Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnic disparities in access to care in post-apartheid South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kon, Z.R. Author-Name: Lackan, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2272-2277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127829 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated ethnic disparities in obtaining medical care among the 4 major ethnic groups (Blacks, Whites, Coloreds [i.e., those of mixed race], and Asians) in post-apartheid South Africa. Methods. Data for the study came fromthe 2002 Afrobarometer: Round II Survey of South Africa. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine differences across racial and ethnic groups in how often respondents went without medical care. Results. A total of 40.8% of Blacks and 22.9% of Coloreds reported going without medical care at some point in the past year, compared with 10.9% of Whites and 6.9% of Asians. Disparities were found not only in health but in education, income, and basic public health infrastructures. Sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions regarding democracy, markets, and civil society were similar for Blacks and Coloreds and for Whites and Asians. Conclusions. Fourteen years after the end of apartheid, Blacks and Coloreds in South Africa are still underserved and disadvantaged compared with their White and Asian counterparts, especially regarding health care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127829_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood mental ability and adult alcohol intake and alcohol problems: The 1970 British Cohort Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Batty, G.D. Author-Name: Deary, I.J. Author-Name: Schoon, I. Author-Name: Emslie, C. Author-Name: Hunt, K. Author-Name: Gale, C.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2237-2243 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.109488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.109488 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the potential relation of mental ability test scores at age 10 years with alcohol problems and alcohol intake at age 30 years. Methods. We used data from a prospective observational study involving 8170 members of a birth cohort from Great Britain born in 1970. Data included mental ability scores at age 10 years and responses to inquiries about alcohol intake and problems at age 30 years. Results. After adjustment for potential mediating and confounding factors, cohort members with higher childhood mental ability scores had an increased prevalence of problem drinking in adulthood. This association was stronger among women (odds ratio [OR] 1 SD increase in ability=1.38; 95%confidence interval [CI]=1.16, 1.64) than men (OR1 SD increase in ability=1.17; CI=1.04, 1.28; P for interaction=.004). Childhood mental ability was also related to a higher average intake of alcohol and to drinking more frequently. Again, these gradients were stronger among women than among men. Conclusions. In this large-scale cohort study, higher childhood mental ability was related to alcohol problems and higher alcohol intake in adult life. These unexpected results warrant examination in other studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.109488_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Past trends and current status of self-reported incidence and impact of disease and nonbattle injury in military operations in Southwest Asia and the Middle East Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riddle, M.S. Author-Name: Tribble, D.R. Author-Name: Putnam, S.D. Author-Name: Mostafa, M. Author-Name: Brown, T.R. Author-Name: Letizia, A. Author-Name: Armstrong, A.W. Author-Name: Sanders, J.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2199-2206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131680 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the evolutional changes in disease and nonbattle injury in a long-term deployment setting, we investigated trends of selected disease and nonbattle injury (NBI) incidence among US military personnel deployed in ongoing military operations in Southwest Asia and the Middle East. Methods. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning diarrhea, acute respiratory illness (ARI), and NBIs. We compared incidence, morbidity, and risk associations of disease and NBI incidence with historical data. We analyzed a clinic screening form to describe trends in diarrhea incidence over a 3-year period. Results. Between April 2006 and March 2007, 3374 troops completed deployment questionnaires. Incidence of diarrhea was higher than that of ARI and NBI (12.1, 7.1, and 2.5 episodes per 100 person-months, respectively), but ARI and NBI resulted in more-frequent health system utilization (both P<.001) and decreased work performance (P<.001 and P=.05, respectively) than did diarrhea. Compared with historical disease and NBI incidence rates, diarrhea and NBI incidence declined over a 4-year period, whereas ARI remained relatively constant. Conclusions. Diarrhea, ARI, and NBI are important health concerns among deployed military personnel. Public health and preventive measures are needed to mitigate this burden. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131680_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The World Health Organization and its work (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98 (1594-1597)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bynum, W.F. Author-Name: Porter, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2120 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027e_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individually randomized group treatment trials: A critical appraisal of frequently used design and analytic approaches (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98 (1418-1424) doi 10.2105/AJPH.2007/127027) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pals, S.L. Author-Name: Murray, D.M. Author-Name: Alfano, C.M. Author-Name: Shadish, W.R. Author-Name: Hannan, P.J. Author-Name: Baker, W.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2120 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027e_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hornik, R. Author-Name: Jacobsohn, L. Author-Name: Orwin, R. Author-Name: Piesse, A. Author-Name: Kalton, G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2229-2236 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the cognitive and behavioral effects of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign on youths aged 12.5 to 18 years and report core evaluation results. Methods. From September 1999 to June 2004, 3 nationally representative cohorts of US youths aged 9 to 18 years were surveyed at home 4 times. Sample size ranged from 8117 in the first to 5126 in the fourth round (65% first-round response rate, with 86%-93% of still eligible youths interviewed subsequently). Main outcomes were self-reported lifetime, past-year, and past-30-day marijuana use and related cognitions. Results. Most analyses showed no effects from the campaign. At one round, however, more ad exposure predicted less intention to avoid marijuana use (γ= -0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-0.13, -0.01) and weaker antidrug social norms (γ=-0.05; 95% CI=-0.08, -0.02) at the subsequent round. Exposure at round 3 predicted marijuana initiation at round 4 (γ=0.11; 95% CI=0.00, 0.22). Conclusions. Through June 2004, the campaign is unlikely to have had favorable effects on youths and may have had delayed unfavorable effects. The evaluation challenges the usefulness of the campaign. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125849_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heritage of army audiology and the road ahead: The Army Hearing Program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McIlwain, D.S. Author-Name: Gates, K. Author-Name: Ciliax, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2167-2172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128504 Abstract: Noise-induced hearing loss has been documented as early as the 16th century, when a French surgeon, Ambroise Paré, wrote of the treatment of injuries sustained by firearms and described acoustic trauma in great detail. Even so, the protection of hearing would not be addressed for three more centuries, when the jet engine was invented and resulted in a long overdue whirlwind of policy development addressing the prevention of hearing loss. We present a synopsis of hearing loss prevention in the US Army and describe the current Army Hearing Program, which aims to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in soldiers and to ensure their maximum combat effectiveness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128504_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and cognitive decline among middle-aged men and women: The Doetinchem Cohort Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nooyens, A.C.J. Author-Name: Van Gelder, B.M. Author-Name: Verschuren, W.M.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2244-2250 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130294 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the effect of smoking on cognitive decline over a 5-year period at middle age (43 to 70 years). Methods. In the Doetinchem Cohort Study, 1964 men and women in the Netherlands were examined for cognitive function at baseline and 5 years later. The association between smoking status and memory function, speed of cognitive processes, cognitive flexibility, and global cognitive function were assessed. Results. At baseline, smokers scored lower than never smokers in global cognitive function, speed, and flexibility. At 5-year follow-up, decline among smokerswas 1.9 times greater for memory function, 2.4 times greater for cognitive flexibility, and 1.7 times greater for global cognitive function than among never smokers. Among ever smokers, the declines in all cognitive domains were larger with increasing number of pack-years smoked. Conclusions. Interventions to prevent or stop people from smoking may postpone cognitive decline in middle-aged persons. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130294_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examining the lag time between state-level income inequality and individual disabilities: A multilevel analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gadalla, T.M. Author-Name: Fuller-Thomson, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2187-2190 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134940 Abstract: State-level income inequality has been found to have an effect on individual health outcomes, even when controlled for important individual-level variables such as income, education, age, and gender. The effect of income inequality on health may not be immediate and may, in fact, have a substantial lag time between exposure to inequality and eventual health outcome. We used the 2006 American Community Survey to examine the association of state-level income inequality and 2 types of physical disabilities. We used 6 different lag times, ranging between 0 and 25 years, on the total sample and on those who resided in their state of birth. Income inequality in 1986 had the strongest correlation with 2006 disability levels. Odds ratios were consistently 10% higher for those born in the same state compared withthe total population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134940_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: War medicine: Spain, 1936-1939. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vogel, S. Author-Name: Vogel, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2146-2149 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:12:2146-2149_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On public health and the military Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sisk, M.B. Author-Name: McLeroy, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151050 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151050_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Li and Harmer respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, F. Author-Name: Harmer, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2118-2119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147074 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147074_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to obtaining diagnostic testing for coronary artery disease among veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siminoff, L.A. Author-Name: Hausmann, L.R.M. Author-Name: Ibrahim, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2207-2213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123224 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify factors associated with appointment nonattendance for diagnostic testing of coronary artery disease among veterans. For patients with possible heart disease, appointment nonattendance may seriously compromise short- and long-term outcomes. Understanding factors associated with nonattendance may help improve care while reducing inefficiency in service delivery. Methods. We surveyed patients who attended (n=240) or did not attend (n=139) a scheduled cardiac appointment at a midwestern Veterans Administration medical center. Multivariable regression models were used to assess factors associated with nonattendance. Results. Younger age, lower income, unemployment, and longer wait times for appointments were predictive of nonattendance. Nonattenders reported fewer cardiac symptoms and were more likely to attribute their symptoms to something other than heart disease. Nonattendance was also associated with a coping style characterized by avoidance of aversive information. Logistical issues, fear of diagnostic procedures, disbelief that one had heart disease, and medical mistrust were some of the reasons given for missed appointments. Conclusions. Appointment nonattendance among veterans scheduled for cardiology evaluation was associated with several important cognitive factors. These factors should be considered when one is designing clinical systems to reduce patient nonattendance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123224_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Harold Fred Dorn and the First National Cancer Survey (1937-1939): The founding of modern cancer epidemiology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lilienfeld, D.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2150-2158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117440 Abstract: The development of modern epidemiology, particularly cancer epidemiology, is often seen as a post-World War II phenomenon. However, the First National Cancer Survey, conducted from 1937 to 1939 as part of the newly formed National Cancer Institute's initial activities, provided the first data on the occurrence of cancer in the United States. This project was directed by a young sociologist, Harold Fred Dorn. Through Dorn, many of the methodological innovations in sociology, such as the use of surveys and observational study designs, were incorporated into modern epidemiology. I examine Dorn's training and early career in the context of the First National Cancer Survey as a means of investigating the beginnings of modern epidemiology. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117440_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent behavior in a nationally representative sample of young adult males in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beaver, K.M. Author-Name: Vaughn, M.G. Author-Name: DeLisi, M. Author-Name: Wright, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2185-2187 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137018 Abstract: We examined the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use on serious violent behavior. Multivariate models based on data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=6823) were used to examine the association between lifetime and past-year self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent acts. Compared with individuals who did not use steroids, young adult males who used anabolic-androgenic steroids reported greater involvement in violent behaviors after we controlled for the effects of key demographic variables, previous violent behavior, and polydrug use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137018_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Corporate philanthropy, lobbying, and public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tesler, L.E. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2123-2133 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128231 Abstract: To counter negative publicity about the tobacco industry, Philip Morris has widely publicized its philanthropy initiatives. Although corporate philanthropy is primarily a public relations tool, contributions may be viewed as offsetting the harms caused by corporate products and practices. That such donations themselves have harmful consequences has been little considered. Drawing on internal company documents, we explored the philanthropy undertaken as part of Philip Morris's PM21 image makeover. Philip Morris explicitly linked philanthropy to government affairs and used contributions as a lobbyingtool against public health policies. Through advertising, covertly solicited media coverage, and contributions to legislators' pet causes, Philip Morris improved its image among key voter constituencies, influenced public officials, and divided the public health field as grantees were converted to stakeholders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128231_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Children's secondhand smoke exposure in private homes and cars: An ethical analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jarvie, J.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2140-2145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130856 Abstract: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a known cause of disease among nonsmokers, contributing to lung cancer, heart disease, and sudden infant death syndrome, as well as other diseases. In response to the growing body of scientific literature linking SHS with serious diseases, many countries, states, and cities have established policies mandating smoke-free public spaces. Yet thousands of children remain unprotected from exposure to SHS in private homes and cars. New initiatives targeting SHS in these spaces have raised ethical questions about imposing constraints on private behavior. We reviewed legislation and court cases related to such initiatives and used a principlist approach to analyze the ethical implications of policies banning smoking in private cars and homes in which children are present. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130856_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: County variation in children's and adolescent's health status and school district performance in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stone, S.I. Author-Name: Jung, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2223-2228 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110239 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between county-level estimates of children's health status and school district performance in California. Methods. We used 3 data sources: the California Health Interview Survey, district archives from the California Department of Education, and census-based estimates of county demographic characteristics. We used logistic regression to estimate whether a school district's failure to meet adequate yearly progress goals in 2004 to 2005 was a function of child and adolescent's health status. Models included district- and county-level fixed effects and were adjusted for the clustering of districts within counties. Results. County-level changes in children's and adolescent's health status decreased the likelihood that a school district would fail to meet adequate yearly progress goals during the investigation period. Health status did not moderate the relatively poor performance of predominantly minority districts. Conclusions. We found empirical support that area variation in children's and adolescent's health status exerts a contextual effect on school district performance. Future research should explore the specific mechanisms through which area-level child health influences school and district achievement. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110239_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lack of predictability at work and risk of acute myocardial infarction: An 18-year prospective study of industrial employees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Väänänen, A. Author-Name: Koskinen, A. Author-Name: Joensuu, M. Author-Name: Kivimäki, M. Author-Name: Vahtera, J. Author-Name: Kouvonen, A. Author-Name: Jäppinen, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2264-2271 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122382 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the distinctive components of job contro l-decision authority, skill discretion, and predictability - were related to subsequent acute myocardial infarction (MI) events in a large population of initially heart disease-free industrial employees. Methods. We prospectively examined the relation between the components of job control and acute MI among private-sector industrial employees. During an 18-year follow-up, 56 fatal and 316 nonfatal events of acute MI were documented among 7663 employees with no recorded history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (i.e., 1986). Results. After adjustment for demographics, psychological distress, prevalent medical conditions, lifestyle risk factors, and socioeconomic characteristics, low decision autonomy (P<.53) and skill discretion (P<.10) were not significantly related to subsequent acute MI. By contrast, low predictability at work was associated with elevated risk of acute MI (P=.02). This association was driven by the strong effect of predictability on acute MI among employees aged 45 to 54 years. Conclusions. Prospective evidence suggests that low predictability at work is an important component of job control, increasing long-term risk of acute MI among middle-aged employees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122382_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paternal race/ethnicity and birth outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ma, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2285-2292 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117127 Abstract: Objectives. I sought to identify whether there were associations between paternal race/ethnicity and birth outcomes among infants with parents of same- and mixed-races/ethnicities. Methods. Using the National Center for Health Statistics 2001 linked birth and infant death file, I compared birth outcomes of infants of White mothers and fathers of different races/ethnicities bymatching and weighting racial/ethnic groups following a propensity scoring approach so other characteristics were distributed identically. I applied the same analysis to infants of Black parents and infants with a Black mother and White father. Results. Variation in risk factors and outcomes was found in infants of White mothers by paternal race/ethnicity. After propensity score weighting, the disparities in outcomes by paternal or parental race/ethnicity could be largely attributed to nonracial parental characteristics. Infants whose paternal race/ethnicity was unreported on their birth certificates had the worst outcomes. Conclusions. The use of maternal race/ethnicity to refer to infant race/ethnicity in research is problematic. The effects of maternal race/ethnicity on birth outcomes are estimated to be much larger than that of paternal race/ethnicity after I controlled for all covariates. Not listing a father on the birth certificate had a strong association with outcomes, whichmight be a source of bias in existing data and a marker for identifying infants at risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117127_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use and misuse of population attributable fractions (American Journal of Public Health (1998) 88 (15-19)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rockhill, B. Author-Name: Newman, B. Author-Name: Weinberg, C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147207 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147207_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dual loyalty of physicians in the military and in civilian life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benatar, S.R. Author-Name: Upshur, R.E.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2161-2167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124644 Abstract: The concept of the dual loyalty physiciansmay have to both a patient and a third party is important in elucidating the obligations of physicians. The extent to which loyalty may be deflected from a patient to a thirdparty(e.g.,aninsurance company or a prison commander) is greatly underestimated and has not attracted significant scholarly analysis. We examined dual loyalty in civilian and military contexts and used the principles of public health ethics to construct a framework for determining the legitimacy of physicians' obligations. We illustrate the application of these principles to problems physicians encounter regarding communicable diseases, elder abuse, and driving fitness. In the complex military context, independent ethics tribunals should be created to adjudicate loyalty conflicts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124644_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communicating with the public about emerging health threats: lessons from the pre-event message development project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wray, R.J. Author-Name: Becker, S.M. Author-Name: Henderson, N. Author-Name: Glik, D. Author-Name: Jupka, K. Author-Name: Middleton, S. Author-Name: Henderson, C. Author-Name: Drury, A. Author-Name: Mitchell, E.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2214-2222 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107102 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to better understand the challenges of communicating with the public about emerging health threats, particularly threats involving toxic chemicals, biological agents, and radioactive materials. Methods. At the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we formed an interdisciplinary consortium of investigative teams from 4 schools of public health. Over 2 years, the investigative teams conducted 79 focus group interviews with 884 participants and individual cognitive response interviews with 129 respondents, for a total sample of 1013 individuals. The investigative teams systematically compared their results with other published research in public health, risk communication, and emergency preparedness. Results. We found limited public understanding of emerging biological, chemical, and radioactive materials threats and of the differences between them; demand for concrete, accurate, and consistent information about actions needed for protection of self and family; active information seeking from media, local authorities, and selected national sources; and areas in which current emergency messaging can be improved. Conclusions. The public will respond to a threat situation by seeking protective information and taking self-protective action, underlining the critical role of effective communication in public health emergencies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107102_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Critical shortcomings at Walter Reed Army Medical Center create doubt Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2159-2160 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127407 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127407_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: All-cause and cause-specific mortality among men released from state prison, 1980-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, D.L. Author-Name: Schoenbach, V.J. Author-Name: Wohl, D.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2278-2284 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121855 Abstract: Objectives. We compared mortality of ex-prisoners and other state residents to identify unmet health care needs among former prisoners. Methods. We linked North Carolina prison records with state death records for 1980 to 2005 to estimate the number of overall and cause-specific deaths among male ex-prisoners aged 20 to 69 years and used standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare these observed deaths with the number of expected deaths had they experienced the same age-, race-, and cause-specific death rates as other state residents. Results. All-cause mortality among White (SMR = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 2.13) and Black (SMR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.05) ex-prisoners was greater than for other male NC residents. Ex-prisoners' deaths from homicide, accidents, substance use, HIV, liver disease, and liver cancer were greater than the expected number of deaths estimated using death rates among other NC residents. Deaths from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and diabetes were at least 30% greater than expected for White ex-prisoners, but less than expected for Black ex-prisoners. Conclusions. Ex-prisoners experienced more deaths than would have been expected among other NC residents. Excess deaths from injuries and medical conditions common to prison populations highlight ex-prisoners' medical vulnerability and the need to improve correctional and community preventive health services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121855_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The benefits of tai chi Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rabinowitz, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146837 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146837_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender differences in the association between morbidity and mortality among middle-aged men and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh-Manoux, A. Author-Name: Guéguen, A. Author-Name: Ferrie, J. Author-Name: Shipley, M. Author-Name: Martikainen, P. Author-Name: Bonenfant, S. Author-Name: Goldberg, M. Author-Name: Marmot, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2251-2257 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107912 Abstract: Objectives. We examined gender differences inmortality,morbidity, and the association between the 2. Methods. We used health data from 2 studies of middle-agedmen and women: the British Whitehall II cohort of employees from 20 civil service departments in London and the 1989 French GAZEL (this acronym refers to the French gas and electric companies) of employees of France's national gas and electricity company. Participants were aged 35 to 55 years when assessed for morbidity and followed up for mortality over 17 years. Results. Male mortality was higher than female mortality in Whitehall II (hazard ratio [HR]=1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.28, 1.91) and the GAZEL cohort (HR=1.99; CI=1.66, 2.40). Female excess morbidity was observed for some measures in the Whitehall II data and for 1 measure in the GAZEL data. Only self-reported sickness absence in the Whitehall II data wasmore strongly associated with mortality among men (P=.01). Conclusions. Mortality was lower among women than among men, but morbidity was not consistently higher. The lack of gender differences in the association between morbidity and mortality suggests that this is not a likely explanation for the gender paradox, which refers to higher morbidity but lower mortality among women than among men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107912_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strengthening health systems in poor countries: A code of conduct for nongovernmental organizations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pfeiffer, J. Author-Name: Johnson, W. Author-Name: Fort, M. Author-Name: Shakow, A. Author-Name: Hagopian, A. Author-Name: Gloyd, S. Author-Name: Gimbel-Sherr, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2134-2140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125989 Abstract: The challenges facing efforts in Africa to increase access to antiretroviral HIV treatment underscore the urgent need to strengthen national health systems across the continent. However, donor aid to developing countries continues to be disproportionately channeled to international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) rather than to ministries of health. The rapid proliferation of NGOs has provoked "brain drain" from the public sector by luring workers away with higher salaries, fragmentation of services, and increased management burdens for local authorities in many countries. Projects by NGOs sometimes can undermine the strengthening of public primary health care systems. We argue for a return to a public focus for donor aid, and for NGOs to adopt a code of conduct that establishes standards and best practices for NGO relationships with public sector health systems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125989_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic and gender differences in individual workplace injury risk trajectories: 1988-1998 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berdahl, T.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2258-2263 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.103135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.103135 Abstract: Objectives. I examined workplace injury risk over time and across racial/ethnic and gender groups to observe patterns of change and to understand how occupational characteristics and job mobility influence these changes. Methods. I used hierarchical generalized linear models to estimate individual workplace injury and illness risk over time ("trajectories") for a cohort of American workers who participated in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988-1998). Results. Significant temporal variation in injury risk was observed across racial/ ethnic and gender groups. At baseline, White men had a high risk of injury relative to the other groups and experienced the greatest decline over time. Latino men demonstrated a pattern of lower injury risk across time compared with White men. Among both Latinos and non-Latino Whites, women had lower odds of injury than didmen. Non-Latino Black women's injury risk was similar to Black men's and greater than that for both Latino and non-Latino White women. Occupational characteristics and job mobility partly explained these differences. Conclusions. Disparities between racial/ethnic and gender groups were dynamic and changed over time. Workplace injury risk was associated with job dimensions such as work schedule, union representation, health insurance, job hours, occupational racial segregation, and occupational environmental hazards. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.103135_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Canadian military personnel's population attributable fractions of mental disorders and mental health service use associated with combat and peacekeeping operations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sareen, J. Author-Name: Belik, S.-L. Author-Name: Afifi, T.O. Author-Name: Asmundson, G.J.G. Author-Name: Cox, B.J. Author-Name: Stein, M.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2191-2198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134205 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated mental disorders, suicidal ideation, self-perceived need for treatment, and mental health service utilization attributable to exposure to peacekeeping and combat operations among Canadian military personnel. Methods. With data from the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2 Canadian Forces Supplement, a cross-sectional population-based survey of active Canadian military personnel (N=8441), we estimated population attributable fractions (PAFs) of adverse mental health outcomes. Results. Exposure to either combat or peacekeeping operations was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (men: PAF=46.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=27.3, 62.7; women: PAF=23.6%; 95% CI=9.2, 40.1), 1 or more mental disorder assessed in the survey (men: PAF=9.3%; 95% CI=0.4, 18.1; women: PAF=6.1%; 95% CI=0.0, 13.4), and a perceived need for information (men: PAF=12.3%; 95% CI=4.1, 20.6; women: PAF=7.9%; 95% CI=1.3, 15.5). Conclusions. A substantial proportion, but not the majority, of mental health-related outcomes were attributable to combat or peacekeeping deployment. Future studies should assess traumatic events and their association with physical injury during deployment, premilitary factors, and postdeployment psychosocial factors that may influence soldiers' mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134205_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring the value of public health systems: The disconnect between health economists and public health practitioners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neumann, P.J. Author-Name: Jacobson, P.D. Author-Name: Palmer, J.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2173-2180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127134 Abstract: We investigated ways of defining and measuring the value of services provided by governmental public health systems. Our data sources included literature syntheses and qualitative interviews of public health professionals. Our examination of the health economic literature revealed growing attempts to measure value of public health services explicitly, but few studies have addressed systems or infrastructure. Interview responses demonstrated no consensus on metrics and no connection to the academic literature. Key challenges for practitioners include developing rigorous, data-driven methods and skilled staff; being politically willing to base allocation decisions on economic evaluation; and developing metrics to capture "intangibles" (e.g., social justice and reassurance value). Academic researchers evaluating the economics of public health investments should increase focus on the working needs of public health professionals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127134_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral health status of refugee torture survivors seeking care in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh, H.K. Author-Name: Scott, T.E. Author-Name: Henshaw, M.M. Author-Name: Cote, S.E. Author-Name: Grodin, M.A. Author-Name: Piwowarczyk, L.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2181-2182 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120063 Abstract: We assessed the oral health status of 216 refugee torture survivors seeking care at an urban torture treatment center in the United States. Results showed that patients' dental health ranged from poor to fair; 76% had untreated cavities, and approximately 90% required immediate or near-immediate dental care. Torture treatment centers, in addition to offering safe environments for educating and examining patients, are ideal settings to provide basic oral health services without the risk of retraumatization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120063_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Discharge planning and continuity of health care: Findings from the San Francisco County Jail Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Author-Name: White, M.C. Author-Name: Jamison, R. Author-Name: Goldenson, J. Author-Name: Estes, M. Author-Name: Tulsky, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 12 Pages: 2182-2184 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119669 Abstract: Continuity of health care among the formerly incarcerated is an emerging public health challenge. We used data from the San Francisco County Jail to determine whether discharge planning improves access to care on release. Inmates who were HIV positive and received discharge planning were 6 times more likely to have a regular source of care in the community compared with inmates with other chronic medical conditions, and they were as likely to have a regular source of care compared with the general San Francisco population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119669_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Personal and ecological contexts for understanding the health of immigrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Castro, F.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1933 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148577 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148577_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parachuting cats and crushed eggs: The Controversy over the use of DDT to control malaria Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Shaughnessy, P.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1940-1948 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122523 Abstract: The use of DDT to control malaria has been a contentious practice for decades. This controversy centers on concerns over the ecological harm caused by DDT relative to the gains in public health from its use to prevent malaria. Given the World Health Organization's recent policy decisions concerning the use of DDT to control malaria, it is worth reviewing the historical context of DDT use. Ecological concerns focused on evidence that DDT ingestion by predatory birds resulted in eggs with shells so thin they were crushed by adult birds. In addition, DDT spraying to control malaria allegedly resulted in cats being poisoned in some areas, which led to increased rodent populations and, in turn, the parachuting of cats into the highlands of the island of Borneo to kill the rodents, a story that influenced the decision to ban DDT spraying. I focus on this story with the intention of grounding the current debate on lessons from the past. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122523_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State-level health care access and use among children in US immigrant families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Author-Name: Huang, Z.J. Author-Name: Kogan, M.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1996-2003 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117911 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between children's state of residence and their access to health care among specific types of immigrant families: foreign-born children, US-born children with 1 foreign-born parent, US-born children with both foreign-born parents, and nonimmigrant families. Methods. We analyzed data from 12400 children from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health in the 6 states with the highest proportion of immigrants (California, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Texas). Results. Multivariable analyses indicated that among foreign-born children, those living in California, Illinois, and Texas were more likely to lack access to health care compared with those living in New York. Among foreign-born children with 1 or 2 US-born parents, Texas children were most likely to lack health insurance. Within nonimmigrant families, children from California, Florida, and Texas had significantly more access and use problems. Conclusions. Our findings document differential health care access and use among states for specific immigrant family types. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117911_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High vitamin D and calcium requirements during pregnancy and tooth loss Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, W.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1931-1932 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144451 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144451_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Doshi responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doshi, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1928-1930 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144659 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144659_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ability of ethnic self-identification to partition modifiable health risk among US residents of Mexican ancestry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barger, S.D. Author-Name: Gallo, L.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1971-1978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122754 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between ethnic self-identification and the partitioning of health risk within a Mexican American population. Methods. We combined data from the 2000 to 2002 National Health Interview Surveys to obtain a large (N=10044) sample of US residents of Mexican ancestry. We evaluated health risk, defined as self-reported currents moking, overweight, and obesity, and compared the predictive strength of health risk correlates across self-identified Mexican and Mexican American participants. Results. Self-identified Mexican participants were less likely to smoke (odds ratio [OR]=0.70; 95% confidence interval[CI] = 0.60, 0.83; P<.001) and to be obese (OR=0.66; 95% CI=0.56, 0.77; P<.001) than were self-identified Mexican American participants. Within-group analyses found that sociodemographic predictors had inconsistent and even contradictory patterns of association with health risk across the 2 subgroups. Health risk was consistently lower among immigrants relative to US-born participants. Ethnic self-identification effects were independent of socioeconomic status. Conclusions. US residents of Mexican ancestry showed substantial within group differences in health risk and risk correlates. Ethnic self-identification is a promising strategy to clarify differential risk and may help resolve apparent discrepancies in health risk correlates in this literature. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122754_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Béhague and storeng respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Béhague, D.P. Author-Name: Storeng, K.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1930-1931 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145151 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145151_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policymaking to improve maternal health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yeh, J. Author-Name: Brandes, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1930 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144709 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144709_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to and use of health services among undocumented Mexican immigrants in a US urban area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nandi, A. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Lopez, G. Author-Name: Nandi, V. Author-Name: Strongarone, S. Author-Name: Ompad, D.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2011-2020 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096222 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed access to and use of health services among Mexican-born undocumented immigrants living in New York City in 2004. Methods. We used venue-based sampling to recruit participants from locations where undocumented immigrants were likely to congregate. Participants were 18 years or older, born in Mexico, and current residents of New York City. The main outcome measures were health insurance coverage, access to a regular health care provider, and emergency department care. Results. In multivariable models, living in a residence with fewer other adults, linguistic acculturation, higher levels of formal income, higher levels of social support, and poor health were associated with health insurance coverage. Female gender, fewer children, arrival before 1997, higher levels of formal income, health insurance coverage, greater social support, and not reporting discrimination were associated with access to a regular health care provider. Higher levels of education, higher levels of formal income, and poor health were associated with emergency department care. Conclusions. Absent large-scale political solutions to the challenges of undocumented immigrants, policies that address factors shown to limit access to care may improve health among this growing population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096222_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minority health and small numbers epidemiology: A case study of living conditions and the health of children in 5 foreign Romá camps in Italy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monasta, L. Author-Name: Andersson, N. Author-Name: Ledogar, R.J. Author-Name: Theol, D. Author-Name: Cockcroft, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2035-2041 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129734 Abstract: Objective. We sought to test methods for generating epidemiological evidence on health conditions of small, dispersed minority communities. Methods. We used community-based mixed methods including a cross-sectional survey in 5 purposely selected settlements of Khorakané Romá (Gypsies of Muslim culture) in Italy to study the living conditions and health status of children aged from birth to 5 years. Results. In the 15 days prior to the survey, 32% of the children had suffered diarrhea and 55% had had a cough. Some 17% had experienced respiratory difficulties during the past year. Risk factors associated with these outcomes included years spent living at the camp, overcrowding, housing conditions, use of wood-burning stoves, presence of rats, and issues related to quality of sanitation and drains. Qualitative information helped define the approach and the design, and in the interpretation and consolidation of quantitative results. Conclusions. Guided by the priorities expressed by dispersed minority communities, small studies with little resources can provide a solid base to advocate for evidence-based participatory planning. Exact intervals appeared to be robust and conservative enough compared with other intervals, conferring solidity to the results. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129734_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Language spoken and differences in health status, access to care, and receipt of preventive services among US hispanics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dubard, C.A. Author-Name: Gizlice, Z. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2021-2028 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119008 Abstract: Objectives. We examined self-reported health status, health behaviors, access to care, and use of preventive services of the US Hispanic adult population to identify language-associated disparities. Methods. We analyzed 2003 to 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 45076 Hispanic adults in 23 states, who represented 90% of the US Hispanic population, and compared 25 health indicators between Spanish-speaking Hispanics and English-speaking Hispanics. Results. Physical activity and rates of chronic disease, obesity, and smoking were significantly lower among Spanish-speaking Hispanics than among English-speaking Hispanics. Spanish-speaking Hispanics reported far worse health status and access to care than did English-speaking Hispanics (39% vs 17% in fair or poor health, 55% vs 23% uninsured, and 58% vs 29% without a personal doctor) and received less preventive care. Adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors did not mitigate the influence of language on these health indicators. Conclusions. Spanish-language preference marks a particularly vulnerable subpopulation of US Hispanics who have less access to care and use of preventive services. Priority areas for Spanish-speaking adults include maintenance of healthy behaviors, promotion of physical activity and preventive health care, and increased access to care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119008_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prospective change in health-related quality of life and subsequent mortality among middle-aged and older women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kroenke, C.H. Author-Name: Kubzansky, L.D. Author-Name: Adler, N. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2085-2091 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114041 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine prospective changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures and subsequent mortality in middle-aged and older women. Methods. We obtained data from 40337 healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study aged 46 to 71 years in 1992. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate associations of changes in self-assessed physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS) scores from the Short Form 36 Health Survey between 1992 and 1996 and between 1996 and 2000, with all-cause mortality through 2004. Results. Women with low HRQoL (PCS and MCS scores) and the greatest HRQoL declines had higher mortality than did women with stable scores. Change in PCS score predicted mortality across the range of 4-year change: severe decline (relative risk [RR]=3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.45, 4.50), moderate decline (RR=1.44; 95% CI=1.16, 1.79), slight decline (RR=1.35; 95% CI=1.12, 1.63), no change (reference category), improvement (RR=0.72; 95% CI=0.56, 0.91; continuous P<.001). MCS score results were similar. Score increases were associated with lifestyle improvements, especially increased physical activity. Conclusions. Observed associations demonstrate the predictive validity of changes in self-assessed HRQoL for subsequent mortality in healthy populations. Future research should examine determinants of patterns of change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114041_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Goldsworthy responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldsworthy, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144584 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144584_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of widowhood on mortality by the causes of death of both spouses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elwert, F. Author-Name: Christakis, N.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2092-2098 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the effect of spousal bereavement on mortality to document cause-specific bereavement effects by the causes of death of both the predecedent spouse and the bereaved partner. Methods. We obtained data from a nationally representative cohort of 373189 elderly married couples in the United States who were followed from 1993 to 2002. We used competing risk and Cox models in our analyses. Results. For both men and women, the death of a predecedent spouse from almost all causes, including various cancers, infections, and cardiovascular diseases, increased the all-cause mortality of the bereaved partner to varying degrees. Moreover, the death of a predecedent spouse from any cause increased the survivor's cause-specific mortality for almost all causes, including cancers, infections, and cardiovascular diseases, to varying degrees. Conclusions. The effect of widowhood on mortality varies substantially by the causes of death of both spouses, suggesting that the widowhood effect is not restricted to one aspect of human biology. Future research should examine the specific mechanisms of the widowhood effect and identify opportunities for health interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influenza analysis should include pneumonia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Noymer, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1927-1928 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143610 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143610_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Welfare reform and older immigrants' health insurance coverage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nam, Y. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2029-2034 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120675 Abstract: Objectives. I examined changes in older immigrants' health insurance coverage after welfare reform in the United States to determine whether the reform measures achieved their goal of saving money by reducing Medicaid participation without increasing the number of uninsured people. Methods. Data were obtained from older adults who participated in the Current Population Survey's Annual Social and Economic Supplement from 1994 to 1996 and 2001 to 2005. I used logistic regression to estimate changes in the sample's Medicaid and health insurance coverage after welfare reform, paying special attention to noncitizens and recent immigrants. Results. Older immigrants' health insurance status was associated with their citizenship status and length of stay in the United States. Medicaid participation significantly decreased among noncitizens and recent immigrants but increased among naturalized citizens. Private health insurance and employer-sponsored insurance coverage significantly increased among recent immigrants but decreased among established immigrants and naturalized citizens. The probability of being uninsured did not significantly change among any group of immigrants. Conclusions. Given increases in postreform Medicaid participation among some immigrant groups, my findings suggest that the long-term cost-saving effectiveness of the current restrictive Medicaid eligibility policy is doubtful. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120675_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prescription medication sharing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mitchell, A.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1926-1927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144261 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144261_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV and sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors and beliefs among black West Indian immigrants and US-born blacks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hoffman, S. Author-Name: Beckford Jarrett, S.T. Author-Name: Kelvin, E.A. Author-Name: Wallace, S.A. Author-Name: Augenbraun, M. Author-Name: Hogben, M. Author-Name: Liddon, N. Author-Name: McCormack, W.M. Author-Name: Rubin, S. Author-Name: Wilson, T.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2042-2050 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.106443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.106443 Abstract: Objectives. We compared Black West Indian immigrants' and US-born Blacks' sexual and drug-use risk behaviors and their beliefs related to using condoms and informing partners of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to identify possible differences in risk. Methods. We drew data from the baseline assessment of a clinic-based intervention designed to increase partner STI notification. Results. Black West Indian men were less likely than were US-born Black men to report nonregular partners. There were no differences in condom use. US-born Black women were more likely than were Black West Indian women to be extremely confident that they could convince their regular partners to use condoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21, 4.76), whereas there were no differences between Black West Indian and US-born Black men on this measure (interaction P = .06). US-born Black women were more likely than were Black West Indian women to be extremely confident in their ability to discuss STI screening with their regular partners (OR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.03, 3.47). Conclusions. Black West Indian women's lower levels of confidence that they can discuss STI screening with their regular partners and convince these partners to use condoms may increase their infection risk. Gender-sensitive interventions are warranted for Black West Indian immigrants, especially women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.106443_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations of acculturation and socioeconomic status with subclinical cardiovascular disease in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lutsey, P.L. Author-Name: Diez Roux, A.V. Author-Name: Jacobs Jr., D.R. Author-Name: Burke, G.L. Author-Name: Harman, J. Author-Name: Shea, S. Author-Name: Folsom, A.