic techniques to stratify mortality rates by educational level in the study period. A random sample of 7172 respondents (response rate = 61%) provided full information on 10440 relatives. Results. The mortality advantage of better-educated men and women in 1980 increased substantially by 2001. In 1980, life expectancy at age 20 for university-educated men was 3 years greater than for men with elementary education only, but was 11 years greater by 2001, reflecting not only declining life expectancy in less-educated men but also an improvement among better-educated men. Similar patterns were seen in women. Conclusions. The well-documented mortality increases seen in Russia after 1990 have predominantly affected less-educated men and women, whereas the mortality of persons with university education has improved, resulting in a sharp increase in educational-level mortality differentials. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056929_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gastric bypass surgery in the United States, 1998-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smoot, T.M. Author-Name: Xu, P. Author-Name: Hilsenrath, P. Author-Name: Kuppersmith, N.C. Author-Name: Singh, K.P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1187-1189 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060129 Abstract: We assessed the prevalence of gastric bypass surgeries in the United States on the basis of data from the 1998 to 2002 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Between 1998 and 2002, rates (per 100000 adults) increased significantly (P<.001): from 7.0 to 38.6. This observed increase in the rate of gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of obesity may be attributed in part to improvements in surgical technique, improved patient outcomes, and increased popularity of this procedure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060129_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Garden of Eden: Acknowledging the impact of race and class in efforts to decrease obesity rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, E.A. Author-Name: Kelly, C. Author-Name: Barnidge, E. Author-Name: Strayhorn, J. Author-Name: Schootman, M. Author-Name: Struthers, J. Author-Name: Griffith, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1170-1174 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049502 Abstract: Geographic assessments indicate that the selection of produce in local supermarkets varies by both area-level income and racial composition. These differences make it particularly difficult for low-income African American families to make healthy dietary choices. The Garden of Eden produce market was created to improve access to high-quality, affordable produce fort hese communities. The Garden of Eden is housed in a church in an economically depressed African American community in St Louis, Mo, that has less access to fresh produce than surrounding communities. All staff are from the community and are paid a living wage. The market is run with an eye toward sustainability, with partners from academia, a local faith-based community organization, businesses, and community members collaborating to make all program decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049502_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family socioeconomic position at birth and future cardiovascular disease risk: Findings from the aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lawlor, D.A. Author-Name: Ronalds, G. Author-Name: Macintyre, S. Author-Name: Clark, H. Author-Name: Leon, D.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1271-1277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066290 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the association of father's social class, recorded at the time of birth, with coronary heart disease and stroke in a British cohort of 11106 individuals born in the 1950s. Methods. Survival analysis was used to relate social class at birth to the occurrence of either fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease or stroke. Results. Rates of coronary heart disease and stroke increased across the social class distribution from highest to lowest, and patterns of association were similar for the 2 outcomes. The gender-adjusted hazard ratio of experiencing either coronary heart disease or stroke comparing the manual and nonmanual social class categories was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.14, 2.02). This ratio fell to 1.41 (95% CI=1.05, 1.88) after adjustment for indicators of intrauterine and childhood growth. Further adjustment for educational attainment reduced the ratio to 1.28 (95% CI=0.94, 1.75). Conclusions. We found that social class at birth was associated with risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease among individuals born in the 1950s, a period of relative prosperity and after the introduction of the welfare state in Britain. This relation appeared to be mediated in part through educational attainment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066290_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthy naturally occurring retirement communities: A low-cost approach to facilitating healthy aging Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Masotti, P.J. Author-Name: Fick, R. Author-Name: Johnson-Masotti, A. Author-Name: MacLeod, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1164-1170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068262 Abstract: Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs) are broadly defined as communities where individuals either remain or move when they retire. Using the determinants of health model as a base, we hypothesize that some environmental determinants have a different impact on people at different ages. Health benefits to living within NORCs have been observed and likely vary depending upon where the specific NORC exists on the NORC to healthy-NORC spectrum. Some NORC environments are healthier than others for seniors, because the NORC environment has characteristics associated with better health for seniors. Health benefits within healthy NORCs are higher where physical and social environments facilitate greater activity and promote feelings of well-being. Compared to the provision of additional medical or social services, healthy NORCs are a low-cost community-level approach to facilitating healthy aging. Municipal governments should pursue policies that stimulate and support the development of healthy NORCs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068262_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of state vaccine financing policy on uptake of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stokley, S. Author-Name: Shaw, K.M. Author-Name: Barker, L. Author-Name: Santoli, J.M. Author-Name: Shefer, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1308-1313 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057810 Abstract: Objective. We examined heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) uptake among children aged 19 to 35 months in the United States and determined how uptake rates differed by state vaccine financing policy. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2001-2003 National Immunization Survey. States that changed their vaccine financing policy between 2001 and 2003 (n = 17) were excluded from analysis. Logistic regression was performed to identify the association between state vaccine financing policy and receipt of 3 or more doses of PCV7 after control for demographic characteristics. Results. The proportion of children receiving 3 or more doses increased from 6.7% in 2001 to 69.0% in 2003. After controlling for demographic characteristics, children residing in states that provided all vaccines except PCV7 to all children had lower odds of receiving 3 or more doses compared to children residing in states that provided PCV7 only to children eligible for the Vaccines for Children program (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval = 0.51, 0.66). Conclusion. It is essential that we continue to monitor the effect that state vaccine financing policy has on the delivery of PCV7 and future vaccines, which are likely to be increasingly expensive. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057810_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A modest impact of cancer on young adult caregivers educational plans? [7] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mancini, J. Author-Name: Simeoni, M.-C. Author-Name: Clément, A. Author-Name: Viens, P. Author-Name: Auquier, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1150 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087080 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087080_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Results of the first year of active for life: Translation of 2 evidence-based physical activity programs for older adults into community settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilcox, S. Author-Name: Dowda, M. Author-Name: Griffin, S.F. Author-Name: Rheaume, C. Author-Name: Ory, M.G. Author-Name: Leviton, L. Author-Name: King, A.C. Author-Name: Dunn, A. Author-Name: Buchner, D.M. Author-Name: Bazzarre, T. Author-Name: Estabrooks, P.A. Author-Name: Campbell-Voytal, K. Author-Name: Bartlett-Prescott, J. Author-Name: Dowdy, D. Author-Name: Castro, C.M. Author-Name: Carpenter, R.A. Author-Name: Dzewaltowski, D.A. Author-Name: Mockenhaupt, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1201-1209 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074690 Abstract: Objectives. Translating efficacious interventions into practice within community settings is a major public health challenge. We evaluated the effects of 2 evidence-based physical activity interventions on self-reported physical activity and related outcomes in midlife and older adults. Methods. Four community-based organizations implemented Active Choices, a 6-month, telephone-based program, and 5 implemented Active Living Every Day, a 20-week, group-based program. Both programs emphasize behavioral skills necessary to become more physically active. Participants completed pretest and posttest surveys. Results. Participants (n = 838) were aged an average of 68.4 ± 9.4 years, 80.6% were women, and 64.1% were non-Hispanic White. Seventy-two percent returned posttest surveys. Intent-to-treat analyses found statistically significant increases in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and total physical activity, decreases in depressive symptoms and stress, increases in satisfaction with body appearance and function, and decreases in body mass index. Conclusions. The first year of Active for Life demonstrated that Active Choices and Active Living Every Day, 2 evidence-based physical activity programs, can be successfully translated into community settings with diverse populations. Further, the magnitudes of change in outcomes were similar to those reported in the efficacy trials. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.074690_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schulz, A.J. Author-Name: Gravlee, C.C. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Israel, B.A. Author-Name: Mentz, G. Author-Name: Rowe, Z. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1265-1270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064543 Abstract: Objectives. Our understanding of the relationships between perceived discrimination and health was limited by the cross-sectional design of most previous studies. We examined the longitudinal association of self-reported everyday discrimination with depressive symptoms and self-rated general health. Methods. Data came from 2 waves (1996 and 2001) of the Eastside Village Health Worker Partnership survey, a community-based participatory survey of African American women living on Detroit's east side (n=343). We use longitudinal models to test the hypothesis that a change in everyday discrimination over time is associated with a change in self-reported symptoms of depression (positive) and on self-reported general health status (negative). Results. We found that a change over time in discrimination was significantly associated with a change over time in depressive symptoms (positive) (b=0.125; P<.001) and self-rated general health (negative) (b=-0.163; P<.05) independent of age, education, or income. Conclusions. The results reported here are consistent with the hypothesis that everyday encounters with discrimination are causally associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. In this sample of African American women, this association holds above and beyond the effects of income and education. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064543_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minority group status and healthful aging: Social structure still matters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Angel, J.L. Author-Name: Angel, R.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1152-1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.085530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085530 Abstract: During the last 4 decades, a rapid increase has occurred in the number of survey-based and epidemiological studies of the health profiles of adults in general and of the causes of disparities between majority and minority Americans in particular. According to these studies, healthful aging consists of the absence of disease, or at least of the most serious preventable diseases and their consequences, and findings consistently reveal serious African American and Hispanic disadvantages in terms of healthful aging. We (1) briefly review conceptual and operational definitions of race and Hispanic ethnicity, (2) summarize how ethnicity-based differentials in health are related to social structures, and (3) emphasize the importance of attention to the economic, political, and institutional factors that perpetuate poverty and undermine healthful aging among certain groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.085530_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hip fracture risk among community-dwelling elderly people in the United States: A prospective study of physical, cognitive, and socioeconomic indicators Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, R.T. Author-Name: Chase, G.A. Author-Name: Chrischilles, E.A. Author-Name: Wallace, R.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1210-1218 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077479 Abstract: Objectives. We determined risks of short-term (2-year) hip fracture in a nationally representative, prospective cohort of community-dwelling elderly people 70 years or older. Methods. We used self-report data from 2 waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics Survey (n = 5630). Sample-weighted logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine risk of hip fracture in relation to several demographic, cognitive, physical, and socioeconomic indicators. Results. During the 2-year study period, 102 participants reported a new hip fracture. Several indicators of physical functioning and cognitive status, including incorrect delayed word recall and inability to lift 10 lbs (4.5 kg), were significantly associated with hip fracture risk. In the final model, mobile home residents, individuals without Medicare part B insurance, and those without a high-school diploma were at more than a 2-fold risk of hip fracture. Educational level, physical functioning, and insurance status were the top 3 contributors to hip fracture risk. Conclusions. In addition to functional status measures, health insurance status, educational level, and type of residence appear to be independent predictors of hip fracture. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077479_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Driving status and risk of entry into long-term care in older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeman, E.E. Author-Name: Gange, S.J. Author-Name: Muñoz, B. Author-Name: West, S.K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1254-1259 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069146 Abstract: Objectives. Given the importance of driving in American society, older non-drivers may be unable to meet basic needs while living independently. We assessed whether not driving is an independent risk factor for entering long-term care (LTC) institutions. Methods. Data were used from 1593 older adults who participated in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation cohort study and completed an additional telephone survey. Questions on driving status and LTC entry were obtained by self/proxy report. Cox time-dependent regression procedures were used to adjust for demographic and health factors. Results. Former and never drivers had higher hazards of LTC entry after adjustment for demographic and health variables (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.26, 7.21; and HR = 3.53; 95% CI = 1.89, 6.58, respectively). Also, having no other drivers in the house was an independent risk factor for LTC entry (HR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.57). Discussion. Older adults are expected to make good decisions about when to stop driving, but the hardships imposed on older adults by not driving are not widely recognized. Innovative strategies to improve transportation options for older adults should be considered. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069146_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unauthorized border crossing and migrant deaths: Arizona, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, 2002-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sapkota, S. Author-Name: Kohl III, H.W. Author-Name: Gilchrist, J. Author-Name: McAuliffe, J. Author-Name: Parks, B. Author-Name: England, B. Author-Name: Flood, T. Author-Name: Sewell, C.M. Author-Name: Perrotta, D. Author-Name: Escobedo, M. Author-Name: Stern, C.E. Author-Name: Zane, D. Author-Name: Nolte, K.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1282-1287 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.075168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.075168 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the major causes of and risk factors for death among migrants who died while making unauthorized border crossings into the United States from Mexico. Methods. Decedents were included in the study if (1) their remains were found between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003, in any US county along the 650-mi (1040-km) section of the US-Mexican border from Yuma, Ariz, to El Paso, Tex; (2) their immigration status was unauthorized; and (3) they were believed to have died during transit from Mexico to the United States. Characteristics of the decedents and causes of and risk factors for their deaths were examined. Results. Among the 409 decedents meeting our inclusion criteria, environmental heat exposure (n = 250; 61.1%) was the leading cause of death, followed by vehicle crashes (n = 33; 8.1%) and drownings (n = 24; 5.9%). Male decedents (n = 298; 72.8%) outnumbered female decedents (n = 105; 25.6%) nearly 3 to 1. More than half of the decedents were known to be Mexican nationals (n = 235; 57.5%) and were aged 20 to 39 years (n = 213; 52.0%); the nationality of 148 (36.2%) decedents was undetermined. Conclusions. Deaths among migrants making unauthorized crossings of the US-Mexican border are due to causes that are largely preventable. Prevention strategies should target young Mexican men, and focus on preventing them from conceiving plans to cross the border, discouraging them from using dangerous routes as crossing points, and providing search-and-rescue teams to locate lost or injured migrant crossers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.075168_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults: A neglected public health problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, W. Author-Name: Keegan, T.H.M. Author-Name: Sternfeld, B. Author-Name: Sidney, S. Author-Name: Quesenberry Jr., C.P. Author-Name: Kelsey, J.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1192-1200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083055 Abstract: Objectives. Although risk factors for indoor falls among older individuals have been well studied, little is known about the etiology of outdoor falls. We examined risk factors for outdoor falls among middle-aged and older adults. Methods. We analyzed data on the most recent fall during the past year among participants aged 45 years and older in the control group (N=2193) of a case-control study of fractures. The study was conducted at 5 Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers between 1996 and 2001. Results. Falls occurred outdoors more often than indoors among most age groups. Study participants who reported more leisure-time physical activity had a higher risk for outdoor falls, and participants who were in poorer health had a greater risk for indoor falls. Most outdoor falls (73%) were precipitated by environmental factors, such as uneven surfaces and tripping or slipping on objects, and usually occurred on sidewalks, curbs, and streets. Walking (47.3%) was the most common fall-related activity. Conclusions. Outdoor falls among adults aged 45 years and older were frequently attributable to modifiable environmental factors. With the widespread promotion of active lifestyles among older people, improvements in their outdoor environment are urgently needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083055_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating health care into the one-stop system for workforce development as a safety net for ex-offenders [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leopper, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1147 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084004 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084004_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race/ethnicity and women's use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: Results of a national survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kronenberg, F. Author-Name: Cushman, L.F. Author-Name: Wade, C.M. Author-Name: Kalmuss, D. Author-Name: Chao, M.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1236-1242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.047688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.047688 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among women in 4 racial/ethnic groups: non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Chinese Americans. Methods. We obtained a nationally representative sample of women aged 18 years and older living in the United States in 2001. Oversampling obtained 800 interviews in each group, resulting in a sample of 3068 women. Results. Between one third and one half of the members of all groups reported using at least 1 CAM modality in the year preceding the survey. In bivariate analyses, overall CAM use among Whites surpassed that of other groups; however, when CAM use was adjusted for socioeconomic factors, use by Whites and Mexican Americans were equivalent. Despite the socioeconomic disadvantage of African American women, socioeconomic factors did not account for differences in CAM use between Whites and African Americans. Conclusions. CAM use among racial/ethnic groups is complex and nuanced. Patterns of CAM use domains differ among groups, and multivariate models of CAM use indicate that ethnicity plays an independent role in the use of CAM modalities, the use of CAM practitioners, and the health problems for which CAM is used. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047688_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Freudenberg responds [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freudenberg, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1148 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084798 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084798_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Likelihood of home death associated with local rates of home birth: Influence of local area health preferences on site of death Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silveira, M.J. Author-Name: Copeland, L.A. Author-Name: Feudtner, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1243-1248 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063057 Abstract: Objectives. We tested whether local cultural and social values regarding the use of health care are associated with the likelihood of home death, using variation in local rates of home births as a proxy for geographic variation in these values. Methods. For each of 351110 adult decedents in Washington state who died from 1989 through 1998, we calculated the home birth rate in each zip code during the year of death and then used multivariate regression modeling to estimate the relation between the likelihood of home death and the local rate of home births. Results. Individuals residing in local areas with higher home birth rates had greater adjusted likelihood of dying at home (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04 for each percentage point increase in home birth rate; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.05). Moreover, the likelihood of dying at home increased with local wealth (OR = 1.04 per $10000; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.06) but decreased with local hospital bed availability (OR = 0.96 per 1000 beds; 95% CI = 0.95, 0.97). Conclusions. The likelihood of home death is associated with local rates of home births, suggesting the influence of health care use preferences. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063057_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender-specific trends in educational attainment and self-rated health, 1972-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hill, T.D. Author-Name: Needham, B.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1288-1292 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061119 Abstract: Objectives. We tested whether self-rated health has improved over time (1972-2002) for women and men. We also considered the degree to which historical gains in educational attainment help to explain any observed trends. Methods. Using 21 years of repeated cross-sectional data from the General Social Survey, we estimated a series of ordered logistic regression models predicting self-rated health. Results. Our results show that women's health status has steadily improved over the 30-year period under study, and these improvements are largely explained by gains in educational attainment. We also found that the health trend for men is nonlinear, suggesting significant fluctuations in health status over time. Conclusions. Based on the linear health status trend and strong mediation pattern for women, and the nonlinear health status trend for men, women have benefited more than men, in terms of self-rated health, from increased educational attainment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061119_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of respite care for homeless patients: A cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buchanan, D. Author-Name: Doblin, B. Author-Name: Sai, T. Author-Name: Garcia, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1278-1281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067850 Abstract: Objectives. Homeless individuals experience high rates of physical and mental illness, increased mortality, and frequent hospitalizations. Respite care provides homeless individuals with housing and services allowing more complete recovery from illnesses and stabilization of chronic conditions. Methods. We investigated respite care's impact on 225 hospitalized homeless adults consecutively referred from an urban public hospital during a 26-month period. The cohort was separated into 2 groups: (1) patients referred and accepted into the respite center and (2) patients referred but denied admission because beds were unavailable. All patients met the center's predefined eligibility criteria. Main outcome measures were inpatient days, emergency department visits, and out-patient clinic visits. Results. The 2 groups had similar demographic characteristics, admitting diagnoses, and patterns of medical care use at baseline. During 12 months of follow-up, the respite care group required fewer hospital days than the usual care group (3.7 vs 8.3 days; P=.002), with no differences in emergency department or outpatient clinic visits. Individuals with HIV/AIDS experienced the greatest reduction in hospital days. Conclusions. Respite care after hospital discharge reduces homeless patients' future hospitalizations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067850_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contrary to stereotypes, a nursing home resident radiates dignity and joy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ladwig, S. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1163 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090506 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090506_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to care, health status, and health disparities in the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population Based Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lasser, K.E. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1300-1307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059402 Abstract: Objectives. We compared health status, access to care, and utilization of medical services in the United States and Canada and compared disparities according to race, income, and immigrant status. Methods. We analyzed population-based data on 3505 Canadian and 5183 US adults from the Joint Canada/US Survey of Health. Controlling for gender, age, income, race, and immigrant status, we used logistic regression to analyze country as a predictor of access to care, quality of care, and satisfaction with care and as a predictor of disparities in these measures. Results. In multivariate analyses, US respondents (compared with Canadians) were less likely to have a regular doctor, more likely to have unmet health needs, and more likely to forgo needed medicines. Disparities on the basis of race, income, and immigrant status were present in both countries but were more extreme in the United States. Conclusions. United States residents are less able to access care than are Canadians. Universal coverage appears to reduce most disparities in access to care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059402_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospital admission rates for a racially diverse low-income cohort of patients with diabetes: The urban diabetes study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robbins, J.M. Author-Name: Webb, D.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1260-1264 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059600 Abstract: Objective. We sought to determine the frequency and costs of hospitalization and to assess possible racial/ethnic disparities in a large cohort of low-income patients with diabetes who had received primary care at municipal health clinics. Methods. Administrative data from Philadelphia Health Care Centers were linked with discharge data from Pennsylvania hospitals for March 1993 through December 2001. We tested differences in hospitalization rates and mean hospital charges by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Results. A total of 18800 patients with diabetes experienced 30528 hospital admissions, for a hospitalization rate of 0.35 per person-year. Rates rose with age and with the interaction of male gender and age. Rates for non-Hispanic Whites were higher than those for African Americans, whereas those for Hispanics, Asian Americans, and "others" were lower. Patients who were hospitalized at least 5 times made up 10.5% of the study population and accounted for 64% of hospital admissions and hospital charges in this cohort. Conclusions. Hospitalization rates for this low-income cohort with access to primary care and pharmacy services were comparable to those of other diabetic patient populations, suggesting that reducing financial barriers to care may have benefited these patients. A subgroup of patients with multiple hospitalizations accounted for the majority of hospital admissions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059600_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving through life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bruning, N. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.091819 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.091819_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In defense of the randomized controlled trial for health promotion research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, L. Author-Name: Manor, O. Author-Name: Engelhard, D. Author-Name: Zucker, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1181-1186 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061713 Abstract: The overwhelming evidence about the role lifestyle plays in mortality, morbidity, and quality of life has pushed the young field of modern health promotion to center stage. The field is beset with intense debate about appropriate evaluation methodologies. Increasingly, randomized designs are considered inappropriate for health promotion research. We have reviewed criticisms against randomized trials that raise philosophical and practical issues, and we will show how most of these criticisms can be overcome with minor design modifications. By providing rebuttal to arguments against randomized trials, our work contributes to building a sound methodological base for health promotion research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061713_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multisectoral responses to HIV/AIDS: Applying research to policy and practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pawinski, R.A. Author-Name: Lalloo, U.G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1189-1191 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060897 Abstract: The KwaZulu-Natal Enhancing Care Initiative is a program developed by a consortium of members who represent 4 sectors: academia, government, nongovernmental and community-based organizations, and the business sector. The Initiative was formed to develop a plan for improved care and support for people with HIV/AIDS and who live in resource-constrained settings in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A needs analysis helped to determine the following priorities in prevention, treatment, care, and support: training, grant-seeking, prevention, and care and treatment, including provision of antiretroviral therapy. A partnership approach resulted in better access to a wider community of people, information, and resources, and facilitated rapid program implementation. Creative approaches promptly translated research into policy and practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060897_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of educational level and minority status on nursing home choice after hospital discharge Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Angelelli, J. Author-Name: Grabowski, D.C. Author-Name: Mor, V. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1249-1253 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062224 Abstract: Objectives. The movement to publicly report data on provider quality to inform consumer choices is predicated on assumptions of equal access and knowledge. We examine the validity of this assumption by testing whether minority/less educated Medicare patients are at greater risk of being discharged from a hospital to the lowest-quality nursing homes in a geographic area. Methods. We used the 2002 national Minimum Data Set to identify 62 601 new Medicare admissions to nursing homes in 95 hospital service areas with at least 4 freestanding nursing homes and at least 50 African Americans aged 65 years or older with Medicare admissions to nursing homes. Results. The probability of African Americans' being admitted to nursing homes in the lowest-quality quartile in the area was greater (relative risk [RR] = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 8.45) in comparison with Whites. Individuals without a high-school degree were also more likely to be admitted to a low-quality nursing home (RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.46). Conclusions. African American and poorly educated patients enter the worst-quality nursing facilities. This finding raises concerns about the usefulness of the current public reporting model for certain consumers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062224_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cessation if hormone replacement therapy after reports of adverse findings from randomized controlled trials: Evidence from a British birth cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mishra, G. Author-Name: Kok, H. Author-Name: Ecob, R. Author-Name: Cooper, R. Author-Name: Hardy, R. Author-Name: Kuh, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1219-1225 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071332 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the cessation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among British women, by educational level, social class, and cardiovascular risk factors, at the time of publicity about 2 clinical trials of HRT that were halted after adverse findings. Methods. A total of 1387 women aged 57 years reported their monthly HRT use between January 2002 and February 2003. A succession of regression-based time-series models were fitted to detect changes in the proportion of HRT users stratified by education level, social class, hypertension, and obesity. Results. The overall percentage of HRT users declined from 31% in January 2002 to less than 26% by February 2003. Changes in trends of HRT use were first detected in June 2002 (for women with advanced secondary educational qualification or higher) and in July 2002 (for all other groups). The rate of decline was greatest for women with no formal educational qualifications, from the manual social class, or who were hypertensive or obese. Conclusions. These decreases coincided with the announced cessation of a large US clinical trial of HRT. This publicity may have had a differential influence on the immediate decline in HRT use by various groups of British women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071332_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Senescence: the last half of life. 1922. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hall, G.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1160-1162 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:7:1160-1162_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Baltimore men's health center builds healthy families one man at a time [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jarrett, N.C. Author-Name: Adeyemi, S.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 7 Pages: 1147-1148 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.088013 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088013_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Death and hope Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landers, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 958 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.089763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.089763 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.089763_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and physical trauma in an HIV-positive sample from the deep south Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whetten, K. Author-Name: Leserman, J. Author-Name: Lowe, K. Author-Name: Stangl, D. Author-Name: Thielman, N. Author-Name: Swartz, M. Author-Name: Hanisch, L. Author-Name: Van Scoyoc, L. Author-Name: Moore, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1028-1030 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063263 Abstract: We examined prevalence and predictors of trauma among HIV-infected persons in the Deep South using data from the Coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southeast (CHASE) study. Over 50% of CHASE participants were abused during their lives, with approximately 30% experiencing abuse before age 13, regardless of gender. Caregiver characteristics were associated with childhood abuse. Abuse is related to increases in high-HIV-risk activities. The findings help explain why people engage in such high-risk activities and can provide guidance in designing improved care and prevention messages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063263_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mojtabai responds [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mojtabai, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 954-955 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087049 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087049_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: A critical literature review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Millett, G.A. Author-Name: Peterson, J.L. Author-Name: Wolitski, R.J. Author-Name: Stall, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1007-1019 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066720 Abstract: HIV rates are disproportionately higher for Black men who have sex with men (MSM) than for other MSM. We reviewed the literature to examine 12 hypotheses that might explain this disparity. We found that high rates of HIV infection for Black MSM were partly attributable to a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases that facilitate HIV transmission and to undetected or late diagnosis of HIV infection; they were not attributable to a higher frequency of risky sexual behavior, nongay identity, or sexual nondisclosure, or to reported use of alcohol or illicit substances. Evidence was insufficient to evaluate the remaining hypotheses. Future studies must address these hypotheses to provide additional explanations for the greater prevalence of HIV infection among Black MSM. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066720_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of HIV infection among young adults in the United States: Results from the add health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morris, M. Author-Name: Handcock, M.S. Author-Name: Miller, W.C. Author-Name: Ford, C.A. Author-Name: Schmitz, J.L. Author-Name: Hobbs, M.M. Author-Name: Cohen, M.S. Author-Name: Harris, K.M. Author-Name: Udry, J.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1091-1097 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054759 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated HIV prevalence rates among young adults in the United States. Methods. We used survey data from the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a random sample of nearly 19000 young adults initiated in 1994-1995. Consenting respondents were screened for the presence of antibodies to HIV-1 in oral mucosal transudate specimens. We calculated prevalence rates, accounting for survey design, response rates, and test performance. Results. Among the 13184 participants, the HIV prevalence rate was 1.0 per 1000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4, 1.7). Gender-specific prevalence rates were similar, but rates differed markedly between non-Hispanic Blacks (4.9 per 1000; 95% CI = 1.8, 8.7) and members of other racial/ethnic groups (0.22 per 1000; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.64). Conclusions. Racial disparities in HIV in the United States are established early in the life span, and our data suggest that 15% to 30% of all cases of HIV occur among individuals younger than 25 years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054759_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recruiting minority men who have sex with men for HIV research: Results from a 4-city campaign Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silvestre, A.J. Author-Name: Hylton, J.B. Author-Name: Johnson, L.M. Author-Name: Houston, C. Author-Name: Witt, M. Author-Name: Jacobson, L. Author-Name: Ostrow, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1020-1027 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.072801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072801 Abstract: We describe the efforts of a 4-city campaign to recruit Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men into an established HIV epidemiological study. The campaign used community organizing principles and a social marketing model that focused on personnel, location, product, costs and benefits, and promotion. The campaign was developed at the community, group, and individual levels to both increase trust and reduce barriers. The proportion of Hispanic men recruited during the 2002-2003 campaign doubled compared with the 1987 campaign, and the proportion and number of White men decreased by 20%. The proportion of Black men decreased because of the large increase in Hispanic men, although the number of Black men increased by 56%. Successful recruitment included training recruitment specialists, involving knowledgeable minority community members during planning, and having an accessible site with convenient hours. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.072801_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV testing among young adults in the United States: Associations with financial resources and geography Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, T.Q. Author-Name: Ford, C.A. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.S. Author-Name: Leone, P.A. Author-Name: Suchindran, C. Author-Name: Miller, W.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1031-1034 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063248 Abstract: We estimated prevalence and odds ratios for self-reported HIV testing among sexually experienced young adults using nationally representative data obtained from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The prevalence of testing in the past year was 18.8%. Young adults who had private or no health insurance were less likely to report testing than were young adults who had public health insurance, particularly in the South. Respondents with functional income were less likely to report testing than were those without functional income, particularly in the South and Northeast. Variable HIV testing based on finances and insurance should be addressed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063248_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bad advice: How not to have sex in an epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gross, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 964-966 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087395 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087395_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Let the record show...": Art activism and the AIDS epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sember, R. Author-Name: Gere, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 967-969 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.089219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.089219 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.089219_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Independent research on tobacco control in Germany [6] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krämer, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 956-957 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087411 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087411_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety net lessons from the Veterans Health Administration [5] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simpson, S.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 956 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087346 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087346_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of an HIV prevention program among female adolescents experiencing gender-based violence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wingood, G.M. Author-Name: DiClemente, R.J. Author-Name: Harrington, K.F. Author-Name: Lang, D.L. Author-Name: Davies, S.L. Author-Name: Hook III, E.W. Author-Name: Oh, M.K. Author-Name: Hardin, J.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1085-1090 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053595 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention among African American female adolescents reporting a history of gender-based violence. Methods. In this analysis of a subgroup of participants involved in a randomized controlled trial, consistent condom use, psychosocial mediators associated with HIV-preventive behaviors, and presence of sexually transmitted diseases were assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. The intervention emphasized ethnic and gender pride, HIV knowledge, condom attitudes, healthy relationships, communication, and condom use skills. Results. Relative to the comparison condition, participants randomized to the intervention reported using condoms more consistently, had fewer episodes of unprotected vaginal sex, engaged in a greater proportion of protected intercourse acts, were more likely to have used a condom during their most recent intercourse, were less likely to have a new sexual partner, were less likely to have a sexually transmitted disease, and demonstrated more proficient condom skills. Conclusions. Given the substantial prevalence of gender-based violence among female adolescents and the associations observed between gender-based violence, HIV risk, and HIV infection, it is essential that HIV interventions involving young women address partner violence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053595_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal relationships between use of highly active antiretroviral therapy and satisfaction with care among women living with HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burke-Miller, J.K. Author-Name: Cook, J.A. Author-Name: Cohen, M.H. Author-Name: Hessol, N.A. Author-Name: Wilson, T.E. Author-Name: Richardson, J.L. Author-Name: Williams, P. Author-Name: Gange, S.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1044-1051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.061929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.061929 Abstract: Objectives. We used longitudinal data to examine the roles of 4 dimensions of patient satisfaction as both predictors and outcomes of use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among women in the United States with HIV/AIDS. Methods. Generalized estimating equations were used, to analyze time-lagged satisfaction-HAART relationships over 8 years in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Results. Multivariate models showed that, over time, HAART use was associated with higher patient satisfaction with care in general, with providers, and with access/convenience of care; however, patient satisfaction was not associated with subsequent HAART use. Symptoms of depression and poor health-related quality of life were associated with less satisfaction with care on all 4 dimensions assessed, whereas African American race/ethnicity, illegal drug use, and fewer primary care visits were associated with less HAART use. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that dissatisfaction with care is not a reason for underuse of HAART among women with HIV and that providers should not be discouraged from recommending HAART to dissatisfied patients. Rather, increasing women's access to primary care could result in both increased HAART use and greater patient satisfaction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.061929_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reborn a virgin: Adolescents' retracting of virginity pledges and sexual histories Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenbaum, J.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1098-1103 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063305 Abstract: Objectives. We examined retractions of virginity pledges and of sexual histories among adolescents taking part in waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Methods. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare respondents' reports of virginity pledges and sexual histories at waves 1 and 2. Results. Among wave 1 virginity pledgers, 53% denied having made a pledge at wave 2; after control for confounders, pledgers who subsequently initiated sexual activity were 3 times as likely to deny having made a pledge as those who did not initiate sexual activity (odds ratio [OR] = 3.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 5.04). Among wave 1 nonvirgins who subsequently took virginity pledges, 28% retracted their sexual histories at wave 2; respondents who took virginity pledges were almost 4 times as likely as those who did not to retract reports of sexual experience (OR = 3.88; 95% CI = 1.87, 8.07). Conclusions. Adolescents who initiate sexual activity are likely to recant virginity pledges, whereas those who take pledges are likely to recant their sexual histories. Thus, evaluations of sexual abstinence programs are vulnerable to unreliable data. In addition, virginity pledgers may incorrectly assess the sexually transmitted disease risks associated with their prepledge sexual behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063305_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Vulnerability human rights, and comprehensive health care needs of young people living with HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Carvalho Mesquita Ayres, J.R. Author-Name: Paiva, V. Author-Name: França Jr., I. Author-Name: Gravato, N. Author-Name: Lacerda, R. Author-Name: Della Negra, M. Author-Name: De Sousa Marques, H.H. Author-Name: Galano, E. Author-Name: Lecussan, P. Author-Name: Segurado, A.C. Author-Name: Silva, M.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1001-1006 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060905 Abstract: We sought to identify and understand the health care needs of young people living with HIV/AIDS, particularly in terms of their psychosocial well-being. We conducted a qualitative analysis of HIV-positive young people and their caregivers, focusing on the implications of an HIV diagnosis for health care needs. Stigma was a recurrent issue that arose in the interviews conducted with the respondents, and it was evident that youths had been denied many rights related to health. We concluded that young people living with HIV need comprehensive care based on a human rights approach. In this regard, we offer some practical recommendations for health programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060905_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual and drug risk behaviors among women who have sex with women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bell, A.V. Author-Name: Ompad, D. Author-Name: Sherman, S.G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1066-1072 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061077 Abstract: Objectives. We examined risk behaviors of female drug users, comparing those who reported recently having had sex with women (recent WSW), those who reported previously having had sex with women (former WSW), and those who reported never having had sex with women (never WSW). Methods. We used data from the Risk Evaluation and Assessment of Community Health III Study. Adjusted odds for predictors of WSW status were determined via multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results. Of the participants, 75% were never WSW, 12% were former WSW, and 13% were recent WSW. In comparison with never WSW status, significant predictors of recent WSW status were living away from one's parents as a child (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07,8.67) and recently having been paid for sex by men (adjusted OR = 4.02; 95% CI = 1.67, 9.68). Also, recently having been paid for sex by men was a significant predictor of former WSW status as opposed to never WSW status (adjusted OR = 3.97; 95% CI = 1.65, 9.59). Conclusions. The recency with which they had sex with women is one of the facets influencing the risk profile of WSW. The diverse characteristics of the WSW population need to be incorporated into future studies and risk interventions targeting this group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061077_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. 1981. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gottlieb, M.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 980-981 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:6:980-981_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The AIDS memorial quilt Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 979 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.088575 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088575_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns and correlates of deliberate abstinence among men and women with HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bogart, L.M. Author-Name: Collins, R.L. Author-Name: Kanouse, D.E. Author-Name: Cunningham, W. Author-Name: Beckman, R. Author-Name: Golinelli, D. Author-Name: Bird, C.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1078-1084 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.070771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.070771 Abstract: Objectives. We examined correlates of deliberate sexual abstinence among gay/bisexual men, heterosexual men, and women in a national probability sample of adults with HIV. Methods. Participants in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS; n = 1339) answered questions about oral, anal, or vaginal sexual intercourse in the past 6 months; those who reported none of these behaviors (n = 415) were asked about their reasons for abstinence. Of these, 201 participants (11% of gay/bisexual men, 18% of women, 18% of heterosexual men) indicated that their abstinence was deliberate. Multivariate models were used to predict deliberate abstinence. Results. In multivariate analyses, not having a primary relationship partner/spouse was a significant correlate of deliberate abstinence for all 3 groups. Higher perceived responsibility for limiting disease transmission and nondrinking status were related to deliberate abstinence only among gay/bisexual men. Worse health was associated with deliberate abstinence only among heterosexual men. Conclusions. Perhaps because HIV is more common in gay communities, abstinence choices may be more closely linked to a higher sense of responsibility for reducing transmission among gay/bisexual men, and their illness may be less of an impediment to sexual activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070771_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A quarter century of AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Mills, T.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 959-961 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.089086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.089086 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.089086_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "We have our protector": Misperceptions of protection against HIV among participants in a microbicide efficacy trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mantell, J.E. Author-Name: Morar, N.S. Author-Name: Myer, L. Author-Name: Ramjee, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1073-1077 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.047514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.047514 Abstract: Objectives. We examined perceptions of the effectiveness and acceptability of a candidate microbicide among 94 South African female sex workers who had participated in a phase 3 microbicide trial for HIV prevention. Methods. Sixteen focus groups were conducted in 2001, 12 to 15 months after participants were informed that the candidate microbicide had been determined to be ineffective in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Results. Participants clearly indicated that they understood the experimental nature of the candidate microbicide, and they recognized that they had been informed after the trial that the product was ineffective. Nevertheless, most continued to believe that the candidate microbicide helped prevent HIV and other STIs, alleviated reproductive tract pain and STI symptoms, and helped to clean the vagina. Conclusions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding women's perceptions of the efficacy of candidate microbicides and the rationale for these beliefs. These issues need to be addressed in counseling throughout microbicide trials for HIV prevention. These results also demonstrate how desperate many women at high risk of HIV infection may be for new HIV prevention technologies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047514_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geronimus et al. respond [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geronimus, A.T. Author-Name: Hicken, M. Author-Name: Keene, D. Author-Name: Bound, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 955-956 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087056 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087056_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation and mental and physical health status: Findings from a Dutch population survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sandfort, T.G.M. Author-Name: Bakker, F. Author-Name: Schellevis, F.G. Author-Name: Vanwesenbeeck, I. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1119-1125 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.058891 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether sexual orientation is related to mental and physical health and health behaviors in the general population. Methods. Data was derived from a health interview survey that was part of the second Dutch National Survey of General Practice, carried out in 2001 among an all-age random sample of the population. Of the 19 685 persons invited to participate, 65% took part in the survey. Sexual orientation was assessed in persons aged 18 years and older and reported by 98.2% of 9684 participants. The respondents' characteristics are comparable with those of the Dutch general population. Results. Gay/lesbian participants reported more acute mental health symptoms than heterosexual people and their general mental health also was poorer. Gay/lesbian people more frequently reported acute physical symptoms and chronic conditions than heterosexual people. Differences in smoking, alcohol use, and drug use were less prominent. Conclusions. We found that sexual orientation was associated with mental as well as physical health. The causal processes responsible for these differences by sexual orientation need further exploration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.058891_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases among correctional inmates: Transmission, burden, and an appropriate response Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hammett, T.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 974-978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066993 Abstract: Correctional inmates engage in drug-related and sexual risk behaviors, and the transmission of HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted diseases occurs in correctional facilities. However, there is uncertainty about the extent of transmission, and hyperbolic descriptions of its extent may further stigmatize inmates and elicit punitive responses. Whether infection was acquired within or outside correctional facilities, the prevalence of HIV and other infectious diseases is much higher among inmates than among those in the general community, and the burden of disease among inmates and releasees is disproportionately heavy. A comprehensive response is needed, including voluntary counseling and testing on request that is linked to high-quality treatment, disease prevention education, substance abuse treatment, and discharge planing and transitional programs for releasees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066993_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care access among individuals involved in same-sex relationships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heck, J.E. Author-Name: Sell, R.L. Author-Name: Gorin, S.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1111-1118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062661 Abstract: Objectives. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey to compare health care access among individuals involved in same-sex versus opposite-sex relationships. Methods. We conducted descriptive and logistic regression analyses from pooled data on 614 individuals in same-sex relationships and 93 418 individuals in opposite-sex relationships. Results. Women in same-sex relationships (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39, 0.92) were significantly less likely than women in opposite-sex relationships to have health insurance coverage, to have seen a medical provider in the previous 12 months (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.95), and to have a usual source of health care (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.71); they were more likely to have unmet medical needs as a result of cost issues (OR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.16, 2.96). In contrast, health care access among men in same-sex relationships was equivalent to or greater than that among men in opposite-sex relationships. Conclusions. In this study involving a nationwide probability sample, we found some important differences in access to health care between individuals in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships, particularly women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062661_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV infection and AIDS in the Deep South Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reif, S. Author-Name: Geonnotti, K.L. Author-Name: Whetten, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 970-973 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063149 Abstract: We examine epidemiological and demographic data documenting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Deep South region of the United States. These data document substantial increases in AIDS cases in the Deep South from 2000 to 2003. In contrast, other US regions are experiencing stable rates or small increases in new AIDS cases. Furthermore, the AIDS epidemic in the Deep South is more concentrated than in other regions among African Americans, women, and rural residents. The Deep South also has some of the highest levels of poverty and uninsured individuals, factors that complicate the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Further research is needed to determine the cause of the disproportionate rise in AIDS incidence and to develop effective means of preventing HIV infection and providing care of those infected in this region. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063149_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the impact of federal HIV prevention spending on HIV testing and awareness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linas, B.P. Author-Name: Zheng, H. Author-Name: Losina, E. Author-Name: Walensky, R.P. Author-Name: Freedberg, K.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1038-1043 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074344 Abstract: Objectives. The United States allocates more than $900 million annually for the prevention of HIV infection. We assessed the impact of this funding on HIV testing and knowledge. Methods. We linked data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System with tracking of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV prevention funding. We developed and validated regression models of the relation between HIV prevention funding to a respondent's state and the odds that the respondent (1) had been tested for HIV, and (2) was aware of methods to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT). Results. The odds of having been tested for HIV increased with increasead CDC funding to states (P = .009), as did awareness of prevention of MTCT (P = .002). We estimate that CDC HIV prevention funds led to 12.8 million more people being tested for HIV between 1998 and 2003 than would have been tested had all states received funds equal to the lowest quintile of funding. Conclusions. Federal HIV prevention funds independently correlate with increased HIV testing and knowledge of prevention of MTCT. Proposed reductions in HIV prevention spending would likely have adverse public health consequences. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.074344_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV counseling and testing: Less targeting, more testing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koo, D.J. Author-Name: Begier, E.M. Author-Name: Henn, M.H. Author-Name: Sepkowitz, K.A. Author-Name: Kellerman, S.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 962-964 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.089235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.089235 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.089235_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of cigarette smoking with HIV prognosis among women in the HAART era: A report from the women's interagency HIV study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feldman, J.G. Author-Name: Minkoff, H. Author-Name: Schneider, M.F. Author-Name: Gange, S.J. Author-Name: Cohen, M. Author-Name: Watts, D.H. Author-Name: Gandhi, M. Author-Name: Mocharnuk, R.S. Author-Name: Anastos, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1060-1065 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062745 Abstract: Objective. We assessed the association of cigarette smoking with the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among low-income women. Methods. Data were analyzed from the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a multisite longitudinal study up to 7.9 years for 924 women representing 72% of all women who initiated HAART between July 1, 1995, and September 30, 2003. Results. When Cox's regression was used after control for age, race, hepatitis C infection, illicit drug use, previous antiretroviral therapy, and previous AIDS, smokers on HAART had poorer viral responses (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67, 0.93) and poorer immunologic response (HR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.99). A greater risk of virologic rebound (HR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.69) and more frequent immunologic failure (HR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.18, 1.96) were also observed among smokers. There was a higher risk of death (HR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.19) and a higher risk of developing AIDS (HR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.72) but no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in the risk of death due to AIDS. Conclusions. Some of the benefits provided by HAART are negated in cigarette smokers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062745_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using a multisectoral approach to assess HIV/AIDS services in the western region of Puerto Rico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Toro, G.A. Author-Name: Burns, P. Author-Name: Pimentel, D. Author-Name: Sánchez Peraza, L.R. Author-Name: Lugo, C.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 995-1000 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071696 Abstract: The Enhancing Care Initiative of Puerto Rico assessed services available to people living with HIV/AIDS in the western region of Puerto Rico. Participants were 212 people living with HIV/AIDS and 116 employees from 6 agencies providing HIV/AIDS services in the region. Two main findings were that depression symptoms were present in 98.1% of people living with HIV/AIDS, and 7 of the 15 municipalities in the region did not provide any specific services to this population. Most urgent needs identified by people living with HIV/AIDS were economic support, housing, mental and psychological services, medicines, medical treatment, and transportation. The Enhancing Care Initiative provides an example of a successful multisectoral, multidimensional volunteer team effectively overcoming challenges while translating research into interventions to enhance HIV/AIDS care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071696_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Significant psychological distress and contacts with mental health professionals [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McVeigh, K.H. Author-Name: Wunsch-Hitzig, R.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 954 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.085548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085548 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.085548_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical and sexual violence during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospective multistate study of women with or at risk for HIV infection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koenig, L.J. Author-Name: Whitaker, D.J. Author-Name: Royce, R.A. Author-Name: Wilson, T.E. Author-Name: Ethier, K. Author-Name: Fernandez, M.I. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1052-1059 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067744 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe and compare prevalence rates of and risk factors for violence against women during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods. Physical and sexual violence and violence risk factors were assessed during late pregnancy and 6 months postpartum in a prospective study of pregnant women with (n = 336) and without (n = 298) HIV in 4 US states. Results. Overall, 10.6% of women reported having experienced violence, 8.9% during pregnancy and 4.9% after delivery. Of these women, 61.7% were abused only during their pregnancy, 21.7% were repeatedly abused, and 16.7% were abused only after their delivery. Sexual violence rarely occurred in the absence of physical violence. The strongest predictor of violence was engaging in bartered sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0, 15.4). Other predictors included frequent changes in residence (adjusted OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 0.1, 2.2), financial support from family or partners (adjusted OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.2,0.8), and HIV diagnosis during current pregnancy (adjusted OR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.1,0.7). Conclusions. Women more commonly experienced violence during than after their pregnancy, but violence was best predicted by socioeconomic and behavioral indicators whose influence did not vary over time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067744_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blood transfusions in the early years of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schneider, W.H. Author-Name: Drucker, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 984-994 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061630 Abstract: Blood transfusions transmit HIV more effectively than other means, yet there has been little examination of their role in the origins and early course of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. We review historical data in archives, government reports, and medical literature from African and European sources documenting the introduction, establishment, use, and growth of blood transfusions in sub-Saharan Africa. These data allow estimation of the geographic diffusion and growth of blood transfusions between 1940 and 1990. By 1955, 19 African colonies and countries reported transfusion programs-with national rates of 718 to 1372 per 100 000 by 1964, and urban rates similar to those in developed countries. We estimated 1 million transfusions per year in sub-Saharan Africa by 1970 and 2 million per year by the 1980s, indicating that transfusions were widely used throughout sub-Saharan Africa during the crucial period of 1950-1970, when all epidemic strains of HIV first emerged in this region. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061630_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and health care among male-to-female transgender persons who are HIV positive Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Melendez, R.M. Author-Name: Exner, T.A. Author-Name: Ehrhardt, A.A. Author-Name: Dodge, B. Author-Name: Remien, R.H. Author-Name: Rotheram-Borus, M.-J. Author-Name: Lightfoot, M. Author-Name: Hong, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1034-1037 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.042010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.042010 Abstract: Recent studies have reported high rates of HIV infection among male-to-female transgender persons, but little research has examined how male-to-female transgender persons manage living with HIV. We compared demographic and health characteristics of 59 male-to-female transgender persons who were HIV positive with 300 nontransgender control subjects who were HIV positive. We found several demographic differences between the groups, but no significant differences in HIV-related health status. Ma1e to female transgender persons were less likely than the control group to take highly active antiretroviral therapy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.042010_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and HIV-risk behaviors among adolescents in the pacific northwest Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saewyc, E. Author-Name: Skay, C. Author-Name: Richens, K. Author-Name: Reis, E. Author-Name: Poon, C. Author-Name: Murphy, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 1104-1110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065870 Abstract: Objectives. We explored HIV risk behaviors, sexual orientation, and sexual abuse among 5 school-based cohorts in Seattle, Wash (SEA95and SEA99:N=7477 and N=6590), and British Columbia (BC92, BC98, and BC03 [weighted]: N=239975, N = 281576, and N=265132). Methods. An HIV risk scale of 7 items assessed risky sexual behaviors and injection drug use. Self-identified sexual orientation included heterosexual, bisexual, gay/lesbian, and, in British Columbia only, mostly heterosexual. Analyses of covariance were conducted separately by gender and were adjusted for age and sexual abuse when comparing means. Results. Gay/lesbian and bisexual adolescents had higher mean age-adjusted risk scores compared with heterosexual and mostly heterosexual adolescents. After we controlled for sexual abuse history, mean scores were 2 to 4 times higher among abused students than among nonabused students in each sexual orientation group. Age/abuse-adjusted models better explained the variance in risk scores (R 2=0.10-0.31), but sexual orientation remained an independent predictor. Conclusion. Sexual minority adolescents who attended school reported higher HIV risk behaviors, and higher prevalence of sexual victimization may partially explain these risks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065870_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What's missing from the weathering hypothesis? [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, N.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 6 Pages: 955 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.085514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085514 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.085514_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations of maternal age- and parity-related factors with trends in low-birthweight rates: United States, 1980 through 2000 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, Q. Author-Name: Greenland, S. Author-Name: Flanders, W.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 856-861 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049312 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effects of changes in the maternal age-parity distribution and age- and parity-specific low-birthweight rates on low-birthweight trends in the United States. Methods. We used natality file data from 1980 through 2000 to assess very-low-birthweight and low-birthweight rates among singleton live-born infants. Results. Changes in age- and parity-specific low-birthweight rates were the main contributor to the overall trend in rates. However, changes in the age-parity distribution, primarily delayed childbearing, had a smaller but noticeable impact. The very-low-birthweight rate increased 27% among Black women, and changes in the age-parity distribution were associated with, on average, more than 20% of the increased rate during the 1990s. Among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women, on average, more than 10% of the rate increase observed during the 1990s was associated with changes in the age-parity distribution. Conclusions. Assuming minimal changes in age-specific rates, delayed childbearing may play an increasingly important role in low-birthweight trends in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049312_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paternal age as a risk factor for low birthweight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reichman, N.E. Author-Name: Teitler, J.O. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 862-866 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066324 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between paternal age and low birthweight in the US urban population. Methods. Using a population-based sample of 4621 births, we used multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate associations between paternal age and low birthweight, controlling for maternal age, other demographic factors, and the child's gender. Results. When the child's gender and the mother's race/ethnicity, birthplace, parity, marital status, and health insurance type were controlled, teenaged fathers were 20% less likely and fathers older than 34 years were 90% more likely than fathers aged 20 to 34 years to have low-birthweight babies. The associations were significant when maternal age was also controlled. No racial/ethnic differences in associations between paternal age and low birthweight were found. Conclusions. We identified paternal age as an independent risk factor for low birthweight in the US urban population, suggesting that more attention needs to be paid to paternal influences on birth outcomes and to the interactive effects of urban environments and individual risk factors on health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066324_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The trouble with MSM [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khan, S. Author-Name: Khan, O.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 765-766 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084665 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084665_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Slippery road conditions and fatal motor vehicle crashes in the Northeastern United States, 1998-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marmor, M. Author-Name: Marmor, N.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 914-920 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050070 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated risk factors for fatal motor vehicle crashes on slippery roads in the Northeastern United States, 1998-2002. Methods. We analyzed data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Results. Rates of crashes on slippery roads, and ratios of crashes on slippery roads to crashes on dry roads, were greatest among the youngest drivers. Among those aged 16 to 19 years, logistic regression analysis showed significant, independent risks associated with excessive speed for conditions (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38), time of day (OR = 1.80 for 5:00 to 9:00 AM vs 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM), time of year (OR = 6.17 for January vs July), type of road (OR = 1.27 for rural vs urban roads), and age (OR = 1.19 for those aged 16 to 17 years vs those aged 18 to 19 years). Licensure from states with graduated licensing programs was protective against crashes attributed to swerving on slippery roads (adjusted OR = 0.63). Risk factors among drivers older than 19 years were similar but peaked at different times of day and included increased risks for women compared with men. Conclusions. Driver training programs need to better address hazards presented by slippery roads. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050070_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving birth control service utilization by offering services prerelease vs postincarceration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clarke, J.G. Author-Name: Rosengard, C. Author-Name: Rose, J.S. Author-Name: Hebert, M.R. Author-Name: Peipert, J. Author-Name: Stein, M.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 840-845 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062869 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether incarcerated women would substantially increase birth control initiation if contraceptive services were available within the prison compared with after their release back into the community. Methods. During phase 1 of the study, a nurse educator met with women at the Rhode Island Adult Correctional Institute and offered them referrals for contraceptive services at a community health clinic after their release. During phase 2, contraceptive services were offered to women during their incarceration. Results. The majority of the participants (77.5%) reported a desire to initiate use of birth control methods. Within 4 weeks of their release, 4.4% of phase 1 participants initiated use of a contraceptive method, compared with 39.1% of phase 2 participants (odds ratio [OR] = 14.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.5, 38.8). Conclusions. Provision of contraceptive services to women during their incarceration is feasible and greatly increases birth control initiation compared to providing services only in the community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062869_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dorothy Reed Mendenhall (1874-1964). Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parry, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 789 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.085902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085902 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.085902_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work activity in pregnancy, preventive measures, and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Croteau, A. Author-Name: Marcoux, S. Author-Name: Brisson, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 846-855 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.058552 Abstract: Objectives. We undertook a case-control study to evaluate whether some occupational conditions during pregnancy increase the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant and whether taking measures to eliminate these conditions decreases that risk. Methods. The 1536 cases and 4441 controls were selected from 43898 women who had single live births between January 1997 and March 1999 in Québec, Canada. The women were interviewed by telephone after delivery. Results. The risk of having an SGA infant increased with an irregular or shift-work schedule alone and with a cumulative index of the following occupational conditions: night hours, irregular or shift-work schedule, standing, lifting loads, noise, and high psychological demand combined with low social support. When the conditions were not eliminated, the risk increased with the number of conditions (Ptrend = .004; odds ratios = 1.00, 1.08, 1.28, 1.43, and 2.29 for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4-6 conditions, respectively). Elimination of the conditions before 24 weeks of pregnancy brought the risks close to those of unexposed women. Conclusions. Certain occupational conditions experienced by pregnant women can increase their risk of having an SGA infant, but preventive measures can reduce the risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.058552_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Weathering" and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geronimus, A.T. Author-Name: Hicken, M. Author-Name: Keene, D. Author-Name: Bound, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 826-833 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060749 Abstract: Objectives. We considered whether US Blacks experience early health deterioration, as measured across biological indicators of repeated exposure and adaptation to stressors. Methods. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we examined allostatic load scores for adults aged 18-64 years. We estimated probability of a high score by age, race, gender, and poverty status and Blacks' odds of having a high score relative to Whites' odds. Results. Blacks had higher scores than did Whites and had a greater probability of a high score at all ages, particularly at 35-64 years. Racial differences were not explained by poverty. Poor and nonpoor Black women had the highest and second highest probability of high allostatic load scores, respectively, and the highest excess scores compared with their male or White counterparts. Conclusions. We found evidence that racial inequalities in health exist across a range of biological systems among adults and are not explained by racial differences in poverty. The weathering effects of living in a race-conscious society may be greatest among those Blacks most likely to engage in high-effort coping. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060749_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal risk profiles and the primary cesarean rate in the United States, 1991-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Declercq, E. Author-Name: Menacker, F. Author-Name: MacDorman, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 867-872 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.052381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.052381 Abstract: Objectives. We examined factors contributing to shifts in primary cesarean rates in the United States between 1991 and 2002. Methods. US national birth certificate data were used to assess changes in primary cesarean rates stratified according to maternal age, parity, and race/ethnicity. Trends in the occurrence of medical risk factors or complications of labor or delivery listed on birth certificates and the corresponding primary cesarean rates for such conditions were examined. Results. More than half (53%) of the recent increase in overall cesarean rates resulted from rising primary cesarean rates. There was a steady decrease in the primary cesarean rate from 1991 to 1996, followed by a rapid increase from 1996 to 2002. In 2002, more than one fourth of first-time mothers delivered their infants via cesarean. Changing primary cesarean rates were not related to general shifts in mothers' medical risk profiles. However, rates for virtually every condition listed on birth certificates shifted in the same pattern as with the overall rates. Conclusions. Our results showed that shifts in primary cesarean rates during the study period were not related to shifts in maternal risk profiles. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.052381_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outcomes of drug and alcohol treatment programs among American Indians in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Evans, E. Author-Name: Spear, S.E. Author-Name: Huang, Y.-C. Author-Name: Hser, Y.-I. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 889-896 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.055871 Abstract: Objectives. We examined differences in substance abuse treatment outcomes between American Indians and their non-American Indian counterparts in California, during 2000 to 2002. Methods. A total of 368 American Indians and a matched sample of 368 non-American Indians from 39 substance abuse treatment programs in 13 California counties were assessed at multiple time points. Records on arrests, driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and mental health care were obtained 1 year before and 1 year after treatment entry. Differences in pretreatment characteristics, services received, treatment satisfaction, treatment completion and retention, and outcomes were examined. Results. Pretreatment problems were similarly severe among American Indians and non-American Indians. About half in both groups either completed treatment or stayed in treatment more than 90 days; American Indians in residential care had significantly shorter treatment retention. American Indians received fewer individual sessions and out-of-program services, especially for alcohol abuse, but were nevertheless generally satisfied with their treatment. Both groups improved after treatment, with American Indians demonstrating greater reductions in arrests than non-American Indians. Conclusion. American Indians benefit from substance abuse treatment programs, although the type and intensity of services offered could be improved. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055871_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life-course socioeconomic position and hypertension in African American men: The Pitt County Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Van Hoewyk, J. Author-Name: Belli, R.F. Author-Name: Strogatz, D.S. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Raghunathan, T.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 812-817 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076158 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the odds of hypertension for Black men in relationship to their socioeconomic position (SEP) in both childhood and adulthood. Methods. On the basis of their parents' occupation, we classified 379 men in the Pitt County (North Carolina) Study into low and high childhood SEP. The men's own education, occupation, employment status, and home ownership status were used to classify them into low and high adulthood SEP. Four life-course SEP categories resulted: low childhood/low adulthood, low childhood/high adulthood, high childhood/low adulthood, and high childhood/high adulthood. Results. Low childhood SEP was associated with a 60% greater odds of hypertension, and low adulthood SEP was associated with a 2-fold greater odds of hypertension. Compared with men of high SEP in both childhood and adulthood, the odds of hypertension were 7 times greater for low/low SEP men, 4 times greater for low/high SEP men, and 6 times greater for high/low SEP men. Conclusions. Greater access to material resources in both childhood and adulthood was protective against premature hypertension in this cohort of Black men. Though some parameter estimates were imprecise, study findings are consistent with both pathway and cumulative burden models of hypertension. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076158_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to participation in the food stamp program among food pantry clients in Los Angeles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Algert, S.J. Author-Name: Reibel, M. Author-Name: Renvall, M.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 807-809 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066977 Abstract: Substantial numbers of food pantry clients are eligible for food stamps but do not receive them. Background characteristics of 14317 food pantry users in Los Angeles were analyzed to provide information helpful in food stamp outreach programs. Ninety percent of food pantry users were living well below poverty level, 59% were Hispanic, and 44% were homeless. Only 15% of the food pantry clients received food stamps, with homelessness and limited English language skills acting as barriers to food stamp program participation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066977_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fostering international collaboration in birth defects research and prevention: A perspective from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Botto, L.D. Author-Name: Robert-Gnansia, E. Author-Name: Siffel, C. Author-Name: Harris, J. Author-Name: Borman, B. Author-Name: Mastroiacovo, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 774-780 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057760 Abstract: The International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research, formerly known as International Clearinghouse of Birth Defects Monitoring Systems, consists of 40 registries worldwide that collaborate in monitoring 40 types of birth defects. Clearinghouse activities include the sharing and joint monitoring of birth defect data, epidemiologic and public health research, and capacity building, with the goal of reducing disease and promoting healthy birth outcomes through primary prevention. We discuss 3 of these activities: the collaborative assessment of the potential teratogenicity of first-trimester use of medications (the MADRE project), an example of the intersection of surveillance and research; the international databases of people with orofacial clefts, an example of the evolution from surveillance to outcome research; and the study of genetic polymorphisms, an example of collaboration in public health genetics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057760_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exposure to the World Trade Center attack and the use of cigarettes and alcohol among New York City public high-school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wu, P. Author-Name: Duarte, C.S. Author-Name: Mandell, D.J. Author-Name: Fan, B. Author-Name: Liu, X. Author-Name: Fuller, C.J. Author-Name: Musa, G. Author-Name: Cohen, M. Author-Name: Cohen, P. Author-Name: Hoven, C.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 804-807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.058925 Abstract: We examined exposure to the World Trade Center attack and changes in cigarette smoking and drinking among 2731 New York City public high-school students evaluated 6 months after the attack. Increased drinking was associated with direct exposure to the World Trade Center attack (P<.05). Increased smoking was not directly associated with exposure to the World Trade Center attack but was marginally significantly associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (P=.06). Our findings suggest that targeted substance-use interventions for youths may be warranted after large-scale disasters. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.058925_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived neighborhood problems and quality of life, physical functioning, and depressive symptoms among adults with asthma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yen, I.H. Author-Name: Yelin, E.H. Author-Name: Katz, P. Author-Name: Eisner, M.D. Author-Name: Blanc, P.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 873-879 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059253 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated associations between perceived neighborhood problems and quality of life (QOL), physical functioning, and depressive symptoms among adults with asthma. Methods. Using cross-sectional data from adults with asthma in northern California (n = 435), we examined associations between 5 types of perceived neighborhood problems (traffic, noise, trash, smells, and fires) and asthma-specific QOL (Marks instrument), physical functioning (Short Form-12 physical component summary), and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression). We used multivariate regression analysis. Results. When asthma severity and sociodemographics were taken into account, people reporting a score of 8 or higher on a scale of 0 to 25 for serious problems (the top quartile of seriousness) in their neighborhoods had significantly poorer QOL scores (mean difference = 5.91; standard error [SE] = 1.63), poorer physical functioning (mean difference = -3.04; SE = 1.27), and almost a fivefold increase in depressive symptoms (odds ratio = 4.79; 95% confidence interval = 2.41, 9.52). Conclusions. A high level of perceived neighborhood problems was associated with poorer QOL, poorer physical functioning, and increased depressive symptoms among people with asthma when disease severity and sociodemographic factors were taken into account. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059253_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of both sexual behavior and identity [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pathela, P. Author-Name: Blank, S. Author-Name: Sell, R.L. Author-Name: Schillinger, J.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 765 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079186 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079186_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bridging disparity: A multidisciplinary approach for influenza vaccination in an American Indian community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Traeger, M. Author-Name: Thompson, A. Author-Name: Dickson, E. Author-Name: Provencio, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 921-925 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049882 Abstract: Objectives. The Whiteriver Service Unit (WRSU) used proven effective methods to conduct an influenza vaccination campaign during the 2002-2003 influenza season to bridge the vaccination gap between American Indians and Alaska Natives and the US population as a whole. Methods. In our vaccination program, we used a multidisciplinary approach that included staff and community education, standing orders, vaccination of hospitalized patients, and employee, outpatient, community, and home vaccinations without financial barriers. Results. WRSU influenza vaccination coverage rates among persons aged 65 years and older, those aged 50 to 64 years, and those with diabetes were 71.8%, 49.6%, and 70.2%, respectively, during the 2002-2003 influenza season. We administered most vaccinations to persons aged 65 years and older through the outpatient clinics (63.6%) and public health nurses (30.0%). The WRSU employee influenza vaccination rate was 72.8%. Conclusions. We achieved influenza vaccination rates in targeted groups of an American Indian population that are comparable to or higher than rates in other US populations. Our system may be a useful model for other facilities attempting to bridge disparity for influenza vaccination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049882_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to contraceptive use in product labeling and practice guidelines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grossman, D. Author-Name: Ellertson, C. Author-Name: Abuabara, K. Author-Name: Blanchard, K. Author-Name: Rivas, F.