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1963-1970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123844 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether markers of acculturation (birthplace and number of US generations) and socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease - carotid artery plaque, internal carotid intima-media thickness, and albuminuria - in 4 racial/ethnic groups. Methods. With data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n=6716 participants aged 45-84 years)and race-specific binomial regression models, we computed prevalence ratios adjusted for demographics and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Results. The adjusted US- to foreign-born prevalence ratio for carotid plaque was 1.20 (99% confidence interval [CI]=0.97, 1.39) among Whites, 1.91 (99% CI=0.94, 2.94) among Chinese, 1.62 (99% CI=1.28, 2.06) among Blacks, and 1.23 (99% CI=1.15, 1.31) among Hispanics. Greater carotid plaque prevalence was found among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics with a greater number of generations with US residence (P<.001) and among Whites with less education and among Blacks with lower incomes. Similar associations were observed with intima-media thickness. There was also evidence of an inverse association between albuminuria and SES among Whites and Hispanics. Conclusions. Greater US acculturation and lower SES were associated with a higher prevalence of carotid plaque and greater intima-media thickness but not with albuminuria. Maintenance of healthful habits among recent immigrants should be encouraged. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123844_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health selection among new immigrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Akresh, I.R. Author-Name: Frank, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2058-2064 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100974 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to quantify the extent of health selection (i.e., the degree towhich potential immigrants migrate, or fail tomigrate, on the basis of their health status) among contemporary US immigrant groups and evaluate the degree that selection explains variation in self-rated health among US legal permanent residents. Methods. Data came from the New Immigrant Survey 2003 cohort. We estimated the extent of positive and negative health selection through a unique series of questions asking immigrants in the United States to evaluate their health and compare it to that of citizens in their country of origin. Results. The extent of positive health selection differed significantly across immigrant groups and was related to compositional differences in the socioeconomic profiles of immigrant streams. Conclusions. The salience of socioeconomic status and English-language ability in explaining health differentials across immigrant groups reinforces the importance of further research on the role of these factors in contributing to the health of immigrants above and beyond the need for additional attention to the health selection process. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100974_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigrant children's reliance on public health insurance in the wake of immigration reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pati, S. Author-Name: Danagoulian, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2004-2010 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125773 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether the reversal of the public charge rule of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, which may have required families to pay for benefits previously received at no cost, led to immigrant children becoming increasingly reliant on public health insurance programs. Methods. We conducted a secondary data analysis focusing on low-income children sampled in the 1997 through 2004 versions of the National Health Interview Survey. Results. Between 1997 and 2004, public health insurance enrollments and the numbers of uninsured foreign-born children in the United States increased by 3.1% and 2.7%, respectively. Using multinomial logistic regression models to account for the substantial differences in socioeconomic status between foreign-born and US-born children, we found that low-income US-born children were just as likely as foreign-born children to have public health insurance coverage (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89, 1.52) and that, after 2000, foreign-born children were 1.59 times (95% CI = 1.24, 2.05) more likely than were US-born children to be uninsured (vs publicly insured). Conclusions. In the wake of the reversal of the public charge rule, immigrant children are increasingly likely to be uninsured as opposed to relying on public health insurance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125773_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bringing health care advocacy to a public defender's office Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Venters, H. Author-Name: Lainer-Vos, J. Author-Name: Razvi, A. Author-Name: Crawford, J. Author-Name: Venable, P.S. Author-Name: Drucker, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1953-1955 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126524 Abstract: Recent arrestees often face barriers to health care access as they move through the judicial process, placing them at significant health risk. The immediate postrelease period generally involves numerous court dates, meetings, and other obligations that can fragment the delivery of care. A residency training program collaborated with public defenders to facilitate medical screenings and referrals for recent arrestees in Bronx County, New York. From May 2005 to June 2007, a medical resident met with 104 arrestees at the public defenders' office to take medical histories, make medical referrals, and make appointments at a primary care clinic. Arrestees' kept-appointment rate at the clinic (66%) exceeded the clinic's overall 2006-2007 kept-appointment rate for first appointments (50%). Collaboration between public defenders and physicians can facilitate arrestees' access to health care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126524_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relation between the level of American Indian and Alaska Native diabetes education program services and quality-of-care indicators Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roubideaux, Y. Author-Name: Noonan, C. Author-Name: Goldberg, J.H. Author-Name: Valdez, S.L. Author-Name: Brown, T.L. Author-Name: Manson, S.M. Author-Name: Acton, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2079-2084 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110478 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relation between the level of diabetes education program services in the Indian Health Service (IHS) and indicators of the quality of diabetes care to determine if more-comprehensive diabetes services were associated with better quality of diabetes care. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we used the IHS Integrated Diabetes Education Recognition Program to rank program services into 1 of 3 levels of comprehensiveness, ranging from lowest (developmental) to highest (integrated). We compared quality-of-care indicators among programs of differing levels with the 2001 IHS Diabetes Care and Outcomes Audit. Quality indicators included patients having recommended yearly examinations, education, and laboratory tests and achieving recommended levels of intermediate outcomes of care. Results. Most of the 86 participating programs were classified at or below the developmental level; only 9 programs (11%) were ranked at higher levels. After adjusting for patient characteristics, program factors, and correlation of patients within programs, we associated programs that were more comprehensive with higher completion rates of yearly lipid and hemoglobin A1C tests (P<.05). Conclusions. System-wide improvements in diabetes education are associated with better diabetes care. The results can help inform the development of diabetes education programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110478_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Time to embrace public health approaches to national and global challenges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walker, D.K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1934-1936 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144386 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144386_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Occupational conditions and well-being of indigenous farmworkers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farquhar, S. Author-Name: Shadbeh, N. Author-Name: Samples, J. Author-Name: Ventura, S. Author-Name: Goff, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1956-1959 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124271 Abstract: Increasing numbers of indigenous farmworkers from Mexico and Guatemala have been arriving in the Pacific Northwest (indigenous people are not of Hispanic or Latino descent and migrate fromregions with unique cultural and linguistic traditions). Multilingual project outreach workers administered surveys to 150 farmworkers in Oregon to assess health, occupational safety, and general living conditions. This study confirms the increasing presence of indigenous peoples in Oregon and characterizes differences between indigenous and Latino farmworkers' occupational and health needs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124271_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Engaging culturally competent, community-based programs in reducing tobacco-related health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lettlow, H.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1936-1939 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147314 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147314_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Persistent disparities in the use of health care along the US-Mexico border: An ecological perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bastida, E. Author-Name: Brown III, H.S. Author-Name: Pagán, J.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1987-1995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114447 Abstract: Objectives. We examined disparities in health care use among US-Mexico border residents, with a focus on the unique binational environment of the region, to determine factors that may influence health care use in Mexico. Methods. Data were from 2 waves of a population-based study of 1048 Latino residents of selected Texas border counties. Logistic regression models examined predictors of health insurance coverage. Results from these models were used to examine regional patterns of health care use. Results. Of the respondents younger than 65 years, 60% reported no health insurance coverage. The uninsured were 7 and 3 times more likely in waves 3 and 4, respectively, to use medical care in Mexico than were the insured. Preference for medical care in Mexico was an important predictor. Conclusions. For those who were chronically ill, old, poor, or burdened by the lengthy processing of their documents by immigration authorities, the United States provided the only source of health care. For some, Mexico may lessen the burden at the individual level, but it does not lessen the aggregate burden of providing highly priced care to the region's neediest. Health disparities will continue unless policies are enacted to expand health care accessibility in the region. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114447_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of a brief behavioral intervention to promote condom use among female sex workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patterson, T.L. Author-Name: Mausbach, B. Author-Name: Lozada, R. Author-Name: Staines-Orozco, H. Author-Name: Semple, S.J. Author-Name: Fraga-Vallejo, M. Author-Name: Orozovich, P. Author-Name: Abramovitz, D. Author-Name: De La Torre, A. Author-Name: Amaro, H. Author-Name: Martinez, G. Author-Name: Magis-Rodríguez, C. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2051-2057 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130096 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the efficacy of a brief behavioral intervention to promote condom use among female sex workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Methods. We randomized 924 female sex workers 18 years or older without known HIV infection living in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez who had recently had unprotected sex with clients to a 30-minute behavioral intervention or a didactic control condition. At baseline and 6 months, women underwent interviews and testing for HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. Results. We observed a 40% decline in cumulative sexually transmitted illness incidence (P = .049) in the intervention group. Incidence density for the intervention versus control groups was 13.8 versus 24.92 per 100 person-years for sexually transmitted illnesses combined (P = .034) and 0 versus 2.01 per 100 person-years for HIV (P < .001). There were concomitant increases in the number and percentage of protected sex acts and decreases in the number of unprotected sex acts with clients (P < .05). Conclusions. This brief behavioral intervention shows promise in reducing HIV and sexually transmitted illness risk behaviors among female sex workers and may be transferable to other resource-constrained settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130096_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual and area-based indicators of acculturation and the metabolic syndrome among low-income Mexican American women living in a border region Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Los Monteros, K.E. Author-Name: Gallo, L.C. Author-Name: Elder, J.P. Author-Name: Talavera, G.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1979-1986 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141903 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the relationships between individual and area-based indicators of acculturation and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk among a sample of Mexican American women living in the California-Baja California border region. Methods. We examined data collected between October 2003 and December 2004 from 141 women (mean age=47.07 years) who completed physical and psychosocial assessments. We reviewed medical records for laboratory values. Results. Individual-level US acculturation was associated with a greater consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber; increased odds of engaging in health-enhancing levels of physical activity; and decreased odds of meeting the clinical criteria for MetS. Moreover, beyond the influence of individual-level factors, US neighborhood acculturation was associated with less fat intake. Conclusions. These findings provide preliminary evidence for a relationship between acculturation and the development of MetS in this population. Such information may assist efforts aimed at understanding and eliminating ethnic disparities in MetS risk and related health conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141903_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhoods and obesity in later life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grafova, I.B. Author-Name: Freedman, V.A. Author-Name: Kumar, R. Author-Name: Rogowski, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2065-2071 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the influence of neighborhood environment on the weight status of adults 55 years and older. Methods. We conducted a 2-level logistic regression analysis of data from the 2002 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. We included 8 neighborhood scales: economic advantage, economic disadvantage, air pollution, crime and segregation, street connectivity, density, immigrant concentration, and residential stability. Results. When we controlled for individual- and family-level confounders, living in a neighborhood with a high level of economic advantage was associated with a lower likelihood of being obese for both men (odds ratio [OR]=0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.80, 0.94) and women (OR=0.83; 95% CI=0.77, 0.89). Men living in areas with a high concentration of immigrants and women living in areas of high residential stability were more likely to be obese. Women living in areas of high street connectivity were less likely to be overweight or obese. Conclusions. The mechanisms by which neighborhood environment and weight status are linked in later life differ by gender, with economic and social environment aspects being important for men and built environment aspects being salient for women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of a community coalition for improving child vaccination rates in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Findley, S.E. Author-Name: Irigoyen, M. Author-Name: Sanchez, M. Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Author-Name: Mejia, M. Author-Name: Guzman, L. Author-Name: Ferreira, R. Author-Name: Pena, O. Author-Name: Chen, S. Author-Name: Andres-Martinez, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1959-1962 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121046 Abstract: We used a retrospective, matching, birth cohort design to evaluate a comprehensive, coalition-led childhood-immunization program of outreach, education, and reminders in a Latino, urban community. After we controlled for Latino ethnicity and Medicaid, we found that children enrolled in the program were 53% more likely to be up-to-date (adjusted odds ratio=1.53; 95% confidence interval=1.33, 1.75) and to receive timely immunizations than were children in the control group (t=3.91). The coalition-led, community-based immunization program was effective in improving on-time childhood immunization coverage. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121046_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between in-home water service and the risk of respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections among rural Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hennessy, T.W. Author-Name: Ritter, T. Author-Name: Holman, R.C. Author-Name: Bruden, D.L. Author-Name: Yorita, K.L. Author-Name: Bulkow, L. Author-Name: Cheek, J.E. Author-Name: Singleton, R.J. Author-Name: Smith, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 2072-2078 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115618 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between the presence of in-home piped water and wastewater services and hospitalization rates for respiratory tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections in rural Alaska. Methods. We determined in-home water service and hospitalizations for selected infectious diseases among Alaska Natives by region during 2000 to 2004. Within 1 region, infant respiratory hospitalizations and skin infections for all ages were compared by village-level water services. Results. Regions with a lower proportion of home water service had significantly higher hospitalization rates for pneumonia and influenza (rate ratio [RR]=2.5), skin or soft tissue infection (RR=1.9), and respiratory syncytial virus (RR=3.4 among those younger than 5 years) than did higher-service regions. Within 1 region, infants from villages with less than 10% of homes served had higher hospitalization rates for pneumonia (RR=1.3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RR=1.2) than did infants from villages with more than 80% served. Outpatient Staphylococcus aureus infections (RR=5.1, all ages) and skin infection hospitalizations (RR=2.7, all ages) were higher in low-service than in high-service villages. Conclusions. Higher respiratory and skin infection rates were associated with a lack of in-home water service. This disparity should be addressed through sanitation infrastructure improvements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115618_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bill Kane passionate practitioner. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quackenbush, M. Author-Name: Bird, M.E. Author-Name: Klein, S.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 11 Pages: 1949-1952 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138651 Abstract: William "Bill" M. Kane, PhD, CHES. William "Bill" M. Kane, PhD, CHES, was a man with public health credentials that could impress just about anyone. He served as executive director of both the American College of Preventive Medicine and the Association for the Advancement of Health Education. He was a professor of health education at the University of New Mexico, and taught at several other colleges and universities over the course of his career. He spent time as director of school health programs at ETR Associates, and served on the boards of several nonprofit organizations devoted to public health and health education. He received many honors, and wrote or coauthored over 50 books and curricula focused on health. Bill Kane was undoubtedly a man who got a lot done. But, even more important for those of us who work in public health, he remains a consummate model of how to do this work with passion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138651_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Having another child would be a life or death situation for her": Understanding pregnancy termination among couples in rural Bangladesh Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gipson, J.D. Author-Name: Hindin, M.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1827-1832 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129262 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a mixed-method study in rural southwestern Bangladesh, a country in which an estimated 730000 elective pregnancy terminations occur each year, to explore women's and couples' motivations to terminate pregnancies. Methods. Quantitative data derived from a 1998 cross-sectional survey and a longitudinal demographic surveillance system (1998-2003) were combined with qualitative data gathered through 84 in-depth interviews conducted with 19 couples during 2004-2005. Results. Quantitative results indicated that 11% of couples reported a pregnancy termination in the study period; the rate was highest among couples who reported in 1998 that they wanted no more children (29%). Both wives' and husbands' fertility preferences independently and significantly predicted pregnancy termination. Qualitative findings showed that more than half of the participants had attempted to terminate a pregnancy at least once in their lifetime. Conclusions. Our results highlight the importance of collecting data from both partners and the influence of husbands' fertility preferences on reproductive decisionmaking. The prevalence of reported pregnancy terminations in our population, along with the use of informal methods in termination attempts, highlights the need for continued provision of contraceptives and access to safe and affordable pregnancy termination services in this setting. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129262_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking cessation intervention for female prisoners: Addressing an urgent public health need Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cropsey, K. Author-Name: Eldridge, G. Author-Name: Weaver, M. Author-Name: Villalobos, G. Author-Name: Stitzer, M. Author-Name: Best, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1894-1901 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128207 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the efficacy of a combined pharmacologic and behavioral smoking cessation intervention among women in a state prison in the southern United States. Methods. The study design was a randomized controlled trial with a 6-month waitlist control group. The intervention was a 10-week group intervention combined with nicotine replacement therapy. Two hundred and fifty participants received the intervention, and 289 were in the control group. Assessments occurred at baseline; end of treatment; 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment; and at weekly sessions for participants in the intervention group. Results. The intervention was efficacious compared with the waitlist control group. Point prevalence quit rates for the intervention group were 18% at end of treatment, 17% at 3-month follow-up, 14% at 6-month follow-up, and 12% at 12-month follow-up, quit rates that are consistent with outcomes from community smoking-cessation interventions. Conclusions. Female prisoners are interested in smoking cessation interventions and achieved point-prevalence quit rates similar to community samples. Augmenting tobacco control policies in prison with smoking cessation interventions has the potential to address a significant public health need. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128207_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multivariate analysis of state variation in breastfeeding rates in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kogan, M.D. Author-Name: Singh, G.K. Author-Name: Dee, D.L. Author-Name: Belanoff, C. Author-Name: Grummer-Strawn, L.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1872-1880 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127118 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the impact of sociodemographic and behavioral factors and state legislation on breastfeeding initiation (child ever fed breastmilk) and duration. Methods. We used data from a nationally representative study of children aged 6 to 71 months (N=33121); we calculated unadjusted and adjusted state estimates for breastfeeding initiation and duration. We used logistic regression models to examine factors associated with never breastfeeding or breastfeeding less than 6 months. We conducted a multilevel analysis of state legislation's role. Results. There were wide state variations in breastfeeding initiation and duration. The western and northwestern states had the highest rates. Covariate adjustment accounted for 25% to 30% of the disparity. Multivariate analysis showed that the adjusted odds of not being breastfed were 2.5- to 5.15-times greater in southern states compared with Oregon (reference). Children in states without breastfeeding legislation had higher odds of not being breastfed. Conclusions. Sociodemographic and maternal factors do not account for most breastfeeding rate variation. The association with breastfeeding legislation should be explored and may reflect cultural norms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127118_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in US women's use of sexual and reproductive health care services, 1995-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frost, J.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1814-1817 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124719 Abstract: I examined the 1995 and 2002 National Survey of Family Growth for patterns and trends in the use of sexual and reproductive health care services by US women according to type of provider. The percentage of women reporting receipt of contraceptive services rose between 1995 and 2002 (from 36% to 41%), and the level and mix of services received varied considerably according to type of provider. Women visiting publicly funded providers received a broader mix of services than did clients of private providers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124719_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of universal access to antiretroviral therapy on HIV stigma in Botswana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolfe, W.R. Author-Name: Weiser, S.D. Author-Name: Leiter, K. Author-Name: Steward, W.T. Author-Name: Percy-de Korte, F. Author-Name: Phaladze, N. Author-Name: Iacopino, V. Author-Name: Heisler, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1865-1871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122044 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the impact of treatment access on HIV stigma in Botswana 3 years after the introduction of a national program of universal access to antiretroviral therapy. Methods. We studied the prevalence and correlates of HIV stigma in a population-based study of 1268 adults in Botswana in 2004. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess correlates of stigmatizing attitudes and a new measure, anticipated HIV stigma. Results. Overall, 38% of participants had at least 1 stigmatizing attitude: 23% would not buy food from a shopkeeper with HIV; 5% would not care for a relative with HIV. Seventy percent reported at least 1 measure of anticipated stigma: 54% anticipated ostracism after testing positive for HIV, and 31% anticipated mistreatment at work. Perceived access to antiretroviral therapy was strongly and independently associated with decreased odds of holding stigmatizing attitudes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24, 0.74) and of anticipated stigma (AOR = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.30). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that antiretroviral therapy access may be a factor in reducing HIV stigma. Nevertheless, the persistence of stigmatizing attitudes and significant anticipated stigma suggest that HIV stigma must be a target for ongoing intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122044_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pleasure, power, and inequality: Incorporating sexuality into research on contraceptive use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higgins, J.A. Author-Name: Hirsch, J.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1803-1813 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115790 Abstract: We know surprisingly little about how contraception affects sexual enjoyment and functioning (and vice versa), particularly for women. What do people seek from sex, and how do sexual experiences shape contraceptive use? We draw on qualitative data to make 3 points. First, pleasure varies. Both women and men reported multiple aspects of enjoyment, of which physical pleasure was only one. Second, pleasure matters. Clear links exist between the forms of pleasure respondents seek and their contraceptive practices. Third, pleasure intersects with power and social inequality. Both gender and social class shape sexual preferences and contraceptive use patterns. These findings call for a reframing of behavioral models that explain why people use (or do not use) contraception. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115790_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: An investigative survey of women in 9 developing nations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bloch, M. Author-Name: Althabe, F. Author-Name: Onyamboko, M. Author-Name: Kaseba-Sata, C. Author-Name: Castilla, E.E. Author-Name: Freire, S. Author-Name: Garces, A.L. Author-Name: Parida, S. Author-Name: Goudar, S.S. Author-Name: Kadir, M.M. Author-Name: Goco, N. Author-Name: Thornberry, J. Author-Name: Daniels, M. Author-Name: Bartz, J. Author-Name: Hartwell, T. Author-Name: Moss, N. Author-Name: Goldenberg, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1833-1840 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117887 Abstract: Objectives. We examined pregnant women's use of cigarettes and other tobacco products and the exposure of pregnant women and their young children to secondhand smoke (SHS) in 9 nations in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Methods. Face-to-face surveys were administered to 7961 pregnant women (more than 700 per site) between October 2004 and September 2005. Results. At all Latin American sites, pregnant women commonly reported that they had ever tried cigarette smoking (range: 78.3% [Uruguay] to 35.0% [Guatemala]). The highest levels of current smoking were found in Uruguay (18.3%), Argentina (10.3%), and Brazil (6.1%). Experimentation with smokeless tobacco occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and India; one third of all respondents in Orissa, India, were current smokeless tobacco users. SHS exposure was common: between 91.6%(Pakistan) and 17.1%(Democratic Republic of the Congo) of pregnant women reported that smoking was permitted in their home. Conclusions. Pregnant women's tobacco use and SHS exposure are current or emerging problems in several low- and middle-income nations, jeopardizing ongoing efforts to improve maternal and child health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117887_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Misclassification bias and the estimated effect of parental involvement laws on adolescents' reproductive outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colman, S. Author-Name: Joyce, T. Author-Name: Kaestner, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1881-1885 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.116509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.116509 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the presence of misclassification bias in the estimated effect of parental involvement laws on minors' reproductive outcomes when subjection to such laws wasmeasured by age at the time of pregnancy resolution. Methods. Using data from abortion and birth certificates, we evaluated the effect of Texas's parental notification law on the abortion, birth, and pregnancy rates of adolescents aged 17 years compared with those aged 18 years on the basis of age at the time of pregnancy resolution and age at conception. Results. On the basis of age at the time of the abortion or birth, the law was associated with a fall of 26%, 7%, and 11% in the abortion, birth, and pregnancy rates, respectively, of 17- relative to 18-year-olds. Based on age at the time of conception, the abortion rate fell 15%, the birth rate rose 2%, and the pregnancy rate remained unchanged. Conclusions. Previous studies of parental involvement laws should be interpreted with caution because their methodological limitations have resulted in an overestimation of the fall in abortions and underestimation of the rise in births, possibly leading to the erroneous conclusion that pregnancies decline in response to such laws. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.116509_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medication abortion in Canada: A right-to-health perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Erdman, J.N. Author-Name: Grenon, A. Author-Name: Harrison-Wilson, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1764-1769 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134684 Abstract: The right to health under the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, to which Canada is a signatory, entitles women to available, accessible, and acceptable abortion care. Abortion care in Canada currently fails this standard. Medication abortion (the use of drugs to terminate a pregnancy) could improve abortion care in Canada, but its potential remains unrealized. This is in part attributable to the unavailability of mifepristone, the safest and most effective pharmaceutical for medication abortion. Given that it could improve abortion care, we investigated why mifepristone remains unapproved in Canada, whether its unavailability is attributable to government inaction, and whether Canada is therefore failing to fulfill its obligations under the right to health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134684_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The challenges of reproductive and sexual rights Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dickens, B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1738-1740 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145490 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145490_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in perinatal HIV prevention in New York City, 1994-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peters, V.B. Author-Name: Liu, K.-L. Author-Name: Robinson, L.-G. Author-Name: Dominguez, K.L. Author-Name: Abrams, E.J. Author-Name: Gill, B.S. Author-Name: Thomas, P.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1857-1864 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110023 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in perinatal HIV prevention interventions in New York City implemented during 1994 to 2003 to ascertain the success of the interventions in reducing perinatal transmission. Methods. We used data obtained from infant records at 22 hospitals. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze factors associated with prenatal care and perinatal HIV transmission. Results. We analyzed data for 4729 perinatally HIV-exposed singleton births. Of mothers with prenatal care data, 92% had prenatal care. The overall proportion who received prenatal care and were diagnosed with HIV before delivery was 86% in 1994 to 1996 and 90% in 1997 to 2003. Use of prenatal antiretrovirals among mothers who received prenatal care was 63% in 1994 to 1996 and 82% in 1997 to 2003. From1994 to 2003, cesarean births among the entire sample increased from 15%to 55%. During 1997 to 2003, the perinatal HIV transmission rate among the entire sample was 7%; 45% of mothers of infected infants had missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention. During 1997 to 2003, maternal illicit drug use was significantly associated with lack of prenatal care. Lack of prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal antiretrovirals; maternal illicit drug use; and low birthweight were significantly associated with perinatal HIV transmission. Conclusions. Interventions for perinatal HIV prevention can successfully decrease HIV transmission rates. Ongoing perinatal HIV surveillance allows for monitoring the implementation of guidelines to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and determining factors that may contribute to perinatal HIV transmission. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110023_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumption of soft drinks and other sweet drinks by WIC infants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCann, M.F. Author-Name: Baydar, N. Author-Name: Williams, R.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1735 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142471 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142471_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tesoriero et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tesoriero, J.M. Author-Name: Birkhead, G.S. Author-Name: Battles, H.B. Author-Name: Heavner, K. Author-Name: Leung, S.-Y.J. Author-Name: Nemeth, C. Author-Name: Pulver, W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1736 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143313 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143313_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethics in American health 2: An ethical framework for health system reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruger, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1756-1763 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121350 Abstract: I argue that an ethical vision resting on explicitly articulated values and norms is critical to ensuring comprehensive health reform. Reform requires a consensus on the public good transcending self-interest and narrow agendas and underpinning collective action for universal coverage. In what I call shared health governance, individuals, providers, and institutions all have essential roles in achieving health goals and work together to create a positive environment for health. This ethical paradigm provides (1) reasoned consensus through a joint scientific and deliberative approach to judge the value of a health care intervention; (2) a method for achieving consensus that differs from aggregate tools such as a strict majority vote; (3) combined technical and ethical rationality for collective choice; (4) a joint clinical and economic approach combining efficiency with equity, but with economic solutions following and complementing clinical progress; and (5) protection for disabled individuals from discrimination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121350_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV and pregnancy intentions: Do services adequately respond to women's needs? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Author-Name: Firestone, R. Author-Name: MacCarthy, S. Author-Name: Ferguson, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1746-1750 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137232 Abstract: Too little is known about how an HIV diagnosis and access to care and treatment affect women's childbearing intentions. As access to antiretroviral therapy improves, greater numbers of HIV-positive women are living longer, healthier lives, and many want to have children. Effectively supporting women's reproductive decision-making in the context of HIV requires understanding how pregnancy, reproduction, and HIV intersect and asking questions that bridge the biomedical and social sciences. Considering women to be at the center of decisions on health policy and service delivery can help provide an appropriate constellation of services. A clear research agenda is needed to create a more coordinated approach to policies and programs supporting the pregnancy intentions of women with HIV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137232_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethics in American health 1: Ethical approaches to health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruger, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1751-1756 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121343 Abstract: I trace the evolution of ethical approaches to health policy in the United States and examine a number of critical unresolved issues pertaining to the current set of frameworks. Several themes emerge. First, fair procedures claim more attention than substantive and procedural principles. Second, in the case of public deliberation, more focus has been placed on factors such as procedural mechanisms than on understanding how individuals and groups value different aspects of health and agree on health-related decisions. Third, the nation needs workable frameworks to guide collective choices about valuable social ends and their trade-offs; purely procedural strategies are limited in illuminating overarching health policy and ethics questions. There is a need to integrate consequential and procedural approaches to health ethics and policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121343_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medical liability insurance as a barrier to the provision of abortion services in family medicine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dehlendorf, C.E. Author-Name: Grumbach, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1770-1774 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136325 Abstract: Family physicians who wish to provide abortions have been subject to both denial of coverage by medical liability insurers and the imposition of large premium increases. These policy decisions by insurance companies raise questions about the role of family physicians in abortion care and about the autonomy of medical specialties in defining their scope of practice. We review the issues specific to abortion services in the primary care setting and examine the broader implications for the medical profession. Finally, we review how advocacy and improved regulation of the insurance industry could help to ensure that clinicians who are trained and willing to provide services to their patients are not limited by the decisions of medical liability insurers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136325_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV/AIDS, reproductive and sexual health, and the law Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gable, L. Author-Name: Gostin, L.O. Author-Name: Hodge Jr., J.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1779-1786 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138669 Abstract: The law is a frequently overlooked tool for addressing the complex practical and ethical issues that arise from the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The law intersects with reproductive and sexual health issues and HIV/AIDS in many ways. Well-written and rigorously applied laws could benefit persons living with (or at risk of contracting) HIV/AIDS, particularly concerning their reproductive and sexual health. Access to reproductive health services should be a legal right, and discrimination based on HIV status, which undermines access, should be prohibited. Laws against sexual violence and exploitation, which perpetuate the spread of HIV and its negative effects, should be enforced. Finally, a human rights framework should inform the drafting of laws to more effectively protect health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138669_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experts debating tobacco addiction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mars, S.G. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1793-1802 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114124 Abstract: Over the last 50 years, tobacco has been excluded from and then included in the category of addictive substances. We investigated influences on these opposing definitions and their application in expert witness testimony in litigation in the 1990s and 2000s. A scientist with ties to the tobacco industry influenced the selection of a definition of addiction that led to the classification of tobacco as a "habituation" in the 1964 Surgeon General's Advisory Committee report. Tobacco was later defined as addictive in the 1988 surgeon general's report. Expert witnesses for tobacco companies used the 1964 report's definition until Philip Morris Tobacco Company publicly changed its position in 1997 to agree that nicotine was addictive. Expert witnesses for plaintiffs suing the tobacco industry used the 1988 report's definition, arguing that new definitions were superior because of scientific advance. Both sides viewed addiction as an objective entity that could be defined more or less accurately. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114124_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Household smoking bans and adolescent antismoking attitudes and smoking initiation: Findings from a longitudinal study of a Massachusetts youth cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Albers, A.B. Author-Name: Biener, L. Author-Name: Siegel, M. Author-Name: Cheng, D.M. Author-Name: Rigotti, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1886-1893 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129320 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether adolescents living in households in which smoking was banned were more likely to develop antismoking attitudes and less likely to progress to smoking compared with those living in households in which smoking was not banned. Methods. We completed a longitudinal 4-year, 3-wave study of a representative sample of 3834 Massachusetts youths aged 12 to 17 years at baseline; 2791 (72.8%) were reinterviewed after 2 years, and 2217 (57.8%) were reinterviewed after 4 years. We used a 3-level hierarchical linear model to analyze the effect of a household ban on antismoking attitudes and smoking behaviors. Results. The absence of a household smoking ban increased the odds that youths perceived a high prevalence of adult smoking, among both youths living with a smoker (odds ratio [OR]=1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.15, 2.13) and those living with nonsmokers (OR=1.75; 95% CI=1.29, 2.37). Among youths who lived with nonsmokers, those with no home ban were more likely to transition from nonsmoking to early experimentation (OR=1.89; 95% CI=1.30, 2.74) than were those with a ban. Conclusions. Home smoking bans may promote antismoking attitudes among youths and reduce progression to smoking experimentation among youths who live with nonsmokers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129320_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The political economy of men's HIV risk in Vietnam and intervention choices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mills, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1734-1735 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143479 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143479_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When there's a heartbeat: Miscarriage management in Catholic-owned hospitals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freedman, L.R. Author-Name: Landy, U. Author-Name: Steinauer, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1774-1778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126730 Abstract: As Catholic-owned hospitals merge with or take over other facilities, they impose restrictions on reproductive health services, including abortion and contraceptive services. Our interviews with US obstetrician-gynecologists working in Catholic-owned hospitals revealed that they are also restricted in managing miscarriages. Catholic-owned hospital ethics committees denied approval of uterine evacuation while fetal heart tones were still present, forcing physicians to delay care or transport miscarrying patients to non-Catholic-owned facilities. Some physicians intentionally violated protocol because they felt patient safetywas compromised. Although Catholic doctrine officially deems abortion permissible to preserve the life of the woman, Catholic-owned hospital ethics committees differ in their interpretation of how much health risk constitutes a threat to a woman's life and therefore how much risk must be present before they approve the intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126730_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The efficacy of female condom skills training in HIV risk reduction among women: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Choi, K.-H. Author-Name: Hoff, C. Author-Name: Gregorich, S.E. Author-Name: Grinstead, O. Author-Name: Gomez, C. Author-Name: Hussey, W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1841-1848 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113050 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of skills training designed to increase female condom use among women. Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 409 women, recruited from family planning clinics in northern California, who were randomly assigned to the experimental 4-session female condom skills training intervention or the comparison 4-session women's general health promotion intervention. Participants received condom use instructions at baseline and male and female condoms during the study. They completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. Results. At 3 and 6 months, women in the experimental group were more likely than those in the comparison group to have used the female condom at least once in the prior 3 months. The increase in the percentage of sexual acts protected by female condoms from baseline to the 6-month follow-up was greater for the experimental group. The percentage of sexual acts during which any condom was employed was higher in the experimental group at 6 months. There were no group differences in male condom use. Conclusions. Outcomes suggest that skills training can increase female condom use and protected sexual acts without reducing male condom use among women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113050_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination during prenatal care, labor, and delivery: An examination of data from the Oregon pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system, 1998-1999, 2000, and 2001 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Marco, M. Author-Name: Thorburn, S. Author-Name: Zhao, W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1818-1821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123687 Abstract: Although recent research has examined discrimination in health care, no studies have investigated women's experiences during prenatal or obstetrical care. Analyses of data from the Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System showed that 18.53% of mothers reported discrimination by providers during prenatal care, labor, or delivery, most commonly because of age or insurance status. Perceived discrimination was associated with maternal characteristics such as age, marital status, and type of insurance, but not with number of subsequent well-baby visits. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123687_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paternal smoking and increased risk of infant and under-5 child mortality in Indonesia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Semba, R.D. Author-Name: De Pee, S. Author-Name: Sun, K. Author-Name: Best, C.M. Author-Name: Sari, M. Author-Name: Bloem, M.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1824-1826 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119289 Abstract: We examined the relationship between paternal smoking and child mortality. Among 361021 rural and urban families in Indonesia, paternal smoking was associated with increased infant mortality (rural, odds ratio [OR]=1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.24, 1.35; urban, OR=1.10; 95%CI=1.01, 1.20), and under-5 child mortality (rural, OR=1.32; 95% CI=1.26, 1.37; urban, OR=1.14; 95% CI=1.05, 1.23). Paternal smoking diverts money from basic necessities to cigarettes and adversely affects child health; tobacco control should therefore be considered among strategies to improve child survival. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119289_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of skilled birth attendant utilization in Afghanistan: A cross-sectional study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mayhew, M. Author-Name: Hansen, P.M. Author-Name: Peters, D.H. Author-Name: Edward, A. Author-Name: Singh, L.P. Author-Name: Dwivedi, V. Author-Name: Mashkoor, A. Author-Name: Burnham, G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1849-1856 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123471 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify characteristics associated with use of skilled birth attendants where health services exist in Afghanistan. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in all 33 provinces in 2004, yielding data from 617 health facilities and 9917 women who lived near the facilities and had given birth in the past 2 years. Results. Only 13% of respondents had used skilled birth attendants. Women from the wealthiest quintile (vs the poorest quintile) had higher odds of use (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4, 8.9). Literacy was strongly associated with use (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 2.0, 3.2), as was living less than 60 minutes from the facility (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.0) and residing near a facility with a female midwife or doctor (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.8). Women living near facilities that charged user fees (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6, 1.0) and that had male community health workers (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.5, 0.9) had lower odds of use. Conclusions. In Afghanistan, the rate of use of safe delivery care must be improved. The financial barriers of poor and uneducated women should be reduced and culturally acceptable alternatives must be considered. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123471_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Write a chapter and change the world": How the Boston women's health book collective transformed women's health then - and now Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stephenson, H. Author-Name: Zeldes, K. Author-Name: Sweeney, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1741-1745 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132159 Abstract: Working together informally, the core group of women who would later form the Boston Women's Health Book Collective wrote a book that would become the bible of women's health, selling more than 4 million copies. They also created an organization that would carry their mission forward. From the first newsprint edition of Our Bodies, Ourselves, which became an underground sensation, to the brand new book, Our Bodies, Ourselves: Pregnancy and Birth, released in March 2008, the group has educated women and men, critiqued the medical system, examined inequalities based on gender, race, sexual orientation, class, and other categories, and urged readers to move from individual self-help to collective action promoting social policies that support the health of women and communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132159_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comment on name-based reporting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Catania, J.A. Author-Name: Osmond, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1735-1736 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143206 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143206_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Age at Menarche and first pregnancy among psychosocially at-risk adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dunbar, J. Author-Name: Sheeder, J. Author-Name: Lezotte, D. Author-Name: Dabelea, D. Author-Name: Stevens-Simon, C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1822-1824 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120444 Abstract: We sought to determine which factors influence the association between menarche and conception among adolescent study participants (n=1030), who demonstrated an earlier age of menarche than did national samples. Age at first sexual intercourse (coitarche) mediated the relationship between age at menarche and first pregnancy among White girls, whereas gynecologic age at coitarche (age at coitarche minus age at menarche) and age at menarche explained the timing of the first pregnancy among Black and Hispanic girls. Pregnancy prevention interventions to delay coitarche should also include reproductive education and contraception. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120444_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reproductive and sexual rights: Do words matter? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1737 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147041 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147041_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medical accuracy in sexuality education: Ideology and the scientific process Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santelli, J.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 10 Pages: 1786-1792 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119602 Abstract: Recently, many states have implemented requirements for scientific or medical accuracy in sexuality education and HIV prevention programs. Although seemingly uncontroversial, these requirements respond to the increasing injection of ideology into sexuality education, as represented by abstinence-only programs. I describe the process by which health professionals and government advisory groups within the United States reach scientific consensus and review the legal requirements and definitions for medical accuracy. Key elements of this scientific process include the weight of scientific evidence, the importance of scientific theory, peer review, and recognition by mainstream scientific and health organizations. I propose a concise definition of medical accuracy that may be useful to policymakers, health educators, and other health practitioners. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119602_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Milton I. Roemer advocate of social medicine, international health, and national health insurance. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abel, E.K. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1596-1597 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9:1596-1597_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treat or treatment: A qualitative study analyzing patients' use of complementary and alternative medicine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bishop, F.L. Author-Name: Yardley, L. Author-Name: Lewith, G.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1700-1705 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110072 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed how patients use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and examined how patients' perspectives relate to existing, expertled taxonomies. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with 46 people who used CAM in southern England, then performed a qualitative thematic analysis of the interviews. Results. CAM appeared to be used in 4 different ways: as treats, and as alternative, complementary, or conventional treatments. Treats were portrayed as personal luxuries, not directed at an identified health need. Systematic differences in the context, anticipated benefits, and implications for financial justification were revealed when nonmedical therapies were viewed and used as alternative, complementary, or conventional treatments. Specific CAM practices were viewed and used in different ways by different participants. Conclusions. Some participants used CAM practices as a personal luxury, not as a health care technology. This is incongruent with existing expert-led taxonomies. Physicians and researchers need to be aware that patients' views of what constitutes CAM can differ radically from their own. They should choose their terminology carefully to initiate meaningful dialogue with their patients and research participants. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110072_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Waking a sleeping giant: The tobacco industry's response to the polonium-210 issue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muggli, M.E. Author-Name: Ebbert, J.O. Author-Name: Robertson, C. Author-Name: Hurt, R.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1643-1650 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130963 Abstract: The major tobacco manufacturers discovered that polonium was part of tobacco and tobacco smoke more than 40 years ago and attempted, but failed, to remove this radioactive substance from their products. Internal tobacco industry documents reveal that the companies suppressed publication of their own internal research to avoid heightening the public's awareness of radioactivity in cigarettes. Tobacco companies continue to minimize their knowledge about polonium-210 in cigarettes in smoking and health litigation. Cigarette packs should carry a radiation-exposure warning label. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130963_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Development of a core competency model for the master of public health degree Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Calhoun, J.G. Author-Name: Ramiah, K. Author-Name: Weist, E.M. Author-Name: Shortell, S.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1598-1607 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117978 Abstract: Core competencies have been used to redefine curricula across the major health professions in recent decades. In 2006, the Association of Schools of Public Health identified core competencies for the master of public health degree in graduate schools and programs of public health. We provide an overview of the model development process and a listing of 12 core domains and 119 competencies that can serve as a resource for faculty and students for enhancing the quality and accountability of graduate public health education and training. The primary vision for the initiative is the graduation of professionals who are more fully prepared for the many challenges and opportunities in public health in the forthcoming decade. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117978_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Thro' many dangers, toils, and snares, we have already come. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S4 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S4_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seal et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seal, K.H. Author-Name: Maguen, S. Author-Name: Bertenthal, D. Author-Name: Gima, K. Author-Name: Marmar, C.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1542-1543 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141333 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141333_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Goldman et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, J. Author-Name: Kinnear, S. Author-Name: Chung, J. Author-Name: Rothman, D.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1545 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142703 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142703_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The World Health Organization and its work. 1993. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bynum, W.F. Author-Name: Porter, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1594-1597 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9:1594-1597_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US health educators' likelihood of adopting genomic competencies into health promotion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, L.-S. Author-Name: Kwok, O.-M. Author-Name: Goodson, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1651-1657 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122663 Abstract: Objectives. We examined US health educators' likelihood of adopting genomic competencies - specific skills and knowledge in public health genomics - into health promotion and the factors influencing such likelihood. Methods. We developed and tested a model to assess likelihood to adopt genomic competencies. Data from 1607 health educators nationwide were collected through a Web-based survey. The model was tested through structural equation modeling. Results. Although participants in our study were not very likely to adopt genomic competencies into their practice, the data supported the proposed model. Awareness, attitudes, and self-efficacy significantly affected health educators' likelihood to incorporate genomic competencies. The model explained 60.3% of the variance in likelihood to incorporate genomic competencies. Participants' perceived compatibility between public health genomics and their professional and personal roles, their perceptions of genomics as complex, and the communication channels used to learn about public health genomics significantly related to genomic knowledge and attitudes. Conclusions. Because US health educators in our sample do not appear ready for their professional role in genomics, future research and public health workforce training are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122663_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Approaching health disparities from a population perspective: The National Institutes of Health Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warnecke, R.B. Author-Name: Oh, A. Author-Name: Breen, N. Author-Name: Gehlert, S. Author-Name: Paskett, E. Author-Name: Tucker, K.L. Author-Name: Lurie, N. Author-Name: Rebbeck, T. Author-Name: Goodwin, J. Author-Name: Flack, J. Author-Name: Srinivasan, S. Author-Name: Kerner, J. Author-Name: Heurtin-Roberts, S. Author-Name: Abeles, R. Author-Name: Tyson, F.L. Author-Name: Patmios, G. Author-Name: Hiatt, R.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1608-1615 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.102525 Abstract: Addressing health disparities has been a national challenge for decades. The National Institutes of Health-sponsored Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities are the first federal initiative to support transdisciplinary multilevel research on the determinants of health disparities. Their novel research approach combines population, clinical, and basic science to elucidate the complex determinants of health disparities. The centers are partnering with community-based, public, and quasi-public organizations to disseminate scientific findings and guide clinical practice in communities. In turn, communities and public health agents are shaping the research. The relationships forged through these complex collaborations increase the likelihood that the centers' scientific findings will be relevant to communities and contribute to reductions in health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102525_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The changing pattern of doctoral education in public health from 1985 to 2006 and the challenge of doctoral training for practice and leadership Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Declercq, E. Author-Name: Caldwell, K. Author-Name: Hobbs, S.H. Author-Name: Guyer, B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1565-1569 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117481 Abstract: We examined trends in doctoral education in public health and the challenges facing practice-oriented doctor of public health (DrPH) programs. We found a rapid rise in the numbers of doctoral programs and students. Most of the increase was in PhD students who in 2006 composed 73% of the total 5247 current public health doctoral students, compared with 53% in 1985. There has also been a substantial increase (40%) in students in DrPH programs since 2002. Challenges raised by the increased demand for DrPH practice-oriented education relate to admissions, curriculum, assessment processes, and faculty hiring and promotion. We describe approaches to practice-based doctoral education taken by three schools of public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117481_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health is a human right, right? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braithwaite, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S5-7 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S5-7_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Project Cerberus: Tobacco industry strategy to create an alternative to the framework convention on tobacco control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mamudu, H.M. Author-Name: Hammond, R. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1630-1642 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129478 Abstract: Between 1999 and 2001, British American Tobacco, Philip Morris, and Japan Tobacco International executed Project Cerberus to develop a global voluntary regulatory regime as an alternative to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). They aimed to develop a global voluntary regulatory code to be overseen by an independent audit body and to focus attention on youth smoking prevention. The International Tobacco Products Marketing Standards announced in September 2001, however, did not have the independent audit body. Although the companies did not stop the FCTC, they continue to promote the International Tobacco Products Marketing Standards youth smoking prevention as an alternative to the FCTC. Public health civil society groups should help policymakers and governments understand the importance of not working with the tobacco industry. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129478_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building and sustaining a multiuniversity and multicampus program or school of public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Author-Name: Gotsch, A. Author-Name: Rhoads, G. Author-Name: Schneider, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1556-1558 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136705 Abstract: Drawing from New Jersey's successful efforts and from other less successful efforts, we offer lessons learned for those who will consider a multiuniversity and multicampus program or school of public health. These lessons include building a faculty collaboration, senior administrative support, and external constituencies and developing a set of documents that institutionalize processes, logistics, and other operations. In our experience, building and sustaining faculty support is the greatest challenge, followed by protecting existing resources and securing additional resources when administrators in the host universities change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136705_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Competencies: From deconstruction to reconstruction and back again, lessons learned Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leach, D.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1562-1564 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125302 Abstract: I address the potential impact of the Association of Schools of Public Health's development of a competency model for the graduate Master of Public Health. I reflect on the model in relation to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's adoption of a competency-based model for medical education. Six lessons learned by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education that the Association of Schools of Public Health might consider in moving forward are how learning outcomes can be enhanced by using competency models, the effect of competency development processes in "creating a common language" among educators, the benefits and challenges of numerous competencies within a model, the usefulness of the Dreyfus model for progressive competency development, the need for multiple assessment tools used over time, and the value of learning portfolios. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125302_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Untapped resources: Exploring the need to invest in doctor of public health-degree training and leadership development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curtis, L.M. Author-Name: Marx, J.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1547-1549 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119313 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119313_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caring for families. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ro, M.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S61 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S61_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood psychosocial hazards and cardiovascular disease: The Baltimore Memory Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Augustin, T. Author-Name: Glass, T.A. Author-Name: James, B.D. Author-Name: Schwartz, B.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1664-1670 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125138 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between cardiovascular disease and neighborhood psychosocial hazards, such as violent crime, abandoned buildings, and signs of incivility, to evaluate whether features of place are associated with older adult health. Methods. We analyzed first-visit data from the Baltimore Memory Study of randomly selected residents aged 50 to 70 years (n = 1140) of 65 contiguous neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. We looked for associations between selfreports of history of selected cardiovascular diseases and scores on the 12-item neighborhood psychosocial hazards scale. Results. After adjustment for established individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease, residents in neighborhoods with scores in the highest quartile of the psychosocial hazards scale had more than 4 times higher odds of a history of myocardial infarction and more than 3 times higher odds of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intermittent claudication compared with residents living in neighborhoods scoring in the lowest quartile. Conclusions. Neighborhood psychosocial hazards were significantly associated with self-reported cardiovascular disease after adjustment for individuallevel risk factors. This is consistent with the hypothesis that environmental stress plays a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125138_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Process is the point - Justice and human rights: Priority setting and fair deliberative process Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Author-Name: Daniels, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1573-1577 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123182 Abstract: Most people responsible for setting priorities in health have considerable expertise relevant to deciding how to use resources effectively and the kinds of improvements that should be emphasized. Most are also concerned with distributing improvements equitably. Accordingly, they often invoke human rights or principles of distributive justice to legitimize choices that create winners and losers. We propose an approach that draws on the strengths of both perspectives as a way to add legitimacy to efforts to set priorities in health. Our proposal provides a process for setting priorities but is not a formula or an algorithm for generating particular priorities. We propose an approach that would do away with the process through which priorities are set and decisions made, and suggest the value of a focus on the process of legitimizing these decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123182_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health in Sumatra after the tsunami Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frankenberg, E. Author-Name: Friedman, J. Author-Name: Gillespie, T. Author-Name: Ingwersen, N. Author-Name: Pynoos, R. Author-Name: Rifai, I.U. Author-Name: Sikoki, B. Author-Name: Steinberg, A. Author-Name: Sumantri, C. Author-Name: Suriastini, W. Author-Name: Thomas, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1671-1677 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120915 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the levels and correlates of posttraumatic stress reactivity (PTSR) of more than 20 000 adult tsunami survivors by analyzing survey data from coastal Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods. A population-representative sample of individuals interviewed before the tsunami was traced in 2005 to 2006. We constructed 2 scales measuring PTSR by using 7 symptom items from the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version. One scale measured PTSR at the time of interview, and the other measured PTSR at the point of maximum intensity since the disaster. Results. PTSR scores were highest for respondents from heavily damaged areas. In all areas, scores declined over time. Gender and age were significant predictors of PTSR; markers of socioeconomic status before the tsunami were not. Exposure to traumatic events, loss of kin, and property damage were significantly associated with higher PTSR scores. Conclusions. The tsunami produced posttraumatic stress reactions across a wide region of Aceh and North Sumatra. Public health will be enhanced by the provision of counseling services that reach not only people directly affected by the tsunami but also those living beyond the area of immediate impact. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120915_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Poverty in America: How public health practice can make a difference Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Erwin, P.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1570-1572 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127787 Abstract: Health inequities linked to poverty remain entrenched in certain subgroups in the United States, despite public health efforts to the contrary. My experiences in working with the poor in Nepal and Pakistan informed my later approach to addressing health and poverty in the Appalachians of eastern Tennessee. Three aspects of this approach include enhancing community power through participation in local decision-making about health, educating students within the actual context of poverty, and increasing local opportunity by employing people from the communities of concern to serve as a means to reach those communities. Empowerment, education, and opportunity can serve as ways to ameliorate poverty and may serve to modulate the persistent underlying conditions that create and sustain poverty. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127787_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On inspiration and leadership: A conversation with Barbara Sabol, MA,RN, and Henrie M. Treadwell, PhD Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, K.M. Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1553-1555 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133561 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133561_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New York City's diabetes reporting system helps patients and physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1543-1544 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142026 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142026_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mending our broken mental health systems. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braithwaite, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S107 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S107_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US child labor violations in the retail and service industries: Findings from a national survey of working adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rauscher, K.J. Author-Name: Runyan, C.W. Author-Name: Schulman, M.D. Author-Name: Bowling, J.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1693-1699 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122853 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated child labor violations among US adolescents working in the retail and service industries. Methods. We used interview data from a nationally representative sample of working adolescents, and investigated reports of select child labor violations (e.g., hours, equipment, and work permits). We computed weighted percentages of respondents reporting each type of discrete (and aggregated) violation. Results. Nearly 37% of respondents reported a violation of the hazardous occupations orders (i.e., prohibited jobs or use of equipment), and 40% reported a work permit violation. Fewer than 2% reported working more than the maximum weekly hours allowed during the school year, but 11% reported working past the latest hour allowed on a school night, and 15% reported working off the clock. Conclusions. Significant numbers of US adolescents are employed in violation of the child labor laws and as a result are exposed to safety risks. Although our data did not allow for an analysis of enforcement, our findings demonstrate gaps in employer compliance with the law. We suggest that closer attention to enforcement policy and practice is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122853_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health education and the world Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1546 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144758 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144758_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using seminar blogs to enhance student participation and learning in public health school classes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, R.H. Author-Name: Cohen, A.P. Author-Name: Sheahan, F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1658-1663 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133694 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated whether "seminar blogs" enhanced learning in a large graduate-level introductory public health school class. Methods. Sixty students were divided into 6 online blog groups. Students posted their assignments (case analyses, news commentaries), prompting comments from other students. Anonymous poll surveys of students were conducted at midpoint and at the end of the course. Results. Sixty percent reported that blog participation enriched their learning quite a bit, 34% a small amount, and 6% not at all; 54% said that the blogs provided opportunities to learn from classmates. When comparing writing on the blog to speaking in class, 60% found it easier, 30% about the same, and 10% harder. About 65% said that skills attained by participating in blogs were useful for current or future work. Major criticisms involved time issues. Conclusions. Small seminar blogs offer opportunities for increased student participation, interaction, and learning. To be most effective and appealing, assignments for postings need to allow sufficient time for commentary. This educational technology has potential to expand the classroom experience and is worthy of further development and testing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133694_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving health behaviors in an african american community: The Charlotte racial and ethnic approaches to community health project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plescia, M. Author-Name: Herrick, H. Author-Name: Chavis, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1678-1684 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125062 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect on 3 behavioral risk factors for heart disease and diabetes (low fruit and vegetable consumption, low physical activity, and cigarette smoking) of an intervention in an African American community in North Carolina. Methods. A community coalition, a lay health advisor program, and policy and community environment change strategies were implemented in a community of 20 000 African Americans in 2001 to 2005. Health behavior questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were administered to a cross-section of the community annually. The results were compared with African Americans' responses from a statewide survey. Results. All 3 health behaviors improved in the study population. Improvements were statistically significant for physical activity (P=.02) and smoking (P=.03) among women and for physical activity among middle-aged adults (P=.01). Lower baseline physical activity rates improved to levels comparable to those of African Americans statewide (2001, P<.001; 2005, P=.38), and comparable fruit and vegetable consumption rates became significantly higher (2001, P=.68; 2005, P<.001). Conclusions. Our findings support the emerging role of policy and community environment change strategies and community participation as promising practices to improve health behaviors in African American communities and to reduce health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125062_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring the performance of telephone-based disease surveillance systems in local health departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dausey, D.J. Author-Name: Chandra, A. Author-Name: Schaefer, A.G. Author-Name: Bahney, B. Author-Name: Haviland, A. Author-Name: Zakowski, S. Author-Name: Lurie, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1706-1711 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114710 Abstract: Objectives. We tested telephone-based disease surveillance systems in local health departments to identify system characteristics associated with consistent and timely responses to urgent case reports. Methods. We identified a stratified random sample of 74 health departments and conducted a series of unannounced tests of their telephone-based surveillance systems. We used regression analyses to identify system characteristics that predicted fast connection with an action officer (an appropriate public health professional). Results. Optimal performance in consistently connecting callers with an action officer in 30 minutes or less was achieved by 31% of participating health departments. Reaching a live person upon dialing, regardless of who that person was, was the strongest predictor of optimal performance both in being connected with an action officer and in consistency of connection times. Conclusions. Health departments can achieve optimal performance in consistently connecting a caller with an action officer in 30 minutes or less and may improve performance by using a telephone-based disease surveillance system in which the phone is answered by a live person at all times. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114710_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From mosques to classrooms: Mobilizing the community to enhance case detection of tuberculosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rifat, M. Author-Name: Rusen, I.D. Author-Name: Mahmud, M.H. Author-Name: Nayer, I. Author-Name: Islam, A. Author-Name: Ahmed, F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1550-1552 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117333 Abstract: In response to the global challenge of inadequate case detection of tuberculosis (TB), the Fund for Innovative DOTS Expansion through Local Initiatives to Stop Tuberculosis (FIDELIS) was developed in 2003 to rapidly assess and implement innovative approaches to increase the detection of new smear-positive TB cases. As previously reported, a wide range of target populations and interventions has been incorporated into successful FIDELIS projects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117333_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Core academic competencies for master of public health students: One health department practitioner's perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moser, J.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1559-1561 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117234 Abstract: The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) has developed a comprehensive set of core academic competencies for master of public health (MPH) graduates. The ASPH core MPH competencies delineate fundamental knowledge, attitudes, and skills that every MPH student, regardless of their major field, should possess upon graduation. From a public health agency perspective, this is a promising development. The ASPH MPH core competencies are complementary to the Core Competencies for Public Health Practice developed by the Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice. Although a useful development, the academic MPH core competencies should not be confused with a conclusive definition of what constitutes a public health professional. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117234_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Written informed consent and HIV testing rates: The San Francisco experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Das-Douglas, M. Author-Name: Zetola, N.M. Author-Name: Klausner, J.D. Author-Name: Colfax, G.N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1544-1545 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142596 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142596_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Standing in the gap. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Author-Name: Nottingham, J.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S170 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S170_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The lead industry and lead water pipes "A modest campaign" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rabin, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1584-1592 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555 Abstract: Lead pipes for carrying drinking water were well recognized as a cause of lead poisoning by the late 1800s in the United States. By the 1920s, many cities and towns were prohibiting or restricting their use. To combat this trend, the lead industry carried out a prolonged and effective campaign to promote the use of lead pipes. Led by the Lead Industries Association (LIA), representatives were sent to speak with plumbers' organizations, local water authorities, architects, and federal officials. The LIA also published numerous articles and books that extolled the advantages of lead over other materials and gave practical advice on the installation and repair of lead pipes. The LIA's activities over several decades therefore contributed to the present-day public health and economic cost of lead water pipes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco industry control of menthol in cigarettes and targeting of adolescents and young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kreslake, J.M. Author-Name: Wayne, G.F. Author-Name: Alpert, H.R. Author-Name: Koh, H.K. Author-Name: Connolly, G.N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1685-1692 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125542 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether tobacco manufacturers manipulate the menthol content of cigarettes in an effort to target adolescents and young adults. Methods. We analyzed data from tobacco industry documents describing menthol product development, results of laboratory testing of US menthol brands, market research reports, and the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Results. The tobacco industry attracted new smokers by promoting cigarettes with lower menthol content, which were popular with adolescents and young adults, and provided cigarettes with higher menthol content to long-term smokers. Menthol cigarette sales remained stable from 2000 to 2005 in the United States, despite a 22% decline in overall packs sold. Conclusions. Tobacco companies manipulate the sensory characteristics of cigarettes, including menthol content, thereby facilitating smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Menthol brands that have used this strategy have been the most successful in attracting youth and young adult smokers and have grown in popularity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125542_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Goldman et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, J. Author-Name: Kinnear, S. Author-Name: Chung, J. Author-Name: Rothman, D.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1544 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142299 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142299_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The case for postdeployment mental health screening was not made Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rona, R.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1542 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141291 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141291_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reconnecting the mouth to the body of public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S81 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S81_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who are we? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S59 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S59_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The context for choice: Health implications of targeted food and beverage marketing to African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grier, S.A. Author-Name: Kumanyika, S.K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1616-1629 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115626 Abstract: Targeted marketing of high-calorie foods and beverages to ethnic minority populations, relative to more healthful foods, may contribute to ethnic disparities in obesity and other diet-related chronic conditions. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in June 1992 through 2006 (n=20) that permitted comparison of food and beverage marketing to African Americans versus Whites and others. Eight studies reported on product promotions, 11 on retail food outlet locations, and 3 on food prices. Although the evidence base has limitations, studies indicated that African Americans are consistently exposed to food promotion and distribution patterns with relatively greater potential adverse health effects than are Whites. The limited evidence on price disparities was inconclusive. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115626_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal and public health considerations affecting the success, reach, and impact of menu-labeling laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Author-Name: Brownell, K.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1578-1583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128488 Abstract: Because the rate of consumption of away-from-home meals has increased dramatically, the distinction between requiring nutrition information for packaged but not restaurant products is no longer reasonable. Public health necessitates that nutrition labels must be included with restaurant menus as a strategy to educate consumers and address the escalation of obesity.Menu- labeling laws are being considered at the local, state, and federal levels, but the restaurant industry opposes such action. We discuss the public health rationale and set forth the government's legal authority for the enactment of menu-labeling laws. We further aim to educate the public health community of the potential legal challenges to such laws, and we set forth methods for governments to survive these challenges by drafting laws according to current legal standards. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128488_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Designing healthy communities, raising healthy kids: National Public Health Week 2006. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9S Pages: S60 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:9S:S60_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The first mental hospital in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 9 Pages: 1593 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134577 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134577_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of park size, distance, and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaczynski, A.T. Author-Name: Potwarka, L.R. Author-Name: Saelens P, B.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1451-1456 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129064 Abstract: Objectives. We studied whether park size, number of features in the park, and distance to a park from participants' homes were related to a park being used for physical activity. Methods. We collected observational data on 28 specific features from 33 parks. Adult residents in surrounding areas (n=380) completed 7-day physical activity logs that included the location of their activities. We used logistic regression to examine the relative importance of park size, features, and distance to participants' homes in predicting whether a park was used for physical activity, with control for perceived neighborhood safety and aesthetics. Results. Parks with more features were more likely to be used for physical activity; size and distance were not significant predictors. Park facilities were more important than were park amenities. Of the park facilities, trails had the strongest relationship with park use for physical activity. Conclusions. Specific park features may have significant implications for park-based physical activity. Future research should explore these factors in diverse neighborhoods and diverse parks among both younger and older populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129064_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building and maintaining trust in a community-based participatory research partnership Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christopher, S. Author-Name: Watts, V. Author-Name: McCormick, A.K.H.G. Author-Name: Young, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1398-1406 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125757 Abstract: Although intervention research is vital to eliminating health disparities, many groups with health disparities have had negative research experiences, leading to an understandable distrust of researchers and the research process. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches seek to reverse this pattern by building trust between community members and researchers. We highlight strategies for building and maintaining trust from an American Indian CBPR project and focus on 2 levels of trust building and maintaining: (1) between university and community partners and (2) between the initial project team and the larger community. This article was cowritten by community and academic partners; by offering the voices of community partners, it provides a novel and distinctive contribution to the CBPR literature. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125757_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Purchasing behavior and calorie information at fast-food chains in New York City, 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Author-Name: Dumanovsky, T. Author-Name: Huang, C. Author-Name: Silver, L.D. Author-Name: Young, C. Author-Name: Nonas, C. Author-Name: Matte, T.D. Author-Name: Chideya, S. Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1457-1459 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135020 Abstract: We surveyed 7318 customers from 275 randomly selected restaurants of 11 fast food chains. Participants purchased a mean of 827 calories, with 34% purchasing 1000 calories or more. Unlike other chains, Subway posted calorie information at point of purchase and its patrons more often reported seeing calorie infomation than patrons of other chains (32% vs 4%; P<.001); Subway patrons who saw calorie information purchased 52 fewer calories than did other Subway patrons (P<.01). Fast-food chains should display calorie information prominently at point of purchase, where it can be seen and used to inform purchases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135020_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Coronary heart disease deaths and decreased smoking prevalence in Massachusetts, 1993-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kabir, Z. Author-Name: Connolly, G.N. Author-Name: Clancy, L. Author-Name: Koh, H.K. Author-Name: Capewell, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1468-1469 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129924 Abstract: We used the previously validated IMPACT coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality model to estimate the CHD deaths attributable to reductions in smoking prevalence following the introduction of the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program (MTCP) in 1993. A 29% and 31% decline in smoking prevalence and CHD mortality rates occurred, respectively (from 1993 to 2003). A total of 425 fewer CHD deaths, which generated approximately 3365 extra life-years, were attributable to decreased smoking prevalence. With these results in mind, a comprehensive tobacco control program should be sustained and supported. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129924_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood socioeconomic position, gender, adult body mass index, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus over 34 years in the Alameda county study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maty, S.C. Author-Name: Lynch, J.W. Author-Name: Raghunathan, T.E. Author-Name: Kaplan, G.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1486-1494 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123653 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between childhood socioeconomic position and incidence of type 2 diabetes and the effects of gender and adult body mass index (BMI). Methods. We studied 5913 participants in the Alameda County Study from 1965 to 1999 who were diabetes free at baseline (1965). Cox proportional hazards models estimated diabetes risk associated with childhood socioeconomic position and combined childhood socioeconomic position-adult BMI categories in pooled and gender-stratified samples. Demographic confounders and potential pathway components (physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, depression, health care access) were included as covariates. Results. Low childhood socioeconomic position was associated with excess diabetes risk, especially among women. Race and body composition accounted for some of this excess risk. The association between childhood socioeconomic position and diabetes incidence differed by adult BMI category in the pooled and women-only groups. Adjustment for race and behaviors attenuated the risk attributable to low childhood socioeconomic position among the obese group only. Conclusions. Childhood socioeconomic position was a robust predictor of incident diabetes, especially among women. A cumulative risk effect was observed for both childhood socioeconomic position and adult BMI, especially among women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123653_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aiello, A.E. Author-Name: Coulborn, R.M. Author-Name: Perez, V. Author-Name: Larson, E.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1372-1381 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610 Abstract: To quantify the effect of hand-hygiene interventions on rates of gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses and to identify interventions that provide the greatest efficacy, we searched 4 electronic databases for hand-hygiene trials published from January 1960 through May 2007 and conducted meta-analyses to generate pooled rate ratios across interventions (N=30 studies). Improvements in hand hygiene resulted in reductions in gastrointestinal illness of 31% (95% confidence intervals [CI]=19%, 42%) and reductions in respiratory illness of 21% (95% CI=5%, 34%). The most beneficial intervention was hand-hygiene education with use of nonantibacterial soap. Use of antibacterial soap showed little added benefit compared with use of nonantibacterial soap. Hand hygiene is clearly effective against gastrointestinal and, to a lesser extent, respiratory infections. Studies examining hygiene practices during respiratory illness and interventions targeting aerosol transmission are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Results of the 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linnan, L. Author-Name: Bowling, M. Author-Name: Childress, J. Author-Name: Lindsay, G. Author-Name: Blakey, C. Author-Name: Pronk, S. Author-Name: Wieker, S. Author-Name: Royall, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1503-1509 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100313 Abstract: Objectives. We examined worksite health promotion programs, policies, and services to monitor the achievement of the Healthy People 2010 worksite-related goal of 75% of worksites offering a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Methods. We conducted a nationally representative, cross-sectional telephone survey of worksite health promotion programs stratified by worksite size and industry type. Techniques appropriate for analyzing complex surveys were used to compute point estimates, confidence intervals, and multivariate statistics. Results. Worksites with more than 750 employees consistently offered more programs, policies, and services than did smaller worksites. Only 6.9% of responding worksites offered a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Sites with a staff person dedicated to and responsible for health promotion were significantly more likely to offer a comprehensive program, and sites in the agriculture and mining or financial services sector were significantly less likely than those in other industry sectors to offer such a program. Conclusions. Increasing the number, quality, and types of health promotion programs at worksites, especially smaller worksites, remains an important public health goal. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100313_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mercury, vaccines, and autism, revisited Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silbergeld, E.K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1350 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138776 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138776_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leisure-time physical activity disparities among Hispanic subgroups in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neighbors, C.J. Author-Name: Marquez, D.X. Author-Name: Marcus, B.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1460-1464 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096982 Abstract: Studies of leisure-time physical activity disparities for Hispanic individuals have not adjusted for sociodemographic confounds or accounted for variation by country of origin. We used the National Health Interview Survey to compare leisure-time physical activity among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White persons. All Hispanic subgroups were less active than were non-Hispanic White people, yet significant heterogeneity existed among Hispanic persons. Sociodemographic factors partly accounted for disparities among men; disparities among women persisted despite multivariate adjustments. Interventions must attend to these underserved yet varied subcommunities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096982_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adverse event detection in drug development: Recommendations and obligations beyond phase 3 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berlin, J.A. Author-Name: Glasser, S.C. Author-Name: Ellenberg, S.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1366-1371 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124537 Abstract: Premarketing studies of drugs, although large enough to demonstrate efficacy and detect common adverse events, cannot reliably detect an increased incidence of rare adverse events or events with significant latency. For most drugs, only about 500 to 3000 participants are studied, for relatively short durations, before a drug is marketed. Systems for assessment of postmarketing adverse events include spontaneous reports, computerized claims or medical record databases, and formal postmarketing studies. We briefly review the strengths and limitations of each. Postmarketing surveillance is essential for developing a full understanding of the balance between benefits and adverse effects. More work is needed in analysis of data from spontaneous reports of adverse effects and automated databases, design of ad hoc studies, and design of economically feasible large randomized studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124537_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cutrona et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cutrona, S.L. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Lasser, K.E. Author-Name: Bor, D.H. Author-Name: McCormick, D. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138990 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138990_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Innovation! Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vaughan, R.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1353 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142802 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142802_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The power and the promise: Working with communities to analyze data, interpret findings, and get to outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cashman, S.B. Author-Name: Adeky, S. Author-Name: Allen III, A.J. Author-Name: Corburn, J. Author-Name: Israel, B.A. Author-Name: Montaño, J. Author-Name: Rafelito, A. Author-Name: Rhodes, S.D. Author-Name: Swanston, S. Author-Name: Wallerstein, N. Author-Name: Eng, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1407-1417 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113571 Abstract: Although the intent of community-based participatory research (CBPR) is to include community voices in all phases of a research initiative, community partners appear less frequently engaged in data analysis and interpretation than in other research phases. Using 4 brief case studies, each with a different data collection methodology, we provide examples of how community members participated in data analysis, interpretation, or both, thereby strengthening community capacity and providing unique insight. The roles and skills of the community and academic partners were different from but complementary to each other. We suggest that including community partners in data analysis and interpretation, while lengthening project time, enriches insights and findings and consequently should be a focus of the next generation of CBPR initiatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113571_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of tobacco control policies and mass media campaigns on monthly adult smoking prevalence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wakefield, M.A. Author-Name: Durkin, S. Author-Name: Spittal, M.J. Author-Name: Siahpush, M. Author-Name: Scollo, M. Author-Name: Simpson, J.A. Author-Name: Chapman, S. Author-Name: White, V. Author-Name: Hill, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1443-1450 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128991 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess the impact of several tobacco control policies and televised antismoking advertising on adult smoking prevalence. Methods. We used a population survey in which smoking prevalence was measured each month from 1995 through 2006. Time-series analysis assessed the effect on smoking prevalence of televised antismoking advertising (with gross audience rating points [GRPs] per month), cigarette costliness, monthly sales of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion, and smoke-free restaurant laws. Results. Increases in cigarette costliness and exposure to tobacco control media campaigns significantly reduced smoking prevalence. We found a 0.3-percentage-point reduction in smoking prevalence by either exposing the population to televised antismoking ads an average of almost 4 times per month (390 GRPs) or by increasing the costliness of a pack of cigarettes by 0.03% of gross average weekly earnings. Monthly sales of NRT and bupropion, exposure to NRT advertising, and smoke-free restaurant laws had no detectable impact on smoking prevalence. Conclusions. Increases in the real price of cigarettes and tobacco control mass media campaigns broadcast at sufficient exposure levels and at regular intervals are critical for reducing population smoking prevalence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128991_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Free" prescription drug samples are not free Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vincent, W.R. Author-Name: Wiesner, A.M. Author-Name: Steinke, D.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1348-1349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138800 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138800_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Baker responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1350-1351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140376 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140376_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Injuries among US children with different types of disabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sinclair, S.A. Author-Name: Xiang, H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1510-1516 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.097097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097097 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether risk of injury differs among children on the basis of the type of disability, and whether the characteristics of injury episodes differ by disability status. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 1997-2005 National Health Interview Survey to compare medically attended injuries among children aged 0 to 17 years who had and did not have a disability. Characteristics of injury episodes were compared by disability status. We calculated prevalence and risk of injury by type of disability. Results. Children who had a single disability had a significantly higher prevalence of injury than children without a disability (3.8% vs 2.5%; P<.01). Characteristics of injury episodes did not differ significantly by disability status (P>.05). After we controlled for sociodemographic variables, we found that only children with emotional or behavioral problems had a significantly higher risk of injury compared with children without a disability (prevalence ratio=1.50; 95% confidence interval=1.15, 1.97; P<.01). Conclusions. Children with certain types of disabilities are at a significantly higher risk of injuries than are children without disabilities, but the characteristics of injuries are similar. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.097097_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Embracing chaos and complexity: A quantum change for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Resnicow, K. Author-Name: Page, S.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1382-1389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129460 Abstract: Public health research and practice have been guided by a cognitive, rational paradigm where inputs produce linear, predictable changes in outputs. However, the conceptual and statistical assumptions underlying this paradigm may be flawed. In particular, this perspective does not adequately account for nonlinear and quantum influences on human behavior. We propose that health behavior change is better understood through the lens of chaos theory and complex adaptive systems. Key relevant principles include that behavior change (1) is often a quantum event; (2) can resemble a chaotic process that is sensitive to initial conditions, highly variable, and difficult to predict; and (3) occurs within a complex adaptive system with multiple components, where results are often greater than the sum of their parts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129460_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individually randomized group treatment trials: A critical appraisal of frequently used design and analytic approaches Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pals, S.L. Author-Name: Murray, D.M. Author-Name: Alfano, C.M. Author-Name: Shadish, W.R. Author-Name: Hannan, P.J. Author-Name: Baker, W.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1418-1424 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027 Abstract: Objectives. We reviewed published individually randomized group treatment (IRGT) trials to assess researchers' awareness of within-group correlation and determine whether appropriate design and analytic methods were used to test for treatment effectiveness. Methods. We assessed sample size and analytic methods in IRGT trials published in 6 public health and behavioral health journals between 2002 and 2006. Results. Our review included 34 articles; in 32 (94.1%) of these articles, inappropriate analytic methods were used. In only 1 article did the researchers claim that expected intraclass correlations (ICCs) were taken into account in sample size estimation; in most articles, sample size was not mentioned or ICCs were ignored in the reported calculations. Conclusions. Trials in which individuals are randomly assigned to study conditions and treatments administered in groups may induce within-group correlation, violating the assumption of independence underlying commonly used statistical methods. Methods that take expected ICCs into account should be used in reexamining past studies and planning future studies to ensure that interventions are not judged effective solely on the basis of statistical artifacts. We strongly encourage investigators to report ICCs from IRGT trials and describe study characteristics clearly to aid these efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127027_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in motorcycle-related head injury deaths, hospitalizations, and hospital charges following repeal of Pennsylvania's mandatory motorcycle helmet law Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mertz, K.J. Author-Name: Weiss, H.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1464-1467 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123299 Abstract: To evaluate the 2003 repeal of Pennsylvania's motorcycle helmet law, we assessed changes in helmet use and compared motorcycle-related head injuries with nonhead injuries from 2001-2002 to 2004-2005. Helmet use among riders in crashes decreased from 82% to 58%. Head injury deaths increased 66%; nonhead injury deaths increased 25%. Motorcycle-related head injury hospitalizations increased 78% compared with 28% for nonhead injury hospitalizations. Helmet law repeals jeopardize motorcycle riders. Until repeals are reversed, states need voluntary strategies to increase helmet use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123299_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preliminary evidence for an emerging nonmetropolitan mortality penalty in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cosby, A.G. Author-Name: Neaves, T.T. Author-Name: Cossman, R.E. Author-Name: Cossman, J.S. Author-Name: James, W.L. Author-Name: Feierabend, N. Author-Name: Mirvis, D.M. Author-Name: Jones, C.A. Author-Name: Farrigan, T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1470-1472 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123778 Abstract: We discovered an emerging nonmetropolitan mortality penalty by contrasting 37 years of age-adjusted mortality rates for metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan US counties. During the 1980s, annual metropolitan-nonmetropolitan differences averaged 6.2 excess deaths per 100 000 nonmetropolitan population, or approximately 3600 excess deaths; however, by 2000 to 2004, the difference had increased more than 10 times to average 71.7 excess deaths, or approximately 35 000 excess deaths. We recommend that research be undertaken to evaluate and utilize our preliminary findings of an emerging US nonmetropolitan mortality penalty. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123778_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal nonstandard work schedules and adolescent overweight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, D.P. Author-Name: Han, W.-J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1495-1502 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123885 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether nonstandard work schedules by mothers were associated with adolescent overweight. Methods. We conducted multiple regression analyses using a sample of mother-child pairs (n = 2353) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the association between the number of years mothers worked at nonstandard schedules and adolescent overweight at age 13 or 14 years. Separate analyses were also conducted by family income and family type. Results. Child's body mass index increased significantly if mothers worked either a few years or many years at nonstandard schedules. Risk of overweight was also significantly associated with 1 to 4 and 10 or more years of maternal nonstandard work schedules. In both cases, results were driven by those families with predicted incomes in the 2nd quartile ("near-poor"), with a few or many years of nonstandard work schedules also associated with increased risk of adolescent overweight in 2-parent families. Conclusions. Results indicate the importance of the overlooked association between maternal nonstandard work schedules and adolescent overweight at age 13 or 14 years. Nonstandard work schedules among near-poor families and in 2-parent families may disrupt the work-family balance, affecting adolescent overweight. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123885_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of neighborhood environment and risk of intimate partner femicide in a large urban area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frye, V. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Tracy, M. Author-Name: Bucciarelli, A. Author-Name: Putnam, S. Author-Name: Wilt, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1473-1479 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112813 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the contribution of neighborhood-level factors indicative of social disorganization, including educational and occupational attainment, immigrant concentration, physical disorder, and social cohesion, to the likelihood of intimate partner femicide (IPF) while taking into account known neighborhood- and individual-level IPF risk factors. Methods. We used medical examiner data on 1861 femicide victims between 1990 and 1999 and archival information on 59 neighborhoods in New York City to conduct a multilevel case-control analysis. Results. After controlling for neighborhood-level income, we found that no neighborhood factors were significantly associated with IPF risk, as compared with risk of non-IPF and risk of femicide from unknown perpetrators, above and beyond the contributions of individual-level factors. The strongest predictors of IPF were foreign country of birth and young age. Conclusions. IPF victims were nearly twice as likely as non-IPF victims to be foreign born; by contrast, there was little neighborhood-level heterogeneity with respect to IPF risk. Further research is needed to identify neighborhood characteristics that uniquely influence risk of IPF to guide community-level interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112813_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of educational attainment on depression and risk of type 2 diabetes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mezuk, B. Author-Name: Eaton, W.W. Author-Name: Golden, S.H. Author-Name: Ding, Y. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1480-1485 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126441 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the association between major depressive disorder and type 2 diabetes, whether that association is explained by health behaviors, and whether it is influenced by educational attainment. Methods. We used discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models to determine the risk of type 2 diabetes associated with depression in a 23-year population-based cohort study. Results. Major depressive disorder was associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR]=1.62) after we controlled for age, gender, race, education, smoking status, alcohol use, social network size, and antidepressant use. This association was more pronounced after we controlled for body mass index, family history, and health behaviors (HR=2.04; 95% confidence interval=1.09, 3.81). In stratified analyses, the risk associated with major depressive disorder was elevated among those with 12 or fewer years of education compared with those with at least some education beyond high school. Conclusions. The risk of type 2 diabetes associated with major depressive disorder persists over the life course and is independent of the effects of health behaviors, body mass index, and family history. Education is an important moderator of this association. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126441_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening experiments and the use of fractional factorial designs in behavioral intervention research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nair, V. Author-Name: Strecher, V. Author-Name: Fagerlin, A. Author-Name: Ubel, P. Author-Name: Resnicow, K. Author-Name: Murphy, S. Author-Name: Little, R. Author-Name: Chakraborty, B. Author-Name: Zhang, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1354-1359 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127563 Abstract: Health behavior intervention studies have focused primarily on comparing new programs and existing programs via randomized controlled trials. However, numbers of possible components (factors) are increasing dramatically as a result of developments in science and technology (e.g., Web-based surveys). These changes dictate the need for alternative methods that can screen and quickly identify a large set of potentially important treatment components. We have developed and implemented a multiphase experimentation strategy for accomplishing this goal. We describe the screening phase of this strategy and the use of fractional factorial designs (FFDs) in studying several components economically. We then use 2 ongoing behavioral intervention projects to illustrate the usefulness of FFDs. FFDs should be supplemented with follow-up experiments in the refining phase so any critical assumptions about interactions can be verified. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127563_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Frohlich and Potvin respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frohlich, K.L. Author-Name: Potvin, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141309 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141309_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying heterogeneity among injection drug users: A cluster analysis approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaw, S.Y. Author-Name: Shah, L. Author-Name: Jolly, A.M. Author-Name: Wylie, J.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1430-1437 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120741 Abstract: Objectives. We used cluster analysis to subdivide a population of injection drug users and identify previously unknown behavioral heterogeneity within that population. Methods. We applied cluster analysis techniques to data collected in a cross-sectional survey of injection drug users in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The clustering variables we used were based on receptive syringe sharing, ethnicity, and types of drugs injected. Results. Seven clusters were identified for both male and female injection drug users. Some relationships previously revealed in our study setting, such as the known relationship between Talwin (pentazocine) and Ritalin (methylphenidate) use, injection in hotels, and hepatitis C virus prevalence, were confirmed through our cluster analysis approach. Also, relationships between drug use and infection risk not previously observed in our study setting were identified, an example being a cluster of female crystal methamphetamine users who exhibited high-risk behaviors but an absence or low prevalence of blood-borne pathogens. Conclusions. Cluster analysis was useful in both confirming relationships previously identified and identifying new ones relevant to public health research and interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120741_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intervening on high-risk or vulnerable populations? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Semenza, J.C. Author-Name: Suk, J. Author-Name: Manissero, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1351-1352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141036 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141036_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating numbers of unsheltered homeless people through plant-capture and postcount survey methods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hopper, K. Author-Name: Shinn, M. Author-Name: Laska, E. Author-Name: Meisner, M. Author-Name: Wanderling, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1438-1442 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083600 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to increase the accuracy of New York City's estimates of its unsheltered homeless population. Methods. We employed 2 approaches to increasing count accuracy: a plant-capture strategy in which embedded decoys (or "plants") were used to estimate the proportion of visible homeless people missed by enumerators and a postcount survey of service users designed to estimate the proportion of unsheltered homeless people who were not visible. Results. Plants at 17 sites (29%) reported being missed in the count, because counters either did not visit those sites or did not interview the plants. Of 293 homeless service users who were not in shelters, 31% to 41% were in locations deemed not visible to counters. Conclusions. Both plant-capture estimation and postcount surveys are feasible approaches that can increase the accuracy of estimates of unsheltered homeless populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083600_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alternatives to the randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: West, S.G. Author-Name: Duan, N. Author-Name: Pequegnat, W. Author-Name: Gaist, P. Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Holtgrave, D. Author-Name: Szapocznik, J. Author-Name: Fishbein, M. Author-Name: Rapkin, B. Author-Name: Clatts, M. Author-Name: Mullen, P.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1359-1366 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124446 Abstract: Public health researchers are addressing new research questions (e.g., effects of environmental tobacco smoke, Hurricane Katrina) for which the randomized controlled trial (RCT) may not be a feasible option. Drawing on the potential outcomes framework (Rubin Causal Model) and Campbellian perspectives, we consider alternative research designs that permit relatively strong causal inferences. In randomized encouragement designs, participants are randomly invited to participate in one of the treatment conditions, but are allowed to decide whether to receive treatment. In quantitative assignment designs, treatment is assigned on the basis of a quantitative measure (e.g., need, merit, risk). In observational studies, treatment assignment is unknown and presumed to be nonrandom. Major threats to the validity of each design and statistical strategies for mitigating those threats are presented. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124446_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating epidemiology, education, and organizing for environmental justice: Community health effects of industrial hog operations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wing, S. Author-Name: Horton, R.A. Author-Name: Muhammad, N. Author-Name: Grant, G.R. Author-Name: Tajik, M. Author-Name: Thu, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1390-1397 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110486 Abstract: The environmental justice movement has stimulated community-driven research about the living and working conditions of people of color and low-income communities. We describe an epidemiological study designed to link research with community education and organizing for social justice. In eastern North Carolina, high-density industrial swine production occurs in communities of low-income people and people of color. We investigated relationships between the resulting pollution and the health and quality of life of the hog operations' neighbors. A repeat-measures longitudinal design, community involvement in data collection, and integration of qualitative and quantitative research methods helped promote data quality while providing opportunities for community education and organizing. Research could affect policy through its findings and its mobilization of communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110486_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of regression approaches for analyzing clustered data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Desai, M. Author-Name: Begg, M.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 8 Pages: 1425-1429 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.108233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.108233 Abstract: Objectives. We used 3 approaches to analyzing clustered data to assess the impact of model choice on interpretation. Methods. Approaches 1 and 2 specified random intercept models but differed in standard versus novel specification of covariates, which impacts ability to separate within- and between-cluster effects. Approach 3 was based on standard analysis of paired differences. We applied these methods to data from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project to examine the association between head circumference at birth and intelligence (IQ) at age 7 years. Results. Approach 1, which ignored within- and between-family effects, yielded an overall IQ effect of 1.1 points (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.9, 1.3) for every 1-cm increase in head circumference. Approaches 2 and 3 found comparable within-family effects of 0.6 points (95% CI = 0.4, 0.9) and 0.69 points (95% CI = 0.4, 1.0), respectively. Conclusions. Our findings confirm the importance of applying appropriate analytic methods to clustered data, as well as the need for careful covariate specification in regression modeling. Method choice should be informed by the level of interest in cluster-level effects and item-level effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.108233_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (775-776) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133850) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frueh, B.C. Author-Name: Elhai, J.D. Author-Name: Grubaugh, G.L. Author-Name: Frueh, B.T.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133850e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133850e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133850e_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Controlling personal health decisions for the oldest old Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Author-Name: Weiner, M.D. Author-Name: Greenberg, G.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1160-1162 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130989 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130989_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic disadvantage and kidney disease in the United States, Australia, and Thailand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, S.L. Author-Name: McGeechan, K. Author-Name: Jones, M. Author-Name: Cass, A. Author-Name: Chadban, S.J. Author-Name: Polkinghorne, K.R. Author-Name: Perkovic, V. Author-Name: Roderick, P.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1306-1313 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.116020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.116020 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether an elevated burden of chronic kidney disease is found among disadvantaged groups living in the United States, Australia, and Thailand. Methods. We used data on participants 35 years or older for whom a valid serum creatinine measurement was available from studies in the United States, Thailand, and Australia. We used logistic regression to analyze the association of income, education, and employment with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate<60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results. Age- and gender-adjusted odds of having chronic kidney disease were increased 86% for US Whites in the lowest income quartile versus the highest quartile (odds ratio [OR]=1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.27, 2.72). Odds were increased 2 times and 6 times, respectively, among unemployed (not retired) versus employed non-Hispanic Black and Mexican American participants (OR=2.89; 95% CI=1.53, 5.46; OR=6.62; 95% CI=1.94, 22.64. respectively). Similar associations were not evident for the Australian or Thai populations. Conclusions. Higher kidney disease prevalence among financially disadvantaged groups in the United States should be considered when chronic kidney disease prevention and management strategies are created. This approach is less likely to be of benefit to the Australian and Thai populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.116020_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regular vigorous physical activity and disability development in healthy overweight and normal-weight seniors: A 13-year study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bruce, B. Author-Name: Fries, J.F. Author-Name: Hubert, H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1294-1299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119909 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship of regular exercise and body weight to disability among healthy seniors. Methods. We assessed body mass index (BMI) and vigorous exercise yearly (1989-2002) in 805 participants aged 50 to 72 years at enrollment. We studied 4 groups: normal-weight active (BMI<25 kg/m2; exercise>60 min/wk); normal-weight inactive (exercise≤60 min/wk); overweight active (BMI≥25 kg/m2); and overweight inactive. Disability was measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (0-3; 0=no difficulty, 3=unable to do). We used multivariable analysis of covariance to determine group differences in disability scores after adjustment for determinants of disability. Results. The cohort was 72% men and 96% White, with a mean age of 65.2 years. After 13 years, overweight active participants had significantly less disability than did overweight inactive (0.14 vs 0.19; P=.001) and normal-weight inactive (0.22; P=.03) participants. Similar differences were found between normal-weight active (0.11) and normal-weight inactive participants (P<.001). Conclusions. Being physically active mitigated development of disability in these seniors, largely independent of BMI. Public health efforts that promote physically active lifestyles among seniors may be more successful than those that emphasize body weight in the prevention of functional decline. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119909_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nursing home evacuation plans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Castle, N.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1235-1240 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107532 Abstract: Objectives. I examined evacuation plans from 2134 nursing homes and analyzed national data to determine the types of nursing homes cited for deficiencies in their evacuation plans. Methods. Evacuation plans were assessed according to criteria developed by an expert panel funded by the Office of the Inspector General. Deficiency citations came from the Online Survey, Certification, and Recording database, collected from 1997 to 2005. Four specific citations, for written emergency plans, staff training, written evacuation plans, and fire drills, were examined with multivariate logistic regression. Results. Most plans had water supply provisions (96%). Only 31% specified an evacuation route. The rate of citations was relatively stable throughout the study period: each year approximately 0.6% of facilities were found to be deficient in written emergency plans, 2.1% in staff training, 1.2% in written evacuation plans, and 7.9% in fire drills. Conclusions. Some nursing homes need more specific evacuation plans. Water supply was the most and evacuation routes were the least well-addressed areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107532_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The risks, costs, and benefits of possible future global policies for managing polioviruses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, K.M. Author-Name: Duintjer Tebbens, R.J. Author-Name: Pallansch, M.A. Author-Name: Kew, O.M. Author-Name: Sutter, R.W. Author-Name: Aylward, R.B. Author-Name: Watkins, M. Author-Name: Gary Jr., H.E. Author-Name: Alexander, J. Author-Name: Jafari, H. Author-Name: Cochi, S.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1322-1330 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122192 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the costs, risks, and benefits of possible future major policy decisions on vaccination, surveillance, response plans, and containment following global eradication of wild polioviruses. Methods. We developed a decision analytic model to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and net benefits of risk management options for polio for the 20-year period and stratified the world according to income level to capture important variability between nations. Results. For low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income groups currently using oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), we found that after successful eradication of wild polioviruses, OPV cessation would save both costs and lives when compared with continued use of OPV without supplemental immunization activities. We found cost-effectiveness ratios for switching from OPV to inactivated poliovirus vaccine to be higher (i.e., less desirable) than other health investment opportunities, depending on the actual inactivated poliovirus vaccine costs and assumptions about whether supplemental immunization activities with OPV would continue. Conclusions. Eradication promises billions of dollars of net benefits, although global health policy leaders face difficult choices about future policies. Until successful eradication and coordination of posteradication policies, health authorities should continue routine polio vaccination and supplemental immunization activities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122192_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: James Fries: healthy aging pioneer. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swartz, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1163-1166 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135731_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ertel, K.A. Author-Name: Glymour, M.M. Author-Name: Berkman, L.F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1215-1220 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113654 Abstract: Objectives. We tested whether social integration protects against memory loss and other cognitive disorders in late life in a nationally representative US sample of elderly adults, whether effects were stronger among disadvantaged individuals, and whether earlier cognitive losses explained the association (reverse causation). Methods. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (N=16638), we examined whether social integration predicted memory change over 6 years. Memory was measured by immediate and delayed recall of a 10-word list. Social integration was assessed by marital status, volunteer activity, and frequency of contact with children, parents, and neighbors. We examined growth-curve models for the whole sample and within subgroups. Results. The mean memory score declined from 11.0 in 1998 to 10.0 in 2004. Higher baseline social integration predicted slower memory decline in fully adjusted models (P<.01). Memory among the least integrated declined at twice the rate as among the most integrated. This association was largest for respondents with fewer than 12 years of education. There was no evidence of reverse causation. Conclusions. Our study provides evidence that social integration delays memory loss among elderly Americans. Future research should focus on identifying the specific aspects of social integration most important for preserving memory. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113654_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Project VIVA: A multilevel community-based intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates among hard-to-reach populations in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coady, M.H. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Blaney, S. Author-Name: Ompad, D.C. Author-Name: Sisco, S. Author-Name: Vlahov, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1314-1321 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119586 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether the work of a community-based participatory research partnership increased interest in influenza vaccination among hard-to-reach individuals in urban settings. Methods. A partnership of researchers and community members carried out interventions for increasing acceptance of influenza vaccination in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods, focusing on hard-to-reach populations (e.g., substance abusers, immigrants, elderly, sex workers, and homeless persons) in East Harlem and the Bronx in New York City. Activities targeted the individual, community organization, and neighborhood levels and included dissemination of information, presentations at meetings, and provision of street-based and door-to-door vaccination during 2 influenza vaccine seasons. Participants were recruited via multiple modalities. Multivariable analyses were performed to compare interest in receiving vaccination pre- and postintervention. Results. There was increased interest in receiving the influenza vaccine postintervention (P<.01). Being a member of a hard-to-reach population (P=.03), having ever received an influenza vaccine (P<.01), and being in a priority group for vaccination (P<.01) were also associated with greater interest in receiving the vaccine. Conclusions. Targeting underserved neighborhoods through a multilevel community-based participatory research intervention significantly increased interest in influenza vaccination, particularly among hard-to-reach populations. Such interventions hold promise for increasing vaccination rates annually and in pandemic situations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119586_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health status among rural women of reproductive age: Findings from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hillemeier, M.M. Author-Name: Weisman, C.S. Author-Name: Chase, G.A. Author-Name: Dyer, A.-M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1271-1279 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107771 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine variables associated with mental health among rural women of reproductive age, with particular attention given to rural area type and farm residence. Methods. We analyzed data from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study, which included a random-digit-dialed survey of women aged 18 to 45 years. Hierarchical multiple linear and logistic regression models were estimated to predict 3 mental health outcomes: score on a mental health measure, depressive symptoms, and diagnosed depression or anxiety. Results. Mental health outcomes were associated with different factors. Farm residence was associated with higher mental health score, and the most isolated rural residence was associated with less diagnosed depression or anxiety. Elevated psychosocial stress was consistently significant across all models. A key stress modifier, self-esteem, was also consistently significant across models. Other variables associated with 2 of the outcomes were intimate partner violence exposure and affectionate social support. Conclusions. Farm residence may be protective of general mental health for women of reproductive age, and residence in isolated rural areas may decrease access to mental health screening and treatment, resulting in fewer diagnoses of depression or anxiety. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107771_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tehranifar et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tehranifar, P. Author-Name: Leighton, J. Author-Name: Auchincloss, A.H. Author-Name: Faciano, A. Author-Name: Alpher, H. Author-Name: Paykin, A. Author-Name: Wu, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137315 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137315_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of musculoskeletal conditions on oral health among older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelsey, J.L. Author-Name: Lamster, I.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1177-1183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129429 Abstract: Both musculoskeletal disorders and diseases of the oral cavity are common and potentially serious problems among older persons, yet little attention has been given to the links between them. Several musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and arthritic disorders, may directly involve the oral cavity and contiguous structures. Drugs used to treat musculoskeletal diseases, including corticosteroids and bisphosphonates, increase the risk of suppression of the immune system and osteonecrosis of the jaw, respectively. Many people with disabling osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions have difficulty practicing good oral hygiene and traveling to dental offices for professional help. Various inexpensive measures can help such individuals, including education of their caregivers and provision of antimicrobial mouthwashes and special toothbrushes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129429_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lead poisoning in immigrant children in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisenberg, K. Author-Name: Van Wijngaarden, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1156-1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136861 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136861_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Translation of an effective Tai Chi intervention into a community-based falls-prevention program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, F. Author-Name: Harmer, P. Author-Name: Glasgow, R. Author-Name: Mack, K.A. Author-Name: Sleet, D. Author-Name: Fisher, K.J. Author-Name: Kohn, M.A. Author-Name: Millet, L.M. Author-Name: Mead, J. Author-Name: Xu, J. Author-Name: Lin, M.-L. Author-Name: Yang, T. Author-Name: Sutton, B. Author-Name: Tompkins, Y. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1195-1198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120402 Abstract: Tai Chi - Moving for Better Balance, a falls-prevention program developed from a randomized controlled trial for community-based use, was evaluated with the RE-AIM framework in 6 community centers. The program had a 100% adoption rate and 87% reach into the target older adult population. All centers implemented the intervention with good fidelity, and participants showed significant improvements in health-related outcome measures. This evidence-based tai chi program is practical to disseminate and can be effectively implemented and maintained in community settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120402_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chronic conditions and mortality among the oldest old Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S.J. Author-Name: Go, A.S. Author-Name: Lindquist, K. Author-Name: Bertenthal, D. Author-Name: Covinsky, K.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1209-1214 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130955 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether chronic conditions and functional limitations are equally predictive of mortality among older adults. Methods. Participants in the 1998 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (N=19430) were divided into groups by decades of age, and their vital status in 2004 was determined. We used multivariate Cox regression to determine the ability of chronic conditions and functional limitations to predict mortality. Results. As age increased, the ability of chronic conditions to predict mortality declined rapidly, whereas the ability of functional limitations to predict mortality declined more slowly. In younger participants (aged 50-59 years), chronic conditions were stronger predictors of death than were functional limitations (Harrell C statistic 0.78 vs. 0.73; P=.001). In older participants (aged 90-99 years), functional limitations were stronger predictors of death than were chronic conditions (Harrell C statistic 0.67 vs. 0.61; P=.004). Conclusions. The importance of chronic conditions as a predictor of death declined rapidly with increasing age. Therefore, risk-adjustment models that only consider comorbidities when comparing mortality rates across providers may be inadequate for adults older than 80 years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130955_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predictors of longevity: Evidence from the oldest old in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dupre, M.E. Author-Name: Liu, G. Author-Name: Gu, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1203-1208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113886 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the characteristics of the oldest old in China and examined whether the factors associated with longevity varied with advanced age. Methods. Drawing from the largest nationally representative longitudinal sample of oldest-old adults, we stratified descriptive statistics separately by gender and urban-rural residence and then used ordered logit models to examine the multivariate factors associated with increasing age-group membership. Results. Differing combinations of demographic, social, physical, and behavioral factors were significantly related to surviving into later ages for men and women in urban and rural areas. With the exception of rural women, psychological disposition was not associated with increased longevity. Gender differences were generally smaller in urban areas than in rural areas, and urban-rural differences were more pronounced among women than among men. Conclusions. Findings from the oldest-old population in China challenge many of the established relations in the health-inequality literature. Future research should examine why the oldest old are an exceptional group of physically, socially, and demographically heterogeneous individuals who exhibit healthy longevity beyond the average life span. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113886_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The secret and soul of Marlboro: Phillip Morris and the origins, spread, and denial of nicotine freebasing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stevenson, T. Author-Name: Proctor, R.N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1184-1194 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121657 Abstract: Philip Morris and other tobacco companies have been using ammonia in their manufacturing for more than half a century, and for a variety of purposes: to highlight certain flavors, to expand or "puff up" the volume of tobacco, to prepare reconstituted tobacco sheet ("recon"), to denicotinize (reduce the amount of nicotine in) tobacco, and to remove carcinogens. By the early 1960s, however, Philip Morris had also begun using ammonia to "freebase" the nicotine in cigarette smoke, creating low-yield (reduced-tar or -nicotine) cigarettes that still had the nicotine kick necessary to keep customers "satisfied" (i.e., addicted). We show that Philip Morris discovered the virtues of freebasing while analyzing the impact of the ammoniated recon used in Marlboro cigarettes. We also show how Marlboro's commercial success catalyzed efforts by the rest of the tobacco industry to discover its "secret," eventually identified as ammonia technology, and how Philip Morris later exploited the myriad uses of ammonia (e.g., for flavoring and expanding tobacco volume) to defend itself against charges of manipulating the nicotine deliveries of its cigarettes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121657_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Subdividing the age group of 85 years and older to improve US disease reporting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boscoe, F.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1167-1170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133900 Abstract: The standard terminal age category in disease reporting in the United States has been 85 years and older since the 1940s, but the dramatically increasing share of the US population reaching this age has rendered the single category inadequate for surveillance, research, and analysis. Important age-specific variations in mortality among the oldest old are masked by the continued use of this category. Greater specificity in age-specific data for the oldest old would aid in disease surveillance and etiologic research and broaden awareness and understanding of human longevity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133900_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring potential pathways between parity and tooth loss among American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, S.L. Author-Name: Ickovics, J.R. Author-Name: Yaffee, R.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1263-1270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124735 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of parity on tooth loss among American women and examined mediators of this relationship. Methods. The study sample comprised 2635 White and Black non-Hispanic women who had taken part in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined the relationship between parity and tooth loss, by age and by socioeconomic position, and tested a theoretical model focusing on direct and indirect influences of parity on dental disease. Robust regression techniques were used to generate path coefficients. Results. Although parity was associated with tooth loss, the relationship was not moderated through dental care, psychosocial factors, or dental health-damaging behaviors. Conclusions. Parity is related to tooth loss among American women, but the mechanisms of the association remain undefined. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether disparities in dental health among women who have been pregnant are caused by differences in parity or to physiological and societal changes (e.g., factors related to pregnant women's access to care) paralleling reproductive choices. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124735_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid prescription formulary restrictions and arthritis treatment costs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, T.J. Author-Name: Stahl-Moncada, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1300-1305 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118133 Abstract: Objectives. We used the Arizona Medicaid program as a model to examine the consequences of the relative restrictiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-preferred drug lists on health care use and costs for Medicaid enrollees with arthritis. Methods. In a retrospective, cross-sectional study of Medicaid enrollees with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, we used data from the Arizona HealthQuery database and generalized linear regression models to estimate the effect of the restrictiveness of formularies on the association between number of NSAID drugs covered and the number of emergency department visits, ambulatory physician visits, hospital stays, and total health expenditures. Results. For plans with NSAID formularies that were more restrictive, enrollees with rheumatoid arthritis experienced 22% fewer ambulatory visits and 29% more hospitalizations, and enrollees with osteoarthritis experienced 38% fewer ambulatory visits and 52% more hospitalizations. These plans spent an additional $935 for medical care and prescription drugs annually per enrollee with rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusions. Formularies that are more restrictive significantly change the patterns of health care and prescription drug use and may have unintended consequences in terms of more frequent and, for those with rheumatoid arthritis, more expensive medical care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118133_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender and race/ethnicity differences in lead dose biomarkers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theppeang, K. Author-Name: Glass, T.A. Author-Name: Bandeen-Roche, K. Author-Name: Todd, A.C. Author-Name: Rohde, C.A. Author-Name: Schwartz, B.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1248-1255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118505 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify predictors of lead concentrations in the blood, tibias, and patellae of older adults and to describe differences by gender, race/ ethnicity, and other factors that can influence lead toxicokinetics and, thus modify health effects. Methods. Participants aged 50 to 70 years (N = 1140) were randomly identified from selected neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. We measured lead concentrations by anodic stripping voltammetry (in blood) and 109Cd-induced K-shell x-ray fluorescence (in bone). We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of lead concentrations. Results. Mean (SD) lead concentrations in blood, tibias, and patellae were 3.5 (2.4) μg/dL, 18.9 (12.5) μg/g, and 6.8 (18.1) μg/g, respectively. Tibia concentrations were 29% higher in African Americans than in Whites (P < .01). We observed effect modification by race/ethnicity on the association of gender and physical activity to blood lead concentrations and by gender on the association of age to tibia lead concentrations. Patella lead concentrations differed by gender; apolipoprotein E genotype modified this relation. Conclusions. African Americans evidenced a prominent disparity in lifetime lead dose. Women may be at higher risk of release of lead from bone and consequent health effects because of increased bone demineralization with aging. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118505_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On wit, irony, and living with imperfection (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (814-822) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007/117226) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, J.W. Author-Name: Riviere, K. Author-Name: Carson, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117226e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117226e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117226e_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (611-625) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fitzgerald, G.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111930e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111930e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111930e_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social network, cognitive function, and dementia incidence among elderly women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crooks, V.C. Author-Name: Lubben, J. Author-Name: Petitti, D.B. Author-Name: Little, D. Author-Name: Chiu, V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1221-1227 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115923 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether social networks had a protective association with incidence of dementia among elderly women. Methods. We prospectively studied 2249 members of a health maintenance organization who were 78 years or older, were classified as free of dementia in 2001, and had completed at least 1 follow-up interview in 2002 through 2005. We used the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified, the Telephone Dementia Questionnaire, and medical record review to assess cognitive status. We used the Lubben Social Network Scale-6 to assess social network. We estimated hazard ratios for incident dementia with Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age at entry, education, hormone use, cognitive status scores, and health conditions. Results. We identified 268 incident cases of dementia during follow-up. Compared with women with smaller social networks, the adjusted hazard ratio for incident dementia in women with larger social networks was 0.74 (95% confidence interval=0.57, 0.97). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that larger social networks have a protective influence on cognitive function among elderly women. Future studies should explore which aspects of social networks are associated with dementia risk and maintenance of cognitive health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115923_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Temporal trends in self-reported functional limitations and physical disability among the community-dwelling elderly population: The framingham heart study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murabito, J.M. Author-Name: Pencina, M.J. Author-Name: Zhu, L. Author-Name: Kelly-Hayes, M. Author-Name: Shrader, P. Author-Name: D'Agostino Sr., R.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1256-1262 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128132 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine change in the prevalence of functional limitations and physical disability among the community-dwelling elderly population across 3 decades. Methods. We studied original participants of the Framingham Heart Study, aged 79 to 88 years, at examination 15 (1977-1979; 177 women, 103 men), examination 20 (1988-1990; 159 women, 98 men) and examination 25 (1997-1999; 174 women, 119 men). Self-reported functional limitation was defined using the Nagi scale, and physical disability was defined using the Rosow-Breslau and Katz scales. Results. Functional limitations declined across examinations from 74.6% to 60.5% to 37.9% (P < .001) among women and from 54.2% to 37.8% to 27.8% (P < .001) among men. Physical disability declined from 74.5% to 48.5% to 34.6% (P < .001) among women and 42.3% to 33.3% to 22.8% (P = .009) among men. Among women, improvements in functional limitations (P = .05) were greater from examination 20 to 25, whereas for physical disability (P = .02), improvements were greater from examination 15 to 20. Improvements in function were constant across the 3 examinations in men. Conclusions. Among community-dwelling elders, the prevalence of functional limitations and physical disability declined significantly in both women and men from the 1970s to the 1990s. This may in part be due to improvements in technological devices used to maintain independence. Further work is needed to identify the underlining causes of the decline so preventative measures can be established that promote independence for the elderly population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128132_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Providing shelter to nursing home evacuees in disasters: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Laditka, S.B. Author-Name: Laditka, J.N. Author-Name: Xirasagar, S. Author-Name: Cornman, C.B. Author-Name: Davis, C.B. Author-Name: Richter, J.V.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1288-1293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107748 Abstract: Objectives. We examined nursing home preparedness needs by studying the experiences of nursing homes that sheltered evacuees from Hurricane Katrina. Methods. Five weeks after Hurricane Katrina, and again 15 weeks later, we conducted interviews with administrators of 14 nursing homes that sheltered 458 evacuees in 4 states. Nine weeks after Katrina, we conducted site visits to 4 nursing homes and interviewed 4 administrators and 38 staff members. We used grounded theory analysis to identify major themes and thematic analysis to organize content. Results. Although most sheltering facilities were well prepared for emergency triage and treatment, we identified some major preparedness shortcomings. Nursing homes were not included in community planning or recognized as community health care resources. Supplies and medications were inadequate, and there was insufficient communication and information about evacuees provided by evacuating nursing homes to sheltering nursing homes. Residents and staff had notable mental health-related needs after 5 months, and maintaining adequate staffing was a challenge. Conclusions. Nursing homes should develop and practice procedures to shelter and provide long-term access to mental health services following a disaster. Nursing homes should be integrated into community disaster planning and be classified in an emergency priority category similar to hospitals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107748_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The oldest old: Missed public health opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wetle, T.F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141440 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141440_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination and mortality in a population-based study of older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnes, L.L. Author-Name: Mendes De Leon, C.F. Author-Name: Lewis, T.T. Author-Name: Bienias, J.L. Author-Name: Wilson, R.S. Author-Name: Evans, D.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1241-1247 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114397 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relation of individual-level perceived discrimination to mortality in a biracial, population-based sample. Methods. Participants were 4154 older adults from the Chicago Health and Aging Project who underwent up to 2 interviews over 4.5 years. Perceived discrimination was measured at baseline, and vital status was obtained at each followup and verified through the National Death Index. Results. During follow-up, 1166 deaths occurred. Participants reporting more perceived discrimination had a higher relative risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]= 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01, 1.09). This association was independent of differences in negative affect or chronic illness and appeared to be stronger among Whites than among Blacks (Whites: HR=1.12; 95% CI=1.04, 1.20; Blacks: HR=1.03; 95% CI=0.99, 1.07). Secondary analyses revealed that the relation to mortality was related to discriminatory experiences of a more demeaning nature and that racial differences were no longer significant when the sample was restricted to respondents interviewed by someone of the same race. Conclusions. Perceived discrimination was associated with increased mortality risk in a general population of older adults. The results suggest that subjective experience of interpersonal mistreatment is toxic in old age. This study adds to a growing literature documenting discrimination as an important social determinant of health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114397_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detection of very early oral cancers in Puerto Rico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morse, D.E. Author-Name: Psoter, W.J. Author-Name: Feliciano, T.D.L.T. Author-Name: Cruz, G. Author-Name: Figueroa, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1200-1202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118679 Abstract: We evaluated a possible disparity in the detection of very early oral cancers in Puerto Rico relative to the United States. The percentage of in situ (noninvasive) cases among all oral cancer cases was calculated separately for Puerto Rico and the United States using population-based cancer registry data (1992-2001). In situ cancers constituted 1.2% of oral cancer cases in Puerto Rico and 3.4% in the United States (P<.001). These findings suggest a disparity in very early oral cancer detection in Puerto Rico compared with the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118679_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Institutionalization of older adults after the death of a spouse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nihtilä, E. Author-Name: Martikainen, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1228-1234 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119271 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the risk of entering long-term institutional care after the death of a spouse in relation to the duration of widowhood among older Finnish men and women. We also examined whether high levels of education or household income buffered the effects of bereavement on institutionalization. Methods. We used linked register-based data on Finnish adults 65 years or older who were living with a spouse at the beginning of the study period (n=140902) and were followed from January 1998 to December 2002. Results. The excess risk of institutionalization was highest during the first month following a spouse's death compared with still living with a spouse (adjusted hazard ratio=3.31 for men, 3.62 for women). This risk decreased over time among both men and women. The relative effect of the duration of widowhood on institutionalization did not significantly vary according to the level of education or income. Conclusions. Risk of institutionalization is particularly high immediately after the death of a spouse, demonstrating the importance of loss of social and instrumental support. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119271_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An exploration of urban and rural differences in lung cancer survival among medicare beneficiaries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shugarman, L.R. Author-Name: Sorbero, M.E.S. Author-Name: Tian, H. Author-Name: Jain, A.K. Author-Name: Ashwood, J.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1280-1287 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.099416 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the relationship between urban or rural residence as defined by rural-urban commuting area codes and risk of mortality in a sample of Medicare beneficiaries with lung cancer. Methods. We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data linked with Medicare claims to build proportional hazards models. The models tested hypothesized relationships between individual and community characteristics and overall survival for a cohort of Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older who were diagnosed with lung cancer between 1995 and 1999 (N=26073). Results. We found no evidence that lung cancer patients in rural areas have poorer survival than those in urban areas. Rather, individual (Medicaid coverage) and regional (lower census tract-level median income) socioeconomic factors and a smaller supply of subspecialists per 10 000 individuals 65 years and older were positively associated with a higher risk of mortality. Conclusions. Although urban versus rural residence did not directly influence survival, rural residents were more likely to live in poorer areas with a smaller supply of health care providers. Therefore, we still need to be aware of rural beneficiaries' potential disadvantage when it comes to receiving needed care in a timely fashion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099416_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among the elderly population in Sweden Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marengoni, A. Author-Name: Winblad, B. Author-Name: Karp, A. Author-Name: Fratiglioni, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1198-1200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121137 Abstract: We explored the role of age, gender, and socioeconomic status in the occurrence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity in 1099 elderly participants in the Kungsholmen Project. Cardiovascular and mental diseases were the most common chronic disorders. Of the participants, 55% had multimorbidity. Advanced age, female gender, and lower education were independently associated with a more than 50% increased risk for multimorbidity. Multimorbidity is the most common clinical picture of the elderly and may be increased by unhealthy behaviors linked to education. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121137_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multivitamin-mineral supplements in the older Americans Act Nutrition Program: Not a one-size-fits-all quick fix Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marra, M.V. Author-Name: Wellman, N.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 7 Pages: 1171-1176 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122762 Abstract: We challenge the suggestion of Congress that the Older Americans Act (OAA) Nutrition Program should provide multivitamin-mineral supplements (MVMs) in addition to meals. MVMs are not a quick fix for poor diets. They do not contain calories, protein, essential fatty acids, or fiber, nor do they adequately address nutritional gaps of some vitamins and minerals. Older adults with chronic health conditions who take multiple medications are at greater risk than the general healthy population for nutrient-drug interactions and toxicity. The OAA Nutrition Program is not an appropriate venue to indiscriminately distribute MVMs, because there is insufficient evidence of their benefits and safety. The program's limited funds and efforts should instead be directed to nutrient-dense healthy meals, quality food service, and greater accessibility to individualized nutrition services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122762_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual risk taking among young internet-using men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horvath, K.J. Author-Name: Rosser, B.R.S. Author-Name: Remafedi, G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1059-1067 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111070 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the characteristics of young Internet-using men who have sex with men (MSM) and risks associated with seeking sex online, offline, or through both strategies. Methods. Data were obtained from MSM aged 18 to 24 years who completed a 45-minute online survey regarding sex and Internet use in the preceding 3 months. Results. Significantly more Internet-using MSM who had met sexual partners both online and offline (43%) reported unprotected anal intercourse than did those who had met sexual partners exclusively online (29%) or offline (34%). MSM who met sexual partners exclusively offline reported the fewest partners but the greatest proportion of partnerships involving unprotected anal intercourse (49%). Meeting sexual partners both online and offline (odds ratio [OR]=3.38-58.42) and being drunk (OR=1.57) or high (OR=2.24) increased the odds of having more sexual partners. The same factors increased the odds of having unprotected anal intercourse (online and offline sexual partners, OR=1.60; being drunk, OR=1.43; being high, OR=1.61). Conclusions. Risky sexual behavior was prevalent among all of the study subgroups. Our findings suggest that online sex seeking is associated with greater numbers of sexual partners but neither promotes nor discourages unprotected anal intercourse. Regardless of where sexual partners met, being drunk and high were significant risks for unprotected anal intercourse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111070_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dimensions of sexual orientation and HIV-related risk among adolescent females: Evidence from a statewide survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodenow, C. Author-Name: Szalacha, L.A. Author-Name: Robin, L.E. Author-Name: Westheimer, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1051-1058 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080531 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship of 2 dimensions of sexual orientation - sexual identity and sex of partners - with self-reported behaviors and experiences to identify factors that may place adolescent females at risk of HIV/AIDS. Methods. We gathered data on sexually experienced female high school students from 4 waves of a population-based survey. We used logistic regression analyses to investigate the association between their sexual identity (3666 heterosexual; 184 lesbian, gay, or bisexual; 113 not sure) and sex of partners (3714 male only, 79 female only, and 180 both males and females) with HIV-related risk behaviors. Results. Self-defined sexual identity was often inconsistent with sex of sexual partners. Sexual identities other than heterosexual and having same-sex partners (either exclusively or in addition to male partners) were associated with high rates of several HIV-related risk behaviors. Coerced sexual contact was significantly associated with every risk outcome. AIDS education in school predicted lower HIV risk on 4 of 6 indicators. Conclusions. Programs to prevent HIV infection among adolescent females should take into account the complexity of sexual orientation and should address the needs and behaviors of sexual-minority youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080531_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-reported tuberculosis disease and tuberculin skin testing in the New York City House Ballroom community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marks, S.M. Author-Name: Murrill, C. Author-Name: Sanchez, T. Author-Name: Liu, K.