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 791-799 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.040774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.040774 Abstract: Many contraceptives are encumbered with potentially unnecessary restrictions on their use. Indeed, fear of side effects, fostered by alarmist labeling, is a leading reason that women do not use contraceptives. In the United States, hormonal methods currently require a prescription, although research suggests that women can adequately screen themselves for contraindications, manage side effects, and determine an appropriate initiation date, leaving little need for routine direct physician involvement. Sizing, spermicidal use, and length-of-wear limits burden users of cervical barriers and may be unnecessary. Despite recent changes in the labeling of intrauterine devices, clinicians commonly restrict use of this method and in some countries may limit the types of providers authorized to insert them. Although in some cases additional research is necessary, existing data indicate that evidence-based demedicalization of contraceptive provision could reduce costs and improve access. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.040774_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Justice and fairness in the Kennedy Krieger institute lead paint study: The ethics of public health research on less expensive, less effective interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buchanan, D.R. Author-Name: Miller, F.G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 781-787 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063719 Abstract: The Kennedy Krieger lead paint study stirred controversial questions about whether research designed to develop less expensive interventions that are not as effective as existing treatments can be ethically warranted. Critics questioned the social value of such research and alleged that it sanctions a double standard, exploits participants, and is complicit in perpetuating the social injustice. In response, we demonstrate the propriety of conducting research on interventions that can be extended to the population in need by stipulating the limited conditions in which it is ethically warranted and providing fair terms of participation. We contend that the failure to conduct such research causes greater harm, because it deprives disadvantaged populations of the benefits of imminent incremental improvements in their health conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063719_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young and meyer respond [5] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, R.M. Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 766 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.085258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.085258 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.085258_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The life-course approach to health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 768 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.088617 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088617_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The associations between victimization, feeling unsafe, and asthma episodes among US high-school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swahn, M.H. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 802-804 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066514 Abstract: We examined the associations between victimization, missed school because of feeling unsafe, and asthma episodes among US high-school students using the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Cross-sectional analyses on adolescents with asthma (n = 1943) showed that any victimization and missed school because of feeling unsafe significantly increased the odds of having an asthma episode in the past year (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 1.95 and adjusted OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 1.90, 4.53, respectively). Victimization and feeling unsafe are important but poorly understood risk factors for asthma. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066514_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asthma prevalence among US adults, 1998-2000: Role of Puerto Rican ethnicity and behavioral and geographic factors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rose, D. Author-Name: Mannino, D.M. Author-Name: Leaderer, B.P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 880-888 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050039 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed asthma prevalence among US adults by age, gender, race, Puerto Rican ethnicity, and other demographic, behavioral, health, and geographic variables. We hypothesized that high prevalences would be observed among Puerto Ricans and in the Northeast census region. Methods. We used data from the 1998 through 2000 US National Health Interview Surveys. Information on lifetime history of asthma and asthma in the past year was collected from 95615 adults. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates and odds ratios from logistic regression. Results. Of US adults, 8.9% had ever been diagnosed with asthma, and 3.4% had experienced an episode in the past 12 months. Asthma diagnosis rates were highest among Puerto Ricans (17.0%) and lowest among Mexican Americans (3.9%); rates were 9.6% and 9.2% among non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites, respectively. Geographically, asthma prevalence was highest in the West (10.5%) and lowest in the Northeast (8.6%). Puerto Ricans in all regions had high asthma rates. Conclusions. Significant variables in the final logistic regression model included race/ethnicity, obesity, poverty, female gender, and cigarette smoking. Higher asthma rates were confirmed among Puerto Ricans but not in the Northeast region. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050039_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in smokeless tobacco use among adults and adolescents in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, D.E. Author-Name: Mowery, P. Author-Name: Tomar, S. Author-Name: Marcus, S. Author-Name: Giovino, G. Author-Name: Zhao, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 897-905 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061580 Abstract: Objectives. Smokeless tobacco has many adverse health effects. We analyzed long-term national trends in smokeless tobacco use. Methods. We used 1987 to 2000 National Health Interview Survey data for adults aged 18 years and older, 1986 to 2003 data from Monitoring the Future surveys of adolescents, and 1991 to 2003 data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 9th- to 12th-grade students to examine overall and demographic-specific trends. Results. Smokeless tobacco use among adult and adolescent females was low and showed little change. Smokeless tobacco use among men declined slowly (relative decline = 26%), with the largest declines among those aged 18 to 24 years or 65 years and older. Blacks, residents of the South, and persons in more rural areas. Overall and demographic-specific data for adolescent boys indicate that smokeless tobacco use increased for 12th-grade students from 1986 until the early 1990s, but has subsequently declined rapidly in all grades since then (range of relative overall declines = 43% to 48%). Conclusions. Smokeless tobacco use has declined sharply, especially among adolescent boys. Ongoing prevention and cessation efforts are needed to continue this trend. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061580_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Telephone coverage and health survey estimates: Evaluating the need for concern about wireless substitution Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blumberg, S.J. Author-Name: Luke, J.V. Author-Name: Cynamon, M.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 926-931 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057885 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether the exclusion of adults without landline telephones may bias estimates derived from health-related telephone surveys. Methods. We took data from the 2004 and 2005 National Health Interview Survey and used logistic regression to compare the odds of behavioral risk factors and health care service use for adults with landline telephones to those for adults with only wireless telephones and adults without any telephone service. Results. When interviewed, 7.2% of adults, including those who did and did not have wireless telephones, did not have landline telephones. Relative to adults with landline telephones, adults without landline telephones had greater odds of smoking and being uninsured, and they had lower odds of having diabetes, having a usual place for medical care, and having received an influenza vaccination in the past year. Conclusions. As people substitute wireless telephones for landline telephones, the percentage of adults without landline telephones has increased significantly but is still low, which minimizes the bias resulting from their exclusion from telephone surveys. Bias greater than 1 percentage point is expected only for estimates of health insurance, smoking, binge drinking, having a usual place for care, and receiving an influenza vaccination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057885_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of accuracy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 769 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087122 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087122_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Personal fulfillment and professional excellence: Dorothy Reed Mendenhall, pathologist and Children's Bureau investigator. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mendenhall, D.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 788-790 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:5:788-790_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caton et al. Respond [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caton, C.L.M. Author-Name: Shrout, P.E. Author-Name: Hasin, D.S. Author-Name: Felix, A. Author-Name: Schanzer, B. Author-Name: Opler, L.A. Author-Name: McQuistion, H. Author-Name: Dominguez, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 764-765 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084806 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084806_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immunization initiation among infants in the Oregon Health Plan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henderson, J.W. Author-Name: Arbor, S.A. Author-Name: Broich, S.L. Author-Name: Peterson, J.M. Author-Name: Hutchinson, J.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 800-802 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068742 Abstract: Infants who start receiving immunizations on time are more likely to be up to date at age 2 years. Among 39708 infants aged 3 months covered by the Oregon Health Plan (expanded Medicaid), those who did not have health care coverage within the first month of life were less likely to start receiving immunizations on time. Also at risk were infants in foster care, in subadoptive care, who were blind or disabled, who were Native American or Black, or whose mothers were not covered by the Oregon Health Plan. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068742_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Minimum purchasing age for alcohol and traffic crash injuries among 15- to 19-year-olds in New Zealand (American Jourmal of Public Health (2006) 96 (126-131) doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.073122 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kypri, K. Author-Name: Voas, R.B. Author-Name: Langley, J.D. Author-Name: Stephenson, S.C.R. Author-Name: Begg, D.J. Author-Name: Tippetts, A.S. Author-Name: Davie, G.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 767 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:5:767_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Service uptake and characteristics of injection drug users utilizing North America's first medically supervised safer injecting facility Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wood, E. Author-Name: Tyndall, M.W. Author-Name: Qui, Z. Author-Name: Zhang, R. Author-Name: Montaner, J.S.G. Author-Name: Kerr, T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 770-773 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057828 Abstract: In 2003, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, opened North America's first government-sanctioned safer injecting facility, where injection drug users (IDUs) can inject preobtained illicit drugs under the supervision of nurses. Use of the service by IDUs was followed by measurable reductions in public drug use and syringe sharing. IDUs who are frequently using the program tend to be high-intensity cocaine and heroin injectors and homeless individuals. The facility has provided high-risk IDUs a hygienic space where syringe sharing can be eliminated and the risk of fatal overdose reduced. Ongoing evaluation will be required to assess its impact on overdose rates and HIV infection levels, as well as its ability to improve IDU contact with medical care and addiction treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057828_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: False claims in tobacco litigation junk science article [6] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Viscusi, W.K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 767 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084749 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084749_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Friedman et al. Respond [7] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, L.C. Author-Name: Banthin, C.N. Author-Name: Daynard, R.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 767 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.085779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085779 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.085779_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient preferences and adherence to colorectal cancer screening in an urban population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolf, R.L. Author-Name: Basch, C.E. Author-Name: Brouse, C.H. Author-Name: Shmukler, C. Author-Name: Shea, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 809-811 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049684 Abstract: We measured patient preferences for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategies and actual receipt of alternative CRC screening tests among an urban minority sample participating in an intervention study. The fecal occult blood test was the most preferred test, reportedly owing to its convenience and the noninvasive nature. For individuals who obtained a test that was other than their stated preference (41.1%), reasons for this discordance may be due to physician preferences that override patient preferences. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049684_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Antismoking advertisements for youths: An independent evaluation of health, counter-industry, and industry approaches Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pechmann, C. Author-Name: Reibling, E.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 906-913 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057273 Abstract: Objectives. We used a validated copy test method to examine the effectiveness of 8 types of antismoking advertisements representing health, counterindustry, and industry approaches. We tested the hypothesis that health ads about tobacco victims can lower most adolescents' intent to smoke if the ads elicit disgust and anti-industry feelings rather than fear. We hypothesized null effects for adolescents with conduct disorder because of their abnormally low empathy. Methods. Ninth-grade students from 8 California public schools (n = 1725) were randomly assigned to view 1 of 9 videotapes containing a TV show with ads that included either a set of antismoking ads or a set of control ads. Participants completed baseline measures assessing personality traits and postexposure measures assessing smoking intent, feelings, beliefs, and ad evaluations. Results. Ads focusing on young victims suffering from serious tobacco-related diseases elicited disgust, enhanced anti-industry motivation, and reduced intent to smoke among all but conduct-disordered adolescents. Counterindustry and industry ads did not significantly lower smoking intention. Conclusions. Sponsors of tobacco use prevention ad campaigns should consider using ads showing tobacco-related disease and suffering, not just counterindustry ads. Ads should be copy tested before airing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057273_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examining the course of homelessness: Right direction, wrong approach [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alexander-Eitzman, B.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 764 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084145 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084145_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reproductive health care and family planning needs among incarcerated women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clarke, J.G. Author-Name: Hebert, M.R. Author-Name: Rosengard, C. Author-Name: Rose, J.S. Author-Name: DaSilva, K.M. Author-Name: Stein, M.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 834-839 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060236 Abstract: Objectives. Women in correctional institutions have substantial reproductive health problems, yet they are underserved in receipt of reproductive health care. We assessed the level of risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the reproductive health needs of 484 incarcerated women in Rhode Island to plan an intervention for women returning to the community. Methods. We used a 45-minute survey to assess medical histories, pregnancy and birth control use histories, current pregnancy intentions, substance use during the past 3 months, histories of childhood sexual abuse, and health attitudes and behaviors. Results. Participants had extremely high risks for STDs and pregnancy, which was characterized by inconsistent birth control (66.5%) and condom use (80.4%), multiple partners (38%), and a high prevalence of unplanned pregnancies (83.6%) and STDs (49%). Only 15.4% said it was not likely that they would have sexual relations with a man within 6 months after release. Conclusion. Reproductive health services must be offered to incarcerated women. Such interventions will benefit the women, the criminal justice systems, and the communities to which the women will return. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060236_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mortality divide in India: The differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Nandy, S. Author-Name: Irving, M. Author-Name: Gordon, D. Author-Name: Lambert, H. Author-Name: Smith, G.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 5 Pages: 818-825 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060103 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living to inequalities in mortality across the life course in India. Methods. We conducted a multilevel cross-sectional analysis of individual mortality, using the 1998-1999 Indian National Family Health Survey data for 529 321 individuals from 26 states. Results. Substantial mortality differentials were observed between the lowest and highest standard-of-living quintiles across all age groups, ranging from an odds ratio (OR) of 4.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.98, 7.13) in the age group 2 to 5 years to an OR of 1.97 (95% CI = 1.68, 2.32) in the age group 45 to 64 years. Excess mortality for girls was evident only for the age group 2 to 5 years (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.58). Substantial caste differentials were observed at the beginning and end stages of life. Area variation in mortality is partially a result of the compositional effects of household standard of living and caste. Conclusions. The mortality burden, across the life course in India, falls disproportionately on economically disadvantaged and lower-caste groups. Residual state-level variation in mortality suggests an underlying ecology to the mortality divide in India. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060103_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building true capacity: Indigenous models for indigenous communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chino, M. Author-Name: DeBruyn, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 596-599 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053801 Abstract: Within the past 2 decades, community capacity building and community empowerment have emerged as key strategies for reducing health disparities and promoting public health. As with other strategies and best practices, these concepts have been brought to indigenous (American Indian and Alaska Native) communities primarily by mainstream researchers and practitioners. Mainstream models and their resultant programs, however, often have limited application in meeting the needs and realities of indigenous populations. Tribes are increasingly taking control of their local health care services. It is time for indigenous people not only to develop tribal programs but also to define and integrate the underlying theoretical and cultural frameworks for public health application. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053801_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health lessons learned from analysis of New York City subway injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guth, A.A. Author-Name: O'Neill, A. Author-Name: Pachter, H.L. Author-Name: Diflo, T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 631-633 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057315 Abstract: Serious subway injuries are devastating to their young victims and have high rates of mortality and amputation. We identified the urban population at greatest risk for subway injuries and investigated the influence of local economies on injury rates. We propose using changes in social conditions as a "trigger" for increased vigilance and protective measures, at times of higher risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057315_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research careers for American Indian/Alaska native nurses: Pathway to elimination of health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henly, S.J. Author-Name: Struthers, R. Author-Name: Dahlen, B.K. Author-Name: Ide, B. Author-Name: Patchell, B. Author-Name: Holtzclaw, B.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 606-611 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054239 Abstract: The health status of American Indians/Alaska Natives lags behind that of the US population. American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) nurses are on the front lines of health services for AIAN people. They have the potential to make scientific contributions as well, but are under-represented among researchers working to understand health disparities. The AIAN MS-to-PhD Nursing Science Bridge, at the University of Minnesota, in partnership with the Universities of North Dakota and Oklahoma, provides support for AIAN nurses during the critical training transition from masters of science to doctoral programs. Partner schools collaborate with AIAN elders, medicine people/ spiritual leaders, and academic consultants to (1) foster academic success and strengthen the AIAN identity of students during their research training and (2) bring about institutional change to optimize student experiences. Future research programs developed by this cadre of AIAN nurse scientists will contribute scientifically sound, culturally acceptable knowledge to effectively improve the health of AIAN people. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054239_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Spatter! Spatter! Spatter! Workers' health and the spray machine debate (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 96 (214-221) DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070029) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frounfelker, R.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:4:591_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Couples' immigration status and ethnicity as determinants of breastfeeding Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibson-Davis, C.M. Author-Name: Brooks-Gunn, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 641-646 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064840 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated how couples' immigration status and ethnicity determined the decision to initiate breastfeeding and to breastfeed at 6 months. Methods: From data collected on 4207 mothers and 3013 fathers participating in a longitudinal birth cohort study, we used linear regression and covariate-adjusted proportions to estimate the determinants of breastfeeding behaviors. The sample was divided by immigration status (either foreign born or born in the United States) and further subdivided by ethnicity (Mexican Hispanic, non-Mexican Hispanic, and non-Hispanic). Results: Mothers born in the United States had an 85% reduction in the odds of breastfeeding as compared to foreign-born mothers and a 66% reduction in the odds of breastfeeding at 6 months. Each additional year of US residency decreased the odds of breastfeeding by 4%. These differences by immigration status were seen for Mexicans, other Hispanics, and non-Hispanics. Conclusion: The Hispanic paradox may extend to other non-Hispanic immigrants for breastfeeding behaviors, but may not be true for Hispanic mothers born in the United States. Low rates of breastfeeding for Hispanic American mothers indicate that they should not be overlooked by breastfeeding promotion programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064840_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diabetes decision support: Initial experience with the vermont diabetes information system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacLean, C.D. Author-Name: Littenberg, B. Author-Name: Gagnon, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 593-595 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065391 Abstract: Interventions that have proven effective in the management of chronic illness have often been difficult to establish in widespread practice. The Chronic Care Model provides a framework for implementing interventions, but it is expensive and difficult to implement. We developed a decision support system based on this model to improve the care of adults who have diabetes and receive primary care in Vermont or adjacent New York. The Vermont Diabetes Information System uses a network of community laboratories for providing data to produce flowsheets, reminders, action alerts, and population reports that are sent to primary care providers by fas and to patients by mail. Currently, 7295 patients are cared for by 124 primary care providers in 62 practices and are enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to study its effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065391_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dr Joe: pioneer of public health initiatives for immigrant mothers and children. 1925. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, S.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 618-621 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:4:618-621_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Redeeming hollow promises: The case for mandatory spending on health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Westmoreland, T.M. Author-Name: Watson, K.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 600-605 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053793 Abstract: The reliance on discretionary spending for American Indian/ Alaska Native health care has produced a system that is insufficient and unreliable and is associated with ongoing health disparities. Moreover, the gap between mandatory spending on a Medicare beneficiary and discretionary spending on an American Indian/Alaska Native beneficiary has grown dramatically, thus compounding the problem. The budget classification for American Indian/Alaska Native health services should be changed, and health care delivery to this population should be designated as mandatory spending. If a correct structure is in place, mandatory spending is more likely to provide adequate funding that keeps pace with changes in costs and need. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053793_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "I tell what I have seen"--the reports of asylum reformer Dorothea Dix. 1843. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dix, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 622-625 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:4:622-625_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between length of stay in Canada and intimate partner violence among immigrant women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hyman, I. Author-Name: Forte, T. Author-Name: Du Mont, J. Author-Name: Romans, S. Author-Name: Cohen, M.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 654-659 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.046409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.046409 Abstract: Objective. We examined the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among recent (0-9 years) and nonrecent (≥ 10 years) immigrant women in Canada to determine whether differences in IPV were associated with length of stay in Canada. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1999 General Social Survey, a national cross-sectional telephone survey. We used weighted logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of length of stay in Canada on IPV and controlled for sociocultural and other factors associated with IPV. Results. The crude prevalence of IPV was similar among recent and nonrecent immigrant women. However, after adjustment, the risk for IPV was significantly lower among recent immigrant women compared with nonrecent immigrant women. Country of origin, age, marital status, and having an activity limitation (physical/ mental disability or health problem) also were associated with a higher risk for IPV. Conclusions. Our findings have important implications for both prevention and detection of IPV among immigrant women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.046409_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding health disparities: The role of race and socioeconomic status in children's health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, E. Author-Name: Martin, A.D. Author-Name: Matthews, K.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 702-708 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048124 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether childhood health disparities are best understood as effects of race, socioeconomic status (SES), or synergistic effects of the two. Methods. Data from the National Health Interview Survey 1994 of US children aged 0 to 18 years (n = 33911) were used. SES was measured as parental education. Child health measures included overall health, limitations, and chronic and acute childhood conditions. Results. For overall health, activity and school limitations, and chronic circulatory conditions, the likelihood of poor outcomes increased as parental education decreased. These relationships were stronger among White and Black children, and weaker or nonexistent among Hispanic and Asian children. However, Hispanic and Asian children exhibited an opposite relationship for acute respiratory illness, whereby children with more educated parents had higher rates of illness. Conclusions. The traditional finding of fewer years of parent education being associated with poorer health in offspring is most prominent among White and Black children and least evident among Hispanic and Asian children. These findings suggest that lifestyle characteristics (e.g., cultural norms for health behaviors) of low-SES Hispanic and Asian children may buffer them from health problems. Future interventions that seek to bolster these characteristics among other low-SES children may be important for reducing childhood health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.048124_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incarceration as a public health crisis [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, A.M.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 589 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083691 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083691_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treadwell and Nottingham respond [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Author-Name: Nottingham, J.