-L. Author-Name: Finlayson, T. Author-Name: Guilin, V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1068-1073 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096123 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the history of tuberculosis disease and tuberculin skin testing among the New York City House Ballroom community - a social network of diverse sexual and gender identities or expressions. Methods. Members of the House Ballroom community were convenience sampled, surveyed, and tested for HIV in 2004. We identified characteristics associated with history of tuberculosis, tuberculin skin testing, and test positivity and described the timing of skin testing. Results. Of 504 participants, 1.4% (n=7) reported a history of tuberculosis and 81.1% (n=404 of 498) had received a tuberculin skin test. Of those tested, 16 (4%) had positive results, which indicated latent infection, and 68% had received a test in the 2 years prior to the survey. Participants with health insurance were more likely and those with little education were less likely to have received a skin test. HIV-infected participants (16%) were not more likely to have received a tuberculin skin test compared with non-HIV-infected individuals. Foreign-born participants and self-identified heterosexuals and bisexuals were more likely to have had positive skin tests. Conclusions. Self-reported history of tuberculosis was high among the House Ballroom community. Although many community members had a recent skin test, further efforts should target services to those who are HIV infected, have low education, lack health insurance, or are foreign born. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096123_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lee responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S.-J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 967 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133728 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133728_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Masked heterogeneity in obesity between immigrant subgroups Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oza-Frank, R. Author-Name: Narayan, K.M.V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 967-968 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134809 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134809_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Turning loss into legislation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Labella, A. Author-Name: Singh, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 971-973 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123745 Abstract: Same-sex partnerships encounter tremendous challenges in the context of healthcare, including empowerment to act on behalf of loved ones. We share challenges faced by two women who confronted this issue head-on when their same-sex partners were critically, and, in one case, fatally, injured. In both cases, hospitals initially refused to recognize these women as next of kin; one woman endured years of legal battles in her struggle to win the right to care for her partner. The other testified about her heartrending experience before the Washington State Judiciary Committee, helping to inspire legislation regarding rights for visitation and end-of-life decisions on behalf of same-sex partners. We seek to remind health care providers of the limitations of current laws and to inspire them to support change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123745_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving upstream: Ecosocial and psychosocial correlates of sexually transmitted infections among young adults in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buffardi, A.L. Author-Name: Thomas, K.K. Author-Name: Holmes, K.K. Author-Name: Manhart, L.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1128-1136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120451 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the associations of ecosocial factors and psychosocial factors with having a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI), recent STI diagnoses, and sexual risk behaviors. Methods. Young adults aged 18 to 27 years in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 14322) provided ecosocial, psychosocial, behavioral, and STI-history data. Urine was tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by ligase chain reaction and for Trichomonas vaginalis, human papillomavirus, and Mycoplasma genitalium by polymerase chain reaction. Results. Prevalent STI was associated with housing insecurity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 1.72), exposure to crime (AOR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.80), and having been arrested (AOR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.84). STI prevalence increased linearly from 4.9% for 0 factors to 14.6% for 4 or more (P<.001, for trend). Nearly all contextual conditions predicted more lifetime partners and earlier sexual debut. Recent STI diagnosis was associated with childhood sexual abuse, gang participation, frequent alcohol use, and depression, adjusted for sexual risk behaviors. Conclusions. Often present before sexual debut, contextual conditions enhance STI risk by increasing sexual risk behaviors and likelihood of exposure to infection. These findings suggest that upstream conditions such as housing and safety contribute to the burden of STIs and are appropriate targets for future intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120451_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk for reassault in abusive female same-sex relationships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glass, N. Author-Name: Perrin, N. Author-Name: Hanson, G. Author-Name: Bloom, T. Author-Name: Gardner, E. Author-Name: Campbell, J.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1021-1027 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117770 Abstract: Objectives. We revised the Danger Assessment to predict reassault in abusive female same-sex relationships. Methods. We used focus groups and interviews to evaluate the assessment tool and identify new risk factors and telephone interviews at baseline and at 1-month follow-up to evaluate the revised assessment. Results. The new assessment tool comprised 8 original and 10 new items. Predictors included increase in physical violence (relative risk ratio [RRR]=1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.84, 4.54), constant jealousy or possessiveness of abuser (RRR=4.07; 95% CI=0.61, 27.00), cohabitation (RRR=1.96; 95% CI=0.54, 7.12), threats or use of gun by abuser (RRR=1.93; 95% CI=0.79, 4.75), alcoholism or problem drinking of abuser (RRR=1.47; 95% CI=0.79, 2.71), illegal drug use or abuse of prescription medications by abuser (RRR=1.33; 95% CI=0.72, 2.46), stalking by abuser (RRR=1.39; 95% CI=0.70, 2.76), failure of individuals to take victim seriously when she sought help (RRR=1.66; 95% CI=0.90, 3.05), victim's fear of reinforcing negative stereotypes (RRR=1.42; 95% CI=0.73, 2.77), and secrecy of abuse (RRR=1.72; 95% CI=0.74, 3.99). Both unweighted (P<.005) and weighted (P<.004) versions of the revised assessment were significant predictors of reassault. Conclusions. The revised Danger Assessment accurately assesses risk of reassault in abusive female relationships. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117770_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond abuse and exposure: Framing the impact of prescription-medication sharing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldsworthy, R.C. Author-Name: Schwartz, N.C. Author-Name: Mayhorn, C.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1115-1121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123257 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to document the frequency, circumstances, and consequences of prescription medication-sharing behaviors and to use a medication-sharing impact framework to organize the resulting data regarding medication-loaning and -borrowing practices. Methods. One-on-one interviews were conducted in 2006, and participants indicated (1) prescription medicine taken in the past year, (2) whether they had previously loaned or borrowed prescription medicine, (3) scenarios in which they would consider loaning or borrowing prescription medicine, and (4) the types of prescription medicines they had loaned or borrowed. Results. Of the 700 participants, 22.9% reported having loaned their medications to someone else and 26.9% reported having borrowed someone else's prescription. An even greater proportion of participants reported situations in which medication sharing was acceptable to them. Conclusions. Sharing prescription medication places individuals at risk for diverse consequences, and further research regarding medication loaning and borrowing behaviors and their associated consequences is merited. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123257_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Awareness of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the US presidential apology and their influence on minority participation in biomedical research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, R.V. Author-Name: Kegeles, S.S. Author-Name: Kressin, N.R. Author-Name: Green, B.L. Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Min, Q.W. Author-Name: Russell, S.L. Author-Name: Claudio, C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1137-1142 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100131 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the influence of awareness of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the presidential apology for that study on the willingness of Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites, and Hispanics to participate in biomedical research. Methods. The Tuskegee Legacy Project Questionnaire was administered to 1133 adults in 4 US cities. This 60-item questionnaire addressed issues related to the recruitment of minorities into biomedical studies. Results. Adjusted multivariate analysis showed that, compared with Whites, Blacks were nearly 4 times as likely to have heard of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, more than twice as likely to have correctly named Clinton as the president who made the apology, and 2 to 3 times more likely to have been willing to participate in biomedical studies despite having heard about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 6.2) or the presidential apology (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.4, 3.9). Conclusions. These marked differences likely reflect the cultural reality in the Black community, which has been accustomed to increased risks in many activities. For Whites, this type of information may have been more shocking and at odds with their expectations and, thus, led to a stronger negative impact. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100131_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors in New York City's house ball community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murrill, C.S. Author-Name: Liu, K.-L. Author-Name: Guilin, V. Author-Name: Colón, E.R. Author-Name: Dean, L. Author-Name: Buckley, L.A. Author-Name: Sanchez, T. Author-Name: Finlayson, T.J. Author-Name: Torian, L.V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1074-1080 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.108936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.108936 Abstract: Objectives. We measured HIV seroprevalence and associated risk factors among persons in New York City's house ball community. Methods. In 2004 we conducted a venue-based risk-behavior survey and HIV testing in the house ball community. Results. Of the 504 study participants, 67% were male, 14% female, and 18% transgender. Mean age was 24 years (range=15-52 years); 55% were Black, and 40% were Latino. More than 85% of participants had previously been tested for HIV, although only 60% had been tested in the previous 12 months. Of the 84 (17%) persons who tested positive for HIV in our study, 61 (73%) were unaware of their HIV status. A logistic regression analysis on data from 371 participants who had had a male sexual partner in the previous 12 months showed that HIV-infected participants were more likely than were HIV-negative participants to be Black, to be older than 29 years, and not to have been tested for HIV in the previous 12 months. Conclusions. Culturally specific community-level prevention efforts are warranted to reduce risk behaviors and increase the frequency of HIV testing in New York City's house ball community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.108936_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV infection, sexual risk behavior, and substance use among Latino gay and bisexual men and transgender persons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramirez-Valles, J. Author-Name: Garcia, D. Author-Name: Campbell, R.T. Author-Name: Diaz, R.M. Author-Name: Heckathorn, D.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1036-1042 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.102624 Abstract: Objectives. We examined HIV prevalence and the socioeconomic correlates of HIV infection, sexual risk behaviors, and substance use among Latino gay and bisexual men and transgender persons in Chicago and San Francisco. Methods. Data were collected from a sample of 643 individuals (Chicago: n=320; San Francisco: n=323) through respondent-driven sampling and computer-assisted self-administered interviews. Results. HIV prevalence in San Francisco (0.325; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.260, 0.393) was higher than in Chicago (0.112; 95% CI=0.079, 0.163). In San Francisco, HIV prevalence was higher among US-born residents than among those born outside the country; in Chicago, the opposite was true. Heavy use of alcohol was prevalent, especially in Chicago (0.368; 95% CI=0.309, 0.432; San Francisco: 0.154; 95% CI=0.116, 0.192). Drug use and more education were positively correlated and greater age was negatively correlated with unprotected anal intercourse. Conclusions. Heavy alcohol drinking and use of drugs remain a significant public health problem in this population. Drug use was more closely linked to HIV sexual risk behaviors than was heavy drinking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102624_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of an HIV prevention intervention adapted for black men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, K.T. Author-Name: Gray, P. Author-Name: Whiteside, Y.O. Author-Name: Wang, T. Author-Name: Bost, D. Author-Name: Dunbar, E. Author-Name: Foust, E. Author-Name: Johnson, W.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1043-1050 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120337 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the efficacy of an HIV behavioral intervention adapted for Black men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. We conducted serial cross-sectional surveys, 1 baseline measurement followed by initiation of an intervention and 3 follow-up measurements, among Black MSM in 3 North Carolina cities over 1 year. Results. We observed significant decreases in unprotected receptive anal intercourse at 4 months (by 23.8%, n=287) and 8 months (by 24.7%, n=299), and in unprotected insertive anal intercourse (by 35.2%), unprotected receptive anal intercourse (by 44.1%), and any unprotected anal intercourse (by 31.8%) at 12 months (n=268). Additionally, at 12 months, the mean number of partners for unprotected receptive anal intercourse decreased by 40.5%. The mean number of episodes decreased by 53.0% for unprotected insertive anal intercourse, and by 56.8% for unprotected receptive anal intercourse. The percentage of respondents reporting always using condoms for insertive and receptive anal intercourse increased by 23.0% and 30.3%, respectively. Conclusions. Adapting previously proven interventions designed for other MSM can significantly reduce HIV risk behaviors of Black MSM. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120337_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: America's first amphetamine epidemic 1929-1971: A quantitative and qualitative retrospective with implications for the present Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rasmussen, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 974-985 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110593 Abstract: Using historical research that draws on new primary sources, I review the causes and course of the first, mainly iatrogenic amphetamine epidemic in the United States from the 1940s through the 1960s. Retrospective epidemiology indicates that the absolute prevalence of both nonmedical stimulant use and stimulant dependence or abuse have reached nearly the same levels today as at the epidemic's peak around 1969. Further parallels between epidemics past and present, including evidence that consumption of prescribed amphetamines has also reached the same absolute levels today as at the original epidemic's peak, suggest that stricter limits on pharmaceutical stimulants must be considered in any efforts to reduce amphetamine abuse today. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110593_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US women of childbearing age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramos, R.G. Author-Name: Olden, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1122-1127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120055 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US women of childbearing age (18-44 years) has increased since 1988 and to estimate its current prevalence by race/ethnicity and risk that a maternal history of select metabolic syndrome characteristics imposes on offspring. Methods. We used survey-specific data analysis methods to examine data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted from 1988 to 2004. Results. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome phenotype and 2 of its clinical correlates significantly increased between 1988 and 2004 (increase for metabolic syndrome phenotype = 7.6%, for obesity = 13.3%, and for elevated C-reactive protein = 10.6%; P<.001 for all 3). Hispanic women were more likely than were White women to possess the phenotype (P = .004). Women who reported that their mothers had been diagnosed with diabetes were more likely to possess the phenotype than those whose mothers had not been so diagnosed (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 2.8). Conclusions. The current trends of metabolic syndrome among women of childbearing age demonstrate the need for additional rigorous investigations regarding its long-term effects in these women and their offspring. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120055_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessment of the effects of social support on adolescents with parents with HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Varma, D.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 966 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133140 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133140_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incidence of and risk factors for sexual orientation-related physical assault among young men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lampinen, T.M. Author-Name: Chan, K. Author-Name: Anema, A. Author-Name: Miller, M.L. Author-Name: Schilder, A.J. Author-Name: Schechter, M.T. Author-Name: Hogg, R.S. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1028-1035 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122705 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine incidence of, prevalence of, and risk factors for sexual orientation-related physical assault in young men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. We completed a prospective open cohort study of young MSM in Vancouver, British Columbia, surveyed annually between 1995 and 2004. Correlates of sexual orientation-related physical assault before enrollment were identified with logistic regression. Risk factors for incident assaults were determined with Cox regression. Results. At enrollment, 84 (16%) of 521 MSM reported ever experiencing assault related to actual or perceived sexual orientation. Incidence was 2.3 per 100 person-years; cumulative incidence at 6-year follow-up was 10.8 per 100 person-years. Increased risk of incident sexual orientation-related physical assault was observed among MSM 23 years or younger (relative hazard=3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.6, 5.8), Canadian Aboriginal people (relative hazard=3.0; 95% CI=1.4, 6.2), and those who previously experienced such assault (relative hazard=2.5; 95% CI=1.3, 4.8). Conclusions. These data underscore the need for increased public awareness, surveillance, and support to reduce assault against young MSM. Such efforts should be coordinated at the community level to ensure that social norms dictate that such acts are unacceptable. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122705_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "If you know you exist, it's just marketing poison": Meanings of tobacco industry targeting in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, E.A. Author-Name: Thomson, K. Author-Name: Offen, N. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 996-1003 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118174 Abstract: In the public health literature, it is generally assumed that the perception of "targeting" as positive or negative by the targeted audience depends on the product or message being promoted. Smoking prevalence rates are high among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, but little is known about how they perceive tobacco industry targeting. We conducted focus groups with LGBT individuals in 4 US cities to explore their perceptions. Our findings indicated that focus group participants often responded positively to tobacco company targeting. Targeting connoted community visibility, legitimacy, and economic viability. Participants did not view tobacco as a gay health issue. Targeting is a key aspect of corporate-community interaction. A better understanding of targeting may aid public health efforts to counter corporate disease promotion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118174_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual violence victimization history and sexual risk indicators in a community-based urban cohort of "mostly heterosexual" and heterosexual young women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: Roberts, A.L. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Molnar, B.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1015-1020 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.099473 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine sexual violence victimization in childhood and sexual risk indicators in young adulthood in a primarily Latina and Black cohort of "mostly heterosexual" and heterosexual women in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). Methods. In 2000, a comprehensive survey that assessed sexual orientation, sexual risk indicators, and sexual abuse victimization was completed by 391 young women (aged 18 to 24 years) who had participated in PHDCN. We used multivariable regression methods to examine sexual orientation group differences in sexual risk indicators and to assess whether childhood sexual abuse may mediate relationships. Results. Compared with self-reported heterosexual women, self-reported "mostly heterosexual" women were more likely to report having been the victim of childhood sexual abuse, to have had a sexually transmitted infection, to report an earlier age of first sexual intercourse, and to have had more sexual partners. Childhood sexual abuse did not mediate relationships between sexual orientation and sexual risk indicators. Conclusions. Our findings add to the evidence that "mostly heterosexual" women experience greater health risk than do heterosexual women. In addition, "mostly heterosexual" women are at high risk for having experienced childhood sexual abuse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099473_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of substance use disorders among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the National Survey of American Life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Broman, C.L. Author-Name: Neighbors, H.W. Author-Name: Delva, J. Author-Name: Torres, M. Author-Name: Jackson, J.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1107-1114 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100727 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to estimate the prevalence of substance disorders for African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the United States using data from the National Survey of American Life. Methods. A national household probability sample of noninstitutionalized African Americans (n = 3570) and Caribbean Blacks (n = 1621) was obtained between February 2001 and June 2003 using a slightly modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results. Overall differences in prevalence of substance disorders between the ethnic groups were not significant. Prevalence rates of substance disorders among African Americans exceeded that of Caribbean Blacks among women, those aged 45 to 59 years, and those who were divorced. African Americans in major metropolitan areas had higher prevalence rates, and those in the South had lower ones, compared with those living in other areas. Overall, first-generation Caribbean Blacks were significantly less likely, but second-generation more likely, than were African Americans to meet criteria for overall substance disorders. Conclusions. Failure to distinguish between African Americans and Caribbean Blacks masks important differences in substance use patterns among the Black population in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100727_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual and gender minority health: What we know and what needs to be done Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Author-Name: Bradford, J.B. Author-Name: Makadon, H.J. Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Goldhammer, H. Author-Name: Landers, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 989-995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811 Abstract: We describe the emergence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health as a key area of study and practice for clinicians and public health professionals. We discuss the specific needs of LGBT populations on the basis of the most recent epidemiological and clinical investigations, methods for defining and measuring LGBT populations, and the barriers they face in obtaining appropriate care and services. We then discuss how clinicians and public health professionals can improve research methods, clinical outcomes, and service delivery for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender public health: Progress and challenges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Auerbach, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139972 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139972_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health-related quality of life among adults who experienced maltreatment during childhood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corso, P.S. Author-Name: Edwards, V.J. Author-Name: Fang, X. Author-Name: Mercy, J.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1094-1100 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119826 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess the difference in a preference-based measure of health among adults reporting maltreatment as a child versus those reporting no maltreatment. Methods. Using data from a study of adults who reported adverse childhood experiences and current health status, we matched adults who reported childhood maltreatment (n = 2812) to those who reported no childhood maltreatment (n = 3356). Propensity score methods were used to compare the 2 groups. Health-related quality-of-life data (or "utilities") were imputed from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey using the Short Form-6D preference-based scoring algorithm. Results. The combined strata-level effects of maltreatment on Short Form-6D utility was a reduction of 0.028 per year (95% confidence interval = 0.022, 0.034; P<.001). All utility losses for the childhood-maltreatment versus no-childhood- maltreatment groups by age group were significantly different: 18-39 years, 0.042; 40-49 years, 0.038; 50-59 years, 0.023; 60-69 years, 0.016; 70 or more years, 0.025. Conclusions. Persons who experienced childhood maltreatment had significant and sustained losses in health-related quality of life in adulthood relative to persons who did not experience maltreatment. These data are useful for asessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent child maltreatment in terms of cost per quality-adjusted life years saved. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119826_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acceptability of an internet-based partner notification system for sexually transmitted infection exposure among men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mimiaga, M.J. Author-Name: Fair, A.D. Author-Name: Tetu, A.M. Author-Name: Novak, D.S. Author-Name: VanDerwarker, R. Author-Name: Bertrand, T. Author-Name: Adelson, S. Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1009-1011 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098467 Abstract: US men who have sex with men (n=1848) completed an online questionnaire about their willingness to use Internet-based partner notification. Eighty-one percent reported that it would be important to them to receive a partner notification e-mail if they had been exposed to a sexually transmitted infection. Seventy percent reported that if infected, they would use a public health specialist to inform partners of possible exposure through Internet notification. There was broad acceptance of Internet partner notification by at-risk US men who have sex with men, including a willingness to receive or initiate a notification e-mail. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098467_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Receipt of prevention services among HIV-infected men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steward, W.T. Author-Name: Charlebois, E.D. Author-Name: Johnson, M.O. Author-Name: Remien, R.H. Author-Name: Goldstein, R.B. Author-Name: Wong, F.L. Author-Name: Morin, S.F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1011-1014 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124933 Abstract: Unprotected sexual intercourse remains a primary mode of HIV transmission in the United States. We found that receipt of services to reduce HIV transmission-risk behaviors was low among 3787 HIV-infected individuals and that men who have sex with men were especially unlikely to receive these services even though they were more likely to report unprotected sexual intercourse with seronegative and unknown serostatus casual partners. Greater efforts should be made to ensure that prevention counseling is delivered to all HIV-infected persons, especially men who have sex with men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124933_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lost luggage, recovered lives. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stastny, P. Author-Name: Penney, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 986-988 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131029 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131029_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation and related viral sexually transmitted disease rates among US women aged 15 to 44 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tao, G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1007-1009 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112011 Abstract: I used data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth to measure sexual orientation and viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates among US women aged 15 to 44 years. Sexual behavior and sexual identity data indicated that 1.3% to 1.9% of the women were lesbians and 3.1% to 4.8% were bisexual. Self-reported viral STD rates were significantly higher among bisexual women (15.0% to 17.2%) than among lesbians (2.3% to 6.7%). These findings support the need for STD prevention interventions that consider lesbians and bisexual women separately. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112011_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bates et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bates, L.M. Author-Name: Acevedo-Garcia, D. Author-Name: Alegría, M. Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 968 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134890 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134890_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of neighborhood resources on aggressive and delinquent behaviors among urban youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Molnar, B.E. Author-Name: Cerda, M. Author-Name: Roberts, A.L. Author-Name: Buka, S.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1086-1093 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098913 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify neighborhood-level resources associated with lower levels of aggression and delinquency among youths aged 9-15 years at baseline after accounting for risk factors and other types of resources. Methods. Data were derived from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, which focused on 2226 ethnically diverse, urban youths, their caregivers, and the 80 neighborhoods in which they resided at baseline. Results. Living in a neighborhood with a higher concentration of organizations or services serving young people and adults was associated with lower levels of aggression (odds ratio [OR]=0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.8, 1.0); living in such a neighborhood also moderated family, peer, and mentor resources. For example, the presence of well-behaved peers was associated with lower levels of aggression among youths living in neighborhoods where the concentration of organizations and services was at least 1 standard deviation above the mean; the association was less strong among youths living in neighborhoods with organizations and services 1 standard deviation below the mean or less. Conclusions. Certain family, peer, and mentoring resources may confer benefits only in the presence of neighborhood resources. Increasing neighborhood resources should be considered in interventions designed to reduce urban youths' involvement in violence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098913_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and suicide attempts in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Author-Name: Dietrich, J. Author-Name: Schwartz, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1004-1006 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.096826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.096826 Abstract: Past studies have reported little about variability in mental disorders among lesbians, gay men, and bisexual individuals. We assessed the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in 388 lesbian, gay, and bisexual Black, Latino, and White individuals. Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexual individuals had lower prevalence of all disorders than did Latino and White individuals; younger cohorts had fewer mood disorders than did older cohorts; bisexual persons had more substance use disorders than did gay men and lesbians; and Latino respondents attempted suicide more often than did White respondents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.096826_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Resilience to urban poverty: Theoretical and empirical considerations for population health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanders, A.E. Author-Name: Lim, S. Author-Name: Sohn, W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1101-1106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119495 Abstract: Objectives. To better understand the trajectory that propels people from poverty to poor health, we investigated health resilience longitudinally among African American families with incomes below 250% of the federal poverty level. Methods. Health resilience is the capacity to maintain good health in the face of significant adversity. With higher levels of tooth retention as a marker of health resilience, we used a social-epidemiological framework to define capacity for health resilience through a chain of determinants starting in the built environment (housing quality) and community context (social support) to familial influences (religiosity) and individual mental health and health behavior. Results. Odds of retaining 20 or more teeth were 3 times as likely among adults with resilience versus more-vulnerable adults (odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3, 7.4). Children of caregivers with resilience had a lower incident rate of noncavitated tooth decay at 18- to 24-month follow-up (incidence risk ratio = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.7, 0.9) compared with other children. Conclusions. Health resilience to poverty was supported by protective factors in the built and social environments. When poverty itself cannot be eliminated, improving the quality of the built and social environments will foster resilience to its harmful health effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119495_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Condom use and hip hop culture: The case of urban young men in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muñoz-Laboy, M.A. Author-Name: Castellanos, D.H. Author-Name: Haliburton, C.S. Author-Name: Del Aguila, E.V. Author-Name: Weinstein, H.J. Author-Name: Parker, R.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 6 Pages: 1081-1085 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119198 Abstract: Objectives. We explored how young men's perceptions of and participation in hip hop culture - urban social and artistic expressions, such as clothing style, breakdancing, graffiti, and rap music - and how contextual factors of the hip hop scene may be associated with their condom use, condom-use self-efficacy, and sense of community. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 95 African American and Latino men aged 15 to 25 years as part of a 4-year ethnographic study in New York City. Results. Differences in young men's perceptions of and levels of affiliation with hip hop culture were not statistically associated with differences in their sense of community or condom-use self-efficacy. Frequency of participation in the hip hop nightclub scene was the strongest factor negatively associated with condom use. Conclusions. Popular discourses on young men's health risks often blame youths' cultures such as the hip hop culture for increased risk practices but do not critically examine how risk emerges in urban young men's lives and what aspects of youths' culture can be protective. Further research needs to focus on contextual factors of risk such as the role of hip hop nightlife on increased HIV risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119198_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New York City's initiatives on diabetes and HIV/AIDS: Implications for patient care, public health, and medical professionalism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, J. Author-Name: Kinnear, S. Author-Name: Chung, J. Author-Name: Rothman, D.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 807-813 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121152 Abstract: Two recent New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene initiatives expanded the mission and scope of public health, with implications for both New York and the nation. The programs target diabetes and HIV/AIDS for greater systemic and expanded reporting, surveillance, and intervention. These initiatives do not balance heightened surveillance and intervention with the provision of meaningful safeguards or resources for prevention and treatment. The programs intrude on the doctor-patient relationship and may alienate the very patients and health professionals they aim to serve. Better models are available to achieve their intended goals. These initiatives should be reconsidered so that such an expansion of public health authority in New York City does not become part of a national trend. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121152_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Military-related PTSD, current disability policies, and malingering Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marx, B.P. Author-Name: Miller, M.W. Author-Name: Sloan, D.M. Author-Name: Litz, B.T. Author-Name: Kaloupek, D.G. Author-Name: Keane, T.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 773-774 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133223 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133223_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of the stages of change for physical activity in a population survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garber, C.E. Author-Name: Allsworth, J.E. Author-Name: Marcus, B.H. Author-Name: Hesser, J. Author-Name: Lapane, K.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 897-904 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123075 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify variables associated with being in a particular stage of change for physical activity - a measure of behavioral intention to engage in regular physical activity. Understanding behavioral intentions can be useful in explaining why individuals are physically inactive or active. Methods. Data from the Rhode Island 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to evaluate predictors of stage of change for physical activity. There were 3454 observations in the data set, representing a weighted population of 742636 people. Estimates were obtained from polytomous multiple logistic models. Results. Being a woman, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and older than 55 years of age were associated with being in precontemplation and contemplation stages of change rather than maintenance. Self-perceived health status and rarely feeling healthy or full of energy were strongly predictive of stage of change. Having a health limitation was a dichotomous predictor, predicting being in action and precontemplation stages. Conclusions. Several sociodemographic and health variables were associated with varying patterns of stages of change for physical activity. The complexity of individual intentions for physical activity provides evidence for the potential existence of mediating, effect-modifying, and confounding variables that differ depending on individual characteristics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123075_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Time for renewed commitment to viral hepatitis prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ward, J.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 779-781 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136275 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136275_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of physically active smokers and implications for harm reduction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeRuiter, W.K. Author-Name: Faulkner, G. Author-Name: Cairney, J. Author-Name: Veldhuizen, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 925-931 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120469 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to establish the prevalence of physical activity among smokers, whether or not physically active smokers were more likely to attempt cessation, and who these physically active smokers were. Methods. We used logistic regression to contrast physically active and inactive smokers in a secondary data analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.1. Results. Physically active smokers represented almost one quarter of the smoking population. Compared with physically inactive smokers, physically active smokers were more likely to have attempted cessation in the past year. Physically active smokers were more likely to be young, single, and men compared with their inactive counterparts. Income had no influence in distinguishing physically active and inactive smokers. Conclusions. Skepticism persists regarding the practicality and potential risks of promoting physical activity as a harm-reduction strategy for tobacco use. We found that a modest proportion of the daily smoking population was physically active and that engagement in this behavior was related to greater cessation attempts. Interventions could be developed that target smokers who are likely to adopt physical activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120469_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Sungari River flood and the Jewish community in Harbin, China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 823 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129742 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129742_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intervening to reduce inequalities in infections in Europe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Semenza, J.C. Author-Name: Giesecke, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 787-792 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120329 Abstract: The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control was founded in response to newly emerging infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza. However, Europe faces other communicable disease challenges that have proven to be remarkably resilient to public health interventions. We present examples of communicable diseases with inequitable distribution among those with poor educational attainment, low income, or other socioeconomic factors in every European country. Because these findings are incompatible with social justice and fairness, we examine strategic interventions targeting upstream causes of communicable disease transmission keeping in mind 10 indispensable public health functions essential to reach marginalized groups. These interventions have to be tailored to the sociopolitical context and rely on community-based decisionmaking and intersectorial collaboration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120329_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who's using and who's doing time: Incarceration, the war on drugs, and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, L.D. Author-Name: Elkavich, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 782-786 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126284 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126284_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health effects of exposure to water-damaged New Orleans homes six months after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cummings, K.J. Author-Name: Cox-Ganser, J. Author-Name: Riggs, M.A. Author-Name: Edwards, N. Author-Name: Hobbs, G.R. Author-Name: Kreiss, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 869-875 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118398 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relation between respiratory symptoms and exposure to water-damaged homes and the effect of respirator use in posthurricane New Orleans, Louisiana. Methods. We randomly selected 600 residential sites and then interviewed 1 adult per site. We created an exposure variable, calculated upper respiratory symptom (URS) and lower respiratory symptom (LRS) scores, and defined exacerbation categories by the effect on symptoms of being inside water-damaged homes. We used multiple linear regression to model symptom scores (for all participants) and polytomous logistic regression to model exacerbation of symptoms when inside (for those participating in clean-up). Results. Of 553 participants (response rate=92%), 372 (68%) had participated in clean-up; 233 (63%) of these used a respirator. Respiratory symptom scores increased linearly with exposure (P<.05 for trend). Disposable-respirator use was associated with lower odds of exacerbation of moderate or severe symptoms inside water-damaged homes for URS (odds ratio (OR)=.51; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.24, 1.09) and LRS (OR=0.33; 95% CI=0.13, 0.83). Conclusions. Respiratory symptoms were positively associated with exposure to water-damaged homes, including exposure limited to being inside without participating in clean-up. Respirator use had a protective effect and should be considered when inside water-damaged homes regardless of activities undertaken. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118398_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in recorded influenza mortality: United States, 1900-2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doshi, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 939-945 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933 Abstract: Objectives. I sought to describe trends in historical influenza mortality data in the United States since 1900 and compare pandemic with nonpandemic influenza seasons. Methods. I compiled a database of monthly influenza-classed death rates from official US mortality tables for the years 1900 to 2004 (1905-1909 excluded), from which I calculated adjusted influenza season (July 1-June 30) mortality rates. Results. An overall and substantial decline in influenza-classed mortality was observed during the 20th century, from an average seasonal rate of 10.2 deaths per 100 000 population in the 1940s to 0.56 per 100 000 by the 1990s. The 1918-1919 pandemic stands out as an exceptional outlier. The 1957-1958 and 1968-1969 influenza pandemic seasons, by contrast, displayed substantial overlap in both degree of mortality and timing compared with nonpandemic seasons. Conclusions. The considerable similarity in mortality seen in pandemic and non-pandemic influenza seasons challenges common beliefs about the severity of pandemic influenza. The historical decline in influenza-classed mortality rates suggests that public health and ecological factors may play a role in influenza mortality risk. Nevertheless, the actual number of influenza-attributable deaths remains in doubt. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Frueh et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frueh, B.C. Author-Name: Buckley, T.C. Author-Name: Grubaugh, A.L. Author-Name: Elhai, J.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 774-775 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133512 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133512_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking-cessation media campaigns and their effectiveness among socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Niederdeppe, J. Author-Name: Fiore, M.C. Author-Name: Baker, T.B. Author-Name: Smith, S.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 916-924 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117499 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the impact of televised smoking cessation ads differed by a population's education and income. Methods. We used longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Behavioral Health Survey, a statewide sample of 452 adult smokers who were interviewed in 2003 to 2004 and followed up 1 year later. Logistic regression was used to assess whether baseline recall of secondhand smoke ads and "keep trying to quit" ads was associated with quit attempts and smoking abstinence at 1 year. Interaction terms were used to assess whether these associations differed by the smokers' education and income levels. Results. Overall, neither keep-trying-to-quit nor secondhand smoke ad recall was associated with quit attempts or smoking abstinence. Keep-trying-to-quit ads were significantly more effective in promoting quit attempts among higher- versus lower-educated populations. No differences were observed for secondhand smoke ads by the smokers' education or income levels. Conclusions. Some media campaign messages appear less effective in promoting quit attempts among less-educated populations compared with those who have more education. There is a need to develop media campaigns that are more effective with less-educated smokers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117499_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Viral hepatitis prevention - New challenges, new directions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137281 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137281_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of vaccinated children on increased hepatitis B immunization among high-risk adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koya, D.L. Author-Name: Hill, E.G. Author-Name: Darden, P.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 832-838 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.116046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.116046 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine trends in hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination among high-risk adults and assess the potential effect vaccinated adolescents have on these trends as they age. Methods. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey 2000, 2002, and 2004 to examine trends in HBV vaccination among high-risk adults aged 18 to 49 years and in age subgroups (18-29, 30-39, and 40-49 years). We investigated temporal differences in vaccination rates for the 18- to 29-year-old cohort with model-based linear contrasts constructed from a logistic regression model with age and survey year as predictors. Results. There was a significant increasing trend in vaccination prevalence across the 3 survey years (32.6%, 35.3%, and 41.4%; trend test, P=.001). We found that respondents aged 18 to 29 years were more likely to be vaccinated in 2004 than in 2000, after adjusting for relevant confounders (odds ratio=1.73; 95% confidence interval= 1.14, 2.6); there was no significant increase in vaccination for the other cohorts. Conclusions. A cohort effect, in which successfully vaccinated adolescents have reached young adulthood, contributes significantly to recent trends showing improved HBV vaccination among high-risk adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.116046_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Status of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination among older American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lindley, M.C. Author-Name: Groom, A.V. Author-Name: Wortley, P.M. Author-Name: Euler, G.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 932-938 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119321 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to estimate the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage among older American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adults nationally and the impact of sociodemographic factors, variations by geographic region, and access to services on vaccination coverage. Methods. We obtained our sample of 1981 AIAN and 179845 White respondents 65 years and older from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 2003 to 2005. Logistic regression provided predictive marginal vaccination coverage for each covariate and adjusted for demographic characteristics and access to care. Results. Unadjusted influenza coverage estimates were similar between AIAN and White respondents (68.1% vs 69.5%), but pneumococcal vaccination was lower among AIAN respondents (58.1% vs 67.2%; P<.01). After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported coverage for both vaccines was statistically similar between AIAN and White adults. Conclusions. Although there was no disparity in influenza coverage, pneumococcal coverage was lower among AIAN than among White respondents, probably because of sociodemographic risk factors. Regional variation indicates a need to monitor coverage and target interventions to reduce disparities within geographically and culturally diverse subpopulations of AIAN persons. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119321_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Frueh et. al respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frueh, B.C. Author-Name: Elhai, J.D. Author-Name: Grubaugh, A.L. Author-Name: Buckley, T.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 775-776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133850 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133850_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: VA disability policies and posttraumatic morbidity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, G.M. Author-Name: Spitzer, R.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 775 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133751 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133751_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The young men's survey phase II: Hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weinbaum, C.M. Author-Name: Lyerla, R. Author-Name: MacKellar, D.A. Author-Name: Valleroy, L.A. Author-Name: Secura, G.M. Author-Name: Behel, S.K. Author-Name: Bingham, T. Author-Name: Celentano, D.D. Author-Name: Koblin, B.A. Author-Name: LaLota, M. Author-Name: Shehan, D.A. Author-Name: Thiede, H. Author-Name: Torian, L.V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 839-845 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.101915 Abstract: Objectives. We measured the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization and HBV infection among men aged 23 to 29 years who have sex with men. Methods. We analyzed data from 2834 men who have sex with men in 6 US metropolitan areas. Participants were interviewed and tested for serologic markers of immunization and HBV infection in 1998 through 2000. Results. Immunization prevalence was 17.2%; coverage was 21.0% among participants with private physicians or health maintenance organizations and 12.6% among those with no source of health care. Overall, 20.6% had markers of HBV infection, ranging from 13.7% among the youngest to 31.0% among the oldest participants. Among those susceptible to HBV, 93.5% had regular sources of health care, had been tested for HIV, or had been treated for a sexually transmitted disease. Conclusions. Although many young men who have sex with men have access to health care, most are not immunized against HBV. To reduce morbidity from HBV in this population, providers of health care, including sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevention services, should provide vaccinations or referrals for vaccination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.101915_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Privacy and public health at risk: Public health confidentiality in the digital age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myers, J. Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Author-Name: Bherwani, K.M. Author-Name: Henning, K.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 793-801 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706 Abstract: Public health agencies increasingly use electronic means to acquire, use, maintain, and store personal health information. Electronic data formats can improve performance of core public health functions, but potentially threaten privacy because they can be easily duplicated and transmitted to unauthorized people. Although such security breaches do occur, electronic data can be better secured than paper records, because authentication, authorization, auditing, and accountability can be facilitated. Public health professionals should collaborate with law and information technology colleagues to assess possible threats, implement updated policies, train staff, and develop preventive engineering measures to protect information. Tightened physical and electronic controls can prevent misuse of data, minimize the risk of security breaches, and help maintain the reputation and integrity of public health agencies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107706_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: States and substance abuse treatment programs: Funding and guidelines for infection-related services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kritz, S. Author-Name: Brown Jr., L.S. Author-Name: Goldsmith, R.J. Author-Name: Bini, E.J. Author-Name: Robinson, J. Author-Name: Alderson, D. Author-Name: Novo, P. Author-Name: Rotrosen, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 824-826 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119578 Abstract: Community-based substance abuse treatment programs provide HIV, hepatitis C virus, and sexually transmitted infection services. To explore how state funding and guidelines affect practice, we surveyed state agency administrators and substance abuse treatment program administrators and clinicians regarding 8 infection-related services. Although state funding for infection-related services is widely available, substance abuse treatment programs do not always access it. Substance abuse treatment program guidelines are clearer in states that have written guidelines. Improved communication between state agencies and substance abuse treatment programs may enhance service. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119578_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Being poor and coping with stress: Health behaviors and the risk of death Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krueger, P.M. Author-Name: Chang, V.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 889-896 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114454 Abstract: Objectives. Individuals may cope with perceived stress through unhealthy but often pleasurable behaviors. We examined whether smoking, alcohol use, and physical inactivity moderate the relationship between perceived stress and the risk of death in the US population as a whole and across socioeconomic strata. Methods. Data were derived from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey's Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement, which involved a representative sample of the adult US population (n=40335) and was linked to prospective National Death Index mortality data through 1997. Gompertz hazard models were used to estimate the risk of death. Results. High baseline levels of former smoking and physical inactivity increased the impact of stress on mortality in the general population as well as among those of low socioeconomic status (SES), but not middle or high SES. Conclusions. The combination of high stress levels and high levels of former smoking or physical inactivity is especially harmful among low-SES individuals. Stress, unhealthy behaviors, and low SES independently increase risk of death, and they combine to create a truly disadvantaged segment of the population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114454_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bioterrorism surveillance and privacy: Intersection of HIPAA, the common rule, and public health law Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nordin, J.D. Author-Name: Kasimow, S. Author-Name: Levitt, M.J. Author-Name: Goodman, M.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 802-807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113332 Abstract: The threat of bioterrorism in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks cannot be ignored. Syndromic surveillance, the practice of electronically monitoring and reporting real-time medical data to proactively identify unusual disease patterns, highlights the conflict between safeguarding public health while protecting individual privacy. Both the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the Common Rule (which promulgates protections for individuals in federally sponsored medical research programs) safeguard individuals. Public health law protects the entire populace; uneven state-level implementation lacks adequate privacy protections. We propose 3 models for a nationwide bioterrorism surveillance review process: a nationally coordinated systems approach to using protected health information, creating public health information privacy boards, expanding institutional review boards, or some combination of these. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113332_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population attributable fractions of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts associated with adverse childhood experiences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Afifi, T.O. Author-Name: Enns, M.W. Author-Name: Cox, B.J. Author-Name: Asmundson, G.J.G. Author-Name: Stein, M.B. Author-Name: Sareen, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 946-952 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120253 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the fractions of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts in a general population sample attributable to childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing domestic violence. Methods. Data were obtained from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Population attributable fractions were calculated to determine the proportion of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts attributable to adverse childhood experiences. The analysis was stratified by gender. Results. The estimated attributable fractions for psychiatric disorders attributable to having experienced any adverse childhood event ranged from 22% to 32% among women and 20% to 24% among men. Having experienced any adverse event accounted for a substantial proportion of suicide ideation and attempts among women (16% and 50%, respectively) and men (21% and 33%, respectively). Substantial proportions of poor mental health outcomes were also attributable to increasing number of adverse events. Conclusions. The estimated proportions of poor mental health outcomes attributed to childhood adversity were medium to large for men and women. Prevention efforts that reduce exposure to adverse childhood events could substantially reduce the prevalence of psychopathology and suicidal behavior in the general population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120253_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction of state victim compensation disparities in disadvantaged crime victims through active outreach and assistance: A randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alvidrez, J. Author-Name: Shumway, M. Author-Name: Boccellari, A. Author-Name: Green, J.D. Author-Name: Kelly, V. Author-Name: Merrill, G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 882-888 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113639 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether providing active outreach and assistance to crime victims as part of comprehensive psychosocial services reduced disparities in access to state compensation funds. Methods. We analyzed data from a randomized trial of injured crime victims (N=541) and compared outcomes from comprehensive psychosocial services with usual community care. We examined the impact of outreach and assistance on disparities in applying for victim compensation by testing for interactions between victim characteristics and treatment condition in logistic regression analyses. Results. Victims receiving comprehensive services were much more likely to apply for victim compensation than were victims receiving usual care. Comprehensive services decreased disparities associated with younger age, lower levels of education, and homelessness. Conclusions. State-level victim compensation funds are available to help individuals recover physically, psychologically, and financially from crime victimization. However, few crime victims apply for victim compensation, and there are particularly low application rates among young, male, ethnic minority, and physical assault victims. Active outreach and assistance can address disparities in access to victim compensation funds for disadvantaged populations and should be offered more widely to victims of violent crime. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113639_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A randomized intervention trial to reduce the lending of used injection equipment among injection drug users infected with hepatitis C Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Latka, M.H. Author-Name: Hagan, H. Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Author-Name: Golub, E.T. Author-Name: Bonner, S. Author-Name: Campbell, J.V. Author-Name: Coady, M.H. Author-Name: Garfein, R.S. Author-Name: Pu, M. Author-Name: Thomas, D.L. Author-Name: Thiel, T.K. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 853-861 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113415 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a peer-mentoring behavioral intervention designed to reduce risky distributive injection practices (e.g., syringe lending, unsafe drug preparation) among injection drug users with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods. A randomized trial with a time-equivalent attention-control group was conducted among 418 HCV-positive injection drug users aged 18 to 35 years in 3 US cities. Participants reported their injection-related behaviors at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Results. Compared with the control group, intervention-group participants were less likely to report distributive risk behaviors at 3 months (odds ratio [OR]=0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.27, 0.79) and 6 months (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.31, 0.83), a 26% relative risk reduction, but were no more likely to cite their HCV-positive status as a reason for refraining from syringe lending. Effects were strongest among intervention-group participants who had known their HCVpositive status for at least 6 months. Peer mentoring and self-efficacy were significantly increased among intervention-group participants, and intervention effects were mediated through improved self-efficacy. Conclusions. This behavioral intervention reduced unsafe injection practices that may propagate HCV among injection drug users. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113415_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On wit, irony, and living with imperfection: How Britain said no to abstinence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, J. Author-Name: Riviere, J. Author-Name: Carson, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 814-822 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117226 Abstract: Christian perfection, the evangelical doctrine that gave rise to abstinence as it is understood and practiced in America, originated in Britain with John Wesley and the Methodists. We examine why that doctrine floundered in its country of origin, opening the door to a more pluralistic and evidence-based approach to problems such as alcohol and drug abuse. Although social and political factors were important (the stratification of British society stood in the way of holding everyone to the same moral standard, and the drink trade was far better organized than its American counterpart), Britain's intellectual elite also played a vital role, heaping ridicule on the temperance movement and subjecting it to a devastating critique. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117226_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial differences in the evaluation and treatment of hepatitis C among veterans: A retrospective cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rousseau, C.M. Author-Name: Ioannou, G.N. Author-Name: Todd-Stenberg, J.A. Author-Name: Sloan, K.L. Author-Name: Larson, M.F. Author-Name: Forsberg, C.W. Author-Name: Dominitz, J.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 846-852 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113225 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between race and hepatitis C virus (HCV) evaluation and treatment of veterans in the Northwest Network of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Methods. In our retrospective cohort study, we used medical records to determine antiviral treatment of 4263 HCV-infected patients from 8 VA medical centers. Secondary outcomes included specialty referrals, laboratory evaluation, viral genotype testing, and liver biopsy. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for clinical (measured through laboratory results and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes) and sociodemographic factors. Results. Blacks were less than half as likely as Whites to receive antiviral treatment (odds ratio [OR]=0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.23, 0.63). Both had similar odds of referral and liver biopsy. However, Blacks were significantly less likely to have complete laboratory evaluation (OR=0.67; 95% CI=0.52, 0.88) and viral genotype testing (OR=0.68; 95% CI=0.51, 0.90). Conclusions. Race is associated with receipt of medical care for various medical conditions. Further investigation is warranted to help understand whether patient preference or provider bias may explain why HCV-infected Blacks were less likely to receive medical care than Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113225_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Random drug testing in us public school districts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ringwalt, C. Author-Name: Vincus, A.A. Author-Name: Ennett, S.T. Author-Name: Hanley, S. Author-Name: Bowling, J.M. Author-Name: Yacoubian Jr., G.S. Author-Name: Rohrbach, L.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 826-828 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123430 Abstract: We estimated the proportion of the nation's public school districts that have high school grades in which random drug testing is conducted. We collected data in spring 2005 from 1343 drug prevention coordinators in a nationally representative sample of school districts with schools that have high school grades; of these districts, 14% conducted random drug testing. Almost all districts randomly tested athletes, and 65% randomly tested other students engaged in extracurricular activities; 28% randomly tested all students, exceeding the current sanction of the US Supreme Court. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123430_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of enrollment in medicaid versus the State Children's Health Insurance Program on kindergarten children's untreated dental caries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brickhouse, T.H. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Author-Name: Slade, G.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 876-881 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111468 Abstract: Objectives. We compared levels of untreated dental caries in children enrolled in public insurance programs with those in nonenrolled children to determine the impact of public dental insurance and the type of plan (Medicaid vs State Children's Health Insurance Program [SCHIP]) on untreated dental caries in children. Methods. Dental health outcomes were obtained through a calibrated oral screening of kindergarten children (enrolled in the 2000-2001 school year). We obtained eligibility and claims data for children enrolled in Medicaid and SCHIP who were eligible for dental services during 1999 to 2000. We developed logistic regression models to compare children's likelihood and extent of untreated dental caries according to enrollment. Results. Children enrolled in Medicaid or SCHIP were 1.7 times (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.65, 1.77) more likely to have untreated dental caries than were nonenrolled children. SCHIP-enrolled children were significantly less likely to have untreated dental caries than were Medicaid-enrolled children (odds ratio [OR]=0.74; 95% CI=0.67, 0.82). According to a 2-part regression model, children enrolled in Medicaid or SCHIP have 17% more untreated dental caries than do nonenrolled children, whereas those in SCHIP had 16% fewer untreated dental caries than did those in Medicaid. Conclusions. Untreated tooth decay continues to be a significant problem for children with public insurance coverage. Children who participated in a separate SCHIP program had fewer untreated dental caries than did children enrolled in Medicaid. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111468_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bandoeng Conference of 1937 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Litsios, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 777 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135194 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135194_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term trends in adolescent and young adult smoking in the United States: Metapatterns and implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, D.E. Author-Name: Mowery, P. Author-Name: Asman, K. Author-Name: Pederson, L.L. Author-Name: O'Malley, P.M. Author-Name: Malarcher, A. Author-Name: Maibach, E.W. Author-Name: Pechacek, T.F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 905-915 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115931 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe long-term adolescent and young adult smoking trends and patterns. Methods. We analyzed adolescent data from Monitoring the Future, 1976 to 2005, and young adult (aged 18-24 years) data from the National Health Interview Survey, 1974 to 2005, overall and in subpopulations to identify trends in current cigarette smoking prevalence. Results. Five metapatterns emerged: we found (1) a large increase and subsequent decrease in overall smoking over the past 15 years, (2) a steep decline in smoking among Blacks through the early 1990s, (3) a gender gap reversal among older adolescents and young adults who smoked over the past 15 years, (4) similar trends in smoking for most subgroups since the early 1990s, and (5) a large decline in smoking among young adults with less than a high school education. Conclusions. Long-term patterns for adolescent and young adult cigarette smoking were decidedly nonlinear, and we found evidence of a cohort effect among young adults. Continued strong efforts and a long-term societal commitment to tobacco use prevention are needed, given the unprecedented declines in smoking among most subpopulations since the mid- to late 1990s. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115931_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 2007 Murder rates in New Orleans, Louisiana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: VanLandingham, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133991 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133991_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of perceived risk to health and immigration-related characteristics on substance use among Latino and other immigrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ojeda, V.D. Author-Name: Patterson, T.L. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 862-868 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.108142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.108142 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether immigration-related characteristics and perceptions of risk surrounding substance use were independently associated with lifetime use of cigarettes and various illicit substances among immigrant and native-born Latino and non-Latino White adults in the United States. Methods. Data were from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Analyses were limited to Latinos and non-Latino Whites 18 years and older. We used cross-tabulations and multivariate logistic regression to test relations between risk perceptions, immigration characteristics, and substance use. Results. More than two thirds of all respondents perceived moderate or great risk to health and well-being associated with all substances analyzed. The odds of lifetime substance use by Latino and non-Latino White immigrants were lower than for US-born non-Latino Whites. Immigrant Latinos' odds of lifetime substance use were lower than for US-born Latinos. Moderate or great perceived risk was associated with lower likelihood of lifetime use of all substances except cigarettes. Conclusions. Foreign birth appeared to protect against substance use among both Latino and non-Latino White immigrants. Future studies should examine potential protective factors, including cultural beliefs and practices, acculturation, familial ties, and social network influences. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.108142_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Keeping guns out of the hands of abusers: Handgun purchases and restraining orders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vittes, K.A. Author-Name: Sorenson, S.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 5 Pages: 828-831 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124115 Abstract: Persons under certain domestic violence restraining orders are prohibited by federal law from purchasing and possessing a firearm. We used administrative data from California to link 794426 restraining orders with 1388724 handgun purchase applications. We found that restrained persons were not a less law-abiding group in general, but they appeared to be repeatedly or serially abusive to intimate partners, and their handgun purchase rates were highest after their restraining orders expired. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124115_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining in West Virginia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hendryx, M. Author-Name: Ahern, M.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 669-671 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113472 Abstract: We used data from a survey of 16493 West Virginians merged with county-level coal production and other covariates to investigate the relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining. Results of hierarchical analyses indicated that high levels of coal production were associated with worse adjusted health status and with higher rates of cardiopulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, lung disease, and kidney disease. Research is recommended to ascertain the mechanisms, magnitude, and consequences of a community coal-mining exposure effect. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113472_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fitzgerald, G.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 611-625 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 Abstract: The first large-scale use of a traditional weapon of mass destruction (chemical, biological, or nuclear) involved the successful deployment of chemical weapons during World War I (1914-1918). Historians now refer to the Great War as the chemist's war because of the scientific and engineering mobilization efforts by the major belligerents. The development, production, and deployment of war gases such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard created a new and complex public health threat that endangered not only soldiers and civilians on the battlefield but also chemical workers on the home front involved in the large-scale manufacturing processes. The story of chemical weapons research and development during that war provides useful insights for current public health practitioners faced with a possible chemical weapons attack against civilian or military populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scope of rapid HIV testing in private nonprofit urban community health settings in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bogart, L.M. Author-Name: Howerton, D. Author-Name: Lange, J. Author-Name: Becker, K. Author-Name: Setodji, C.M. Author-Name: Asch, S.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 736-742 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111567 Abstract: Objectives. We examined patterns of rapid HIV testing in a multistage national random sample of private, nonprofit, urban community clinics and community-based organizations to determine the extent of rapid HIV test availability outside the public health system. Methods. We randomly sampled 12 primary metropolitan statistical areas in 4 regions; 746 sites were randomly sampled across areas and telephoned. Staff at 575 of the sites (78%) were reached, of which 375 were eligible and subsequently interviewed from 2005 to 2006. Results. Seventeen percent of the sites offered rapid HIV tests (22% of clinics, 10% of community-based organizations). In multivariate models, rapid test availability was more likely among community clinics in the South (vs West), clinics in high HIV/AIDS prevalence areas, clinics with on-site laboratories and multiple locations, and clinics that performed other diagnostic tests. Conclusions. Rapid HIV tests were provided infrequently in private, nonprofit, urban community settings. Policies that encourage greater diffusion of rapid testing are needed, especially in community-based organizations and venues with fewer resources and less access to laboratories. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111567_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: WHO at 60: Snapshots from its first six decades Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Cueto, M. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 630-633 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132449 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132449_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food hygiene and global health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 634-635 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124289 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124289_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of name-based reporting and partner notification on HIV testing in New York State Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tesoriero, J.M. Author-Name: Battles, H.B. Author-Name: Heavner, K. Author-Name: Leung, S.-Y.J. Author-Name: Nemeth, C. Author-Name: Pulver, W. Author-Name: Birkhead, G.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 728-735 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.092742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.092742 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect of New York's HIV Reporting and Partner Notification law on HIV testing levels and on the HIV testing decisions of high-risk individuals. Methods. In-person interviews were administered to 761 high-risk individuals to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV testing and reporting. Trends in HIV testing were also assessed in publicly funded HIV counseling and testing programs, Medicaid, and New York's Maternal Pediatric Newborn Prevention and Care Program. Results. High-risk individuals had limited awareness of the reporting and notification law, and few cited concern about named reporting as a reason for avoiding or delaying HIV testing. HIV testing levels, posttest counseling rates, and anonymous-to- confidential conversion rates among those who tested HIV positive were not affected by the law. Medicaid-related HIV testing rates also remained stable. HIV testing during pregnancy continued to trend upward following implementation of the law. Findings held true within demographic and risk-related subgroups. Conclusions. HIV reporting has permitted improved monitoring of New York's HIV/AIDS epidemic. This benefit has not been offset by decreases in HIV testing behavior, including willingness to test among those at high risk of acquiring HIV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.092742_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: International planning of organization for medical care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, J.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 626-628 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:4:626-628_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Costa Rica: Achievements of a heterodox health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Unger, J.-P. Author-Name: De Paepe, P. Author-Name: Buitrón, R. Author-Name: Soors, W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 636-643 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.099598 Abstract: Costa Rica is a middle-income country with a strong governmental emphasis on human development. For more than half a century, its health policies have applied the principles of equity and solidarity to strengthen access to care through public services and universal social health insurance. Costa Rica's population measures of health service coverage, health service use, and health status are excellent, and in the Americas, life expectancy in Costa Rica is second only to that in Canada. Many of these outcomes can be linked to the performance of the public health care system. However, the current emphasis of international aid organizations on privatization of health services threatens the accomplishments and universality of the Costa Rican health care system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099598_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Highly active antiretroviral therapy use and HIV transmission risk behaviors among individuals who are HIV infected and were recently released from jail Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clements-Nolle, K. Author-Name: Marx, R. Author-Name: Pendo, M. Author-Name: Loughran, E. Author-Name: Estes, M. Author-Name: Katz, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 661-666 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112656 Abstract: We evaluated highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use and risk behaviors among 177 inmates who were HIV infected and were released and reincarcerated in San Francisco, Calif, jails over a 12-month period. During the month preceding reincarceration, HIV transmission risk behaviors were common among respondents, and 59% of those with a history of antiretroviral use were not taking HAART. HAART discontinuation was independently associated with homelessness, marijuana use, injection drug use, and not receiving community medical care. Postrelease interventions for inmates who are HIV infected are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112656_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indoor risk factors for cough and their relation to wheeze and sensitization in Chilean young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potts, J.F. Author-Name: Rona, R.J. Author-Name: Oyarzun, M.J. Author-Name: Amigo, H. Author-Name: Bustos, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 680-686 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093302 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effects of indoor risk factors, including smoking, on different types of cough and on cough and wheeze in combination. Methods. Our sample was composed of 1232 men and women residing in a semi-rural area of Chile. We used a standardized questionnaire, sensitization to 8 allergens, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine to assess cough and wheeze characteristics. Information was gathered on dampness, mold, ventilation, heating, housing quality, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Results. Most exposures were associated with cough alone or cough in combination with wheeze. Smoking, past smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure were strongly associated with dry cough and wheeze. The use of coal for heating was associated with dry cough. Leaks, mold, and lack of kitchen ventilation were associated with cough and wheeze. Nocturnal cough and productive cough were associated with specific types of sensitization, but dry cough was not. Productive cough was associated with hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Conclusions. Several different types of indoor exposures, including environmental tobacco smoke exposure, are important contributors to morbidity associated with cough and wheeze. A vigorous preventive strategy designed to lower exposures to indoor risk factors would lower rates of respiratory morbidity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093302_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income inequality and socioeconomic gradients in mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilkinson, R.G. Author-Name: Pickett, K.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 699-704 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.109637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.109637 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether the processes underlying the association between income inequality and population health are related to those responsible for the socioeconomic gradient in health and whether health disparities are smaller when income differences are narrower. Methods. We used multilevel models in a regression analysis of 10 age- and cause-specific US county mortality rates on county median household incomes and on state income inequality. We assessed whether mortality rates more closely related to county income were also more closely related to state income inequality. We also compared mortality gradients in more- and less-equal states. Results. Mortality rates more strongly associated with county income were more strongly associated with state income inequality: across all mortality rates, r =?0.81; P = .004. The effect of state income inequality on the socioeconomic gradient in health varied by cause of death, but greater equality usually benefited both wealthier and poorer counties. Conclusions. Although mortality rates with steep socioeconomic gradients were more sensitive to income distribution than were rates with flatter gradients, narrower income differences benefit people in both wealthy and poor areas and may, paradoxically, do little to reduce health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.109637_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Collapsing the vertical-horizontal divide: An ethnographic study of evidence-based policymaking in maternal health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Béhague, D.P. Author-Name: Storeng, K.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 644-649 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123117 Abstract: Using the international maternal health field as a case study, we draw on ethnographic research to investigate how public health researchers and policy experts are responding to tensions between vertical and horizontal approaches to health improvement. Despite nominal support for an integrative health system approach, we found that competition for funds and international recognition pushes professionals toward vertical initiatives. We also highlight how research practices contribute to the dominance of vertical strategies and limit the success of evidence-based policymaking for strengthening health systems. Rather than support disease- and subfield-specific advocacy, the public health community urgently needs to engage in open dialogue regarding the international, academic, and donor-driven forces that drive professionals toward an exclusive interest in vertical programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123117_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette prices, smoking, and the poor, revisited Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farrelly, M.C. Author-Name: Engelen, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 582-583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132647 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132647_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Analysis of media agenda setting during and after Hurricane Katrina: Implications for emergency preparedness, disaster response, and disaster policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnes, M.D. Author-Name: Hanson, C.L. Author-Name: Novilla, L.M.B. Author-Name: Meacham, A.T. Author-Name: McIntyre, E. Author-Name: Erickson, B.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 604-610 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112235 Abstract: Media agenda setting refers to the deliberate coverage of topics or events with the goal of influencing public opinion and public policy. We conducted a quantitative content analysis of 4 prominent newspapers to examine how the media gathered and distributed news to shape public policy priorities during Hurricane Katrina. The media framed most Hurricane Katrina stories by emphasizing government response and less often addressing individuals' and communities' level of preparedness or responsibility. Hence, more articles covered response and recovery than mitigation and preparation. The newspapers studied focused significantly more on government response than on key public health roles in disaster management. We discuss specific implications for public health professionals, policymakers, and mass media so that, in the future, coordination can be enhanced among these entities before, during, and after disasters occur. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112235_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Franks et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Franks, P. Author-Name: Jerant, A.F. Author-Name: Leigh, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 583-584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132654 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132654_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reviewing for the Journal: History, theory, methods, and tools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136507 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136507_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Returning to the "Homeland": Work-related ethnic discrimination and the health of Japanese Brazilians in Japan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Asakura, T. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Nakayama, K. Author-Name: Niwa, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 743-750 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117309 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether self-reported ethnic discrimination in the workplace was associated with well-being among Japanese Brazilians who had returned to Japan. Further, we examined interactions between discrimination and education on well-being. Methods. We obtained data from a cross-sectional survey of Japanese Brazilian workers (n = 313) conducted in 2000 and 2001. Outcomes were self-rated health, psychological symptoms as measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score, and a checklist of somatic symptoms. Results. Reports of ethnic discrimination were associated with increased risk of poor self-rated health and psychological symptoms (GHQ-12 score), after we controlled for self-assessed workload, supportive relations at work, physically dangerous working conditions, workplace environmental hazards, shift work, number of working hours, age, gender, marital status, income, education, Japanese lineage, length of residence, and Japanese language proficiency. Further, the relationship between discrimination and self-rated health and somatic symptoms was most robust for those with the least education. Conclusions. Ethnic discrimination appears to be a correlate of morbidity among Japanese Brazilian migrants. Future research should investigate how educational and workplace interventions may reduce discrimination and possibly improve health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117309_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of education and the occurrence of low birthweight in rural southern China during the early and late 1990s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liu, Y. Author-Name: Liu, J. Author-Name: Ye, R. Author-Name: Ren, A. Author-Name: Li, S. Author-Name: Li, Z. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 687-691 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.088716 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether education-related inequalities were associated with the occurrence of low birthweight in 6 counties in southern China in the early and late 1990s. Methods. The study population consisted of 111181 women (65669 in the early 1990s and 45482 in the late 1990s) in a population-based Perinatal Health Care Surveillance System. We used the χ2 test, logistic regression, and concentration index for our analyses. Results. From the early to late 1990s, the mean maternal education level increased significantly, and the percentage of low-birthweight births declined among all groups, for both male and female births, and at all levels of the mother's education. Relative to those with less than 9 years of formal education, there was a decreasing risk of low birthweight among those with 9 to 11 years of formal education (range in adjusted odds ratio=0.69-0.82) and with 12 or more years of formal education (range in adjusted odds ratio=0.51-0.74). Between the early and late 1990s, the concentration index changed from -0.0778 to -0.0656 for male births and from -0.0717 to -0.0813 for female births. Conclusions. Education-related inequalities associated with low birthweight persisted from the early to the late 1990s in surveyed areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088716_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco control success versus demographic destiny: Examining the causes of the low smoking prevalence in California (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (268-269) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.112318) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Author-Name: Mendez, D. Author-Name: Alshanqeety, O. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.112318e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.112318e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.112318e_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical education and academic achievement in elementary school: Data from the early childhood longitudinal study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carlson, S.A. Author-Name: Fulton, J.E. Author-Name: Lee, S.M. Author-Name: Maynard, L.M. Author-Name: Brown, D.R. Author-Name: Kohl III, H.W. Author-Name: Dietz, W.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 721-727 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117176 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between time spent in physical education and academic achievement in a longitudinal study of students in kindergarten through fifth grade. Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998 to 1999, which employed a multistage probability design to select a nationally representative sample of students in kindergarten (analytic sample=5316). Time spent in physical education (minutes per week) was collected from classroom teachers, and academic achievement (mathematics and reading) was scored on an item response theory scale. Results. A small but significant benefit for academic achievement in mathematics and reading was observed for girls enrolled in higher amounts (70-300 minutes per week) of physical education (referent: 0-35 minutes per week). Higher amounts of physical education were not positively or negatively associated with academic achievement among boys. Conclusions. Among girls, higher amounts of physical education may be associated with an academic benefit. Physical education did not appear to negatively affect academic achievement in elementary school students. Concerns about adverse effects on achievement may not be legitimate reasons to limit physical education programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117176_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Celebrating the World Health Organization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134569 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134569_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Friedman responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, J.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 582 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129874 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129874_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Rice is essential but tiresome; You should get some noodles": Doi Moi and the political economy of men's extramarital sexual relations and marital HIV risk in Hanoi, Vietnam Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phinney, H.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 650-660 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111534 Abstract: Research from around the world has suggested that married women's greatest risk for contracting HIV is from having sexual intercourse with their husbands. On the basis of 6 months of ethnographic research in Hanoi, Vietnam, I argue that the contemporary nature of the HIV epidemic in Hanoi is shaped by 3 interrelated policies implemented in 1986 as part of the government's new economic policy, Doi Moi (Renovation). Together, these policies structure men's opportunities for extramarital sexual relations and encourage wives to acquiesce to their husbands' sexual infidelity, putting both at risk of HIV. I propose 4 structural intervention strategies that address the policies that contribute to men's opportunities for extramarital liaisons and to marital HIV risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111534_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: John B. Grant international statesman of public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 628-629 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129304 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129304_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interplay of politics and law to promote health: Improving economic equality and health: The case of postwar Japan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bezruchka, S. Author-Name: Namekata, T. Author-Name: Sistrom, M.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 589-594 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.116012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.116012 Abstract: The health situation in Japan after World War II was extremely poor. However, in less than 35 years the country's life expectancy was the highest in the world. Japan's continuing health gains are linked to policies established at the end of World War II by the Allied occupation force that established a democratic government. The Confucian principles that existed in Japan long before the occupation but were preempted during the war years were reestablished after the war, facilitating subsequent health improvements. Japan's good health status today is not primarily the result of individual health behaviors or the country's health care system; rather, it is the result of the continuing economic equality that is the legacy of dismantling the prewar hierarchy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.116012_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The interplay of public health law and industry self-regulation: The case of sugar-sweetened beverage sales in schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mello, M.M. Author-Name: Pomeranz, J. Author-Name: Moran, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 595-604 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107680 Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that sugar-sweetened beverage consumption contributes to childhood obesity. Most states have adopted laws that regulate the availability of sugarsweetened beverages in school settings. However, such policies have encountered resistance from consumer and parent groups, as well as the beverage industry. The beverage industry's recent adoption of voluntary guidelines, which call for the curtailment of sugar-sweetened beverage sales in schools, raises the question, Is further policy intervention in this area needed, and if so, what form should it take? We examine the interplay of public and private regulation of sugar-sweetened beverage sales in schools, by drawing on a 50-state legal and regulatory analysis and a review of industry self-regulation initiatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107680_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term outcome of retained third molars is unknown Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollan, L.D. Author-Name: Pogrel, M.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 580-581 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129247 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129247_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating the return of persons living with HIV/AIDS to New Orleans: Methods for conducting disease surveillance in the wake of a natural disaster Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robinson, W.T. Author-Name: Wendell, D. Author-Name: Gruber, D. Author-Name: Foxhood, J. Author-Name: Scalco, M.B. Author-Name: Zapata, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 666-668 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110080 Abstract: Hurricane Katrina disrupted HIV/AIDS surveillance by invalidating the New Orleans, La, surveillance and population data on persons living with HIV/AIDS. We describes 2 methods - population return and HIV surveillance data - to estimate the return of the infected population to New Orleans. It is estimated that 58% to 64% of 7068 persons living with HIV/AIDS returned by summer 2006. Although developed for HIV planning, these methods could be used with other disease surveillance programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110080_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Globalization, binational communities, and imported food risks: Results of an outbreak investigation of lead poisoning in Monterey County, California (American Journal of Public Health (2007) 97, (900-906) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074138) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Handley, M.A. Author-Name: Hall, C. Author-Name: Sandford, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.074138e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.074138e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.074138e_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protecting and improving the health of the Caribbean people Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theodore-Gandi, B. Author-Name: Barclay, G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 586-588 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131086 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131086_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mythbusters and wisdom teeth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dodson, T.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 581-582 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129577 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129577_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: Evidence from 31 countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wipfli, H. Author-Name: Avila-Tang, E. Author-Name: Navas-Acien, A. Author-Name: Kim, S. Author-Name: Onicescu, G. Author-Name: Yuan, J. Author-Name: Breysse, P. Author-Name: Samet, J.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 672-679 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126631 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and generate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries. Methods. In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries. Results. Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 μg/m3) compared with households without smokers (0.01 μg/m3). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children increased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose-response relationship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95% confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those prohibiting smoking inside. Conclusions. Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to SHS. Interventions to protect women and children from household SHS need to be strengthened. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126631_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: International planning of organization for medical care. From Health Care for the Community: Selected Papers of Dr. John B. Grant, 1963. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seipp, C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 626-628 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:4:626-628_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Distal lower-extremity pain and work postures in the Quebec population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Messing, K. Author-Name: Tissot, F. Author-Name: Stock, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 705-713 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.099317 Abstract: Objectives. Standing at work has been associated with discomfort and cardiovascular symptoms. Because standing postures vary in duration, mobility, and constraint, we explored associations between specific postures and pain in the lower extremities. Methods. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze associations between work factors and pain in the lower extremities during the previous 12 months that interfered with usual activities. We used data from among 7757 workers who were interviewed in the 1998 Quebec Health and Social Survey. Results. Among all respondents, 9.4% reported significant ankle or foot pain, and 6.4% had lower-leg or calf pain. Significantly more women than men had pain at both sites. Both leg or calf and ankle or foot pain were strongly associated with standing postures, whole-body vibration, psychological distress, female gender, and being aged 50 years or older. Constrained standing postures were associated with increased ankle or foot pain for both men and women and with leg or calf pain for women, compared with standing with freedom to sit at will. Conclusions. Freedom to sit at work may prevent lower-extremity pain. The effects of specific sitting and standing postures on cartilage, muscle, and the cardiovascular system may help explain discomfort in the lower extremities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099317_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food insecurity and obesity: A comparison of self-reported and measured height and weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lyons, A.-A. Author-Name: Park, J. Author-Name: Nelson, C.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 751-757 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093211 Abstract: Objectives. We used self-reported and measured height and weight data to examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity. Methods. We defined food insecurity according to 3 different models. We used self-reported and measured height and weight from 2 versions of the Canadian Community Health Survey to calculate obesity rates. Results. When self-reported height and weight data were used in calculating obesity prevalence rates, rates were significantly higher among food-insecure respondents than among food-secure respondents; by contrast, when measured height and weight data were used, there were no significant differences. Female respondents classified as food insecure and experiencing mild hunger were at greater risk of obesity than were food-secure female respondents when measured height and weight were used. Conclusions. Associations between obesity and food insecurity are more pronounced when self-reported data on height and weight are used than when measured height and weight data are used. Caution should be used when using self-reported data to examine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093211_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Getting beyond "don't ask; don't tell": An evaluation of US Veterans Administration postdeployment mental health screening of veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seal, K.H. Author-Name: Bertenthal, D. Author-Name: Maguen, S. Author-Name: Gima, K. Author-Name: Chu, A. Author-Name: Marmar, C.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 714-720 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115519 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to evaluate outcomes of the Veterans Administration (VA) Afghan and Iraq Post-Deployment Screen for mental health symptoms. Methods. Veterans Administration clinicians were encouraged to refer Iraq or Afghanistan veterans who screened positive for posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or high-risk alcohol use to a VA mental health clinic. Multivariate methods were used to determine predictors of screening, the proportions who screened positive for particular mental health problems, and predictors of VA mental health clinic attendance. Results. Among 750 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who were referred to a VA medical center and 5 associated community clinics, 338 underwent postdeployment screening; 233 (69%) screened positive for mental health problems. Having been seen in primary care (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 13.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.31, 21.3) and at a VA community clinic (AOR = 3.28; 95% CI = 2.03, 5.28) predicted screening. African American veterans were less likely to have been screened than were White veterans (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.91). Of 233 veterans who screened positive, 170 (73%) completed a mental health follow-up visit. Conclusions. A substantial proportion of veterans met screening criteria for co-occurring mental health problems, suggesting that the VA screens may help overcome a "don't ask, don't tell" climate that surrounds stigmatized mental illness. Based on data from 1 VA facility, VA postdeployment screening increases mental health clinic attendance among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115519_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Widening ethnic disparities in infant mortality in southern Brazil: Comparison of 3 birth cohorts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matijasevich, A. Author-Name: Victora, C.G. Author-Name: Barros, A.J.D. Author-Name: Santos, I.S. Author-Name: Marco, P.L. Author-Name: Albernaz, E.P. Author-Name: Barros, F.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 4 Pages: 692-698 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093492 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed trends in mortality among infants born to White and to Black or mixed-race women in 3 population-based cohorts representing all births in 1982, 1993, and 2004 in Pelotas, southern Brazil. Methods. Births were assessed during daily visits to all maternity hospitals. Maternal skin color was classified by the interviewers as White or Black or multiracial. We used logistic regression to adjust for socioeconomic, demographic, and health services variables. Results. The mortality rate among infants born to White mothers declined from 30.4 per 1000 live births in 1982 to 13.9 per 1000 in 2004, compared with 53.8 per 1000 to 30.4 per 1000 among those born to Black and mixed-race mothers. Differences for neonatal mortality were even more marked, with reductions of 47% and 11% for infants born to White and Black or mixed-race women, respectively. Adjusted analyses showed that ethnic group differences in neonatal and infant mortality were partly explained by differences in poverty and prenatal care. Conclusions. Over a 22-year period, improvements in health indicators were greater for infants born to White women than for other infants. The widening racial gap requires special attention from policymakers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093492_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social and emotional consequences of refraining from sexual activity among sexually experienced and inexperienced youths in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brady, S.S. Author-Name: Halpern-Felsher, B.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 162-168 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.097923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097923 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the social and emotional consequences among adolescents of refraining from sexual activity (oral or vaginal sex) and whether these consequences differed over time and by gender and sexual experience. Methods. Adolescents (N=612; 58% female) recruited from 2 schools were assessed at 4 time points separated by 6-month intervals, beginning in fall of ninth grade. Results. The percentage of adolescents who reported only positive consequences (e.g., they felt responsible, friends were proud) dramatically decreased over time, whereas the percentage that reported negative consequences (e.g., they felt left out, partners became angry) steadily increased. Adolescent girls and sexually experienced adolescents were more likely to report both positive and negative consequences than were adolescent boys and sexually inexperienced adolescents. Adolescents who began the study with sexual experience were more likely to report positive consequences of refraining from sexual activity by the end of the study than those who initiated sexual activity later. Conclusions. Sexual education programs should address how adolescents can cope with or prevent negative consequences of refraining from sexual activity, so that decisions to abstain are rewarding and decisions to engage in sexual activity are motivated by maturity and readiness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.097923_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shelley et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shelley, D. Author-Name: Cantrell, M.J. Author-Name: Moon-Howard, J. Author-Name: Ramjohn, D.Q. Author-Name: VanDevanter, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122960 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122960_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Autonomy, paternalism, and justice: Ethical priorities in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buchanan, D.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110361 Abstract: With attention to the field of public health ethics growing, significant time has been devoted to identifying a sound ethical justification for paternalistic interventions that override individual autonomy to prevent people from adopting unhealthy behaviors. Efforts focused on specifying the conditions that warrant paternalism, however, are largely misplaced. On empirical and ethical grounds, public health should seek instead to expand individual autonomy to improve population health. To promote autonomy, the field should redirect current efforts toward clarifying principles of justice. Although public health's most highly visible stance is associated with an egalitarian conception of "social justice," it is imperative that public health professionals address gaping divisions in public understandings of justice. I present recommendations for initiating this process. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110361_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends and disparities among diabetes-complicated births in Minnesota, 1993-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Devlin, H.M. Author-Name: Desai, J. Author-Name: Holzman, G.S. Author-Name: Gilbertson, D.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 59-62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.095877 Abstract: We used Minnesota birth certificate data from 1993-2003 to test 2 hypotheses: rates of diabetes-complicated pregnancy are increasing, and disparities between more and less socially advantaged groups are widening. Significant increases occurred in rates (per 1000 live births) of prepregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (from 2.6 to 4.9 and 25.6 to 34.8, respectively). Increases were significant in all demographic groups except gestational diabetes among American Indian mothers, and disparities worsened among all groups. Targeted interventions and surveillance improvements are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095877_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigration and risk of childhood lead poisoning: Findings from a case-control study of New York City children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tehranifar, P. Author-Name: Leighton, J. Author-Name: Auchincloss, A.H. Author-Name: Faciano, A. Author-Name: Alper, H. Author-Name: Paykin, A. Author-Name: Wu, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 92-97 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093229 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether foreign birthplace and residence were associated with an increased risk of childhood lead poisoning. Methods. We conducted a matched case-control study among New York City children (mean age=3 years) tested for lead poisoning in 2002 (n=203 pairs). Children were matched on age, date of test, and residential area. Blood lead and housing data were supplemented by a telephone survey administered to parents or guardians. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of lead poisoning status to foreign birthplace and time elapsed since most recent foreign residence after adjustment for housing and behavioral risk factors. Results. Both foreign birthplace and time since most recent foreign residence had strong adjusted associations with lead poisoning status, with children who had lived in a foreign country less than 6 months before their blood test showing a particularly elevated risk of lead poisoning relative to US-born children with no foreign residential history before their blood test (odds ratio [OR]=10.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.3, 36.5). Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate an increased risk of lead poisoning among immigrant children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093229_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV-associated orphanhood and children's psychosocial distress: Theoretical framework tested with data from Zimbabwe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nyamukapa, C.A. Author-Name: Gregson, S. Author-Name: Lopman, B. Author-Name: Saito, S. Author-Name: Watts, H.J. Author-Name: Monasch, R. Author-Name: Jukes, M.C.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 133-141 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.116038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.116038 Abstract: Objectives. We measured the psychosocial effect of orphanhood in a sub-Saharan African population and evaluated a new framework for understanding the causes and consequences of psychosocial distress among orphans and other vulnerable children. Methods. The framework was evaluated using data from 5321 children aged 12 to 17 years who were interviewed in a 2004 national survey in Zimbabwe. We constructed a measure of psychosocial distress using principle components analysis. We used regression analyses to obtain standardized parameter estimates of psychosocial distress and odds ratios of early sexual activity. Results. Orphans had more psychosocial distress than did nonorphans. For both genders, paternal, maternal, and double orphans exhibited more-severe distress than did nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children. Orphanhood remained associated with psychosocial distress after we controlled for differences in more-proximate determinants. Maternal and paternal orphans were significantly more likely than were nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children to have engaged in sexual activity. These differences were reduced after we controlled for psychosocial distress. Conclusions. Orphaned adolescents in Zimbabwe suffer greater psychosocial distress than do nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children, which may lead to increased likelihood of early onset of sexual intercourse and HIV infection. The effect of strategies to provide psychosocial support should be evaluated scientifically. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.116038_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Equity of skilled birth attendant utilization in developing countries: Financing and policy determinants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kruk, M.E. Author-Name: Prescott, M.R. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 142-147 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.104265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.104265 Abstract: Objectives. Developing countries with higher health care spending have greater overall utilization of maternal health services than do countries with lower spending. However, the rich tend to disproportionately use these services. We assessed whether redistributive government policies in the context of higher levels of health spending were associated with more-equitable use of skilled birth attendants (doctors, nurses, or midwives) between rich and poor. Methods. We used data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 45 developing countries and disaggregated by wealth quintile. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess the joint effect of higher health care expenditures, the wealth distribution of women's fifth-grade education (a proxy for redistributive policy environment within the central government) and the overall proportion of women with fifth-grade education (a proxy for female literacy and an indicator of governments' commitment to girls' education). Results. We found that utilization of skilled birth attendants was more equitable when higher health expenditures were accompanied by redistributive education policies. Conclusions. Higher health care expenditures should be accompanied by redistributive policies to reduce the gap in utilization of skilled birth attendants between poorer and richer women in developing countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.104265_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Keeping the point-of-sale environment at the forefront Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, J.E. Author-Name: Planinac, L.C. Author-Name: O'Connor, S.C. Author-Name: Lavack, A.M. Author-Name: Robinson, D.J. Author-Name: Thompson, F.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124321 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124321_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Another example of an illicit cigarette market: A study of psychiatric patients in Toronto, Ontario Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Callaghan, R.C. Author-Name: Tavares, J. Author-Name: Taylor, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 4-5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121954 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121954_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community health workers: Social justice and policy advocates for community health and well-being Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pérez, L.M. Author-Name: Martinez, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842 Abstract: Community health workers are resources to their communities and to the advocacy and policy world on several levels. Community health workers can connect people to health care and collect information relevant to policy. They are natural researchers who, as a result of direct interaction with the populations they serve, can recount the realities of exclusion and propose remedies for it. As natural researchers, they contribute to best practices while informing public policy with the information they can share. In this light, community health workers may also be advocates for social justice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improvements in middle school student dietary intake after implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cullen, K.W. Author-Name: Watson, K. Author-Name: Zakeri, I. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 111-117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111765 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effect of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on middle school student lunchtime food consumption. Methods. Three years of lunch food records were collected from middle school students in southeast Texas: baseline (2001-2002), after local district changes (2002-2003), and 1 year after implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy (2005-2006). Students recorded amount and source of foods and beverages they consumed. Analysis of variance and covariance and nonparametric tests were used to compare intake after the policy change with intake during the 2 previous years. Results. After implementation of the nutrition policy, student lunch consumption of vegetables, milk, and several nutrients increased (protein, fiber, vitamins A and C, calcium, and sodium), and consumption of less desirable items (sweetened beverages, snack chips) decreased, as did percentage of energy from fat. Most of the desired nutrients and foods (vegetables and milk) were obtained from the National School Lunch Program meal. Fewer sweetened beverages, candy, chips, and dessert foods were purchased and consumed, but more of these items were brought from home and purchased from the snack bar. Conclusions. Overall, state school nutrition policies can improve the healthfulness of foods consumed by students at lunch. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111765_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Breastfeeding duration and childhood overweight among low-income children in Kansas, 1998-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Procter, S.B. Author-Name: Holcomb, C.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 106-110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.101683 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether increased duration of breastfeeding was associated with decreased risk of overweight among 4-year-old children in Kansas families with limited means. Methods. We linked data on Kansas families from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System and Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, 1998 to 2002, to determine breastfeeding duration and weight status at age 4 years. Overweight among 4-year-old children was defined as body mass index-for-age at the 95th percentile and above. Linked analysis included 3692 children. Logistic regression was applied to determine odds of being overweight at each duration of breastfeeding. Results. Breastfeeding duration considered independently showed a significant protective association with childhood overweight at age 4 years for all non-Hispanics (odds ratio [OR]=0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.55, 0.94) and for Whites only (OR=0.68; CI=0.50, 0.92). When we controlled for other significant risk factors for childhood overweight, the association diminished and was not statistically significant. Conclusions. Although breastfeeding for longer duration appeared to be protective against overweight among 4-year-old non-Hispanic children, cultural and environmental factors may override this protective benefit. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.101683_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Too poor to leave, too rich to stay: Developmental and global health correlates of physician migration to the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arah, O.A. Author-Name: Ogbu, U.C. Author-Name: Okeke, C.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 148-154 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.095844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.095844 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the relationship between physician migration from developing source countries to more developed host countries (brain drain) and the developmental and global health profiles of source countries. Methods. We used a cross-section of 141 countries that lost emigrating physicians to the 4 major destinations: the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. For each source country, we defined physician migration density as the number of migrant physicians per 1000 population practicing in any of the 4 major destination countries. Results. Source countries with better human resources for health, more economic and developmental progress, and better health status appear to lose proportionately more physicians than the more disadvantaged countries. Higher physician migration density is associated with higher current physician (r=0.42, P<.001), nurse (r=0.27, P=.001), and public health (r=0.48, P=.001) workforce densities and more medical schools (r=0.53, P<.001). Conclusions. Policymakers should realize that physician migration is positively related to better health systems and development in source countries. In view of the "train, retain, and sustain" perspective of public health workforce policies, physician retention should become even more important to countries growing richer, whereas poorer countries must invest more in training policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095844_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A participatory action research pilot study of urban health disparities using rapid assessment response and evaluation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, D.R. Author-Name: Hernández, A. Author-Name: Saint-Jean, G. Author-Name: Evans, S. Author-Name: Tafari, I. Author-Name: Brewster, L.G. Author-Name: Celestin, M.J. Author-Name: Gómez-Estefan, C. Author-Name: Regalado, F. Author-Name: Akal, S. Author-Name: Nierenberg, B. Author-Name: Kauschinger, E.D. Author-Name: Schwartz, R. Author-Name: Page, J.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 28-38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.091363 Abstract: Healthy People 2010 made it a priority to eliminate health disparities. We used a rapid assessment response and evaluation (RARE) to launch a program of participatory action research focused on health disparities in an urban, disadvantaged Black community serviced by a major south Florida health center. We formed partnerships with community members, identified local health disparities, and guided interventions targeting health disparities. We describe the RARE structure used to triangulate data sources and guide intervention plans as well as findings and conclusions drawn from scientific literature and epidemiological, historic, planning, clinical, and ethnographic data. Disenfranchisement and socioeconomic deprivation emerged as the principal determinants of local health disparities and the most appropriate targets for intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.091363_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cardiovascular disease and global health equity: Lessons from tuberculosis control then and now Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bukhman, G. Author-Name: Kidder, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110841 Abstract: Early 20th-century cardiovascular voluntary organizations in the United States drew strength from the well-established antituberculosis movement. By midcentury, heart disease among the young and tuberculosis had declined in this country. The international fight against tuberculosis has gathered force since the 1990s. Meanwhile, support for international cardiovascular interventions has lagged behind. We trace the divergent path of the international cardiovascular movement and suggest ways in which it could once again learn from the trials and achievements of tuberculosis control. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110841_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic minority children's use of psychiatric emergency care in California's public mental health system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Snowden, L.R. Author-Name: Masland, M.C. Author-Name: Libby, A.M. Author-Name: Wallace, N. Author-Name: Fawley, K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 118-124 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.105361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.105361 Abstract: Objectives. We examined rates and intensity of crisis services use by race/ethnicity for 351174 children younger than 18 years who received specialty mental health care from California's 57 county public mental health systems between July 1998 and June 2001. Methods. We used fixed-effects regression for a controlled assessment of racial/ethnic disparities in children's use of hospital-based services for the most serious mental health crises (crisis stabilization services) and community-based services for other crises (crisis intervention services). Results. African American children were more likely than were White children to use both kinds of crisis care and made more visits to hospital-based crisis stabilization services after initial use. Asian American/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native children were more likely than were White children to use hospital-based crisis stabilization services but, along with Latino children, made fewer hospital-based crisis stabilization visits after an initial visit. Conclusions. African American children used both kinds of crisis services more than did White children, and Asian Americans/Pacific Islander and American Indians/ Alaska Native children visited only when they experienced the most disruptive and troubling kind of crises, and made nonrecurring visits. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.105361_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Murder rates in New Orleans, La, 2004-2006 (American Journal of Public Health (2007) (1614-1616) DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110445) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: VanLandingham, M.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110445e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110445e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110445e_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Husten responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Husten, C.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 6-7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124412 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124412_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health, knowledge, and economics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Camargo Jr., K.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121145 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121145_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The healthy migrant effect: New findings from the Mexican Family Life Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubalcava, L.N. Author-Name: Teruel, G.M. Author-Name: Thomas, D. Author-Name: Goldman, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 78-84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098418 Abstract: Objectives. We used nationally representative longitudinal data from the Mexican Family Life Survey to determine whether recent migrants from Mexico to the United States are healthier than other Mexicans. Previous research has provided little scientific evidence that tests the "healthy migrant" hypothesis. Methods. Estimates were derived from logistic regressions of whether respondents moved to the United States between surveys in 2002 and 2005, by gender and urban versus rural residence. Covariates included physical health measurements, self-reported health, and education measured in 2002. Our primary sample comprised 6446 respondents aged 15 to 29 years. Results. Health significantly predicted subsequent migration among females and rural males. However, the associations were weak, few health indicators were statistically significant, and there was substantial variation in the estimates between males and females and between urban and rural dwellers. Conclusions. On the basis of recent data for Mexico, the largest source of migrants to the United States, we found generally weak support for the healthy migrant hypothesis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098418_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indigenous ways of knowing: Implications for participatory research and community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cochran, P.A.L. Author-Name: Marshall, C.A. Author-Name: Garcia-Downing, C. Author-Name: Kendall, E. Author-Name: Cook, D. Author-Name: McCubbin, L. Author-Name: Gover, R.M.S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 22-27 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093641 Abstract: Researchers have a responsibility to cause no harm, but research has been a source of distress for indigenous people because of inappropriate methods and practices. The way researchers acquire knowledge in indigenous communities may be as critical for eliminating health disparities as the actual knowledge that is gained about a particular health problem. Researchers working with indigenous communities must continue to resolve conflict between the values of the academic setting and those of the community. It is important to consider the ways of knowing that exist in indigenous communities when developing research methods. Challenges to research partnerships include how to distribute the benefits of the research findings when academic or external needs contrast with the need to protect indigenous knowledge. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093641_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of a population-based survey to describe the health of boston public housing residents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Digenis-Bury, E.C. Author-Name: Brooks, D.R. Author-Name: Chen, L. Author-Name: Ostrem, M. Author-Name: Horsburgh, C.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 85-91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.094912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.094912 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the health of public housing residents with other Boston residents through a random-digit-dial survey. Methods. We used data from the Boston Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System collected in 2001 and 2003 to make crude and demographically adjusted comparisons between public housing residents and other city residents on measures of health status, access and utilization, and health behaviors. Results. Public housing residents were more likely to report fair or poor overall health status, ever-diagnosed hypertension, current asthma, ever-diagnosed diabetes, obesity, disability, loss of 6 or more teeth, and feelings of depression for 15 days or more in the past month. Public housing residents were slightly more likely than others to be without health insurance or report financial barriers to medical care. Public housing residents reported more smoking and physical inactivity, less past-month binge drinking and past-year marijuana use, and similar levels of lifetime drug use. Conclusions. Public housing residents reported substantially poorer health than did other city residents across a variety of conditions but similar levels of access to and utilization of health care. Public health departments may be able to use established surveys to measure health among public housing residents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.094912_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spinning for India's independence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 39 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120139 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120139_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding dog owners' increased levels of physical activity: Results from RESIDE Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cutt, H. Author-Name: Giles-Corti, B. Author-Name: Knuiman, M. Author-Name: Timperio, A. Author-Name: Bull, F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 66-69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.103499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.103499 Abstract: We examined the influence of dog ownership on physical activity, independent of demographic, intrapersonal, and perceived environmental factors, in a cross-sectional survey of 1813 adults. Although only 23% of the dog owners walked their dogs 5 or more times per week, the adjusted odds of achieving sufficient physical activity and walking were 57% to 77% higher among dog owners compared with those not owning dogs (P<.05). Dog ownership was independently associated with physical activity and walking. Actively encouraging more dog walking may increase community physical activity levels. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.103499_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differences in young people's reports of sexual behaviors according to interview methodology: A randomized trial in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jaya Author-Name: Hindin, M.J. Author-Name: Ahmed, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 169-174 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.099937 Abstract: Objectives. We compared reports of sexual behaviors given in standard face-to-face interviews with reports given in audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASIs) and culturally specific interactive interviews among adolescents in India. We sought to determine which of the interview methods leads to higher reporting of sexual behaviors among economically disadvantaged 15- 19-year-olds in urban India. Methods. We conducted a randomized trial in which each participant (583 boys and 475 girls) was assigned to 2 interview methods: face-to-face interview and ACASI or interactive interview. We used matched case-control analyses to assess differences in the individual's reporting on the 2 methods. Results. Female participants consistently reported fewer sexual behaviors in ACASIs than in face-to-face interviews, whereas male participants' reports differed according to type of sexual behavior and interview mode. Both male and female participants reported more sexual behaviors during interactive interviews than during face-to-face interviews. Twenty-eight percent of male participants reported having engaged in heterosexual intercourse in interactive interviews, as compared with 20% in face-to-face interviews (P<.01); the corresponding percentages for female participants were 7% and 2% (P<.01). Conclusions. Our results showed that young people were more likely to report sexual behaviors in culturally specific interactive interviews than in face-to-face interviews. By contrast, ACASIs did not uniformly lead to higher reporting levels than did face-to-face interviews. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.099937_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal depressive symptoms, parenting self-efficacy, and child growth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Surkan, P.J. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Ryan, L.M. Author-Name: Berkman, L.F. Author-Name: Vieira, L.M.C. Author-Name: Peterson, K.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 125-132 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.108332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.108332 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether maternal depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy were associated with child growth delay. Methods. We collected data from a random sample of 595 low-income mothers and their children aged 6 to 24 months in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, including information on sociodemographic characteristics, mothers' depressive symptoms and parenting self-efficacy, and children's anthropometric characteristics. We used adjusted logistic regression models in our analyses. Results. Depressive symptoms among mothers were associated with 1.8 times higher odds (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1, 2.9) of short stature among children. Parenting self-efficacy was not associated with short stature, nor did it mediate or modify the relationship between depressive symptoms and short stature. Maternal depressive symptoms and self-efficacy were not related to child underweight. Conclusions. Our results showed that among low-income Brazilian families maternal depressive symptoms, but not self-efficacy, were associated with short stature in children aged 6 to 24 months after adjustment for known predictors of growth. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.108332_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of a targeted subsidy on intake of fruits and vegetables among low-income women in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herman, D.R. Author-Name: Harrison, G.G. Author-Name: Afifi, A.A. Author-Name: Jenks, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 98-105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.079418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079418 Abstract: Objectives. Intake of fruits and vegetables protects against several common chronic diseases, and low income is associated with lower intake. We tested the effectiveness of a subsidy for fruits and vegetables to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Methods. Women who enrolled for postpartum services (n=602) at 3 WIC sites in Los Angeles were assigned to an intervention (farmers' market or supermarket, both with redeemable food vouchers) or control condition (a minimal nonfood incentive). Interventions were carried out for 6 months, and participants' diets were followed for an additional 6 months. Results. Intervention participants increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables and sustained the increase 6 months after the intervention was terminated (model adjusted R 2=.13, P<.001). Farmers' market participants showed an increase of 1.4 servings per 4186 kJ (1000 kcal) of consumed food (P<.001) from baseline to the end of intervention compared with controls, and supermarket participants showed an increase of 0.8 servings per 4186 kJ (P=.02). Conclusions. Participants valued fresh fruits and vegetables, and adding them to the WIC food packages will result in increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.079418_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigration and generational trends in body mass index and obesity in the United States: Results of the National Latino and Asian American Survey, 2002-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bates, L.M. Author-Name: Acevedo-Garcia, D. Author-Name: Alegría, M. Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-77 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.102814 Abstract: Objectives. We examined patterns of body mass index (BMI) and obesity among a nationally representative sample of first-, second-, and third-generation Latinos and Asian Americans to reveal associations with nativity or country of origin. Methods. We used data from the National Latino and Asian American Survey (2002-2003) to generate nationally representative estimates of mean BMI and obesity prevalence and explored changes in the distribution of BMI by generational status. Analyses tested the association between generational status and BMI and examined whether this association varied by ethnicity, education, or gender. Results. We found substantial heterogeneity in BMI and obesity by country of origin and an increase in BMI in later generations among most subgroups. The data suggest different patterns for Latinos and Asian Americans in the nature and degree of distributional changes in BMI with generational status in the United States. Conclusions. Generational status is associated with increased BMI and obesity among Latinos and Asian Americans. Aggregate estimates not accounting for nativity and country of origin may mask significant heterogeneity in the prevalence of obesity and patterns of distributional change, with implications for prevention strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102814_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health of trafficked women: A survey of women entering posttrafficking services in Europe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zimmerman, C. Author-Name: Hossain, M. Author-Name: Yun, K. Author-Name: Gajdadziev, V. Author-Name: Guzun, N. Author-Name: Tchomarova, M. Author-Name: Ciarrocchi, R.A. Author-Name: Johansson, A. Author-Name: Kefurtova, A. Author-Name: Scodanibbio, S. Author-Name: Motus, M.N. Author-Name: Roche, B. Author-Name: Morison, L. Author-Name: Watts, C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 55-59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.108357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.108357 Abstract: Trained counselors interviewed 192 women who had been trafficked and sexually exploited about abuse and evaluated their physical and mental health status within 14 days of entry into posttrafficking services. Most reported physical or sexual violence while trafficked (95%), pretrafficking abuse (59%), and multiple posttrafficking physical and psychological problems. Newly identified trafficked women require immediate attention to address posttrauma symptoms and adequate recovery time before making decisions about participating in prosecutorial or immigration proceedings or returning home. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.108357_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differences in cardiovascular disease mortality associated with body mass between black and white persons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abell, J.E. Author-Name: Egan, B.M. Author-Name: Wilson, P.W.F. Author-Name: Lipsitz, S. Author-Name: Woolson, R.F. Author-Name: Lackland, D.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093781 Abstract: We analyzed cardiovascular disease mortality risks associated with obesity using participant-level meta-analysis of data from the Black Pooling Project for Black and White individuals. The adjusted relative risks (ARRs) were stronger among White participants than among Black participants for coronary heart disease AAR=1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.07, 1.36) versus 0.87 (95% CI=0.69, 1.09), respectively, and cardiovascular disease ARR=1.18 (95% CI=1.07, 1.29) versus 0.91 (95% CI=0.77, 1.05), repectively. The results suggest that obesity is an independent risk factor in White people, and additional study of body size and disease progression is necessary in the assessment of racial disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.093781_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of external validity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steckler, A. Author-Name: McLeroy, K.R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 9-10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126847 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126847_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term health correlates of timing of sexual debut: Results from a national US study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sandfort, T.G.M. Author-Name: Orr, M. Author-Name: Hirsch, J.S. Author-Name: Santelli, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 155-161 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.097444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097444 Abstract: Objectives. We explored long-term health consequences of age at sexual initiation and of abstinence until marriage to evaluate empirical support for the claim that postponing sexual initiation has beneficial health effects. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1996 National Sexual Health Survey, a crosssectional study of the US adult population. We compared sexual health outcomes among individuals who had initiated sexual activity at an early or late age versus a normative age. We also compared individuals whose first sexual intercourse had occurred before versus after marriage. Results. Early initiation of sexual intercourse was associated with various sexual risk factors, including increased numbers of sexual partners and recent sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol, whereas late initiation was associated with fewer risk factors. However, both early and late initiation were associated with sexual problems such as problems with arousal and orgasm, primarily among men. Relationship solidity and sexual relationship satisfaction were not associated with early or late initiation. Conclusions. Early sexual debut is associated with certain long-term negative sexual health outcomes, including increased sexual risk behaviors and problems in sexual functioning. Late initiation was also associated with sexual problems, especially among men. Further research is needed to understand how sexual initiation patterns affect later health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.097444_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Bandoeng Conference of 1937: A milestone in health and development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages: 42-43 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119222 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119222_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Current smoking and type 2 diabetes among patients in selected Indian health service clinics, 1998-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morton, D.J. Author-Name: Garrett, M. Author-Name: Reid, J. Author-Name: Wingard, D.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 560-565 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.104042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.104042 Abstract: Objectives. In non-American Indian/Alaska Native groups, current smoking prevalence is similar for those with or without diabetes (26%) We analyzed current smoking prevalence in American Indian/Alaska Natives by diabetes status. Methods. Data were extracted from Indian Health Service clinic visit information from 1998 to 2003. After consolidation into unique patient records, the sample comprised 71221 patients aged 14 years or older with both diabetes and current smoking information. Results. Cross-sectional results indicated that diabetic American Indian/Alaska Natives were significantly more likely than those without diabetes to be current smokers (29.8% vs 18.8%; P < .01). Smoking rates were 2 to 3 times higher among diabetic American Indians and Alaska Natives for each age category (P < .001), and current smokers with diabetes were more likely than nonsmokers to have glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c levels at 8.0% or higher (P < .05). Conclusions. American Indian/Alaska Natives with diabetes at all sites and age categories were found to smoke at significantly higher rates than those without diabetes. Smoking cessation programs should target diabetic patients to more effectively prevent complications and promote successful management of diabetes in American Indians/Alaska Natives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.104042_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing patterns of mortality among American Indians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kunitz, S.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 404-411 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114538 Abstract: Mortality rates for American Indians (including Alaska Natives) declined for much of the 20th century, but data published by the Indian Health Service indicate that since the mid-1980s, age-adjusted deaths for this population have increased both in absolute terms and compared with rates for the White American population. This increase appears to be primarily because of the direct and indirect effects of type 2 diabetes. Despite increasing appropriations for the Special Diabetes Program for Indians, per capita expenditures for Indian health, including thirdparty reimbursements, remain substantially lower than those for other Americans and, when adjusted for inflation, have been essentially unchanged since the early 1990s. I argue that inadequate funding for health services has contributed significantly to the increased death rate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114538_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Getting home safe and sound: Occupational safety and health administration at 38 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silverstein, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 416-423 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117382 Abstract: The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHAct) declared that every worker is entitled to safe and healthful working conditions, and that employers are responsible for work being free from all recognized hazards. Thirty-eight years after these assurances, however, it is difficult to find anyone who believes the promise of the OSHAct has been met. The persistence of preventable, life-threatening hazards at work is a failure to keep a national promise. I review the history of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and propose measures to better ensure that those who go to work every day return home safe and sound. These measures fall into 6 areas: leverage and accountability, safety and health systems, employee rights, equal protection, framing, and infrastructure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117382_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Climate change: The public health response Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frumkin, H. Author-Name: Hess, J. Author-Name: Luber, G. Author-Name: Malilay, J. Author-Name: McGeehin, M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 435-445 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119362 Abstract: There is scientific consensus that the global climate is changing, with rising surface temperatures, melting ice and snow, rising sea levels, and increasing climate variability. These changes are expected to have substantial impacts on human health. There are known, effective public health responses for many of these impacts, but the scope, timeline, and complexity of climate change are unprecedented. We propose a public health approach to climate change, based on the essential public health services, that extends to both clinical and population health services and emphasizes the coordination of government agencies (federal, state, and local), academia, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119362_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: SEXINFO: A sexual health text messaging service for San Francisco youth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levine, D. Author-Name: McCright, J. Author-Name: Dobkin, L. Author-Name: Woodruff, A.J. Author-Name: Klausner, J.D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 393-395 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110767 Abstract: In response to rising gonorrhea rates among African American youth in San Francisco, Calif, Internet Sexuality Information Services, Inc, in partnership with the San Francisco Department of Public Health, developed SEXINFO, a sexual health text messaging service. SEXINFO is an information and referral service that can be accessed by texting "SEXINFO" to a 5-digit number from any wireless phone. A consortium of community organizations, religious groups, and health agencies assisted with identifying culturally appropriate local referral services. We conducted focus group sessions among youth aged 15 to 19 years to discuss the viability of the service. Usage of the service has been greater than expected, and an initial evaluation to assess the impact of SEXINFO on increasing access to sexual health services among at-risk adolescents has had promising results. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110767_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intimate partner violence and cigarette smoking: Association between smoking risk and psychological abuse with and without co-occurrence of physical and sexual abuse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jun, H.-J. Author-Name: Rich-Edwards, J.W. Author-Name: Boynton-Jarrett, R. Author-Name: Wright, R.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 527-535 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2003.037663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2003.037663 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between psychological abuse in a current relationship and current cigarette smoking among women, with and without the co-occurrence of physical or sexual abuse. Methods. Women's experience of psychological abuse, experience of physical or sexual abuse, and smoking status were ascertained through a survey of female nurses. A score of 20 or more on the Women's Experience With Battering scale defined psychological abuse. We used logistic regression to predict current smoking, adjusting for demographic and social covariates. Analyses included women in a current relationship (n = 54200). Results. Adjusted analyses demonstrated that women experiencing only psychological abuse alone were 33% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13%, 57%) more likely to smoke than nonabused women. Compared with nonabused women, psychologically abused women's risk of smoking was greater if they reported a single co-occurrence of physical or sexual abuse (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3, 1.8) or multiple co-occurrences (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.7, 2.3). Conclusions. Psychological abuse in a current relationship was associated with an increased risk of smoking in this cohort of largely White, well-educated, and employed women. The co-occurrence of physical or sexual abuse enhanced that risk. Further research is needed to see if these associations hold for other groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2003.037663_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Burden of HIV infection among aboriginal injection drug users in Vancouver, British Columbia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wood, E. Author-Name: Montaner, J.S.G. Author-Name: Li, K. Author-Name: Zhang, R. Author-Name: Barney, L. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Author-Name: Tyndall, M.W. Author-Name: Kerr, T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 515-519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114595 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine whether there were differential rates of HIV incidence among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal injection drug users in a Canadian setting. Methods. Data were derived from 2 prospective cohort studies of injection drug users in Vancouver, British Columbia. Using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression, we compared HIV incidence among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants. Results. Overall, 2496 individuals were recruited between May 1996 and December 2005. Compared with that of non-Aboriginal persons, the baseline HIV prevalence was higher among Aboriginal persons (16.0% vs 25.1%; P<.001). Among participants who were HIV negative at baseline, the cumulative HIV incidence at 48 months was higher among Aboriginal persons (18.5% vs 9.5%; P<.001). In multivariate analyses, Aboriginal ethnicity was independently associated with elevated HIV incidence (relative hazard = 1.59; 95% confidence interval = 1.12, 2.26; P = .009). Conclusions. Aboriginal persons in Vancouver had a significantly elevated burden of HIV infection, which calls for a culturally sensitive and evidence-based response. Policymakers in other settings with at-risk Aboriginal populations should seek to avert similar public health emergencies by being proactive with evidence-based HIV-prevention programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114595_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social factors, psychopathology, and maternal smoking during pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gilman, S.E. Author-Name: Breslau, J. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Hitsman, B. Author-Name: Koenen, K.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 448-453 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.102772 Abstract: We investigated the relative importance of sociodemographic factors and psychiatric disorders for smoking among 453 pregnant women in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Women with less than a high school education and those with current-year nicotine dependence had the highest risk of smoking (90.5%), compared with women with a college degree and without nicotine dependence (3.9%). More effective and accessible interventions for nicotine dependence among pregnant smokers are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102772_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predictors of sustained smoking cessation: A prospective analysis of chronic smokers from the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Augustson, E.M. Author-Name: Wanke, K.L. Author-Name: Rogers, S. Author-Name: Bergen, A.W. Author-Name: Chatterjee, N. Author-Name: Synder, K. Author-Name: Albanes, D. Author-Name: Taylor, P.R. Author-Name: Caporaso, N.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 549-555 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.084137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.084137 Abstract: Objectives. Because US smoking rates have not declined during the past decade, there is a renewed need to identify factors associated with smoking cessation. Using a nested case-control design, we explored the association between ability to sustain cessation over an extended period and demographic, smoking, medical, and behavioral variables. Methods. We selected a sample of 1379 sustained quitters (abstinent from smoking for at least 40 months) and 1388 relapsers (abstinent for more than 8 months before relapse) from participants in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, a nutritional intervention study involving Finnish men aged 50 to 69 years at baseline. Contingency table and multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate potential differences between the 2 groups on baseline variables. Results. Compared with sustained quitters, relapsers were more likely to report symptoms of emotional distress and higher levels of nicotine dependence, to drink more alcohol, and to report more medical conditions. Conclusions. Factors associated with both tobacco use and comorbid conditions impact an individual's ability to maintain long-term smoking cessation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of action and potential common pathways among these factors may help to improve smoking cessation therapies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.084137_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: A population-based study of women in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ackerson, L.K. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Barbeau, E.M. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 507-514 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113738 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the role of women's education and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods. We examined a sample of 83627 married women aged 15 to 49 years from the 1998 to 1999 Indian National Family Health Survey. We used multilevel multiple logistic regression modeling to estimate the relative effect of women's and their husband's levels of education, spousal education differential, and community-level literacy on women's risk of recent and lifetime IPV. Results. In adjusted models, odds of recent IPV among women without any education were 5.61 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.53, 8.92) those of college-educated women, and odds among wives of uneducated men were 1.84 times (95% CI = 1.44, 2.35) those of wives of college-educated men. Women with more education than their husbands were more likely than those with educational parity to report recent IPV (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.33). The results were similar for lifetime IPV. After we controlled for individual factors, as community male and female literacy levels increased, likelihood of IPV declined. Conclusions. Although increasing women's levels of education is crucial to reducing IPV for women, proximate educational context is also an important factor in reducing this public health burden. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113738_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent same-sex and both-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Easton, A. Author-Name: Jackson, K. Author-Name: Mowery, P. Author-Name: Comeau, D. Author-Name: Sell, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 462-467 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.097980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097980 Abstract: Objectives. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between smoking and romantic attractions and relationships. Methods. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess associations of smoking at Waves I and II with same-sex, both-sex, and opposite-sex romantic attractions or relationships as determined at Wave I. We used logistic regression to predict smoking at Wave II by sexual orientation. Results. Both adolescent boys and adolescent girls with both-sex attractions or relationships were significantly more likely than those with opposite-sex attractions or relationships to be current smokers. Adolescent boys and girls with both-sex attractions or relationships who were nonsmokers at Wave I were more likely to be current smokers at Wave II than those with opposite-sex attractions or relationships. Conclusions. Our findings support previous research on smoking among youths who report same-sex or both-sex romantic attractions or relationships and demonstrate the increased risk bisexual youths have for smoking initiation and smoking prevalence. Tobacco use prevention programs targeting gay and bisexual youths are warranted, particularly among adolescent girls and boys who have had both-sex romantic attractions or relationships. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.097980_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Setting a challenging yet realistic smoking prevalence target for healthy people 2020: Learning from the California experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mendez, D. Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 556-559 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.107441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107441 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to outline an optimistic yet achievable goal for future US smoking prevalence rates based on empirical evidence reflecting the success of smoking control efforts in California. Methods. Using a dynamic model and the smoking initiation and cessation rates achieved in California as a guide, we projected US adult smoking prevalence rates through the year 2020. Results. If smoking initiation and cessation rates for the nation do not change, population dynamics will result in smoking prevalence rates falling to 19.1% in 2010 and 16.8% in 2020. If the country attains California's initiation and cessation rates by 2010, adult smoking prevalence rates will be 18.5% in 2010 and 14.7% as of 2020. Conclusions. If California's smoking initiation and cessation rates are attained nationwide, the US smoking prevalence rate could be 5.9 percentage points lower than the 2005 rate by the year 2020, and there would be 10.2 million fewer smokers than in 2005. A target of 14% smoking prevalence by 2020 is aggressive yet feasible, given that it takes into account the constraints imposed by population demographics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.107441_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regulating food marketing to young people worldwide: Trends and policy drivers (American Journal of Public Health (2007) 97, (1962-1973) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101162) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hawkes, C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101162e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.101162e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.101162e_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Emergence of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and overweight and obesity in early adulthood: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, S. Author-Name: Lynch, J. Author-Name: Schulenberg, J. Author-Name: Diez Roux, A.V. Author-Name: Raghunathan, T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 468-477 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111609 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and overweight and obesity emerged in early adulthood and the contribution of family background, adolescent smoking, and body mass index to socioeconomic inequalities. Methods. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health we employed multinomial regression analyses to estimate relative odds of heavy or light-to-moderate smoking to nonsmoking and of overweight or obesity to normal weight. Results. For smoking, we found inequalities by young adult socioeconomic position in both genders after controlling for family background and smoking during adolescence. However, family socioeconomic position was not strongly associated with smoking in early adulthood. For overweight and obesity, we found socioeconomic inequalities only among women both by young adult and family socioeconomic position after adjusting for birthweight, other family background, and body mass index during adolescence. Conclusions. Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking emerged in early adulthood according to socioeconomic position. Among women, inequalities in overweight or obesity were already evident by family socioeconomic position and strengthened by their own socioeconomic position. The relative importance of family background and current socioeconomic circumstances varied between smoking and overweight or obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111609_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (198-199) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitaker, D.J. Author-Name: Swahn, M. Author-Name: Hall, D.M. Author-Name: Whitaker, H.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045e_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disentangling the effects of racial and weight discrimination on body mass index and obesity among Asian Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Ro, A. Author-Name: Gavin, A. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 493-500 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114025 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether racial discrimination is associated with increased body mass index (BMI) and obesity among Asian Americans. Further, we explored whether this association strengthens with increasing time in the United States. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2002 to 2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n = 1956). Regression models tested whether reports of racial discrimination were associated with BMI and obesity, after accounting for weight discrimination, age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, generation, employment, health status, and social desirability bias (the tendency to seek approval by providing the most socially desirable response to a question). Results. We found that (1) racial discrimination was associated with increased BMI and obesity after we controlled for weight discrimination, social desirability bias, and other factors and (2) the association between racial discrimination and BMI strengthened with increasing time in the United States. Conclusions. Racial discrimination may be an important factor related to weight gain among ethnic minorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114025_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Workplace discrimination and health among Filipinos in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Castro, A.B. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D.T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 520-526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.110163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.110163 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between work discrimination and morbidity among Filipinos in the United States, independent of more-global measures of discrimination. Methods. Data were collected from the Filipino American Community Epidemiological Survey. Our analysis focused on 1652 participants who were employed at the time of data collection, and we used negative binomial regression to determine the association between work discrimination and health conditions. Results. The report of workplace discrimination specific to being Filipino was associated with an increased number of health conditions. This association persisted even after we controlled for everyday discrimination, a general assessment of discrimination; job concerns, a general assessment of unpleasant work circumstances; having immigrated for employment reasons; job category; income; education; gender; and other sociodemographic factors. Conclusions. Racial discrimination in the workplace was positively associated with poor health among Filipino Americans after we controlled for reports of everyday discrimination and general concerns about one's job. This finding shows the importance of considering the work setting as a source of discrimination and its effect on morbidity among racial minorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.110163_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal patterns of health insurance coverage among a national sample of children in the child welfare system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Raghavan, R. Author-Name: Aarons, G.A. Author-Name: Roesch, S.C. Author-Name: Leslie, L.K. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 478-484 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117408 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe health insurance coverage over time among a national sample of children who came into contact with child welfare or child protective services agencies. Methods. We used data from 4 waves of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being to examine insurance coverage among 2501 youths. Longitudinal insurance trajectories were identified using latent class analyses, a technique used to classify individuals into groupings of observed variables, and survey-weighted logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with class membership. Results. We identified 2 latent insurance classes - 1 contained children who gained health insurance, and the other contained children who stably maintained coverage over time. History of sexual abuse, and race/ethnicity other than White, Black, and Hispanic, were associated with membership in the "gainer" class. Foster care placement and poorer health status were associated with membership in the "maintainer" class. Caregiver characteristics were not associated with class membership. Conclusions. The majority of children in child welfare had stable health insurance coverage over time. Given this vulnerable population's dependence upon Medicaid, protection of existing entitlements to Medicaid is essential to preserve their stable insurance coverage. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117408_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who are we? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132894 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132894_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing smoking relapse in the Carolinas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Xiao, H. Author-Name: Hoffman, C.D. Author-Name: Brito, G. Author-Name: Laton, C.L. Author-Name: Johnson, S.B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 389-390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128355 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128355_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unfair treatment, racial/ethnic discrimination, ethnic identification, and smoking among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chae, D.H. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D.T. Author-Name: Barbeau, E.M. Author-Name: Bennett, G.G. Author-Name: Lindsey, J. Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 485-492 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.102012 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relations of self-report of general unfair treatment and self-report of race/ethnicity-specific discrimination with current smoking among Asian Americans. We investigated whether ethnic identification moderated either association. Methods. Weighted logistic regressions were performed among 1977 Asian Americans recruited to the National Latino and Asian American Study (2002-2003). Results. In weighted multivariate logistic regression models including both general unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination, odds of current smoking were higher among Asian Americans who reported high levels of unfair treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 6.95) and high levels of racial/ethnic discrimination (OR = 2.40; 95% CI = 0.94, 6.12) compared with those who reported no unfair treatment and discrimination, respectively. High levels of ethnic identification moderated racial/ethnic discrimination (F3 = 3.25; P = .03). High levels of ethnic identification were associated with lower probability of current smoking among participants reporting high levels of racial/ethnic discrimination. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that experiences of unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination are risk factors for smoking among Asian Americans. Efforts to promote ethnic identification may be effective in mitigating the influence of racial/ethnic discrimination on smoking in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.102012_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The public health approach to eliminating disparities in health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Satcher, D. Author-Name: Higginbotham, E.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 400-403 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123919 Abstract: Reducing and eliminating disparities in health is a matter of life and death. Each year in the United States, thousands of individuals die unnecessarily from easily preventable diseases and conditions. It is critical that we approach this problem from a broad public health perspective, attacking all of the determinants of health: access to care, behavior, social and physical environments, and overriding policies of universal access to care, physical education in schools, and restricted exposure to toxic substances. We describe the historical background for recognizing and addressing disparities in health, various factors that contribute to disparities, how the public health approach addresses such challenges, and two successful programs that apply the public health approach to reducing disparities in health. Public health leaders must advocate for public health solutions to eliminate disparities in health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123919_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: C. Everett Koop: the nation's health conscience. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arias, D.C. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 396-399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129114 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129114_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-reported age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in the United States: Results of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ryskulova, A. Author-Name: Turczyn, K. Author-Name: Makuc, D.M. Author-Name: Cotch, M.F. Author-Name: Klein, R.J. Author-Name: Janiszewski, R. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 454-461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098202 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to establish national data on the prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and selected eye conditions (cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and macular degeneration) and to characterize these conditions within sociodemographic subgroups. Methods. Information on self-reported visual impairment and diagnosed eye diseases was collected from 31 044 adults. We calculated weighted prevalence estimates and odds ratios with logistic regression using SUDAAN. Results. Among noninstitutionalized US adults 18 years and older, the estimated prevalence for visual impairment was 9.3% (19.1 million Americans), including 0.3% (0.7 million) with blindness. Lifetime prevalence of diagnosed diseases was as follows: cataract, 8.6% (17 million); glaucoma, 2.0% (4 million); macular degeneration, 1.1% (2 million); and diabetic retinopathy, 0.7% (1.3 million). The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among persons with diagnosed diabetes was 9.9%. Conclusions. We present the most recently available national data on self-reported visual impairment and selected eye diseases in the United States. The results of this study provide a baseline for future public health initiatives relating to visual impairment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098202_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of consumer survey data to target cessation messages to smokers through mass media Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, D.E. Author-Name: Gallogly, M. Author-Name: Pederson, L.L. Author-Name: Barry, M. Author-Name: McGoldrick, D. Author-Name: Maibach, E.W. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 536-542 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090340 Abstract: Objectives. We identified the mass media channels that reach the most cigarette smokers in an attempt to more effectively target smoking cessation messages. Methods. Reach estimates and index scores for smokers were taken from 2002-2003 ConsumerStyles and HealthStyles national surveys of adults (N = 11660) to estimate overall and demographic-specific exposure measures for television, radio, newspapers, and magazines. Results. Smokers viewed more television, listened to more radio, and read fewer magazines and newspapers than did nonsmokers. Nearly one third of smokers were regular daytime or late-night television viewers. Selected cable television networks (USA, Lifetime, and Discovery Channel) and selected radio genres, such as classic rock and country, had high reach and were cost-efficient channels for targeting smokers. Conclusions. Certain mass media channels offer efficient opportunities to target smoking cessation messages so they reach relatively large audiences of smokers at relatively low cost. The approach used in this study can be applied to other types of health risk factors to improve health communication planning and increase efficiency of program media expenditures. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.090340_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treating tobacco dependence in clinically depressed smokers: Effect of smoking cessation on mental health functioning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prochaska, J.J. Author-Name: Hall, S.M. Author-Name: Tsoh, J.Y. Author-Name: Eisendrath, S. Author-Name: Rossi, J.S. Author-Name: Redding, C.A. Author-Name: Rosen, A.B. Author-Name: Meisner, M. Author-Name: Humfleet, G.L. Author-Name: Gorecki, J.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 446-448 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.101147 Abstract: We analyzed data from a randomized trial of 322 actively depressed smokers and examined the effect of smoking cessation on their mental health functioning. Only 1 of 10 measures at 4 follow-up time points was significant: participants who successfully stopped smoking reported less alcohol use than did participants who continued smoking. Depressive symptoms declined significantly over time for participants who stopped smoking and those who continued smoking; there were no group differences. Individuals in treatment for clinical depression can be helped to stop smoking without adversely affecting their mental health functioning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.101147_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health interventions for addressing childhood overweight: Analysis of the business case Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finkelstein, E.A. Author-Name: Trogdon, J.G. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 411-415 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114991 Abstract: We investigated the appropriateness of basing childhood obesity interventions on expectations of return on investment (ROI). We show that excess weight is indeed associated with greater medical expenditures even among children and adolescents. However, under current best practices, it is unlikely that interventions will be able to meet the level of effectiveness required at a low enough implementation cost to show positive ROI. The merits of childhood obesity interventions should be based on their ability to efficiently control weight and improve health compared with alternative uses for available resources. They should not be based on the potential for short-term financial savings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114991_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Under the radar: Smokeless tobacco advertising in magazines with substantial youth readership Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morrison, M.A. Author-Name: Krugman, D.M. Author-Name: Park, P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 543-548 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.092775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092775 Abstract: Objectives. In light of the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (STMSA) and the fact that smokeless tobacco advertising has received little attention, we examined industry data to assess smokeless tobacco advertising in popular magazines. Of particular interest was the level of advertising in magazines with high youth readership and the amount of reach and frequency that was generated among readers aged 12 to 17 years. Methods. We used readership data from Mediamark Research Inc, advertising expenditure data from TNS Media Intelligence, and Adplus, a media planning program from Telmar to document the composition of adult and youth readership of magazines in which smokeless tobacco products were advertised, industry expenditures on advertising, and adolescents' exposure to smokeless tobacco advertising. Results. The STMSA appears to have had a limited effect on the advertising of smokeless tobacco products to youth; both before and after the agreement, smokeless tobacco companies advertised in magazines with high adolescent readership. Conclusions. Popular magazines with smokeless tobacco advertising reach a large number of adolescents through a combination of both youth-oriented and adult magazines. These exposure levels have generally increased since the STMSA. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.092775_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: I think therefore I am: Perceived ideal weight as a determinant of health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muennig, P. Author-Name: Jia, H. Author-Name: Lee, R. Author-Name: Lubetkin, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 501-506 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114769 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether stress related to negative body image perception and the desire to lose weight explained some of the body mass index-health gradient. Methods. We used 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to examine the impact of desired body weight, independent of actual body mass index, on the amount of physically and mentally unhealthy days by race, ethnicity, and gender. Results. The difference between actual and desired body weight was a stronger predictor than was body mass index (BMI) of mental and physical health. When we controlled for BMI and age, men who wished to lose 1%, 10%, and 20% of their body weight respectively suffered a net increase of 0.1, 0.9, and 2.7 unhealthy days per month relative to those who were happy with their weight. For women, the corresponding numbers were 0.1, 1.6, and 4.3 unhealthy days per month. The desire to lose weight was more predictive of unhealthy days among women than among men and among Whites than among Blacks or Hispanics. Conclusions. Our results raise the possibility that some of the health effects of the obesity epidemic are related to the way we see our bodies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114769_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting health during the American occupation of Japan: The public health section, Kyoto military government team, 1945-1949 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nishimura, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 424-434 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.088906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.088906 Abstract: During the American occupation of Japan (1945-1952), young public health officers from the US Army Medical Corps were posted in local US Army military government teams. These young doctors (aged 25 to 27 years), who had not absorbed the strong anti-Japanese tradition of the US military during World War II, seem to have alleviated the initial resentment felt by the Japanese toward the new governors of their homeland. The case of the Kyoto Military Government Team illustrates the Kyoto citizenry's positive view of some American-directed public health measures. The team's services helped to counter widely held negative views on colonialism, occupation, and public health; lessened resentment toward the unilateral command structure of the occupation forces; and contributed to improved relations between the United States and Japan at the local level. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088906_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leistikow responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leistikow, B.N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 3 Pages: 388-389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127977 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127977_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Approval of syringe exchange programs in California: Results from a local approach to HIV prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bluthenthal, R.N. Author-Name: Heinzerling, K.G. Author-Name: Anderson, R. Author-Name: Flynn, N.M. Author-Name: Kral, A.H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 278-283 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.080770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.080770 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the effect of local approval of syringe exchange programs in California (through Assembly AB136) on program availability and performance. Methods. We determined the number of active syringe exchange programs in California by conducting Internet searches and obtaining information from the state and from local programs. To track changes in program availability and performance between 2000 and 2002, we interviewed 24 program directors annually for 3 years about program characteristics, syringe exchange policies, law enforcement contact, and other issues. We conducted multivariate analyses to determine whether AB136 approval status was associated with changes in performance. Results. Fifteen local governments (13 counties and 2 cities) enacted the new law by 2002, and operating syringe exchange programs increased from 24 to 35. The proportion of these programs that were not locally approved declined from 54% to 40%. No new approved programs were started in high-need counties. Total syringes exchanged increased by more than 1 million per year, average annual budgets increased by more than 50%, and police harassment of the program volunteers, clients, and operators declined. Improvements at approved syringe exchange programs accounted for these changes. Conclusions. Statewide approval and funding appears necessary to further syringe exchange availability in California. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.080770_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The law (and politics) of safe injection facilities in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beletsky, L. Author-Name: Davis, C.S. Author-Name: Anderson, E. Author-Name: Burris, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 231-237 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.103747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.103747 Abstract: Safe injection facilities (SIFs) have shown promise in reducing harms and social costs associated with injection drug use. Favorable evaluations elsewhere have raised the issue of their implementation in the United States. Recognizing that laws shape health interventions targeting drug users, we analyzed the legal environment for publicly authorized SIFs in the United States. Although states and some municipalities have the power to authorize SIFs under state law, federal authorities could still interfere with these facilities under the Controlled Substances Act. A state- or locally-authorized SIF could proceed free of legal uncertainty only if federal authorities explicitly authorized it or decided not to interfere. Given legal uncertainty, and the similar experience with syringe exchange programs, we recommend a process of sustained health research, strategic advocacy, and political deliberation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.103747_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Macrolevel stressors, terrorism, and mental health outcomes: Broadening the stress paradigm Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richman, J.A. Author-Name: Cloninger, L. Author-Name: Rospenda, K.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 323-329 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113118 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the extent to which the stress paradigm linking psychosocial stressors to mental health status has focused disproportionate attention on microlevel social stressors to the detriment of macrolevel stressors. Also, we assessed the effects of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on subsequent mental health among participants in a Midwestern cohort study. Methods. Respondents in a 6-wave longitudinal mail survey completed questionnaires before September 11, 2001, and again in 2003 and 2005. Regression analyses focused on measures of negative terrorism-related beliefs and fears, as well as psychological distress and deleterious alcohol use outcomes measured both before and after September 11. Results. Negative terrorism-related beliefs and fears assessed in 2003 predicted distress and drinking outcomes in 2005 after control for sociodemographic characteristics and pre-September 11 distress and drinking. Conclusions. The events of September 11 continue to negatively affect the mental health of the American population. Our results support the utility of according greater attention to the effects of such macrolevel social stressors in population studies embracing the stress paradigm. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113118_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ranking community health status to stimulate discussion of local public health issues: The Wisconsin County health rankings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peppard, P.E. Author-Name: Kindig, D.A. Author-Name: Dranger, E. Author-Name: Jovaag, A. Author-Name: Remington, P.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 209-212 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.092981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092981 Abstract: United Health Foundation's America's Health Rankings, which ranks the states from "least healthy" to "healthiest," receives wide press coverage and promotes discussion of public health issues. The University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute used the United Health Foundation's model to develop the Wisconsin County Health Rankings ("Health Rankings") from existing county-level data. The institute first released the rankings in 2004. A survey of the Wisconsin county health officers indicated that they intend to use the rankings for needs assessment, program planning, and discussion with county health boards. The institute implemented many of the health officers' suggestions for improvement of the rankings in subsequent editions. The methods employed to create the rankings should be applicable in other states. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.092981_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transcending the known in public health practice: The inequality paradox: The population approach and vulnerable populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frohlich, K.L. Author-Name: Potvin, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 216-221 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114777 Abstract: Using the concept of vulnerable populations, we examine how disparities in health may be exacerbated by population-approach interventions. We show, from an etiologic perspective, how life-course epidemiology, the concentration of risk factors, and the concept of fundamental causes of diseases may explain the differential capacity, throughout the risk-exposure distribution, to transform resources provided through population-approach interventions into health. From an intervention perspective, we argue that population-approach interventions may be compromised by inconsistencies between the social and cultural assumptions of public health practitioners and targeted groups. We propose some intervention principles to mitigate the health disparities associated with population-approach interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114777_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Marketing infant formula through hospitals: The impact of commercial hospital discharge packs on breastfeeding Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenberg, K.D. Author-Name: Eastham, C.A. Author-Name: Kasehagen, L.J. Author-Name: Sandoval, A.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 290-295 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.103218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.103218 Abstract: Objectives. Commercial hospital discharge packs are commonly given to new mothers at the time of newborn hospital discharge. We evaluated the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the receipt of commercial hospital discharge packs in a population-based sample of Oregon women who initiated breastfeeding before newborn hospital discharge. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2000 and 2001 Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), a population-based survey of postpartum women (n=3895; unweighted response rate=71.6%). Results. Among women who had initiated breastfeeding, 66.8% reported having received commercial hospital discharge packs. We found that women who received these packs were more likely to exclusively breastfeed for fewer than 10 weeks than were women who had not received the packs (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=1.39; 95% confidence interval=1.05, 1.84). Conclusions. Commercial hospital discharge packs are one of several factors that influence breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. The distribution of these packs to new mothers at hospitals is part of a longstanding marketing campaign by infant formula manufacturers and implies hospital and staff endorsement of infant formula. Commercial hospital discharge pack distribution should be reconsidered in light of its negative impact on exclusive breastfeeding. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.103218_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-monitoring of blood glucose before and after medicare expansion among medicare beneficiaries with diabetes who do not use insulin Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, R. Author-Name: Zhang, P. Author-Name: Narayan, K.M.V. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 358-364 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112185 Abstract: Objectives. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 authorized Medicare to expand the coverage of glucose monitors and strips to non-insulin users with diabetes and self-management training to non-hospital-based programs. We examined the impact of this expansion on self-monitoring of blood glucose among Medicare beneficiaries who were not using insulin to treat their diabetes. Methods. With data from the 1996-2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and a logistic regression model using a complex survey design, we compared the probability of self-monitoring of blood glucose among Medicare beneficiaries at the frequency recommended by the American Academy of Family Physicians' clinical guidelines before and after the Medicare expansion. We also compared the change in the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose during these periods between Medicare beneficiaries and persons with private insurance by using a difference-in-difference model. Results. Medicare expansion was positively associated with the probability of self-monitoring of blood glucose for both Medicare beneficiaries and persons with private insurance; the magnitude was between 7.1 and 16.6 percentage points. Conclusions. The Medicare expansion effectively increased the frequency of the recommended self-monitoring of blood glucose in the Medicare population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112185_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US Public Health Agency involvement in youth-focused illicit drug policy, planning, and prevention at the local level, 1999-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McBride, D.C. Author-Name: Terry-McElrath, Y.M. Author-Name: VanderWaal, C.J. Author-Name: Chriqui, J.F. Author-Name: Myllyluoma, J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 270-277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112524 Abstract: Objectives. We examined local public health agencies' involvement in community illicit drug policy advocacy and provision related to youths to determine the extent to which public health agencies were involved in local drug policy activities and could potentially provide an infrastructure for policy alternatives. Methods. We conducted telephone interviews from 1999 to 2003 with 1793 US public health agencies in 804 communities surrounding schools participating in the Monitoring the Future study. Respondents reported public health agency planning, priorities, and involvement in alternative drug policy advocacy and prevention activities. We examined results for variance by site sociodemographic characteristics. Results. Most students lived where public health agencies provided resources for community- and school-based drug use prevention. More than one third resided where public health agencies advocated for drug policy alternatives and more than one quarter where public health agencies were involved in juvenile drug court programs. Such activities were significantly higher in urban communities, in the West, and in sites where the proportion of African Americans was above the national average. Conclusions. Although local public health agencies could increase participation levels in drug policy alternatives, current involvement suggests that agencies may provide a base for supporting the development of public health alternatives to deterrence-based drug policies. Such a base may be more likely in communities with the highest need for such policies and services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112524_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Active influenza surveillance at the local level: A model for local health agencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ghosh, T.S. Author-Name: Vogt, R.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 213-215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.106138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.106138 Abstract: Laboratory-supported, community-based local surveillance systems for influenza can act as early warning systems in identifying the initial entry points of different influenza strains into the community. Unfortunately, local health departments often have limited resources to implement this type of surveillance. We developed and evaluated an active, local influenza surveillance system in 3 metropolitan Denver, Colo, counties that enabled timely case ascertainment and strain identification at little cost. When compared with Colorado's surveillance system, our system detected cases 7 to 8 weeks earlier than the state's electronic disease reporting system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.106138_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender differences in smoking and cessation behaviors among young adults after implementation of local comprehensive tobacco control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ellis, J.A. Author-Name: Perl, S.B. Author-Name: Davis, K. Author-Name: Vichinsky, L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 310-316 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.101758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.101758 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to study gender differences in young adult smoking declines and enrollment in populationwide cessation services. Methods. The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene implemented populationwide cessation programs to distribute free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); demographic data were collected from enrollees. Smoking prevalence was assessed using data from the Community Health Survey, an annual population-based survey. Results. Between 2002 and 2005, smoking among young adults in NYC declined from 23.8% to 18.8%, which was explained entirely by a 41.8% decline among young adult women (23.2% to 13.5); prevalence remained at 24% among young adult men. More young adult women enrolled in cessation services than did men, although once enrolled, the likelihood of using NRT was high among both groups. Conclusions. Among young adults, women have been responsive to comprehensive tobacco control, but men require more-intensive strategies. Population-wide NRT distribution can be effective with young adults overall; however, additional resources need to be devoted to identifying successful outreach strategies for young adult men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.101758_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Viva la vida: Helping latino medicare beneficiaries with diabetes live their lives to the fullest Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olson, R. Author-Name: Sabogal, F. Author-Name: Perez, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 205-208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.106062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.106062 Abstract: Viva la Vida (Live Your Life) is a call to action for older Latinos to take charge of their diabetes and live life to the fullest. Lumetra, California's federally designated Medicare quality improvement organization, developed the Viva la Vida project to improve diabetes care among Latino Medicare beneficiaries in 4 Southern California counties. After researching barriers to good diabetes care among Latino seniors, Lumetra designed a multifaceted program targeting health care providers and Medicare beneficiaries through bilingual, low-literacy health education materials and tools, community and provider partnerships, and the mass media. The project succeeded in helping to reduce the disparity in glycosylated hemoglobin testing between White and Latino Medicare beneficiaries in the 4 program counties. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.106062_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Questioning mandatory HIV testing during pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Groves, A.K. Author-Name: Pierce, M.W. Author-Name: Maman, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 196-197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125187 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125187_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Howard A. Rusk (1901-1989) from military medicine to comprehensive rehabilitation. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 256-257 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120220 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120220_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of recipients of free prescription drug samples: A nationally representative analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cutrona, S.L. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Lasser, K.E. Author-Name: Bor, D.H. Author-Name: McCormick, D. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 284-289 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114249 Abstract: Objectives. Free prescription drug samples are used widely in the United States. We sought to examine characteristics of free drug sample recipients nationwide. Methods. We analyzed data on 32 681 US residents from the 2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a nationally representative survey. Results. In 2003, 12% of Americans received at least 1 free sample. A higher proportion of persons who had continuous health insurance received a free sample (12.9%) than did persons who were uninsured for part or all of the year (9.9%; P<.001). The poorest third of respondents were less likely to receive free samples than were those with incomes at 400% of the federal poverty level or higher. After we controlled for demographic factors, we found that neither insurance status nor income were predictors of the receipt of drug samples. Persons who were uninsured all or part of the year were no more likely to receive free samples (odds ratio [OR]=0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.087, 1.11) than those who were continuously insured. Conclusions. Poor and uninsured Americans are less likely than wealthy or insured Americans to receive free drug samples. Our findings suggest that free drug samples serve as a marketing tool, not as a safety net. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114249_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crossing borders: The impact of the California Tobacco Control Program on both sides of the US - Mexico border Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martínez-Donate, A.P. Author-Name: Hovell, M.F. Author-Name: Hofstetter, C.R. Author-Name: González-Pérez, G.J. Author-Name: Kotay, A. Author-Name: Adams, M.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 258-267 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.097998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097998 Abstract: We examined the association between exposure to the California Tobacco Control Program and tobacco-related behaviors and perceptions among adults of Mexican descent. Three cross-sectional population-based surveys were conducted among adults in cities that represent full, partial, and no exposure to the program: San Diego, Calif, Tijuana, Mexico, and Guadalajara, Mexico, respectively. After we controlled for socioeconomic differences, we found significantly different rates of smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and smoking bans in the 3 cities. We also observed a parallel gradient of cross-city differences in theoretical mediators of tobacco control. This suggests a significant association among the California Tobacco Control Program, tobacco-control outcomes, and theoretical mediators of these outcomes. Similar programs should be implemented in other regions; they have widespread effects on social norms and behaviors related to smoking and environmental tobacco smoke and can help achieve tobacco control across nations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.097998_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking cessation rates in the United States: A comparison of young adult and older smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Messer, K. Author-Name: Trinidad, D.R. Author-Name: Al-Delaimy, W.K. Author-Name: Pierce, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 317-322 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112060 Abstract: Objectives. We compared smoking quit rates by age in a nationally representative sample to determine differences in cessation rates among younger and older adults. Methods. We used data on recent dependent smokers aged 18 to 64 years from the 2003 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (n=31625). Results. Young adults (aged 18-24 years) were more likely than were older adults (aged 35-64 years) to report having seriously tried to quit (84% vs 66%, P<.01) and to have quit for 6 months or longer (8.5% vs 5.0%, P<.01). Among those who seriously tried to quit, a smoke-free home was associated with quitting for 6 months or longer (odds ratio [OR]=4.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.25, 5.26). Compared with older smokers, young adults were more likely to have smoke-free homes (43% vs 30%, P<.01), were less likely to use pharmaceutical aids (9.8% vs 23.7%, P<.01), and smoked fewer cigarettes per day (13.2% vs 17.4%, P<.01). Conclusions. Young adults were more likely than were older adults to quit smoking successfully. This could be explained partly by young adults, more widespread interest in quitting, higher prevalence of smoke-free homes, and lower levels of dependence. High cessation rates among young adults may also reflect changing social norms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112060_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco control success versus demographic destiny: Examining the causes of the low smoking prevalence in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Author-Name: Mendez, D. Author-Name: Alshanqeety, O. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 268-269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112318 Abstract: We examined the effect of demographics on California's low smoking prevalence. We estimated that if the United States had the same demographics as California, then the US adult smoking prevalence in 2005 would have been 19.3%, 1.6 percentage points lower than the reported 20.9% for the United States, but 4.1 percentage points higher than California's prevalence of 15.2% in 2005. Tobacco control appears to be a much more important factor than demographics in determining California's low smoking rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112318_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mercury, vaccines, and autism: One controversy, three histories Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, J.P. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 244-253 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159 Abstract: The controversy regarding the once widely used mercury-containing preservative thimerosal in childhood vaccines has raised many historical questions that have not been adequately explored. Why was this preservative incorporated in the first place? Was there any real evidence that it caused harm? And how did thimerosal become linked in the public mind to the "autism epidemic"? I examine the origins of the thimerosal controversy and their legacy for the debate that has followed. More specifically, I explore the parallel histories of three factors that converged to create the crisis: vaccine preservatives, mercury poisoning, and autism. An understanding of this history provides important lessons for physicians and policymakers seeking to preserve the public's trust in the nation's vaccine system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intimate partner violence: A gender-based issue? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reed, E. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 197-198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125765 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125765_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of tobacco control programs on adult smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farrelly, M.C. Author-Name: Pechacek, T.F. Author-Name: Thomas, K.Y. Author-Name: Nelson, D. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 304-309 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.106377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.106377 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether state tobacco control programs are effective in reducing the prevalence of adult smoking. Methods. We used state survey data on smoking from 1985 to 2003 in a quasi-experimental design to examine the association between cumulative state antitobacco program expenditures and changes in adult smoking prevalence, after we controlled for confounding. Results. From 1985 to 2003, national adult smoking prevalence declined from 29.5% to 18.6% (P<.001). Increases in state per capita tobacco control program expenditures were independently associated with declines in prevalence. Program expenditures were more effective in reducing smoking prevalence among adults aged 25 or older than for adults aged 18 to 24 years, whereas cigarette prices had a stronger effect on adults aged 18 to 24 years. If, starting in 1995, all states had funded their tobacco control programs at the minimum or optimal levels recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there would have been 2.2 million to 7.1 million fewer smokers by 2003. Conclusions. State tobacco control program expenditures are independently associated with overall reductions in adult smoking prevalence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.106377_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health surveillance of fatal child maltreatment: Analysis of 3 state programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schnitzer, P.G. Author-Name: Covington, T.M. Author-Name: Wirtz, S.J. Author-Name: Verhoek-Oftedahl, W. Author-Name: Palusci, V.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 296-303 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.087783 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe approaches to surveillance of fatal child maltreatment and to identify options for improving case ascertainment. Methods. Three states - California, Michigan, and Rhode Island - used multiple data sources for surveillance. Potential cases were identified, operational definitions were applied, and the number of maltreatment deaths was determined. Results. These programs identified 258 maltreatment deaths in California, 192 in Michigan, and 60 in Rhode Island. Corresponding maltreatment fatality rates ranged from 2.5 per 100 000 population in Michigan to 8.8 in Rhode Island. Most deaths were identified by child death review teams in Rhode Island (98%), Uniform Crime Reports in California (56%), and child welfare agency data in Michigan (44%). Compared with the total number of cases identified, child welfare agency (the official source for maltreatment reports) and death certificate data underascertain child maltreatment deaths by 55% to 76% and 80% to 90%, respectively. In all 3 states, more than 90% of cases ascertained could be identified by combining 2 data sources. Conclusions. No single data source was adequate for thorough surveillance of fatal child maltreatment, but combining just 2 sources substantially increased case ascertainment. The child death review team process may be the most promising surveillance approach. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.087783_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Older persons' perception of risk of falling: Implications for fall-prevention campaigns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hughes, K. Author-Name: Van Beurden, E. Author-Name: Eakin, E.G. Author-Name: Barnett, L.M. Author-Name: Patterson, E. Author-Name: Backhouse, J. Author-Name: Jones, S. Author-Name: Hauser, D. Author-Name: Beard, J.R. Author-Name: Newman, B. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 351-357 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.115055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.115055 Abstract: Objectives. We examined older people's attitudes about falls and implications for the design of fall-prevention awareness campaigns. Methods. We assessed data from (1) computer-assisted telephone surveys conducted in 2002 with Australians 60 years and older in Northern Rivers, New South Wales (site of a previous fall-prevention program; n=1601), and Wide Bay, Queensland (comparison community; n=1601), and (2) 8 focus groups (n=73). Results. Participants from the previous intervention site were less likely than were comparison participants to agree that falls are not preventable (odds ratio [OR]=0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.65, 0.90) and more likely to rate the prevention of falls a high priority (OR=1.31; 95% CI=1.09, 1.57). There was no difference between the groups for self-perceived risk of falls; more than 60% rated their risk as low. Those with a low perceived risk were more likely to be men, younger, partnered, and privately insured, and to report better health and no history of falls. Focus group data indicated that older people preferred messages that emphasized health and independence rather than falls. Conclusions. Although older people accepted traditional fall-prevention messages, most viewed them as not personally relevant. Messages that promote health and independence may be more effective. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.115055_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Proximal, distal, and the politics of causation: What's level got to do with it? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 221-230 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111278 Abstract: Causal thinking in public health, and especially in the growing literature on social determinants of health, routinely employs the terminology of proximal (or downstream) and distal (or upstream). I argue that the use of these terms is problematic and adversely affects public health research, practice, and causal accountability. At issue are distortions created by conflating measures of space, time, level, and causal strength. To make this case, I draw on an ecosocial perspective to show how public health got caught in the middle of the problematic proximal-distal divide - surprisingly embraced by both biomedical and social determinist frameworks - and propose replacing the terms proximal and distal with explicit language about levels, pathways, and power. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111278_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health practice: Transcending the known Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130690 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130690_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Short-term impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign to prevent syphilis among men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Darrow, W.W. Author-Name: Biersteker, S. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 337-343 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.109413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.109413 Abstract: Objectives. We carried out an independent short-term impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign designed to reduce syphilis infections among men who have sex with men in south Florida in 2004. Methods. Venue-based surveys were conducted shortly after the campaign began and 6 months later to assess changes in exposure to campaign materials, awareness, knowledge about syphilis, perceptions of risk, sexual behavior, clinic visits, and testing and treatment for syphilis among participants. Results. Exposure to social marketing campaign materials increased from 18.0% at baseline to 36.5% at follow-up (P<.001). Awareness of syphilis and perceptions of risk increased among Broward County residents but not among Miami-Dade County residents. Risky sexual practices and patterns of recreational drug use did not change. No significant increases in knowledge, clinic visits, or testing or treatment for syphilis among participants were detected over the 6-month study period. Conclusions. None of the campaign objectives were fully met. The interventions were insufficient to produce a significant impact among men who have sex with men in south Florida. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.109413_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educational disparities in rates of smoking among diabetic adults: The translating research into action for diabetes study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karter, A.J. Author-Name: Stevens, M.R. Author-Name: Gregg, E.W. Author-Name: Brown, A.F. Author-Name: Tseng, C.-W. Author-Name: Marrero, D.G. Author-Name: Duru, O.K. Author-Name: Gary, T.L. Author-Name: Piette, J.D. Author-Name: Waitzfelder, B. Author-Name: Herman, W.H. Author-Name: Beckles, G.L. Author-Name: Safford, M.M. Author-Name: Ettner, S.L. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 365-370 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.083501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.083501 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed educational disparities in smoking rates among adults with diabetes in managed care settings. Methods. We used a cross-sectional, survey-based (2002-2003) observational study among 6538 diabetic patients older than 25 years across multiple managed care health plans and states. For smoking at each level of self-reported educational attainment, predicted probabilities were estimated by means of hierarchical logistic regression models with random intercepts for health plan, adjusted for potential confounders. Results. Overall, 15% the participants reported current smoking. An educational gradient in smoking was observed that varied significantly (P<.003) across age groups, with the educational gradient being strong in those aged 25 to 44 years, modest in those aged 45 to 64 years, and nonexistent in those aged 65 years or older. Of particular note, the prevalence of smoking observed in adults aged 25-44 years with less than a high school education was 50% (95% confidence interval: 36% to 63%). Conclusions. Approximately half of poorly educated young adults with diabetes smoke, magnifying the health risk associated with early-onset diabetes. Targeted public health interventions for smoking prevention and cessation among young, poorly educated people with diabetes are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083501_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Whitaker et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitaker, D.J. Author-Name: Swahn, M. Author-Name: Hall, D.M. Author-Name: Haileyesus, T. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 198-199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126045_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expedited partner therapy for sexually transmitted diseases: Assessing the legal environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hodge Jr., J.G. Author-Name: Pulver, A. Author-Name: Hogben, M. Author-Name: Bhattacharya, D. Author-Name: Brown, E.F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 238-243 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113381 Abstract: An emerging alternative to traditional partner management for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is expedited partner therapy (EPT), which involves the delivery of medications or prescriptions to STD patients for their partners without the clinical assessment of the partners. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently recommended EPT nationally in limited circumstances; however, its implementation may raise legal concerns. We analyzed laws relevant to the distribution of medications to persons withwhomclinicians have not personally treated or established a relationship. We determined that three fourths of states or territories either expressly permit EPT or do not expressly prohibit the practice. We recommend (1) expressly endorsing EPT through laws, (2) creating exceptions to existing prescription requirements, (3) increasing professional board or association support for EPT, and (4) supporting third-party payments for partners' medications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113381_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A world to care for. 1972. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rusk, H.A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 254-257 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:2:254-257_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social capital and health care experiences among low-income individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perry, M. Author-Name: Williams, R.L. Author-Name: Wallerstein, N. Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 330-336 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.086306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.086306 Abstract: Objectives. We examined relationships between social capital and health service measures among low-income individuals and assessed the psychometric properties of a theory-based measure of social capital. Methods. We conducted a statewide telephone survey of 1216 low-income New Mexico residents. Respondents reported on barriers to health care access, use of health care services, satisfaction with care, and quality of provider communication and answered questions focusing on social capital. Results. The social capital measure demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Regression analyses showed that some but not all components of social capital were related to measures of health services; for example, social support was inversely related to barriers to care (odds ratio=0.73; 95% confidence interval=0.59, 0.92). Conclusions. Social capital is a complex concept, with some elements appearing to be related to individuals' experiences with health services. More research is needed to refine social capital theory and to clarify the contributions of social capital versus structural factors (e.g., insurance coverage and income) to health care experiences. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.086306_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of the completeness and timeliness of automated electronic laboratory reporting and spontaneous reporting of notifiable conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Overhage, J.M. Author-Name: Grannis, S. Author-Name: McDonald, C.J. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 344-350 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.092700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092700 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether automated electronic laboratory reporting of notifiable-diseases results in information being delivered to public health departments more completely and quickly than is the case with spontaneous, paper-based reporting. Methods. We used data from a local public health department, hospital infection control departments, and a community-wide health information exchange to identify all potential cases of notifiable conditions that occurred in Marion County, Ind, during the first quarter of 2001. We compared traditional spontaneous reporting to the health department with automated electronic laboratory reporting through the health information exchange. Results. After reports obtained using the 2 methods had been matched, there were 4785 unique reports for 53 different conditions during the study period. Chlamydia was the most common condition, followed by hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and gonorrhea. Automated electronic laboratory reporting identified 4.4 times as many cases as traditional spontaneous, paper-based methods and identified those cases 7.9 days earlier than spontaneous reporting. Conclusions. Automated electronic laboratory reporting improves the completeness and timeliness of disease surveillance, which will enhance public health awareness and reporting efficiency. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.092700_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Schuklenk and Kleinsmidt respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schuklenk, U. Author-Name: Kleinsmidt, A. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125336 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125336_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health practice: transcending the known. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 20 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2008:98:2:20_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young citizens as health agents: Use of drama in promoting community efficacy for HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kamo, N. Author-Name: Carlson, M. Author-Name: Brennan, R.T. Author-Name: Earls, F. Year: 2008 Volume: 98 Issue: 2 Pages: 201-204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.113704 Abstract: A community-based cluster randomized control trial in a medium-sized municipality in Tanzania was designed to increase local competence to control HIV/AIDS through actions initiated by children and adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. Representative groups from the 15 treatment communities reached mutual understanding about their objectives as health agents, prioritized their actions, and skillfully applied community drama ("skits") to impart knowledge about the social realities and the microbiology of HIV/AIDS. In independently conducted surveys of neighborhood residents, differences were found between adults who did and did not witness the skits in their beliefs about the efficacy of children as HIV/AIDS primary change agents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113704_5