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 589-590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084780 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084780_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks in reducing childhood agricultural injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gadomski, A. Author-Name: Ackerman, S. Author-Name: Burdick, P. Author-Name: Jenkins, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 722-727 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.035428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.035428 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether active dissemination of the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) reduced childhood agricultural injuries. Methods. In this randomized controlled trial, lay educators visited intervention farms to review NAGCAT. New York State farms with resident or working children were randomized. Control farms were visited only to collect baseline data. Data on childhood injuries, tasks, and hours worked were obtained quarterly for 21 months. Injury rates per farm were compared between the treatment and control groups, along with time span to occurrence of an injury and to violation of NAGCAT age guidelines. Results. Intervention farms were less likely than control farms to violate NAGCAT age guidelines in the areas of all-terrain-vehicle use and tractor and haying operations. Cox proportional hazards regression models showed a significant protective effect of the intervention on preventable injuries after adjustment for important covariates. Conclusions. Our results showed that dissemination of NAGCAT reduced rates of work-related childhood agricultural injuries. A comprehensive public health approach is needed to reduce non-work-related childhood injuries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.035428_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between income inequality and mortality among US States: Considering population at risk [5] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muller, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 590-591 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079897 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079897_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Bingham et al. respond (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 96 (206-207) DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077149) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bingham, E. Author-Name: Boden, L. Author-Name: Clapp, R. Author-Name: Hoppin, P. Author-Name: Krimsky, S. Author-Name: Michaels, D. Author-Name: Ozonoff, D. Author-Name: Robbins, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:4:591_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: A propensity-modeling approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Novak, S.P. Author-Name: Reardon, S.F. Author-Name: Raudenbush, S.W. Author-Name: Buka, S.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 670-676 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061622 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether retail tobacco outlet density was related to youth cigarette smoking after control for a diverse range of neighborhood characteristics. Methods. Data were gathered from 2116 respondents (aged 11 to 23 years) residing in 178 census tracts in Chicago, III. Propensity score stratification methods for continuous exposures were used to adjust for potentially confounding neighborhood characteristics, thus strengthening causal inferences. Results. Retail tobacco outlets were disproportionately located in neighborhoods characterized by social and economic disadvantage. In a model that excluded neighborhood confounders, a marginally significant effect was found. Youths in areas at the highest 75th percentile in retail tobacco outlet density were 13% more likely (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99, 1.28) to have smoked in the past month compared with those living at the lowest 25th percentile. However, the relation became stronger and significant (OR = 0.21; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.41) after introduction of tract level confounders and was statistically significant in the propensity score-adjusted model (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.001, 1.44). Results did not differ significantly between minors and those legally permitted to smoke. Conclusions. Reductions in retail tobacco outlet density may reduce rates of youth smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061622_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between coping with anger and feelings of depression among youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodwin, R.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 664-669 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049742 Abstract: Objectives. I examined the association, among youths, between coping behavior when angry and depression. Methods. Data were drawn from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children in the United States survey (n = 9938). Factor analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between self-reported coping behavior when angry and depression. Gender-specific models were run. Results. Factor analysis of 11 coping behaviors indicated a 4-factor solution: substance use, physical activity, emotional coping behavior, and aggressive behavior. Substance use, emotional coping, and aggressive behavior coping were associated with increased likelihood of depression, whereas physical activity was associated with decreased likelihood of depression. Male youths were more likely to engage in physical activity and were less likely to feel depressed. Conclusions. These data provide preliminary evidence of a link between specific coping behavior when angry and the likelihood of depression among youths. Whether these associations may be useful in identifying youths at risk for depression cannot be determined from these data alone but may be an important area for future study. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049742_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Complementary and alternative medical therapy use among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans: Prevalence, associated factors, and effects of patient - Clinician communication Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahn, A.C. Author-Name: Ngo-Metzger, Q. Author-Name: Legedza, A.T.R. Author-Name: Massagli, M.P. Author-Name: Clarridge, B.R. Author-Name: Phillips, R.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 647-653 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048496 Abstract: Objective. We examined the use of complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans who had limited proficiency with the English language and explore the association between patient-clinician discussions about CAM therapy use and patient assessments of quality of care. Methods. We surveyed Chinese and Vietnamese Americans who visited 11 community health centers in 8 major cities throughout the United States. Results. Of the 4410 patients surveyed, 3258 (74%) returned completed questionnaires. Two thirds of respondents reported they had "ever used" some form of CAM therapy; however, only 7.6% of these patients had discussed their use of CAM therapies with clinicians. Among patients who had used CAM therapies during the week before their most recent visits, clinician-patient discussions about CAM therapy use were associated with better overall patient ratings of quality of care. Conclusion. Use of CAM therapies was common among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans who had limited proficiency with the English language. Although discussions about CAM therapy use with clinicians were uncommon, these discussions were associated with better ratings of quality of care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.048496_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status and health service access and use among children in U.S. immigrant families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huang, Z.J. Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Author-Name: Ledsky, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 634-640 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.049791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.049791 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the health status and patterns of health care use of children in US immigrant families. Methods. Data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families were used to create 3 subgroups of immigrant children: US-born children with noncitizen parents, foreign-born children who were naturalized US citizens, and foreign-born children with noncitizen parents. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to examine relationships between immigrant status and health access variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted with low-income families. Results. Foreign-born noncitizen children were 4 times more likely than children from native families to lack health insurance coverage and to have not visited a mental health specialist in the preceding year. They were 40% and 80% more likely to have not visited a doctor or dentist in the previous year and twice as likely to lack a usual source of care. US-born children with noncitizen parents were also at a disadvantage in many of these aspects of care. Conclusions. We found that, overall, children from immigrant families were in worse physical health than children from non-immigrant families and used health care services at a significantly lower frequency. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.049791_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An ecological study of tuberculosis transmission in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myers, W.P. Author-Name: Westenhouse, J.L. Author-Name: Flood, J. Author-Name: Riley, L.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 685-690 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048132 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the association between ecological factors and rates of tuberculosis within California, using pediatric tuberculosis as an indicator of new transmission. Methods. Ecological variables such as racial/ethnic distribution, immigration level, education, employment, poverty, and crowding were obtained from the United States Census for each census tract in California. These data were incorporated into a negative binomial regression model with the rate of pediatric tuberculosis disease in each census tract as an outcome variable. Disease rates were obtained by geocoding reported cases. Subsections of the state (San Francisco and Los Angeles) were examined independently. Results. Census tracts with lower median incomes, more racial/ethnic minorities, and more immigrants had higher rates of pediatric tuberculosis. Other frequently cited risk factors such as overcrowding and unemployment were not associated with increased disease after adjusting for other measures. Risks were comparable across regions, but subtle differences were noted. Conclusions. The techniques used in this work provide a way to examine a disease within its social context. The results confirmed that tuberculosis in California continues to be a disease of poverty and racial/ethnic minorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.048132_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenges to research in urban community health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lemon, S.C. Author-Name: Zapka, J.G. Author-Name: Estabrook, B. Author-Name: Benjamin, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 626-628 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057976 Abstract: Community health centers (CHCs) are important settings for research aimed at reducing health disparities. However, CHCs pose many challenges to research at patient, provider, and system levels. We summarized lessons learned from a multimethod, formative study to develop intervention strategies for improving colorectal cancer screening in CHCs, and make recommendations for future research. The call for research in "real world" settings such as CHCs must be matched with greater understanding of the challenges, as well as the resources to meet those challenges. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057976_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accessible, community-based care for men in distressed communities [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perez, L.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 588 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083584 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083584_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Designing healthy communities, raising healthy kids: National Public Health Week 2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 592 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.086603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.086603 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.086603_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol, drug, and mental health specialty treatment services and race/ethnicity: A national study of children and families involved with child welfare Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Libby, A.M. Author-Name: Orton, H.D. Author-Name: Barth, R.P. Author-Name: Webb, M.B. Author-Name: Burns, B.J. Author-Name: Wood, P. Author-Name: Spicer, P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 628-631 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059436 Abstract: We used data on a national sample of children involved with child welfare systems to compare American Indian caregivers with White, Black, and Hispanic caregivers in their need for, and receipt of, specialty alcohol, drug, and mental health treatment. American Indian caregivers were significantly less likely to receive services than were Hispanic caregivers (P<.05) but not significantly less likely than were White or Black caregivers. Child placement, child age, and caregiver psychiatric comorbidity were significantly associated with service receipt. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059436_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social support as a buffer for perceived unfair treatment among Filipino Americans: Differences between San Francisco and Honolulu Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Chen, J. Author-Name: Spencer, M.S. Author-Name: See, S. Author-Name: Kuester, O.A. Author-Name: Tran, D. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 677-684 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060442 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether perceived unfair treatment is associated with health conditions, whether social support moderates this association, and whether such relationships differ by location. Methods. Data were derived from the 1998-1999 Filipino American Community Epidemiological Study, a cross-sectional investigation of 2241 Filipino Americans living in San Francisco and Honolulu. Negative binomial regression was used to examine potential 2-way and 3-way interactions between support, unfair treatment, and city (San Francisco vs Honolulu). Results. Reports of unfair treatment were associated with increased illness after control for education, employment, acculturation, ethnic identity, negative life events, gender, and age. Furthermore, 2-way interactions were found between instrumental support and city, emotional support and city, and unfairtreatment and city, and a 3-way interaction was shown between instrumental support, unfair treatment, and city. Conclusions. Local contexts may influence the types of treatment encountered by members of ethnic minority groups, as well as their resources. These factors in turn may have implications for health disparities and well-being. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060442_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of cost-shifting in the State Children's Health Insurance Program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, T.J. Author-Name: Rimsza, M. Author-Name: Johnson, W.G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 709-715 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059758 Abstract: Objectives. Many states are increasing the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) cost-sharing requirements to induce reductions in enrollment. We examined the effect of increasing SCHIP premiums on both health care use and cost to the public. Methods. The net cost to the public of increased cost sharing for SCHIP-insured children in a border community was estimated with multivariate methods. The majority (88%) of children were of Mexican origin. Results. We estimated that a $10 increase in monthly premiums would induce 10% of SCHIP children to disenroll, resulting in a 6% increase in public expenditures. Conclusions. Families that disenroll from SCHIP and become uninsured typically turn to emergency departments for primary care, which increases total health care expenditures through the use of more expensive services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059758_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health effects of an ex-offender's successful reentry into society [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lukis, V.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 588-589 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083592 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083592_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Swimming pool drownings among US residents aged 5-24 years: Understanding racial/ethnic disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saluja, G. Author-Name: Brenner, R.A. Author-Name: Trumble, A.C. Author-Name: Smith, G.S. Author-Name: Schroeder, T. Author-Name: Cox, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 728-733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057067 Abstract: Objective. We examined circumstances surrounding swimming pool drownings among US residents aged 5 to 24 years to understand why Black males and other racial/ethnic groups have high drowning rates. Methods. We obtained data about drowning deaths in the United States (1995-1998) from death certificates, medical examiner reports, and newspaper clippings collected by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Results. During the study period, 678 US residents aged 5 to 24 years drowned in pools. Seventy-five percent were male, 47% were Black, 33% were White, and 12% were Hispanic. Drowning rates were highest among Black males, and this increased risk persisted after we controlled for income. The majority of Black victims (51%) drowned in public pools, the majority of White victims (55%) drowned in residential pools, and the majority of Hispanic victims (35%) drowned in neighborhood pools (e.g., an apartment complex pool). Foreign-born males also had an increased risk for drowning compared with American-born males. Conclusions. Targeted interventions are needed to reduce the incidence of swimming pool drownings across racial/ethnic groups, particularly adult supervision at public pools. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057067_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring lack of trust in care providers and the government as a barrier to health service use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whetten, K. Author-Name: Leserman, J. Author-Name: Whetten, R. Author-Name: Ostermann, J. Author-Name: Thielman, N. Author-Name: Swartz, M. Author-Name: Stangl, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 716-721 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063255 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between trust of health care providers and the government and health service use and outcomes. Methods. Interviews with a sample of 611 HIV-positive individuals included an attitudinal assessment measuring beliefs concerning the creation of AIDS, information being withheld about the disease, and trust of care providers. Results. Trust in care providers was associated with increased HIV-related outpatient clinic visits, fewer emergency room visits, increased use of antiretroviral medications, and improved reported physical and mental health. Trusting the government was associated with fewer emergency room visits and better mental and physical health. More than one quarter of the respondents believed that the government created AIDS to kill minorities, and more than half believed that a significant amount of information about AIDS is withheld from the public. Ten percent did not trust their provider to give them the best care possible. Conclusions. Distrust may be a barrier to service use and therefore to optimal health. Distrust is not isolated in minority communities but also exists among members of nonminority communities and equally interferes with their use of services and health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063255_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Social anatomy of racial and ethnic disparities (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 95 (224-232) DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2004.037705) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sampson, R.J. Author-Name: Morenoff, J.D. Author-Name: Raudenbush, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:4:591_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving access to health care among New Zealand's Maori population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ellison-Loschmann, L. Author-Name: Pearce, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 612-617 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.070680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.070680 Abstract: The health status of indigenous peoples worldwide varies according to their unique historical, political, and social circumstances. Disparities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris have been evident for all of the colonial history of New Zealand. Explanations for these differences involve a complex mix of components associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, availability of health care, and discrimination. Improving access to care is critical to addressing health disparities, and increasing evidence suggests that Maoris and non-Maoris differ in terms of access to primary and secondary health care services. We use 2 approaches to health service development to demonstrate how Maori-led initiatives are seeking to improve access to and quality of health care for Maoris. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.070680_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between witnessing parental domestic violence and experiencing depressive symptoms in Filipino adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hindin, M.J. Author-Name: Gultiano, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 660-663 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069625 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between 2 important public health problems in the developing world: parental domestic violence and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Methods. Data on depressive symptoms and witnessing of domestic violence were obtained during private face-to-face interviews conducted in 2002 with 2051 Filipino adolescents 17-19 years of age. Results. Symptoms of depression were common; 11% of young men and 19% of young women reported wishing that they were dead occasionally or most of the time, and nearly half of all respondents recalled parental domestic violence. Female adolescents had significantly higher scores than male adolescents on a 12-item index of depressive symptoms. Both male and female adolescents who had witnessed parental domestic violence reported more depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Filipino adolescents who have witnessed parental domestic violence are significantly more likely to report depressive symptoms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069625_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Minimum purchasing age for alcohol and traffic crash injuries among 15- to 19-year-olds in New Zealand (American Journal of Public Health (2006) 96 (126-131) DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2005.073122) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kypri, K. Author-Name: Voas, R.B. Author-Name: Langley, J.D. Author-Name: Stephenson, S.C.R. Author-Name: Begg, D.J. Author-Name: Tippetts, A.S. Author-Name: Davie, G.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:4:591_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differential effects of the DTaP and MMR vaccine shortages on timeliness of childhood vaccination coverage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santibanez, T.A. Author-Name: Santoli, J.M. Author-Name: Barker, L.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 691-696 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053306 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the effect of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) and measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine shortages on timeliness of the third dose of DTaP (DTaP3), the fourth dose of DTaP (DTaP4), and the first dose of MMR (MMR1) among subgroups of preschool children. Methods. Data from the 2001 and 2002 National Immunization Surveys were analyzed. Children age-eligible to receive DTaP3, DTaP4, or MMR1 during the shortages were considered subject to the shortage, and those not age-eligible were not subject to the shortage; timeliness of vaccinations was compared. Results. Among children vaccinated only at public clinics, children residing outside metropolitan statistical areas, and children in the Southern Census Region, those age-eligible to receive DTaP4 during the shortage were less likely to be vaccinated by 19 months of age than children not subject to the shortage. Conclusions. There was notable disparity in the effects of the recent vaccine shortages; children vaccinated only in public clinics, in rural areas, or in the Southern United States were differentially affected by the shortages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053306_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of a national vaccine shortage on vaccine coverage for American Indian/Alaska native children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Groom, A.V. Author-Name: Cheek, J.E. Author-Name: Bryan, R.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 697-701 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053413 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the effect of national vaccine shortages on coverage with 4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine for American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) children. Methods. Data on DTaP coverage for children aged 19 to 27 months were abstracted from Indian Health Service (IHS) immunization reports. Coverage with the fourth DTaP dose (DTaPA) was compared for different periods to determine coverage levels before, during, and after the shortage. Data were stratified geographically to determine regional variation. Results. AIAN children experienced a significant decline (14.8%) in DTaP4 coverage during the shortage. Considerable variation was seen among IHS regions (declines ranged from 4.5% to 26.5%). Conclusions. AIAN children included in IHS immunization reports experienced a greater decline in DTaP4 coverage during the shortage than the decline reported nationally for children receiving vaccine at public clinics (14.8% vs 6%). Variations in the decline in coverage highlight possible inequities in vaccine supply and distribution and in implementation of vaccine shortage recommendations. We must identify ways to ensure more equitable vaccine distribution and consistent implementation of vaccine recommendations to protect all children from vaccine-preventable diseases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053413_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity and risk for death due to motor vehicle crashes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhu, S. Author-Name: Layde, P.M. Author-Name: Guse, C.E. Author-Name: Laud, P.W. Author-Name: Pintar, F. Author-Name: Nirula, R. Author-Name: Hargarten, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 4 Pages: 734-739 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.058156 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the role of body mass index (BMI) and other factors in driver deaths within 30 days after motor vehicle crashes. Methods. We collected data for 22107 drivers aged 16 years and older who were involved in motor vehicle crashes from the Crashworthiness Data System of the National Automotive Sampling System (1997-2001). We used logistic regression and adjusted for confounding factors to analyze associations between BMI and driver fatality and the associations between BMI and gender, age, seatbelt use, type of collision, airbag deployment, and change in velocity during a crash. Results. The fatality rate was 0.87% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50, 1.24) among men and 0.43% (95% CI = 0.31, 0.56) among women involved as drivers in motor vehicle crashes. Risk for death increased significantly at both ends of the BMI continuum among men but not among women (P<.05). The association between BMI and male fatality increased significantly with a change in velocity and was modified by the type of collision, but it did not differ by age, seatbelt use, or airbag deployment. Conclusions. The increased risk for death due to motor vehicle crashes among obese men may have important implications for traffic safety and motor vehicle design. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.058156_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Thinking of systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLeroy, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 402 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084459 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084459_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policy and programmatic importance of spatial alignment of data sources Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ong, P. Author-Name: Graham, M. Author-Name: Houston, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 499-504 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071373 Abstract: Geographic information systems have proven instrumental in assessing environmental impacts on individual and community health, but numerous methodological challenges are associated with analyses of highly localized phenomena in which spatially misaligned data are used. In a case study based on child care facility and traffic data for the Los Angeles metropolitan area, we assessed the extent of facility misclassification with spatially unreconciled data from 3 different governmental agencies in an attempt to identify child care centers in which young children are at risk from high concentrations of toxic vehicle-exhaust pollutants. Relative to geographically corrected data, unreconciled information produced a modest bias in terms of aggregated number of facilities at risk and a substantial number of false positives and negatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071373_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: System dynamics modeling for public health: Background and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Homer, J.B. Author-Name: Hirsch, G.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 452-458 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062059 Abstract: The systems modeling methodology of system dynamics is well suited to address the dynamic complexity that characterizes many public health issues. The system dynamics approach involves the development of computer simulation models that portray processes of accumulation and feedback and that may be tested systematically to find effective policies for overcoming policy resistance. System dynamics modeling of chronic disease prevention should seek to incorporate all the basic elements of a modern ecological approach, including disease outcomes, health and risk behaviors, environmental factors, and health-related resources and delivery systems. System dynamics shows promise as a means of modeling multiple interacting diseases and risks, the interaction of delivery systems and diseased populations, and matters of national and state policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062059_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Learning from evidence in a complex world Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sterman, J.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 505-514 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066043 Abstract: Policies to promote public health and welfare often fail or worsen the problems they are intended to solve. Evidence-based learning should prevent such policy resistance, but learning in complex systems is often weak and slow. Complexity hinders our ability to discover the delayed and distal impacts of interventions, generating unintended "side effects." Yet learning often fails even when strong evidence is available: common mental models lead to erroneous but self-confirming inferences, allowing harmful beliefs and behaviors to persist and undermining implementation of beneficial policies. Here I show how systems thinking and simulation modeling can help expand the boundaries of our mental models, enhance our ability to generate and learn from evidence, and catalyze effective change in public health and beyond. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066043_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems analysis of real-world obstacles to successful cervical cancer prevention in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Suba, E.J. Author-Name: Murphy, S.K. Author-Name: Donnelly, A.D. Author-Name: Furia, L.M. Author-Name: Huynh, L.D. Author-Name: Raab, S.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 480-487 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061606 Abstract: Papanicolaou screening is feasible anywhere that screening for cervical cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries, is appropriate. After documenting that the Vietnam War had contributed to the problem of cervical cancer in Vietnam, we participated in a grassroots effort to establish a nationwide cervical cancer prevention program in that country and performed root cause analyses of program deficiencies. We found that real-world obstacles to successful cervical cancer prevention in developing countries involve people far more than technology and that such obstacles can be appropriately managed through a systems approach focused on programmatic quality rather than through ideological commitments to technology. A focus on quality satisfies public health goals, whereas a focus on technology is compatible with market forces. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061606_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life-course socioeconomic position and obesity in African American women: The Pitt County study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Fowler-Brown, A. Author-Name: Raghunathan, T.E. Author-Name: Van Hoewyk, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 554-560 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053447 Abstract: Objectives. We studied obesity in African American women in relationship to their socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood and adulthood. Methods. On the basis of 'parents' occupation, we classified 679 women in the Pitt County (North Carolina) Study into low and high childhood SEP. Women's education, occupation, employment status, and home ownership were used to classify them into low and high adulthood SEP. Four life-course SEP categories resulted: low childhood/low adulthood, low childhood/high adulthood, high childhood/low adulthood, and high childhood/high adulthood. Results. The odds of obesity were twice as high among women from low versus high childhood SEP backgrounds, and 25% higher among women of low versus high adulthood SEP. Compared to that in women of high SEP in both childhood and adulthood, the odds of obesity doubled for low/low SEP women, were 55% higher for low/high SEP women, and were comparable for high/low SEP women. Conclusions. Socioeconomic deprivation in childhood was a strong predictor of adulthood obesity in this community sample of African American women. Findings are consistent with both critical period and cumulative burden models of life-course socioeconomic deprivation and long-term risk for obesity in African American women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053447_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systemic intervention for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Midgley, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 466-472 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.067660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.067660 Abstract: Many calls have been made for a systems approach to public health. My response is to offer a methodology for systemic intervention that (1) emphasizes the need to explore stakeholder values and boundaries for analysis, (2) challenges marginalization, and (3) draws upon a wide range of methods (from the systems literature and beyond) to create a flexible and responsive systems practice. I present and discuss several well-tested methods with a view to identifying their potential for supporting systemic intervention for public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.067660_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A system for rapidly and accurately collecting patients' race and ethnicity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, D.W. Author-Name: Cameron, K.A. Author-Name: Feinglass, J. Author-Name: Thompson, J.A. Author-Name: Georgas, P. Author-Name: Foster, S. Author-Name: Pierce, D. Author-Name: Hasnain-Wynia, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 532-537 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062620 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the feasibility of collecting race/ethnicity data from patients using their own preferred racial/ethnic terms. Methods. The 424 patients described their race/ethnicity using their own categories, and we compared their descriptions with their responses to the questions (1) "Do you consider yourself Latino or Hispanic?" and (2) "Which category best describes your race?" (7 response options in our computer interview). We also determined patients' preferences between the 2 approaches. Results. The proportions of patients who described themselves with 1, 2, 3, or 4 terms were 46%, 33%, 14%, and 6%, respectively; 2 said only "American" (1%,) and 1 refused to answer (0.5%). The average completion time was 37 ± 17 seconds. Rates of missing values and categorization as "other" race were lower than with the closed questions. Agreement between racial/ethnic categorization with open-ended and closed responses was 93% (κ = 0.88). Latino/Hispanic and multiracial/ multiethnic individuals were more likely to prefer using their own categories to describe their race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Collecting race/ethnicity data using patients' own racial/ethnic categories is feasible with the use of computerized systems to capture verbatim responses and results in lower rates of missing and unusable data than do standard questions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062620_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Helping public sector health systems innovate: The strategic approach to strengthening reproductive health policies and programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fajans, P. Author-Name: Simmons, R. Author-Name: Ghiron, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 435-440 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059907 Abstract: Public sector health systems that provide services to poor and marginalized populations in developing countries face great challenges. Change associated with health sector reform and structural adjustment often leaves these already-strained institutions with fewer resources and insufficient capacity to relieve health burdens. The Strategic Approach to Strengthening Reproductive Health Policies and Programs is a methodological innovation developed by the World Health Organization and its partners to help countries identify and prioritize their reproductive health service needs, test appropriate interventions, and scale up successful innovations to a subnational or national level. The participatory, interdisciplinary, and country-owned process can set in motion much-needed change. We describe key features of this approach, provide illustrations from country experiences, and use insights from the diffusion of innovation literature to explain the approach's dissemination and sustainability. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059907_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The formation of the emergency medical services system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shah, M.N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 414-423 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048793 Abstract: The evolution of the emergency medical services system in the United States accelerated rapidly between 1960 and 1973 as a result of a number of medical, historical, and social forces. Current emergency medical services researchers, policy advocates, and administrators must acknowledge these forces and their limitations and work to modify the system into one that provides uniformly high-quality acute care to all patients, improves the overall public health through injury control and disease prevention programs, participates as a full partner in disease surveillance, and is prepared to address new community needs of all types. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.048793_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A societal outcomes map for health research and policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garfinkel, M.S. Author-Name: Sarewitz, D. Author-Name: Porter, A.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 441-446 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063495 Abstract: The linkages between decisions about health research and policy and actual health outcomes may be extraordinarily difficult to specify. We performed a pilot application of a "road mapping" and technology assessment technique to perinatal health to illustrate how this technique can clarify the relations between available options and improved health outcomes. We used a combination of datamining techniques and qualitative analyses to set up the underlying structure of a societal health outcomes road map. Societal health outcomes road mapping may be a useful tool for enhancing the ability of the public health community, policymakers, and other stakeholders, such as research administrators, to understand health research and policy options. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063495_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using adjusted relative risks to calculate attributable fractions [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Flegal, K.M. Author-Name: Williamson, D.F. Author-Name: Graubard, B.I. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 398 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079731 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079731_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Institutional and economic determinants of public health system performance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mays, G.P. Author-Name: McHugh, M.C. Author-Name: Shim, K. Author-Name: Perry, N. Author-Name: Lenaway, D. Author-Name: Halverson, P.K. Author-Name: Moonesinghe, R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 523-531 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064253 Abstract: Objectives. Although a growing body of evidence demonstrates that availability and quality of essential public health services vary widely across communities, relatively little is known about the factors that give rise to these variations. We examined the association of institutional, financial, and community characteristics of local public health delivery systems and the performance of essential services. Methods. Performance measures were collected from local public health systems in 7 states and combined with secondary data sources. Multivariate, linear, and nonlinear regression models were used to estimate associations between system characteristics and the performance of essential services. Results. Performance varied significantly with the size, financial resources, and organizational structure of local public health systems, with some public health services appearing more sensitive to these characteristics than others. Staffing levels and community characteristics also appeared to be related to the performance of selected services. Conclusions. Reconfiguring the organization and financing of public health systems in some communities-such as through consolidation and enhanced intergovernmental coordination-may hold promise for improving the performance of essential services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064253_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Complex causal process diagrams for analyzing the health impacts of policy interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Joffe, M. Author-Name: Mindell, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 473-479 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063693 Abstract: Causal diagrams are rigorous tools for controlling confounding. They also can be used to describe complex causal systems, which is done routinely in communicable disease epidemiology. The use of change diagrams has advantages over static diagrams, because change diagrams are more tractable, relate better to interventions, and have clearer interpretations. Causal diagrams are a useful basis for modeling. They make assumptions explicit, provide a framework for analysis, generate testable predictions, explore the effects of interventions, and identify data gaps. Causal diagrams can be used to integrate different types of information and to facilitate communication both among public health experts and between public health experts and experts in other fields. Causal diagrams allow the use of instrumental variables, which can help control confounding and reverse causation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063693_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diarrheal illness detected through syndromic surveillance after a massive power outage: New York City, August 2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marx, M.A. Author-Name: Rodriguez, C.V. Author-Name: Greenko, J. Author-Name: Das, D. Author-Name: Heffernan, R. Author-Name: Karpati, A.M. Author-Name: Mostashari, F. Author-Name: Balter, S. Author-Name: Layton, M. Author-Name: Weiss, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 547-553 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061358 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated increases in diarrheal illness detected through syndromic surveillance after a power outage in New York City on August 14, 2003. Methods. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene uses emergency department, pharmacy, and absentee data to conduct syndromic surveillance for diarrhea. We conducted a case-control investigation among patients presenting during August 16 to 18, 2003, to emergency departments that participated in syndromic surveillance. We compared risk factors for diarrheal illness ascertained through structured telephone interviews for case patients presenting with diarrheal symptoms and control patients selected from a stratified random sample of nondiarrheal patients. Results. Increases in diarrhea were detected in all data streams. Of 758 patients selected for the investigation, 301 (40%) received the full interview. Among patients 13 years and older, consumption of meat (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 6.1) and seafood (OR = 4.8; 95% CI = 1.6, 14) between the power outage and symptom onset was associated with diarrheal illness. Conclusions. Diarrhea may have resulted from consumption of meat or seafood that spoiled after the power outage. Syndromic surveillance enabled prompt detection and systematic investigation of citywide illness that would otherwise have gone undetected. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061358_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leveille et al. respond [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leveille, S.G. Author-Name: Wee, C.C. Author-Name: Iezzoni, L.I. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 398-399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.081885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.081885 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081885_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Simulation modeling and tobacco control: Creating more robust public health policies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levy, D.T. Author-Name: Bauer, J.E. Author-Name: Lee, H.-R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 494-498 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063974 Abstract: Although previous empirical studies have shown that tobacco control policies are effective at reducing smoking rates, such studies have proven of limited effectiveness in distinguishing how the effect of policies depend on the other policies in place, the length of adjustment period, the way the policy is implemented, and the demographic groups considered. An alternative and complementary approach to purely statistical equations is simulation models. We describe the SimSmoke simulation model and how we used it to assess tobacco control policy in a specific case study. Simulation models are not only useful for policy prediction and planning but also may help to broaden our understanding of the role of different public health policies within a complex, dynamic social system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063974_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sufficiency and stability of evidence for public health interventions using cumulative meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muellerleile, P. Author-Name: Mullen, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 515-522 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.036343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.036343 Abstract: We propose cumulative meta-analysis as the procedure of completing a new meta-analysis at each successive wave in a research database. Two facets of cumulative knowledge are considered: the first, sufficiency, refers to whether the meta-analytic database adequately demonstrates that a public health intervention works. The second, stability, refers to the shifts over time in the accruing evidence about whether a public health intervention works. We used a hypothetical data set to develop the indicators of sufficiency and stability, and then applied them to existing, published datasets. Our discussion centers on the implications of the use of this procedure in evaluating public health interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.036343_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of New York City's 1975 fiscal crisis on the tuberculosis, HIV, and homicide syndemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freudenberg, N. Author-Name: Fahs, M. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Greenberg, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 424-434 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063511 Abstract: In 1975, New York City experienced a fiscal crisis rooted in long-term political and economic changes in the city. Budget and policy decisions designed to alleviate this fiscal crisis contributed to the subsequent epidemics of tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and homicide in New York City. Because these conditions share underlying social determinants, we consider them a syndemic, i.e., all 3 combined to create an excess disease burden on the population. Cuts in services; the dismantling of health, public safety, and social service infrastructures; and the deterioration of living conditions for vulnerable populations contributed to the amplification of these health conditions over 2 decades. We estimate that the costs incurred in controlling these epidemics exceeded $59 billion (in 2004 dollars); in contrast, the overall budgetary saving during the fiscal crisis was $10 billion. This history has implications for public health professionals who must respond to current perceptions of local fiscal crises. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063511_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding diabetes population dynamics through simulation modeling and experimentation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, A.P. Author-Name: Homer, J.B. Author-Name: Murphy, D.L. Author-Name: Essien, J.D.K. Author-Name: Milstein, B. Author-Name: Seville, D.A. Author-Name: Barnes, K. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 488-494 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063529 Abstract: Health planners in the Division of Diabetes Translation and others from the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used system dynamics simulation modeling to gain a better understanding of diabetes population dynamics and to explore implications for public health strategy. A model was developed to explain the growth of diabetes since 1980 and portray possible futures through 2050. The model simulations suggest characteristic dynamics of the diabetes population, including unintended increases in diabetes prevalence due to diabetes control, the inability of diabetes control efforts alone to reduce diabetes-related deaths in the long term, and significant delays between primary prevention efforts and downstream improvements in diabetes outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063529_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward ethical review of health system transformations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daniels, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 447-451 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065706 Abstract: Efforts to transform health systems constitute social experiments on a population. Like clinical research, they deploy measures that are unproven in the context of the reform, and they often impose significant risks on some people in order to achieve a social goal: the improvement of health delivery. The rationale for proactively evaluating clinical experimentation on human subjects also applies to these social experiments. We used the "benchmarks of fairness" methodology to illustrate the elements such an evidence-based review should encompass, leaving open the question of who should perform it. The review must include the ethical objectives of reform, namely, an integrated approach to equity, accountability, and efficiency; the fit between measures taken and these objectives; and the governance of the reform. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065706_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevention case management is not cost-effective [5] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, D.A. Author-Name: Wu, S.-Y. Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 400-401 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.081141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.081141 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081141_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health asks of systems science: To advance our evidence-based practice, can you help us get more practice-based evidence? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, L.W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 406-409 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066035 Abstract: Public health asks of systems science, as it did of sociology 40 years ago, that it help us unravel the complexity of causal forces in our varied populations and the ecologically layered community and societal circumstances of public health practice. We seek a more evidence-based public health practice, but too much of our evidence comes from artificially controlled research that does not fit the realities of practice. What can we learn from our experience with sociology in the past that might guide us in drawing effectively on systems science? Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066035_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prentice et al. respond [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prentice, J.C. Author-Name: Pebley, A.R. Author-Name: Sastry, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 399-400 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079871 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079871_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Practical challenges of systems thinking and modeling in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trochim, W.M. Author-Name: Cabrera, D.A. Author-Name: Milstein, B. Author-Name: Gallagher, R.S. Author-Name: Leischow, S.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 538-546 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066001 Abstract: Objectives. Awareness of and support for systems thinking and modeling in the public health field are growing, yet there are many practical challenges to implementation. We sought to identify and describe these challenges from the perspectives of practicing public health professionals. Methods. A systems-based methodology, concept mapping, was used in a study of 133 participants from 2 systems-based public health initiatives (the Initiative for the Study and Implementation of Systems and the Syndemics Prevention Network). This method identified 100 key challenges to implementation of systems thinking and modeling in public health work. Results. The project resulted in a map identifying 8 categories of challenges and the dynamic interactions among them. Conclusions. Implementation by public health professionals of the 8 simple rules we derived from the clusters in the map identified here will help to address challenges and improve the organization of systems that protect the public's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066001_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Myers and Zack respond [6] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myers, J. Author-Name: Zack, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 401 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.081877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.081877 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.081877_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stigmatization of newly emerging infectious diseases: AIDS and SARS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Tracy, M. Author-Name: Tross, S. Author-Name: Vlahov, D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 561-567 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054742 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed relationships between sociodemographic characteristics and mental health status and knowledge of, being worried about, and stigmatization of 2 emerging infectious diseases: AIDS and SARS. Methods. We conducted a random-digit-dialed survey of 928 residents of the New York City metropolitan area as part of a study of the effects of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Questions added for this study concerned respondents' knowledge of, worry about, and support of stigmatizing actions to control AIDS and SARS. Results. In general, respondents with greater personal resources (income, education, social support) and better mental health status had more knowledge, were less worried, and were less likely to stigmatize. This pattern held for both AIDS and SARS. Conclusions. Personal resources and mental health factors are likely to influence the public's ability to learn about, rationally appraise the threat of, and minimize stigmatization of emerging infectious diseases such as AIDS and SARS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054742_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving the effectiveness of health care and public health: A multiscale complex systems analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bar-Yam, Y. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 459-466 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064444 Abstract: The US health care system is struggling with a mismatch between the large, simple (low-information) financial flow and the complex (high-information) treatment of individual patients. Efforts to implement cost controls and industrial efficiency that are appropriate for repetitive tasks but not high-complexity tasks lead to poor quality of care. Multiscale complex systems analysis suggests that an important step toward relieving this structural problem is a separation of responsibility for 2 distinct types of tasks: medical care of individual patients and prevention/population health. These distinct tasks require qualitatively different organizational structures. The current use of care providers and organizations for both purposes leads to compromises in organizational process that adversely affect the ability of health care organizations to provide either individual or prevention/population services. Thus, the overall system can be dramatically improved by establishing 2 separate but linked systems with distinct organizational forms: (a) a high-efficiency system performing large-scale repetitive tasks such as screening tests, inoculations, and generic health care, and (b) a high-complexity system treating complex medical problems of individual patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064444_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health systems research: Setting a national agenda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lenaway, D. Author-Name: Halverson, P. Author-Name: Sotnikov, S. Author-Name: Tilson, H. Author-Name: Corso, L. Author-Name: Millington, W. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 410-413 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.046037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.046037 Abstract: The Institute of Medicine has recommended that policy decisions about improvement of national public health systems be guided by sound scientific evidence. However, to date there is no national research agenda to help guide public health systems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was called upon to lead a collaborative consensus-based process to define key research questions and establish a framework to create opportunities to better coordinate, leverage, and identify public health resources, which are increasingly scarce. The public health systems research agenda that emerged from this process has 14 overarching priority research themes. This national agenda should stimulate and guide research to meet the urgent need to improve the nation's public health systems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.046037_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Collection of legal status information: Caution! [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carter-Pokras, O. Author-Name: Zambrana, R.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.078253 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078253_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems thinking and modeling for public health practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leischow, S.J. Author-Name: Milstein, B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 3 Pages: 403-405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082842 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082842_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic disadvantage and periodontal disease: The dental atherosclerosis risk in communities study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrell, L.N. Author-Name: Beck, J.D. Author-Name: Heiss, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 332-339 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.055277 Abstract: Objectives. We used data from the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study to examine whether individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics were associated with periodontal disease. Methods. We assessed severe periodontitis with a combination of clinical attachment loss and pocket depth measures. Marginal logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the association between individual and neighborhood socioeconomic indicators and prevalence of severe periodontitis before and after control for selected covariates. Residual intraneighborhood correlations in outcomes were taken into account in the analyses. Results. Individual-level income and education were associated with severe periodontitis among Whites and African Americans, and these associations remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, recruitment center, and neighborhood socioeconomic score. Low-income Whites residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods had 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.2, 2.7) higher odds of having severe periodontitis than high-income Whites residing in advantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions. Individual income and education were associated with severe periodontitis independently of neighborhood socioeconomic circumstances. Although the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and severe periodontitis was not statistically significant, poverty and residence in a disadvantaged neighborhood were associated with higher odds of severe periodontitis among Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055277_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weight of the evidence or wait for the evidence? Protecting underground miners from diesel particulate matter Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monforton, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 271-276 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.064410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.064410 Abstract: A coalition of mine operators has used a variety of tactics to obstruct scientific inquiry and impede public health action designed to protect underground miners from diesel particulate matter. These workers are exposed to the highest level of diesel particulate matter compared with any other occupational group. This case study profiles a decade-long saga of the Methane Awareness Resource Group Diesel Coalition to impede epidemiological studies on diesel exhaust undertaken by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the National Cancer Institute, and to derail a health standard promulgated by the Mine Safety and Health Administration. The case study highlights the coalition's mastery of legislative, judicial, and executive branch operations and the reaction of policymakers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.064410_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feasibility of screening adolescents for suicide risk in "real-world" high school settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hallfors, D. Author-Name: Brodish, P.H. Author-Name: Khatapoush, S. Author-Name: Sanchez, V. Author-Name: Cho, H. Author-Name: Steckler, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 282-287 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057281 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the feasibility of a population-based approach to preventing adolescent suicide. Methods. A total of 1323 students in 10 high schools completed the Suicide Risk Screen. Screening results, student follow-up, staff feedback, and school responses were assessed. Results. Overall, 29% of the participants were rated as at risk of suicide. As a result of this overwhelming percentage, school staffs chose to discontinue the screening after 2 semesters. In further analyses, about half of the students identified were deemed at high risk on the basis of high levels of depression, suicidal ideation, or suicidal behavior. Priority rankings evidenced good construct validity on correlates such as drug use, hopelessness, and perceived family support. Conclusions. A simpler, more specific screening instrument than the Suicide Risk Screen would identify approximately 11% of urban high school youths for assessment, offering high school officials an important opportunity to identify young people at the greatest levels of need and to target scarce health resources. Our experiences from this study show that lack of feasibility testing greatly contributes to the gap between science and practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057281_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Workers' health and the spray machine debate Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frounfelker, R.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 214-221 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.070029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.070029 Abstract: A conflict between industrialization and worker health developed in the painting industry during the early 1900s with the introduction of the spray machine. This technological innovation allowed the application of paint at greater speed and lower cost than hand painting and increased the rate at which painters were exposed to lead and other toxins contained in paint From roughly 1919 to 1931, the painters' trade union clashed with employers, paint manufacturers, and legislatures over the impact of the spray machine on the health of workers and the need to enact legislation to regulate its use. While painters made gains on local, state, and national levels during the 1920s to prevent the use of the spray machine, their efforts ultimately failed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.070029_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "The doctors' choice is America's choice": The physician in US cigarette advertisements, 1930-1953 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gardner, M.N. Author-Name: Brandt, A.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 222-232 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066654 Abstract: In the 1930s and 1940s, smoking became the norm for both men and women in the United States, and a majority of physicians smoked. At the same time, there was rising public anxiety about the health risks of cigarette smoking. One strategic response of tobacco companies was to devise advertising referring directly to physicians. As ad campaigns featuring physicians developed through the early 1950s, tobacco executives used the doctor image to assure the consumer that their respective brands were safe. These advertisements also suggested that the individual physicians' clinical judgment should continue to be the arbiter of the harms of cigarette smoking even as systematic health evidence accumulated. However, by 1954, industry strategists deemed physician images in advertisements no longer credible in the face of growing public concern about the health evidence implicating cigarettes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066654_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Social disparities in maternal morbidity during labor and delivery between Mexican-born and US-born White Californians, 1996-1998 (American Journal of Public Health (2005) 95 (2218-2224)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guendelman, S. Author-Name: Thornton, D. Author-Name: Gould, J. Author-Name: Hosang, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 207 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2006:96:2:207_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, L.V. Author-Name: Diez Roux, A.V. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 325-331 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.058040 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated associations between local food environment and neighborhood racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition. Methods. Poisson regression was used to examine the association of food stores and liquor stores with racial/ethnic composition and income in selected census tracts in North Carolina, Maryland, and New York. Results. Predominantly minority and racially mixed neighborhoods had more than twice as many grocery stores as predominantly White neighborhoods (for predominantly Black tracts, adjusted stores per population ratio [SR] = 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2, 3.2; and for mixed tracts, SR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.9, 2.7) and half as many supermarkets (for predominantly Black tracts, SR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.7; and for mixed tracts, SR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.5, 1.0, respectively). Low-income neighborhoods had 4 times as many grocery stores as the wealthiest neighborhoods (SR = 4.3; 95% CI = 3.6, 5.2) and half as many supermarkets (SR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8). In general, poorer areas and non-White areas also tended to have fewer fruit and vegetable markets, bakeries, specialty stores, and natural food stores. Liquor stores were more common in poorer than in richer areas (SR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.6). Conclusions. Local food environments vary substantially by neighborhood racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition and may contribute to disparities in health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.058040_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bingham et al. respond [5] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bingham, E. Author-Name: Boden, L. Author-Name: Clapp, R. Author-Name: Hoppin, P. Author-Name: Krimsky, S. Author-Name: Michaels, D. Author-Name: Ozonoff, D. Author-Name: Robbins, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 206-207 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.0077149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.0077149 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.0077149_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The value of history to public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.082529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.082529 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.082529_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rural American Indian medicaid health care services use and health care costs in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wong, S.T. Author-Name: Kao, C. Author-Name: Crouch, J.A. Author-Name: Korenbrot, C.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 363-370 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050880 Abstract: Objectives. We determined differences in Medicaid service use and health care costs in a rural Indian Health Service (IHS) user population of American Indians and Alaska Natives as compared with Whites. Methods. California Medicaid eligibility and claims files were linked to IHS user files to obtain a sample of Medicaid-eligible American Indian/Alaska Native users (n = 7910). A random sample of Whites was matched for age, gender, aid category, length of eligibility, and county of residence (n = 15075). We used generalized linear models to compare risk-adjusted use of resources-ambulatory visits, prescriptions, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and costs-both adjusting and stratifying for dominant source of ambulatory visits. Results. American Indians/Alaska Natives had significantly lower use of Medicaid-paid ambulatory visits, prescriptions, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations and lower associated costs than Whites. Medicaid-paid total costs and use of services were lower for those who predominantly used Indian health program clinics, as well as for those who predominantly used other sources of ambulatory care. Conclusions. Barriers to receiving Medicaid services and payments exist for American Indians/Alaska Natives in the rural IHS-user population. If American Indians/Alaska Natives are to have Medicaid resources comparable to those of Whites, these barriers must be reduced. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050880_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Growing the field of health impact assessment in the United States: An agenda for research and practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dannenberg, A.L. Author-Name: Bhatia, R. Author-Name: Cole, B.L. Author-Name: Dora, C. Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Author-Name: Kraft, K. Author-Name: McClymont-Peace, D. Author-Name: Mindell, J. Author-Name: Onyekere, C. Author-Name: Roberts, J.A. Author-Name: Ross, C.L. Author-Name: Rutt, C.D. Author-Name: Scott-Samuel, A. Author-Name: Tilson, H.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 262-270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.069880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.069880 Abstract: Health impact assessment (HIA) methods are used to evaluate the impact on health of policies and projects in community design, transportation planning, and other areas outside traditional public health concerns. At an October 2004 workshop, domestic and international experts explored issues associated with advancing the use of HIA methods by local health departments, planning commissions, and other decisionmakers in the United States. Workshop participants recommended conducting pilot tests of existing HIA tools, developing a database of health impacts of common projects and policies, developing resources for HIA use, building workforce capacity to conduct HIAs, and evaluating HIAs. HIA methods can influence decisionmakers to adjust policies and projects to maximize benefits and minimize harm to the public's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.069880_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Did prohibition really work? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blocker Jr., J.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 233-243 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409 Abstract: The conventional view that National Prohibition failed rests upon an historically flimsy base. The successful campaign to enact National Prohibition was the fruit of a century-long temperance campaign, experience of which led prohibitionists to conclude that a nationwide ban on alcohol was the most promising of the many strategies tried thus far. A sharp rise in consumption during the early 20th century seemed to confirm the bankruptcy of alternative alcohol-control programs. The stringent prohibition imposed by the Volstead Act, however, represented a more drastic action than many Americans expected. Nevertheless, National Prohibition succeeded both in lowering consumption and in retaining political support until the onset of the Great Depression altered voters' priorities. Repeal resulted more from this contextual shift than from characteristics of the innovation itself. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early evidence on the effectiveness of clean indoor air legislation in New York State Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abrams, S.M. Author-Name: Mahoney, M.C. Author-Name: Hyland, A. Author-Name: Cummings, K.M. Author-Name: Davis, W. Author-Name: Song, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 296-298 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.055012 Abstract: In July 2003, New York State implemented the Clean Indoor Air Act (CIAA) to reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In this cross-sectional study, workers (n = 168) completed an interview assessing ETS exposure and provided urine for cotinine analysis. Hospitality workers recruited after implementation of the CIAA had significant reductions in ETS exposure and urine cotinine, compared with those recruited before implementation. The New York State CIAA yielded measurable reductions in ETS exposure for hospitality workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055012_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cancer screening and risk factor rates among American Indians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swan, J. Author-Name: Breen, N. Author-Name: Burhansstipanov, L. Author-Name: Satter, D.E. Author-Name: Davis, W.W. Author-Name: McNeel, T. Author-Name: Snipp, C.M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 340-350 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053231 Abstract: Objectives. We examined cancer screening and risk factor patterns in California using 4 different statistical tabulations of American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) populations. Methods. We used the 2001 California Health Interview Survey to compare cancer screening and risk factor data across 4 different tabulation approaches. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates by gender and race/ethnicity for cancer screening and risk factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and access to care variables. We compared AIAN men and women with members of other racial groups and examined outcomes among AIAN men and women using the 4 tabulation methods. Results. Although some differences were small, in general, screening and risk factor rates among American Indians/Alaska Natives were most similar to rates among Whites when the most inclusive multiracial tabulation approach was used and least similar when the more exclusive US census "single-race" approach was used. Conclusions. Racial misclassification and undercounting are among the most difficult obstacles to obtaining accurate and informative data on the AIAN population. Our analysis suggests some guidelines for overcoming these obstacles. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053231_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Austin et al. respond [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: Melly, S.J. Author-Name: Sanchez, B.N. Author-Name: Patel, A. Author-Name: Buka, S. Author-Name: Gortmaker, S.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 205-206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079889 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079889_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in asthma hospitalization in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ash, M. Author-Name: Brandt, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 358-362 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050203 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial disparities in asthma morbidity in Massachusetts. Methods. We used Massachusetts case-mix data from 1994 to 2002 to screen and track individual asthma morbidity and hospitalizations, which resulted in a sample of 10145 patients who were first hospitalized for asthma between 1997 and 2000. We followed these patients for 2 years after their first hospitalization. Because asthma is widely considered a preventable cause of hospitalization, we interpreted a readmission for asthma as an indication of failed asthma management. Results. We found substantial racial/ethnic disparities in readmission rates that persisted after control for comorbidities, payer type, and income. We estimated that the costs of repeat hospitalizations for asthma are in excess of one quarter of all asthma hospitalization costs. Conclusion. Racial/ethnic disparities in asthma readmission rates show that Massachusetts is not on the frontier of asthma treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050203_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physicians' perceptions of patients' social and behavioral characteristics and race disparities in treatment recommendations for men with coronary artery disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Ryn, M. Author-Name: Burgess, D. Author-Name: Malat, J. Author-Name: Griffin, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 351-357 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.041806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.041806 Abstract: Objectives. A growing body of evidence suggests that provider decision making contributes to racial/ethnic disparities in care. We examined the factors mediating the relationship between patient race/ethnicity and provider recommendations for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods. Analyses were conducted with a data set that included medical record, angiogram, and provider survey data on postangiogram encounters with patients who were categorized as appropriate candidates for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Results. Race significantly influenced physician recommendations among male, but not female, patients. Physicians' perceptions of patients' education and physical activity preferences were significant predictors of their recommendations, independent of clinical factors, appropriateness, payer, and physician characteristics. Furthermore, these variables mediated the effects of patient race on provider recommendations. Conclusions. Our findings point to the importance of research and intervention strategies addressing the ways in which providers' beliefs about patients mediate disparities in treatment. In addition, they highlight the need for discourse and consensus development on the role of social factors in clinical decision making. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.041806_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garland, C.F. Author-Name: Garland, F.C. Author-Name: Gorham, E.D. Author-Name: Lipkin, M. Author-Name: Newmark, H. Author-Name: Mohr, S.B. Author-Name: Holick, M.F. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 252-261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260 Abstract: Vitamin D status differs by latitude and race, with residents of the northeastern United States and individuals with more skin pigmentation being at increased risk of deficiency. A PubMed database search yielded 63 observational studies of vitamin D status in relation to cancer risk, including 30 of colon, 13 of breast, 26 of prostate, and 7 of ovarian cancer, and several that assessed the association of vitamin D receptor genotype with cancer risk. The majority of studies found a protective relationship between sufficient vitamin D status and lower risk of cancer. The evidence suggests that efforts to improve vitamin D status, for example by vitamin D supplementation, could reduce cancer incidence and mortality at low cost, with few or no adverse effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology and correlates of daily smoking and nicotine dependence among young adults in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hu, M.-C. Author-Name: Davies, M. Author-Name: Kandel, D.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 299-308 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057232 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the epidemiology of smoking behaviors in a national young adult sample and identify common and unique demographic, social, and psychological correlates of daily smoking and lifetime and current nicotine dependence by race/ethnicity. Methods. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, wave III. Dependence was measured by the Revised Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Logistic regressions were estimated. Results. Hispanic ethnicity, low education, parental and peer smoking, novelty seeking, early age of smoking onset, and pleasurable initial smoking experiences are significantly correlated with daily smoking and lifetime nicotine dependence. Depressive symptoms are uniquely associated with lifetime and current dependence. Few factors are highly associated with current dependence. Initial sensitivity to smoking has a significantly greater impact on daily smoking than on dependence. Correlates of smoking behaviors are mostly common across racial/ethnic groups, although parental and peer smoking are significant for Whites and Hispanics but not for African Americans. Conclusions. There are more common than unique correlates of each smoking stage and across racial/ethnic groups. Primary prevention and interventions addressing the factors tested could be uniform for most chronic smokers irrespective of dependence status and race/ethnicity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057232_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Daubert's menace [4] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gori, G.B. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076638 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076638_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco cessation services through community health workers for Spanish-speaking populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martinez-Bristow, Z. Author-Name: Sias, J.J. Author-Name: Urquidi, U.J. Author-Name: Feng, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 211-213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063388 Abstract: Partnerships were established with the University of Arizona's Healthcare Partnership to train promotores-Spanish-speaking community health workers-as tobacco cessation counselors. Tobacco Free El Paso certified promotores to help identify tobacco users and offer tobacco cessation counseling services. The project certified 89 participants, of whom 95% were promotores; 88% were Hispanic/Latino, 67% were females, and 62% indicated Spanish as their primary language. Participants who completed Técnicas Básicas, Treatment Specialist, and Déjate de ese Vicio certifications significantly increased self-confidence levels to deliver brief smoking cessation interventions (P<.05). Satisfaction scores (scale = 1-5) were also relatively high for each certification (Técnicas Básicas, mean =4.8; Treatment Specialist, mean = 4.7; Déjate de ese Vicio, mean = 4.6). The results suggest that promotores understood the concepts and methodologies presented. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063388_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dealing with an innovative industry: A look at flavored cigarettes promoted by mainstream brands Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lewis, M.J. Author-Name: Wackowski, O. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 244-251 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061200 Abstract: Product and marketing innovation is key to the tobacco industry's success. One recent innovation was the development and marketing of flavored cigarettes as line extensions of 3 popular brands (Camel, Salem, and Kool). These products have distinctive blends and marketing as well as innovative packaging and have raised concerns in the public health community that they are targeted at youths. Several policy initiatives have aimed at banning or limiting these types of products on that basis. We describe examples of the products and their marketing and discuss their potential implications (including increased smoking experimentation, consumption, and "someday smoking"), as well as their potential impact on young adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061200_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Environmental Protection Agency's brownfields pilot program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Author-Name: Hollander, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 277-281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.054361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054361 Abstract: Objective. We studied the diffusion of the US Environmental Protection Agency's national brownfields pilot innovation to more than 300 local governments between 1993 through 2002 to determine why some local governments received grants very early in the process while other awardees received funding later. Methods. We did an ordinal regression analysis of the characteristics of all local government award recipients, and we conducted interviews with early-award recipients. Results. The first set of local government awardees had lost much of their manufacturing base, had large concentrations of economically disadvantaged minority residents, and had local capacity to compete for funding. Federal and state officials catalyzed the diffusion of the innovation by working with local governments. Conclusions. The widely praised program was diffused selectively at first and then more widely later on the basis of local need, local capacity to compete, and networks of contacts among entrepreneurs and local governments. The economic, social, political, and public health impacts must be monitored and reviewed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.054361_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Breastfeeding duration and perinatal cigarette smoking in a population-based cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liu, J. Author-Name: Rosenberg, K.D. Author-Name: Sandoval, A.P. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 309-314 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.060798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.060798 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between breastfeeding duration and maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy. Methods. Data from the 2000-2001 Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used. Early weaning was defined as not breastfeeding at 10 weeks postpartum. Results. At 10 weeks after pregnancy, 25.7% of mothers who initiated breastfeeding no longer breastfed. After controlling for confounders, quitters (mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy and maintained quit status after pregnancy) and postpartum relapsers (mothers who quit smoking during pregnancy and resumed smoking after delivery) did not have significantly higher risk for early weaning than nonsmokers. However, persistent smokers (mothers who smoked before, during, and after pregnancy) were 2.18 times more likely not to breastfeed at 10 weeks (95% confidence interval = 1.52, 2.97). Women who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day postpartum (i.e., heavy postpartum relapsers and heavy persistent smokers) were 2.3-2.4 times more likely to wean their infants before 10 weeks than were nonsmokers. Conclusions. Maternal smoking is associated with early weaning. Stopping smoking during pregnancy and decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked postpartum may increase breastfeeding duration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.060798_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rapid assessment and response studies of injection drug use: Knowledge gain, capacity building, and intervention development in a multisite study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stimson, G.V. Author-Name: Fitch, C. Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D. Author-Name: Poznyak, V. Author-Name: Perlis, T. Author-Name: Oppenheimer, E. Author-Name: Rhodes, T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 288-295 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.035899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.035899 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the World Health Organization's rapid assessment and response (RAR) method of assessing injection drug use and its associated health problems, focusing on knowledge gain, capacity building, and whether RAR leads to the development of interventions reducing the health effects of injection drug use, Methods. Data were derived from RAR studies conducted in Beijing, China; Bogota, Colombia; Greater Rosario, Argentina; Hanoi, Vietnam; Kharkiv, Ukraine; Minsk, Belarus; Nairobi, Kenya; Penang, Malaysia; St. Petersburg, Russia; and Tehran, Iran. Results. Substantial gains in knowledge and response capacity were reported at all of the study sites. Before RAR initiation, prevention and intervention programs had been absent or inadequate at most of the sites. The RARs resulted in many new or modified interventions; 7 sites reported 24 health-related interventions that were subsequently developed and influenced by the RARs. Conclusions. RARs, which require relatively little external funding, appear to be effective in linking assessment to development of appropriate interventions. The present results add to the evidence that rapid assessment is an important public health tool. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.035899_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hurricane katrina: A social and public health disaster [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinn, S.C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080119 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080119_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The diffusion of public health innovations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 209-210 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.078360 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078360_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Appropriate use of the K function in urban environments [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spielman, S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.078857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.078857 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078857_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burke, M.J. Author-Name: Sarpy, S.A. Author-Name: Smith-Crowe, K. Author-Name: Chan-Serafin, S. Author-Name: Salvador, R.O. Author-Name: Islam, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 2 Pages: 315-324 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the relative effectiveness of different methods of worker safety and health training aimed at improving safety knowledge and performance and reducing negative outcomes (accidents, illnesses, and injuries). Methods. Ninety-five quasi-experimental studies (n = 20991) were included in the analysis. Three types of intervention methods were distinguished on the basis of learners' participation in the training process: least engaging (lecture, pamphlets, videos), moderately engaging (programmed instruction, feedback interventions), and most engaging (training in behavioral modeling, hands-on training). Results. As training methods became more engaging (i.e., requiring trainees' active participation), workers demonstrated greater knowledge acquisition, and reductions were seen in accidents, illnesses, and injuries. All methods of training produced meaningful behavioral performance improvements. Conclusions. Training involving behavioral modeling, a substantial amount of practice, and dialogue is generally more effective than other methods of safety and health training. The present findings challenge the current emphasis on more passive computer-based and distance training methods within the public health workforce. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059840_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The disasters of war Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waring, B. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071506 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071506_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Popular health education and propaganda in times of peace and war in Mexico City, 1890s-1920s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Agostoni, C. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 52-61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.044388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.044388 Abstract: Health education and propaganda acquired importance during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Mexico City, as physicians, hygienists, and schoolteachers attempted to teach the principles of public health to a culturally and socially heterogeneous urban population. I explore the organization of the Popular Hygiene Exhibition of 1910 and the importance of health education before and after the armed phase of the Mexican Revolution, and why children and the indigenous populations became the main recipients of health education programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.044388_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost-effectiveness of free HIV voluntary counseling and testing through a community-based AIDS service organization in Northern Tanzania Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thielman, N.M. Author-Name: Chu, H.Y. Author-Name: Ostermann, J. Author-Name: Itemba, D.K. Author-Name: Mgonja, A. Author-Name: Mtweve, S. Author-Name: Bartlett, J.A. Author-Name: Shao, J.F. Author-Name: Crump, J.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 114-119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056796 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of fee-based and free testing strategies at an HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) program integrated into a community-based AIDS service organization in Moshi, Tanzania. Methods. We waived the usual fee schedule during a 2-week free, advertised VCT campaign; analyzed the number of clients testing per day during prefree, free, and postfree testing periods; and estimated the cost-effectiveness of limited and sustained free testing strategies. Results. The number of clients testing per day increased from 4.1 during the prefree testing interval to 15.0 during the free testing campaign (P<.0001) and remained significantly increased at 7.1 (P<.0001) after resumption of the standard fees. HIV seroprevalence (16.7%) and risk behaviors were unchanged over these intervals. Modeled over 1 year, the costs per infection averted with the standard fee schedule, with a 2-week free VCT campaign, and with sustained free VCT year-round were $170, $105, and $92, respectively, and the costs per disability-adjusted life year gained were $8.72, $5.40, and $4.72, respectively. Conclusions. The provision of free VCT enhances both the number of clients testing per day and its cost-effectiveness in resource-limited settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056796_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco control, stigma, and public health: Rethinking the relations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bayer, R. Author-Name: Stuber, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-50 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071886 Abstract: The AIDS epidemic has borne witness to the terrible burdens imposed by stigmatization and to the way in which marginalization could subvert the goals of HIV prevention. Out of that experience, and propelled by the linkage of public health and human rights, came the commonplace assertion that stigmatization was a retrograde force. Yet, strikingly, the antitobacco movement has fostered a social transformation that involves the stigmatization of smokers. Does this transformation represent a troubling outcome of efforts to limit tobacco use and its associated morbidity and mortality; an ineffective, counterproductive, and moralizing approach that leads to a dead end; or a signal of public health achievement? If the latter is the case, are there unacknowledged costs? Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071886_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: FIDELIS - Innovative approaches to increasing global case detection of tuberculosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rusen, I.D. Author-Name: Enarson, D.A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 14-16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.056762 Abstract: Tuberculosis was declared a global public health emergency in 1993. In 2003, only 45% of the world's estimated new smear-positive tuberculosis cases were detected-well below the 70% global case detection target set by the World Health Organization. The FIDELIS (Fund for Innovative DOTS Expansion Through Local Initiatives to Stop TB) initiative is a new global disease control initiative that has been developed to rapidly assess and implement innovative approaches to increase tuberculosis case detection. To date, 32 projects have been approved-covering approximately 378 million people in 13 countries-24 (75%) of which are in the world's 6 highest-burden countries. A wide range of target populations and interventions have been incorporated into successful FIDELIS projects. The FIDELIS initiative may serve as a model to discover best practices to address other urgent global public health problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.056762_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental-structural interventions to reduce HIV/STI risk among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kerrigan, D. Author-Name: Moreno, L. Author-Name: Rosario, S. Author-Name: Gomez, B. Author-Name: Jerez, H. Author-Name: Barrington, C. Author-Name: Weiss, E. Author-Name: Sweat, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 120-125 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.042200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.042200 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of 2 environmental-structural interventions in reducing risks of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic. Methods. Two intervention models were implemented over a 1-year period: community solidarity in Santo Domingo and solidarity combined with government policy in Puerto Plata. Both were evaluated via preintervention-postintervention cross-sectional behavioral surveys, STI testing and participant observations, and serial cross-sectional STI screenings. Results. Significant increases in condom use with new clients (75.3%-93.8%; odds ratio [OR] = 4.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 11.43) were documented in Santo Domingo. In Puerto Plata, significant increases in condom use with regular partners (13.0%-28.8%; OR = 2.97;95% CI = 1.33, 6.66) and reductions in STI prevalence (28.8%-16.3%; OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.32, 0.78) were documented, as were significant increases in sex workers' verbal rejections of unsafe sex (50.0%-79.4%; OR = 3.86; 95% CI = 1.96, 7.58) and participating sex establishments' ability to achieve the goal of no STIs in routine monthly screenings of sex workers (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.22). Conclusions. Interventions that combine community solidarity and government policy show positive initial effects on HIV and STI risk reduction among female sex workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.042200_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inequities in mental health care after health care system reform in Chile Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Araya, R. Author-Name: Rojas, G. Author-Name: Fritsch, R. Author-Name: Frank, R. Author-Name: Lewis, G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 109-113 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.055715 Abstract: Objectives. We compared differences in mental health needs and provision of mental health services among residents of Santiago, Chile, with private and public health insurance coverage. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of adults. Presence of mental disorders and use of health care services were assessed via structured interviews. Individuals were classified as having public, private, or no health insurance coverage. Results. Among individuals with mental disorders, only 20% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 16%, 24%) had consulted a professional about these problems. A clear mismatch was found between need and provision of services. Participants with public insurance coverage exhibited the highest prevalence of mental disorders but the lowest rates of consultation; participants with private coverage exhibited exactly the opposite pattern. After adjustment for age, income, and severity of symptoms, private insurance coverage (odds ratio [OR] = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.6, 4.6) and higher disability level (OR= 1.27, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.5) were the only factors associated with increased frequency of mental health consultation. Conclusions. The health reforms that have encouraged the growth of the private health sector in Chile also have increased risk segmentation within the health system, accentuating inequalities in health care provision. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055715_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early breastfeeding cessation in rural Senegal: Causes, modes, and consequences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mané, N.B. Author-Name: Simondon, K.B. Author-Name: Diallo, A. Author-Name: Marra, A.M. Author-Name: Simondon, F. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 139-144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.048553 Abstract: Objectives. We studied reasons for cessation of breastfeeding before the age of 15 months, replacement feeding modes, and child mortality in West Africa. Methods. Data were gathered for 12208 children born between 1987 and 1997 in a rural area of Senegal. Interviews were conducted with caregivers of early-weaned children, and child mortality risks were assessed. Results. Fewer than 1% of children had been weaned early. The main reasons for early weaning were maternal death and new pregnancy (in 41% and 27% of cases, respectively). Twenty percent of children had been relactated by a wet nurse, and 16% had received formula. Many early-weaned children died before the age of 2 years (26%), particularly those weaned early as a result of the mother's death (hazard ratio = 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74, 15.0). Girls had a lower hazard ratio than boys (0.16; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.41). Conclusions. Our results showed that early cessation of breastfeeding was rare but that associated mortality was high, especially when the mother had died. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.048553_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Usage of "MSM" and "WSW" and the broader context of public health research [3] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, C.L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077321 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077321_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The roles of teaching hospitals, insurance status, and race/ethnicity in receipt of adjuvant therapy for regional-stage breast cancer in Florida Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson, L.C. Author-Name: Tian, L. Author-Name: Voti, L. Author-Name: Hartzema, A.G. Author-Name: Reis, I. Author-Name: Fleming, L.E. Author-Name: MacKinnon, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 160-166 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053579 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the roles of teaching hospitals, insurance status, and race/ethnicity in women's receipt of adjuvant therapy for regional-stage breast cancer. Methods. Data were taken from the Florida Cancer Data System for cases diagnosed from July 1997 to December 2000. We evaluated the impact of health insurance status and hospital type on use of adjuvant therapy (after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and marital status). Interaction terms for hospital type, insurance status, and race/ethnicity were entered in each model. Results. Teaching facilities diagnosed 12.5% of the cases; however, they cared for a disproportionate percentage (21.3%) of uninsured and Medicaid-insured women. Among women who received adjuvant chemotherapy only, those diagnosed in teaching hospitals were more likely than those diagnosed in nonteaching hospitals to receive therapy regardless of insurance status or race/ethnicity. Among women who received chemotherapy with or without hormonal therapy, Hispanics were more likely than White non-Hispanic women to receive therapy, whereas women with private insurance or Medicare were less likely than uninsured and Medicaid-insured women to receive this type of therapy. Conclusions. Teaching facilities play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of regional-stage breast cancer among Hispanics, uninsured women, and women insured by Medicaid. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053579_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The World Health Organization and the transition from international to global public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Cueto, M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 62-72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831 Abstract: The term "global health" is rapidly replacing the older terminology of "international health." We describe the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in both international and global health and in the transition from one to the other. We suggest that the term "global health" emerged as part of larger political and historical processes, in which WHO found its dominant role challenged and began to reposition itself within a shifting set of power alliances. Between 1948 and 1998, WHO moved from being the unquestioned leader of international health to being an organization in crisis, facing budget shortfalls and diminished status, especially given the growing influence of new and powerful players. We argue that WHO began to refashion itself as the coordinator, strategic planner, and leader of global health initiatives as a strategy of survival in response to this transformed international political context. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050831_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating behavioral and social science research into microbicide clinical trials: Challenges and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tolley, E.E. Author-Name: Severy, L.J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 79-83 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.043471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.043471 Abstract: It has been argued that rigid thinking about the types and progression of research needed to evaluate health promotion interventions has stymied the process by which research is translated to action. This argument is particularly salient in the field of HIV/AIDS prevention. We examined microbicide research and identified challenges that obstruct the integration of clinical trial and behavioral and social science research, thereby reinforcing linear programs of research. We found that behavioral and social science research can both support microbicide clinical trial performance and anticipate the information most needed for a rapid and successful introduction of future microbicide products. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.043471_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Junking good science: Undoing Daubert v Merrill Dow through cross-examination and argument Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Givelber, D. Author-Name: Strickler, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 33-37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.063917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063917 Abstract: For more than 40 years, the tobacco industry prevailed in lawsuits brought by injured smokers, despite overwhelming epidemiological evidence that smoking caused lung cancer. Tobacco lawyers were able to create doubt about causation. They sought to persuade jurors that "everybody knew" smoking was harmful but "nobody knows" what causes cancer by recreating in court the scientific debate resolved by the 1964 Surgeon General's Report. The particularistic structure of jury trials combined with the law's mechanistic view of causation enables a defendant to contest virtually any claim concerning disease causation. Despite judicial efforts to eliminate "junk science" from lawsuits, a well-financed defendant may succeed in persuading jurors of the epidemiological equivalent of the proposition that the earth is flat. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.063917_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US Department of Health and Human Services: A need for global health leadership in preparedness and health diplomacy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Novotny, T.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076885 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076885_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The challenge of reducing health inequalities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Victora, C.G. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080432 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080432_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban-rural inequalities in ischemic heart disease in Scotland, 1981-1999 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levin, K.A. Author-Name: Leyland, A.H. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 145-151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.051193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.051193 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the pattern and magnitude of urban-rural variation in ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Scotland and to examine the associations among IHD health indicators, level of rurality, and degree of socioeconomic deprivation. Methods. We used routine population and health data on the population aged 40-74 years between 1981 and 1999 and living in 826 small areas (average population = 5600) in Scotland. Three IHD health indicators-mortality rates (deaths per 100000 population), rates of continuous hospital stays (discharges per 100000 population), and rates of mortality in the hospital or within 28 days of discharge (MH+) were analyzed with multilevel Poisson models. A 4-level rurality classification was used: urban areas, remote small towns, accessible rural areas, and remote rural areas. Results. Rates of mortality, continuous hospital stays, and MH+ increased with area socioeconomic deprivation. After adjustment for population age, gender, and deprivation, the relative risk of IHD mortality in remote rural areas was similar to that of urban areas in 1981; the relative risk of a continuous hospital stay was significantly lower (relative risk [RR] = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64, 0.76) and the relative risk of MH+ was higher (RR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.35) in remote rural areas. Mortality and MH+ declined for all ruralities over time. However, MH+ remains highest in remote rural areas and remote towns. Conclusions. Low standardized ratios of IHD continuous hospital stays and mortality in remote rural areas mask health problems among rural populations. Although absolute and relative differences between urban and rural rates of MH+ have diminished, the relative risk of MH+ remains high in remote rural areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.051193_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minimum purchasing age for alcohol and traffic crash injuries among 15- to 19-year-olds in New Zealand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kypri, K. Author-Name: Voas, R.B. Author-Name: Langley, J.D. Author-Name: Stephenson, S.C.R. Author-Name: Begg, D.J. Author-Name: Tippetts, A.S. Author-Name: Davie, G.S. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 126-131 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.073122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.073122 Abstract: Objectives. In 1999, New Zealand lowered the minimum purchasing age for alcohol from 20 to 18 years. We tested the hypothesis that this increased traffic crash injuries among 15- to 19-year-olds. Methods. Poisson regression was used to compute incidence rate ratios for the after to before incidence of alcohol-involved crashes and hospitalized injuries among 18- to 19-year-olds and 15- to 17-year-olds (20- to 24-year-olds were the reference). Results. Among young men, the ratio of the alcohol-involved crash rate after the law change to the period before was 12% larger (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 1.25) for 18-to 19-year-olds and 14% larger (95% CI = 1.01, 1.30) for 15-to 17-year-olds, relative to 20- to 24-year-olds. Among young women, the equivalent ratios were 51% larger (95% CI = 1.17, 1.94) for 18-to 19-year-olds and 24% larger (95% CI = 0.96, 1.59) for 15- to 17-year-olds. A similar pattern was observed for hospitalized injuries. Conclusions. Significantly more alcohol-involved crashes occurred among 15- to 19-year-olds than would have occurred had the purchase age not been reduced to 18 years. The effect size for 18- to 19-year-olds is remarkable given the legal exceptions to the pre-1999 law and its poor enforcement. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.073122_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decreasing socioeconomic inequalities and increasing health inequalities in Spain: A case study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Regidor, E. Author-Name: Ronda, E. Author-Name: Pascual, C. Author-Name: Martínez, D. Author-Name: Calle, M.E. Author-Name: Domínguez, V. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 102-108 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053983 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the evolution of income inequalities and health inequalities in Spain from the time of the country's entry into the European Union. Methods. We estimated distributions of provincial income and household income, relations of provincial income with mortality and disability, and relations of household income with disability in 1984-1986 and 1999-2001. Results. Inequalities in average provincial income and household income were lower in 2000 than in 1985. Differences in mortality and disability according to income were greater in 2000 than in 1985, in both absolute and relative terms, except for differences in mortality among individuals aged 25 to 44 years. In most cases, differences in mortality from leading causes of death and differences in major types of disabilities were also greater in 2000. Conclusions. Our results show that redistribution of income might achieve greater social justice but probably does not lead to reduced health inequalities, despite observed improvements in material circumstances as well as in most health indicators among disadvantaged population groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053983_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco industry influence on science and scientists in Germany Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grüning, T. Author-Name: Gilmore, A.B. Author-Name: McKee, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 20-32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061507 Abstract: Using tobacco industry documents, we examined how and why the tobacco industry sought to influence science and scientists in Germany as a possible factor in explaining the German opposition to stricter tobacco regulation. Smoking and health research programs were organized both separately by individual tobacco companies and jointly through their German trade organization. An extensive network of scientists and scientific institutions with tobacco industry links was developed. Science was distorted in 5 ways: suppression, dilution, distraction, concealment, and manipulation. The extent of tobacco industry influence over the scientific establishment in Germany is profound. The industry introduced serious bias that probably influenced scientific and public opinion in Germany. This influence likely undermined efforts to control tobacco use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061507_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contextual influences on the use of health facilities for childbirth in Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stephenson, R. Author-Name: Baschieri, A. Author-Name: Clements, S. Author-Name: Hennink, M. Author-Name: Madise, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 84-93 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.057422 Abstract: Objectives. Previous studies of maternal health-seeking behavior focused on individual- and household-level factors. We examined community-level influences on the decision to deliver a child in a health facility across 6 African countries. Methods. Demographic and Health Survey data were linked with contextual data, and multilevel models were fitted to identify the determinants of childbirth in a health facility in the 6 countries. Results. We found strong community-level influences on a woman's decision to deliver her child in a health facility. Several pathways of influence between the community and individual were identified. Conclusions. Community economic development, the climate of female autonomy, service provision, and fertility preferences all exert an influence on a woman's decision to seek care during labor, but significant community variation remains unexplained. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.057422_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The ethics of industry experimentation using employees: The case of taste-testing pesticide-treated tobacco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDaniel, P.A. Author-Name: Solomon, G. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 37-46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.071969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.071969 Abstract: In the United States, companies that use their own funds to test consumer products on their employees are subject to few regulations. Using previously undisclosed tobacco industry documents, we reviewed the history of that industry's efforts to create internal guidelines on the conditions to be met before employee taste testers could evaluate cigarettes made from tobacco treated with experimental pesticides. This history highlights 2 potential ethical issues raised by unregulated industrial research: conflict of interest and lack of informed consent. To ensure compliance with accepted ethical standards, an independent federal office should be established to oversee industrial research involving humans exposed to experimental or increased quantities of ingested, inhaled, or absorbed chemical agents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071969_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors in Cuba: Prospects for prevention and control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, R.S. Author-Name: Orduñez, P. Author-Name: Ferrer, M.D.I. Author-Name: Munoz, J.L.B. Author-Name: Espinosa-Brito, A. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 94-101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.051417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.051417 Abstract: Objectives. An adequate description of the trends in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not available for most of the developing world. Cuba provides an important exception, and we sought to use available data to offer insights into the changing patterns of CVD there. Methods. We reviewed Cuban public health statistics, surveys, and reports of health services. Results. CVD has been the leading cause of death since 1970. A 45% reduction in heart disease deaths was observed from 1970 to 2002; the decline in stroke was more limited. There are moderate prevalences of all major risk factors. Conclusions. The Cuban medical care system has responded vigorously to the challenge of CVD; levels of control of hypertension are the highest in the world. Nonindustrialized countries can decisively control CVD. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.051417_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Structure and functions of state public health agencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Author-Name: Brooks, R.G. Author-Name: Grigg, M. Author-Name: Menachemi, N. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 167-172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.053439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.053439 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the structure and functions of state health departments throughout the United States and compared our findings with those from a previous national assessment conducted in 1990. Methods. In 2001, we sent a survey to the state health officers of all 50 states. The survey asked about the structure and functions of the state health agency. Results. The survey was completed by state health officers from 47 states (a 94% response rate). More than half of the states responding had a freestanding state public health agency and a state board or council of health. Forty-four percent had a regional or district structure. Although some traditional public health functions have been curtailed, important new public health functions have emerged since 1990. Conclusions. Our current findings confirm core changes in the structure and functions of state public health systems over the past decade and emphasize the need for more research into these systems to maximize their organizational performance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.053439_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual and contextual determinants of domestic violence in North India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koenig, M.A. Author-Name: Stephenson, R. Author-Name: Ahmed, S. Author-Name: Jejeebhoy, S.J. Author-Name: Campbell, J. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 132-138 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.050872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050872 Abstract: Objectives. We examined individual- and community-level influences on domestic violence in Uttar Pradesh, North India. Methods. Multilevel modeling was used to explore domestic violence outcomes among a sample of 4520 married men. Results. Recent physical and sexual domestic violence was associated with the individual-level variables of childlessness, economic pressure, and intergenerational transmission of violence. A community environment of violent crime was associated with elevated risks of both physical and sexual violence. Community-level norms concerning wife beating were significantly related only to physical violence. Conclusions. Important similarities as well as differences were evident in risk factors for physical and sexual domestic violence. Higher socioeconomic status was found to be protective against physical but not sexual violence. Our results provide additional support for the importance of contextual factors in shaping women's risks of physical and sexual violence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050872_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Key challenges to achieving health for all in an inequitable society: The case of South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanders, D. Author-Name: Chopra, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 73-78 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.062679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.062679 Abstract: The health inequalities in South Africa are rapidly worsening. Since 1994, the new democratic government has initiated a number of large-scale policies and programs with explicit pro-equity objectives that have improved access to health care and other social resources. However, these policies and programs have been constrained by macroeconomic policies that dictate fiscal restraint and give priority to technical rather than developmental considerations. We propose an approach to improving health for all that focuses on equity in the allocation of health resources. The implementation of pro-equity policies requires, in addition to technically efficacious interventions, both advocacy initiatives and communication with, and the involvement of, affected communities. The Cape Town Equity Gauge project is presented as one example of a response to the challenge of inequity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.062679_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bramley et al. respond [2] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bramley, D. Author-Name: Hebert, P. Author-Name: Tuzzio, L. Author-Name: Chassin, M. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 8-9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.077123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.077123 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.077123_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homicide and Native Americans [1] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.076497 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.076497_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease among men: The Korean National Health Service prospective cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Song, Y.-M. Author-Name: Ferrer, R.L. Author-Name: Cho, S.-I. Author-Name: Sung, J. Author-Name: Ebrahim, S. Author-Name: Smith, G.D. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 152-159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061853 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and myocardial infarction and stroke subtypes, including the possible mediating influence of cardiovascular risk factors. Methods. We evaluated data on 578756 Korean male public servants aged 30 to 58 years from August 1, 1990, to July 31, 2001. Results. SES had inverse associations with mortality because of myocardial infarction and stroke subtypes, which were not changed by an adjustment for, or stratification by, cardiovascular risk factors. For nonfatal events, SES had positive, null, and inverse associations with myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. The association between SES and nonfatal myocardial infarction depended on the presence of risk factors and was positive only among men who had cardiovascular risk factors. Case-fatality after hospital admission for cardiovascular diagnoses was significantly lower among higher SES groups, even after risk factor adjustment. Conclusions. Inverse SES associations with cardiovascular diseases were not mediated by cardiovascular risk factors among men who were undergoing economic transition. Socioeconomically patterned access to medical care may partly explain these socioeconomic gradients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061853_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A semiparametric analysis of the relationship of body mass index to mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gronniger, J.T. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 173-178 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.045823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.045823 Abstract: Objectives. I used a semi-parametric analysis of the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality to assess the adequacy of conventional BMI categories for planning public health programs to reduce mortality. Methods. I linked supplements from the 1987 and 1989 versions of the National Health Interview Survey to the 1995 Multiple Cause of Death File to obtain mortality information. I constructed nonlinear estimates of the association between BMI and mortality using a semiparametric regression technique. Results. The mortality risk among "normal" weight men (i.e., those in the BMI range of 20 to 25 kg/m2) was as high as that among men in the mild obesity category (BMIs of 30-35 kg/m2), with a minimum risk observed at a BMI of approximately 26 kg/m2. Among women, the mortality risk was smallest at approximately 23 to 24 kg/m2, with the risk increasing steadily with BMIs above 27 kg/m2. In each specification, the slope of the line was small and volatile through the BMI range of 20 to 35 kg/m 2, suggesting negligible risk differences with minor differences in weight for much of the population. Conclusions. Traditional BMI categories do not conform well to the complexities of the BMI-mortality relationship. In concurrence with conclusions from previous literature, I found that the current definitions of obesity and overweight are imprecise predictors of mortality risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.045823_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health measurement in the third era of health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Breslow, L. Year: 2006 Volume: 96 Issue: 1 Pages: 17-19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.055970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2004.055970 Abstract: When writing about "the second epidemiologic revolution," Terris discussed 2 eras in health. The first era-the communicable disease era-began during ancient times and continues today; the second era-the chronic disease era-began during the 20th century, particularly among the industrialized nations. Although neither revolution against these types of diseases is complete, we have made such considerable progress that substantial and growing segments of the population no longer regard disease as the only, or even the primary, health problem. Increasingly, the goal is a long and fruitful life, not simply the absence of disease. That potential and the effort to achieve it compose the third era of health, and a proposed new measure of health is outlined in this article. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055970_2