Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reframing the dissemination challenge: A marketing and distribution perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kreuter, M.W. Author-Name: Bernhardt, J.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2123-2127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155218 Abstract: A fundamental obstacle to successful dissemination and implementation of evidence-based public health programs is the near-total absence of systems and infrastructure for marketing and distribution. We describe the functions of a marketing and distribution system, and we explain how it would help move effective public health programs from research to practice. Then we critically evaluate the 4 dominant strategies now used to promote dissemination and implementation, and we explain how each would be enhanced by marketing and distribution systems. Finally, we make 6 recommendations for building the needed system infrastructure and discuss the responsibility within the public health community for implementation of these recommendations. Without serious investment in such infrastructure, application of proven solutions in public health practice will continue to occur slowly and rarely. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155218_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social marketing and health communication: From people to places Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daniel, K.L. Author-Name: Bernhardt, J.M. Author-Name: Eroǧlu, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2120-2122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182113 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182113_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hasin, D.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2275-2281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153510 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the modifying effect of state-level policies on the association between lesbian, gay, or bisexual status and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Methods. Data were from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized US adults (N=34653). States were coded for policies extending protections against hate crimes and employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. Results. Compared with living in states with policies extending protections, living in states without these policies predicted a significantly stronger association between lesbian, gay, or bisexual status and psychiatric disorders in the past 12 months, including generalized anxiety disorder (F=3.87; df=2; P=.02), post-traumatic stress disorder (F=3.42; df =2; P=.04), and dysthymia (F=5.20; df =2; P=.02). Living in states with policies that did not extend protections also predicted a stronger relation between lesbian, gay, or bisexual status and psychiatric comorbidity (F=2.47; df =2; P=.04). Conclusions. State-level protective policies modify the effect of lesbian, gay, or bisexual status on psychiatric disorders. Policies that reduce discrimination against gays and lesbians are urgently needed to protect the health and well-being of this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153510_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health insurance and mortality in US adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilper, A.P. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Lasser, K.E. Author-Name: McCormick, D. Author-Name: Bor, D.H. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2289-2295 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157685 Abstract: Objectives. A 1993 study found a 25% higher risk of death among uninsured compared with privately insured adults. We analyzed the relationship between uninsurance and death with more recent data. Methods. We conducted a survival analysis with data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We analyzed participants aged 17 to 64 years to determine whether uninsurance at the time of interview predicted death. Results. Among all participants, 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.5%, 3.7%) died. The hazard ratio for mortality among the uninsured compared with the insured, with adjustment for age and gender only, was 1.80 (95% CI=1.44, 2.26). After additional adjustment for race/ethnicity, income, education, self- and physician-rated health status, body mass index, leisure exercise, smoking, and regular alcohol use, the uninsured were more likely to die (hazard ratio=1.40; 95% CI=1.06, 1.84) than those with insurance. Conclusions. Uninsurance is associated with mortality. The strength of that association appears similar to that from a study that evaluated data from the mid-1980s, despite changes in medical therapeutics and the demography of the uninsured since that time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157685_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Forecasting the future economic burden of current adolescent overweight: An estimate of the coronary heart disease policy model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lightwood, J. Author-Name: Bibbins-Domingo, K. Author-Name: Coxson, P. Author-Name: Wang, Y.C. Author-Name: Williams, L. Author-Name: Goldman, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2230-2237 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152595 Abstract: Objectives. We predicted the future economic burden attributable to high rates of current adolescent overweight. Methods. We constructed models to simulate the costs of excess obesity and associated diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD) among adults aged 35-64 years in the US population in 2020 to 2050. Results. Current adolescent overweight is projected to result in 161 million lifeyears complicated by obesity, diabetes, or CHD and 1.5 million life-years lost. The cumulative excess attributable total costs are estimated at $254 billion: $208 billion because of lost productivity from earlier death or morbidity and $46 billion from direct medical costs. Currently available therapies for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, used according to guidelines, if applied in the future, would result in modest reductions in excess mortality (decreased to 1.1 million life-years lost) but increase total excess costs by another $7 billion (increased to $261 billion total). Conclusions. Current adolescent overweight will likely lead to large future economic and health burdens, especially lost productivity from premature death and disability. Application of currently available medical treatments will not greatly reduce these future burdens of increased adult obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152595_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neugut and Lebwohl respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neugut, A.I. Author-Name: Lebwohl, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178343 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178343_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of health information gatherers, disseminators, and blockers within families at risk of hereditary cancer: Implications for family health communication interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koehly, L.M. Author-Name: Peters, J.A. Author-Name: Kenen, R. Author-Name: Hoskins, L.M. Author-Name: Ersig, A.L. Author-Name: Kuhn, N.R. Author-Name: Loud, J.T. Author-Name: Greene, M.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2203-2209 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154096 Abstract: Objectives. Given the importance of the dissemination of accurate family history to assess disease risk, we characterized the gatherers, disseminators, and blockers of health information within families at high genetic risk of cancer. Methods. A total of 5466 personal network members of 183 female participants of the Breast Imaging Study from 124 families with known mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes (associated with high risk of breast, ovarian, and other types of cancer) were identified by using the Colored Eco-Genetic Relationship Map (CEGRM). Hierarchical nonlinear models were fitted to characterize information gatherers, disseminators, and blockers. Results. Gatherers of information were more often female (P<.001), parents (P<.001), and emotional support providers (P<.001). Disseminators were more likely female first- and second- degree relatives (both P<.001), family members in the older or same generation as the participant (P<.001), those with a cancer history (P<.001), and providers of emotional (P<.001) or tangible support (P<.001). Blockers tended to be spouses or partners (P<.001) and male, firstdegree relatives (P<.001). Conclusions. Our results provide insight into which family members may, within a family-based intervention, effectively gather family risk information, disseminate information, and encourage discussions regarding shared family risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154096_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communicating with pictures: Perceptions of cardiovascular health among Asian immigrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fitzpatrick, A.L. Author-Name: Steinman, L.E. Author-Name: Tu, S.-P. Author-Name: Ly, K.A. Author-Name: Ton, T.G.N. Author-Name: Yip, M.-P. Author-Name: Sin, M.-K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2147-2149 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172320 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172320_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From health as a rational choice to health as an affordable choice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maziak, W. Author-Name: Ward, K.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2134-2139 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155382 Abstract: Sedentary, consumption-based lifestyles are placing entire populations at serious health risks; obesity is a prime example. The individual approach to obesity, which targets those at risk, has largely failed because it ignores wider influences on behavior. Although the population-ecological approach is gaining support, it cannot disentangle clear targets for policy change. Consequently, health promotion has been relegated to the mass marketing of healthy behaviors, which is based on a rational notion that informed people tend to behave in their best interest. Creating environments that support behavior change and providing individuals incentives can be more effective to reduce lifestyle-related risks. A paradigm shift from trying to sell health to the public to creating the conditions whereby healthy choices become accessible and affordable is required. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155382_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing youths' exposure to a tobacco prevention media campaign in rural and low-population-density communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Duke, J.C. Author-Name: Vallone, D.M. Author-Name: Allen, J.A. Author-Name: Cullen, J. Author-Name: Mowery, P.D. Author-Name: Xiao, H. Author-Name: Dorrler, N. Author-Name: Asche, E.T. Author-Name: Healton, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2210-2216 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155127 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effectiveness of a program to increase exposure to national "truth" tobacco countermarketing messages among youths in rural and low-population-density communities. Methods. A longitudinal survey of 2618 youths aged 12 to 17 years was conducted over 5 months in 8 media markets receiving supplemental advertising and 8 comparison markets receiving less than the national average of "truth" messages. Results. Confirmed awareness of "truth" increased from 40% to 71% among youths in treatment markets while remaining stable in comparison markets. Over 35% of all youths who were unaware of the campaign at baseline became aware of it as a direct result of the increased advertising. Youths living in rural and low-population-density communities were receptive to the campaign's messages. Conclusions. Through purchase of airtime in local broadcast media, the reach of a national tobacco countermarketing campaign was expanded among youths living in rural and low-population-density areas. This strategy of augmenting delivery of nationally broadcast antitobacco ads can serve as a model for leveraging limited tobacco control resources to increase the impact of evidence-based tobacco prevention campaigns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155127_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Audience segmentation as a social-marketing tool in health promotion: Use of the risk perception attitude framework in HIV prevention in Malawi Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rimal, R.N. Author-Name: Brown, J. Author-Name: Mkandawire, G. Author-Name: Folda, L. Author-Name: Böse, K. Author-Name: Creel, A.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2224-2229 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155234 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether individuals' risk perceptions and efficacy beliefs could be used to meaningfully segment audiences to assist interventions that seek to change HIV-related behaviors. Methods. A household-level survey of individuals (N=968) was conducted in 4 districts in Malawi. On the basis of responses about perceptions of risk and beliefs about personal efficacy, we used cluster analysis to create 4 groups within the risk perception attitude framework: responsive (high risk, strong efficacy), avoidance (high risk, weak efficacy), proactive (low risk, strong efficacy), and indifference (low risk, weak efficacy). We ran analysis of covariance models (controlling for known predictors) to determine how membership in the risk perception attitude framework groups would affect knowledge about HIV, HIV-testing uptake, and condom use. Results. A significant association was found between membership in 1 or more of the 4 risk perception attitude framework groups and the 3 study variables of interest: knowledge about HIV (F 8, 956=20.77; P<.001), HIV testing uptake (F 8, 952=10.91; P<.001), and condom use (F8, 885=29.59; P<.001). Conclusions. The risk perception attitude framework can serve as a theoretically sound audience segmentation technique that can be used to determine whether messages should augment perceptions of risk, beliefs about personal efficacy, or both. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155234_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparisons of intimate partner violence among partners in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2182-2184 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139535 Abstract: Using 2005-2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we examined intimate partner violence (IPV) by same-sex and opposite-sex relationships and by Metropolitan Statistical Area status. Same-sex victims differed from opposite-sex victims in some forms of IPV prevalence, and urban same-sex victims had increased odds of poor self-perceived health status (adjusted odds ratio = 2.41; 95% confidence interval = 1.17, 4.94). Same-sex and opposite-sex victims experienced similar poor health outcomes, underscoring the need both of inclusive service provision and consideration of sexual orientation in population-based research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139535_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The polarizing effect of news media messages about the social determinants of health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Author-Name: Lantz, P.M. Author-Name: Ubel, P.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2160-2167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161414 Abstract: Framing health problems in terms of the social determinants of health aims to shift policy attention to nonmedical strategies to improve population health, yet little is known about how the public responds to these messages. We conducted an experiment to test the effect of a news article describing the social determinants of type 2 diabetes on the public's support for diabetes prevention strategies. We found that exposure to the social determinants message led to a divergence between Republicans' and Democrats' opinions, relative to their opinions after viewing an article with no message about the causes of diabetes. These results signify that increasing public awareness of the social determinants of health may not uniformly increase public support for policy action. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161414_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of less-lethal weapons on injuries in police use-of-force events Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacDonald, J.M. Author-Name: Kaminski, R.J. Author-Name: Smith, M.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2268-2274 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159616 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the effect of the use of less-lethal weapons, conductive energy devices (CEDs), and oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray on the prevalence and incidence of injuries to police officers and civilians in encounters involving the use of force. Methods. We analyzed data from 12 police departments that documented injuries to officers and civilians in 24380 cases. We examined monthly injury rates for 2 police departments before and after their adoption of CEDs. Results. Odds of injury to civilians and officers were significantly lower when police used CED weapons, after control for differences in case attributes and departmental policies restricting use of these weapons. Monthly incidence of injury in 2 police departments declined significantly, by 25% to 62%, after adoption of CED devices. Conclusions. Injuries sustained during police use-of-force events affect thousands of police officers and civilians in the United States each year. Incidence of these injuries can be reduced dramatically when law enforcement agencies responsibly employ less-lethal weapons in lieu of physical force. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159616_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communicating treatment risk reduction to people with low numeracy skills: A cross-cultural comparison Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garcia-Retamero, R. Author-Name: Galesic, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2196-2202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160234 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to address denominator neglect (i.e. the focus on the number of treated and nontreated patients who died, without sufficiently considering the overall numbers of patients) in estimates of treatment risk reduction, and analyzed whether icon arrays aid comprehension. Methods. We performed a survey of probabilistic, national samples in the United States and Germany in July and August of 2008. Participants received scenarios involving equally effective treatments but differing in the overall number of treated and nontreated patients. In some conditions, the number who received a treatment equaled the number who did not; in others the number was smaller or larger. Some participants received icon arrays. Results. Participants - particularly those with low numeracy skills - showed denominator neglect in treatment risk reduction perceptions. Icon arrays were an effective method for eliminating denominator neglect. We found cross-cultural differences that are important in light of the countries' different medical systems. Conclusions. Problems understanding numerical information often reside not in the mind but in the problem's representation. These findings suggest suitable ways to communicate quantitative medical data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160234_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Text4health: A qualitative evaluation of parental readiness for text message immunization reminders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kharbanda, E.O. Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Author-Name: Fox, H.W. Author-Name: Rickert, V.I. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2176-2178 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161364 Abstract: We conducted focus groups and individual interviews in a diverse population of parents to qualitatively explore preferences and readiness for text message immunization reminders. We used content analysis to review and independently code transcripts. Text message reminders were well-accepted by parents; many thought they would be more effective than standard phone or mail reminders. Parents preferred text message reminders to be brief and personalized. Most parentswere able to retrieve sample text messages but many had difficulty with interactive texting. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161364_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The power of mom in communicating health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daniel, K.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182311 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182311_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parenting and violence toward self, partners, and others among inner-city young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Donnell, L. Author-Name: Stueve, A. Author-Name: Myint-U, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2255-2260 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156513 Abstract: Objectives. We examined relationships between parenting status and multiple forms of violence perpetration among young adults in high-poverty environments. Methods. We analyzed data obtained from a survey of 990 young adults in New York City. Respondents reported on violence they had perpetrated toward themselves, intimate partners, and others. Associations between parenting and violence were examined in logistic regressions, controlling for sociodemo-graphics. Results. Fewer young men (33.0%) than young women (48.6%) reported that they were raising children. Among young men, parenting was associated with violence toward themselves (odds ratio [OR]=1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03, 3.16) but not with violence toward partners or others. Among young women, violence perpetration did not differ by parenting status. Correlations among forms of violence were higher among young women than among young men, especially among mothers. Community violence was associated with violence toward others for both genders. For young men, community violence was associated with violence toward partners. Conclusions. Parenting did not reduce inner-city young adults' perpetration of violence. Among fathers, parenting may be, along with unemployment, a risk for violence toward self. Understanding patterns of violence can inform interventions that support young adults, including those who are parenting, in creating nonviolent homes and communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156513_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial differences in the relationship between alcohol consumption in early adulthood and occupational attainment at midlife Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sloan, F.A. Author-Name: Malone, P.S. Author-Name: Kertesz, S.G. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: Costanzo, P.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2261-2267 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127621 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the relationship between alcohol consumption in young adulthood (ages 18-30 years) and occupational success 15 years later among Blacks and Whites. Methods. We analyzed data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study on employment status and occupational prestige at year 15 from baseline. The primary predictor was weekly alcohol use at baseline, after stratification by race and adjustment for socioeconomic factors. Results.We detected racial differences in the relationship between alcohol use in early adulthood and employment status at midlife. Blacks who were very heavy drinkers at baseline were more than 4 times as likely as Blacks who were occasional drinkers to be unemployed at year 15 (odds ratio [OR]=4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.22, 8.47). We found no statistically significant relationship among Whites. Occupational prestige at midlife was negatively related to very heavy drinking, but after adjustment for marital status, active coping, life stress, and educational attainment, this relationship was statistically significant only among Blacks. Conclusions. Heavy drinking during young adulthood was negatively associated with labor market success at midlife, especially among Blacks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127621_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fashion articles and advertisements in the early 20th century Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martin, J.M. Author-Name: Ghaferi, J.M. Author-Name: Cummins, D.L. Author-Name: Mamelak, A.J. Author-Name: Schmults, C.D. Author-Name: Parikh, M. Author-Name: Speyer, L.-A. Author-Name: Chuang, A. Author-Name: Richardson, H.V. Author-Name: Stein, D. Author-Name: Liégeois, N.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2140-2146 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144352 Abstract: Historical reviews suggest that tanning first became fashionable in the 1920s or 1930s. To quantitatively and qualitatively examine changes in tanning attitudes portrayed in the popular women's press during the early 20th century, we reviewed summer issues of Vogue and Harper's Bazaar for the years 1920, 1927, 1928, and 1929. We examined these issues for articles and advertisements promoting skin tanning or skin bleaching and protection. We found that articles and advertisements promoting the fashionable aspects of tanned skin were more numerous in 1928 and 1929 than in 1927 and 1920, whereas those promoting pale skin (by bleaching or protection) were less numerous. These fi ndings demonstrate a clear shift in attitudes toward tanned skin during this period. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144352_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a dynamic conceptualization of social ties and context: Implications for understanding immigrant and Latino health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Viruell-Fuentes, E.A. Author-Name: Schulz, A.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2167-2175 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158956 Abstract: Researchers have posited that social ties and social support may contribute to better-than-expected health outcomes among Mexican immigrants vis-à-vis their US-born counterparts. However, in our review of studies examining social ties and health by immigration-related variables among this group, we found little support for this hypothesis. To better understand the social factors that contribute to the health of Mexicans in the United States, we conducted a qualitative analysis of social relationships and social context among firstand second-generation Mexican women. Our results highlight the interplay between immigration processes and social ties, draw attention to the importance of identity support and transnational social relationships, and suggest ways to reconceptualize the relationship between social contexts, social ties, and immigrant and Latino health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158956_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mass media as an HIV-prevention strategy: Using culturally sensitive messages to reduce HIV-associated sexual behavior of at-risk African American youth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Romer, D. Author-Name: Sznitman, S. Author-Name: DiClemente, R. Author-Name: Salazar, L.F. Author-Name: Vanable, P.A. Author-Name: Carey, M.P. Author-Name: Hennessy, M. Author-Name: Brown, L.K. Author-Name: Valois, R.F. Author-Name: Stanton, B.F. Author-Name: Fortune, T. Author-Name: Juzang, I. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2150-2159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155036 Abstract: The evidence base and theoretical frameworks for mass media HIV-prevention campaigns in the United States are not well-developed. We describe an intervention approach using culturally sensitive mass media messages to enhance protective beliefs and behavior of African American adolescents at risk for HIV. This approach exploits the potential that mass media messages have, not only to reach a large segment of the adolescent population and thereby support normative change, but also to engage the most vulnerable segments of this audience to reduce HIV-associated risk behaviors. The results from an ongoing HIV-prevention trial implemented in 2 medium-sized cities in the United States illustrate the effectiveness of this intervention approach. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155036_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy use among women with high cardiovascular risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hsu, A. Author-Name: Card, A. Author-Name: Lin, S.X. Author-Name: Mota, S. Author-Name: Carrasquillo, O. Author-Name: Moran, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2184-2187 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159889 Abstract: After randomized trials failed to support the use ofhormone replacement therapy (HRT) for preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD), HRT use for postmenopausalwomen declined. Our analysis of 1999-2000 and 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) shows that HRT use decreased 19% (from 27.6 to 8.4%; P < .001) among women with CVD versus 3% (from 19.8 to 16.8%; P = .68) among low-risk women, suggestingthatmost of the drop in HRT use may be among women prescribed HRT as an unproven treatment to prevent CVD. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159889_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The priority is screening, not colonoscopy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woolf, S.H. Author-Name: Jones, R.M. Author-Name: Rothemich, S.F. Author-Name: Krist, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2117-2118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177584 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177584_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based condom education and its relations with diagnoses of and testing for sexually transmitted infections among men in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dodge, B. Author-Name: Reece, M. Author-Name: Herbenick, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2180-2182 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.159038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.159038 Abstract: An intense social and political debate continues in the United States regarding sexuality education. Included in the debate are those who favor comprehensive approaches, those who favor abstinence-only approaches, and those who favor no sexuality education. In this study, we showed that men who received school-based condom education were less likely to have been diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and were more likely to ever have been tested for sexually transmitted infections than were men without such education. School-based condom education is associated with less, rather than more, STI risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.159038_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and body mass index among hispanic children of immigrants and children of natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Balistreri, K.S. Author-Name: Van Hook, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2238-2246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.116103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.116103 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how Hispanic parents' income and education, combined with their nativity status, influenced the body mass index (BMI) of their children, compared with non-Hispanic White children and their parents. Methods. We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 to estimate linear growth curve models of children's initial BMI in kindergarten and change in BMI through fifth grade. Socioeconomic status was measured by logged household income and parental educational attainment (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate or higher). Results. Parental education was negatively associated with children's BMI (baseline and growth) for non-Hispanic White children. Among Hispanic children, the association of parental education with growth in BMI was negative but much weaker. The weak effect of parental education was not explained by the presence of immigrants in the Hispanic population. Income was strongly negatively associated with children's BMI in kindergarten among children of Hispanic and White natives, but positively associated among Hispanic immigrant families. Conclusions. The positive income-BMI association among Hispanic immigrant children might reflect cultural differences that immigrant parents carry with them from their countries of origin. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.116103_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public perspectives on informed consent for biobanking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murphy, J. Author-Name: Scott, J. Author-Name: Kaufman, D. Author-Name: Geller, G. Author-Name: LeRoy, L. Author-Name: Hudson, K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2128-2134 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157099 Abstract: The National Institutes of Health and other federal health agencies are considering establishing a national biobank to study the roles of genes and environment in health. We assessed the public's attitudes toward the proposed biobank, including preferences for providing informed consent. Sixteen focus groups were conducted, and themes arising from the focus groups were tested in a large, representative survey (n=4659) of the general population. Our research demonstrates that when considering participating in a genomic biobank, individuals want ongoing choices and control over access to their samples and information. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157099_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The NYC condom: Use and acceptability of New York City's Branded condom Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burke, R.C. Author-Name: Wilson, J. Author-Name: Bernstein, K.T. Author-Name: Grosskopf, N. Author-Name: Murrill, C. Author-Name: Cutler, B. Author-Name: Sweeney, M. Author-Name: Begier, E.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2178-2180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152298 Abstract: We assessed awareness and experience with the NYC Condom via surveys at 7 public events targeting priority condom distribution populations during 2007. Most respondents (76%) were aware of NYC Condoms. Of those that had obtained them, 69% had used them. Most (80%) wanted alternative condoms offered for free: 22% wanted ultra-thin, 18% extrastrength, and 14% larger-size. Six months after the NYC Condom launch, we found high levels of awareness and use. Because many wanted alternative condoms, the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene began distributing the 3 most-requested alternatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152298_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Participatory design of mass health communication in three languages for seniors and people with disabilities on medicaid Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neuhauser, L. Author-Name: Rothschild, B. Author-Name: Graham, C. Author-Name: Ivey, S.L. Author-Name: Konishi, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2188-2195 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155648 Abstract: Objectives. We used participatory design methods to develop and test guidebooks about health care choices intended for 600000 English-, Spanish-, and Chinese-speaking seniors and people with disabilities receiving Medicaid in California. Methods. Design and testing processes were conducted with consumers and professionals; they included 24 advisory group interviews, 36 usability tests, 18 focus groups (105 participants), 51 key informant interviews, guidebook read-ability and suitability testing, linguistic adaptation, and iterative revisions of 4 prototypes. Results. Participatory design processes identified preferences of intended audiences for guidebook content, linguistic adaptation, and format; guidebook readability was scored at the sixth- to eighth-grade level and suitability at 95%. These findings informed the design of a separate efficacy study that showed high guidebook usage and satisfaction, and better gains in knowledge, confidence, and intended behaviors among intervention participants than among control participants. Conclusions. Participatory design can be used effectively in mass communication to inform vulnerable audiences of health care choices. The techniques described can be adapted for a broad range of health communication interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155648_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos' mental health with exposure to the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cook, B. Author-Name: Alegría, M. Author-Name: Lin, J.Y. Author-Name: Guo, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2247-2254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137091 Abstract: Objectives. We examined potential pathways by which time in the United States may relate to differences in the predicted probability of past-year psychiatric disorder among Latino immigrants as compared with US-born Latinos. Methods. We estimated predicted probabilities of psychiatric disorder for US-born and immigrant groups with varying time in the United States, adjusting for different combinations of covariates. We examined 6 pathways by which time in the United States could be associated with psychiatric disorders. Results. Increased time in the United States is associated with higher risk of psychiatric disorders among Latino immigrants. After adjustment for covariates, differences in psychiatric disorder rates between US-born and immigrant Latinos disappear. Discrimination and family cultural conflict appear to play a significant role in the association between time in the United States and the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders. Conclusions. Increased perceived discrimination and family cultural conflict are pathways by which acculturation might relate to deterioration of mental health for immigrants. Future studies assessing how these implicit pathways evolve as contact with US culture increases may help to identify strategies for ensuring maintenance of mental health for Latino immigrants. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137091_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of different types of antismoking ads on reducing disparities in smoking cessation among socioeconomic subgroups Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Durkin, S.J. Author-Name: Biener, L. Author-Name: Wakefield, M.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2217-2223 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161638 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed which types of mass media messages might reduce disparities in smoking prevalence among disadvantaged population subgroups. Methods. We followed 1491 adult smokers over 24 months and related quitting status at follow-up to exposure to antismoking ads in the 2 years prior to the baseline assessment. Results. On average, smokers were exposed to more than 200 antismoking ads during the 2-year period, as estimated by televised gross ratings points (GRPs). The odds of having quit at follow-up increased by 11% with each 10 additional potential ad exposures (per 1000 points, odds ratio [OR]=1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 1.23; P<.05). Greater exposure to ads that contained highly emotional elements or personal stories drove this effect (OR=1.14; 95% CI 1.02, 1.29; P<.05), which was greater among respondents with low and midsocioeconomic status than among high-socioeconomic status groups. Conclusions. Emotionally evocative ads and ads that contain personalized stories about the effects of smoking and quitting hold promise for efforts to promote smoking cessation and reduce socioeconomic disparities in smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161638_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care coverage and the health care industry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chou, C.-F. Author-Name: Johnson, P.J. Author-Name: Ward, A. Author-Name: Blewett, L.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 12 Pages: 2282-2288 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152413 Abstract: Objectives. We examined rates of uninsurance among workers in the US health care workforce by health care industry subtype and workforce category. Methods. We used 2004 to 2006 National Health Interview Survey data to assess health insurance coverage rates. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the odds of uninsurance among health care workers by industry subtype. Results. Overall, 11% of the US health care workforce is uninsured. Ambulatory care workers were 3.1 times as likely as hospital workers (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.3, 4.3) to be uninsured, and residential care workers were 4.3 times as likely to be uninsured (95% CI=3.0, 6.1). Health service workers had 50% greater odds of being uninsured relative to workers in health diagnosing and treating occupations (odds ratio [OR]=1.5; 95% CI=1.0, 2.4). Conclusions. Because uninsurance leads to delays in seeking care, fewer prevention visits, and poorer health status, the fact that nearly 1 in 8 health care workers lacks insurance coverage is cause for concern. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152413_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alice Hamilton (1869-1970): mother of US occupational medicine. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baron, S.L. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S548 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S548_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Material resources and population health: disadvantages in health care, housing, and food among adults over 50 years of age. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alley, D.E. Author-Name: Soldo, B.J. Author-Name: Pagán, J.A. Author-Name: McCabe, J. Author-Name: DeBlois, M. Author-Name: Field, S.H. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Author-Name: Cannuscio, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S693-701 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between material resources and late-life declines in health. METHODS: We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of declines in self-rated health and incident walking limitations associated with material disadvantages in a prospective panel representative of US adults aged 51 years and older (N = 15,441). RESULTS: Disadvantages in health care (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23, 1.58), food (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.29, 2.22), and housing (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.35) were independently associated with declines in self-rated health, whereas only health care (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.29, 1.58) and food (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.31, 2.05) disadvantage predicted incident walking limitations. Participants experiencing multiple material disadvantages were particularly susceptible to worsening health and functional decline. These effects were sustained after we controlled for numerous covariates, including baseline health status and comorbidities. The relations between health declines and non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, poverty, marital status, and education were attenuated or eliminated after we controlled for material disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS: Material disadvantages, which are highly policy relevant, appear related to health in ways not captured by education and poverty. Policies to improve health should address a range of basic human needs, rather than health care alone. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S693-701_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Union RAP: industry-wide research-action projects to win health and safety improvements. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bradley-Bull, K. Author-Name: McQuiston, T.H. Author-Name: Lippin, T.M. Author-Name: Anderson, L.G. Author-Name: Beach, M.J. Author-Name: Frederick, J. Author-Name: Seymour, T.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S490-494 Abstract: Unions are ripe to engage in community-based participatory research (CBPR). We briefly profile 3 United Steelworker CBPR projects aimed at uncovering often-undocumented, industry-wide health and safety conditions in which US industrial workers toil. The results are to be used to advocate improvements at workplace, industry, and national policy levels. We offer details of our CBPR approach (Research-Action Project [RAP]) that engages workers and others in all research stages. Elements of RAPs include strategically constructed teams with knowledge of the industry and health and safety and with skills in research, participatory facilitation, and training; reciprocal training on these knowledge and skill areas; iterative processes of large and small group work; use of technology; and facilitator-developed tools and intermediate products. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S490-494_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A computerized, self-administered questionnaire to evaluate posttraumatic stress among firefighters after the World Trade Center collapse. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corrigan, M. Author-Name: McWilliams, R. Author-Name: Kelly, K.J. Author-Name: Niles, J. Author-Name: Cammarata, C. Author-Name: Jones, K. Author-Name: Wartenberg, D. Author-Name: Hallman, W.K. Author-Name: Kipen, H.M. Author-Name: Glass, L. Author-Name: Schorr, J.K. Author-Name: Feirstein, I. Author-Name: Prezant, D.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S702-709 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the frequency of psychological symptoms and elevated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk among New York City firefighters after the World Trade Center (WTC) attack and whether these measures were associated with Counseling Services Unit (CSU) use or mental health-related medical leave over the first 2.5 years after the attack. METHODS: Shortly after the WTC attack, a computerized, binary-response screening questionnaire was administered. Exposure assessment included WTC arrival time and "loss of a co-worker while working at the collapse." We determined elevated PTSD risk using thresholds derived from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, and a sensitivity-specificity analysis. RESULTS: Of 8487 participants, 76% reported at least 1 symptom, 1016 (12%) met criteria for elevated PTSD risk, and 2389 (28%) self-referred to the CSU, a 5-fold increase from before the attack. Higher scores were associated with CSU use, functional job impairment, and mental health-related medical leave. Exposure-response gradients were significant for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This screening tool effectively identified elevated PTSD risk, higher CSU use, and functional impairment among firefighters and therefore may be useful in allocating scarce postdisaster mental health resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S702-709_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk assessment and screening for sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and hepatitis virus among long-distance truck drivers in New Mexico, 2004-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Valway, S. Author-Name: Jenison, S. Author-Name: Keller, N. Author-Name: Vega-Hernandez, J. Author-Name: McCree, D.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2063-2068 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145383 Abstract: Objectives. We examined sexually transmitted infection (STI), HIV, and hepatitis virus prevalence and risk behaviors among truck drivers. Methods. We asked participants about their risk behaviors, and we screened them for STIs, HIV, and hepatitis infections. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with outcomes. Results. Of the 652 enrolled participants, 21% reported sex with sex workers or casual partners in the prior year. Driving solo (odds ratio [OR]=15.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.92, 117.53; P=.01), history of injection drug use (IDU; OR=2.69; 95% CI=1.19, 6.12; P=.02), and history of an STI (OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.19, 5.09; P=.01) were independently associated with high-risk sexual behaviors. Fourteen percent of participants reported drug use in the previous year, and 11% reported having ever injected drugs. Participants tested positive as follows: 54 for HCV antibodies (8.5%), 66 for hepatitis B anticore (anti-HBc) antibodies (10.4%), 8 for chlamydia (1.3%), 1 for gonorrhea (0.2%), 1 for syphilis (0.2%), and 1 for HIV (0.2%). History of injecting drugs (OR=26.91; 95% CI=11.61, 62.39; P<.01) and history of anti-HBc antibodies (OR=7.89; 95% CI=3.16, 19.68; P<.01) were associated with HCV infection. Conclusions. Our results suggest a need for hepatitis C screening and STI risk-reduction interventions in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145383_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Governor James J. Florio a fighter for environmental issues. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heines, V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1933-1936 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166405 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166405_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why is water an issue? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179028 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179028_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Pesticides protect the fruit, but not the people": using community-based ethnography to understand farmworker pesticide-exposure risks. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Snipes, S.A. Author-Name: Thompson, B. Author-Name: O'Connor, K. Author-Name: Shell-Duncan, B. Author-Name: King, D. Author-Name: Herrera, A.P. Author-Name: Navarro, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S616-621 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We used community-based ethnography and public health risk assessment to assess beliefs about pesticide exposure risks among farmworkers in the Lower Yakima Valley of Washington State. METHODS: We used unstructured and semistructured interviews, work-site observation, and detailed field notes to gather data on pesticide exposure risks from 99 farmworkers. RESULTS: Farmworkers' pesticide-relevant beliefs and attitudes could be grouped into 5 major themes: (1) dry pesticides are often perceived as a virtually harmless powder, (2) farmworkers who identify themselves as allergic to pesticides are more acutely affected by exposure, (3) the effect of pesticide exposure is more severe for those perceived as physically weak, (4) protective equipment is used selectively in response to financial pressure to work rapidly, and (5) some farmworkers delay decontamination until they find water deemed an appropriate temperature for handwashing. CONCLUSIONS: We elucidated farmworkers' pesticide-relevant beliefs regarding perceived danger and susceptibility to pesticides, the need to put safety second to financial considerations, and reasons for delaying decontamination. Researchers and policymakers should incorporate these data in study designs and legislation concerned with farmworker exposure to pesticides. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S616-621_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community collaborations for farmworker health in New York and Maine: process analysis of two successful interventions. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Earle-Richardson, G. Author-Name: Sorensen, J. Author-Name: Brower, M. Author-Name: Hawkes, L. Author-Name: May, J.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S584-587 Abstract: We conducted a process evaluation of 2 successful farmworker community-based participatory research intervention development projects (in Maine and New York State). Participant surveys measured satisfaction with the program process. We used qualitative methods to analyze free-text responses. Respondents indicated high satisfaction levels overall. The main concern was long-distance project coordination. Community-based participatory research programs in which (1) the work team defines the target health issue, (2) agricultural employers are meaningfully included, and (3) interventions are carried through to completion, warrant further study. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S584-587_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Viability of commercially available bleach for water treatment in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lantagne, D.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1975-1978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160077 Abstract: Treating household water with low-cost, widely available commercial bleach is recommended by some organizations to improve water quality and reduce disease in developing countries. I analyzed the chlorine concentration of 32 bleaches from 12 developing countries; the average error between advertised and measured concentration was 35% (range=-45%-100%; standard deviation=40%). Because of disparities between advertised and actual concentration, the use of commercial bleach for water treatment in developing countries is not recommended without ongoing quality control testing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160077_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial and socioeconomic disparities in residential proximity to polluting industrial facilities: evidence from the Americans' Changing Lives Study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mohai, P. Author-Name: Lantz, P.M. Author-Name: Morenoff, J. Author-Name: House, J.S. Author-Name: Mero, R.P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S649-656 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to demonstrate the advantages of using individual-level survey data in quantitative environmental justice analyses and to provide new evidence regarding racial and socioeconomic disparities in the distribution of polluting industrial facilities. METHODS: Addresses of respondents in the baseline sample of the Americans' Changing Lives Study and polluting industrial facilities in the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory were geocoded, allowing assessments of distances between respondents' homes and polluting facilities. The associations between race and other sociodemographic characteristics and living within 1 mile (1.6 km) of a polluting facility were estimated via logistic regression. RESULTS: Blacks and respondents at lower educational levels and, to a lesser degree, lower income levels were significantly more likely to live within a mile of a polluting facility. Racial disparities were especially pronounced in metropolitan areas of the Midwest and West and in suburban areas of the South. CONCLUSIONS: Our results add to the historical record demonstrating significant disparities in exposures to environmental hazards in the US population and provide a paradigm for studying changes over time in links to health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S649-656_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community campaigns, Schains, and protecting the health and well-being of workers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinlan, M. Author-Name: Sokas, R.K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S538-546 Abstract: The growth of contingent work (also known as precarious employment), the informal sector, and business practices that diffuse employer responsibility for worker health and safety (such as outsourcing and the development of extended national and international contracting networks [Schains]) pose a serious threat to occupational health and safety that disproportionately affects low-wage, ethnic minority, and immigrant workers. Drawing on cases from the United States and Australia, we examine the role that community-based campaigns can play in meeting these challenges, including several successful campaigns that incorporate Schain regulation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S538-546_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Safran, M.A. Author-Name: Mays Jr., R.A. Author-Name: Huang, L.N. Author-Name: McCuan, R. Author-Name: Pham, P.K. Author-Name: Fisher, S.K. Author-Name: McDuffie, K.Y. Author-Name: Trachtenberg, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1962-1966 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167346 Abstract: Mental health disparities have received increased attention in the literature in recent years. After considering 165 different health disparity conditions, the Federal Collaborative for Health Disparities Research chosementalhealthdisparity as one of four topics warranting its immediate national research attention. In this essay, we describe the challenges and opportunities encountered in developing a research agenda to address mental health disparities in the United States. Varying definitions of mental health disparity, the heterogeneity of populations facing such disparity, and the power, complexity, and intertwined nature of contributing factors are among the many challenges. We convey an evolving interagency approach to mental health disparities research and guidance for further work in the field. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167346_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition content of food and beverage products on Web sites popular with children. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lingas, E.O. Author-Name: Dorfman, L. Author-Name: Bukofzer, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S587-592 Abstract: We assessed the nutritional quality of branded food and beverage products advertised on 28 Web sites popular with children. Of the 77 advertised products for which nutritional information was available, 49 met Institute of Medicine criteria for foods to avoid, 23 met criteria for foods to neither avoid nor encourage, and 5 met criteria for foods to encourage. There is a need for further research on the nature and extent of food and beverage advertising online to aid policymakers as they assess the impact of this marketing on children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S587-592_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Partnerships for environmental and occupational justice: contributions to research, capacity and public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baron, S. Author-Name: Sinclair, R. Author-Name: Payne-Sturges, D. Author-Name: Phelps, J. Author-Name: Zenick, H. Author-Name: Collman, G.W. Author-Name: O'Fallon, L.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S517-525 Abstract: In 1994, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) initiated a program to address communication gaps between community residents, researchers and health care providers in the context of disproportionate environmental exposures. Over 13 years, together with the Environmental Protection Agency and National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, NIEHS funded 54 environmental justice projects. Here we examine the methods used and outcomes produced based on data gathered from summaries submitted for annual grantees' meetings. Data highlight how projects fulfilled program objectives of improving community awareness and capacity and the positive public health and public policy outcomes achieved. Our findings underscore the importance of community participation in developing effective, culturally sensitive interventions and emphasize the importance of systematic program planning and evaluation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S517-525_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Density of tobacco retailers near schools: Effects on tobacco use among students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCarthy, W.J. Author-Name: Mistry, R. Author-Name: Lu, Y. Author-Name: Patel, M. Author-Name: Zheng, H. Author-Name: Dietsch, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2006-2013 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145128 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between students' tobacco use and the density and proximity of tobacco retailers near their schools. Methods. We used data from the 2003-2004 California Student Tobacco Survey and California retail licensing data. Measures included students' selfreported tobacco use and geocoded state-reported locations of tobacco retailers. We used random-intercept generalized linear mixed modeling to jointly evaluate individual-level and school-level predictors. Results. Densityof retailerswasassociatedwith experimental smoking(odds ratio [OR]=1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.02, 1.21) but not established smoking (OR=1.06; 95%CI=0.94, 1.20).The effectsonexperimental smokingwereconfined to high school students (OR=1.17; 95% CI=1.06, 1.29) in urban areas (OR=1.11; 95% CI=1.01, 1.21); no effects were observed among middle school students or in rural schools. High school students were more likely to obtain cigarettes from a retailer; middle school students reliedmore heavily on social sources. Conclusions. Our results support the plausibility of reducing rates of students' experimental smoking, but not established smoking, by restricting their access to commercial sources of tobacco in urban areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145128_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of a household environmental intervention delivered by lay health workers on asthma symptom control in urban, disadvantaged children with asthma. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bryant-Stephens, T. Author-Name: Kurian, C. Author-Name: Guo, R. Author-Name: Zhao, H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S657-665 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined whether a home-based educational and environmental intervention delivered by lay health educators would improve asthma symptom control in inner-city children with asthma. METHODS: Children 2 to 16 years of age with diagnosed asthma and at least 1 asthma-related hospitalization or 2 emergency visits in the prior year were randomly assigned into 2 groups (immediate and delayed intervention) in a crossover study. Each group participated in the active phase (intervention) and the inactive phase. Outcomes included asthma symptoms, albuterol use, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and trigger reduction. RESULTS: A total of 264 primarily Black (94%) children were enrolled. The mean number of emergency visits decreased by 30% and inpatient visits decreased by 53% (P < .001) after the intervention. Reductions were seen in pests, presence of carpets in bedrooms, and dust. Nighttime wheezing was significantly reduced after the intervention in both groups (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Lay health educators effectively reduced asthma triggers and increased caregiver asthma knowledge, which resulted in reduced emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and asthma symptoms. The relationships formed between the caregivers and the lay health educators appeared to positively impact asthma outcomes in this disadvantaged population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S657-665_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Sonoma water evaluation trial: A randomized drinking water intervention trial to reduce gastrointestinal illness in older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colford Jr., J.M. Author-Name: Hilton, J.F. Author-Name: Wright, C.C. Author-Name: Arnold, B.F. Author-Name: Saha, S. Author-Name: Wade, T.J. Author-Name: Scott, J. Author-Name: Eisenberg, J.N.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1988-1995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153619 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the relative rate of highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) per year associated with active versus sham household water filtration devices among older adults in a community receiving tap water meeting current US standards. Methods. We conducted a randomized, triple-blinded, crossover trial in 714 households (988 individuals), which used active and sham water filtration devices for 6 months each. We estimated the annual incidence rate ratio of HCGI episodes and the longitudinal prevalence ratio of HCGI days at population and individual levels with a generalized estimating equation (GEE) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), respectively, adjusted for covariates associated with outcome. Results. The incidence rate ratios (active versus sham) were 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.77, 1.00) and 0.85 (95% CI=0.76, 0.94) HCGI episodes per year estimated by GEE and GLMM models, respectively. The corresponding longitudinal prevalence ratios were 0.88 (95% CI=0.74, 1.05) and 0.84 (95% CI=0.78, 0.90) HCGI days per person per year. Conclusions. We observed reductions in population- and individual-level measures of HCGI associated with use of the active filtration device. These findings suggest the need for further research on the impact of drinking water on the health of sensitive subpopulations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153619_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of drainage networks on cholera outbreaks in Lusaka, Zambia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sasaki, S. Author-Name: Suzuki, H. Author-Name: Fujino, Y. Author-Name: Kimura, Y. Author-Name: Cheelo, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1982-1987 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151076 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the association between precipitation patterns and cholera outbreaks and the preventative roles of drainage networks against outbreaks in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods. We collected data on 6542 registered cholera patients in the 2003-2004 outbreak season and on 6045 cholera patients in the 2005-2006 season. Correlations between monthly cholera incidences and amount of precipitation were examined. The distribution pattern of the disease was analyzed by a kriging spatial analysis method. We analyzed cholera case distribution and spatiotemporal cluster by using 2590 cholera cases traced with a global positioning system in the 2005-2006 season. The association between drainage networks and cholera cases was analyzed with regression analysis. Results. Increased precipitation was associated with the occurrence of cholera outbreaks, and insufficient drainage networks were statistically associated with cholera incidences. Conclusions. Insufficient coverage of drainage networks elevated the risk of cholera outbreaks. Integrated development is required to upgrade high-risk areas with sufficient infrastructure for a long-term cholera prevention strategy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151076_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of cigarette smoking initiation in two culturally distinct American Indian tribes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henderson, P.N. Author-Name: Kanekar, S. Author-Name: Wen, Y. Author-Name: Buchwald, D. Author-Name: Goldberg, J. Author-Name: Choi, W. Author-Name: Okuyemi, K.S. Author-Name: Ahluwalia, J. Author-Name: Henderson, J.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2020-2025 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155473 Abstract: Objectives. To better understand patterns of initiation among American Indians we examined age-related patterns of smoking initiation during adolescence and young adulthood in 2 American Indian tribes. Methods. We used log-rank comparison and a Cox proportional hazard regression model to analyze data from a population-based study of Southwest and Northern Plains American Indians aged 18 to 95 years who initiated smoking by age 18 years or younger. Results. The cumulative incidence of smoking initiation was much higher among the Northern Plains Indians (47%) than among the Southwest Indians (28%; P<.01). In the Southwest, men were more likely than women to initiate smoking at a younger age (P<.01); there was no such difference in the Northern Plains sample. Northern Plains men and women in more recent birth cohorts initiated smoking at an earlier age than did those born in older birth cohorts. Southwest men and women differed in the pattern of smoking initiation across birth cohorts as evidenced by the significant test for interaction (P=.01). Conclusion. Our findings underscore the need to implement tobacco prevention and control measures within American Indian communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155473_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Occupational health, mercury exposure, and environmental justice: learning from experiences in Tanzania. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegel, S.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S550-558 Abstract: Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that is used by poverty-driven miners to extract gold in more than 50 countries. This article examines efforts of the United Nations to address occupational health and environmental justice amid these challenges, focusing on a 3-year campaign in one of the fastest-growing mining communities in Tanzania. By providing an integrative analysis of environmental health risks, labor practices, public health policies, and drivers of social inequity and marginalization, this study highlights the need for interdisciplinary public health approaches that support community development by strengthening local capacities. It illustrates why, to ensure that the needs of vulnerable populations are met, environmental justice and public health paradigms have to expand beyond the conventionally narrow attention paid to toxic exposure and emissions issues. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S550-558_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Development of the pediatric environmental health specialty unit network in North America. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paulson, J.A. Author-Name: Karr, C.J. Author-Name: Seltzer, J.M. Author-Name: Cherry, D.C. Author-Name: Sheffield, P.E. Author-Name: Cifuentes, E. Author-Name: Buka, I. Author-Name: Amler, R.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S511-516 Abstract: Training in environmental health in general, and pediatric environmental health in particular, is inadequate. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry began to develop pediatric environmental health specialty units (PEHSUs) after noting the dearth of practitioners who could evaluate and manage children with exposures to environmental health hazards. The Environmental Protection Agency subsequently joined in providing support for what has developed into a network of 13 PEHSUs in North America. PEHSUs provide services to families, act as consultants to clinicians and public agencies, develop educational materials, and respond to natural disasters, including hurricanes and wildfires. PEHSUs are relatively easy to organize and should be replicable internationally. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S511-516_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship between alcohol use and violent behavior among urban African American youths from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A longitudinal study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Xue, Y. Author-Name: Zimmerman, M.A. Author-Name: Cunningham, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2041-2048 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147827 Abstract: Objectives. We examined developmental trajectories of alcohol use and violent behavior among urban African American youths and the longitudinal relationship between these behaviors from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Methods. Our sample included 649 African American youths (49% male) followed for 8 years. We assessed violent behavior and alcohol use by asking participants how often they had engaged in each behavior in the preceding 12 months. Growth curve analyses were conducted to identify the developmental trajectories of the 2 behaviors and to explore the longitudinal relationship between them. Results. Violent behavior peaked in middle to late adolescence and declined thereafter, whereas the frequency of alcohol use increased steadily over time. These developmental trajectories varied according to gender. Among both male and female participants, early violent behavior predicted later alcohol use, and early alcohol use predicted later violent behavior. Moreover, changes in one behavior were associated with changes in the other. Conclusions. Our results support a bidirectional relationship between alcohol use and violent behavior. Efforts to reduce one problem can be expected to reduce the other. Programs and policies aimed at reducing violence or alcohol use among adolescents should take into account this relationship. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147827_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rallying point. Charles Lee's long-standing career in environmental justice. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morrison, D.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S508-510 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S508-510_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shelley Davis: public health advocate at the service of the farmworker. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baron, S. Author-Name: Liebman, A.K. Author-Name: Ruiz, V. Author-Name: Steege, A.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S505-507 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S505-507_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Vida Verde Women's Co-Op: Brazilian immigrants organizing to promote environmental and social justice. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gute, D.M. Author-Name: Siqueira, E. Author-Name: Goldberg, J.S. Author-Name: Galvão, H. Author-Name: Chianelli, M. Author-Name: Pirie, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S495-498 Abstract: We reviewed the key steps in the launch of the Vida Verde Women's Co-Op among Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Somerville, MA. The co-op provides green housecleaning products, encourages healthy work practices, and promotes a sense of community among its members. We conducted in-depth interviews with 8 of the first co-op members, who reported a reduction in symptoms associated with the use of traditional cleaning agents and a new sense of mutual support. Critical to the co-op's success have been the supportive roles of its academic partners (Tufts University and the University of Massachusetts, Lowell), effective media outreach, and a focus on advancing social justice. Next steps include implementing a formal business plan and assessing the appropriateness of cooperatives in other industries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S495-498_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived racial discrimination in health care: a comparison of Veterans Affairs and other patients. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hausmann, L.R. Author-Name: Jeong, K. Author-Name: Bost, J.E. Author-Name: Kressin, N.R. Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S718-724 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We compared rates of perceived racial discrimination in health care settings for veteran and nonveteran patients and for veterans who used the Veterans Affairs health care system and those who did not. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used logistic regression to examine whether perceived racial discrimination in health care was associated with veteran status or use of Veterans Affairs health care, after adjusting for patient characteristics. RESULTS: In this sample of 35,902 people, rates of perceived discrimination were equal for veterans and nonveterans (3.4% and 3.5%, respectively; crude odds ratio [OR] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77, 1.28; adjusted OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.66, 1.28). Among veterans (n = 3420), perceived discrimination was more prevalent among patients who used Veterans Affairs facilities than among those who did not (5.4% vs 2.7%; OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.04, 4.18). However, this difference was not significant after adjustment for patient characteristics (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.54, 3.13). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived racial discrimination in health care was equally prevalent among veterans and nonveterans and among veterans who used the Veterans Affairs health care system and those who did not. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S718-724_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes not for the fainthearted: Reorienting health care systems toward health equity through action on the social determinants of health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baum, F.E. Author-Name: Bégin, M. Author-Name: Houweling, T.A.J. Author-Name: Taylor, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1967-1974 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154856 Abstract: Entrenched poor health and health inequity are important public health problems. Conventionally, solutions to such problems originate from the health care sector, a conception reinforced by the dominant biomedical imagination of health. By contrast, attention to the social determinants of health has recently been given new force in the fight against health inequity. The health care sector is a vital determinant of health in itself and a key resource in improving health in an equitable manner. Actors in the health care sector must recognize and reverse the sector's propensity to generate health inequity. The sector must also strengthen its role in working with other sectors of government to act collectively on the deep-rooted causes of poor and inequitable health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154856_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eliminating health disparities through transdisciplinary research, cross-agency collaboration, and public participation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rashid, J.R. Author-Name: Spengler, R.F. Author-Name: Wagner, R.M. Author-Name: Melanson, C. Author-Name: Skillen, E.L. Author-Name: Mays Jr., R.A. Author-Name: Heurtin-Roberts, S. Author-Name: Long, J.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1955-1961 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167932 Abstract: Despite efforts to the contrary, disparities in health and health care persist in the United States. To solve this problem, federal agencies representing different disciplines and perspectives arecollaboratingonavariety of transdisciplinary research initiatives. The most recent of these initiatives was launched in 2006 when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Office of Public Health Research and the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Minority Health brought together federal partners representing a variety of disciplines to form the Federal Collaboration on Health Disparities Research (FCHDR). FCHDR collaborates with a wide variety of federal and nonfederal partners to support and disseminate research that aims to reduce or eliminate disparities in healthandhealthcare.Given the complexity involved in eliminating health disparities, there is a need formore transdisciplinary, collaborativeresearch, and facilitating that research is FCHDR's mission. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167932_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global goods movement and the local burden of childhood asthma in southern California. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perez, L. Author-Name: Künzli, N. Author-Name: Avol, E. Author-Name: Hricko, A.M. Author-Name: Lurmann, F. Author-Name: Nicholas, E. Author-Name: Gilliland, F. Author-Name: Peters, J. Author-Name: McConnell, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S622-628 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: As part of a community-based participatory research effort, we estimated the preventable burden of childhood asthma associated with air pollution in the southern California communities of Long Beach and Riverside. METHODS: We calculated attributable fractions for 2 air pollution reduction scenarios to include assessment of the newly recognized health effects associated with residential proximity to major roads and impact from ship emissions. RESULTS: Approximately 1600 (9%) of all childhood asthma cases in Long Beach and 690 (6%) in Riverside were attributed to traffic proximity. Ship emissions accounted for 1400 (21%) bronchitis episodes and, in more modest proportions, health care visits for asthma. Considerably greater reductions in asthma morbidity could be obtained by reducing nitrogen dioxide and ozone concentrations to levels found in clean coastal communities. CONCLUSIONS: Both Long Beach and Riverside have heavy automobile traffic corridors as well as truck traffic and regional pollution originating in the Los Angeles-Long Beach port complex, the largest in the United States. Community-based quantitative risk analyses can improve our understanding of health problems and help promote public health in transportation planning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S622-628_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role for community-based participatory research in formulating policy initiatives: promoting safety and health for in-home care workers and their consumers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gong, F. Author-Name: Baron, S. Author-Name: Ayala, L. Author-Name: Stock, L. Author-Name: McDevitt, S. Author-Name: Heaney, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S531-538 Abstract: Although community-based participatory research (CBPR) can be effective in influencing policy, the process of formulating policy initiatives through CBPR is understudied. We describe a case study to illustrate how alliances among various community partners could be united to formulate policy directions. In collaboration with partners, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health initiated a project aimed at improving health and safety for low-income elderly and disabled persons and their in-home care workers. Community partners and stakeholders participated in focus groups, stakeholder interviews, and meetings; they played multiple roles including identifying organizational policy changes the partners could initiate immediately, as well as broader public policy goals. Results indicated that a strong community partnership, participation, and shared values contributed to successful formulation of policy initiatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S531-538_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A community-based participatory worksite intervention to reduce pesticide exposures to farmworkers and their families. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Salvatore, A.L. Author-Name: Chevrier, J. Author-Name: Bradman, A. Author-Name: Camacho, J. Author-Name: López, J. Author-Name: Kavanagh-Baird, G. Author-Name: Minkler, M. Author-Name: Eskenazi, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S578-581 Abstract: We evaluated a community-based participatory research worksite intervention intended to improve farmworkers' behaviors at work and after work to reduce occupational and take-home pesticide exposures. The workers received warm water and soap for hand washing, gloves, coveralls, and education. Self-reported assessments before and after the intervention revealed that glove use, wearing clean work clothes, and hand washing at the midday break and before going home improved significantly. Some behaviors, such as hand washing before eating and many targeted after-work behaviors, did not improve, indicating a need for additional intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S578-581_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universal intervention as a protective shield against exposure to substance use: Long-term outcomes and public health significance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spoth, R. Author-Name: Guyll, M. Author-Name: Shin, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2026-2033 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133298 Abstract: Objectives. We examined universal preventive intervention effects on adolescents' exposure to opportunities for substance use and on illicit substance use in the long term. Methods. Public schools (N=22) were randomly assigned to the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP) or a control condition. We used odds ratio (OR) calculations and structural modeling to test the effects of the ISFP in the 6th grade on exposure to substance use across adolescence, as well as on 12th-grade illicit substance use occurring via reductions in exposure. Results. The ISFP was associated with reduced exposure to illicit substance use (1.25≤OR≤2.37) that was, in turn, associated with reduced 12th-grade substance use (2.87≤OR≤6.35). The ISFP also reduced the rate of increase in exposure across adolescence (B=-0.37; P<.001), which was associated with the likelihood of 12th-grade illicit substance use (B=0.30; P=.021), with a significant indirect effect (B=-0.11; P=.048). Conclusions. The ISFP in the 6th grade reduced substance use through a "protective shield" of reduced exposure. The relative reduction rate was 49%, which suggests that universal prevention shields can contribute to significant reductions in illicit substance use among adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133298_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wing responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wing, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1924-1925 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173831 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173831_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing evidence-based practice in community mental health agencies: A multiple stakeholder analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aarons, G.A. Author-Name: Wells, R.S. Author-Name: Zagursky, K. Author-Name: Fettes, D.L. Author-Name: Palinkas, L.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2087-2095 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161711 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify factors believed to facilitate or hinder evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation in public mental health service systems as a step in developing theory to be tested in future studies. Methods. Focusing across levels of an entire large public sector mental health service system for youths, we engaged participants from 6 stakeholder groups: county officials, agency directors, program managers, clinical staff, administrative staff, and consumers. Results. Participants generated 105 unique statements identifying implementation barriers and facilitators. Participants rated each statement on importance and changeability (i.e., the degree to which each barrier or facilitator is considered changeable). Data analyses distilled statements into 14 factors or dimensions. Descriptive analyses suggest that perceptions of importance and changeability varied across stakeholder groups. Conclusions. Implementation of EBP is a complex process. Cross-system-level approaches are needed to bring divergent and convergent perspectives to light. Examples include agency and program directors facilitating EBP implementation by supporting staff, actively sharing information with policymakers and administrators about EBP effectiveness and fit with clients' needs and preferences, and helping clinicians to present and deliver EBPs and address consumer concerns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161711_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pesticide exposure and occupational safety training of indigenous farmworkers in Oregon. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samples, J. Author-Name: Bergstad, E.A. Author-Name: Ventura, S. Author-Name: Sanchez, V. Author-Name: Farquhar, S.A. Author-Name: Shadbeh, N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S581-584 Abstract: This follow-up study assessed indigenous and Latino farmworkers' occupational health and safety needs and measured variables related to pesticide exposure and pesticide safety training among this population. Results yielded differences between indigenous workers and Latino workers related to language barriers, experiences of workplace discrimination, preferred modes of information dissemination, pesticide exposures, and sufficiency of pesticide training. Employing more people who speak indigenous languages as interpreters, community and organizational leaders, and health workers may remove some of the linguistic and cultural barriers to occupational safety training. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S581-584_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Cholera forcing": The myth of the good epidemic and the coming of good water Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hamlin, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1946-1954 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165688 Abstract: It has been frequently claimed that cholera epidemics, both in the 19th century and today, were and can be the key stimulus for procurement of safe water and sanitation, an idea that I call "cholera forcing." "Technology forcing" refers to imposition of exogenous factors that suddenly make possible achievements that had not seemed so; cholera has been seen in this light. I argue that this view oversimplifi es and underrepresents the importance of industrialization in securing water supplies. Careful study of the fi nancial, political, and administrative foundations of such changes will be more fruitful. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165688_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health, traffic, and environmental justice: collaborative research and community action in San Francisco, California. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wier, M. Author-Name: Sciammas, C. Author-Name: Seto, E. Author-Name: Bhatia, R. Author-Name: Rivard, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S499-504 Abstract: Health impacts on neighborhood residents from transportation systems can be an environmental justice issue. To assess the effects of transportation planning decisions, including the construction of an intraurban freeway, on residents of the Excelsior neighborhood in southeast San Francisco, PODER (People Organizing to Demand Environmental and Economic Rights), a local grassroots environmental justice organization; the San Francisco Department of Public Health; and the University of California, Berkeley, collaborated on participatory research. We used our findings regarding traffic-related exposures and health hazards in the area to facilitate community education and action to address transportation-related health burdens on neighborhood residents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S499-504_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Malodor as a trigger of stress and negative mood in neighbors of industrial hog operations. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horton, R.A. Author-Name: Wing, S. Author-Name: Marshall, S.W. Author-Name: Brownley, K.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S610-615 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We evaluated malodor and air pollutants near industrial hog operations as environmental stressors and negative mood triggers. METHODS: We collected data from 101 nonsmoking adults in 16 neighborhoods within 1.5 miles of at least 1 industrial hog operation in eastern North Carolina. Participants rated malodor intensity, stress, and mood for 2 weeks while air pollutants were monitored. RESULTS: Reported malodor was associated with stress and 4 mood states; odds ratios (ORs) for a 1-unit change on the 0-to-8 odor scale ranged from 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16, 1.50) to 1.81 (95% CI = 1.63, 2.00). ORs for stress and feeling nervous or anxious were 1.18 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.30) and 1.12 (95% CI = 1.03, 1.22), respectively, for a 1 ppb change in hydrogen sulfide and 1.06 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.11) and 1.10 (95% CI = 1.03, 1.17), respectively, for a 1 microg/m(3) change in semivolatile particulate matter less than 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)). CONCLUSIONS: Hog odor, hydrogen sulfide, and semivolatile PM(10) are related to stress and negative mood in disproportionately low-income communities near industrial hog operations in eastern North Carolina. Malodor should be considered in studies of health impacts of environmental injustice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S610-615_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Completing the circle: a model for effective community review of environmental health research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Watkins, B.X. Author-Name: Shepard, P.M. Author-Name: Corbin-Mark, C.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S567-577 Abstract: While it is well understood that multiple and cumulative environmental stressors negatively impact health at the community level, existing ethical research review procedures are designed to protect individual research participants but not communities. Increasing concerns regarding the ethical conduct of research in general and environmental and genetic research in particular underscore the need to expand the scope of current human participant research regulations and ethical guidelines to include protections for communities. In an effort to address this issue, West Harlem Environmental Action (WE ACT), a nonprofit, community-based environmental justice organization in New York City that has been involved in community-academic partnerships for the past decade, used qualitative interview data to develop a pilot model for community review of environmental health science research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S567-577_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transferring knowledge about human subjects protections and the role of institutional review boards in a community-based participatory research project. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hyatt, R.R. Author-Name: Gute, D.M. Author-Name: Pirie, A. Author-Name: Page, H. Author-Name: Vasquez, I. Author-Name: Dalembert, F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S526-531 Abstract: Among the first tasks in a collaboration between Tufts University and community organizations in Somerville, MA, was designing an interview instrument to assess occupational health needs among immigrant workers. Human subjects protections was a critical issue, but community partners were not well informed about the need for such protections or the role of the institutional review board (IRB). During research meetings, members of the team from Tufts trained community collaborators to work with research participants and organized a presentation by a key university IRB administrator. We present findings from the process evaluation of this project and suggest ways to (1) assess community partners' understanding about working with research volunteers, (2) train collaborators, and (3) involve IRBs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S526-531_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The benefits of risk factor prevention in Americans aged 51 years and older Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, D.P. Author-Name: Zheng, Y. Author-Name: Girosi, F. Author-Name: Michaud, P.-C. Author-Name: Olshansky, S.J. Author-Name: Cutler, D. Author-Name: Rowe, J.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2096-2101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172627 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the potential health and economic benefits of reducing common risk factors in older Americans. Methods. A dynamic simulation model tracked a national cohort of persons 51 and 52 years of age to project their health and medical spending in prevention scenarios for diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and smoking. Results. The gain in life span from successful treatment of a person aged 51 or 52 years for obesity would be 0.85 years; for hypertension, 2.05 years; and for diabetes, 3.17 years. A 51- or 52-year-old person who quit smoking would gain 3.44 years. Despite living longer, those successfully treated for obesity, hypertension, or diabetes would have lower lifetime medical spending, exclusive of prevention costs. Smoking cessation would lead to increased lifetime spending. We used traditional valuations for a life-year to calculate that successful treatments would be worth, per capita, $198018 (diabetes), $137964 (hypertension), $118946 (smoking), and $51750 (obesity). Conclusions. Effective prevention could substantially improve the health of older Americans, and-despite increases in longevity-such benefits could be achieved with little or no additional lifetime medical spending. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172627_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sharps injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures among home health care nurses and aides. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinn, M.M. Author-Name: Markkanen, P.K. Author-Name: Galligan, C.J. Author-Name: Kriebel, D. Author-Name: Chalupka, S.M. Author-Name: Kim, H. Author-Name: Gore, R.J. Author-Name: Sama, S.R. Author-Name: Laramie, A.K. Author-Name: Davis, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S710-717 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We quantified risks of sharp medical device (sharps) injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures among home health care nurses and aides, identified risk factors, assessed the use of sharps with safety features, and evaluated underreporting in workplace-based surveillance. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey and workplace-based surveillance, collaborating with 9 home health care agencies and 2 labor unions from 2006 to 2007. RESULTS: Approximately 35% of nurses and 6.4% of aides had experienced at least 1 sharps injury during their home health care career; corresponding figures for other blood and body fluid exposures were 15.1% and 6.7%, respectively. Annual sharps injuries incidence rates were 5.1 per 100 full-time equivalent (FTE) nurses and 1.0 per 100 FTE aides. Medical procedures contributing to sharps injuries were injecting medications, administering fingersticks and heelsticks, and drawing blood. Other contributing factors were sharps disposal, contact with waste, and patient handling. Sharps with safety features frequently were not used. Underreporting of sharps injuries to the workplace-based surveillance system was estimated to be about 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Sharps injuries and other blood and body fluid exposures are serious hazards for home health care nurses and aides. Improvements in hazard intervention are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S710-717_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Collaborating to end health disparities in our lifetime Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Graham, G.N. Author-Name: Spengler, R.F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1930-1932 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167908 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167908_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pregnancy as a window of opportunity for HIV prevention: Effects of an HIV intervention delivered within prenatal care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kershaw, T.S. Author-Name: Magriples, U. Author-Name: Westdahl, C. Author-Name: Rising, S.S. Author-Name: Ickovics, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2079-2086 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154476 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether an HIV prevention program bundled with group prenatal care reduced sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence, repeat pregnancy, sexual risk behavior, and psychosocial risks. Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial at 2 prenatal clinics. We assigned pregnant women aged 14 to 25 years (N=1047) to individual care, attention-matched group care, and group care with an integrated HIV component. We conducted structured interviews at baseline (second trimester), third trimester, and 6 and 12 months postpartum. Results. Mean age of participants was 20.4 years; 80% were African American. According to intent-to-treat analyses, women assigned to the HIV-prevention group intervention were significantly less likely to have repeat pregnancy at 6 months postpartum than individual-care and attention-matched controls; they demonstrated increased condom use and decreased unprotected sexual intercourse compared with individual-care and attention-matched controls. Subanalyses showed that being in the HIV-prevention group reduced STI incidence among the subgroup of adolescents. Conclusion. HIV prevention integrated with prenatal care resulted in reduced biological, behavioral, and psychosocial risks for HIV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154476_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: One year later: mental illness prevalence and disparities among New Orleans residents displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sastry, N. Author-Name: VanLandingham, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S725-731 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined whether there were high levels of mental illness among displaced New Orleans, LA, residents in the fall of 2006, 1 year after Hurricane Katrina. METHODS: We used data from the Displaced New Orleans Residents Pilot Study, which measured the prevalence of probable mild or moderate and serious mental illness among a representative sample of people who resided in New Orleans at the time of the hurricane, including people who evacuated the city and did not return. We also analyzed disparities in mental illness by race, education, and income. RESULTS: We found high rates of mental illness in our sample and major disparities in mental illness by race, education, and income. Severe damage to or destruction of an individual's home was a major covariate of mental illness. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of mental illness remained high in the year following Hurricane Katrina, in contrast to the pattern found after other disasters. Economic losses and displacement may account for this finding as well as the disparity in mental illness between Blacks and Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S725-731_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High point walking for health: creating built and social environments that support walking in a public housing community. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, J. Author-Name: Rabkin, J. Author-Name: Sharify, D. Author-Name: Song, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S593-599 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We implemented and evaluated multiple interventions to increase walking activity at a multicultural public housing site. METHODS: A community-based participatory research partnership and community action teams assessed assets and barriers related to walking and developed multiple interventions to promote walking activity. Interventions included sponsoring walking groups, improving walking routes, providing information about walking options, and advocating for pedestrian safety. A pre-post study design was used to assess the changes in walking activity. RESULTS: Self-reported walking activity increased among walking group participants from 65 to 109 minutes per day (P = .001). The proportion that reported being at least moderately active for at least 150 minutes per week increased from 62% to 81% (P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: A multicomponent intervention developed through participatory research methods that emphasized walking groups and included additional strategies to change the built and social environments increased walking activity at a public housing site in Seattle. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S593-599_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of traffic on air quality in an urban neighborhood: a community-university partnership. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buonocore, J.J. Author-Name: Lee, H.J. Author-Name: Levy, J.I. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S629-635 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the spatial and temporal patterns of traffic-related air pollutants in an urban neighborhood to determine factors contributing to elevated concentrations and to inform environmental justice concerns. METHODS: In the summer of 2007, we continuously monitored multiple air pollutants at a community site in the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, and local high school students conducted mobile continuous monitoring throughout the neighborhood. We used regression models to explain variability in concentrations, considering various attributes of traffic, proximity to major roadways, and meteorology. RESULTS: Different attributes of traffic explained variability in fixed-site concentrations of ultrafine particles, fine particulate matter, and black carbon, with diurnal patterns and meteorological effects indicative of a greater local effect on ultrafine particles and black carbon. Mobile monitoring demonstrated that multiple traffic variables predict elevated levels of ultrafine particles, with concentrations of ultrafine particles decreasing by 50% within 400 meters of 2 major roadways. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike fine particulate matter, ultrafine particles demonstrate significant spatial and temporal variability within an urban neighborhood, contributing to environmental justice concerns, and patterns can be well characterized with a community-based participatory research design. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S629-635_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of sleep adequacy with more healthful food choices and positive workplace experiences among motor freight workers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buxton, O.M. Author-Name: Quintiliani, L.M. Author-Name: Yang, M.H. Author-Name: Ebbeling, C.B. Author-Name: Stoddard, A.M. Author-Name: Pereira, L.K. Author-Name: Sorensen, G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S636-643 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether adequate sleep is linked to more healthful eating behaviors among motor freight workers and whether it mediates the effects of workplace experiences. METHODS: Data were derived from a baseline survey and assessment of permanent employees at 8 trucking terminals. Bivariate and multivariate regression models were used to examine relationships between work environment, sleep adequacy, and dietary choices. RESULTS: The sample (n = 542) was 83% White, with a mean age of 49 years and a mean body mass index of 30 kg/m(2). Most of the participants were satisfied with their job (87.5%) and reported adequate sleep (51%); 30% reported job strain. In our first model, lack of job strain and greater supervisor support were significantly associated with adequate sleep. In our second model, educational level, age, and adequate sleep were significantly associated with at least 2 of the 3 healthful eating choices assessed (P < .05). However, work experiences were not significant predictors of healthful food choices when adequate sleep was included. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate sleep is associated with more healthful food choices and may mediate the effects of workplace experiences. Thus, workplace health programs should be responsive to workers' sleep patterns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S636-643_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prior reports of medical problems among inmates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spaulding, A.C. Author-Name: McCallum, V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1925 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174953 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174953_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancing cultural and contextual intervention strategies to reduce HIV/AIDS among African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wyatt, G.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1941-1945 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152181 Abstract: I describe 4 protective strategies that African Americans employ that may challenge current HIV prevention efforts: (1) an adaptive duality that protects identity, (2) personal control influenced by external factors, (3) long-established indirect communication patterns, and (4) a mistrust of "outsiders." I propose the Sexual Health Model as a conceptual framework for HIV prevention interventions because it incorporates established adaptive coping strategies into new HIV-related protective skills. The Sexual Health Model promotes interconnectedness, sexual ownership, and body awareness, 3 concepts that represent the context of the African American historical and cultural experience and that enhance rather than contradict future prevention efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152181_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wilper et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilper, A.P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1925-1926 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175067 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175067_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-engaged environmental justice research at University of Massachusetts Lowell. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siqueira, C.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S485-487 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S485-487_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The politics of plastics: the making and unmaking of bisphenol a "safety". Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vogel, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S559-566 Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical used in the production of plastics since the 1950s and a known endocrine disruptor, is a ubiquitous component of the material environment and human body. New research on very-low-dose exposure to BPA suggests an association with adverse health effects, including breast and prostate cancer, obesity, neurobehavioral problems, and reproductive abnormalities. These findings challenge the long-standing scientific and legal presumption of BPA's safety. The history of how BPA's safety was defined and defended provides critical insight into the questions now facing lawmakers and regulators: is BPA safe, and if not, what steps must be taken to protect the public's health? Answers to both questions involve reforms in chemical policy, with implications beyond BPA. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S559-566_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol advertising on Boston's Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority transit system: an assessment of youths' and adults' exposure. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nyborn, J.A. Author-Name: Wukitsch, K. Author-Name: Nhean, S. Author-Name: Siegel, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S644-648 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated the frequency with which alcohol advertisements appeared on Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) transit lines in Boston, MA, and we calculated adult and youths' exposure to the ads. METHODS: We measured the nature and extent of alcohol advertisements on 4 Boston transit lines on 2 separate weekdays 1 month apart in June and July of 2008. We calculated weekday ad exposure for all passengers (all ages) and for Boston Public School student passengers (aged 11-18 years). RESULTS: Alcohol ads were viewed an estimated 1,212,960 times across all Boston-area transit passengers during an average weekday, reaching the equivalent of 42.7% of that population. Alcohol ads were viewed an estimated 18,269 times by Boston Public School student transit passengers during an average weekday, reaching the equivalent of 54.1% of that population. CONCLUSIONS: Advertisers reached the equivalent of half of all Boston Public School transit passengers aged 11 to 18 years and the equivalent of nearly half of all transit passengers in the Boston area with an alcohol advertisement each day. Because of the high exposure of underage youths to alcohol advertisements, we recommend that the MBTA prohibit alcohol advertising on the Boston transit system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S644-648_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recommendations from a research consultation to address intervention strategies for HIV/AIDS prevention focused on African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Purcell, D.W. Author-Name: McCree, D.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1937-1940 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152546 Abstract: Despite substantial federal resources spent on HIV prevention, research, treatment, and care, as well as the availability and dissemination of evidence-based behavioral interventions, the disparate impact of HIV on African Americans continues. In October 2007, 3 federal agencies convened 20 HIV/AIDS prevention researchers and care providers for a research consultation to focus on new intervention strategies and current effective intervention strategies that should be more widely disseminated to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic among African Americans. The consultants focused on 2 areas: (1) potential directions for HIV prevention interventions, defined to include behavioral, community, testing, service delivery, structural, biomedical, and other interventions; and (2) improved research methods and agency procedures to better support prevention research focused on African American communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152546_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Simplifying consent increases HIV testing and new case detection: The San Francisco experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zetola, N.M. Author-Name: Klausner, J.D. Author-Name: Katz, M.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1924 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173591_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving patrons' meal selections through the use of point-of-selection nutrition labels Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chu, Y.H. Author-Name: Frongillo, E.A. Author-Name: Jones, S.J. Author-Name: Kaye, G.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2001-2005 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153205 Abstract: Objectives. We examined changes in meal selection by patrons of university food-service operations when nutrition labels were provided at the point of selection. Methods. We used a quasi-experimental, single-group, interrupted time-series design to examine daily sales before, during, and after provision of point-ofselection nutrition labels. Piecewise linear regression was employed to examine changes in the average energy content of entrées and a paired t test was used to detect differences in sales across the periods. Results. The average energy content of entrées purchased by patrons dropped immediately when nutrition labels were made available at point of selection and increased gradually when nutrition information was removed. There was no significant change in number of entrées sold or in revenues between the 2 periods. Conclusions. Use of nutrition labels reduced the average energy content of entrées purchased without reducing overall sales. These results provide support for strengthening the nutrition labeling policy in food-service operations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153205_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental justice: a continuing commitment to an evolving concept. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Birnbaum, L.S. Author-Name: Zenick, H. Author-Name: Branche, C.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S487-489 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S487-489_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The economic cost of environmental factors among North Carolina children living in substandard housing. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chenoweth, D. Author-Name: Estes, C. Author-Name: Lee, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S666-674 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We quantified the economic cost of selected environmental factors among North Carolina children living in substandard housing. METHODS: We gathered data on direct medical care costs for specific childhood medical conditions associated with environmental factors commonly found in substandard housing. Medical claims data for 2006 and 2007 were obtained from BlueCross BlueShield of North Carolina and the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Indirect costs were based in part on nonmedical data obtained from several previous studies. RESULTS: Total (direct and indirect) costs for the conditions assessed exceeded $92 million in 2006 and $108 million in 2007. Neurobehavioral conditions contributed to more than 52% of all costs, followed by lead poisoning (20%) and respiratory conditions (12%). Neurobehavioral conditions were the largest contributor to direct medical costs (44%), followed by respiratory conditions (38%) and accidental burns and falls (10%). CONCLUSIONS: Direct and indirect costs associated with environmental factors appear to be increasing at about twice the rate of medical inflation. More aggressive policies and funding are needed to reduce the substantial financial impact of childhood illnesses associated with substandard housing in North Carolina. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S666-674_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Water pipe tobacco smoking among middle and high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnett, T.E. Author-Name: Curbow, B.A. Author-Name: Weitz, J.R. Author-Name: Johnson, T.M. Author-Name: Smith-Simone, S.Y. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2014-2019 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151225 Abstract: Objectives. We examined prevalence rates of water pipe tobacco smoking among young people as a first step in assessing the health implications of this form of tobacco use. Methods. We examined water pipe use with data from the 2007 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey, which assessed tobacco-related beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors among the state's middle and high school students. Results. Four percent of middle school students and 11% of high school students reported ever having used a water pipe. Adolescent boys were significantly more likely than adolescent girls to use water pipes, and African American adolescents were significantly less likely than adolescents from other racial/ ethnic backgrounds to do so. Those who indicated ever having tried cigarettes and those who reported positive attitudes toward the social nature of cigarette use were more likely to have tried water pipes. Conclusions. Water pipe use appears to be widespread among middle and high school students. Further research is needed to assess the health risks associated with water pipe tobacco smoking as well as young people's attitudes toward this form of tobacco use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151225_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The efficacy of HIV/STI behavioral interventions for African American females in the United States: A meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crepaz, N. Author-Name: Marshall, K.J. Author-Name: Aupont, L.W. Author-Name: Jacobs, E.D. Author-Name: Mizuno, Y. Author-Name: Kay, L.S. Author-Name: Jones, P. Author-Name: McCree, D.H. Author-Name: O'Leary, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2069-2078 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139519 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of HIV behavioral interventions for African American females in the United States, and we identified factors associated with intervention efficacy. Methods. We conducted a comprehensive literature review covering studies published from January 1988 to June 2007, which yielded 37 relevant studies. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects models and meta-regression. Results. Overall, behavioral interventions had a significant impact on reductions in HIV-risk sex behaviors (odds ratio [OR]=0.63; 95%confidence interval [CI]=0.54, 0.75; n=11239; Cochrane Q 32=84.73; P<.001) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs; OR=0.81; 95% CI=0.67, 0.98; n=8760; Cochrane Q16=22.77; P=.12). Greater intervention efficacy was observed in studies that specifically targeted African American females used gender- or culture-specific materials, used female deliverers, addressed empowerment issues, provided skills training in condom use and negotiation of safer sex, and used role-playing to teach negotiation skills. Conclusions. Behavioral interventions are efficacious at preventing HIV and STIs among African American females. More research is needed to examine the potential contribution of prevention strategies that attend to community-level and structural-level factors affecting HIV infection and transmission in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139519_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: STD prevalence, risky sexual behaviors, and sex with women in a national sample of Chinese men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wei, C. Author-Name: Guadamuz, T.E. Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Wong, F.Y. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1978-1981 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150037 Abstract: We describe the behavioral characteristics and sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence of Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) (n=41) from a national probability sample of men (n=1861). Most MSM were partnered with females (97%) and had a low rate of consistent condom use (7%). More MSM than heterosexual men selfreported a prior STD and risky sexual behaviors. MSM may act as a bridge for HIV transmission to female partners. Targeted interventionsmay help prevent a generalized HIV epidemic in China. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150037_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Left too early: The effects of age at separation from parents on Chinese rural children's symptoms of anxiety and depression Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liu, Z. Author-Name: Li, X. Author-Name: Ge, X. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2049-2054 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150474 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect of age at separation from parents on symptoms of anxiety and depression among children in rural communities in China whose parents migrated to cities in search of employment opportunities during the country's rapid economic development. Methods. Students in 3 rural areas, Anhui, Chongqing, and Guizhou (N=592; age=10-17 years), completed questionnaires that asked about symptoms of state and trait anxiety, as well as depression and age at separation from parents. Results. Children who were separated from parents at a younger age had more symptoms of anxiety and depression. This effect was especially pronounced for children who were separated from their mothers or from both parents. Conclusions. China's explosive economic growth appears to exact a significant toll on left-behind children's mental health, particularly on children whose parents left early in their lives. The unintended consequences of the economic boom on child development need to be further examined in prospective studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150474_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investigating the link between gun possession and gun assault Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Branas, C.C. Author-Name: Richmond, T.S. Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Author-Name: Ten Have, T.R. Author-Name: Wiebe, D.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2034-2040 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143099 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the possible relationship between being shot in an assault and possession of a gun at the time. Methods. We enrolled 677 case participants that had been shot in an assault and 684 population-based control participants within Philadelphia, PA, from 2003 to 2006. We adjusted odds ratios for confounding variables. Results. After adjustment, individuals in possession of a gun were 4.46 (P<.05) times more likely to be shot in an assault than those not in possession. Among gun assaults where the victim had at least some chance to resist, this adjusted odds ratio increased to 5.45 (P<.05). Conclusions. On average, guns did not protect those who possessed them from being shot in an assault. Although successful defensive gun uses occur each year, the probability of success may be low for civilian gun users in urban areas. Such users should reconsider their possession of guns or, at least, understand that regular possession necessitates careful safety countermeasures. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143099_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between widowhood and risk of diagnosis with a sexually transmitted infection in older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, K.P. Author-Name: Christakis, N.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 2055-2062 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160119 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether widowhood is associated with risk of diagnosis with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) among older adults in the United States and whether the associations observed in men differed before and after the introduction of sildenafil, the first oral erectile dysfunction medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Methods.We used Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the time to first STI diagnosis in a random sample of married, Medicare-eligible couples aged 67 to 99 years in 1993 (N=420790 couples). Results. Twenty-one percent of male and 43% of female participants lost a spouse during the 9-year study period. Only 0.65% of men and 0.97% of women were diagnosed with an STI. Widowhood was associated with an increased risk of STI diagnosis for men only, with the largest effects found 0.5 to 1 year after a wife's death. Effects for men were larger after the introduction of sildenafil. Conclusions. Widowhood in older men, but not women, increased the risk for STIs, especially in the postsildenafil era. Clinicians should address sexual health issues with older patients, especially bereaved men taking erectile dysfunction medications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160119_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stroke mortality among Alaska native people Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horner, R.D. Author-Name: Day, G.M. Author-Name: Lanier, A.P. Author-Name: Provost, E.M. Author-Name: Hamel, R.D. Author-Name: Trimble, B.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1996-2000 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of stroke among Alaska Natives, which is essential for designing effective stroke prevention and intervention efforts for this population. Methods. We conducted an analysis of death certificate data for the state of Alaska for the period 1984 to 2003, comparing age-standardized stroke mortality rates among Alaska Natives residing in Alaska vs US Whites by age category, gender, stroke type, and time. Results. Compared with US Whites, Alaska Natives had significantly elevated stroke mortality from 1994 to 2003 but not from 1984 to 1993. Alaska Native women of all age groups and Alaska Native men younger than 45 years of age had the highest risk, although the rates for those younger than 65 years were statistically imprecise. Over the 20-year study period, the stroke mortality rate was stable for Alaska Natives but declined for US Whites. Conclusions. Stroke mortality is higher among Alaska Natives, especially women, than among US Whites. Over the past 20 years, there has not been a significant decline in stroke mortality among Alaska Natives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of environmental justice investments. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olden, K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S484 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S484_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health impact of supportive housing for HIV-positive homeless patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buchanan, D. Author-Name: Kee, R. Author-Name: Sadowski, L.S. Author-Name: Garcia, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S675-680 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We assessed the health impact of a housing and case management program, the Chicago Housing for Health Partnership, for homeless people with HIV. METHODS: HIV-positive homeless inpatients at a public hospital (n = 105) were randomized to usual care or permanent housing with intensive case management. The primary outcome was survival with intact immunity, defined as CD4 count > or = 200 and viral load < 100,000. Secondary outcomes were viral loads, undetectable viral loads, and CD4 counts. RESULTS: Outcomes were available for 94 of 105 enrollees (90%). Of 54 intervention participants, 35 (65%) reached permanent housing in program housing agencies. After 1 year, 55% of the intervention and 34% of the usual care groups were alive and had intact immunity (P = .04). Seventeen intervention (36%) and 9 usual care (19%) participants had undetectable viral loads (P = .051). Median viral loads were 0.89 log lower in the intervention group (P = .03). There were no statistical differences in CD4 counts. CONCLUSIONS: Homelessness is a strong predictor of poor health outcomes and complicates the medical management of HIV. This housing intervention improved the health of HIV-positive homeless people. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S675-680_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Water, conflict, and hope Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 11 Pages: 1928-1930 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159863 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159863_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking exposure assessment science with policy objectives for environmental justice and breast cancer advocacy: the northern California household exposure study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brody, J.G. Author-Name: Morello-Frosch, R. Author-Name: Zota, A. Author-Name: Brown, P. Author-Name: Pérez, C. Author-Name: Rudel, R.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S3 Pages: S600-609 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We compared an urban fence-line community (neighboring an oil refinery) and a nonindustrial community in an exposure study focusing on pollutants of interest with respect to breast cancer and environmental justice. METHODS: We analyzed indoor and outdoor air from 40 homes in industrial Richmond, California, and 10 in rural Bolinas, California, for 153 compounds, including particulates and endocrine disruptors. RESULTS: Eighty compounds were detected outdoors in Richmond and 60 in Bolinas; Richmond concentrations were generally higher. Richmond's vanadium and nickel levels indicated effects of heavy oil combustion from oil refining and shipping; these levels were among the state's highest. In nearly half of Richmond homes, PM(2.5) exceeded California's annual ambient air quality standard. Paired outdoor-indoor measurements were significantly correlated for industry- and traffic-related PM(2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, elemental carbon, metals, and sulfates (r = 0.54-0.92, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Indoor air quality is an important indicator of the cumulative impact of outdoor emissions in fence-line communities. Policies based on outdoor monitoring alone add to environmental injustice concerns in communities that host polluters. Community-based participatory exposure research can contribute to science and stimulate and inform action on the part of community residents and policymakers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S600-609_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health impacts of housing improvement: a systematic review of intervention studies from 1887 to 2007. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomson, H. Author-Name: Thomas, S. Author-Name: Sellstrom, E. Author-Name: Petticrew, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Pages: S681-692 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We conducted a systematic review of the health impacts of housing improvement. METHODS: Forty-two bibliographic databases were searched for housing intervention studies from 1887 to 2007. Studies were appraised independently by H. T. and S. T. or E. S. for sources of bias. The data were tabulated and synthesized narratively, taking into account study quality. RESULTS: Forty-five relevant studies were identified. Improvements in general, respiratory, and mental health were reported following warmth improvement measures, but these health improvements varied across studies. Varied health impacts were reported following housing-led neighborhood renewal. Studies from the developing world suggest that provision of basic housing amenities may lead to reduced illness. There were few reports of adverse health impacts following housing improvement. Some studies reported that the housing improvement was associated with positive impacts on socioeconomic determinants of health. CONCLUSIONS: Housing improvements, especially warmth improvements, can generate health improvements; there is little evidence of detrimental health impacts. The potential for health benefits may depend on baseline housing conditions and careful targeting of the intervention. Investigation of socioeconomic impacts associated with housing improvement is needed to investigate the potential for longer-term health impacts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2009:99:S3:S681-692_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The strongest prescription of all: A week in the woods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swartz, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S210-S215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171694 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171694_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood sexual abuse and the sociocultural context of sexual risk among adult Latino gay and bisexual men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arreola, S.G. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Author-Name: Díaz, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S432-S438 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138925 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the relationships among childhood sexual abuse, social discrimination, psychological distress, and HIV-risk among Latino gay and bisexual men in the United States. Methods. Data were from a probability sample of 912 men from Miami, FL; Los Angeles, CA; and New York, NY. We used logistic regression and path analyses to examine direct and indirect effects of childhood sexual abuse on psychological distress and sexual risk behavior. Results. We found a 15.8% (95% confidence interval=12.3%, 19.2%) prevalence of childhood sexual abuse. Not having sex before age 16 years and having consensual sex before age 16 years did not differ from each other in predicting any of the outcomes of interest. Forced sex was associated with a significantly increased risk for all outcomes. A path analyses yielded direct effects of childhood sexual abuse and exposure to homophobia during childhood and during adulthood on psychological distress and indirect effects on risky sexual behavior. Conclusions. HIV-risk patterns among Latino gay and bisexual men are related to childhood sexual abuse and a social context of discrimination, which combined lead to symptoms of psychological distress and participation in risky sexual situations that increase risky sexual behaviors associated with HIV acquisition. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138925_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Role of the primary care safety net in pandemic influenza Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rust, G. Author-Name: Melbourne, M. Author-Name: Truman, B.I. Author-Name: Daniels, E. Author-Name: Fry-Johnson, Y. Author-Name: Curtin, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S316-S323 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161125 Abstract: An influenza pandemic would have a disproportionately adverse impact on minority populations, the poor, the uninsured, and those living in underserved communities. Primary care practices serving the underserved would face special challenges in an influenza pandemic. Although not a formalized system, components of the primary care safety net include federally qualified health centers, public hospital clinics, volunteer or free clinics, and some local public health units. In the event of an influenza pandemic, the primary care safety net is needed to treat vulnerable populations and to provide health care surge capacity to prevent the overwhelming of hospital emergency departments. We examined the strength, capacity, and preparedness of key components of the primary care safety net in responding to pandemic influenza. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161125_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outcomes of a breast health project for Hmong women and men in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kagawa-Singer, M. Author-Name: Tanjasiri, S.P. Author-Name: Valdez, A. Author-Name: Yu, H. Author-Name: Foo, M.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S467-S473 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143974 Abstract: Objectives. We used a community-based research approach to test a culturally based breast cancer screening program among low-income Hmong women in central and southern California. Methods. We designed a culturally informed educational program with measures at baseline and 1-year follow-up in 2 intervention cities and 1 comparison city. Measures included changes in breast cancer screening, knowledge, and attitudes. Results. Compared with women in the comparison community, women in the intervention community significantly improved their attitudes toward, and increased their knowledge and receipt of, breast cancer screenings. Odds of women in the intervention group having had a mammogram, having had a clinical breast examination, and having performed breast self-examination was 6.75, 12.16, and 20.06, respectively, compared with women in the comparison group. Conclusions. Culturally informed education materials and intervention design were effective methods in conveying the importance of maintaining and monitoring proper breast health. The strength of community collaboration in survey development and intervention design highlighted the challenges of early detection and screening programs among newer immigrants, who face significant language and cultural barriers to care, and identified promising practices to overcome these health literacy challenges. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143974_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effective health risk communication about pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vaughan, E. Author-Name: Tinker, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S324-S332 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162537 Abstract: The consequences of pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations will depend partly on the effectiveness of health risk communications. Strategic planning should fully consider how life circumstances, cultural values, and perspectives on risk influence behavior during a pandemic. We summarize recent scientific evidence on communication challenges and examine how sociocultural, economic, psychological, and health factors can jeopardize or facilitate public health interventions that require a cooperative public. If ignored, current communication gaps for vulnerable populations could result in unequal protection across society during an influenza pandemic. Weoffer insights on communication preparedness gleaned from scientific studies and the deliberations of public health experts at a meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 1 and 2, 2008. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162537_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The open-air treatment of pandemic influenza Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hobday, R.A. Author-Name: Cason, J.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S236-S242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134627 Abstract: The H1N1 "Spanish flu" outbreak of 1918-1919 was the most devastating pandemic on record, killing between 50 million and 100 million people. Should the next infl uenza pandemic prove equally virulent, there could be more than 300 million deaths globally. The conventional view is that little could have been done to prevent the H1N1 virus from spreading or to treat those infected; however, there is evidence to the contrary. Records from an "open-air" hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, suggest that some patients and staff were spared the worst of the outbreak. A combination of fresh air, sunlight, scrupulous standards of hygiene, and reusable face masks appears to have substantially reduced deaths among some patients and infections among medical staff. We argue that temporary hospitals should be a priority in emergency planning. Equally, other measures adopted during the 1918 pandemic merit more attention than they currently receive. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134627_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza preparedness and response among public-housing residents, single-parent families, and low-income populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bouye, K.E. Author-Name: Truman, B.I. Author-Name: Hutchins, S. Author-Name: Richard, R. Author-Name: Brown, C. Author-Name: Guillory, J.A. Author-Name: Rashid, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S287-S293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165134 Abstract: During the early stages of an influenza pandemic, a pandemic vaccine likely will not be available. Therefore, interventions to mitigate pandemic influenza transmission in communities will be an important component of the response to a pandemic. Public-housing residents, singleparent families, and low-income populations may have difficulty complying with community-wide interventions. To enable compliance with community interventions, stakeholders recommended the following: (1) community mobilization and partnerships, (2) culturally specific emergency communications planning, (3) culturally specific education and training programs, (4) evidence-based measurement and evaluation efforts, (5) strategic planning policies, (6) inclusion of community members as partners, and (7) policy and program changes to minimize morbidity and mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165134_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prenatal screening and perinatal HIV transmission in Northern Alberta, 1999-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hughes, C.A. Author-Name: Zuk, D. Author-Name: Foisy, M. Author-Name: Robinson, J. Author-Name: Singh, A.E. Author-Name: Houston, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S412-S416 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133306 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of a program that includes routine opt-out prenatal HIV screening, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), and a multidisciplinary team in preventing perinatal HIV transmission. Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on HIV-infected pregnant women in northern Alberta, Canada, who delivered between January 1, 1999, and February 28, 2006. Results. Ninety-eight women had 113 deliveries. Forty-three percent were diagnosed with HIV infection through prenatal screening. Approximately 60% of HIV-infected pregnant women were Aboriginal, with 45% reporting alcohol use and 42% illicit drug use during pregnancy. The use of combination ART during pregnancy increased throughout the study period; 89% or more received combination ART from 2004 through 2006. Only 1 of the 111 infants (0.9%) was confirmed to be HIV infected, and that infant was born to a woman with no prenatal care. Conclusions. High rates of HIV testing using an opt-out approach, combined with efforts by a multidisciplinary team, resulted in a low rate of perinatal HIV transmission in our cohort. The added value of retesting high-risk women late in pregnancy or with rapid HIV tests at the time of delivery should be explored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133306_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protecting home health care workers: A challenge to pandemic influenza preparedness planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baron, S. Author-Name: McPhaul, K. Author-Name: Phillips, S. Author-Name: Gershon, R. Author-Name: Lipscomb, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S301-S307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157339 Abstract: The home health care sector is a critical element in a pandemic influenza emergency response. Roughly 85% of the 1.5 million workers delivering in-home care to 7.6 million clients are low-wage paraprofessionals, mostly women, and disproportionately members of racial and ethnic minorities. Home health care workers' ability and willingness to respond during a pandemic depends on appropriate communication, training, and adequate protections, including influenza vaccination and respiratory protection. Preparedness planning should also include support for child care and transportation and help home health care workers protect their income and access to health care. We summarize findings from a national stakeholder meeting, which highlighted the need to integrate home health care employers, workers, community advocates, and labor unions into the planning process. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157339_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Persistence and change in disparities in HIV infection among injection drug users in New York City after large-scale syringe exchange programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Arasteh, K. Author-Name: Hagan, H. Author-Name: McKnight, C. Author-Name: Perlman, D.C. Author-Name: Friedman, S.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S445-S451 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.159327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.159327 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs) before and after implementation of large-scale syringe exchange programs in New York City. Methods. Participants were recruited from IDUs entering the Beth Israel drug detoxification program in New York City. Participants (n=1203) recruited from 1990 through 1994, prior to large-scale syringe exchange programs (pre-exchange), were compared with 1109 participants who began injecting in 1995 or later and were interviewed in 1995 through 2008 (post-exchange). Results. There were large differences in HIV prevalence among pre-exchange vs post-exchange participants (African Americans, 57% vs 15%; Hispanics, 53% vs 5%; Whites, 27% vs 3%). Pre- and post-exchange relative disparities of HIV prevalence were similar for African Americans vs Whites (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.46, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.41, 4.96 and AOR=4.02, 95% CI=1.67, 9.69, respectively) and Hispanics vs Whites (AOR=1.76, 95% CI=1.49, 2.09 and AOR=1.49, 95% CI=1.02, 2.17). Racial/ethnic group differences in risk behavior did not explain differences in HIV prevalence. Conclusions. New interventions are needed to address continuing disparities in HIV infection among IDUs, but self-reported risk behaviors by themselves may not be adequate outcome measures for evaluating interventions to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.159327_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multilevel predictors of inconsistent condom use among adolescent mothers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Horne, B.S. Author-Name: Wiemann, C.M. Author-Name: Berenson, A.B. Author-Name: Horwitz, I.B. Author-Name: Volk, R.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S417-S424 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131870 Abstract: Objectives. We used Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory to identify factors that predicted never or sometimes using condoms in a multiethnic cohort of adolescent mothers. Methods. We interviewed adolescent mothers within 48 hours of delivery and surveyed them 6 and 12 months after delivery (n=636). We used multinomial logistic regression to identify individual-, dyad-, family-, and peer and community-level factors associated with never or sometimes using versus always using condoms during intercourse at 12 months postpartum. Results. Pregnancy status, partner refusal to use condoms, intimate partner violence, and race/ethnicity predicted both never and sometimes using condoms. Condom use 6 months earlier and church attendance also predicted never using condoms, whereas maternal monitoring was an additional predictor for sometimes using condoms. Conclusions. Overlapping yet distinct risk profiles predicted never or sometimes using versus always using condoms. Factors from multiple levels of influence affected the condom use behaviors of adolescent mothers indicating that multilevel interventions are needed to promote safer sexual practices among these young women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131870_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What should an ideal vaccine postlicensure safety system be? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Griffin, M.R. Author-Name: Braun, M.M. Author-Name: Bart, K.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S345-S350 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143081 Abstract: In 2007 the National Vaccine Program, along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the Health Resources and Services Administration, sponsored a public conference titled "Vaccine Safety Evaluation: Post Marketing Surveillance." The objective was to discuss enhanced approaches to postlicensure evaluation of vaccine safety, including active and passive surveillance systems and special studies. The conference participants reviewed the evolution of the assessment of vaccine safety, detailed current national approaches to postmarketing safety, and offered new approaches to evaluating vaccine safety. A number of the participants recommended that information systems be expanded to include reliable information on vaccination and health outcomes in large populations. We summarize the major meeting presentations and discussions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143081_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A primer on strategies for prevention and control of seasonal and pandemic influenza Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santibañez, S. Author-Name: Fiore, A.E. Author-Name: Merlin, T.L. Author-Name: Redd, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S216-S224 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164848 Abstract: The United States has made considerable progress in pandemic preparedness. Limited attention, however, has been given to the challenges faced by populations that will be at increased risk of the consequences of the pandemic, including challenges caused by societal, economic,and health-related factors. This supplement to the American Journal of Public Health focuses on the challenges faced by at-risk and vulnerable populations in preparing for and responding to an influenza pandemic. Here, we provide background information for subsequent articles throughout the supplement. We summarize (1) seasonal influenza epidemiology, transmission, clinical illness, diagnosis, vaccines, and antiviral medications; (2) H5N1 avian influenza; and (3) pandemic influenza vaccines, antiviral medications, and nonpharmaceutical interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164848_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preparing for and responding to pandemic influenza: Implications for people with disabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Campbell, V.A. Author-Name: Gilyard, J.A. Author-Name: Sinclair, L. Author-Name: Sternberg, T. Author-Name: Kailes, J.I. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S294-S300 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162677 Abstract: State, local, tribal, and territorial emergency managers and public health officials must address the specific needs of people with disabilities in their pandemic influenza plans. Evidence from Hurricane Katrina indicated that this population was disproportionately affected by the storm and aftermath. People with disabilities, particularly those who require personal assistance and those who reside in congregate care facilities, may be at increased risk during an influenza pandemic because of disrupted care or the introduction of the virus by their caregivers. Emergency and public health plannersmust ensure that personal assistance agencies and congregate care operators make provisions for backup staffing and that those who provide critical care are given adequate antiviral drugs and vaccines as they become available. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162677_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of HIV testing among inmates in the North Carolina Prison System Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, D.L. Author-Name: Schoenbach, V.J. Author-Name: Wohl, D.A. Author-Name: White, B.L. Author-Name: Stewart, P.W. Author-Name: Golin, C.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S452-S459 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133124 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the use of voluntary HIV testing among state prisoners in the North Carolina prison system. Methods. We calculated system-wide and facility-specific proportions and rates of adult inmates tested for HIV and estimated associations between testing status and inmate characteristics for prisoners in North Carolina. Results. Of the 54016 inmates who entered prison between January 2004 and May 2006, 20820 (38%) were tested for HIV; of those tested, 18574 (89%) were tested at admission. Across the 8 intake prisons, more than 80% of inmates in both female facilities but less than 15% of inmates in 4 of 6 male facilities were tested. Prisoners with a documented history of heroin use, crack or cocaine use, conventional HIV risk behavior, or tuberculosis were at least 10% more likely to be tested than were inmates without these characteristics. However, more than 60% of men reporting conventional risk behaviors were not tested. Before covariate adjustment, Black men were 30% less likely than White men to be tested; in the multivariable regression model, this difference was attenuated to 13%. Conclusions. Rates of HIV testing varied widely across intake prisons, and many male inmates with documented risk of infection were never tested. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133124_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of an ongoing epidemic on the annual influenza vaccination rate and vaccination timing among the medicare elderly: 2000-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yoo, B.-K. Author-Name: Kasajima, M. Author-Name: Fiscella, K. Author-Name: Bennett, N.M. Author-Name: Phelps, C.E. Author-Name: Szilagyi, P.G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S383-S388 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172411 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed short-term responsiveness of influenza vaccine demand to variation in timing and severity of influenza epidemics since 2000. We tested the hypothesis that weekly influenza epidemic activity is associated with annual and daily influenza vaccine receipt. Methods. We conducted cross-sectional survival analyses from the 2000-2001 to 2004-2005 influenza seasons among community-dwelling elderly using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (unweighted n=2280-2822 per season; weighted n=7.7-9.7 million per season). The outcome variable was daily vaccine receipt. Covariates included the biweekly changes of epidemic and vaccine Sat 9 census-region levels. Results. In all 5 seasons, biweekly epidemic change was positively associated with overall annual vaccination (e.g., 2.7% increase in 2003-2004 season) as well as earlier vaccination timing (P<.01). For example, unvaccinated individuals were 5%-29% more likely to receive vaccination after a 100% biweekly epidemic increase. Conclusions. Accounting for short-term epidemic responsiveness in predicting demand for influenza vaccination may improve vaccine distribution and the annual vaccination rate, and might assist pandemic preparedness planning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172411_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening for influenza infection in international airline travelers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Duncan, A.R. Author-Name: Priest, P.C. Author-Name: Jennings, L.C. Author-Name: Brunton, C.R. Author-Name: Baker, M.G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S360-S362 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158071 Abstract: We sought the collaboration of an international airline and border control agencies to study the feasibility of entry screening to identify airline travelers at increased risk of influenza infection. Although extensive and lengthy negotiations were required, we successfully developed a multisector collaboration and demonstrated the logistical feasibility of our screening protocol. Wealso determined the staffing levels required for a larger study to estimate the prevalence of influenza in international airline travelers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158071_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza in the United States: A strategic imperative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hutchins, S.S. Author-Name: Truman, B.I. Author-Name: Merlin, T.L. Author-Name: Redd, S.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S243-S248 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164814 Abstract: Protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza is a strategic imperative. The US national strategy for pandemic influenza preparedness and response assigns roles to governments, businesses, civic and community-based organizations, individuals, and families. Because influenza is highly contagious, inadequate preparedness or untimely response in vulnerable populations increases the risk of infection for the general population. Recentpublic health emergencies have reinforced the importance of preparedness and the challenges of effective response among vulnerable populations. We explore definitions and determinants of vulnerable, at-risk, and special populations and highlight approaches for ensuring that pandemic influenza preparedness includes these populations and enables them to respond appropriately. We also provide an overview of population-specific and cross-cutting articles in this theme issue on influenza preparedness for vulnerable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164814_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood abuse and early menarche: Findings from the black women's health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wise, L.A. Author-Name: Palmer, J.R. Author-Name: Rothman, E.F. Author-Name: Rosenberg, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S460-S466 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149005 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between childhood abuse and early menarche in a sample of US Black women. Methods. We conducted multivariable log-binomial regression on data from 35330 participants in the Black Women's Health Study to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relation of childhood physical and sexual abuse with early age at menarche (i.e., <12 years). Results. In adjusted analyses, sexual abuse was positively associated with early menarche, and the risk of early menarche increased with increasing frequency of sexual abuse incidents. We observed a weak but statistically significant association between physical abuse and early menarche. Associations between sexual abuse and early menarche were stronger when we used a more stringent cutpoint for early menarche (i.e., <11 years). Conclusions. Our data suggest an increased risk of early menarche among Black women who experienced childhood sexual abuse. Evidence for an association between childhood physical abuse and early menarche was equivocal. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149005_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experimental pretesting of hand-washing interventions in a natural setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Judah, G. Author-Name: Aunger, R. Author-Name: Schmidt, W.-P. Author-Name: Michie, S. Author-Name: Granger, S. Author-Name: Curtis, V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S405-S411 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164160 Abstract: Objectives. We pretested interventions derived from different domains of behavior change theory to determine their effectiveness at increasing hand washing with soap in a natural setting. Methods. We installed wireless devices in highway service station restrooms to record entry and soap use. Two text-only messages for each of 7 psychological domains were compared for their effect on soap-use rates. We collected data on nearly 200000 restroom uses. Results. The knowledge activation domain was most effective for women, with a relative increase in soap use of 9.4% compared with the control condition (P=.001). For men, disgust was the most effective, increasing soap use by 9.8% (P=.001). Disgust was not significantly better than the control condition for women, nor was knowledge activation for men. Messages based on social norms and social status were effective for both genders. Conclusions. Our data show that unobtrusive observation of behavior in a natural setting can help identify the most effective interventions for changing behaviors of public health importance. The gender differences we found suggest that public health interventions should target men and women differently. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164160_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in influenza treatment among disabled medicaid patients in Georgia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leon, K. Author-Name: McDonald, M.C. Author-Name: Moore, B. Author-Name: Rust, G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S378-S382 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157602 Abstract: Objectives. We explored possible disparities in seasonal influenza treatment in Georgia's disabled Medicaid population. We sought to determine whether racial/ethnic, geographic, or gender disparities existed in antiviral drugs usage in the treatment of influenza. Methods. Medicaid claims were analyzed from 69556 clients with disabilities enrolled in a Georgia Medicaid disease management program. Results. There were 519 patients who met inclusion criteria (i.e., adults aged 18-64 years with an influenza diagnosis on a 2006 or 2007 Medicaid claim). Roughly one third (36.2%) of patients were classified as African American, 44.5% as White, and 19.3% as "other." Most patients had 2 or more comorbid chronic diseases. Antivirals were used in only 14.5% of patients diagnosed with influenza. Treatment rates were nearly 3 times higher for White patients (19.5%) than for African American patients (6.9%). Conclusions. Our analysis suggests limited use of antiviral treatment of influenza overall, as well as significant racial disparities in treatment. Additional studies are needed to further explore this finding and its implications for care of racial/ethnic minority populations during seasonal influenza and for effective pandemic influenza planning for racial/ethnic minority populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157602_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating influenza-associated deaths in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, W.W. Author-Name: Moore, M.R. Author-Name: Weintraub, E. Author-Name: Cheng, P.-Y. Author-Name: Jin, X. Author-Name: Bridges, C.B. Author-Name: Bresee, J.S. Author-Name: Shay, D.K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S225-S230 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151944 Abstract: Most estimates of US deaths associated with influenza circulation have been similar despite the use of different approaches. However, a recently published estimate suggested that previous estimates substantially overestimated deaths associated with influenza, and concluded that substantial numbers of deaths during a future pandemic could be prevented because of improvements in medical care. We reviewed the data sources and methods used to estimate influenza-associated deaths. We suggest that discrepancies betweenthe recent estimate and previous estimates of the number of influenza-associated deaths are attributable primarily to the use of different outcomes and methods. We also believe that secondary bacterial infections will likely result in substantial morbidity and mortality during a future influenza pandemic, despite medical progress. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151944_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza and community preparedness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, H. Author-Name: Ryan, P. Author-Name: Roberton, D. Author-Name: Street, J. Author-Name: Watson, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S365-S371 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153056 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to examine community knowledge about and attitudes toward the threat of pandemic influenza and assess the community acceptability of strategies to reduce its effect. Methods. We conducted computer-aided telephone interviews in 2007 with a cross-sectional sample of rural and metropolitan residents of South Australia. Results. Of 1975 households interviewed, half (50.2%) had never heard of pandemic influenza or were unaware of its meaning. Only 10% of respondents were extremely concerned about the threat of pandemic influenza. Respondents identified children as the highest priority for vaccination, if supplies were limited; they ranked politicians and teachers as the lowest priority. Although only 61.7% of respondents agreed with a policy of home isolation, 98.2% agreed if it was part of a national strategy. Respondents considered television to be the best means of educating the community. Conclusions. Community knowledge about pandemic influenza is poor despite widespread concern. Public education about pandemic influenza is essential if strategies to reduce the impact of the disease are to be effective. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153056_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: H1N1 flu and the Tartar Steppe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tarantola, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S209 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172296 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172296_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza: Implications for programs controlling for HIV infection, tuberculosis, and chronic viral hepatitis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heffelfinger, J.D. Author-Name: Patel, P. Author-Name: Brooks, J.T. Author-Name: Calvet, H. Author-Name: Daley, C.L. Author-Name: Dean, H.D. Author-Name: Edlin, B.R. Author-Name: Gensheimer, K.F. Author-Name: Jereb, J. Author-Name: Kent, C.K. Author-Name: Lennox, J.L. Author-Name: Louie, J.K. Author-Name: Lynfield, R. Author-Name: Peters, P.J. Author-Name: Pinckney, L. Author-Name: Spradling, P. Author-Name: Voetsch, A.C. Author-Name: Fiore, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S333-S339 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158170 Abstract: Among vulnerable populations during an influenza pandemic are persons with or at risk for HIV infection, tuberculosis, or chronic viral hepatitis. HIV-infected persons have higher rates of hospitalization, prolonged illness, and increased mortality from influenza compared with the general population. Persons with tuberculosis and chronic viral hepatitis may also be at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from influenza because of altered immunity and chronic illness. These populations also face social and structural barriers that will be exacerbated by a pandemic. Existing infrastructure should be expanded and pandemic planning should include preparations to reduce the risks for these populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158170_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza and pregnancy: An opportunity to reassess maternal bioethics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farrell, R.M. Author-Name: Beigi, R.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S231-S235 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140780 Abstract: Large-scale infectious epidemics present the medical community with numerous medical and ethical challenges. Recent attention has focused on the likelihood of an impending influenza pandemic caused by the H5N1 virus. Pregnant women in particular present policymakers with great challenges to planning for such a public health emergency. By recognizing the specific considerations needed for this population, we can preemptively address the issues presented by infectious disease outbreaks. We reviewed the important ethical challenges presented by pregnant women and highlighted the considerations for all vulnerable groups when planning for a pandemic at both the local and the national level. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140780_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza preparedness and response among immigrants and refugees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Truman, B.I. Author-Name: Tinker, T. Author-Name: Vaughan, E. Author-Name: Kapella, B.K. Author-Name: Brenden, M. Author-Name: Woznica, C.V. Author-Name: Rios, E. Author-Name: Lichtveld, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S278-S286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154054 Abstract: Some immigrants and refugees might bemore vulnerable than other groups to pandemic influenza because of preexisting health and social disparities, migration history, and living conditions in the United States. Vulnerable populations and their service providers need information to overcome limited resources, inaccessible health services, limited English proficiency and foreign language barriers, cross-cultural misunderstanding, and inexperience applying recommended guidelines. To increase the utility of guidelines, we searched the literature, synthesized relevant findings, and examined their implications for vulnerable populations and stakeholders. Here we summarize advice from an expert panel of public health scientists and service program managers who attended a meeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 1 and 2, 2008, in Atlanta, Georgia. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154054_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in prescribing of antiviral medications for influenza associated with new treatment guidelines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hersh, A.L. Author-Name: Maselli, J.H. Author-Name: Cabana, M.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S362-S364 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171462 Abstract: In 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended discontinuing the use of adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) to treat influenza because of high levels of resistance to this class of antivirals. We examined changes in prescribing practices resulting fromthis recommendation and found that prescribing of adamantanes declined nationwide,with these drugs accounting for approximately 40% of the antivirals prescribed for influenza from 2000 to 2005 and only 2% in 2006. This finding provides evidence of a rapid change in clinical practice associated with the dissemination of treatment guidelines. Evaluating the effectiveness with which public health recommendations are translated into practice is important given the ongoing emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs and a novel H1N1 influenza virus. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171462_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza planning: Addressing the needs of children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stevenson, E. Author-Name: Barrios, L. Author-Name: Cordell, R. Author-Name: Delozier, D. Author-Name: Gorman, S. Author-Name: Koenig, L.J. Author-Name: Odom, E. Author-Name: Polder, J. Author-Name: Randolph, J. Author-Name: Shimabukuro, T. Author-Name: Singleton, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S255-S260 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159970 Abstract: Children represent one quarter of the US population. Because of its enormous size and special needs, it is critically important to address this population group in pandemic influenza planning. Here we describe the ways in which children are vulnerable in a pandemic, provide an overview of existing plans, summarize the resources available, and, given our experience with influenza A(H1N1), outline the evolving lessons we have learned with respect to planning for a severe influenza pandemic. We focus on a number of issues affecting children - vaccinations, medication availability, hospital capacity, and mental health concerns - and emphasize strategies that will protect children from exposure to the influenza virus, including infection control practices and activities in schools and child care programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159970_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protection of racial/ethnic minority populations during an influenza pandemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hutchins, S.S. Author-Name: Fiscella, K. Author-Name: Levine, R.S. Author-Name: Ompad, D.C. Author-Name: McDonald, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S261-S270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161505 Abstract: Racial/ethnic minority populations experience worse health outcomes than do othergroups during and after disasters. Evidence for a differential impact from pandemic influenza includes both higher rates of underlying health conditions in minority populations, increasing their risk of influenza-related complications, and larger socioeconomic (e.g., access to health care), cultural, educational, and linguistic barriers to adoption of pandemic interventions. Implementation of pandemic interventions could be optimized by (1) culturally competent preparedness and response that address specific needs of racial/ethnic minority populations, (2) improvements in public health and community health safety net systems, (3) social policies that minimize economic burdens and improve compliance with isolation and quarantine, and (4) relevant, practical, and culturally and linguistically tailored communications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161505_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association of immigration and acculturation attributes with oral health among immigrants in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cruz, G.D. Author-Name: Chen, Y. Author-Name: Salazar, C.R. Author-Name: Le Geros, R.Z. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S474-S480 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149799 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between immigration and acculturation attributes and oral disease among immigrants. Methods. We conducted a large cross-sectional study of 1318 immigrants in New York City. We performed comprehensive interviews and oral examinations of the participants and used linear regression models to assess differences in oral disease levels among immigrant subgroups. We also constructed proportional odds models to evaluate the association of oral disease level with length of stay in the United States, age at immigration, and language preference. Results. After we controlled for most known risk factors, country of birth and age at immigration were associated with variations in oral disease prevalence and need for oral health care. Length of stay was inversely associated with need for treatment of dental caries but not with any other indicator of oral disease. Language preference was not associated with any indicator of oral disease. Conclusions. Immigrants' country of birth, length of stay in the United States, and age at immigration played important roles in their oral disease prevalence, independently of most known risk factors for oral diseases. Our findings emphasize the need for more studies to elucidate the complex relationships of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and culturally influenced factors that impact immigrants' oral health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149799_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The burden of rotavirus hospitalizations among medicaid and non-medicaid children younger than 5 years old Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ma, L. Author-Name: El Khoury, A.C. Author-Name: Itzler, R.F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S398-S404 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148494 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to compare the burden of hospitalizations associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis (RGE) in children younger than 5 years in US Medicaid and non-Medicaid populations in 2000 and 2003. Methods. We used the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) to examine the burden of RGE-associated hospitalizations in terms of numbers and rates of hospitalizations, lengths of stay, and hospital charges. Two indirect methods were also used to estimate RGE-associated hospitalizations, because rotavirus testing is not routinely performed. Results. Approximately 40% of children younger than 5 years were enrolled in Medicaid in 2003, but this population accounted for nearly 50% of all RGE-associated hospitalizations and 60% of total charges. Children enrolled in Medicaid had significantly greater hospitalization rates, average lengths of stay, and average charges per stay than did those not enrolled. Conclusions. Although RGE affects all socioeconomic groups, the Medicaid population accounted for a disproportionate number of the hospitalizations. With the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in the pediatric immunization schedule, it is important that US children, especially those enrolled in Medicaid programs, are vaccinated to reduce the burden of RGE. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148494_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's response to the HIV/AIDS crisis among blacks in the United States, 1981-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sutton, M.Y. Author-Name: Jones, R.L. Author-Name: Wolitski, R.J. Author-Name: Cleveland, J.C. Author-Name: Dean, H.D. Author-Name: Fenton, K.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S351-S359 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157958 Abstract: Among US racial/ethnic groups, Blacks are at the highest risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has launched the Heightened National Response to Address the HIV/AIDS Crisis Among African Americans, which seeks to engage public and nonpublic partners in a synergistic effort to prevent HIV among Blacks. The CDC also recently launched Act Against AIDS, a campaign to refocus attention on the domestic HIV/AIDS crisis. Although the CDC's efforts to combat HIV/AIDS among Blacks have achieved some success, more must be done to address this crisis. New initiatives include President Obama's goal of developing a National HIV/AIDS Strategy to reduce HIV incidence, decrease HIV-related health disparities, and increase access to care, especially among Blacks and other disproportionately affected populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157958_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancement of influenza surveillance with aggregate rapid influenza test results: New Mexico, 2003-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baumbach, J. Author-Name: Mueller, M. Author-Name: Smelser, C. Author-Name: Albanese, B. Author-Name: Sewell, C.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S372-S377 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125450 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether monitoring rapid influenza laboratory tests improved the influenza-like illness surveillance already in place in New Mexico. Methods. For the past 3 influenza seasons, the New Mexico Department of Health examined influenza-like illness visits and positive rapid influenza test results. Results. The proportion of positive rapid influenza test results started to rise earlier than did the percentage of clinical visits because of influenza-like illness in each of the past 3 influenza seasons: 5 weeks earlier during the 2004-2005 season; 3 weeks earlier in 2005-2006; and 2 weeks earlier in 2006-2007. In addition, rapid influenza tests showed a spike in influenza B activity late in the 2005-2006 season that influenza-like illness syndrome surveillance did not. Conclusions. Laboratory-based rapid influenza test surveillance required relatively few resources to implement and offered a sensitive mechanism to detect the onset of influenza activity while allowing for the distinction of influenza types. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125450_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Compliance with multiple-dose vaccine schedules among older children, adolescents, and adults: Results from a vaccine safety datalink study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, J.C. Author-Name: Bittner, R.C.L. Author-Name: Bounds, L. Author-Name: Zhao, S. Author-Name: Baggs, J. Author-Name: Donahue, J.G. Author-Name: Hambidge, S.J. Author-Name: Jacobsen, S.J. Author-Name: Klein, N.P. Author-Name: Naleway, A.L. Author-Name: Zangwill, K.M. Author-Name: Jackson, L.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S389-S397 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151332 Abstract: Objectives. We studied compliance with multiple-dose vaccine schedules, assessed factors associated with noncompliance, and examined timeliness of series completion among older children, adolescents, and adults. Methods. We conducted a large, multisite, retrospective cohort study of older children, adolescents, and adults in the Vaccine Safety Datalink population from 1996 through 2004. We quantified the rates of completion of all required doses for varicella, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B vaccines according to their recommended schedules. Results. Among those who received a first dose of varicella (n=16075), hepatitis A (n=594917), and hepatitis B (n=590445) vaccine, relatively few completed the series (55%-65% for hepatitis B vaccine and 40%-50% for hepatitis A and varicella vaccines in most age groups). Compliance was lowest among adolescents (35.9%) and Medicaid recipients (29.7%) who received varicella vaccine and among younger adult age groups who received hepatitis A vaccine (25%-35% across those age groups). Even among series completers, there was a relatively long interval of undervaccination between the first and last doses. Conclusions. Compliance with multiple-dose vaccine series among older children, adolescents, and adults is suboptimal. Further evaluations of strategies to improve compliance in these populations are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151332_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza and jail facilities and populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maruschak, L.M. Author-Name: Sabol, W.J. Author-Name: Potter, R.H. Author-Name: Reid, L.C. Author-Name: Cramer, E.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S339-S344 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175174 Abstract: Persons processed into and through jail facilities in the United States may be particularly vulnerable during an influenza pandemic. Among other concerns, public health and corrections officials need to consider flow issues, the high turnover and transitions between jails and the community, and the decentralized organization of jails. In this article, we examine some of the unique challenges jail facilities may face during an influenza pandemic and discuss issues that should be addressed to reduce the spread of illness and lessen the impact of an influenza pandemic on the jail population and their surrounding communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175174_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual violence and reproductive health outcomes among South African female youths: A contextual analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Speizer, I.S. Author-Name: Pettifor, A. Author-Name: Cummings, S. Author-Name: MacPhail, C. Author-Name: Kleinschmidt, I. Author-Name: Rees, H.V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S425-S431 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136606 Abstract: Objectives. We studied whether female youths from communities with higher sexual violence were at greater risk of negative reproductive health outcomes. Methods. We used data from a 2003 nationally representative household survey of youths aged 15-24 years in South Africa. The key independent variable was whether a woman had ever been threatened or forced to have sex. We aggregated this variable to the community level to determine, with control for individual-level experience with violence, whether the community-level prevalence of violence was associated with HIV status and adolescent pregnancy among female, sexually experienced, never-married youths. Results. Youths from communities with greater sexual violence were significantly more likely to have experienced an adolescent pregnancy or to be HIV-positive than were youths fromcommunities experiencing lower sexual violence. Youths from communities with greater community-level violence were also less likely to have used a condom at their last sexual encounter. Individual-level violence was only associated with condom nonuse. Conclusions. Programs to reduce adolescent pregnancies and HIV risk in South Africa and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa must address sexual violence as part of effective prevention strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136606_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza preparedness and vulnerable populations in tribal communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Groom, A.V. Author-Name: Jim, C. Author-Name: LaRoque, M. Author-Name: Mason, C. Author-Name: McLaughlin, J. Author-Name: Neel, L. Author-Name: Powell, T. Author-Name: Weiser, T. Author-Name: Bryan, R.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S271-S278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157453 Abstract: American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) governments are sovereign entities with inherent authority to establish and administer public health programs within their communities and will be critical partners in national efforts to prepare for pandemic influenza. Within AIAN communities, some subpopulations will be particularly vulnerable during an influenza pandemic because of their underlying health conditions, whereas others will be at increased risk because of limited access to prevention or treatment interventions. We outline potential issues to consider in identifying and providing appropriate services for selected vulnerable populations within tribal communities. We also highlight pandemic influenza preparedness resources available to tribal leaders and their partners in state and local health departments, academia, community-based organizations, and the private sector. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157453_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza and pregnant women: Summary of a meeting of experts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rasmussen, S.A. Author-Name: Jamieson, D.J. Author-Name: MacFarlane, K. Author-Name: Cragan, J.D. Author-Name: Williams, J. Author-Name: Henderson, Z. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S248-S254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152900 Abstract: Pandemic Influenza: Special Considerations for Pregnant Women was ameeting convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2008 to obtain input from experts and key partners regarding clinical management of pregnant women and related public health actions to be taken during a pandemic. Meeting goals were to discuss issues specific to pregnant women, identify gaps in knowledge, and develop a public health approach for pregnant women in the event of a pandemic. The meeting focused on 4 main topics: prophylaxis and treatment with influenza antiviral and other medications, vaccine use, nonpharmaceutical interventions and health care planning, and communications. Participants reviewed the available evidence to guide action in each of these areas andidentified areasof critical needs for future research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152900_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The prevalence of depression among men living with HIV infection in Vietnam Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Esposito, C.A. Author-Name: Steel, Z. Author-Name: Gioi, T.M. Author-Name: Huyen, T.T.N. Author-Name: Tarantola, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S439-S444 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155168 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of depression among men living with HIV infection in Vietnam and compared the findings with those from a general population survey of Vietnamese men. Methods. Between November 2007 and April 2008, 584 participants completed a structured questionnaire in Vietnamese that measured self-reported depression. We used the χ2 test to detect differences in prevalence rates within HIV populations and between our respondents and a general Vietnamese male population. Results. Respondents had a depression rate of 18.7% over a 1-month period, which was substantially higher than that reported in the Vietnamese male population (0.9%). Rates were highest among men reporting higher levels of stress and more HIV symptoms. Men diagnosed with depression experienced significantly more difficulty than others in accessing medical care. Conclusions. Our results provide the first empirical evidence of depression among men living with HIV in Vietnam and underscore the need to include mental health services in the response to HIV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155168_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemic influenza and farmworkers: The effects of employment, social, and economic factors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steege, A.L. Author-Name: Baron, S. Author-Name: Davis, S. Author-Name: Torres-Kilgore, J. Author-Name: Sweeney, M.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S2 Pages: S308-S315 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161091 Abstract: Employment, social, and economic factors have the potential to affect the magnitude of an influenza pandemic among farmworkers. Prevention efforts targeted toward livestock farmworkers, including increased access to seasonal influenza vaccine, risk reduction training, various forms of personal protection, and workplace sanitation, are needed. Crop and livestock farmworkers are at increased risk of exposure to influenza A viruses because of limited resources, substandard housing, immigration status, communication and cultural barriers, and discrimination. Recommendations were gathered from migrant clinicians, farmworker advocates, state and federal government agencies, industry stakeholders, and researchers to overcome these barriers, including surveillance of livestock farmworkers, inclusion of farmworker service organizations in planning efforts, and separation of immigration enforcement from emergency assistance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161091_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differential trends in weight-related health behaviors among American young adults by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status: 1984-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clarke, P.J. Author-Name: O'Malley, P.M. Author-Name: Johnston, L.D. Author-Name: Schulenberg, J.E. Author-Name: Lantz, P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1893-1901 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141317 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated temporal patterns from 1984 to 2006 in 6 weight-related health behaviors by using longitudinal data for multiple cohorts of young adults (aged 19-26 years) from the nationally representative Monitoring the Future Study. Methods. We used growth curve models to examine historical trends in 6 health behaviors: frequency of eating breakfast, eating green vegetables, eating fruit, exercising, watching television, and sleeping 7 hours each night. Variations across gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were investigated. Results. Frequency of exercising was consistently lower among young adult women than young adult men over this 23-year period. Compared with White women, Hispanic women, and women fromother race/ethnic groups, Black women showed declines in the frequency of exercise since 1984. In general, young adult women showed a marked increase in the frequency of eating breakfast over this period, although Black women did not show any net gains. Conclusions. Social disparities in body weight may increase because Black women, Hispanic women, and men with lower socioeconomic status show declining trends in positive weight-related health behaviors compared with White young adults with higher socioeconomic status. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141317_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of the global test statistic as a performance measurement in a reananlysis of environmental health data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Natalya, D. Author-Name: Hanumara, R.C. Author-Name: Enander, R.T. Author-Name: Gagnon, R.N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1739-1741 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143792 Abstract: Performance measurement is increasingly viewed as an essential component of environmental and public health protection programs. In characterizing program performance over time, investigators often observe multiple changes resulting from a single intervention across a range of categories. Although a variety of statistical tools allow evaluation of data one variable at a time, the global test statistic is uniquely suited for analyses of categories or groups of interrelated variables. Here we demonstrate how the global test statistic can be applied to environmental and occupational health data for the purpose of making overall statements on the success of targeted intervention strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143792_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondhand smoke in Pennsylvania casinos: A study of nonsmokers' exposure, dose, and risk (American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99 (1478-1485) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Repace, J.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1734 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241e_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income-related health inequalities in Canada and the United States: A decomposition analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGrail, K.M. Author-Name: Van Doorslaer, E. Author-Name: Ross, N.A. Author-Name: Sanmartin, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1856-1863 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129361 Abstract: Objectives. We examined income-related inequalities in self-reported health in the United States and Canada and the extent to which they are associated with individual-level risk factors and health care system characteristics. Methods. We estimated income inequalities with concentration indexes and curves derived from comparable survey data from the 2002 to 2003 Joint Canada-US Survey of Health. Inequalities were then decomposed by regression and decomposition analysis to distinguish the contributions of various factors. Results. The distribution of income accounted for close to half of incomerelated health inequalities in both the United States and Canada. Health care system factors (e.g., unmet needs and health insurance status) and risk factors (e.g., physical inactivity and obesity) contributed more to income-related health inequalities in the United States than to those in Canada. Conclusions. Individual-level health risk factors and health care system characteristics have similar associations with health status in both countries, but they both are far more prevalent and much more concentrated among lower-income groups in the United States than in Canada. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129361_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring nonresponse bias in a health survey using neighborhood characteristics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S. Author-Name: Brown, E.R. Author-Name: Grant, D. Author-Name: Belin, T.R. Author-Name: Brick, J.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1811-1817 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154161 Abstract: Objectives. We examined potential nonresponse bias ina large-scale, population-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey in California and its association with the response rate. Methods. We used California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) data and US Census data and linked the two data sets at the census tract level. We compared a broad range of neighborhood characteristics of respondents and nonrespondents to CHIS. We projected individual-level nonresponse bias using the neighborhood characteristics. Results. We found little to no substantial difference in neighborhood characteristics between respondents and nonrespondents. The response propensity of the CHIS sample was similarly distributed across these characteristics. The projected nonresponse bias appeared very small. Conclusions. The response rate in CHIS did not result in significant nonresponse bias and did not substantially affect the level of data representativeness, and it is not valid to focus on response rates alone in determining the quality of survey data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154161_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public Health and Nutrition after the SPANISH CIVIL WAR An Intervention by the Rockefeller Foundation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Del Cura, I. Author-Name: Huertas, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1772-1779 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124875 Abstract: We describe a nutritional intervention by the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Division in Spain after the Spanish Civil War, delineating the relationships between the technicians sent by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Spanish health authorities. We analyze reports of the nutritional situation in Spain in the early 1940s and the design and outcomes of a nutrition survey conducted in a district of Madrid by American and Spanish nutritionists. This nutritional survey, which was based on food intake interviews and was complemented with anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, and blood tests, found several symptoms and signs of malnutrition. The Rockefeller Foundation's nutritional research was an important historical precedent for later studies made in emergency situations or armed confl icts. Similar surveys have been carried out in the last several decades by distinguished academic departments of public health and epidemiology and by humanitarian aid agencies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124875_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expenditures for public health: Assessing historical and prospective trends Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kinner, K. Author-Name: Pellegrini, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1780-1791 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142422 Abstract: We integrated publicly available fiscal andbudgetarydata to assess historical and prospective trends in public health system funding at the federal, state, and local levels in relation to the recommended objectives outlined in the Institute of Medicine's definitive 2002 report. Although historical growth rates for public health expenditures at all levels were competitive with other major funding objects (requested or funded budget items), outlays for health care services and medical research dwarfed public health spending in absolute amounts. Competition for scarce discretionary resources, competing policy priorities, and protracted fiscal pressures willmake it difficult for public health systems to achieve the recommended objectives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142422_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnic variations in prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors among Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents in Hawaii Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sasaki, P.Y. Author-Name: Kameoka, V.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1886-1892 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133785 Abstract: Objectives. We examined ethnic variations in high-risk sexual behaviors among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) adolescents in comparison with White adolescents. Methods. We obtained data from the 2003 Hawaii Youth Risk Behavior Survey on 4953 students in grades 9 through 12. We conducted c2 and logistic regression analyses on these data to examine the prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors among Japanese, Filipino, Native Hawaiian, and White adolescents. Results. We found significant ethnic variation in prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors among API adolescents. Relative to White adolescents, Native Hawaiian adolescents were most likely to engage in lifetime sexual intercourse, recent sexual intercourse, and sexual initiation before age 13 years; Japanese adolescents were least likely to engage in these behaviors. Filipino adolescents were least likely to use substances before last sexual intercourse and condoms during last sexual intercourse. Conclusions. Our findings suggest divergent patterns of risk among API ethnic groups, underscoring the heterogeneity of API subgroups and emphasizing the need for health disparities research on disaggregated API ethnic groups. The findings of such research should be used to design ethnically relevant interventions aimed at mitigating the negative health consequences of high-risk sexual behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133785_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A legal primer for the obesity prevention movement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mermin, S.E. Author-Name: Graff, S.K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1799-1805 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151183 Abstract: Public health advocates and scientists working on obesity prevention policy face challenges in balancing legal rights, individual freedom, and societal health goals. In particular, the US Constitution and the 50 state constitutions place limits on the ability of government to act, even in the best interests of the public. To help policymakers avoid crossing constitutional boundaries, we distilled the legal concepts most relevant to formulating policies aimed at preventing obesity: police power; allocation of power among federal, state, and local governments; freedom of speech; property rights; privacy; equal protection; and contract rights. The goal is to allow policymakers to avoid potential constitutional problems in the formation of obesity prevention policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151183_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring socioeconomic differences in use of health care services by wealth versus by income Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Allin, S. Author-Name: Masseria, C. Author-Name: Mossialos, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1849-1855 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141499 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the extent of socioeconomic differences in use of health care services based on wealth (i.e., accumulated assets) as the socioeconomic ranking variable with the extent of differences based on income to explore the sensitivity of the estimates of equity to the choice of the socioeconomic indicator. Methods. We used data from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe to estimate levels of income- and wealth-related disparity in use of physician and dental services among adults 50 or older in 12 countries. Results. We found socioeconomic differences in use of physician services after standardizing for need in about half of the countries studied. No consistent pattern in levels of disparity measured by wealth versus those measured by income was found. However, the rich were significantly more likely to use dental services in all countries. Wealth-related differences in dental service use were consistently higher than were income-related differences. Conclusions. We found some support for wealth as a more sensitive indicator of socioeconomic status among older adults than was income. Wealth may thus allow more accurate measurements of socioeconomic differences in use of health care services for this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141499_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social support and self-reported health status of older adults in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, A.M. Author-Name: Philogene, G.S. Author-Name: Fine, L. Author-Name: Sinha, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1872-1878 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146894 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether a representative national probability sample of US community-dwelling older adults who reported less social support also reported poorer general health status, which is a robust predictor of prospective mortality among elders. Methods. We analyzed 2 subsamples generated via random sampling with replacement from the full analytic sample of adults aged 60 years and older in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n= 3476). We built multinomial logit models with the first analytic subsample (n=1732). Then we tested the final models on the second subsample (n=1744) to assess the differences in odds of reporting poor, fair, or good versus very good or excellent health. We fit the cross-validated final models to the full analytic sample. Results. After we controlled for age, race, gender, and educational attainment, older persons across all analytic samples who reported that they needed more support also reported having poorer health compared with better health 2 times more often than did older persons who were satisfied with the support available to them (odds ratio [OR]=2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.7, 3.4; P<.001). Conclusions. In the United States, older persons' satisfaction with the emotional support available to them is associated with better self-reported health status. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146894_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Globalized research and "national science": The case of Peru Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cáceres, C.F. Author-Name: Mendoza, W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1792-1798 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.159236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.159236 Abstract: Issues in the area of international health research are insufficiently discussed in Latin America. We examine the practices of stakeholders such as the state and the academic community regarding research policy processes and funding sources in Peru. Our findings showed that research policy development and evaluation processes are poor in Peru, most of the country's academic research is published in English only, and researchers' access to funding is limited. Given that the relationship between local academic institutions and foreign research centers is key in developing a "national science," there is a clear need to reinforce the state's capacities for management and research oversight and implementation and to encourage the academic community to improve their institutional policies and research frameworks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.159236_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health of older Mexican Americans in the long run Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: González, H.M. Author-Name: Ceballos, M. Author-Name: Tarraf, W. Author-Name: West, B.T. Author-Name: Bowen, M.E. Author-Name: Vega, W.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1879-1885 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133744 Abstract: Objectives. We compared risk for several medical illnesses between immigrant and US-born older Mexican Americans to determine the relationship between functional health and years of US residency among immigrants. Methods. Cross-sectional, multistage probability sample data for 3050 Mexican Americans aged 65 years or older from 5 US southwestern states were analyzed. Self-rated health, medical illnesses, and functional measures were examined in multivariate regression models that included nativity and years of US residency as key predictors. Results. Self-rated health and medical illnesses of immigrant and US-born groups did not differ significantly. Immigrants with longer US residency had significantly higher cognitive functioning scores and fewer problems with functional activities after adjustment for predisposing and medical need factors. Conclusions. Among older Mexican Americans, immigrant health advantages over their US-born counterparts were not apparent. Immigrants had better health functioning with longer US residency that may derive from greater socioeconomic resources. Our findings suggest that the negative acculturation-health relationship found among younger immigrant adults may become a positive relationship in later life. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133744_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Condom use and male homosexual pornography Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silvera, R. Author-Name: Stein, D.J. Author-Name: Hagerty, R. Author-Name: Marmor, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1732-1733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169912 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169912_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward understanding suicide among youths: Results from the White Mountain Apache tribally mandated suicide surveillance system, 2001-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mullany, B. Author-Name: Barlow, A. Author-Name: Goklish, N. Author-Name: Larzelere-Hinton, F. Author-Name: Cwik, M. Author-Name: Craig, M. Author-Name: Walkup, J.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1840-1848 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154880 Abstract: Objectives. We examined suicide and suicide attempt rates, patterns, and risk factors among White Mountain Apache youths (aged <25 years) from 2001 to 2006 as the first phase of a community-based participatory research process to design and evaluate suicide prevention interventions. Methods. Apache paraprofessionals gathered data as part of a tribally mandated suicide surveillance system. We compared findings to other North American populations. Results. Between 2001 and 2006, 61% of Apache suicides occurred among youths younger than 25 years. Annual rates among those aged 15 to 24 years were highest: 128.5 per 100000, 13 times the US all-races rate and 7 times the American Indian and Alaska Native rate. The annual suicide attempt incidence rate in this age group was 3.5%. The male-to-female ratio was 5:1 for suicide and approximately 1:1 for suicide attempts. Hanging was the most common suicide method, and third most common attempt method. The most frequently cited attempt precipitants were family or intimate partner conflict. Conclusions. An innovative tribal surveillance system identified high suicide and attempt rates and unique patterns and risk factors of suicidal behavior among Apache youths. Findings are guiding targeted suicide prevention programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154880_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco companies' use of developing countries' economic reliance on tobacco to lobby against global tobacco control: The case of Malawi Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Otañez, M.G. Author-Name: Mamudu, H.M. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1759-1771 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146217 Abstract: Transnational tobacco manufacturing and tobacco leaf companies engage in numerous efforts to oppose global tobacco control. One of their strategies is to stress the economic importance of tobacco to the developing countries that grow it. We analyze tobacco industry documents and ethnographic data to show how tobacco companies used this argument in the case of Malawi, producing and disseminating reports promoting claims of losses of jobs and foreign earnings that would result fromthe impending passage of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). In addition, they influenced the government of Malawi to introduce resolutions or make amendments to tobacco-related resolutions in meetings of United Nations organizations, succeeding in temporarily displacing health as the focus in tobacco control policymaking. However, these efforts did not substantially weaken the FCTC. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146217_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The national children's study: A golden opportunity to advance the health of pregnant women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lyerly, A.D. Author-Name: Little, M.O. Author-Name: Faden, R.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1742-1745 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165498 Abstract: With a $3 billion investment by the federal government, the National Children's Study (NCS) recently began recruitment. The NCS is a golden - and potentially missed - opportunity to study one of the most underrepresented populations in clinical research: pregnant women. As the nation's largest-ever study of children's health, the NCS will examine the effects of the environment on children from before birth to 21 years of age, with participants sampled primarily through women during pregnancy. Thus the NCS presents a rare opportunity to study the health of women during and after pregnancy, in addition to the health of their children. On both moral and policy grounds, we make the case for inclusion of women's health outcomes in the NCS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165498_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: President Obama's health plan and community-based prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodman, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1736-1738 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174714 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174714_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gasoline prices and their relationship to rising motorcycle fatalities, 1990-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, F.A. Author-Name: Stimpson, J.P. Author-Name: Hilsenrath, P.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1753-1758 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159590 Abstract: Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death among young adults. Although automobile fatalities have declined in recent years, motorcycle fatalities are rapidly increasing. The purpose of our research was to quantify the relationship between changing fuel prices and motorcycle fatalities. Our findings suggest that people increasingly rely on motorcycles to reduce their fuel costs in response to rising gasoline prices. We estimate that use of motorcycles and scooters instead of 4-wheeled vehicles results in over 1500 additional motorcycle fatalities annually for each dollar increase in gas prices. Motorcycle safety should receive more attention as a leading public health issue. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159590_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the contribution of unstable employment to mortality in posttransition Russia: Prospective individual-level analyses from the Russian longitudinal monitoring survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perlman, F. Author-Name: Bobak, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1818-1825 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154815 Abstract: Objectives. We used the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) to investigate associations between employment, socioeconomic position, and mortality. Methods. Data were from working-age respondents in 8 rounds (1994-2003) of the RLMS. We measured associations between education, occupation, unemployment, and insecure employment and mortality with Cox proportional hazards analyses. Results. Of 4465 men and 4158 women who were currently employed, 251 men and 34 women died. A third of employed respondents experienced wage arrears, and 10% experienced compulsory leave and payment in consumer goods. Insecure employment, more common among the less-educated and manual workers, fluctuated with macroeconomic measures. Mortality was significantly associated with payment in consumer goods among men (hazard ratio [HR]=1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03, 2.07), compulsory unpaid leave among women (HR=3.79; 95% CI=1.82, 7.88), and male unemployment (HR=1.88; 95% CI=1.38, 2.55). Associations with death within 1 year of entry were generally somewhat stronger than the association with mortality over the whole study period. Conclusions. Unemployment and job insecurity predicted mortality, suggesting that they contributed to Russia's high mortality during the transition from communism. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154815_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of past unemployment duration on symptoms of depression among young women and men in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krysia N, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1826-1832 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152561 Abstract: Objectives. I examined whether unemployment while looking for a job and being out of the labor force while not seeking work have distinct effects on symptoms of depression among young women and men in the United States. I also investigated whether past unemployment duration predicts depressive symptoms. Methods. I used ordinary least squares regression to analyze data from the 1979-1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results. Cross-sectional results suggested that current unemployment status and out-of-the-labor-force status were significantly associated with depressive symptoms at ages 29 through 37 years. The association between being out of the labor force and depressive symptoms was stronger for men. Longitudinal results revealed that past unemployment duration across 15 years of the transition to adulthood significantly predicted depressive symptoms, net of demographics, family background, current socioeconomic status, and prior depressive symptoms. However, duration out of the labor force did not predict depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Longer durations of unemployment predict higher levels of depressive symptoms among young adults. Future research should measure duration longitudinally and distinguish unemployment from being out of the labor force to advance our understanding of socioeconomic mental health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152561_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal weathering and risk of preterm delivery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holzman, C. Author-Name: Eyster, J. Author-Name: Kleyn, M. Author-Name: Messer, L.C. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.S. Author-Name: Laraia, B.A. Author-Name: O'Campo, P. Author-Name: Burke, J.G. Author-Name: Culhane, J. Author-Name: Elo, I.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1864-1871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151589 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the association between advancing maternal age and risk of preterm delivery across 4 groups (Black smokers, Black nonsmokers, White smokers, White nonsmokers) and within the context of neighborhood deprivation levels. Methods. We obtained data from linked census and birth records for singletons (n = 182938) delivered by women aged 20 to 39 years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland; 16 Michigan cities; 3 Maryland counties; and 2 North Carolina counties. Results from area-specific multilevel logistic regression models were combined to obtain pooled estimates of relations between maternal age and risk of preterm delivery. We repeated the models after categorizing women by neighborhood deprivation level (low, medium, and high). Results. Among multiparous women, there was a significant age-related increase in preterm delivery in 3 of the 4 groups. The adjusted odds ratio per 5-year age increase was 1.31 in Black smokers, 1.11 in Black nonsmokers, and 1.16 in White smokers. In each group, the odds ratio increased as neighborhood deprivation increased. Conclusions. These results support the "weathering" hypothesis, suggesting that Black women, women with high-risk behaviors, and women living in highdeprivation neighborhoods may develop "accelerated aging" that increases preterm delivery risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151589_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Grudzen et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grudzen, C.R. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Kerndt, P.R. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Author-Name: Brook, R.H. Author-Name: Lillian, G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170159 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170159_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A hard rain's a-gonna fall Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Camargo Jr., K.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1735 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178152 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178152_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Living arrangement and colorectal cancer screening: Updated USPSTF guidelines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lau, D.T. Author-Name: Kirby, J.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1733-1734 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172916 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172916_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Compensation for incarcerated research participants: Diverse state policies suggest a new research agenda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smoyer, A.B. Author-Name: Blankenship, K.M. Author-Name: Belt, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1746-1752 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148726 Abstract: Researchwith prisoners is essential to understanding the incarceration experience and creating interventions to mediate its effects on individual and community health. Policies on research involving incarcerated participants can influence the extent to which researchers are able or willing to conduct prison studies. We attempted to collect data on inmate compensation policies from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. We found that 44% of these jurisdictions allow compensation for inmates who participate in research, with wide variations in termsof the clarity of and ease of access to policy information. Anecdotal data suggest considerable administrative discretion in the implementation of these policies. Further study is needed on how compensation policies are formulated andenacted and their effects on research with prisoners. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148726_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status of people undergoing foreclosure in the Philadelphia region Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollack, C.E. Author-Name: Lynch, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1833-1839 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161380 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the health status of people undergoing mortgage foreclosure in the Philadelphia region to determine if there was a relationship between foreclosure and health. Methods. Participants were recruited in partnership with a mortgage counseling agency. Participants' health status and health care use were compared with a community sample from the 2008 Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey. We used publicly filed foreclosure records to assess response bias. Results. Of the 250 people recruited, 36.7% met screening criteria for major depression. The foreclosure sample was significantly more likely than the community sample to not have insurance coverage (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.49, 3.48) and to not have filled a prescription because of cost in the preceding year (AOR=3.44; 95% CI=2.45, 4.83). Approximately 9% of the participants reported that their own or a family member's medical condition was the primary reason they were undergoing foreclosure. More than a quarter of those in foreclosure (27.7%) stated that they owed money to medical creditors. Conclusions. Foreclosure affects already-vulnerable populations. Public health practitioners may be able to leverage current efforts to connect homeowners with mortgage counseling agencies to improve health care access. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161380_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reevaluating the need for concern regarding noncoverage bias in landline surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blumberg, S.J. Author-Name: Luke, J.V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 10 Pages: 1806-1810 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152835 Abstract: Objectives. We used recent data to reexamine whether the exclusion of adults from households with no telephone or only wireless phones may bias estimates derived from health-related telephone surveys. Methods. We calculated the difference between estimates for the full population of adults and estimates for adults with landline phones; data were from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey. Results. When data from landline telephone surveys were weighted to match demographic characteristics of the full population, bias was generally less than 2 percentage points (range=0.1-2.4). However, among young adults and lowincome adults, we found greater bias (range=1.7-5.9) for estimates of health insurance, smoking, binge drinking, influenza vaccination, and having a usual place for care. Conclusions. From 2004 to 2007, the potential for noncoverage bias increased. Bias can be reduced through weighting adjustments. Therefore, telephone surveys limited to landline households may still be appropriate for health surveys of all adults and for surveys of subpopulations regarding health status. However, for some behavioral risk factors and health care service use indicators, caution is warranted when using landline surveys to draw inferences about young or low-income adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152835_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care and social spending in oecd nations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lobb, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1542-1544 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168500 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168500_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning for posttrial access to antiretroviral treatment for research participants in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shah, S. Author-Name: Elmer, S. Author-Name: Grady, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1556-1562 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157982 Abstract: Despite recognition of the importance of posttrial access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the implementation process has not been studied. We examined whether the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidance document was being implemented in NIH-funded ART trials conducted in developing countries between July 2005 and June 2007. All of the 18 studies we identified had posttrial access plans for trial participants. More than 70% had specific mechanisms for posttrial access, but none guaranteed long-term sponsor funding after the trials. The plans reflected variation in local contexts and the uncertainty of predicting local conditions in the long term. The strength of the NIH guidance document may be that it encourages investigators to formulate plans in advance and to work with other stakeholders to provide access to ART. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157982_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical considerations in HIV/AIDS biobehavioral surveys that use respondent-driven sampling: Illustrations from Lebanon Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeJong, J. Author-Name: Mahfoud, Z. Author-Name: Khoury, D. Author-Name: Barbir, F. Author-Name: Afifi, R.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1562-1567 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144832 Abstract: Respondent-driven sampling is especially useful for reaching hidden populations and is increasingly used internationally in public health research, particularly on HIV. Respondent-driven sampling involves peer recruitment and has a dual-incentive structure: both recruiters and their peer recruits are paid. Recent literature focusing on the ethical dimensions of this method in the US context has identified integral safeguards that protect against ethical violations. We analyzed a study of 3 groups in Lebanon who are at risk for HIV (injection drug users, men who have sex with men, female sex workers) and the ethical issues that arose. More explicit attention should be given to ethical issues involved in research implementing respondent-driven sampling of at-risk populations in developing countries, where ethical review mechanisms may be weak. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144832_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Care in the country: A historical case study of long-term sustainability in 4 rural health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wright, D.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1612-1618 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146050 Abstract: From 1978 to 1983, researchers at the University of North Carolina conducted a National Evaluation of Rural Primary Care Programs. Thirty years later, many of the programs they studied have closed, but the challenges of providing rural health care have persisted. I explored the histories of 4 surviving rural primary care programs and identified factors that contributed to their sustainability. These included physician advocates, innovative practices, organizational flexibility, and community integration. As rural health programs look ahead, identifying future generations of physician advocates is a crucial next step in developing the rural primary care workforce. It is also important for these programs to find ways to cope with high rates of staff turnover. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146050_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Farley responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1544 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168666 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168666_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using the constitution to improve prisoner health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eber, G.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1541-1542 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168112 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168112_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The politics of smoking in federal buildings: An executive order case study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cook, D.M. Author-Name: Bero, L.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1588-1595 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151829 Abstract: Executive orders are important presidential tools for health policymaking that are subject to less public scrutiny than are legislation and regulatory rulemaking. President Bill Clinton banned smoking in federal government buildings by executive order in 1997, after the administration of George H.W. Bush had twice considered and abandoned a similar policy. The 1991 and 1993 Bush proposals drew objections from agency heads and labor unions, many coordinated by the tobacco industry. We analyzed internal tobacco industry documents and found that the industry engaged in extensive executive branch lobbying and other political activity surrounding the Clinton smoking ban. Whereas some level of stakeholder politics might have been expected, this policy also featured jockeying among various agencies and the participation of organized labor. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151829_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accountability: The fast lane on the highway to change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Author-Name: Corso, L.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1545 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172957 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172957_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disentangling the influence of socioeconomic status on differences between African American and white women in unmet medical needs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiltshire, J.C. Author-Name: Person, S.D. Author-Name: Kiefe, C.I. Author-Name: Allison, J.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1659-1665 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154088 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to disentangle the relationships between race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and unmet medical care needs. Methods. Data from the 2003-2004 Community Tracking Study Household Survey were used to examine associations between unmet medical needs and SES among African American and White women. Results. No significant racial/ethnic differences in unmet medical needs (24.8% of Whites, 25.9% of African Americans; P=.59) were detected in bivariate analyses. However, among women with 12 years of education or less, African Americans were less likely than were Whites to report unmet needs (odds ratio [OR]=0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.42, 0.79). Relative to African American women with 12 years of education or less, the odds of unmet needs were 1.69 (95% CI=1.24, 2.31) and 2.18 (95% CI=1.25, 3.82) among African American women with 13 to 15 years of education and 16 years of education or more, respectively. In contrast, the relationship between educational level and unmet needs was nonsignificant among White women. Conclusions. Among African American women, the failure to recognize unmet medical needs is related to educational attainment and may be an important driver of health disparities, representing a fruitful area for future interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154088_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using department of Veterans Affairs Health Care, 2002-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seal, K.H. Author-Name: Metzler, T.J. Author-Name: Gima, K.S. Author-Name: Bertenthal, D. Author-Name: Maguen, S. Author-Name: Marmar, C.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1651-1658 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to investigate longitudinal trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Methods. We determined the prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses among 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans entering Veterans Affairs (VA) health care from 2002 to 2008 using national VA data. Results. Of 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, 106 726 (36.9%) received mental health diagnoses; 62 929 (21.8%) were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 50 432 (17.4%) with depression. Adjusted 2-year prevalence rates of PTSD increased 4 to 7 times after the invasion of Iraq. Active duty veterans younger than 25 years had higher rates of PTSD and alcohol and drug use disorder diagnoses compared with active duty veterans older than 40 years (adjusted relative risk=2.0 and 4.9, respectively). Women were at higher risk for depression than were men, but men had over twice the risk for drug use disorders. Greater combat exposure was associated with higher risk for PTSD. Conclusions. Mental health diagnoses increased substantially after the start of the Iraq War among specific subgroups of returned veterans entering VA health care. Early targeted interventions may prevent chronic mental illness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150284_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term effects of repealing the national maximum speed limit in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, L.S. Author-Name: Hedeker, D. Author-Name: Richter, E.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1626-1631 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153726 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the long-term effects of the 1995 repeal of federal speed limit controls on road fatalities and injuries in fatal crashes. Methods. We used a Poisson mixed-regression model to assess changes in the number of fatalities and injuries in fatal crashes between 1995 and 2005 on rural interstates, where all US states have raised speed limits since the repeal, as well as on urban interstates and noninterstate roads, where many states have raised speed limits. Results. We found a 3.2% increase in road fatalities attributable to the raised speed limits on all road types in the United States. The highest increases were on rural interstates (9.1%) and urban interstates (4.0%). We estimated that 12545 deaths (95% confidence interval [CI]=8739, 16352) and 36583 injuries in fatal crashes (95% CI=29322, 43844) were attributable to increases in speed limits across the United States. Conclusions. Reduced speed limits and improved enforcement with speed camera networks could immediately reduce speeds and save lives, in addition to reducing gas consumption, cutting emissions of air pollutants, saving valuable years of productivity, and reducing the cost of motor vehicle crashes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153726_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A plea for cost-effectiveness, or at least avoiding public health malpractice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, L.F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1546-1548 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160853 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160853_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in access to over-the-counter nicotine replacement products in New York City pharmacies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernstein, S.L. Author-Name: Cabral, L. Author-Name: Maantay, J. Author-Name: Peprah, D. Author-Name: Lounsbury, D. Author-Name: Maroko, A. Author-Name: Murphy, M. Author-Name: Shelley, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1699-1704 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149260 Abstract: Objectives. We surveyed the availability of tobacco products and nonprescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in pharmacies in New York City, stratified by the race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) of the surrounding neighborhoods to determine whether disparities in availability existed. Methods. Surveyors visited a random sample of retail pharmacies to record the availability of tobacco products and nonprescription NRT. We used census data and geographic information systems analysis to determine the SES of each neighborhood. We used logistic modeling to explore relations between SES and the availability of NRT and tobacco products. Results. Of 646 pharmacies sampled, 90.8% sold NRT and 46.9% sold cigarettes. NRT and cigarettes were slightly more available in pharmacies in neighborhoods with a higher SES. NRT was more expensive in poorer neighborhoods. Conclusions. Small disparities existed in access to nonprescription NRT and cigarettes. The model did not adequately account for cigarette access, because of availability from other retail outlets. These results may explain some of the excess prevalence of cigarette use in low-SES areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149260_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The long-term health consequences of relationship violence in adulthood: An examination of low-income women from Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hill, T.D. Author-Name: Schroeder, R.D. Author-Name: Bradley, C. Author-Name: Kaplan, L.M. Author-Name: Angel, R.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1645-1650 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151498 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the long-term health consequences of relationship violence in adulthood. Methods. Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project (1999 and 2001), a probability sample of 2402 low-income women with children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; and San Antonio, Texas, we predicted changes in the frequency of intoxication, psychological distress, and self-rated health over 2 years with baseline measures of relationship violence and a host of relevant background variables. Results. Our analyses showed that psychological aggression predicted increases in psychological distress, whereas minor physical assault and sexual coercion predicted increases in the frequency of intoxication. There was no evidence to suggest that relationship violence in adulthood predicted changes in self-rated health. Conclusions. Experiences with relationship violence beyond the formative and developmental years of childhood and adolescence can have far-reaching effects on the health status of disadvantaged urban women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151498_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Menu labeling as a potential strategy for combating the obesity epidemic: A health impact assessment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kuo, T. Author-Name: Jarosz, C.J. Author-Name: Simon, P. Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1680-1686 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153023 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a health impact assessment to quantify the potential impact of a state menu-labeling law on population weight gain in Los Angeles County, California. Methods. We utilized published and unpublished data to model consumer response to point-of-purchase calorie postings at large chain restaurants in Los Angeles County. We conducted sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainty in consumer response and in the total annual revenue, market share, and average meal price of large chain restaurants in the county. Results. Assuming that 10% of the restaurant patrons would order reducedcalorie meals in response to calorie postings, resulting in an average reduction of 100 calories per meal, we estimated that menu labeling would avert 40.6% of the 6.75 million pound average annual weight gain in the county population aged 5 years and older. Substantially larger impacts would be realized if higher percentages of patrons ordered reduced-calorie meals or if average per-meal calorie reductions increased. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that mandated menu labeling could have a sizable salutary impact on the obesity epidemic, even with only modest changes in consumer behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153023_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health, the APHA, and urban renewal Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lopez, R.P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1603-1611 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150136 Abstract: Joint efforts by fi elds of public health in the last decade have advocated use of the built environment to protect health. Past involvement by public health advocates in urban policy, however, has had mixed results. Although public health has signifi cantly contributed to health improvements, its participation in urban renewal activities was problematic. Health advocates and the American Public Health Association produced guidelines that were widely used to declare inner-city areas blighted and provided a scientific justifi cation for demolishing neighborhoods and displacing mostly poor and minority people. Furthermore, health departments failed to uphold their legal responsibility to ensure that relocated families received safe, affordable housing alternatives. These failures have important implications for future health-related work on the built environment and other core public health activities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150136_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Carbon monoxide epidemic among immigrant populations: King County, Washington, 2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gulati, R.K. Author-Name: Kwan-Gett, T. Author-Name: Hampson, N.B. Author-Name: Baer, A. Author-Name: Shusterman, D. Author-Name: Shandro, J.R. Author-Name: Duchin, J.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1687-1692 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143222 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated an outbreak of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning after a power outage to determine its extent, identify risk factors, and develop prevention measures. Methods. We reviewed medical records and medical examiner reports of patients with CO poisoning or related symptoms during December 15 to 24, 2006. We grouped patients into households exposed concurrently to a single source of CO. Results. Among 259 patients with CO poisoning, 204 cases were laboratory confirmed, 37 were probable, 10 were suspected, and 8 were fatal. Of 86 households studied, 58% (n=50) were immigrant households from Africa (n=21), Asia (n=15), Latin America (n=10), and the Middle East (n=4); 34% (n=29) were US-born households. One percent of households was European (n=1), and the origin for 7% (n=6) was unknown. Charcoal was the most common fuel source used among immigrant households (82%), whereas liquid fuel was predominant among US-born households (34%). Conclusions. Educational campaigns to prevent CO poisoning should consider immigrants' cultural practices and languages and specifically warn against burning charcoal indoors and incorrect ventilation of gasoline- or propane-powered electric generators. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143222_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding bureaucracy in health science ethics: Toward a better institutional review board Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bozeman, B. Author-Name: Slade, C. Author-Name: Hirsch, P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1549-1556 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152389 Abstract: Research involving human participants continues to grow dramatically, fueled by advances in medical technology, globalization of research, and financial and professional incentives. This creates increasing opportunities for ethical errors with devastating effects. The typical professional and policy response to calamities involving human participants in research is to layer on more ethical guidelines or strictures. We used a recent case - the Johns Hopkins University/Kennedy Kreiger Institute Lead Paint Study - to examine lessons learned since the Tuskegee Syphilis Study about the role of institutionalized science ethics in the protection of human participants in research. We address the role of the institutional review board as the focal point for policy attention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152389_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Novice drivers' risky driving behavior, risk perception, and crash risk: Findings from the DRIVE study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ivers, R. Author-Name: Senserrick, T. Author-Name: Boufous, S. Author-Name: Stevenson, M. Author-Name: Chen, H.-Y. Author-Name: Woodward, M. Author-Name: Norton, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1638-1644 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150367 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the risky driving behaviors and risk perceptions of a cohort of young novice drivers and sought to determine their associations with crash risk. Methods. Provisional drivers aged 17 to 24 (n=20822) completed a detailed questionnaire that included measures of risk perception and behaviors; 2 years following recruitment, survey data were linked to licensing and police-reported crash data. Poisson regression models that adjusted for multiple confounders were created to explore crash risk. Results. High scores on questionnaire items for risky driving were associated with a 50% increased crash risk (adjusted relative risk=1.51; 95% confidence interval=1.25, 1.81). High scores for risk perception (poorer perceptions of safety) were also associated with increased crash risk in univariate and multivariate models; however, significance was not sustained after adjustment for risky driving. Conclusions. The overrepresentation of youths in crashes involving casualties is a significant public health issue. Risky driving behavior is strongly linked to crash risk among young drivers and overrides the importance of risk perceptions. Systemwide intervention, including licensing reform, is warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150367_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Percent total attrition: A poor metric for study rigor in hosted intervention designs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Amico, K.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1567-1575 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134767 Abstract: Health behavior interventions delivered at point of service include those that yoke an intervention protocol with existing systems of care (e.g., clinical care, social work, or case management). Though beneficial in a number of ways, such "hosted'" intervention studies may be unable to retain participants that specifically discontinue their use of the hosting service. In light of recent practices that use percent total attrition as indicative of methodological flaws, hosted interventions targeting hard-to-reach populations may be excluded from consideration in effective intervention compendiums or research synthesis because of high attrition rates that may in fact be secondary to the natural flow of service use or unrelated to differential attrition or internal design flaws. Better methods to characterize rigor are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134767_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving service delivery in a county health department WIC clinic: An application of statistical process control techniques Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boe, D.T. Author-Name: Riley, W. Author-Name: Parsons, H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1619-1625 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138289 Abstract: Local public health agencies are challenged to continually improve service delivery, yet they frequently operate with constrained resources. Quality improvement methods and techniques such as statistical process control are commonly used in other industries, and they have recently been proposed as a means of improving service delivery and performance in public health settings. We analyzed a quality improvement project undertaken at a local Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic to reduce waiting times and improve client satisfaction with a walk-in nutrition education service. We used statistical process control techniques to evaluate initial process performance, implement an intervention, and assess process improvements. We found that implementation of these techniques significantly reduced waiting time and improved clients' satisfaction with the WIC service. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138289_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An account of collective actions in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegal, G. Author-Name: Siegal, N. Author-Name: Bonnie, R.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1583-1587 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152629 Abstract: Aggregated health decisions by individuals are of paramount importance to public health professionals and policymakers, especially in situations where collective participation is a prerequisite for achieving an important public health goal such as herd immunity. In such circumstances, concerted action often falls short of the common good through lack of sufficient participation. Collective action problems are traditionally attributed to rational egoists seeking to promote their interests and enjoy a "free ride." We call attention, however, to the behavioral features of collective action and their implications for solving public health policy problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152629_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incentives to encourage participation in the national public health accreditation model: A systematic investigation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, M.V. Author-Name: Cannon, M.M. Author-Name: Corso, L. Author-Name: Lenaway, D. Author-Name: Baker, E.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1705-1711 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151118 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify the incentives most likely to encourage voluntary participation in the national public health accreditation model. Methods. We reviewed existing incentives, held meetings with key informants, and conducted a survey of state and local public health agency representatives. The survey was sent to all state health departments and a sample of local health departments. Group-specific differences in survey responses were examined. Results. Survey response rates were 51% among state health department representatives and 49% among local health department representatives. Both state health department and local health department respondents rated financial incentives for accredited agencies, financial incentives for agencies considering accreditation, and infrastructure and quality improvement as important incentives. State health department respondents also indicated that grant administration and grant application would encourage their participation in the national accreditation model, and local health department respondents also noted that technical assistance and training would encourage their participation. Conclusions. Incentives to encourage participation of state and local agencies in the national voluntary accreditation model should include financial support as well as support for agency infrastructure and quality improvements. Several initiatives are already under way to support agency infrastructure and quality improvement, but financial support incentives have yet to be developed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151118_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examination of the relationship between oncology drug labeling revision frequency and FDA product categorization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berlin, R.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1693-1698 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141010 Abstract: Objectives. I examined the relationship between the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) use of special regulatory designations and the frequency with which labels of oncology drugs are revised to explore how the FDA's designation of products relates to product development and refinement. Methods. One hundred oncology drugs, designated by the FDA as accelerated approval, priority review, orphan drug, or traditional review, were identified from publicly available information. Drug information for each product was evaluated to assess the rate at which manufacturers revised product labeling. Rates were compared between specially categorized products and traditional review products (e.g., orphan vs nonorphan drugs) to produce revision rate ratios for each special category. Results. Labeling for accelerated approval and priority review products are revised significantly more frequently than are labels for traditional products. Conclusions. Accelerated approval products are approved based on surrogate endpoints; this approval process anticipates subsequent labeling refinement. Priority review products, however, are approved through a process that is ostensibly as rigorous as traditional review. Their higher than expected label revision rate may suggest deficiencies in the FDA's current priority review evaluation processes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141010_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding evidence-based public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Author-Name: Chriqui, J.F. Author-Name: Stamatakis, K.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1576-1583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156224 Abstract: Public health policy has a profound impact on health status. Missing from the literature is a clear articulation of the definition of evidence-based policy and approaches to move the field forward. Policy-relevant evidence includes both quantitative (e.g., epidemiological) and qualitative information (e.g., narrative accounts). We describe 3 key domains of evidence-based policy: (1) process, to understand approaches to enhance the likelihood of policy adoption; (2) content, to identify specific policy elements that are likely to be effective; and (3) outcomes, to document the potential impact of policy. Actions to further evidence-based policy include preparing and communicating data more effectively, using existing analytic tools more effectively, conducting policy surveillance, and tracking outcomes with different types of evidence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156224_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Everywhere the soldier will be": Wartime tobacco promotion in the us military Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, E.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1595-1602 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152983 Abstract: Deployment of young Americans in military engagements places them at increased risk for not only war hazards but also tobacco addiction and disease. Tobacco use diminishes troop health and readiness, and increases medical and training costs. Military tobacco control efforts began in 1986, yet tobacco use remains high. To determine whether and how the tobacco industry targets military personnel in wartime, we analyzed internal industry documents about the Gulf War (1990-1991) and constructed a historical case study. During this conflict, tobacco companies targeted troops with free cigarettes, direct advertising, branded items, ways to communicate with family, and "welcome home" events. Military authorities sometimes restricted this activity, but frequently enabled it; tobacco companies were regarded as benefactors. Considering tobacco use a benefit undermines military health priorities. Stronger policy is needed to reframe tobacco use as incompatible with military ideals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152983_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rice and Anderson respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, T.M. Author-Name: Anderson, C.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1541 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168427 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168427_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women's preferences for place of delivery in rural Tanzania: A population-based discrete choice experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kruk, M.E. Author-Name: Paczkowski, M. Author-Name: Mbaruku, G. Author-Name: De Pinho, H. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1666-1672 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146209 Abstract: Objectives. We fielded a population-based discrete choice experiment (DCE) in rural western Tanzania, where only one third of women deliver children in a health facility, to evaluate health-system factors that influence women's delivery decisions. Methods. Women were shown choice cards that described 2 hypothetical health centers by means of 6 attributes (distance, cost, type of provider, attitude of provider, drugs and equipment, free transport). The women were then asked to indicate which of the 2 facilities they would prefer to use for a future delivery. We used a hierarchical Bayes procedure to estimate individual and mean utility parameters. Results. A total of 1203 women completed the DCE. The model showed good predictive validity for actual facility choice. The most important facility attributes were a respectful provider attitude and availability of drugs and medical equipment. Policy simulations suggested that if these attributes were improved at existing facilities, the proportion of women preferring facility delivery would rise from 43% to 88%. Conclusions. In regions in which attended delivery rates are low despite availability of primary care facilities, policy experiments should test the effect of targeted quality improvements on facility use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146209_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental characteristics associated with pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Denver, Colorado Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sebert Kuhlmann, A.K. Author-Name: Brett, J. Author-Name: Thomas, D. Author-Name: Sain, S.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1632-1637 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131961 Abstract: Objectives. We examined patterns of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions and associated environmental characteristics in Denver, Colorado. Methods. We integrated publicly available data on motor vehicle collisions, liquor licenses, land use, and sociodemographic characteristics to analyze spatial patterns and other characteristics of collisions involving pedestrians. We developed both linear and spatially weighted regression models of these collisions. Results. Spatial analysis revealed global clustering of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions with concentrations in downtown, in a contiguous neighborhood, and along major arterial streets. Walking to work, population density, and liquor license outlet density all contributed significantly to both linear and spatial models of collisions involving pedestrians and were each significantly associated with these collisions. Conclusions. These models, constructed with data from Denver, identified conditions that likely contribute to patterns of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. Should these models be verified elsewhere, they will have implications for future research directions, public policy to enhance pedestrian safety, and public health programs aimed at decreasing unintentional injury from pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions and promoting walking as a routine physical activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131961_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Child restraint systems for young children during motor vehicle collisions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elliott, M.R. Author-Name: Kallan, M.J. Author-Name: Durbin, D.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1540-1541 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166421 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166421_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimated autism risk and older reproductive age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, M.D. Author-Name: Fountain, C. Author-Name: Dakhlallah, D. Author-Name: Bearman, P.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1673-1679 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149021 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to estimate the risk for autism associated with maternal and paternal age across successive birth cohorts. Methods. We linked birth records and autism diagnostic records from the California Department of Developmental Services for children born in California between 1992 and 2000 to calculate the risk associated with maternal and paternal age for each birth cohort as well as for the pooled data. Results. The categorical risks associated with maternal age over 40 years ranged from a high of 1.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.37, 2.47) to a low of 1.27 (95% CI=0.95, 1.69). The risk associated with paternal age ranged from 1.29 (95% CI=1.03, 1.6) to 1.71 (95% CI=1.41, 2.08). Conclusions. Pooling data across multiple birth cohorts inflates the risk associated with paternal age. Analyses that do not suffer from problems produced by pooling across birth cohorts demonstrated that advanced maternal age, rather than paternal age, may pose greater risk. Future research examining parental age as a risk factor must be careful to avoid the paradoxes that can arise from pooling data, particularly during periods of social demographic change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149021_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wilper et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilper, A.P. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 9 Pages: 1542 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168658 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168658_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondhand smoke in Pennsylvania casinos: A study of nonsmokers' exposure, dose, and risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Repace, J.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1478-1485 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241 Abstract: Objectives. I assessed air pollution, ventilation, and nonsmokers' risk from secondhand smoke (SHS) in Pennsylvania casinos exempted from a statewide smoke-free workplace law. Methods. I measured respirable suspended particles (RSPs), particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs), and carbon dioxide inside and outside casinos; measured changes in patrons' urine cotinine after casino visits; and assessed SHS impact on workers and patrons, using exposure-response models, air quality standards, and odor and irritation thresholds. Results. PPAH and RSP concentrations in casinos were, on average, 4 and 6 times, respectively, that of outdoor levels despite generous ventilation and low smoking prevalence. SHS infiltrated into nonsmoking gaming areas. Patrons' urine cotinine increased 1.9 ng/mL on average after about 4-hour visits. Conclusions. SHS-induced heart disease and lung cancer will cause an estimated 6 Pennsylvania casino workers' deaths annually per 10000 at risk, 5-fold the death rate from Pennsylvania mining disasters. Casinos should not be exempt from smoke-free workplace laws. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146241_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical and ethical considerations in managing carrier detection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ross, L.F. Author-Name: Clayton, E.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1348-1349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161554 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161554_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in recorded influenza mortality: United States, 1900-2004 (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (939-945) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doshi, P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1353-1354 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119933e_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work injury risk among young people with learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Breslin, F.C. Author-Name: Pole, J.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1423-1430 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140855 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to gain a better understanding of the relationship between learning disabilities, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and risk of occupational injury among young workers. Methods. We assessed 15- to 24-year-old workers (n=14379) from cycle 2.1 of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). We gathered data on demographic characteristics, work-related factors, and presence of learning disabilities or ADHD. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess occurrences of medically attended work injuries. Results. There was an 89% adjusted increase in work injury risk among workers with self-reported dyslexia (a type of learning disability) relative to workers reporting no learning disabilities, although this result did not meet traditional statistical significance criteria. Being out of school, either with or without a high school diploma, was associated with a significantly increased risk of work injury, even after control for a number of demographic and work-related variables. Conclusions. Our findings underscore the notion that individual differences salient in the education system (e.g., learning disabilities, school dropout) need to be integrated into conceptual models of injury risk among young workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140855_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pathways to and from homelessness and associated psychosocial outcomes among adolescents leaving the foster care system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fowler, P.J. Author-Name: Toro, P.A. Author-Name: Miles, B.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1453-1458 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142547 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the prevalence and nature of housing problems among adolescents leaving foster care because of their age to provide evidence that can inform public and programmatic policies designed to prevent homelessness. Methods. Housing and psychosocial outcomes in a sample of 265 adolescents who left the foster care system in 2002 and 2003 in a large midwestern metropolitan area were evaluated over a 2-year follow-up period. Analyses focused on identifying latent housing trajectory categories across the first 2 years after participants' exit from foster care. Results. Findings revealed 4 latent housing classifications. Most participants (57%) had experienced stable housing situations since their exit from foster care. Those in the remaining 3 categories endured housing problems, and 20% were chronically homeless during the follow-up period. Housing instability was related to emotional and behavioral problems, physical and sexual victimization, criminal conviction, and high school dropout. Conclusions. Adolescents in foster care are at considerable risk of homelessness. Preventive initiatives can reduce homelessness in this population by implementing improved foster care programming and developing empirically informed interventions targeting foster care adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142547_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social conditions and health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stover, G.N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1355 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170175 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170175_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indoor residual spraying of DDT for malaria control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hsi, H.C. Author-Name: Chen, A.L.-T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1350-1351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163717 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163717_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Structural and social contexts of HIV risk among African Americans (American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99, (1002-1008) doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, S.R. Author-Name: Cooper, H.L.F. Author-Name: Osborne, A.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327e_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: O'Shaughnessy responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Shaughnessy, P.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164038 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164038_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of heterosexual anal intercourse among at-risk adolescents and young adults (American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99, (1131-1136) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lescano, C.M. Author-Name: Houck, C.D. Author-Name: Brown, L.K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752e_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence, characteristics, and associated health and health care of family homelessness among fifth-grade students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coker, T.R. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Kanouse, D.E. Author-Name: Grunbaum, J.A. Author-Name: Gilliland, M.J. Author-Name: Tortolero, S.R. Author-Name: Cuccaro, P. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1446-1452 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147785 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the lifetime prevalence and associated health-related concerns of family homelessness among fifth-grade students. Methods. We used a population-based, cross-sectional survey of 5147 fifth-grade students in 3 US cities to analyze parent-reported measures of family homelessness, child health status, health care access and use, and emotional, developmental, and behavioral health and child-reported measures of health-related quality of life and exposure to violence. Results. Seven percent of parents reported that they and their child had experienced homelessness (i.e., staying in shelters, cars, or on the street). Black children and children in the poorest families had the highest prevalence of homelessness (11%). In adjusted analyses, most general health measures were similar for children who had and had not been homeless. Children who had ever experienced homelessness were more likely to have an emotional, behavioral, or developmental problem (odds ratio [OR]=1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1, 2.6; P=.01), to have received mental health care (OR=2.2; 95% CI=1.6, 3.2; P<.001), and to have witnessed serious violence with a knife (OR=1.6; 95% CI=1.1, 2.3; P=.007) than were children who were never homeless. Conclusions. Family homelessness affects a substantial minority of fifth-grade children and may have an impact on their emotional, developmental, and behavioral health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147785_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: AAJPH endorsement of transparency, clarity, and rigor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1356-1359 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154609 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154609_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking affects womens' sex hormone-regulated body form Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pölkki, M. Author-Name: Rantala, M.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1350 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163485 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163485_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender-specific correlates of incarceration among marginally housed individuals in San Francisco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weiser, S.D. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Author-Name: Comfort, M.L. Author-Name: Dilworth, S.E. Author-Name: Cohen, J. Author-Name: Tulsky, J.P. Author-Name: Riley, E.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1459-1463 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141655 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed how different patterns of housing instability affect incarceration and whether correlates of incarceration are gender specific. Methods. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess associations between patterns of housing instability and recent jail stays among a reproducible sample of 1175 marginally housed adults in San Francisco, California. Results. Over the previous year, 71% of men and 21% of women in the sample reported jail stays. Among women, long-term single-room occupancy hotel stays (>90 days) were protective for incarceration. Stays in the street were associated with incarceration among both genders, but among men, short-term (i.e., ≤90 days) street stays were associated with the highest odds of incarceration, and among women, long-term street stays were most correlated with incarceration. Sex trade increased the odds of incarceration among men only; recent drug use was associated with incarceration among both genders. Conclusions. Correlates of incarceration differed by gender, and patterns of housing instability differentially affected incarceration for men and women. Policies to improve housing options and drug treatment for the urban poor are critical to breaking the cycle of incarceration and homelessness and improving health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141655_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Political economy of US states and rates of fatal occupational injury Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Loomis, D. Author-Name: Schulman, M.D. Author-Name: Bailer, A.J. Author-Name: Stainback, K. Author-Name: Wheeler, M. Author-Name: Richardson, D.B. Author-Name: Marshall, S.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1400-1408 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131409 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the extent to which the political economy of US states, including the relative power of organized labor, predicts rates of fatal occupational injury. Methods. We described states' political economies with 6 contextual variables measuring social and political conditions: "right-to-work" laws, union membership density, labor grievance rates, state government debt, unemployment rates, and social wage payments. We obtained data on fatal occupational injuries from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality surveillance system and population data from the US national census. We used Poisson regression methods to analyze relationships for the years 1980 and 1995. Results. States differed notably with respect to political-economic characteristics and occupational fatality rates, although these characteristics were more homogeneous within rather than between regions. Industry and workforce composition contributed significantly to differences in state injury rates, but political-economic characteristics of states were also significantly associated with injury rates, after adjustment accounting for those factors. Conclusions. Higher rates of fatal occupational injury were associated with a state policy climate favoring business over labor, with distinct regional clustering of such state policies in the South and Northeast. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131409_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sensory impairment among older US workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davila, E.P. Author-Name: Caban-Martinez, A.J. Author-Name: Muennig, P. Author-Name: Lee, D.J. Author-Name: Fleming, L.E. Author-Name: Ferraro, K.F. Author-Name: LeBlanc, W.G. Author-Name: Lam, B.L. Author-Name: Arheart, K.L. Author-Name: McCollister, K.E. Author-Name: Zheng, D. Author-Name: Christ, S.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1378-1385 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141630 Abstract: We used 1997-2004 National Health Interview Survey data to evaluate the prevalence of sensory impairment among US workers 65 years and older. Hearing impairment prevalence was 3 times that of visual impairment (33.4% vs 10.2%), and 38% of older workers reported experiencing either impairment. Farm operators, mechanics, and motor vehicle operators had the highest prevalence of sensory impairment. Workplace screening and accommodations, including sensory protection devices for older workers, are warranted given the greater risk for injuries among the sensory impaired. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141630_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the legal and ethical preparedness of master of public health graduates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Agee, B. Author-Name: Gimbel, R.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1505-1509 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133173 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the relationship between the preparedness of master of public health (MPH) graduates in public health law and ethics and their completion of courses in these areas. Methods. We reviewed accredited public health schools and programs to assess the Sof required and elective courses in law and ethics. In addition, we conducted an Internet-based scenario survey of MPH graduates. Survey results were analyzed, and relationships between scenario responses and completion of law and ethics courses were assessed. Results. Of the 93 programs and schools reviewed, 14% required a course in ethics and 16% required a course in law. The majority (range=55%-76%) of the survey respondents indicated being "prepared" or "very prepared" for each of the 9 public health scenarios. There were no significant relationships between scenario responses and completion of an ethics course. Responses to 2 scenarios (one involving food code violations and one involving a prison population) were significantly related to participants' completion of a course in law. Conclusions. Few public health schools and programs require graduate courses in ethics and law. Most MPH graduates report being prepared to address public health challenges. Additional research is necessary to improve techniques for measuring preparedness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133173_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of failing to include hard-to-reach respondents in longitudinal surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Odierna, D.H. Author-Name: Schmidt, L.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1515-1521 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.111138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.111138 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether failure to locate hard-to-reach respondents in longitudinal studies causes biased and inaccurate study results. Methods. We performed a nonresponse simulation in a survey of 498 low-income women who received cash aid in a California county. Our simulation was based on a previously published analysis that found that women without children who applied for General Assistance experienced more violence than did women with children who applied for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. We compared hard-to-reach respondents whom we reinterviewed only after extended follow-up effort 12 months after baseline with other respondents. We then removed these hard-to-reach respondents from our analysis. Results. Other than having a greater prevalence of substance dependence (14% vs 6%), there were no significant differences between hard- and easy-to-reach respondents. However, excluding the hard to reach would have decreased response rates from 89% to 71% and nullified the findings, a result that did not stem primarily from reduced statistical power. Conclusions. The effects of failure to retain hard-to-reach respondents are not predicable based on respondent characteristics. Retention of these respondents should be a priority in public health research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.111138_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Carrier detection and clinical uncertainty: The case for public health ethics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, F.A. Author-Name: Hayeems, R.Z. Author-Name: Robert, J.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1349-1350 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162008 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162008_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in cigarette use and nicotine dependence in the United States: Evidence from the 2001-2002 wave of the national epidemiologic survey of alcoholism and related conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodwin, R.D. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hasin, D.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1471-1477 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127886 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the roles of gender and poverty in cigarette use and nicotine dependence among adults in the United States. Methods. Our data were drawn from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiological Survey of Alcoholism and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of US adults 18 years and older. Results. The overall rate of cigarette use declined between 1964 and 2002. Nicotine dependence does not appear to have declined overall, and there is evidence that nicotine dependence has increased among women in recent cohorts. The odds of nicotine dependence among cigarette users appear to have increased significantly in recent cohorts. Conclusions. Despite recent declines in cigarette use, the prevalence of nicotine dependence has increased among some groups and has remained steady overall, which may be hampering public health initiatives to reduce cigarette use. Efforts to study or curb cigarette use should therefore take nicotine dependence into account. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127886_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The limits of collaboration: A qualitative study of community ethical review of environmental health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGrath, M.M. Author-Name: Fullilove, R.E. Author-Name: Kaufman, M.R. Author-Name: Wallace, R. Author-Name: Fullilove, M.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1510-1514 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149310 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of various systems of community participation in ethical review of environmental health research. Methods. We used situation analysis methods and a global workspace theoretical framework to conduct comparative case studies of 3 research organizations at 1 medical center. Results. We found a general institutional commitment to community review as well as personal commitment from some participants in the process. However, difficulty in communicating across divides of knowledge and privilege created serious gaps in implementation, leaving research vulnerable to validity threats (such as misinterpretation of findings) and communities vulnerable to harm. The methods used in each collaboration solved some, but not all, of the problems that hindered communication. Conclusions. Researchers, community spokespersons, and institutional review boards constitute organizational groups with strong internal ties and highly developed cultures. Few cross-linkages and little knowledge of each other cause significant distortion of information and other forms of miscommunication between groups. Our data suggest that organizations designed to protect human volunteers are in the best position to take the lead in implementing community review. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149310_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: First-trimester working conditions and birthweight: A prospective cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vrijkotte, T.G.M. Author-Name: Van Der Wal, M.F. Author-Name: Van Eijsden, M. Author-Name: Bonsel, G.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1409-1416 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138412 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between women's first-trimester working conditions and infant birthweight. Methods. Pregnant women (N=8266) participating in the Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development study completed a questionnaire gathering information on employment and working conditions. After exclusions, 7135 women remained in our analyses. Low birthweight and delivery of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant were the main outcome measures. Results. After adjustment, a workweek of 32 hours or more (mean birthweight decrease of 43 g) and high job strain (mean birthweight decrease of 72 g) were significantly associated with birthweight. Only high job strain increased the risk of delivering an SGA infant (odds ratio [OR]=1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.1, 2.2). After adjustment, the combination of high job strain and a long workweek resulted in the largest birthweight reduction (150 g) and the highest risk of delivering an SGA infant (OR=2.0; 95% CI=1.2, 3.2). Conclusions. High levels of job strain during early pregnancy are associated with reduced birthweight and an increased risk of delivering an SGA infant, particularly if mothers work 32 or more hours per week. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138412_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of a prekindergarten educational intervention on adult health: 37-Year follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muennig, P. Author-Name: Schweinhart, L. Author-Name: Montie, J. Author-Name: Neidell, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1431-1437 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148353 Abstract: Objectives. We used 37 years of follow-up data from a randomized controlled trial to explore the linkage between an early educational intervention and adult health. Methods. We analyzed data from the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program (PPP), an early school-based intervention in which 123 children were randomized to a prekindergarten education group or a control group. In addition to exploring the effects of the program on health behavioral risk factors and health outcomes, we examined the extent to which educational attainment, income, family environment, and health insurance access mediated the relationship between randomization to PPP and behavioral and health outcomes. Results. The PPP led to improvements in educational attainment, health insurance, income, and family environment Improvements in these domains, in turn, lead to improvements in an array of behavioral risk factors and health (P=.01). However, despite these reductions in behavioral risk factors, participants did not exhibit any overall improvement in physical health outcomes by the age of 40 years. Conclusions. Early education reduces health behavioral risk factors by enhancing educational attainment, health insurance coverage, income, and family environments. Further follow-up will be needed to determine the long-term health effects of PPP. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148353_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using sickness absence records to predict future depression in a working population: Prospective findings from the GAZEL cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Melchior, M. Author-Name: Ferrie, J.E. Author-Name: Alexanderson, K. Author-Name: Goldberg, M. Author-Name: Kivimaki, M. Author-Name: Singh-Manoux, A. Author-Name: Vahtera, J. Author-Name: Westerlund, H. Author-Name: Zins, M. Author-Name: Head, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1417-1422 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142273 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that sickness absence from work predicts workers' risk of later depression. Methods. Study participants (n=7391) belonged to the French GAZEL cohort of employees of the national gas and electricity company. Sickness absence data (1996-1999)wereobtainedfromcompany records.Participants'depressionin 1996 and 1999 was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. The analyses were controlled for baseline age, gender, marital status, occupational grade, tobacco smoking status, alcohol consumption, sub-threshold depressive symptoms, and work stress. Results. Among workers who were free of depression in 1996, 13% had depression in 1999. Compared with workers with no sickness absence during the study period, those with sickness absence were more likely to be depressed at follow-up (for 1 period of sickness absence, fully adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.28, 1.82; for 2 or more periods, fully adjusted OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.61, 2.36). Future depression was predicted both by psychiatric and nonpsychiatric sickness absence (fully adjusted OR=3.79 [95% CI=2.81, 5.10] and 1.41 [95% CI=1.21, 1.65], respectively). Conclusions. Sickness absence records may help identify workers vulnerable to future depression. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142273_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Noise levels associated with New York City's mass transit systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neitzel, R. Author-Name: Gershon, R.R.M. Author-Name: Zeltser, M. Author-Name: Canton, A. Author-Name: Akram, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1393-1399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138297 Abstract: Objectives. We measured noise levels associated with various forms of mass transit and compared them to exposure guidelines designed to protect against noise-induced hearing loss. Methods. We used noise dosimetry to measure time-integrated noise levels in a representative sample of New York City mass transit systems (subways, buses, ferries, tramway, and commuter railways) aboard transit vehicles and at vehicle boarding platforms or terminals during June and July 2007. Results. Of the transit types evaluated, subway cars and platforms had the highest associated equivalent continuous average (Leq) and maximum noise levels. All transit types had Leq levels appreciably above 70 A-weighted decibels, the threshold at which noise-induced hearing loss is considered possible. Conclusions. Mass transit noise exposure has the potential to exceed limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency and thus cause noise-induced hearing loss among riders of all forms of mass transit given sufficient exposure durations. Environmental noise-control efforts in mass transit and, in cases in which controls are infeasible, the use of personal hearing protection would benefit the ridership's hearing health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138297_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Surveillance of antituberculosis drug resistance among children from the Western Cape Province of South Africa - An upward trend Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schaaf, H.S. Author-Name: Marais, B.J. Author-Name: Hesseling, A.C. Author-Name: Brittle, W. Author-Name: Donald, P.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1486-1490 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143271 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of antituberculosis drug resistance among children with tuberculosis (TB) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Methods. Drug susceptibility testing for isoniazid and rifampin was prospectively done on all children with culture-confirmed TB at Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, from March 2005 through February 2007. Survey results were compared with results from 2 previous surveys. Results. We found 291 children had culture-confirmed TB. Resistance to isoniazid or rifampin increased from 21 of 306 (6.9%) to 41 of 319 (12.9%) and 43 of 285 (15.1%) in the first to third surveys (P=.005) and multidrug resistance from 7 of 306 (2.3%) to 18 of 319 (5.6%) and 19 of 285 (6.7%; P=.033). Although previously treated children had significantly more drug resistance than did new TB cases (19 of 66 [28.8%] vs 24 of 225 [10.7%]; odds ratio=3.39; 95% confidence interval=1.62, 7.05), evidence suggests transmission rather than acquisition of resistance. HIV infection was not significantly associated with drug resistance. Conclusions. Results indicate a high and rising prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance among children in the Western Cape, which suggests ongoing transmission of drug-resistant strains within the community. Improved control of TB in adults, including early identification and treatment of drug-resistant cases, is necessary to reduce transmission to children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143271_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of a social and character development program to prevent substance use, violent behaviors, and sexual activity among elementary-school students in Hawaii Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beets, M.W. Author-Name: Flay, B.R. Author-Name: Vuchinich, S. Author-Name: Snyder, F.J. Author-Name: Acock, A. Author-Name: Li, K.-K. Author-Name: Burns, K. Author-Name: Washburn, I.J. Author-Name: Durlak, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1438-1445 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142919 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of a 5-year trial of a comprehensive school-based program designed to prevent substance use, violent behaviors, and sexual activity among elementary-school students. Methods. We used a matched-pair, cluster-randomized, controlled design, with 10 intervention schools and 10 control schools. Fifth-graders (N=1714) selfreported on lifetime substance use, violence, and voluntary sexual activity. Teachers of participant students reported on student (N=1225) substance use and violence. Results. Two-level random-effects count models (with students nested within schools) indicated that student-reported substance use (rate ratio [RR]=0.41; 90% confidence interval [CI]=0.25, 0.66) and violence (RR=0.42; 90% CI=0.24, 0.73) were significantly lower for students attending intervention schools. A 2-level random-effects binary model indicated that sexual activity was lower (odds ratio=0.24; 90% CI=0.08, 0.66) for intervention students. Teacher reports substantiated the effects seen for student-reported data. Dose-response analyses indicated that students exposed to the program for at least 3 years had significantly lower rates of all negative behaviors. Conclusions. Risk-related behaviors were substantially reduced for students who participated in the program, providing evidence that a comprehensive school-based program can have a strong beneficial effect on student behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142919_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of alcohol tax increases on alcohol-related disease mortality in Alaska: Time-series analyses from 1976 to 2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Author-Name: Maldonado-Molina, M.M. Author-Name: Wagenaar, B.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1464-1470 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326 Abstract: Objective. We evaluated the effects of tax increases on alcoholic beverages in 1983 and 2002 on alcohol-related disease mortality in Alaska. Methods. We used a quasi-experimental design with quarterly measures of mortality from 1976 though 2004, and we included other states for comparison. Our statistical approach combined an autoregressive integrated moving average model with structural parameters in interrupted time-series models. Results. We observed statistically significant reductions in the numbers and rates of deaths caused by alcohol-related disease beginning immediately after the 1983 and 2002 alcohol tax increases in Alaska. In terms of effect size, the reductions were -29% (Cohen's d=-0.57) and -11% (Cohen's d=-0.52) for the 2 tax increases. Statistical tests of temporary-effect models versus long-termeffect models showed little dissipation of the effect over time. Conclusions. Increases in alcohol excise tax rates were associated with immediate and sustained reductions in alcohol-related disease mortality in Alaska. Reductions in mortality occurred after 2 tax increases almost 20 years apart. Taxing alcoholic beverages is an effective public health strategy for reducing the burden of alcohol-related disease. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial targeting of sexual violence in Darfur Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagan, J. Author-Name: Rymond-Richmond, W. Author-Name: Palloni, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1386-1392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141119 Abstract: Objectives. We used the Atrocities Documentation Survey to determine whether Sudanese government forces were involved in racially targeting sexual victimization toward ethnically African women in the Darfur region of western Sudan. Methods. The US State Department conducted the survey by interviewing a randomized multistage probability sample of 1136 Darfur refugees at 20 sites in Chad in 2004. For a subset of 932 respondents who had fled from village clusters that accounted for 15 or more respondents per cluster, we used hierarchical linear models to analyze village-level patterns of reported sexual violence. We statistically controlled for individual sexual victimization to remove bias. Results. Respondents reported being subjected to racial epithets associated with sexual victimization significantly more often during combined attacks by Sudanese government forces and Janjaweed militia forces than during separate attacks by either force. Conclusions. Combined attacks by Sudanese government forces and Janjaweed militia forces led to racial epithets being used more often during sexual victimization in Darfur. Our results suggest that the Sudanese government is participating in the use of sexual assault as a racially targeted weapon against ethnically African civilians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141119_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons learned from Chicago's emergency response to mass evacuations caused by Hurricane Katrina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Broz, D. Author-Name: Levin, E.C. Author-Name: Mucha, A.P. Author-Name: Pelzel, D. Author-Name: Wong, W. Author-Name: Persky, V.W. Author-Name: Hershow, R.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1496-1504 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126680 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the response of the Chicago Department of Public Health with respect to its effectiveness in providing health care to Hurricane Katrina evacuees arriving in the city. Methods. Between September 12 and October 21, 2005, we conducted a realtime qualitative assessment of a medical unit in Chicago's Hurricane Victim Welcome and Relief Center. A semistructured guide was used to interview 33 emergency responders in an effort to identify key operational successes and failures. Results. The medical unit functioned at a relatively high level, primarily as a result of the flexibility, creativity, and dedication of its staff and the presence of strong leadership. Chronic health care services and prescription refills were the most commonly mentioned services provided, and collaboration with a national pharmacy proved instrumental in reconstructing medication histories. The lack of a comprehensive and well-communicated emergency response plan resulted in several preventable inefficiencies. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the need for improved planning for care of evacuee populations after a major emergency event and the importance of ensuring continuity of care for the most vulnerable. We provide an emergency response preparedness checklist for local public health departments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126680_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic inequalities in hearing loss: The HUNT study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Helvik, A.-S. Author-Name: Krokstad, S. Author-Name: Tambs, K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1376-1378 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133215 Abstract: We assessed socioeconomic position and hearing loss in a Norwegian population of 17593 men and women aged 30-54 years in 1984 to 1986 who were followed for 11 years. We used analysis of variance, logistic regression, and population-attributable fraction analyses to examine associations. Significant socioeconomic inequalities in hearing loss were found among men. Adjusted odds ratios for hearing loss were approximately 1.3 to 1.9 for semi- and unskilled manual workers compared with participants with high occupational class. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133215_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influences of cross-border mobility on tuberculosis diagnoses and treatment interruption among injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deiss, R. Author-Name: Garfein, R.S. Author-Name: Lozada, R. Author-Name: Burgos, J.L. Author-Name: Brouwer, K.C. Author-Name: Moser, K.S. Author-Name: Zuniga, M.L. Author-Name: Rodwell, T.C. Author-Name: Ojeda, V.D. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1491-1495 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142166 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify correlates of reported lifetime diagnoses of TB among injection drug users in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico. Methods. Injection drug users in Tijuana were recruited into a prospective cohort study during 2006 and 2007. We used weighted multivariate logistic regression to identify correlates of TB diagnoses. Results. Of the 1056 participants, 103 (9.8%) reported a history of TB, among whom 93% received anti-TB medication and 80% were diagnosed in the United States. Treatment was prematurely halted among 8% of patients; deportation from the United States was the cause of half of these treatment interruptions. History of travel to (odds ratio [OR]=6.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.53, 27.20) or deportation from (OR=1.83; 95% CI=1.07, 3.12) the United States and incarceration (OR=2.20; 95% CI=1.06, 4.58) were independently associated with a reported lifetime diagnosis of TB. Conclusions. Mobility and migration are important factors in identifying and treating TB patients diagnosed in the US-Mexico border region. Strengthening capacity on both sides of the border to identify, monitor, and treat TB is a priority. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142166_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Real-time public health surveillance for emergency preparedness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chretien, J.-P. Author-Name: Tomich, N.E. Author-Name: Gaydos, J.C. Author-Name: Kelley, P.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1360-1363 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133926 Abstract: Public health agencies conduct surveillance to identify and prioritize health issues and evaluate interventions. Recently, natural and deliberate epidemics have motivated supplementary approaches to traditional surveillance methods based on physician and laboratory reporting. Fueled initially by post-September 11, 2001, bioterrorism-related funding, and more recently used for detecting natural outbreaks, these systems, many of which are called "syndromic" systems because they focus on syndromes recorded before the diagnosis, capture real-time health data and scan for anomalies suggesting an outbreak. Although these systems as typically implemented have often proven unreliable for detecting natural and simulated epidemics, real-time health-related data hold promise for public health. If redesigned to reliably perform beyond outbreak detection, syndromic systems could demonstrate unprecedented capabilities in responding to public health emergencies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133926_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting health in American-occupied Japan: Resistance to allied public health measures, 1945-1952 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nishimura, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 8 Pages: 1364-1375 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150532 Abstract: As soon as the authority of the Public Health and Welfare Section (PHW) of the Supreme Commander for Allied Powers waned in May 1951, the Japanese government overturned several measures it had implemented. Although the PHW contributed greatly toward improving public health conditions, not all of its activities were models of cooperative success. Many Japanese perceived some measures-terminated pensions for wounded Japanese veterans, lack of support for segregated orphanages for mixed-race children, and suppression of Japanese atomic bomb medical reports-as promoting US national interest at the expense of Japanese public health needs. Similarly, the PHW's upgrade of nursing education and separation of the professions of medicine and pharmacy were reversed because neither professionals nor the public saw these measures as urgent. Their reinstitution toward the end of the twentieth century suggests that the progressive measures were sound, but broke too sharply with Japanese tradition and were enforced prematurely. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150532_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health among caregivers of children with health problems: Findings from a Canadian population-based study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brehaut, J.C. Author-Name: Kohen, D.E. Author-Name: Garner, R.E. Author-Name: Miller, A.R. Author-Name: Lach, L.M. Author-Name: Klassen, A.F. Author-Name: Rosenbaum, P.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1254-1262 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129817 Abstract: Objectives. We used population-based data to evaluate whether caring for a child with health problems had implications for caregiver health after we controlled for relevant covariates. Methods. Weused data on 9401 children and their caregivers froma populationbased Canadian study.We performed analyses to compare 3633 healthy children with 2485 children with health problems. Caregiver health outcomes included chronic conditions, activity limitations, self-reported general health, depressive symptoms, social support, family functioning, and marital satisfaction. Covariates included family (single-parent status, number of children, income adequacy), caregiver (gender, age, education, smoking status, biological relationship to child), and child (age, gender) characteristics. Results. Logistic regression showed that caregivers of children with health problems had more than twice the odds of reporting chronic conditions, activity limitations, and elevated depressive symptoms, and had greater odds of reporting poorer general health than did caregivers of healthy children. Conclusions. Caregivers of children with health problems had substantially greater odds of health problems than did caregivers of healthy children. The findings are consistent with the movement toward family-centered services recognizing the link between caregivers' health and health of the children for whom they care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129817_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities among Mexican American women aged 15-44 years: National health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wingo, P.A. Author-Name: Kulkarni, A. Author-Name: Borrud, L.G. Author-Name: McDonald, J.A. Author-Name: Villalobos, S.A. Author-Name: Green, D.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1300-1307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145169 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the health of Mexican American women aged 15 to 44 years, by generation and language preference, to guide planning for reproductive health services in this growing population. Methods. We used personal interview and medical examination data from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We used SUDAAN for calculating age-adjusted prevalence estimates of demographic and health characteristics. The Satterthwaite adjusted F test and Student t test were used for subgroup comparisons. Results. The women had different health profiles (P<.05) by generation and language preference. Second- and later-generation women and women who used more English were more likely to be sexually active, to have been younger at first intercourse, and to have had more male sexual partners than were firstgeneration women and women who used more Spanish. Compared with their first-generation counterparts, second- and later-generation women drank more alcohol, were better educated, had higher incomes, and were more likely to have health insurance. Third-generation women were more likely to have delivered a low-birthweight baby than were first-generation women. Conclusions. Differences by generation and language preference suggest that acculturation should be considered when planning interventions to promote healthy reproductive behaviors among Mexican American women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145169_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rice and Anderson respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, T.M. Author-Name: Anderson, C.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1160-1161 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161158 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161158_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between perceived discrimination and obesity in a population-based multiracial and multiethnic adult sample Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hunte, H.E.R. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1285-1292 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128090 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether perceived chronic discrimination was related to excess body fat accumulation in a random, multiethnic, populationbased sample of US adults. Methods. We used multivariate multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between interpersonal experiences of perceived chronic discrimination and body mass index and high-risk waist circumference. Results. Consistent with other studies, our analyses showed that perceived unfair treatment was associated with increased abdominal obesity. Compared with Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian Whites who did not experience perceived chronic discrimination, Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian Whites who perceived chronic discrimination were 2 to 6 times more likely to have a high-risk waist circumference. No significant relationship between perceived discrimination and the obesity measures was found among the other Whites, Blacks, or Hispanics. Conclusions. These findings are not completely unsupported. White ethnic groups including Polish, Italians, Jews, and Irish have historically been discriminated against in the United States, and other recent research suggests that they experience higher levels of perceived discrimination than do other Whites and that these experiences adversely affect their health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128090_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of social position on the effect of cardiovascular risk factors on self-rated health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Delpierre, C. Author-Name: Lauwers-Cances, V. Author-Name: Datta, G.D. Author-Name: Berkman, L. Author-Name: Lang, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1278-1284 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147934 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of education level on the association between self-rated health and cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin level, and total cholesterol and triglyceride levels). Methods. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2001 through 2004 (4015 men and 4066 women). Multivariate analyses were performed with a logistic regression model. Results. After adjustment for age and ethnicity, among women with high glycosylated hemoglobin levels, the most-educated women had poorer selfrated health compared with the least-educated women (odds ratio [OR] =4.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.90, 7.34 vs OR=2.59; 95% CI=1.60, 4.20, respectively; interaction test, P=0.06). The same was true among women with high cholesterol levels (OR=2.23; 95% CI=1.40, 3.56 vs OR=1.13; 95% CI=0.85, 1.49, respectively; interaction test, P=0.06). Among men, the impact of education level on the association between self-rated health and any cardiovascular risk factors (measured or self-reported) was not significant. Conclusions. The impact of cardiovascular risk factors on self-rated health was higher for highly educated women, which could lead to underestimation of health inequalities between socioeconomic groups when self-rated health is used as an indicator of objective health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147934_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The utility of routinely collected data in evaluating important policy changes: The New Zealand alcohol purchasing age limit example Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kypri, K. Author-Name: Davie, G. Author-Name: Langley, J. Author-Name: Voas, R. Author-Name: Begg, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1212-1215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120212 Abstract: We used the recent lowering of the alcohol purchasing age in New Zealand to examine the proposition that routinely collected data are often insufficient in evaluating important policy changes. We estimated prechange and postchange incidence rate ratios for actual and hypothetical population sizes and hospital admissions related to alcohol poisoning and assaults. Even with a hypothetical youth population 10 times larger than New Zealand's actual youth population, comparisons were underpowered because there were too few observations. Governments should use the enactment of health legislation as an opportunity to build the research evidence base by ensuring that evaluations are initiated in advance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120212_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking inside vehicles should be banned globally Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Desapriya, E. Author-Name: Turcotte, K. Author-Name: Subzwari, S. Author-Name: Pike, I. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1158-1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160127 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160127_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Road casualties and changes in risky driving behavior in France between 2001 and 2004 among participants in the GAZEL cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Constant, A. Author-Name: Salmi, L.R. Author-Name: Lafont, S. Author-Name: Chiron, M. Author-Name: Lagarde, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1247-1253 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126474 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated behavioral changes in a large cohort of drivers to identify underlying causes of the decline in road casualties in France. Methods. In 2001 and 2004, 11240 participants used self-administered questionnaires to report attitudes toward road safety and driving behaviors. Injury road traffic collisions were recorded from2001 to 2005 throughthe cohort's annual questionnaire. Results. Between 2001 and 2004, speeding and cell phone use decreased concomitantly with a decrease in injury road traffic collision rates among participants. Reported driving while sleepy remained unchanged and driving while alcohol intoxicated was reported by a higher proportion in 2004 than in 2001. Decreases in speeding between 2001 and 2004 were strongly linked with positive attitudes toward road safety in 2001. Conclusions. In this cohort, speeding and using a cell phone while driving decreased over the 2001 to 2004 period concomitantly with increases in traffic law enforcement and a dramatic decline in road mortality in France. However, the deterrent effect of traffic enforcement policies may have been reduced by negative attitudes toward traffic safety and having had a history of traffic penalty cancellations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126474_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patnè en aksyon: Addressing cancer disparities in Little Haiti through research and social action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kobetz, E. Author-Name: Menard, J. Author-Name: Barton, B. Author-Name: Pierre, L. Author-Name: Diem, J. Author-Name: Auguste, P.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1163-1165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142794 Abstract: Haitian women living in Miami, Florida, experience an increased risk of developing and dying from cervical cancer compared with women in other racial/ethnic minority and immigrant groups in the area. In response to this disparity, academic investigators from a local university-based cancer center and community leaders from Little Haiti, the predominately Haitian neighborhood in Miami, created Patnè en Aksyon (Partners in Action), a campus-community partnership. We describe the partnership's effort to document the prevalence of lifetime and routine Papanicolau test use using community-based participatory research methods. Community health workers indigenous to the area recruited participants from various community venues throughout Little Haiti and administered informal, brief interviews to assess their screening practices. The results indicate that Haitian women are underscreened and underscore the importance of community involvement in study implementation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142794_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building alliances in unlikely places: Progressive allies and the tobacco institute's coalition strategy on cigarette excise taxes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Campbell, R.B. Author-Name: Balbach, E.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1188-1196 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143131 Abstract: The tobacco industry often utilizes third parties toadvance itspolicy agenda.One such utilization occurredwhen the industry identified organized labor and progressive groups as potential allies whose advocacy could undermine public support for excise tax increases. To attract such collaboration, the industry framed the issue as one of tax fairness, creating a labor management committee to provide distance from tobacco companies and furthering progressive allies' interests through financial and logistical support. Internal industry documents indicate that this strategic use of ideas, institutions, and interests facilitated the recruitment of leading progressive organizations as allies. By placing excise taxes within a strategic policy nexus that promotes mutual public interest goals, public health advocatesmay use a similar strategy in forging theirown excise tax coalitions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143131_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A rights-based approach to food insecurity in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chilton, M. Author-Name: Rose, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1203-1211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130229 Abstract: Food insecurity is a serious public health problem associated with poor cognitive and emotional development in children and with depression and poor health in adults. Despite sizable continued investments in federal food assistance, food insecurity still affects 11.1% of US households-almost the same rate as in 1995, when annual measurement began. As a fresh approach to solving the problem of food insecurity, we suggest adoption of a human rights framework. This approach could actively engage those affected and would ensure that food security monitoring would be compared to benchmarks in national action plans. We describe key elements of a right-to-food approach, review challenges to implementing it, and suggest actions to foster its adoption. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130229_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tackling health inequities in Chile: Maternal, newborn, infant, and child mortality between 1990 and 2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gonzalez, R. Author-Name: Requejo, J.H. Author-Name: Jyh, K.N. Author-Name: Merialdi, M. Author-Name: Bustreo, F. Author-Name: Betran, A.P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1220-1226 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143578 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed trends in maternal, newborn, and child mortality in Chile between 1990 and 2004, after the introduction of national interventions and reforms, and examined associations between trends and interventions. Methods. Data were provided by the Chilean Ministry of Health on all pregnancies between 1990 and 2004 (approximately 4000000). We calculated yearly maternal mortality ratios, stillbirth rates, and mortality rates for neonates, infants (aged >28 days and <1 year), and children aged 1 to 4 years. We also calculated these statistics by 5-year intervals for Chile's poorest to richest district quintiles. Results. During the study period, the maternal mortality ratio decreased from 42.1 to 18.5 per 100000 live births. The mortality rate for neonates decreased from 9.0 to 5.7 per 1000 births, for infants from 7.8 to 3.1 per 1000 births, and for young children from 3.1 to 1.7 per 1000 live births. The stillbirth rate declined from 6.0 to 5.0 per 1000 births. Disparities in these mortality statistics between the poorest and richest district quintiles also decreased, with the largest mortality reductions in the poorest quintile. Conclusions. During a period of socioeconomic development and health sector reforms, Chile experienced significant mortality and inequity reductions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143578_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between living arrangement and preventive care use among community-dwelling elderly persons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lau, D.T. Author-Name: Kirby, J.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1315-1321 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151142 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the relationship between living arrangements and obtaining preventive care among the elderly population. Methods. We obtained data on 13038 community-dwelling elderly persons from the 2002 to 2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and used multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the likelihood of preventive care use among elderly persons in 4 living arrangements: living alone (38%), living with one's spouse only (52%), living with one's spouse and with one's adult offspring (5%), and living with one's adult offspring only (5%). Preventive care services included influenza vaccination, physical and dental checkup, and screenings for hypertension, cholesterol, and colorectal cancer. Results. After we controlled for age, gender, race, education, income, health insurance, comorbidities, self-reported health, physical function status, and residence location, we found that elderly persons living with a spouse only were more likely than were those living alone to obtain all preventive care services, except for hypertension screening. However, those living with their adult offspring were not more likely to obtain recommended preventive care compared with those living alone. These results did not change when the employment status and functional status of adult offspring were considered. Conclusions. Interventions to improve preventive care use should target not only those elderly personswho live alone but also those livingwith adult offspring. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151142_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stealing a March in the 21st century: Accelerating progress in the 100-year war against tobacco addiction in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fiore, M.C. Author-Name: Baker, T.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1170-1175 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154559 Abstract: Tobacco use in the United States has declined dramatically over the past 50 years, with the prevalence of cigarette smoking falling from about 42% of all adults to less than 20% by 2007. If this rate of decline continues, smoking could be eliminated in the United States by 2047. Framed in military parlance, we may be halfway through a 100-year war against the leading public health killer of our time. We describe factors that have contributed to progress over the last 50 years and identify policy and other initiatives that can contribute to the elimination of tobacco use in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154559_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between remittances and health care provision in Mexico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frank, R. Author-Name: Palma-Coca, O. Author-Name: Rauda-Esquivel, J. Author-Name: Olaiz-Fernández, G. Author-Name: Díaz-Olavarrieta, C. Author-Name: Acevedo-García, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1227-1231 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144980 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether remittances sent from the United States to Mexico were used to access health care in Mexico. Methods. Data were from a 2006 survey of 2 localities in the municipal city of Tepoztlán, Morelos, Mexico. We used logistic regression to determine whether household remittance expenditure on health care was associated with type of health insurance coverage. Results. Individuals who lacked insurance coverage or who were covered by the Seguro Popular program were significantly more likely to reside in households that spend remittances on health care than were individuals covered by an employer-based insurance program. Conclusions. Improving the coverage and quality of care within Mexico's health care system will help ensure that remittances serve as a complement, and not a substitute, to formal access to care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144980_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Responsibility as an ethical framework for public health interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Turoldo, F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1197-1202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127514 Abstract: Bioethical debate has been characterized from the beginning by the central importance placed on autonomy. This is because bioethics has, until now, been concernedwith the relationship between doctor and patient in a clinical context or, alternatively, with the rights of individuals involved in biomedical research. The increased involvement of bioethics in the domain of public health, however,makes it necessary to refer to other principles and values, thus shaping a newresponsibilityfocused bioethics that extends itself beyond the early boundaries of this discipline. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127514_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood characteristics and change in depressive symptoms among older residents of New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beard, J.R. Author-Name: Cerdá, M. Author-Name: Blaney, S. Author-Name: Ahern, J. Author-Name: Vlahov, D. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1308-1314 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125104 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between the depressive symptoms of older adults over time and the characteristics of the neighborhoods in which they live. Methods. We surveyed a random sample of 1325 New York City residents aged 50 years or older in 2005 and conducted 808 follow-up interviews in 2007. We assessed the compositional characteristics of the respondents' neighborhoods at a census-tract level and determined the relationships between these characteristics and changes in respondents' depressive symptoms. Results. In multivariable models that adjusted for individual-level covariates including income, a range of neighborhood characteristics predicted worsening depressive symptoms. Factor analysis suggested that these characteristics operated in 3 clusters: neighborhood socioeconomic influences, residential stability, and racial/ethnic composition, with positive neighborhood socioeconomic influences being significantly protective against worsening symptoms. Life stressors, personality trait neuroticism, African American race, and daily baseline contact with social networks were also associated with worsening symptoms. Conclusions. An older adult's neighborhood of residence is an important determinant of his or her mental health. Those making efforts to improve mental health among the elderly need to consider the role of residential context in improving or impairing mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125104_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Underserved communities have the highest need for built environment interventions targeting obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Escaron, A.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1159-1160 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159954 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159954_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The strongwomen-healthy hearts program: Reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural sedentary, overweight, and obese midlife and older women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Folta, S.C. Author-Name: Lichtenstein, A.H. Author-Name: Seguin, R.A. Author-Name: Goldberg, J.P. Author-Name: Kuder, J.F. Author-Name: Nelson, M.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1271-1277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145581 Abstract: Objectives. We tested a community-based intervention designed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in sedentary midlife and older women who were overweight or obese. Methods. In a randomized controlled trial conducted in 8 counties in Arkansas and Kansas, counties were assigned to the intervention (a 12-week twice-weekly heart health program) group or to the delayed-intervention control group. Ten to fifteen women were selected from each site, and participants' weight, waist circumference, diet, physical activity, and self-efficacy were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed with multiple regressions. Results. Compared with the control group, participants in the intervention group had a significant decrease in body weight (-2.1 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-3.2, -1.0), waist circumference (-2.3 in; 95% CI=-4.2, -0.5), and energy intake (-390 kcal/day; 95% CI=-598, -183); an increase in activity (+1637 steps/day; 95% CI=712, 2562); and an increase in self-efficacy for dietary and physical activity behaviors. Conclusions. Our results suggest that a community-based program can improve self-efficacy, increase physical activity, and decrease energy intake, resulting in decreased waist circumference and body weight among at-risk women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145581_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in dietary intake, meal patterning, and home food environments among young adult nonstudents and 2- and 4-year college students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, M.C. Author-Name: Larson, N.I. Author-Name: Barr-Anderson, D. Author-Name: Neumark-Sztainer, D. Author-Name: Story, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1216-1219 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147454 Abstract: We examined whether young adult meal patterning, dietary intake, and home food availability differed among nonstudents, 2-year college students, and 4-year college students (N=1687; mean age=20.5 years).Unadjustedanalyses showed that few young adults consumed optimal diets and, compared with 4-year college students, nonstudents and 2-year students consumed fewer meals and poorer diets. After controlling for sociodemographics and living arrangements, we found that over half of the observed associations remained significant (P<.05). Nutrition interventions are needed for young adults, particularly specific at-risk groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147454_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use and efficacy of child restraint devices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Decker, M.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1160 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160903 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160903_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of incarceration among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomson, N. Author-Name: Sutcliffe, C.G. Author-Name: Sirirojn, B. Author-Name: Keawvichit, R. Author-Name: Wongworapat, K. Author-Name: Sintupat, K. Author-Name: Aramrattana, A. Author-Name: Celentano, D.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1232-1238 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136648 Abstract: Objectives. We examined correlates of incarceration among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2005 to 2006. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1189 young methamphetamine users. Participants were surveyed about their recent drug use, sexual behaviors, and incarceration. Biological samples were obtained to test for sexually transmitted and viral infections. Results. Twenty-two percent of participants reported ever having been incarcerated. In multivariate analysis, risk behaviors including frequent public drunkenness, starting to use illicit drugs at an early age, involvement in the drug economy, tattooing, injecting drugs, and unprotected sex were correlated with a history of incarceration. HIV, HCV, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection were also correlated with incarceration. Conclusions. Incarcerated methamphetamine users are engaging in behaviors and being exposed to environments that put them at increased risk of infection and harmful practices. Alternatives to incarceration need to be explored for youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136648_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Midian Othello Bousfield: Advocate for the medical and public health concerns of black americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gamble, V.N. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1186 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163709 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163709_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Jarvie and Malone respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jarvie, J.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160267 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160267_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing the impact of the health care access crisis through volunteerism: A means, not an end Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geletko, K.W. Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Author-Name: Lundberg, M. Author-Name: Brooks, R.G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1166-1169 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145623 Abstract: In the absence of meaningful health reform, Florida implemented a volunteer health care program to strengthen the existing safety net. Since program implementation in 1992, over $1 billion of services have been provided to uninsured and underserved populations. Currently, over 20 000 volunteers participate statewide. Key incentives for provider participation have been an organized framework for volunteering and liability protection through state-sponsored sovereign immunity. Volunteerism, although not a solution to the health care crisis, serves as a valuable adjunct pending full-scale health care reform. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145623_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health inequities: A global concern Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1162 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168591_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicidal behavior among female sex workers in Goa, India: The silent epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shahmanesh, M. Author-Name: Wayal, S. Author-Name: Cowan, F. Author-Name: Mabey, D. Author-Name: Copas, A. Author-Name: Patel, V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1239-1246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149930 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to study suicidal behavior prevalence and its association with social and gender disadvantage, sex work, and health factors among female sex workers in Goa, India. Methods. Using respondent-driven sampling, we recruited 326 sex workers in Goa for an interviewer-administered questionnaire regarding self-harming behaviors, sociodemographics, sex work, gender disadvantage, and health. Participants were tested for sexually transmitted infections. We used multivariate analysis to define suicide attempt determinants. Results. Nineteen percent of sex workers in the sample reported attempted suicide in the past 3 months. Attempts were independently associated with intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.38, 5.28), violence from others (AOR=2.26; 95% CI=1.15, 4.45), entrapment (AOR=2.76; 95% CI=1.11, 6.83), regular customers (AOR=3.20; 95% CI=1.61, 6.35), and worsening mental health (AOR=1.05; 95% CI=1.01, 1.11). Lower suicide attempt likelihood was associated with Kannad ethnicity, HIV prevention services, and having a child. Conclusions. Suicidal behaviors among sex workers were common and associated with gender disadvantage and poor mental health. India's widespread HIV-prevention programs for sex workers provide an opportunity for community-based interventions against gender-based violence and for mental health services delivery. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149930_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smallpox eradication's lessons for the antipolio campaign in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bhattacharya, S. Author-Name: Dasgupta, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1176-1184 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135624 Abstract: India provided one of the most challenging chapters of the worldwide smallpox eradication program. The campaign was converted from a project in which a handful of officials tried to impose their ideas on a complex health bureaucracy to one in which its components were constantly adapted to the requirements of a variety of social, political, and economic contexts. This change, achieved mainly through the active participation of workers drawn from local communities in the 1970s, proved to be a momentous policy adaptation that contributed to certification of smallpox eradication in 1980. However, this lesson appears to have been largely forgotten by those currently managing the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. We hope to show ways in which contemporary efforts to eliminate polio worldwide might profitably draw on historical information, which can indicate meaningful ways in which institutional adaptability is likely to help counter the political and social challenges being encountered in India. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135624_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and improvements in lifestyle, coronary risk factors, and quality of life: The multisite cardiac lifestyle intervention program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Govil, S.R. Author-Name: Weidner, G. Author-Name: Merritt-Worden, T. Author-Name: Ornish, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1263-1270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132852 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to clarify whether patients of low socioeconomic status (SES) can make lifestyle changes and show improved outcomes in coronary heart disease (CHD), similar to patients with higher SES. Methods.We examined lifestyle, risk factors, and quality of life over 3 months, by SES and gender, in 869 predominantly White, nonsmoking CHD patients (34% female) in the insurance-sponsored Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. SES was defined primarily by education. Results. At baseline, less-educated participants were more likely to be disadvantaged (e.g., past smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high fat diet, overweight, depression) than were higher-SES participants. By 3 months, participants at all SES levels reported consuming 10% or less dietary fat, exercising 3.5 hours per week or more, and practicing stress management 5.5 hours per week or more. These self-reports were substantiated by improvements in risk factors (e.g., 5-kg weight loss, and improved blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and exercise capacity; P<.001), and accompanied by improvements in wellbeing (e.g., depression, hostility, quality of life; P<.001). Conclusions. The observed benefits for CHD patients with low SES indicate that broadening accessibility of lifestyle programs through health insurance should be strongly encouraged. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132852_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health insurance coverage and medical expenditures of immigrants and native-born citizens in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ku, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1322-1328 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144733 Abstract: Objectives. I examined insurance coverage and medical expenditures of both immigrant and US-born adults to determine the extent to which immigrants contribute to US medical expenditures. Methods. I used data from the 2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to perform 2-part multivariate analyses of medical expenditures, controlling for health status, insurance coverage, race/ethnicity, and other sociodemographic factors. Results. Approximately 44% of recent immigrants and 63% of established immigrants were fully insured over the 12-month period analyzed. Immigrants' per-person unadjusted medical expenditures were approximately one half to two thirds as high as expenditures for the US born, even when immigrants were fully insured. Recent immigrants were responsible for only about 1% of public medical expenditures even though they constituted 5% of the population. After controlling for other factors, I found that immigrants' medical costs averaged about 14% to 20% less than those who were US born. Conclusions. Insured immigrants had much lower medical expenses than insured US-born citizens, even after the effects of insurance coverage were controlled. This suggests that immigrants' insurance premiums may be crosssubsidizing care for the US-born. If so, health care resources could be redirected back to immigrants to improve their care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144733_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trust in the health care system and the use of preventive health services by older black and white adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Musa, D. Author-Name: Schulz, R. Author-Name: Harris, R. Author-Name: Silverman, M. Author-Name: Thomas, S.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 7 Pages: 1293-1299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123927 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to find racial differences in the effects of trust in the health care system on preventive health service use among older adults. Methods. We conducted a telephone survey with 1681 Black and White older adults. Survey questions explored respondents' trust in physicians, medical research, and health information sources. We used logistic regression and controlled for covariates to assess effects of race and trust on the use of preventive health services. Results. We identified 4 types of trust through factor analysis: trust in one's own personal physician, trust in the competence of physicians' care, and trust in formal and informal health information sources. Blacks had significantly less trust in their own physicians and greater trust in informal health information sources than did Whites. Greater trust in one's own physician was associated with utilization of routine checkups, prostate-specific antigen tests, and mammograms, but not with flu shots. Greater trust in informal information sources was associated with utilization of mammograms. Conclusions. Trust in one's own personal physician is associated with utilization of preventive health services. Blacks' relatively high distrust of their physicians likely contributes to health disparities by causing reduced utilization of preventive services. Health information disseminated to Blacks through informal means is likely to increase Blacks' utilization of preventive health services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123927_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wolfe et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolfe, W.R. Author-Name: Weiser, S.D. Author-Name: Steward, W.T. Author-Name: Iacopino, V. Author-Name: Heisler, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 969 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159939 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159939_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Papanicolaou screening behavior in mothers and human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in adolescent girls Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chao, C. Author-Name: Slezak, J.M. Author-Name: Coleman, K.J. Author-Name: Jacobsen, S.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1137-1142 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147876 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether maternal attitude toward prevention, as indicated by history of seeking Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and contracting sexually transmitted infections, influenced human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among their adolescent daughters. Methods. We linked the electronic health records of girls aged 9 to 17 years with their mothers at Kaiser Permanente Southern California (n=148350 mother-daughter pairs). Personal identifying information was removed from the data set after the matching of daughters and mothers was completed. We used logistic regression models to detect associations between mothers' history of Pap tests and abnormal results, genital or anal warts, and other sexually transmitted infections and daughters' HPV vaccine initiation and 3-dose regimen completion. Results. Mothers' testing history was associated with daughters' likelihood for vaccination across ethnic and neighborhood socioeconomic strata (overall odds ratio [OR]=1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.43, 1.52). Mothers' history of sexually transmitted infections was only modestly associated with daughters' vaccination. Mothers' testing history was positively associated with daughters' regimen completion (overall OR=1.42; 95% CI=1.31, 1.54). Conclusions. Mothers' attitude toward prevention may influence HPV vaccine uptake among adolescent girls. The impacts of targeting mothers should be considered by HPV vaccination programs and investigated by further research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147876_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From public to private care: The historical trajectory of medical services in a New York City jail Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shalev, N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 988-995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123265 Abstract: Over the past 25 years, incarceration rates in the United States have more than tripled. Providing health care services for this growing number of inmates poses immense medical and public health challenges. Focusing on the administrative and financial shifts in health care delivery, I examined the history of medical services in one of the nation's largest correctional facilities, Rikers Island in New York City. Over time, medical services at Rikers have become increasingly privatized. This trend toward privatization is mirrored nationwide and coincides with the rising prevalence of incarceration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123265_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing the unique needs of African American women in HIV prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: El-Bassel, N. Author-Name: Caldeira, N.A. Author-Name: Ruglass, L.M. Author-Name: Gilbert, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 996-1001 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140541 Abstract: African American women continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, yet there are few effective HIV prevention interventions that are exclusively tailored to their lives and that address their risk factors. Usinganecological framework, we offer a comprehensive overview of the risk factors that are driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic among African American women and explicate the consequences of ignoring these factors in HIV prevention strategies. Wealso recommendways to improve HIV prevention programs by taking into consideration the unique life experiences of adult African American women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140541_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adding the female condom to the public health agenda on prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men and women during anal intercourse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelvin, E.A. Author-Name: Smith, R.A. Author-Name: Mantell, J.E. Author-Name: Stein, Z.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 985-987 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141200 Abstract: Legal barriers to conductingpublichealthresearchon methods of protection for anal intercourse were lifted in the United States in 2003 when the US Supreme Court invalidated all state antisodomy laws. Although research funding has been available for the development of rectal microbicides, the female condom, which has already been approved for vaginal use,has not been evaluated for anal use. Although there is no evidence that the female condom is safe for anal intercourse, it has already been taken up for off-label use by some men who have sex with men. This demonstrates the urgent need for more protection options for anal intercourse and, more immediately, the need to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the female condom for anal intercourse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141200_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drug use and high-risk sexual behaviors among African American men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Browne, D.C. Author-Name: Clubb, P.A. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: Wagner, F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1062-1066 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated covariates related to risky sexual behaviors among young African American men enrolled at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Methods. Analyses were based on data gathered from 1837 male freshmen enrolled at 34 HBCUs who participated in the 2001 HBCU Substance Use Survey. The covariates of risky sexual behavior assessed included condom nonuse, engaging in sexual activity with multiple partners, and history of a sexually transmitted disease. Results. Young Black men who had sex with men were more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors than were young men who had sex with women. Two additional factors, early onset of sexual activity and consumption of alcohol or drugs before sexual activity, were independently associated with modestly higher odds of sexual risk behaviors. Conclusions. Services focusing on prevention of sexually transmitted diseases should be provided to all male college students, regardless of the gender of their sexual partners. Such a general approach should also address drug and alcohol use before sexual activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133462_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Concurrent partnerships and HIV prevalence disparities by race: Linking science and public health practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morris, M. Author-Name: Kurth, A.E. Author-Name: Hamilton, D.T. Author-Name: Moody, J. Author-Name: Wakefield, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1023-1031 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147835 Abstract: Concurrent sexual partnerships may help to explain the disproportionately high prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among African Americans. The persistence of such disparities would also require strong assortative mixing by race. We examined descriptive evidence from 4 nationally representative US surveys and found consistent support for both elements of this hypothesis. Using a data-driven network simulation model, we found that the levels of concurrency and assortative mixing observed produced a 2.6-fold racial disparity in the epidemic potential among young African American adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147835_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mobilizing a medical home to improve HIV care for the homeless in Washington, DC Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wright, M.A. Author-Name: Knopf, A.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 973-975 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141275 Abstract: African Americans face a higher burden of HIV infection, morbidity, and mortality than other ethnic groups in the United States. As an organization that exists to serve the homeless and impoverished of Washington, DC, So Others Might Eat (SOME) works diligently to address this disparity. SOME's clients are primarily African Americans who often face obstacles to HIV care because of low socioeconomic status, mistrust of the medical establishment, and fear of being identified as HIV positive. We relate the lessons we learned at SOME's medical clinic while trying to better address the needs of our clients living with HIV/AIDS. Chief among those lessons was the need to shift from considering our patients "noncompliant" with their HIV-related care to recognizing they had needs we were not addressing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141275_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universal access to antiretroviral therapy and HIV stigmain Botswana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gamper, A. Author-Name: Nathaniel, S. Author-Name: Robbé, I.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 968-969 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159715 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159715_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health responses to the HIV epidemic among black men who have sex with men: A qualitative study of US Health Departments and Communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, P.A. Author-Name: Moore, T.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1013-1022 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140681 Abstract: In the United States, Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Thus, there is a need to understand the challenges facing health departments and community-based organizations responding to the HIV epidemic among this population. We interviewed 71 AIDS program directors, health department staff, and leaders of communitybased organizations in 9 states and the District of Columbia. Participants identified psychosocial factors, a lack of capacity-building efforts, and stigma as barriers to HIV prevention responses targeting Black MSM. Participants identified culturally competent staff and culturally sensitive interventions as facilitating prevention responses. To ensure that HIV/AIDS interventions targeting Black MSM are effective, it is imperative to solicit the perceptions of frontline workers in health departments and community-based organizations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140681_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A plan of action for tackling HIV/AIDS among African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCree, D.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 972 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162727 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162727_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevention for black men who have sex with men in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peterson, J.L. Author-Name: Jones, K.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 976-980 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143214 Abstract: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has exacted a devastating toll upon Black men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States, and there is a tremendous need to escalate HIV-prevention efforts for this population. The social context in which Black MSM experience the impact of racism and heterosexism strongly affects their risk for HIV infection; thus, HIV-prevention research focused on Black MSM should focus on contextual and structural factors. There is a pronounced lack of community-level HIV-intervention research for BlackMSM, but effective preliminary strategies involve adapting existing effective models and tailoring them to the needs of Black MSM. Future research should develop new, innovative approaches, especially structural interventions, that are specifically targeted toward HIV prevention among Black MSM. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143214_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dehlendorfand Grumbach respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dehlendorf, C. Author-Name: Grumbach, K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 968 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158873 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158873_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospitalized HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Metsch, L.R. Author-Name: Bell, C. Author-Name: Pereyra, M. Author-Name: Cardenas, G. Author-Name: Sullivan, T. Author-Name: Rodriguez, A. Author-Name: Gooden, L. Author-Name: Khoury, N. Author-Name: Kuper, T. Author-Name: Brewer, T. Author-Name: Del Rio, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1045-1049 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139931 Abstract: We interviewed 1038 HIV-positive inpatients in public hospitals in Miami, Florida, and Atlanta, Georgia, to examine patient factors associated with use of HIV care, use of antiretroviral therapy, and unprotected sexual intercourse. Multivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression models showed that use of crack cocaine and heavy drinking were associated with never having had an HIV-care provider, high-risk sexual behavior, and not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Inpatient interventions that link and retain HIV-positive persons in primary care services could prevent HIV transmission and unnecessary hospitalizations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139931_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics and behaviors associated with HIV infection among inmates in the North Carolina prison system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, D.L. Author-Name: Schoenbach, V.J. Author-Name: Wohl, D.A. Author-Name: White, B.L. Author-Name: Stewart, P.W. Author-Name: Golin, C.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1123-1130 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133389 Abstract: Objectives. We identified factors associated with testing HIV positive in a prison system performing voluntary HIV testing on inmates and estimated the number of undetected HIV cases to evaluate the efficacy of risk-factor-based HIV testing. Methods. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between HIV serostatus and HIV risk behaviors, mental health, coinfection status, and socio-demographic characteristics for prisoners entering the North Carolina Department of Correction from January 2004 through May 2006. We estimated the number of undetected HIV cases on the basis of age-, gender-, and race-specific HIV prevalences among prisoners and in the state. Results. Nearly 3.4% (718/21419) of tested prisoners were HIV positive. The strongest risk factors for infection among men were having sex with men (odds ratio [OR]=8.0), Black race (OR=6.2), other non-White race (OR=7.4), and being aged 35 to 44 years (OR=4.1). The strongest risk factor among women was Black race (OR=3.8). Among HIV-positive prisoners, 65% were coinfected with HCV. We estimated that between 24% (223) and 61% (1101) of HIV cases remained undetected. Conclusions. The associations between HIV serostatus and a variety of factors highlight the potential limitations of risk-factor-based HIV testing in prisons, as do the high number of potential undetected HIV cases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133389_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: History of childhood sexual abuse and unsafe anal intercourse in a 6-city study of HIV-positive men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Welles, S.L. Author-Name: Baker, A.C. Author-Name: Miner, M.H. Author-Name: Brennan, D.J. Author-Name: Jacoby, S. Author-Name: Rosser, B.R.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1079-1086 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133280 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed rates of childhood sexual abuse and its demographic and mental health correlates among HIV-positive men who reported unsafe anal intercourse with other men in the past year. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 593 HIV-positive men who have sex with men enrolled in the Positive Connections intervention. Results. Childhood sexual abuse was reported by 47% of participants; 32% reported frequency as often or sometimes. Men reporting abuse were more likely to be Latino (odds ratio [OR]=2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.6, 4.2; P<.001) or African American (OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.2, 2.7; P=.005) than White. Among those who were abused, more frequent abuse was associated with more sexual contacts (for each, rate ratio [RR]=1.3; P<.001) and unsafe anal intercourse (often, RR=1.5; sometimes, RR=2.0; P<.001) compared with men who were not abused. Conclusions. History of childhood sexual abuse is highly prevalent among HIV-positive men who engage in risky sexual behavior with other men and appears to be more common among men of color. Our findings suggest that abuse is associated with a significantly increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133280_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of heterosexual anal intercourse among at-risk adolescents and young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lescano, C.M. Author-Name: Houck, C.D. Author-Name: Brown, L.K. Author-Name: Doherty, G. Author-Name: DiClemente, R.J. Author-Name: Fernandez, M.I. Author-Name: Pugatch, D. Author-Name: Schlenger, W.E. Author-Name: Silver, B.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1131-1136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to learn what factors are associated with anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults. We examined demographic, behavioral, relationship context, attitudinal, substance use, and mental health correlates of recent heterosexual anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults who reported engaging in recent unprotected sex. Methods. Among 1348 at-risk adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 21 years in 3 US cities, we assessed sexual risk behavior with each sexual partner in the past 90 days. Data were collected from 2000 to 2001. Results. Recent heterosexual anal intercourse was reported by 16% of respondents. Females who engaged in anal intercourse were more likely to be living with a sexual partner, to have had 2 or more partners, and to have experienced coerced intercourse. For males, only a sexual orientation other than heterosexual was a significant predictor of engaging in heterosexual anal intercourse. Conclusions. Our findings document the prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults who had recent unprotected sex. Among females, the variables associated with anal intercourse relate to the context and power balance of sexual relationships. Different influences for males and females suggest different foci for interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123752_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Structural and social contexts of HIV risk among African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, S.R. Author-Name: Cooper, H.L.F. Author-Name: Osborne, A.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1002-1008 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327 Abstract: HIV continues to be transmitted at unacceptably high rates among African Americans, and most HIV-prevention interventions have focused on behavioral change. To theorize additional approaches to HIV prevention among African Americans, we discuss how sexual networks and drug-injection networks are as important as behavior for HIV transmission. We also describe how higher-order social structures and processes, such as residential racial segregation and racialized policing,mayhelpshaperisk networks and behaviors. We then discuss 3 themes in African American culture - survival, propriety, and struggle - that also help shape networks and behaviors. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of how these perspectives might help reduce HIV transmission among African Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accessing social networks with high rates of undiagnosed HIV infection: The social networks demonstration project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kimbrough, L.W. Author-Name: Fisher, H.E. Author-Name: Jones, K.T. Author-Name: Johnson, W. Author-Name: Thadiparthi, S. Author-Name: Dooley, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1093-1099 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139329 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the use of social networks to reach persons with undiagnosed HIV infection in ethnic minority communities and link them to medical care and HIV prevention services. Methods. Nine community-based organizations in 7 cities received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to enlist HIV-positive persons to refer others from their social, sexual, or drug-using networks for HIV testing; to provide HIV counseling, testing, and referral services; and to link HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative persons to appropriate medical care and prevention services. Results. From October 1, 2003, to December 31, 2005, 422 recruiters referred 3172 of their peers for HIV services, of whom 177 were determined to be HIV positive; 63% of those who were HIV-positive were successfully linked to medical care and prevention services. The HIV prevalence of 5.6% among those recruited in this project was significantly higher than the approximately 1% identified in other counseling, testing, and referral sites funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Conclusions. This peer-driven approach is highly effective and can help programs identify persons with undiagnosed HIV infection in high-risk networks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139329_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of fear of abuse and possible STI acquisition on the sexual behavior of young African American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Raiford, J.L. Author-Name: DiClemente, R.J. Author-Name: Wingood, G.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1067-1071 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131482 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the interactive effects of fear of abuse and knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on sexual risk behaviors in a sample of young African American women. Methods. We recruited 715 young African American women aged 15 to 21 years from a variety of health clinics and assessed them for fear of abuse because of negotiating condom use, knowledge of STIs, and several sexual risk behaviors. Results. Overall, 75% of young African American women reported inconsistent condom use in the past 60 days. Surprisingly, under relatively higher levels of fear, young women with high STI knowledge were more likely than were those with low STI knowledge to exhibit inconsistent condom use in the past 60 days (89% vs 80%; χ2=4.32; P≤.04) and during the last sexual intercourse with a main sexual partner (76% vs 70%; χ2=8.06; P≤.01). Conclusions. Most HIV prevention interventions focus on increasing knowledge about the transmission of STIs. However, other contextual factors such as fear of abuse because of negotiating condom use may heighten the risk of HIV infection. Our findings highlight the need for combining dating violence prevention activities with STI and HIV prevention programs targeting young African American women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131482_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of written informed consent requirements on HIV testing rates: Evidence from a natural experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wing, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1087-1092 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141069 Abstract: Objectives. I evaluated the effects of written informed consent requirements on HIV testing rates in New York State to determine whether such consent creates barriers that discourage HIV testing. Methods. New York streamlined its HIV testing consent procedures on June 1, 2005. If written informed consent creates barriers to HIV testing, then New York's streamlining exercise should have reduced such barriers and increased HIV testing rates. I used logistic regression to estimate the effects of New York's policy change. Results. New York's streamlined consent procedures led to a 31.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]=20.9%, 41.9%) increase in the state's HIV testing rate. In absolute terms, 7% of the state's population had been tested for HIV in the preceding 6 months under the streamlined procedures, whereas only 5.3% would have been tested under the original procedures. These estimates imply that the streamlined consent procedures accounted for approximately 328000 additional HIV tests in the 6 months after the policy change. Conclusions. Written informed consent requirements are a substantial barrier to HIV testing in the United States. There may be a trade-off between efforts to increase HIV testing rates and efforts to improve patient awareness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141069_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual risk behaviors among HIV-positive black men who have sex with women, with men, or with men and women: Implications for intervention development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spikes, P.S. Author-Name: Purcell, D.W. Author-Name: Williams, K.M. Author-Name: Chen, Y. Author-Name: Ding, H. Author-Name: Sullivan, P.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1072-1078 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144030 Abstract: Objectives. We compared demographics and sexual and drug risk behaviors among HIV-positive Black men who have sex with women only, withmen only, or with men and women to assess differences among and between these groups. Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Supplement to HIV and AIDS Surveillance Project for 2038 HIV-positive Black men who reported being sexually active. We classified the participants by their reported sexual behaviors in the past year: intercourse with women (n=1186), with men (n=741), or with men and women (n=111). Results. Respondents whose sexual partners were both men and women reported more noninjection drug use, sexual exchange, and sexual partners than did the other 2 groups. Bisexual respondents were also more likely than were heterosexuals to report unprotected intercourse with a steady female partner and were more likely than were both other groups to report having steady partners of unknown HIV serostatus and using drugs during their last sexual episode. Conclusions. HIV-positive Black men with both male and female sexual partners engaged in more sexual and drug risk behaviors than did their heterosexual and homosexual peers. More information concerning the prevention needs of behaviorally bisexual HIV-positive Black men is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144030_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing risky sexual behavior and substance use among currently and formerly homeless adults living with HIV Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Author-Name: Desmond, K. Author-Name: Comulada, W.S. Author-Name: Arnold, E.M. Author-Name: Johnson, M. Author-Name: Chesney, M.A. Author-Name: Ehrhardt, A.A. Author-Name: Kelly, J.A. Author-Name: Pequegnat, W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1100-1107 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121186 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the efficacy of the Healthy Living Program in reducing risky sexual behavior and substance use among adults with HIV infection who were marginally housed (i.e., homeless at some point over a 37-month period). Methods. We had previously conducted a randomized controlled trial with 936 adults living with HIV infection. In that study, 3 intervention modules of 5 sessions each addressed different goals: reducing risky sexual acts and drug use, improving the quality of life, and adhering to healthful behaviors. Participants were interviewed at baseline and at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 months; 746 completed 4 or more assessments. In this study, we analyzed sexual behavior and drug use outcomes for the 35% (n=270 of 767) of participants who were considered marginally housed. Results. Among the marginally housed participants, there were significantly greater reductions in unprotected risky sexual acts, the number of sexual partners of HIV negative or unknown serostatus, alcohol or marijuana use, and hard drug use among the intervention group than among the control group. Conclusions. Intensive, skill-focused intervention programs may improve the lives of marginally housed adults living with HIV infection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121186_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid coverage of newborn circumcision: A health parity right of the poor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morris, B.J. Author-Name: Bailis, S.A. Author-Name: Waskett, J.H. Author-Name: Wiswell, T.E. Author-Name: Halperin, D.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 969-970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161281 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161281_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing psychosocial and behavioral pregnancy risk factors: Results of a randomized clinical trial among high-risk pregnant African American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Joseph, J.G. Author-Name: El-Mohandes, A.A.E. Author-Name: Kiely, M. Author-Name: El-Khorazaty, M.N. Author-Name: Gantz, M.G. Author-Name: Johnson, A.A. Author-Name: Katz, K.S. Author-Name: Blake, S.M. Author-Name: Rossi, M.W. Author-Name: Subramanian, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1053-1061 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131425 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a primary care intervention targeting pregnant African American women and focusing on psychosocial and behavioral risk factors for poor reproductive outcomes (cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, depression, and intimate partner violence). Methods. Pregnant African American women (N=1044) were randomized to an intervention or usual care group. Clinic-based, individually tailored counseling sessions were adapted from evidence-based interventions. Follow-up data were obtained for 850 women. Multiple imputation methodology was used to estimate missing data. Outcome measures were number of risks at baseline, first follow-up, and second follow-up and within-person changes in risk from baseline to the second follow-up. Results. Number of risks did not differ between the intervention and usual care groups at baseline, the second trimester, or the third trimester. Women in the intervention group more frequently resolved some or all of their risks than did women in the usual care group (odds ratio=1.61; 95% confidence interval=1.08, 2.39; P=.021). Conclusions. In comparison with usual care, a clinic-based behavioral intervention significantly reduced psychosocial and behavioral pregnancy risk factors among high-risk African American women receiving prenatal care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131425_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public policy approach to local models of HIV/AIDS control in Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Le Loup, G. Author-Name: De Assis, A. Author-Name: Costa-Couto, M.-H. Author-Name: Thoenig, J.-C. Author-Name: Fleury, S. Author-Name: De Camargo Jr., K. Author-Name: Larouzé, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1108-1115 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138123 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated involvement and cooperation patterns of local Brazilian AIDS program actors and the consequences of these patterns for program implementation and sustainability. Methods. We performed a public policy analysis (documentary analysis, direct observation, semistructured interviews of health service and nongovernmental organization [NGO] actors) in 5 towns in 2 states, São Paulo and Pará. Results. Patterns suggested 3 models. In model 1, local government, NGOs, and primary health care services were involved in AIDS programs with satisfactory response to new epidemiological trends but a risk that HIV/AIDS would become low priority. In model 2, mainly because of NGO activism, HIV/AIDS remained an exceptional issue, with limited responses to new epidemiological trends and program sustainability undermined by political instability. In model 3, involvement of public agencies and NGOs was limited, with inadequate response to epidemiological trends and poor mobilization threatening program sustainability. Conclusions. Within a common national AIDS policy framework, the degree of involvement and cooperation between public and NGO actors deeply impacts population coverage and program sustainability. Specific processes are required to maintain actor mobilization without isolating AIDS programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138123_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Are HIV/AIDS prevention interventions for heterosexually active men in the United States gender-specific? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dworkin, S.L. Author-Name: Fullilove, R.E. Author-Name: Peacock, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 981-984 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149625 Abstract: Although gender-specific theories are often deployed in interventions to reduce women's HIV-risks, the same is often not true for interventions among men. Theories of masculinity are not guiding most US research on the risky sexual behavior of heterosexualmenoronwhat can be done to intervene. We first assess the extent to which evidence-based HIV-prevention interventions among heterosexually active men in the United States draw upon relevant theories of masculinity. Next, we introduce a useful framework within masculinity and gender studies that can be applied to HIV-prevention interventions with heterosexually active men. Finally, we make suggestions to improve the gender specificity of HIV-prevention interventions for heterosexually activemen in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149625_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paradigm shift: Moving toward abortion access in every office Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson Baylson, M.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 967-968 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158691 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158691_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between availability and coverage of HIV-prevention measures and subsequent incidence of diagnosed HIV infection among injection drug users Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiessing, L. Author-Name: Likatavičius, G. Author-Name: Klempová, D. Author-Name: Hedrich, D. Author-Name: Nardone, A. Author-Name: Griffiths, P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1049-1052 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141846 Abstract: HIV-preventionmeasures specific to injection drug users (IDUs), such asopioid substitutiontreatment and needle-and-syringe programs, are not provided in many countries where injection drug use is endemic. We describe the incidence of diagnosed HIV infection in IDUs and the availability and coverage of opioid substitution and needle-and-syringe programs in the European Union and 5 middle- and high-income countries. Countries with greater provision of both prevention measures in 2000 to 2004 had lower incidence of diagnosed HIV infection in 2005 and 2006. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141846_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risks of recreational exposure to waterborne pathogens among persons with HIV/AIDS in Baltimore, Maryland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McOliver, C.C. Author-Name: Lemerman, H.B. Author-Name: Silbergeld, E.K. Author-Name: Moore, R.D. Author-Name: Graczyk, T.K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1116-1122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151654 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of recreational activities in the waterways of Baltimore, MD, and the risk of exposure to Cryptosporidium among persons with HIV/AIDS. Methods. We studied patients at the Johns Hopkins Moore Outpatient AIDS Clinic. We conducted oral interviews with a convenience sample of 157 HIV/AIDS patients to ascertain the sites used for recreational water contact within Baltimore waters and assess risk behaviors. Results. Approximately 48% of respondents reported participating in recreational water activities (fishing, crabbing, boating, and swimming). Men and women were almost equally likely to engage in recreational water activities (53.3% versus 51.3%). Approximately 67% (105 of 157) ate their own catch or that of friends or family members, and a majority (61%, or 46 of 75) of respondents who reported recreationalwater contact reported consumption of their own catch. Conclusions. Baltimoreans with HIV/AIDS are engaging in recreational water activities in urban waters that may expose them to waterborne pathogens and recreational water illnesses. Susceptible persons, such as patients with HIV/AIDS, should be cautioned regarding potential microbial risks from recreational water contact with surface waters. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151654_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sociodemographic, sexual, and HIV and other sexually transmitted disease risk profiles of nonhomosexual-identified men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jeffries IV, W.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1042-1045 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125674 Abstract: I examined sociodemographic, sexual, and HIV and other sexually transmitted disease risk differences among homosexual- and nonhomosexual-identified men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. Non-Mexican Latino ethnicity, marriage or cohabitation, religiosity, and incarceration history were positively associated with being nonhomosexual identified. Being nonhomosexual identified was associated with some risk (e.g., more sexual intercourse while intoxicated) and protective (e.g., fewer male partners) behaviors. Probabilistic sampling strategies may be useful in future research and intervention efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125674_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detecting, preventing, and treating sexually transmitted diseases among adolescent arrestees: An unmet public health need Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Belenko, S. Author-Name: Dembo, R. Author-Name: Rollie, M. Author-Name: Childs, K. Author-Name: Salvatore, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1032-1041 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122937 Abstract: Studies of detained and incarcerated adolescent offenders in the United States indicate that these juveniles have an elevated risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). However, many more arrestees enter the "front end" of the juvenile justice system than are detained or incarcerated, and research into the STD risk profiles and service needs of this larger group is lacking. An expansion of STD testing (including of asymptomatic youths), prevention, and treatment is needed, as is improved knowledge about gender- and race-specific services. A pilot program in Florida has shown that juvenile justice and public health systems can collaborate to implement STD testing among new arrestees. With integrated linkages to treatment and prevention after release, this model could greatly reduce the STD burden in this underserved, high-risk population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122937_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Learning from successful interventions: A culturally congruent HIV risk - Reduction intervention for African American men who have sex with men and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, J.K. Author-Name: Ramamurthi, H.C. Author-Name: Manago, C. Author-Name: Harawa, N.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 6 Pages: 1008-1012 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140558 Abstract: Few HIV prevention interventions have been developed for African American men who have sex with men or who have sex with both men and women. Many interventions neglect the historical, structural or institutional, and sociocultural factors that hinder or support risk reduction in this high-risk group. We examined ways to incorporate these factors into Men of African American Legacy Empowering Self, a culturally congruent HIV intervention targeting African American men who have sex with men and women. We also studied how to apply key elements from successful interventions to future efforts. These elements include having gender specificity, a target population, a theoretical foundation, cultural and historical congruence, skill-building components, and well-defined goals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140558_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction in suicide mortality following a new national alcohol policy in Slovenia: An interrupted time-series analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pridemore, W.A. Author-Name: Snowden, A.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 915-920 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146183 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact on suicide mortality of a new national policy in Slovenia that limits the availability of alcohol. Methods. We obtained monthly total, male, and female suicide counts in Slovenia between January 1997 and December 2005 and then employed autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) techniques to model the effect of the alcohol policy (implemented in March 2003). Results. There was a significant decrease in the total number of monthly suicides following the policy's implementation. Subsequent analyses revealed this association to be caused solely by the impact on male suicides. Specifically, there was an immediate and permanent reduction of 3.6 male suicides per month (95% confidence interval=-0.4, -6.9), or approximately 10%of the preintervention average. The policy had no statistically significant effect on female suicides. Conclusions. Our results show the effectiveness of this specific policy in reducing male suicides in Slovenia and also hint at the potential of public policy in reducing the public health burden of alcohol-related harm more generally. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146183_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical and demographic factors associated with homelessness and incarceration among VA patients with bipolar disorder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Copeland, L.A. Author-Name: Miller, A.L. Author-Name: Welsh, D.E. Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Author-Name: Zeber, J.E. Author-Name: Kilbourne, A.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 871-877 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149989 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the association between homelessness and incarceration in Veterans Affairs patients with bipolar disorder. Methods. We used logistic regression to model each participant's risk of incarceration or homelessness after we controlled for known risk factors. Results. Of 435 participants, 12% reported recent homelessness (within the past month), and 55% reported lifetime homelessness. Recent and lifetime incarceration rates were 2% and 55%, respectively. In multivariate models, current medication adherence (based on a 5-point scale) was independently associated with a lower risk of lifetime homelessness (odds ratio [OR]=0.80 per point, range 0-4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.66, 0.96), and lifetime incarceration increased the risk of lifetime homelessness (OR=4.4; 95% CI=2.8, 6.9). Recent homelessness was associated with recent incarceration (OR=26.4; 95% CI=5.2, 133.4). Lifetime incarceration was associated with current substance use (OR=2.6; 95% CI=2.7, 6.7) after control for lifetime homelessness (OR=4.2; 95% CI=2.7, 6.7). Conclusions. Recent and lifetime incarceration and homelessness were strongly associated with each other. Potentially avoidable or treatable correlates included current medication nonadherence and substance use. Programs that better coordinate psychiatric and drug treatment with housing programs may reduce the cycle of incarceration, homelessness, and treatment disruption within this vulnerable patient population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149989_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among fifth-grade students and its association with mental health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coker, T.R. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Kanouse, D.E. Author-Name: Grunbaum, J.A. Author-Name: Schwebel, D.C. Author-Name: Gilliland, M.J. Author-Name: Tortolero, S.R. Author-Name: Peskin, M.F. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 878-884 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144329 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence, characteristics, and mental health problems of children who experience perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional data from a study of 5147 fifth-grade students and their parents from public schools in 3 US metropolitan areas. We used multivariate logistic regression (overall and stratified by race/ethnicity) to examine the associations of sociodemographic factors and mental health problems with perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Results. Fifteen percent of children reported perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, with 80% reporting that discrimination occurred at school. A greater percentage of Black (20%), Hispanic (15%), and other (16%) children reported perceived racial/ethnic discrimination compared with White (7%) children. Children who reported perceived racial/ethnic discrimination were more likely to have symptoms of each of the 4 mental health conditions included in the analysis: depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defi-ant disorder, and conduct disorder. An association between perceived racial/ ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms was found for Black, Hispanic, and other children but not for White children. Conclusions. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination is not an uncommon experience among fifth-grade students and may be associated with a variety of mental health disorders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144329_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between neighborhood context and smoking prevalence among Asian Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kandula, N.R. Author-Name: Wen, M. Author-Name: Jacobs, E.A. Author-Name: Lauderdale, D.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 885-892 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131854 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131854 Abstract: Objectives. To study neighborhood-level determinants of smoking among Asian Americans, we examined 3 neighborhood factors (ethnic enclave, socioeconomics, and perceived social cohesion) and smoking prevalence in a population-based sample. Methods. We linked data from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey to tract-level data from the 2000 Census. We used multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the associations between smoking and neighborhood-level factors, independent of individual factors. Results. Twenty-two percent of 1693 Asian men and 6% of 2174 Asian women reported current smoking. Women living in an Asian enclave were less likely to smoke (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.08, 0.88). Among men, higher levels of perceived neighborhood social cohesion were associated with lower odds of smoking (AOR=0.74; 95% CI=0.61, 0.91). Conclusions. The association between contextual factors and smoking differed for men and women. For women, living in an Asian enclave may represent cultural behavioral norms. For men, neighborhood trust and cohesiveness may buffer stress. Smoking prevention and cessation interventions among Asian Americans may be more effective if they address contextual factors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131854_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The contribution of clinic-based interventions to reduce prenatal smoking prevalence among US women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, S.Y. Author-Name: England, L.J. Author-Name: Kendrick, J.S. Author-Name: Dietz, P.M. Author-Name: Callaghan, W.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 893-898 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144485 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to estimate the effect of universal implementation of a clinic-based, psychosocial smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women. Methods. We used data from US birth certificates (2005) and the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004) to estimate the number of women smoking at conception. To calculate the number of women eligible to receive the cessation intervention, we used estimates from the literature of the percentage of women who quit spontaneously (23%), entered prenatal care before the third trimester (96.5%), and disclosed smoking to their provider (75%). We used the pooled relative risk (RR) for continued smoking from the 2004 Cochrane Review as our measure of the intervention's effectiveness (RR=0.94). Results. We estimated that 944240 women smoked at conception. Of these, 23.0% quit spontaneously, 6.3% quit with usual care, and an additional 3.3% quit because of the intervention, leaving 67.4% smoking throughout pregnancy. The calculated smoking prevalence in late pregnancy decreased from 16.4% to 15.6% because of the intervention. Conclusions. Universal implementation of a best-practice, clinic-based intervention would increase the total number of quitters but would not substantially reduce smoking prevalence among pregnant women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144485_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A multifaceted intervention to improve health worker adherence to integrated management of childhood illness guidelines in Benin Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rowe, A.K. Author-Name: Onikpo, F. Author-Name: Lama, M. Author-Name: Osterholt, D.M. Author-Name: Rowe, S.Y. Author-Name: Deming, M.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 837-846 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134411 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated an intervention to support health workers after training in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), a strategy that can improve outcomes for children in developing countries by encouraging workers' use of evidence-based guidelines for managing the leading causes of child mortality. Methods.We conducted a randomized trial in Benin.Weadministered a survey in 1999 to assess health care quality before IMCI training. Health workers then received training plus either study supports (job aids, nonfinancial incentives, and supervision of workers and supervisors) or usual supports. Follow-up surveys conducted in 2001 to 2004 assessed recommended treatment, recommended or adequate treatment, and an index of overall guideline adherence. Results. We analyzed 1244 consultations. Performance improved in both intervention and control groups, with no significant differences between groups. However, training proceeded slowly, and low-quality care from health workers without IMCI training diluted intervention effects. Per-protocol analyses revealed that workers with IMCI training plus study supports provided better care than did those with training plus usual supports (27.3 percentage-point difference for recommended treatment; P<.05), and both groups outperformed untrained workers. Conclusions. IMCI training was useful but insufficient. Relatively inexpensive supports can lead to additional improvements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134411_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of Cultivando la Salud: A breast and cervical cancer screening promotion program for low-income hispanic women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fernández, M.E. Author-Name: Gonzales, A. Author-Name: Tortolero-Luna, G. Author-Name: Williams, J. Author-Name: Saavedra-Embesi, M. Author-Name: Chan, W. Author-Name: Vernon, S.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 936-943 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136713 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the effectiveness of a lay health worker intervention to increase breastandcervical cancer screeningamonglow-incomeHispanicwomen. Methods. Participants were women 50 years and older who were nonadherent to mammography (n=464) or Papanicolaou (Pap) test (n=243) screening guidelines. After the collection of baseline data, lay health workers implemented the Cultivando la Salud (CLS; Cultivating Health) intervention. Data collectors then interviewed the participants 6 months later. Results. At follow-up, screening completion was higher among women in the intervention group than in the control group for both mammography (40.8% vs 29.9%; P<.05) and Pap test (39.5% vs 23.6%; P<.05) screening. In an intent-to-treat analysis, these differences remained but were not significant. The intervention increased mammography self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, perceived survivability, perceived benefits of mammography, subjective norms, and processes of change. The intervention also significantly increased Pap test self-efficacy, perceived benefits of having a Pap test, subjective norms, and perceived survivability of cancer. It did not change Pap test knowledge, perceived susceptibility, or perceptions about negative aspects of Pap test screening. Conclusions. Our results add to the evidence concerning the effectiveness of lay health worker interventions for increasing Pap test screening and mammography. Future research should explore the effectiveness of CLS in other Hispanic groups, the mechanisms through which interpersonal communication influences decisions about screening, and how effective interventions such as CLS can best be adopted and implemented in community-based organizations or other settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136713_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eating when there is not enough to eat: Eating behaviors and perceptions of food among food-insecure youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Widome, R. Author-Name: Neumark-Sztainer, D. Author-Name: Hannan, P.J. Author-Name: Haines, J. Author-Name: Story, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 822-828 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139758 Abstract: Objectives. We explored differences in adolescents' eating habits, perceptions, and dietary intakes by food security status. Methods. As part of Project EAT (Eating Among Teens), we surveyed 4746 multiethnic middle and high school students in 31 primarily urban schools in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, area during the 1998-1999 academic year. Participants completed in-class surveys. We used multiple regression analysis to characterize associations between behaviors, perceptions, nutritional intake, and food security status. Results. Compared with food-secure youths, food-insecure youths were more likely to perceive that eating healthfully was inconvenient and that healthy food did not taste good. Additionally, food-insecure youths reported eating more fast food but fewer family meals and breakfasts per week than did youths who were food secure. Food-insecure and food-secure youths perceived similar benefits from eating healthfully (P=.75). Compared with those who were food secure, food-insecure youths had higher fat intakes (P<.01). Food-insecure youths were more likely to have a body mass index above the 95th percentile. Conclusions. The eating patterns of food-insecure adolescents differ in important ways from the eating patterns of those who are food secure. Policies and interventions focusing on improving the foods that these youths eat deserve further examination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139758_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spousal and alcohol-related predictors of smoking cessation: A longitudinal study in a community sample of married couples (American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99, (231-233) 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dollar, K.M. Author-Name: Homish, G.G. Author-Name: Kozlowski, L.T. Author-Name: Leonard, K.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 777 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459e_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nurses' utilization and perception of the community/public health nursing credential Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bekemeier, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 944-949 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150029 Abstract: Objectives. I explored the underutilization of the community/public health nursing (C/PHN) credential by examining the individual characteristics of public health nurses, the value these nurses perceive for certification, the barriers they perceive to obtaining or maintaining a C/PHN credential, and their credential status. Methods. I surveyed a national sample of 655 public health nurses regarding this more than 20-year-old credential. I analyzed variables related to perceived value, barriers, and characteristics of public health nurses. Results. The perceived value of credentialing did not differ among public health nurses relative to whether they had ever had a C/PHN credential. The C/PHN credential, however, was obtained significantly more often by public health nurses in academic settings than by those working in practice settings. Conclusions. The C/PHN credential appears to be disproportionately underutilized and unknown to public health nurses in the practice community. Findings suggest, however, that utilization could be improved by increasing the credential's visibility outside of academic environments and by establishing systemlevel changes that provide external recognition, such as salary increases and career advancement, for specialty credentials. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150029_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seven-year life outcomes of adolescent offenders in Los Angeles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramchand, R. Author-Name: Morral, A.R. Author-Name: Becker, K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 863-870 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142281 Abstract: Objectives. We examined important life outcomes for adolescent offenders to describe how they were faring in young adulthood. Methods. We assessed 449 adolescent offenders (aged 13-17 years) in Los Angeles, CA, whose cases had been adjudicated by the Los Angeles Superior Court and who had been referred to group homes between February 1999 and May 2000. We used the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs to interview respondents at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 72, and 87 months after baseline. A total of 395 respondents (88%) were interviewed or confirmed as dead at the final interview. Results. At final interview, 12 respondents had died, 7 of them from gunshot wounds. Thirty-six percent of respondents reported recent hard drug use, and 27% reported 5 or more symptoms of substance dependence. Sixty-six percent reported committing an illegal activity within the previous year, 37% reported being arrested within the previous year, and 25% reported being in jail or prison every day for the previous 90 days. Fifty-eight percent had completed high school or obtained a GED, and 63% reported working at a job in the previous year. Conclusions. The high rates of negative life outcomes presented here suggest the need for more effective rehabilitation programs for juvenile offenders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142281_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Saved by the nose: Bystander-administered intranasal naloxone hydrochloride for opioid overdose Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doe-Simkins, M. Author-Name: Walley, A.Y. Author-Name: Epstein, A. Author-Name: Moyer, P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 788-791 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146647 Abstract: Administering naloxone hydrochloride (naloxone) during an opioid overdose reverses the overdose and can prevent death. Although typically delivered via intramuscular or intravenous injection, naloxone may be delivered via intranasal spray device. In August 2006, the Boston Public Health Commission passed a public health regulation that authorized an opioid overdose prevention program that included intranasal naloxone education and distribution of the spray to potential bystanders. Participants were taught by trained nonmedical needle exchange staff. After 15 months, the program provided training and intranasal naloxone to 385 participants who reported 74 successful overdose reversals. Problems with intranasal naloxone were uncommon. Overdose prevention education with distribution of intranasal naloxone is a feasible public health intervention to address opioid overdose. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146647_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying during adolescence: A comparative, cross-sectional, multilevel study in 35 countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Due, P. Author-Name: Merlo, J. Author-Name: Harel-Fisch, Y. Author-Name: Damsgaard, M.T. Author-Name: Holstein, B.E. Author-Name: Hetland, J. Author-Name: Currie, C. Author-Name: Gabhainn, S.N. Author-Name: De Matos, M.G. Author-Name: Lynch, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 907-914 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139303 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the socioeconomic distribution of adolescent exposure to bullying internationally and documented the contribution of the macroeconomic environment. Methods. We used an international survey of 162305 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years from nationally representative samples of 5998 schools in 35 countries in Europe and North America for the 2001-2002 school year. The survey used standardized measures of exposure to bullying and socioeconomic affluence. Results. Adolescents from families of low affluence reported higher prevalence of being victims of bullying (odds ratio [OR]=1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.10, 1.16). International differences in prevalence of exposure to bullying were not associated with the economic level of the country (as measured by gross national income) or the school, but wide disparities in affluence at a school and large economic inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) at the national level were associated with an increased prevalence of exposure to bullying. Conclusions. There is socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying among adolescents, leaving children of greater socioeconomic disadvantage at higher risk of victimization. Adolescents who attend schools and live in countries where socioeconomic differences are larger are at higher risk of being bullied. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139303_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors associated with the sexual behavior of Canadian aboriginal young people and their implications for health promotion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Devries, K.M. Author-Name: Free, C.J. Author-Name: Morison, L. Author-Name: Saewyc, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 855-862 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132597 Abstract: Objectives. We examined factors associated with having ever had sex, having more than 1 lifetime sexual partner, and condom nonuse at last incident of sexual intercourse among Canadian Aboriginal young people. Methods. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2003 British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey, a cross-sectional survey of young people in grades 7 through 12. Results. Of 1140 young Aboriginal men, 34% had ever had sex; of these, 63% had had more than 1 sexual partner, and 21% had not used a condom at their last incident of sexual intercourse. Of 1336 young Aboriginal women, 35% had ever had sex; of these, 56% had had more than 1 sexual partner, and 41% had not used a condom at their last incident of sexual intercourse. Frequent substance use, having been sexually abused, and having lived on a land reservation were strongly associated with sexual behavior outcomes. Feeling connected to family was strongly associated with increased condom use. Conclusions. Sexual behavior change interventions for Aboriginal young people must move beyond the individual and incorporate interpersonal and structural dimensions. Interventions to reduce substance use and sexual abuse and promote feelings of family connectedness in this population should be explored. Young people living on land reserves need special attention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132597_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The transforming power of art Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kropf, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162032 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162032 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162032_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Running the numbers: An American self-portrait by Chris Jordan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kropf, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 792 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157933 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157933_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neumann et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neumann, P.J. Author-Name: Jacobson, P.D. Author-Name: Palmer, J.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158162 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158162_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Loneliness as a sexual risk factor for male Mexican migrant workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muñoz-Laboy, M. Author-Name: Hirsch, J.S. Author-Name: Quispe-Lazaro, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 802-810 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122283 Abstract: HIV/AIDs risk among migrant workers is often examined through individual determinants with limited consideration of social context. We used data from systematic ethnographic observations, structured interviews (n=50), and life history interviews (n=10) to examine the relationship between loneliness and HIV/AIDS risk for recently arrived (within the last 3 years) male Mexican migrant workers in New York City. Higher levels of loneliness were strongly associated with frequency of sexual risk behavior (r=0.64; P=.008). From our ethnographic observations, we found that loneliness was a dominant element in workers' migration experience and that 2 different kinds of social spaces served as supportive environments for dealing with loneliness: bars or dance clubs and Catholic churches. Loneliness should be addressed as a critical factor in reducing HIV/AIDS risk among Mexican male migrant workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122283_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health risk behaviors and mental health problems as mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chartier, M.J. Author-Name: Walker, J.R. Author-Name: Naimark, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 847-854 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122408 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health risk behaviors, and we explored whether adult health risk behaviors or mental health problems mediated the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health problems and health care utilization. Methods. We used logistic regression to analyze data from the Mental Health Supplement of the Ontario Health Survey, a representative population sample (N=8116) of respondents aged 15 to 64 years. Results. We found relationships between childhood sexual abuse and smoking (odds ratio [OR]=1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.16, 1.99), alcohol problems (OR=2.44; 95% CI=1.74, 3.44), obesity (OR=1.61; 95% CI=1.14, 2.27), having more than 1 sexual partner in the previous year (OR=2.34; 95% CI=1.44, 3.80), and mental health problems (OR=2.26; 95% CI=1.78. 2.87). We also found relationships between these factors (with the exception of obesity) and childhood physical abuse. Mediation analysis suggested that health risk behaviors and particularly mental health problems are partial mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health. Conclusions. Public health approaches that aim to decrease child abuse by supporting positive parent-child relationships, reducing the development of health risk behaviors, and addressing children's mental health are likely to improve long-term population health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122408_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of aerobic training and cardiac autonomic regulation in young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sloan, R.P. Author-Name: Shapiro, P.A. Author-Name: DeMeersman, R.E. Author-Name: Bagiella, E. Author-Name: Brondolo, E.N. Author-Name: McKinley, P.S. Author-Name: Slavov, I. Author-Name: Fang, Y. Author-Name: Myers, M.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 921-928 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133165 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the effect of aerobic exercise on autonomic regulation of the heart in healthy young adults. Methods. Healthy, sedentary young adults (n=149; age=30.4 ± 7.53 years) were randomized to receive 12 weeks of either aerobic conditioning or strength training. Primary outcomes were heart rate and RR interval variability (RRV) measured before and after training and after 4 weeks of sedentary deconditioning. RRV, a noninvasive index of cardiac autonomic regulation, reflects variability in the intervals between consecutive R waves of the electrocardiogram. Results. Aerobic conditioning but not strength training led to a significant increase in aerobic capacity (3.11 mL/kg/min), a decrease in heart rate (-3.49 beats per minute), and an increase in high-frequency RRV (0.25 natural log msec2), each of which returned to pretraining levels after deconditioning. Significant 3-way interactions, however, revealed autonomic effects only in men. Conclusions. In sedentary, healthy young adults, aerobic conditioning but not strength training enhances autonomic control of the heart, but post hoc analyses suggested that gender plays a significant role in this exercise-related cardioprotection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133165_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Material hardship and the physical health of school-aged children in low-income households Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yoo, J.P. Author-Name: Slack, K.S. Author-Name: Holl, J.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 829-836 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119776 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between material hardship reported by low-income caregivers and caregivers' assessments of their children's overall health. Methods. We used logistic regression techniques to analyze data from 1073 children aged 5 through 11 years whose caregivers participated in multiple waves of the Illinois Families Study. Results. Caregivers' reports of food hardship were strongly associated with their assessments of their children's health. Other sources of self-reported material hardship were also associated with caregivers' assessments of their children's health, but the effects disappeared when we controlled for caregiver physical health status and mental health status. Proximal measures of material hardship better explained low-income children's health than traditional socioeconomic measures. There were no statistically significant cumulative effects of material hardships above and beyond individual hardship effects. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the importance of developing and supporting programs and policies that ensure access to better-quality food, higher quantities of food, and better living conditions for low-income children, as well as health promotion and prevention efforts targeted toward their primary caregivers as ways to reduce health disparities for this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119776_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health workforce enumeration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gebbie, K.M. Author-Name: Raziano, A. Author-Name: Elliott, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 786-787 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137539 Abstract: Comprehensive data on the public health workforce are fundamental to workforce development throughout the public health system. Such information is also a critical data element in public health systems research, a growing area of study that can inform the practice of public health at all levels. However, methodologic and institutional issues challenge the development of comparable indicators for the federal, state, and local public health workforce. A 2006-2007 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials workforce enumeration pilot project demonstrated the issues involved in collecting workforce data. This project illustrated key elements of an institutionalized national system of workforce enumeration, which would be needed for a robust, recurring count that provides a national picture of the public health workforce. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137539_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospital practices and women's likelihood of fulfilling their intention to exclusively breastfeed Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Declercq, E. Author-Name: Labbok, M.H. Author-Name: Sakala, C. Author-Name: O'Hara, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 929-935 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135236 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess whether breastfeeding-related hospital practices reported by mothers were associated with achievement of their intentions to exclusively breastfeed. Methods. We used data from Listening to Mothers II, a nationally representative survey of 1573 mothers who had given birth in a hospital to a singleton in 2005. Mothers were asked retrospectively about their breastfeeding intention, infant feeding at 1 week, and 7 hospital practices. Results. Primiparas reported a substantial difference between their intention to exclusively breastfeed (70%) and this practice at 1 week (50%). They also reported hospital practices that conflicted with the Baby-Friendly Ten Steps, including supplementation (49%) and pacifier use (45%). Primiparas who delivered in hospitals that practiced 6 or 7 of the steps were 6 times more likely for achieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed than were those in hospitals that practiced none or 1 of the steps.Mothers who reported supplemental feedings for their infant were less likely to achieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed: primiparas (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.1, 9.3); multiparas (AOR=8.8; 95% CI=4.4, 17.6). Conclusions. Hospitals should implement policies that support breastfeeding with particular attention to eliminating supplementation of healthy newborns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135236_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing tobacco use among young people in India: Project MYTRI Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perry, C.L. Author-Name: Stigler, M.H. Author-Name: Arora, M. Author-Name: Reddy, K.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 899-906 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145433 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of a 2-year multicomponent, school-based intervention designed to reduce tobacco use rates among adolescents in an urban area of India. Methods. Students from 32 schools in Delhi and Chennai, India, were recruited and randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Baseline, intermediate, and outcome data were collected from 2 cohorts of 6th- and 8th-grade students in 2004; 14063 students took part in the study and completed a survey in 2004, 2005, or 2006. The intervention consisted of behavioral classroom curricula, school posters, a parental involvement component, and peer-led activism. The main outcome measures were self-reported use of cigarettes, bidis (small hand-rolled, often flavored, cigarettes), and chewing tobacco and future intentions to smoke or use chewing tobacco. Results. Findings showed that students in the intervention group were significantly less likely than were students in the control group to exhibit increases in cigarette smoking or bidi smoking over the 2-year study period. They were also less likely to intend to smoke or chew tobacco in the future. Conclusions. School-based programs similar to the intervention examined here should be considered as part of a multistrategy approach to reducing tobacco use among young people in India. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145433_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impoverished women with children and no welfare benefits: The urgency of researching failures of the temporary assistance for needy families program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hildebrandt, E. Author-Name: Stevens, P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 793-801 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.106211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.106211 Abstract: In the United States, the numbers of impoverishedwomenwith children and no cash safety net are increasing and constitute an emerging population. Many have exhausted cash benefits from Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, the work-based welfare program that replaced Aid to Families With Dependent Children in 1996. We examine empirical evidence about poverty and use of welfare programs in the United States, jobs for women on welfare, the consequences of leaving welfare, health disparities disproportionate to those of the general population, and outcomes for children of needy families. It is important that public health researchers investigate the experiences of the families for whom Temporary Assistance for Needy Families has failed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.106211_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding the decisions and values of stakeholders in health information exchanges: Experiences from Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rudin, R.S. Author-Name: Simon, S.R. Author-Name: Volk, L.A. Author-Name: Tripathi, M. Author-Name: Bates, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 950-955 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144873 Abstract: Objectives. We studied how health information exchange systems are established by examining the decisions (and thus, indirectly, the values) of key stakeholders (health care providers) participating in a health information exchange pilot project in 3 Massachusetts communities. Our aim was to understand how these kinds of information exchanges can be made viable. Methods. We used semistructured interviews to assess health care providers' decision-making processes in selecting technical architectures and vendors for the pilot projects to uncover their needs, expectations, and motivations. Results. Our interviews indicated that, after extensive evaluations, health care providers in all 3 communities eventually selected a hybrid architecture that included a central data repository. However, the reasons for selecting this architecture varied considerably among the 3 communities, reflecting their particular values. Plans to create a community patient portal also differed across communities. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that, to become established, health information exchange efforts must foster trust, appeal to strategic interests of the medical community as a whole, and meet stakeholder expectations of benefits from quality measurements and population health interventions. If health information exchange organizations cannot address these factors, sustainability will remain precarious. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144873_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health reform redux: Learning from experience and politics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ross, J.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 779-786 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148510 Abstract: The 2008 presidential campaign season featured health care reform proposals. I discuss 3 approaches to health care reform and the tools for bringing about reform, such as insurance market reforms, tax credits, subsidies, individual and employer mandates, and public program expansions. I also discuss the politics of past and current health care reform efforts. Market-based reforms and mandates have been less successful than public program expansions at expanding coverage and controlling costs. New divisions among special interest groups increase the likelihood that reform efforts will succeed. Federal support for state efforts may be necessary to achieve national health care reform. History suggests that state-level success precedes national reform. History also suggests that an organized social movement for reform is necessary to overcome opposition from special interest groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148510_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring the value of public health systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtgrave, D.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 775-776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158022 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158022_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "... but then he became my sipa": The implications of relationship fluidity for condom use among women sex workers in Antananarivo, Madagascar Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stoebenau, K. Author-Name: Hindin, M.J. Author-Name: Nathanson, C.A. Author-Name: Rakotoarison, P.G. Author-Name: Razafintsalama, V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 811-819 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118422 Abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that sex workers use condoms less consistently with regular (i.e., nonpaying)partners thanwith clients. Fewstudieshave examined the extent to which these 2 categories are mutually exclusive. In an ethnographic study of women's sex work in Antananarivo, Madagascar, we examined how the meaning ofwomen sexworkers' sexual relationships could shift among 3 different forms of sex work. Condom use was less likely in forms in which the distinction between client and lover (sipa in Malagasy) was fluid. For many sex workers, therefore, relationships theyunderstoodtobeintimateimpartedthe greatesthealth vulnerability. It is important to examine the influence of the meaning of sexual relationships on condom use for HIV prevention. Policy implications for HIV prevention work with sex workers are considered. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118422_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortion among couples in rural Bangladesh Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burnie, R. Author-Name: Williams, N. Author-Name: Robbé, I.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 774-775 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158014 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158014_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An observational study of consumers' accessing of nutrition information in chain restaurants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberto, C.A. Author-Name: Agnew, H. Author-Name: Brownell, K.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 820-821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136457 Abstract: In this observational study, we determined how frequently consumers accessed on-premises nutrition information provided at chain restaurants. The number of patrons entering and accessing nutrition information was recorded at 8 locations that were part of 4 major restaurant chains (McDonald's, Burger King, Starbucks, and Au Bon Pain). Only 6 (0.1%) of 4311 patrons accessed on-premises nutrition information before purchasing food. This verysmall percentage suggests that such information should be more prominently displayed, such as on restaurant menu boards, to help customers make informed decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136457_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gipson and hindin respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gipson, J.D. Author-Name: Hindin, M.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 5 Pages: 775 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158154 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158154_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Black men who have sex with men and the association of down-low identity with HIV risk behavior. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bond, L. Author-Name: Wheeler, D.P. Author-Name: Millett, G.A. Author-Name: LaPollo, A.B. Author-Name: Carson, L.F. Author-Name: Liau, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S92-95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127217 Abstract: Black men "on the down low" have been considered prime agents of HIV transmission in the Black community despite little empirical evidence. We assessed the relationship between down-low identification and sexual risk outcomes among 1151 Black MSM. Down-low Identification was not associated with unprotected anal or vaginal sex with male or female partners. Future HIV prevention programs and research should target sexual risk behaviors of Black men, irrespective of identity, and not focus on the "down low." Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127217_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investments in the future of behavioral science: the University of California, San Francisco, Visiting Professors Program. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dolcini, M.M. Author-Name: Grinstead Reznick, O.A. Author-Name: Marín, B.V. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S43-47 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121301 Abstract: A need exists for the promotion of diversity in the scientific workforce to better address health disparities. In response to this need, funding agencies and institutions have developed programs to encourage ethnic-minority and early-career scientists to pursue research careers. We describe one such program, the University of California, San Francisco, Visiting Professors Program, which trains scientists to conduct HIV/AIDS-related research in communities of color. The program provides training and mentoring in navigating grant processes and developing strong research proposals and provides crucial networking opportunities. Although this program is focused on community-based HIV prevention, its principles and methods are widely applicable. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121301_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening for colorectal cancer: The glass is half full Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neugut, A.I. Author-Name: Lebwohl, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 592-594 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153858 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153858_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Monitoring inequities in self-rated health over the life course in population surveillance systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chittleborough, C.R. Author-Name: Taylor, A.W. Author-Name: Baum, F.E. Author-Name: Hiller, J.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 680-689 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141713 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the effect of social mobility and to assess the use of socioeconomic indicators in monitoring health inequities over time, we examined the association of self-rated health with socioeconomic position over the life course. Methods. Data came from a cross-sectional telephone survey (n=2999) that included life-course socioeconomic indicators and from a chronic disease and risk factor surveillance system (n=26400). Social mobility variables, each with 4 possible intergenerational trajectories, were constructed from family financial situation and housing tenure during childhood and adulthood. Results. Low socioeconomic position during both childhood and adulthood and improved financial situation in adulthood were associated with a reduced prevalence of excellent or very good health. Trends over time indicated that socioeconomic disadvantage in adulthood was associated with poorer self-rated health. Conclusions. Our results support policies aiming to improve family financial situation during childhood and housing tenure across the life course. Inclusion of life-course socioeconomic measures in surveillance systems would enable monitoring of health inequities trends among socially mobile groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141713_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in perinatal and infant health disparities between rural American Indians and Alaska Natives and rural Whites Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baldwin, L.-M. Author-Name: Grossman, D.C. Author-Name: Murowchick, E. Author-Name: Larson, E.H. Author-Name: Hollow, W.B. Author-Name: Sugarman, J.R. Author-Name: Freeman, W.L. Author-Name: Hart, L.G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 638-646 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.119735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119735 Abstract: Objectives. We examined disparities in perinatal care, birth outcomes, and infant health between rural American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) persons and rural Whites over time. Methods. We compared perinatal and infant health measures for 217064 rural AIAN births and 5032533 rural non-Hispanic White births. Results. Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, unadjusted rates of inadequate prenatal care (1985-1987, 36.3%; 1995-1997, 26.3%) and postneonatal death (1985-1987, 7.1 per 1000; 1995-1997, 4.8 per 1000) improved significantly. However, disparities between American Indians and Alaska Natives and Whites in adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of postneonatal death (1985-1987, AOR=1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.41, 1.71; 1995-1997, AOR=1.46; 95% CI=1.31, 1.64) and adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) of inadequate prenatal care (1985-1987, ARR=1.67; 95% CI=1.65, 1.69; 1995-1997, ARR=1.84; 95% CI=1.81, 1.87) persisted. Conclusions. Despite significant decreases in inadequate prenatal care and postneonatal death among American Indians and Alaska Natives, additional measures are needed to close persistent health gaps for this group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.119735_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal barriers to second-trimester abortion provision and public health consequences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, B.S. Author-Name: Weitz, T.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 623-630 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127530 Abstract: Many women need access to abortion care in the second trimester. Most of this care is provided by a small number of specialty clinics, which are increasingly targeted by regulations including bans on so-called partial birth abortion and requirements that the clinic qualify as an ambulatory surgical center. These regulations cause physicians to change their clinical practices or reduce the maximum gestational age at which they perform abortions to avoid legal risks. Ambulatory surgical center requirements significantly increase abortion costs and reduce the availability of abortion services despite the lack of any evidence that using those facilities positively affects health outcomes. Both types of laws threaten to further reduce access to and quality of second-trimester abortion care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127530_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contribution of race/ethnicity and country of origin to variations in lifetime reported asthma: Evidence for a nativity advantage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Jun, H.-J. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Wright, R.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 690-697 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128843 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the relative contribution of Hispanic ethnicity, country of origin, and nativity to lifetime prevalence of asthma among mothers and children enrolled in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Methods. We used multilevel models to analyze data from wave 3 of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods study (2000 to 2001). Mothers reported physician-diagnosed asthma for themselves and their children. Maternal race, ethnicity, country of origin, and nativity were the predictors of interest. Results. We found substantial heterogeneity in lifetime asthma within Hispanic subgroups for mothers and children. Hispanics of non-Mexican origin had greater odds of having asthma than did non-Hispanic Whites; respondents of Mexican origin did not differ from non-Hispanic Whites. Odds of experiencing asthma were more strongly related to nativity than to race, Hispanic ethnicity, or country of origin. Only immigrant Mexicans reported asthma prevalence lower than that of native non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions. Nativity is a strong predictor of lifetime asthma prevalence, suggesting the importance of potential interactions between genetic susceptibilities and environmental factors in both the native and the host countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128843_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mentoring early-career scientists for HIV research careers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kahn, J.S. Author-Name: Greenblatt, R.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S37-42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135830 Abstract: Mentoring is important for early-career HIV researchers; it is key for work satisfaction, productivity, workforce diversity, and retention of investigators in a variety of research settings. Establishment of multidisciplinary research projects often is accomplished through mentoring. The work of early-career HIV investigators frequently requires networks of collaborators, and networking is regularly facilitated by mentors. A structured mentoring program that avoids unnecessary conflicts or time burdens and connects early-career investigators with senior mentors from different disciplines may stimulate new networking possibilities and lead to effective collaborations among investigators with different skills and perspectives. Effective mentoring by focused mentors will likely contribute to the skills and networks of investigators necessary for the next generation of HIV investigators. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135830_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leadership development for health researchers at historically Black colleges and universities. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Author-Name: Braithwaite, R.L. Author-Name: Braithwaite, K. Author-Name: Oliver, D. Author-Name: Holliday, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S53-57 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136069 Abstract: Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have traditionally been a magnet for Black students at all levels nationwide and have been an exemplar of mentorship models for preparing leaders in many fields. A research career development program for junior faculty scholars that leverages the unique strengths of HBCUs has the potential to promote diverse leadership in health research and advance practical understanding of how to address HIV/AIDS and related health challenges that ravage vulnerable communities. A program that creates institutional bonds between HBCUs and other academic institutions can create a groundbreaking framework for more-effective community-based participatory research. We present a rationale for supporting an HBCU-led collaborative research program, one that both advances junior faculty and explores the interrelationship between HIV/AIDS, mental health, and substance abuse through research in correctional facilities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136069_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the outside looking in: promoting HIV/AIDS research initiated by African American investigators. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wyatt, G.E. Author-Name: Williams, J.K. Author-Name: Henderson, T. Author-Name: Sumner, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S48-53 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131094 Abstract: People of color are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, yet African American HIV/AIDS researchers are in short supply. Complex historical, structural, sociocultural, and personal barriers can prevent African Americans from becoming well-trained biomedical, behavioral, and social HIV/AIDS researchers. Institutional factors that influence the numbers of African Americans conducting HIV/AIDS research include the limitation of early-career decisions and a lack of exposure to research, research socialization, and mentoring. Two individual-level factors that influence the submission of federally funded research proposals are the limited availability of support for culturally congruent HIV research and African Americans' negative perceptions of their own competence and ability to contribute to society. We discuss progress toward eliminating disparities experienced by African American HIV/AIDS researchers at the individual, academic institution, and sociopolitical levels. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131094_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care access and sexually transmitted infection screening frequency among at-risk Massachusetts men who have sex with men. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, C.V. Author-Name: Mimiaga, M.J. Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Tetu, A.M. Author-Name: Cranston, K. Author-Name: Bertrand, T. Author-Name: Novak, D.S. Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S187-192 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127464 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess risk exposures, health care access, and screening rates for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Massachusetts. METHODS: We used a modified respondent-driven sampling method to collect data between March 2006 and May 2007. Overall, 126 MSM completed a survey. RESULTS: Seventy percent of participants reported unprotected receptive anal intercourse with at least 1 nonmonogamous male partner; 50% reported having had a previous STI. Although 98% had visited a health care provider in the previous year, 39% had not been screened for STIs during the previous 2 years. Bisexual respondents were less likely to have told their health care providers that they engage in male-to-male sexual contact (OR = 4.66; P < .001), less likely to have been tested for STIs during in the previous 2 years (OR = 6.91; P < .001), and more likely to engage in insertive anal intercourse without a condom with an HIV-infected partner (OR = 5.04; P < .005) than were non-bisexual respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians need to assess sexual risk-taking behaviors and more routinely screen for STIs among sexually active men regardless of disclosure of a history of having sex with men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127464_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bold steps for the health of Americans: Yes we can Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 587 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159384 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159384_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Personal journeys, professional paths: persistence in navigating the crossroads of a research career. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Manson, S.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S20-25 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133603 Abstract: Persistence in a research career can be readily understood within the trainee models that have emerged from undergraduate and graduate instruction. These models offer a common language for discussing training processes, serve as guides for assessing trainee needs, promise to render training programs that are more comprehensive and attentive than are current programs to the factors that contribute to academic and scientific persistence, and enable us to measure with greater precision, internal consistency, and generalizability the elements that logically belong in research career development programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133603_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived everyday racism, residential segregation, and HIV testing among patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, C.L. Author-Name: Daniel, M. Author-Name: Earp, J.A. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.S. Author-Name: Golin, C.E. Author-Name: Miller, W.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S137-143 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120865 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: More than one quarter of HIV-infected people are undiagnosed and therefore unaware of their HIV-positive status. Blacks are disproportionately infected. Although perceived racism influences their attitudes toward HIV prevention, how racism influences their behaviors is unknown. We sought to determine whether perceiving everyday racism and racial segregation influence Black HIV testing behavior. METHODS: This was a clinic-based, multilevel study in a North Carolina city. Eligibility was limited to Blacks (N = 373) seeking sexually transmitted disease diagnosis or screening. We collected survey data, block group characteristics, and lab-confirmed HIV testing behavior. We estimated associations using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: More than 90% of the sample perceived racism, which was associated with higher odds of HIV testing (odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 2.52), after control for residential segregation, and other covariates. Neither patient satisfaction nor mechanisms for coping with stress explained the association. CONCLUSIONS: Perceiving everyday racism is not inherently detrimental. Perceived racism may improve odds of early detection of HIV infection in this high-risk population. How segregation influences HIV testing behavior warrants further research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120865_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Embracing culture, enhancing diversity, and strengthening research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Satcher, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159749 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159749_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leibowitz et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leibowitz, A.A. Author-Name: Desmond, K. Author-Name: Belin, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 584-585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156620 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156620_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Demographic characteristics and survival with AIDS: health disparities in Chicago, 1993-2001. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woldemichael, G. Author-Name: Christiansen, D. Author-Name: Thomas, S. Author-Name: Benbow, N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S118-123 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124750 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined correlations between survival and race/ethnicity, age, and gender among persons who died from AIDS-related causes. METHODS: We estimated survival among 11 022 persons at 12, 36, and 60 months after diagnosis with AIDS in 1993 through 2001 and reported through 2003 to the Chicago Department of Public Health. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) by demographic and risk characteristics. RESULTS: All demographic groups had higher 5-year survival rates after the introduction of highly active retroviral therapy (1996-2001) than before (1993-1995). The HR for non-Hispanic Blacks to Whites was 1.18 in 1993 to 1995 and 1.51 (P < .01) in 1996 to 2001. The HR for persons 50 years or older to those younger than 30 years was 1.63 in 1993-1995 and 2.28 (P < .01) in 1996-2001. The female-to-male HR was 0.90 in 1993-1995 and 1.20 (P < .02) in 1996-2001. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of death was higher for non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Interventions are needed to increase early access to care for disadvantaged groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124750_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mexican Americans and frailty: Findings from the hispanic established populations epidemiologic studies of the elderly Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ottenbacher, K.J. Author-Name: Graham, J.E. Author-Name: Al Snih, S. Author-Name: Raji, M. Author-Name: Samper-Ternent, R. Author-Name: Ostir, G.V. Author-Name: Markides, K.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 673-679 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143958 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prevalence of frailty among Mexican American older adults and explored the correlates associated with becoming frail to determine their affect on disability and morbidity in this population. Methods. We studied the trajectory of frailty over 10 years in 2049 Mexican Americans participating in the Hispanic Established Populations Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. We constructed a frailty index based on weight loss, exhaustion, grip strength, walking speed, and physical activity and collected data on sociodemographic and health status, comorbidities, and functional measures of performance. Results. The sample was 58%female, with amean age of 74.43 years (SD=6.04) at baseline. Fifty-five percent of participants at baseline and 75% of the surviving sample at follow-up (n=777)were classified as prefrail or frail. Of persons identified as frail at baseline, 84% died by the end of follow-up. Baseline age, diabetes, arthritis, smoking status, body mass index, cognition, negative affect, and number of comorbid conditions were predictors of frailty at follow-up (R2=0.29; P<.05). Conclusions. Further research into ways to reduce the number of Mexican American older adults who become frail and disabled and therefore lose their independence is needed. Future studies should continue to examine the trajectory of frailty as a dynamic process that includes psychosocial and cognitive components. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143958_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call for training the trainers: focus on mentoring to enhance diversity in mental health research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jeste, D.V. Author-Name: Twamley, E.W. Author-Name: Cardenas, V. Author-Name: Lebowitz, B. Author-Name: Reynolds 3rd., C.F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S31-37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154633 Abstract: There is a widening disparity between the proportion of ethnic minority Americans in the population and the number of researchers from these minority groups. One major obstacle in this arena relates to a dearth of mentors for such trainees. The present academic settings are not optimal for development and sustenance of research mentors, especially for mentees from underrepresented minority ethnic groups. Mentoring skills can and should be evaluated and enhanced. Universities, medical schools, and funding agencies need to join hands and implement national- and local-level programs to help develop and reward mentors of junior scientists from ethnic minority groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154633_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of recent HIV infection among Seattle-area men who have sex with men. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thiede, H. Author-Name: Jenkins, R.A. Author-Name: Carey, J.W. Author-Name: Hutcheson, R. Author-Name: Thomas, K.K. Author-Name: Stall, R.D. Author-Name: White, E. Author-Name: Allen, I. Author-Name: Mejia, R. Author-Name: Golden, M.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S157-164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.098582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.098582 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify HIV-infection risk factors related to partner selection and sexual behaviors with those partners among men who have sex with men (MSM) in King County, Washington. METHODS: Participants were recruited from HIV testing sites in the Seattle area. Recent HIV infection status was determined by the Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS) or a self-reported previous HIV-negative test. Data on behaviors with 3 male partners were collected via computer-based self-interviews. Generalized estimating equation models identified partnership factors associated with recent infection. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 32 HIV-positive MSM (58 partners) and 110 HIV-negative MSM (213 partners). In multivariate analysis, recent HIV infection was associated with meeting partners at bathhouses or sex clubs, bars or dance clubs, or online; methamphetamine use during unprotected anal intercourse; and unprotected anal intercourse, except with HIV-negative primary partners. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to improve efforts to promote condom use with casual partners, regardless of their partner's HIV status. New strategies to control methamphetamine use in MSM and to reduce risk behaviors related to meeting partners at high-risk venues are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.098582_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health and health care of US prisoners: Results of a nationwide survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilper, A.P. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Boyd, J.W. Author-Name: Lasser, K.E. Author-Name: McCormick, D. Author-Name: Bor, D.H. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 666-672 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144279 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the prevalence of chronic illnesses, including mental illness, and access to health care among US inmates. Methods. We used the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails and the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities to analyze disease prevalence and clinical measures of access to health care for inmates. Results. Among inmates in federal prisons, state prisons, and local jails, 38.5% (SE=2.2%), 42.8% (SE=1.1%), and 38.7% (SE=0.7%), respectively, suffered a chronic medical condition. Among inmates with a mental condition ever treated with a psychiatric medication, only 25.5% (SE=7.5%) of federal, 29.6% (SE=2.8%) of state, and 38.5% (SE=1.5%) of local jail inmates were taking a psychiatric medication at the time of arrest, whereas 69.1% (SE=4.8%), 68.6% (SE=1.9%), and 45.5% (SE=1.6%) were on a psychiatric medication after admission. Conclusions. Many inmates with a serious chronic physical illness fail to receive care while incarcerated. Among inmates with mental illness, most were off their treatments at the time of arrest. Improvements are needed both in correctional health care and in community mental health services that might prevent crime and incarceration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144279_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived effects of leave from work and the role of paid leave among parents of children with special health care needs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Author-Name: Chung, P.J. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Garfield, C.F. Author-Name: Vestal, K.D. Author-Name: Klein, D.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 698-705 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138313 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the perceived effects of leave from work among employed parents of children with special health care needs. Methods. Telephone interviews were conducted from November 2003 to January 2004 with 585 parents who had missed 1 or more workdays for their child's illness in the previous year. Results. Most parents reported positive effects of leave on their child's physical (81%) and emotional (85%) health; 57% reported a positive effect on their own emotional health, although 24% reported a negative effect. Most parents reported no effect (44%) or a negative effect (42%) on job performance; 73% reported leave-related financial problems. In multivariate analyses, parents receiving full pay during leave were more likely than were parents receiving no pay to report positive effects on child physical (odds ratio [OR]=1.85) and emotional (OR=1.68) health and parent emotional health (OR=1.70), and were less likely to report financial problems (OR=0.20). Conclusions. Employed parents believed that leave-taking benefited the health of their children with special health care needs and their own emotional health, but compromised their job performance and finances. Parents who received full pay reported better consequences across the board. Access to paid leave, particularly with full pay, may improve parent and child outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138313_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why education and choice won't solve the obesity problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walls, H.L. Author-Name: Peeters, A. Author-Name: Loff, B. Author-Name: Crammond, B.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 590-592 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156232 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156232_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Condom use and high-risk sexual acts in adult films: a comparison of heterosexual and homosexual films. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grudzen, C.R. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Kerndt, P.R. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Author-Name: Brook, R.H. Author-Name: Gelberg, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S152-156 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127035 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We compared the prevalence of condom use during a variety of sexual acts portrayed in adult films produced for heterosexual and homosexual audiences to assess compliance with state Occupational Health and Safety Administration regulations. METHODS: We analyzed 50 heterosexual and 50 male homosexual films released between August 1, 2005, and July 31, 2006, randomly selected from the distributor of 85% of the heterosexual adult films released each year in the United States. RESULTS: Penile-vaginal intercourse was protected with condoms in 3% of heterosexual scenes. Penile-anal intercourse, common in both heterosexual (42%) and homosexual (80%) scenes, was much less likely to be protected with condoms in heterosexual than in homosexual scenes (10% vs 78%; P < .001). No penile-oral acts were protected with condoms in any of the selected films. CONCLUSIONS: Heterosexual films were much less likely than were homosexual films to portray condom use, raising concerns about transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, especially among performers in heterosexual adult films. In addition, the adult film industry, especially the heterosexual industry, is not adhering to state occupational safety regulations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127035_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid coverage of circumcision spreads harm to the poor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, L.W. Author-Name: McAllister, R.G. Author-Name: Peterson, K.W. Author-Name: Travis, J.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156463 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156463_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health legal preparedness in Indian country Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bryan, R.T. Author-Name: Schaefer, R.M. Author-Name: DeBruyn, L. Author-Name: Stier, D.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 607-614 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146522 Abstract: American Indian/Alaska Native tribal governments are sovereign entities with inherent authority to create laws and enact health regulations. Laws are an essential tool for ensuring effective public health responses to emerging threats. To analyze how tribal laws support public health practice in tribal communities, we reviewed tribal legal documentation available through online databases and talked with subject-matter experts in tribal public health law. Of the 70 tribal codes we found, 14 (20%) had no clearly identifiable public health provisions. The public health-related statutes within the remaining codes were rarely well integrated or comprehensive. Our findings provide an evidence base to help tribal leaders strengthen public health legal foundations in tribal communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146522_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building partnerships between indigenous communities and universities: lessons learned in HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baldwin, J.A. Author-Name: Johnson, J.L. Author-Name: Benally, C.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S77-82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134585 Abstract: Many HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention studies in American Indian and Alaska Native communities have been directed by academic researchers with little community input. We examined the challenges in conducting HIV/AIDS-related research in American Indian and Alaska Native communities and the benefits of changing the research paradigm to a community-based participatory model. The lessons we learned illustrate that the research process should be a cyclical one with continual involvement by community members. Steps in the process include (1) building and sustaining collaborative relationships, (2) planning the program together, (3) implementing and evaluating the program in culturally acceptable ways, and (4) disseminating research findings from a tribal perspective. These steps can enhance the long-term capacity of the community to conduct HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134585_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decolonizing strategies for mentoring American Indians and Alaska Natives in HIV and mental health research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walters, K.L. Author-Name: Simoni, J.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S71-76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136127 Abstract: American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) scholars in the fields of mental health and HIV face formidable barriers to scientific success. These include justifiable mistrust of historically oppressive educational systems, educational disparities, role burdens within academe, the devaluation and marginalization of their research interests, and outright discrimination. Research partners can work to dismantle these barriers by embracing indigenous worldviews, engaging in collaborative research partnerships, building research capacity within universities and tribal communities, changing reward systems, and developing mentoring programs. At the individual level, aspiring AIAN scholars must build coalitions, reject internalized colonial messages, and utilize indigenous ethical frames. The creation of a cadre of AIAN researchers is crucial to improving the health of AIAN peoples. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136127_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mentoring and research capacity-building experiences: acculturating to research from the perspective of the trainee. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zea, M.C. Author-Name: Belgrave, F.Z. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S16-19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149203 Abstract: We participated in the Collaborative HIV Prevention in Minority Communities Program, which was designed to support ethnic minority researchers in improving their HIV-prevention research skills. Here we share our experiences as trainees, as well as the effect this program has had on our research careers. We liken the process of securing funding for our research to that of acculturation: we had to learn a new culture while retaining our own identity and membership in ethnic minority communities. We also discuss the importance of mentorship from the perspective of the trainee and reflect on our learning and skills acquisition process. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149203_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between county-level injury rates and racial segregation revisited: A multilevel analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fabio, A. Author-Name: Sauber-Schatz, E.K. Author-Name: Barbour, K.E. Author-Name: Li, W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 748-753 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139576 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether within-county racial segregation was associated with increased odds of violent injury beyond individual risk. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, data on 75310 patients admitted with an injury to Pennsylvania hospitals from 1997 to 1999 were analyzed to determine the association between county-level racial segregation and violent injury. We used multilevel analysis to adjust for individual- and county-level factors. Principal components analysis allowed us to separate the effect of segregation from other county-level variables. Results. After adjustment, greater segregation was associated with increased odds of violent injury among Whites (odds ratio [OR]=1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.11, 1.30) and non-Whites (OR=1.45; 95% CI=1.28, 1.64). The association was stronger for non-Whites. Conclusions. Our results suggested that living in a county with high levels of racial segregation was associated with increased odds of violence not explained by an individual's own risk. These findings represent an important step in understanding the nature of observed links between race and violence. Future work should develop prevention strategies that simultaneously target community and individual risks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139576_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexually transmitted diseases among adults who had been abused and neglected as children: a 30-year prospective study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, H.W. Author-Name: Widom, C.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S197-203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131599 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between childhood abuse and neglect and the risk in adulthood for sexually transmitted diseases. METHODS: In a prospective cohort design, we matched children aged 0 to 11 years with documented cases of abuse or neglect during 1967 to 1971 with a control group of children who had not been maltreated (754 participants in all) and followed them into adulthood. Information about lifetime history of sexually transmitted diseases was collected as part of a medical status examination when participants were approximately 41 years old. RESULTS: Childhood sexual abuse increased risk for any sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 3.77; P = .05) and more than 1 type of sexually transmitted disease (OR = 3.33; 95% CI = 1.33, 8.22; P = .01). Physical abuse increased risk for more than 1 type of sexually transmitted disease (OR = 3.61; 95% CI = 1.39, 9.38; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided the first prospective evidence that child physical and sexual abuse increases risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Early screening and interventions are needed to identify and prevent sexually transmitted diseases among child abuse victims. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131599_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recruiting, retaining, and maintaining racial and ethnic minority investigators: why we should bother, why we should care. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cargill, V.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S5-57 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147645 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147645_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A brief, clinic-based, safer sex intervention for heterosexual African American men newly diagnosed with an STD: a randomized controlled trial. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crosby, R. Author-Name: DiClemente, R.J. Author-Name: Charnigo, R. Author-Name: Snow, G. Author-Name: Troutman, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S96-103 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123893 Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of a brief, clinic-based, safer sex program administered by a lay health adviser for young heterosexual African American men newly diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). METHODS: Subsequent to STD diagnosis, eligible men (N = 266; aged 18-29 years) were randomized to either a personalized, single-session intervention (delivered by a lay health adviser) or standard of care. We conducted behavioral assessments at baseline and 3 months postintervention (retention was 74.1%). We also conducted a 6-month clinic record review. RESULTS: Compared to men randomized to the control condition, those receiving the intervention were significantly less likely to acquire subsequent STDs (50.4% vs 31.9%; P = .002) and more likely to report using condoms during last sexual intercourse (72.4% vs 53.9%; P = .008). They also reported fewer sexual partners (mean 2.06 vs 4.15; P < .001) and fewer acts of unprotected sex (mean 12.3 vs 29.4; P = .045). Based on a 9-point rating scale, men in the intervention group had higher proficiency scores for condom application skills (mean difference = 3.17; P < .001). CONCLUSION: A brief clinic-based intervention delivered by a lay health adviser may be an efficacious strategy to reduce incident STDs among young heterosexual African American men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123893_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Introduction: the case for diversity in research on mental health and HIV/AIDS. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stoff, D.M. Author-Name: Forsyth, A. Author-Name: Marquez, E.D. Author-Name: McClure, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S8-15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153536 Abstract: This introductory article provides background and sets the stage for the mentoring programs described in this special supplement. The goal of these programs is to develop scientists from racial/ethnic groups underrepresented in the area of HIV/AIDS research on issues related to mental health. We describe recent epidemiological trends associated with HIV infection in diverse populations, the need for mentoring programs to study disparities, and the ongoing mentoring programs supported by the National Institutes of Health targeting investigators underrepresented in the workforce. We also provide a summary of the content of the articles to follow. We conclude with a comment on future needs and actions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153536_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risky sexual behavior, bleeding caused by intimate partner violence, and hepatitis C virus infection in patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, M. Author-Name: Chen, M.J. Author-Name: Nochajski, T.H. Author-Name: Testa, M. Author-Name: Zimmerman, S.J. Author-Name: Hughes, P.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S173-179 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126383 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate independent contributions of risky sexual behaviors and bleeding caused by intimate partner violence to prediction of HCV infection. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of risk factors among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic with and without HCV antibodies, group-matched by age. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses indicated that Black race (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3, 4.4), injection drug use (OR = 20.3; 95% CI = 10.8, 37.8), sharing straws to snort drugs (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.01, 3.0), sharing razors (OR = 7.8; 95% CI = 2.0, 31.0), and exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence (OR = 5.5; 95% CI = 1.4, 22.8) contributed significantly to the prediction of HCV infection; risky sexual behavior and exposure to blood or sores during sexual intercourse did not. CONCLUSIONS: HCV risk among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic can be explained by direct blood exposure, primarily through injection drug use. Exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence may be a previously unrecognized mechanism for HCV transmission associated with risky sexual behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126383_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The culture of food Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kropf, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 615 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151522 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151522_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiological characterization of individuals with newly reported HIV infection: South Carolina, 2004-2005. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ogbuanu, I.U. Author-Name: Torres, M.E. Author-Name: Kettinger, L. Author-Name: Albrecht, H. Author-Name: Duffus, W.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S111-117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.104323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.104323 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We used statewide data to assess HIV disease stage at initial diagnosis and laboratory indications for initiating antiretroviral therapy among South Carolina residents with newly diagnosed HIV infection. METHODS: Initial CD4+ counts and viral loads among individuals diagnosed with HIV between May 2004 and April 2005 were categorized according to current staging and treatment guidelines. RESULTS: Of 759 individuals who had a CD4+ count reported, 34% and 56% had counts of 200 cells/mm(3) or below and 350 cells/mm(3) or below, respectively. CD4+ counts of 200 cells/mm(3) or below were significantly associated with male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 3.16), age above 29 years (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.51, 3.96), and hospital-reported patients (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.41, 3.36). The same characteristics were significant risk factors for elevated viral loads. CONCLUSIONS: At least in South Carolina, HIV diagnoses are delayed in a significant percentage of patients. New testing strategies need to be implemented to encourage earlier HIV diagnoses, and future studies should evaluate the effects of expanded routine testing on earlier detection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.104323_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons learned from a training collaboration between an Ivy League institution and a historically Black university. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Flanigan, T.P. Author-Name: Payne, N. Author-Name: Simmons, E. Author-Name: Hyde, J. Author-Name: Sly, K. Author-Name: Zlotnick, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S57-60 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122127 Abstract: The Miriam Hospital, Brown Medical School, and Jackson State University developed a joint training program for predoctoral, Black psychology students under the auspices of a training grant funded by the National Institutes of Health. The students in the program at Jackson State University had unlimited access to the clinical research resources and mentoring expertise at Brown Medical School. This innovative program began in 2001 and addresses the need for Black leaders in clinical research and academia who will focus on HIV and other infections that disproportionately affect the Black community. This collaboration has served as a bridge between an Ivy League institution and a historically Black university for training in clinical research to develop successful minority academicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122127_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The economic impact of exposure to secondhand smoke in Minnesota Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waters, H.R. Author-Name: Foldes, S.S. Author-Name: Alesci, N.L. Author-Name: Samet, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 754-759 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137430 Abstract: Objectives. Using the risk categories established by the 2006 US surgeon general's report, we estimated medical treatment costs related to exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) in the state of Minnesota. Methods. We estimated the prevalence and costs of treated medical conditions related to SHS exposure in 2003 with data from Blue Cross and Blue Shield (Minnesota's largest insurer), the Current Population Survey, and population attributable risk estimates for these conditions reported in the scientific literature. We adjusted treatment costs to the state level by health insurance category by using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Results. The total annual cost of treatment in Minnesota for conditions for which the 2006 surgeon general's report found sufficient evidence to conclude a causal link with exposure to SHS was $228.7 million in 2008 dollars-equivalent to $44.58 per Minnesota resident. Sensitivity analyses showed a range from $152.1 million to $330.0 million. Conclusions. The results present a strong rationale for regulating smoking in public places and were used to support the passage of Minnesota's Freedom to Breathe Act of 2007. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137430_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reforming health care or reforming health? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 588-590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158808 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158808_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between HIV-1 RNA level and CD4 cell count among untreated HIV-infected individuals. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lima, V.D. Author-Name: Fink, V. Author-Name: Yip, B. Author-Name: Hogg, R.S. Author-Name: Harrigan, P.R. Author-Name: Montaner, J.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S193-196 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137901 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined the significance of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (or viral load alone) in predicting CD4 cell decline in untreated HIV-infected individuals. METHODS: Data were obtained from the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. Participants included all residents who ever had a viral load determination in the province and who had never taken antiretroviral drugs (N = 890). We analyzed a total of 2074 viral load measurements and 2332 CD4 cell counts. Linear mixed-effects models were used to predict CD4 cell decline over time. RESULTS: Longitudinal viral load was strongly associated with CD4 cell decline over time; an average of 1 log(10) increase in viral load was associated with a 55-cell/mm(3) decrease in CD4 cell count. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the combined use of CD4 cell count and viral load as prognostic markers in HIV-infected individuals before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137901_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Core competencies for injury and violence prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Songer, T. Author-Name: Stephens-Stidham, S. Author-Name: Peek-Asa, C. Author-Name: Bou-Saada, I. Author-Name: Hunter, W. Author-Name: Lindemer, K. Author-Name: Runyan, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 600-606 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137331 Abstract: Efforts to reduce the burden of injury and violence require a workforce that is knowledgeable and skilled in prevention. However, there has been no systematic process to ensure that professionals possess the necessary competencies. To address this deficiency, we developed a set of core competencies for public health practitioners in injury and violence prevention programs. The core competencies address domains including public health significance, data, the design and implementation of prevention activities, evaluation, program management, communication, stimulating change, and continuing education. Specific learning objectives establish goals for training in each domain. The competencies assist in efforts to reduce the burden of injury and violence and can provide benchmarks against which to assess progress in professional capacity for injury and violence prevention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137331_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acculturation and sun-safe behaviors among US Latinos: Findings from the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andreeva, V.A. Author-Name: Unger, J.B. Author-Name: Yaroch, A.L. Author-Name: Cockburn, M.G. Author-Name: Baezconde-Garbanati, L. Author-Name: Reynolds, K.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 734-741 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122796 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between acculturation and sun safety among US Latinos. Methods. We used linear regression models to analyze data from 496 Latino respondents to the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey. Using sunscreen, seeking shade, and wearing protective clothing were the primary outcomes and were assessed by frequency scales. Acculturation was assessed with a composite index. Results. In bivariate models, acculturation was negatively associated with use of shade and protective clothing and positively associated with sunscreen use (all, P≤.004). In adjusted models, acculturation was negatively associated with seeking shade and wearing protective clothing across gender and region of residence (all, P≤.05). Conclusions. Our results demonstrated both adverse and beneficial effects of acculturation on Latinos' risk behaviors relating to skin cancer. Education about sun safety is needed for all Latinos and should be tailored to different levels of acculturation. Initiatives for Latinos who are not yet acculturated could focus on reinforcing existing sun-safe behaviors and presenting new ones, such as use of sunscreen; initiatives for highly acculturated Latinos might require more resources because the objective is behavior modification. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122796_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the impact of news coverage of an HIV multiclass drug-resistant cluster in Seattle, Washington. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kahle, E.M. Author-Name: Barash, E.A. Author-Name: Page, L.C. Author-Name: Lansky, A. Author-Name: Jafa, K. Author-Name: Sullivan, P.S. Author-Name: Buskin, S.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S131-136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126656 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: In February 2007, Public Health-Seattle and King County issued a press release describing a cluster of multiclass drug-resistant HIV cases among men who had sex with men (MSM). We evaluated the effect of the press release among MSM in the Seattle area. METHODS: We administered a rapid assessment survey at venues where MSM congregate. Eligible participants were men who had sex with men in the past year, were older than 18 years, and were residents of western Washington State. RESULTS: Among 325 participants, 57% heard or saw messages related to the press release. Of these, 87% remembered 1 or more key points, but only 5% remembered key prevention messages. Ninety-eight percent of participants thought it was important for the health department to get the message out about drug-resistant HIV. CONCLUSIONS: The press release was found to be a useful and well-received method to inform the public about an HIV drug-resistant cluster. Low retention and nonprominent coverage of key prevention messages suggests that health departments using press releases as a prevention tool need to carefully consider placement and emphasis of those messages in a press statement. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126656_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of emotional abuse in intimate partner violence and health among women in Yokohama, Japan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yoshihama, M. Author-Name: Horrocks, J. Author-Name: Kamano, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 647-653 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118976 Abstract: Objectives. As part of the World Health Organization's cross-national research effort, we investigated the relationship between various health indicators and the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV), which included emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, among women in Yokohama, Japan. Methods. We used multivariate logistic and negative binomial regression to examine the relationship between health status and IPV in a stratified cluster sample of 1371 women aged 18 to 49 years. Results. In 9 of 11 health indicators examined, the odds of experiencing healthrelated problems were significantly higher (P≤.05) among those that reported emotional abuse plus physical or sexual violence than among those that reported no IPV, after we controlled for sociodemographic factors, childhood sexual abuse, and adulthood sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner. For most health indicators, there were no significant differences between those that reported emotional abuse only and those that reported emotional abuse plus physical or sexual violence. Conclusions. The similarity of outcomes among those that reported emotional abuse only and those that reported emotional abuse plus physical or sexual violence suggests the need for increased training of health care providers about the effects of emotional abuse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118976_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigration and suicidal behavior among Mexicans and Mexican Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borges, G. Author-Name: Breslau, J. Author-Name: Su, M. Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Medina-Mora, M.E. Author-Name: Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 728-733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135160 Abstract: Objectives. We examined migration to the United States as a risk factor for suicidal behavior among people of Mexican origin. Methods. We pooled data from 2 nationally representative surveys in the United States (2001-2003; n=1284) and Mexico (2001-2002; n=5782). We used discrete time survival models to account for time-varying and time-invariant characteristics, including psychiatric disorders. Results. Risk for suicidal ideation was higher among Mexicans with a family member in the United States (odds ratio [OR]=1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.06, 2.11), Mexican-born immigrants who arrived in the United States at 12 years or younger (OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.09, 3.09), and US-born Mexican Americans (OR=1.56; 95% CI=1.03, 2.38) than among Mexicans with neither a history of migration to the United States nor a family member currently living there. Risk for suicide attempts was also higher among Mexicans with a family member in the United States (OR=1.68; 95% CI=1.13, 2.52) and US-born Mexican Americans (OR=1.97; 95% CI=1.06, 3.65). Selection bias caused by differential migration or differential return migration of persons at higher risk of suicidal ideation or attempt did not account for these findings. Conclusions. Public health efforts should focus on the impact of Mexico-US migration on family members of migrants and on US-born Mexican Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135160_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: Implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shannon, K. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Author-Name: Shoveller, J. Author-Name: Rusch, M. Author-Name: Kerr, T. Author-Name: Tyndall, M.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 659-665 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129858 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between environmental- structural factors and condom-use negotiation with clients among female sex workers. Methods. We used baseline data from a 2006 Vancouver, British Columbia, community-based cohort of female sex workers, to map the clustering of "hot spots" for being pressured into unprotected sexual intercourse by a client and assess sexual HIV risk. We used multivariate logistic modeling to estimate the relationship between environmental-structural factors and being pressured by a client into unprotected sexual intercourse. Results. In multivariate analyses, being pressured into having unprotected sexual intercourse was independently associated with having an individual zoning restriction (odds ratio [OR]=3.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 9.36), working away from main streets because of policing (OR=3.01; 95% CI=1.39, 7.44), borrowing a used crack pipe (OR=2.51; 95% CI=1.06, 2.49), clientperpetrated violence (OR=2.08; 95% CI=1.06, 4.49), and servicing clients in cars or in public spaces (OR=2.00; 95% CI=1.65, 5.73). Conclusions. Given growing global concern surrounding the failings of prohibitive sex-work legislation on sex workers' health and safety, there is urgent need for environmental-structural HIV-prevention efforts that facilitate sex workers' ability to negotiate condom use in safer sex-work environments and criminalize abuse by clients and third parties. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129858_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insurance status and quality of diabetes care in community health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, J.X. Author-Name: Huang, E.S. Author-Name: Drum, M.L. Author-Name: Kirchhoff, A.C. Author-Name: Schlichting, J.A. Author-Name: Schaefer, C.T. Author-Name: Heuer, L.J. Author-Name: Chin, M.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 742-747 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.125534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.125534 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to compare quality of diabetes care by insurance type in federally funded community health centers. Method. We categorized 2018 diabetes patients, randomly selected from 27 community health centers in 17 states in 2002, into 6 mutually exclusive insurance groups. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses to compare quality of diabetes care according to 6 National Committee for Quality Assurance Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set diabetes processes of care and outcome measures. Results. Thirty-three percent of patients had no health insurance, 24% had Medicare only, 15% had Medicaid only, 7% had both Medicare and Medicaid, 14% had private insurance, and 7% had another insurance type. Those without insurance were the least likely to meet the quality-of-care measures; those with Medicaid had a quality of care similar to those with no insurance. Conclusions. Research is needed to identify the major mediators of differences in quality of care by insurance status among safety-net providers such as community health centers. Such research is needed for policy interventions at Medicaid benefit design and as an incentive to improve quality of care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.125534_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training for research in mental health and HIV/AIDS among racial and ethnic minority populations: meeting the needs of new investigators. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alegría, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S26-30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135996 Abstract: My experiences as a mentor of young investigators, along with conversations with a diverse pool of mentees, led me to question the ability of conventional research methods, problem formulation, and instruments to address the unique challenges of studying racial and ethnic minorities. Training of new investigators should prepare them to explore alternative research paradigms and atypical research strategies, such as community-based participatory research and Photovoice technique. Unconventional approaches to research may challenge common explanations for unmet needs, noncompliance with treatments, and poor service outcomes. Mentors may need to develop broader theoretical insights that will facilitate unconventional problem formulation. The teaching of scientific research and mentoring of young investigators who study minority populations should evolve along with the changing research environment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135996_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A multifaceted mentoring model for minority researchers to address HIV health disparities. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rabionet, S.E. Author-Name: Santiago, L.E. Author-Name: Zorrilla, C.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S65-70 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153635 Abstract: In an era of significant biomedical advances in the treatment of HIV, health disparities still persist. The participation of minority researchers brings new perspectives to health-disparities research. Mentoring is key to this process. We present the multifaceted mentoring model that evolved in the Puerto Rico Comprehensive Center for the Study of HIV Disparities and the Mentoring Institute for HIV and Mental Health. The model includes (1) multi-institutional collaborations, (2) competency development, and (3) cross-disciplinary teams. These aspects of the model provide guidelines for institutions seeking to formalize mentoring programs while addressing the complexities of health disparities. The competency development component is a powerful tool in assessing and supporting the researchers. Further explorations on the applicability of the model are encouraged. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153635_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to research and capacity building at Hispanic-serving institutions: the case of HIV/AIDS research at the University of Puerto Rico. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernal, G. Author-Name: Ortiz-Torres, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S60-65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.121731 Abstract: Substantive barriers to research, such as cultural, language, and methodological variables, exist in Hispanic-serving institutions. Historical and contextual variables account for the differences between academic settings with research-intensive centers and those with limited infrastructure for competitive research. We provide a case example to serve as a model for developing and strengthening the research infrastructure in Hispanic-serving institutions and for providing the mentorship Latino investigators may need to compete with other investigators in research-intensive centers. We present recommendations to reduce these barriers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.121731_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevention technology transfer: challenges and strategies in the real world. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Veniegas, R.C. Author-Name: Kao, U.H. Author-Name: Rosales, R. Author-Name: Arellanes, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S124-130 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124263 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined implementation of evidence-based interventions for HIV prevention at community-based organizations in Los Angeles County, CA. METHODS: We conducted 2 waves of interviews with 34 organization staff members. We analyzed activities reported by staff in the phases (preimplementation, implementation, and maintenance and evolution) and activities defined by the technology transfer model for evidence-based HIV prevention interventions. RESULTS: Staff members were able to select, adapt, and implement evidence-based HIV prevention interventions despite challenges in each phase of technology transfer. Preimplementation challenges included lack of information and poor fit between the interventions and organizations' clients. Implementation challenges included retention of participants across intervention sessions and staff turnover. A challenge in the maintenance and evolution phase was enhancing staff skills in outcome monitoring and cost analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Technical assistance must be matched to the specific challenges found in each phase of technology transfer. Successful transfer of evidence-based HIV prevention interventions will depend on their continued uptake and use by organization staff. This study highlights directions for improving communications regarding appropriate modifications to these interventions and for organizational planning to continue adapted interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124263_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The moral justification for a compulsory human papillomavirus vaccination program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Balog, J.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 616-622 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131656 Abstract: Compulsory human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of young girls has been proposed as a public health intervention to reduce the threat of the disease. Such a program would entail a symbiotic relationship between scientific interests in reducing mortality and morbidity and philosophical interests in promoting morality. This proposal raises the issue of whether government should use its police powers to restrict liberty and parental autonomy for the purpose of preventing harm to young people. I reviewed the scientific literature that questions the value of a HPV vaccination. Applying a principle-based approach to moral reasoning, I concluded that compulsory HPV vaccinations can be justified on moral, scientific, and public health grounds. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131656_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A randomized controlled trial for reducing risks for sexually transmitted infections through enhanced patient-based partner notification. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, T.E. Author-Name: Hogben, M. Author-Name: Malka, E.S. Author-Name: Liddon, N. Author-Name: McCormack, W.M. Author-Name: Rubin, S.R. Author-Name: Augenbraun, M.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S104-110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.112128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.112128 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the effectiveness of approaches targeting improved sexually transmitted infection (STI) sexual partner notification through patient referral. METHODS: From January 2002 through December 2004, 600 patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis were recruited from STI clinics and randomly assigned to either a standard-of-care group or a group that was counseled at the time of diagnosis and given additional follow-up contact. Participants completed an interview at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months and were checked at 6 months for gonorrhea or chlamydial infection via nucleic acid amplification testing of urine. RESULTS: Program participants were more likely to report sexual partner notification at 1 month (86% control, 92% intervention; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 3.0) and were more likely to report no unprotected sexual intercourse at 6 months (38% control, 48% intervention; AOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.1). Gonorrhea or chlamydial infection was detected in 6% of intervention and 11% of control participants at follow-up (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.1, 4.1), with greatest benefits seen among men (for gender interaction, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: This patient-based sexual partner notification program can help reduce risks for subsequent STIs among urban, minority patients presenting for care at STI clinics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.112128_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care utilization, barriers to care, and hormone usage among male-to-female transgender persons in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanchez, N.F. Author-Name: Sanchez, J.P. Author-Name: Danoff, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 713-719 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132035 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated health care utilization, barriers to care, and hormone use among male-to-female transgender persons residing in New York City to determine whether current care is in accord with the World Professional Association for Transgender Health and the goals of Healthy People 2010. Methods. We conducted interviews with 101 male-to-female transgender persons from 3 community health centers in 2007. Results. Most participants reported having health insurance (77%; n=78) and seeing a general practitioner in the past year (81%; n=82). Over 25% of participants perceived the cost of medical care, access to specialists, and a paucity of transgender-friendly and transgender-knowledgeable providers as barriers to care. Being under a physician's care was associated with high-risk behavior reduction, including smoking cessation (P=.004) and obtaining needles from a licensed physician (P=.002). Male-to-female transgender persons under a physician's care were more likely to obtain hormone therapies from a licensed physician (P<.001). Conclusions. Utilization of health care providers by male-to-female transgender persons is associated with their reduction of some high-risk behaviors, but it does not result in adherence to standard of care recommendations for transgender individuals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132035_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV risk associated with gay bathhouses and sex clubs: findings from 2 seattle surveys of factors related to HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reidy, W.J. Author-Name: Spielberg, F. Author-Name: Wood, R. Author-Name: Binson, D. Author-Name: Woods, W.J. Author-Name: Goldbaum, G.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S165-172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We studied the HIV risk behaviors of patrons of the 3 commercial sex venues for men in Seattle, Washington. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional, observational surveys in 2004 and 2006 by use of time-venue cluster sampling with probability proportional to size. Surveys were anonymous and self-reported. We analyzed the 2004 data to identify patron characteristics and predictors of risk behaviors and compared the 2 survey populations. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of respondents reported a previous HIV-positive test, 14% reported unprotected anal intercourse, and 9% reported unprotected anal intercourse with a partner of unknown or discordant HIV status during the current commercial sex venue visit. By logistic regression, recent unprotected anal intercourse outside of a commercial sex venue was independently associated with unprotected anal intercourse. Sex venue site and patron drug use were strongly associated with unprotected anal intercourse at the crude level. The 2004 and 2006 survey populations did not differ significantly in demographics or behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Patron and venue-specific characteristics factors may each influence the frequency of HIV risk behaviors in commercial sex venues. Future research should evaluate the effect of structural and individual-level interventions on HIV transmission. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychosocial care for women survivors of the tsunami disaster in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Becker, S.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 654-658 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146571 Abstract: Objectives. I investigated the effectiveness of Psychosocial Care, a community-based mental health initiative for survivors of the 2004 tsunami disaster in India. Methods. Mental health teams from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in India implemented a train-the-trainer model of psychosocial care in one of the worst tsunami-affected areas of south India. Three months of psychosocial care was provided for an intervention group of women, but not for a control group recruited from an exposed neighboring village. Impact of Event Scale (IES) scores-both total scores and scores for subscales on hypervigilance, avoidance, and intrusion-were compiled for both the intervention and control groups and used as outcome measures. Results. For the intervention group, posttest total IES and subscale scores were significantly lower than pretest scores (P<.001), indicating improvement in symptoms. Posttest total IES and subscale scores were significantly lower for the intervention group than for the control group (P<.001). Conclusions. Psychosocial care is an effective mental health strategy for women survivors of disasters and should be an integral component of disaster response in resource-poor countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146571_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of a hepatitis C virus educational intervention or a motivational intervention on alcohol use, injection drug use, and sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zule, W.A. Author-Name: Costenbader, E.C. Author-Name: Coomes, C.M. Author-Name: Wechsberg, W.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S180-186 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126854 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126854 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We compared the effects of 2 interventions on alcohol use, use of a new syringe at last injection, and condom use at last sexual encounter in a community sample of injection drug users. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2006, 851 out-of-treatment injection drug users were recruited in Raleigh, NC, and Durham, NC, through street outreach and were randomly assigned to either a 6-session educational intervention or a 6-session motivational intervention. Intervention effects were examined at 6 and 12 months after enrollment. RESULTS: In multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for baseline alcohol use and HCV status, participants assigned to the motivational intervention were significantly less likely than were participants in the educational intervention to be drinking at the 6-month follow-up (odds ratio = 0.67; 95% confidence interval = 0.46, 0.97). There were no significant between-group differences in use of a new syringe at last injection or condom use at last sexual encounter at either follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing alcohol use among persons with HCV may slow disease progression and provide important health benefits. Additional strategies are needed for slowing HCV disease progression until more effective HCV treatments are available. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126854_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial discrimination and racial identity attitudes in relation to self-rated health and physical pain and impairment among two-spirit American Indians/Alaska Natives. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chae, D.H. Author-Name: Walters, K.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S144-151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126003 Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between racial discrimination and actualization, defined as the degree of positive integration between self-identity and racial group identity, and self-rated health and physical pain and impairment. METHODS: We used logistic regressions to analyze data from 447 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual-minority American Indians/Alaska Natives. RESULTS: Greater self-reported discrimination was associated with higher odds of physical pain and impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 1.78); high levels of actualization were associated with lower odds of physical pain and impairment (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.99) and self-rated fair or poor health (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.32, 0.90). Actualization also moderated the influence of discrimination on self-rated health (t = -2.33; P = .020). Discrimination was positively associated with fair or poor health among participants with low levels of actualization, but this association was weak among those with high levels of actualization. CONCLUSIONS: Among two-spirit American Indians/Alaska Natives, discrimination may be a risk factor for physical pain and impairment and for fair or poor self-rated health among those with low levels of actualization. Actualization may protect against physical pain and impairment and poor self-rated health and buffer the negative influence of discrimination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126003_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Key issues in mentoring in HIV prevention and mental health for new investigators from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Forsyth, A.D. Author-Name: Stoff, D.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S87-91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155085 Abstract: We examine the challenges and barriers to quality mentoring for new investigators from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups and propose solutions for establishing a robust pipeline of early-career scientists who are well equipped to conduct research on disparities in HIV and mental health. In addition, we review contributions to this special supplement on mentoring and advocate a multilevel strategy that targets funding agencies, academic and research institutions, mentors, and mentees to enhance the diversity of the nation's scientific workforce and ensure that the public health system benefits from innovations derived from the optimal use of existing human capital. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155085_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on student food selection and sales in Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cullen, K.W. Author-Name: Watson, K.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 706-712 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129387 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the statewide impact of the 2004 Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on foods and beverages served or sold in schools. Methods. We collected lunch food production records from 47 schools in 11 Texas school districts for the school years before (2003-2004) and after (2004-2005) policy implementation. Cafeteria servings of fruit, vegetables (regular and fried), and milk served each day were calculated. Twenty-three schools from 5 districts provided records of a la carte sales of candy, chips, desserts, drinks, ice cream, and water. We examined aggregated school-level differences in total items served or sold per day per student between study years. Results. School demographics were similar to state data. Regardless of district and school size, cafeterias served significantly fewer high-fat vegetable items per student postpolicy (P<.001). Postpolicy snack bar sales of large bags of chips were significantly reduced (P=.006), and baked chips sales significantly increased (P=.048). Conclusions. School food policy changes have improved foods served or sold to students. It is not known whether improved lunch choices influence consumption for the whole day. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129387_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ElderSmile: A comprehensive approach to improving oral health for seniors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, S. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: De La Cruz, L.D. Author-Name: Vaughan, R.D. Author-Name: O'Neil-Dunne, J. Author-Name: Lamster, I.B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 595-599 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149211 Abstract: Societal changes, including the aging of the US population and the lack of routine dental service coverage under Medicare, have left many seniors unable to afford any dental care whatsoever, let alone the most advanced treatments. 1 In 2004, the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine and its partners instituted the ElderSmile program in the largely impoverished communities of Harlem and Washington Heights/Inwood in New York City. The long-term goal of this program is to improve access to and delivery of oral health care for seniors; the short-term goal is to establish and operate a network of prevention centers surrounding a limited number of treatment centers. Preliminary results indicate substantial unmet dental needs in this largely Hispanic and Black elderly population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149211_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived access to general medical and psychiatric care among veterans with bipolar disorder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zeber, J.E. Author-Name: Copeland, L.A. Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Author-Name: Bauer, M.S. Author-Name: Kilbourne, A.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 720-727 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131318 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between patient characteristics and self-reported difficulties in accessing mental health and general medical care services. Methods. Patients were recruited from the Continuous Improvement for Veterans in Care-Mood Disorders study. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess whether predisposing (demographic characteristics), enabling (e.g., homelessness), or need (bipolar symptoms, substance abuse) factors were associated with difficulties in obtaining care, difficulties in locating specialty providers, and forgoing care because of cost. Results. Patients reported greater difficulty in accessing general medical services than in accessing psychiatric care. Individuals experiencing bipolar symptoms more frequently avoided psychiatric care because of cost (odds ratio [OR]=2.43) and perceived greater difficulties in accessing medical specialists (OR=2.06). Homeless individuals were more likely to report hospitalization barriers, whereas older and minority patients generally encountered fewer problems accessing treatment. Conclusions. Need and enabling factors were most influential in predicting self-reported difficulties in accessing care, subsequently interfering with treatment dynamics and jeopardizing clinical outcomes. Efforts in the Department of Veterans Affairs to expand mental health care access should be coupled with efforts to ensure adequate access to general medical services among patients with chronic mental illnesses. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131318_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building infrastructure for HIV/AIDS and mental health research at institutions serving minorities. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yanagihara, R. Author-Name: Chang, L. Author-Name: Ernst, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: S1 Pages: S82-86 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136903 Abstract: The National Institutes of Health and other funding agencies have initiated various programs aimed at enhancing diversity in the workforces for health care delivery and biomedical research. These programs have resulted in improvements in research infrastructure and moderate successes in increasing, retaining, and strengthening the pool of underrepresented minority students and junior faculty at resource-poor institutions serving minorities. We discuss some of the barriers and obstacles confronting such institutions, and the enablers and facilitators that may ameliorate or overcome such barriers. Although our analysis is drawn from lessons learned at an institution serving a largely Asian and Pacific Islander population, analogous situations may be found for other institutions serving minorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136903_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in resource-limited settings: The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spensley, A. Author-Name: Sripipatana, T. Author-Name: Turner, A.N. Author-Name: Hoblitzelle, C. Author-Name: Robinson, J. Author-Name: Wilfert, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 4 Pages: 631-637 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.114421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114421 Abstract: Objectives. In September 1999, the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation initiated a multicountry, service-based programmatic effort in the developing world to reduce perinatally acquired HIV infection. We review 61/2 years of one of the world's largest programs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Methods. Each PMTCT facility records patient data in antenatal clinics and labor and delivery settings about counseling, testing, HIV status, and antiretroviral prophylaxis and submits the data to foundation staff. Results. More than 2.6 million women have accessed foundation-affiliated services through June 2006. Overall, 92.9% of women who received antenatal care or were eligible for PMTCT services in labor and delivery have been counseled, and 82.8% of those counseled accepted testing. Among women identified as HIV positive, 75.0% received antiretroviral prophylaxis (most a single dose of nevirapine), as did 45.6% of their infants. Conclusions. The foundation's experience has demonstrated that opt-out testing, supplying mothers with medication at time of diagnosis, and providing the infant dose early have measurably improved program efficiency. PMTCT should be viewed as an achievable paradigm and an essential part of the continuum of care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.114421_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Premigration exposure to political violence and perpetration of intimate partner violence among immigrant men in Boston Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gupta, J. Author-Name: Acevedo-Garcia, D. Author-Name: Hemenway, D. Author-Name: Decker, M.R. Author-Name: Raj, A. Author-Name: Silverman, J.G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 462-469 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120634 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between premigration political violence exposure and past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among immigrant men attending community health centers in Boston. Methods. A convenience sample of immigrant men (N=379; aged 18-35 years), largely from the Caribbean and Cape Verde, who attend community health centers, completed an anonymous, cross-sectional survey on risk and protective factors for male-perpetrated IPV and respondents' exposure to political violence. Results. One in 5 (20.1%) immigrant men reported that they were exposed to political violence before arrival in the United States. Men reporting political violence exposure were significantly more likely to report IPV perpetration than were men not reporting such exposure (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.41, 5.74). Significant associations with political violence exposure were observed for both physical (AOR=2.69; 95% CI=1.11, 6.54) and sexual (AOR=2.37; 95% CI=1.04, 5.44) IPV perpetration. Conclusions. To our knowledge, our findings document for the first time the significant association between premigration political violence exposure and recent IPV perpetration among immigrant men. Additional work is needed to examine underlying mechanisms to inform culturally appropriate programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.120634_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Small-area estimation and prioritizing communities for obesity control in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, W. Author-Name: Kelsey, J.L. Author-Name: Zhang, Z. Author-Name: Lemon, S.C. Author-Name: Mezgebu, S. Author-Name: Boddie-Willis, C. Author-Name: Reed, G.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 511-519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137364 Abstract: Objectives. We developed a method to evaluate geographic and temporal variations in community-level obesity prevalence and used that method to identify communities in Massachusetts that should be considered high priority communities for obesity control. Methods. We developed small-area estimation models to estimate community-level obesity prevalence among community-living adults 18 years or older. Individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System from 1999 to 2005 were integrated with community-level data fromthe 2000 USCensus. Small-area estimation models assessed the associations of obesity (body mass index≥30 kg/m2) with individual- and community-level characteristics. A classi-fication system based on level and precision of obesity prevalence estimates was then used to identify high-priority communities. Results. Estimates of the prevalence of community-level obesity ranged from 9% to 38% in 2005 and increased in all communities from 1999 to 2005. Fewer than 7% of communities met the Healthy People 2010 objective of prevalence rates below 15%. The highest prevalence rates occurred in communities characterized by lower income, less education, and more blue-collar workers. Conclusions. Similar to the rest of the nation, Massachusetts faces a great challenge in reaching the national obesity control objective. Targeting highpriority communities identified by small-area estimation may maximize use of limited resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137364_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Technology can improve public health education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lobb, A. Author-Name: McDonnell, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 390-391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153361 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153361_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State-level moderation of genetic tendencies to smoke Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boardman, J.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 480-486 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134932 Abstract: Objectives. I examined genetic influences on smoking among adolescents and differences in the heritability of smoking across states in the United States. Methods. With data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (participants aged 12-21 years), I used a multilevel twin- and sibling-pair (N=2060 pairs) regression model. Results. Daily smoking (hereditability estimate [h2]=0.54) and smoking onset (h2=0.42) were both highly heritable. Whereas the genetic influences on smoking onset were consistent across states, there was significant variation in these influences on daily smoking. Genetic influences on daily smoking were lower in states with relatively high taxes on cigarettes and in those with greater controls on the vending machines and cigarette advertising. Genetic influences were also negatively associated with rates of smoking among youths. Conclusions. At the state level, gene-environment interaction models are best characterized by the model of social control. State policies may influence genetic tendencies to smoke regularly, but they have not affected the genetic contributions to cigarette onset or experimentation. Future tobacco-control policies may emphasize the heritable endophenotypes that increase the likelihood that adolescents will initiate smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134932_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disadvantage in US adults aged 50 to 74 years: A comparison of the health of rich and poor Americans with that of Europeans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Avendano, M. Author-Name: Glymour, M.M. Author-Name: Banks, J. Author-Name: Mackenbach, J.P. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 540-548 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139469 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the health of older US, English, and other European adults, stratified by wealth. Methods. Representative samples of adults aged 50 to 74 years were interviewed in 2004 in 10 European countries (n=17481), England (n=6527), and the United States (n=9940). We calculated prevalence rates of 6 chronic diseases and functional limitations. Results. American adults reported worse health than did English or European adults. Eighteen percent of Americans reported heart disease, compared with 12% of English and 11% of Europeans. At all wealth levels, Americans were less healthy than were Europeans, but differences were more marked among the poor. Health disparities by wealth were significantly smaller in Europe than in the United States and England. Odds ratios of heart disease in a comparison of the top and bottom wealth tertiles were 1.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.69, 2.24) in the United States, 2.13 (95% CI=1.73, 2.62) in England, and 1.38 (95% CI=1.23, 1.56) in Europe. Smoking, obesity, physical activity levels, and alcohol consumption explained a fraction of health variations. Conclusions. American adults are less healthy than Europeans at all wealth levels. The poorest Americans experience the greatest disadvantage relative to Europeans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139469_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanded access to naloxone: Options for critical response to the epidemic of opioid overdose mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, D. Author-Name: Irwin, K.S. Author-Name: Khoshnood, K. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 402-407 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136937 Abstract: The United States is in the midstofa prolongedandgrowing epidemic of accidental and preventable deaths associated with overdoses of licit and illicit opioids. For more than 3 decades, naloxone has been used byemergencymedical personnel to pharmacologically reverse overdoses. The peers or family members of overdose victims, however, are most often the actual first responders and are best positioned to intervene within an hour of the onset of overdose symptoms. Data from recent pilot programs demonstrate that lay persons are consistently successful in safely administering naloxone and reversing opioid overdose. Current evidence supports the extensive scaleup of access to naloxone.We present advantages and limitations associated with a range of possible policy and program responses. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136937_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Epidemiological criminology": Coming full circle Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Akers, T.A. Author-Name: Lanier, M.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 397-402 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139808 Abstract: Members of the public health and criminal justice disciplines often work with marginalized populations: people at high risk of drug use, health problems, incarceration, and other difficulties. As these fields increasingly overlap, distinctions between them are blurred, as numerous research reports and funding trends document. However, explicit theoretical and methodological linkages between the 2 disciplines remain rare. A new paradigm that links methods and statistical models of public health with those of their criminal justice counterparts is needed, as are increased linkages between epidemiological analogies, theories, and models and the corresponding tools of criminology. We outline disciplinary commonalities and distinctions, present policy examples that integrate similarities, and propose "epidemiological criminology" as a bridging framework. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139808_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mandell, D.S. Author-Name: Wiggins, L.D. Author-Name: Carpenter, L.A. Author-Name: Daniels, J. Author-Name: DiGuiseppi, C. Author-Name: Durkin, M.S. Author-Name: Giarelli, E. Author-Name: Morrier, M.J. Author-Name: Nicholas, J.S. Author-Name: Pinto-Martin, J.A. Author-Name: Shattuck, P.T. Author-Name: Thomas, K.C. Author-Name: Yeargin-Allsopp, M. Author-Name: Kirby, R.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 493-498 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine racial and ethnic disparities in the recognition of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Methods. Within a multisite network, 2568 children aged 8 years were identified as meeting surveillance criteria for ASD through abstraction of evaluation records from multiple sources. Through logistic regression with random effects for site, we estimated the association between race/ethnicity and documented ASD, adjusting for gender, IQ, birthweight, and maternal education. Results. Fifty-eight percent of children had a documented autism spectrum disorder. In adjusted analyses, children who were Black (odds ratio [OR]=0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.64, 0.96), Hispanic (OR=0.76; CI=0.56, 0.99), or of other race/ethnicity (OR=0.65; CI=0.43, 0.97) were less likely than were White children to have a documented ASD. This disparity persisted for Black children, regardless of IQ, and was concentrated for children of other ethnicities when IQ was lower than 70. Conclusions. Significant racial/ethnic dispatrities exist in the recognition of ASD. For some children in some racial/ethnic groups, the presence of intellectual disability may affect professionals' further assessment of developmental delay. Our findings suggest the need for continued professional education related to the heterogeneity of the presentation of ASD. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131243_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost savings from the provision of specific methods of contraception in a publicly funded program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Foster, D.G. Author-Name: Rostovtseva, D.P. Author-Name: Brindis, C.D. Author-Name: Biggs, M.A. Author-Name: Hulett, D. Author-Name: Darney, P.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 446-451 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129353 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the cost-effectiveness of contraceptive methods dispensed in 2003 to 955000 women in Family PACT (Planning, Access, Care and Treatment), California's publicly funded family planning program. Methods. We estimated the number of pregnancies averted by each contraceptive method and compared the cost of providing each method with the savings from averted pregnancies. Results. More than half of the 178000 averted pregnancies were attributable to oral contraceptives, one fifth to injectable methods, and one tenth each to the patch and barrier methods. The implant and intrauterine contraceptives were the most cost-effective, with cost savings of more than $7.00 for every $1.00 spent in services and supplies. Per $1.00 spent, injectable contraceptives yielded savings of $5.60; oral contraceptives, $4.07; the patch, $2.99; the vaginal ring, $2.55; barrier methods, $1.34; and emergency contraceptives, $1.43. Conclusions. All contraceptive methods were cost-effective - they saved more in public expenditures for unintended pregnancies than they cost to provide. Because no single method is clinically recommended to every woman, it is medically and fiscally advisable for public health programs to offer all contraceptive methods. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129353_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceptions of smoking-related risks and benefits as predictors of adolescent smoking initiation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Song, A.V. Author-Name: Morrell, H.E.R. Author-Name: Cornell, J.L. Author-Name: Ramos, M.E. Author-Name: Biehl, M. Author-Name: Kropp, R.Y. Author-Name: Halpern-Felsher, B.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 487-492 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137679 Abstract: Objectives. We used prospective, longitudinal data to directly test whether smoking-related perceptions predict smoking initiation among adolescents. Methods. We administered surveys assessing perceptions of smoking-related risks and benefits to 395 high school students, beginning at the start of their ninthgrade year.Weconducted follow-up assessments every 6 months until the end of 10th grade, obtaining 4 waves of data. Results. Adolescents who held the lowest perceptions of long-term smoking-related risks were 3.64 times more likely to start smoking than were adolescents who held the highest perceptions of risk. Adolescents who held the lowest perceptions of short-term smoking-related risks were 2.68 times more likely to initiate smoking. Adolescents who held the highest perceptions of smoking-related benefits were 3.31 timesmore likely to initiate smoking. Conclusions. Smoking initiation is directly related to smoking-related perceptions of risks and benefits. Efforts to reduce adolescent smoking should continue to communicate the health risks of smoking and counteract perceptions of benefits associated with smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137679_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Milestones in the process of cessation among novice adolescent smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Loughlin, J. Author-Name: Gervais, A. Author-Name: Dugas, E. Author-Name: Meshefedjian, G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 499-504 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128629 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to document the sequence and timing of milestones in the process of smoking cessation by prospectively studied cessation milestones among novice adolescent smokers. Methods. Participants, aged 12 to 13 years in 1999 (n=1293), completed selfreport questionnaires every 3 months during the school year over 5 years. We ascertained time after first puff to attain 5 cessation milestones among 319 participants who initiated cigarette smoking during follow-up. Results. The cumulative probability of first reports of a serious desire to quit and perceived permanent cessation was 25% at 1.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.5, 2.5) after the first puff. The first serious quit attempt occurred at 2.5 months (95% CI=2.5, 5.4), lack of confidence about quitting followed at 18.4 months (95% CI=18.4, 26.8), and awareness of the difficulty of quitting occurred at 32.2 months (95% CI=19.2, 38.4). Conclusions. Desire and attempts to quit began soon after smoking onset. Novice smokers progressed through several stages in their perception of the difficulty of quitting. Increased understanding of the cessation process may help in developing effective tobacco control interventions for novice smokers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128629_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Competing initiatives: A new tobacco industry strategy to oppose statewide clean indoor air ballot measures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tung, G.J. Author-Name: Hendlin, Y.H. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 430-439 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138461 Abstract: To describe how the tobacco and gaming industries opposed clean indoor air voter initiatives in 2006, we analyzed media records and government and other publicly available documents and conducted interviews with knowledgeable individuals. In an attempt to avoid strict "smoke free" regulations pursued by health groups via voter initiatives in Arizona, Ohio, and Nevada, in 2006, the tobacco and gaming industries sponsored competing voter initiatives for alternative laws. Health groups succeeded in defeating the pro-tobacco competing initiatives because they were able to dispel confusion and create a head-tohead competition by associating each campaign with its respective backer and instructing voters to vote "no" on the pro-tobacco initiative in addition to voting "yes" on the health group initiative. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138461_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Small-area estimation and prioritizing communities for tobacco control efforts in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, W. Author-Name: Land, T. Author-Name: Zhang, Z. Author-Name: Keithly, L. Author-Name: Kelsey, J.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 470-479 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130112 Abstract: Objectives. We developed a method to evaluate geographic and temporal variations in community-level risk factors and prevalence estimates, and used that method to identify communities in Massachusetts that should be considered high priority communities for smoking interventions. Methods. We integrated individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 1999 to 2005 with community-level data in Massachusetts. We used small-area estimation models to assess the associations of adults' smoking status with both individual- and community-level characteristics and to estimate community-specific smoking prevalence in 398 communities. We classified communities into 8 groups according to their prevalence estimates, the precision of the estimates, and temporal trends. Results. Community-level prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults ranged from 5% to 36% in 2005 and declined in all but 16 (4%) communities between 1999 and 2005. However, less than 15% of the communities met the national prevalence goal of 12% or less. High smoking prevalence remained in communities with lower income, higher percentage of blue-collar workers, and higher density of tobacco outlets. Conclusions. Prioritizing communities for intervention can be accomplished through the use of small-area estimation models. In Massachusetts, socioeconomically disadvantaged communities have high smoking prevalence rates and should be of high priority to those working to control tobacco use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130112_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food insecurity and risk of poor health among US-born children of immigrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chilton, M. Author-Name: Black, M.M. Author-Name: Berkowitz, C. Author-Name: Casey, P.H. Author-Name: Cook, J. Author-Name: Cutts, D. Author-Name: Jacobs, R.R. Author-Name: Heeren, T. Author-Name: De Cuba, S.E. Author-Name: Coleman, S. Author-Name: Meyers, A. Author-Name: Frank, D.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 556-562 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144394 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the risk of household food insecurity and reported fair or poor health among very young children who were US citizens and whose mothers were immigrants compared with those whose mothers had been born in the United States. Methods. Data were obtained from 19275 mothers (7216 of whom were immigrants) who were interviewed in hospital-based settings between 1998 and 2005 as part of the Children's Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Program. We examined whether food insecurity mediated the association between immigrant status and child health in relation to length of stay in the United States. Results. The risk of fair or poor health was higher among children of recent immigrants than among children of US-born mothers (odds ratio [OR]=1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.02, 1.55; P<.03). Immigrant households were at higher risk of food insecurity than were households with US-born mothers. Newly arrived immigrants were at the highest risk of food insecurity (OR=2.45; 95% CI=2.16, 2.77; P<.001). Overall, household food insecurity increased the risk of fair or poor child health (OR=1.74; 95% CI=1.57, 1.93; P<.001) and mediated the association between immigrant status and poor child health. Conclusions. Children of immigrant mothers are at increased risk of fair or poor health and household food insecurity. Policy interventions addressing food insecurity in immigrant households may promote child health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144394_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychosocial antecedents and adverse health consequences related to substance use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brook, J.S. Author-Name: Saar, N.S. Author-Name: Zhang, C. Author-Name: Brook, D.W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 563-568 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127225 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between psychosocial antecedents in earlier adolescence and problems related to substance use and related adverse health consequence (e.g., respiratory diseases, neurocognitive symptoms, and general malaise) in adulthood. We specifically focused on parent-child bonding in earlier adolescence and internalizing behaviors in later adolescence and their effects on problems related to substance use in the mid-20s and health problems in the mid-30s. Methods. Our team interviewed a community-based sample of 502 participants over a 30-year period (1975, 1983, 1985-1986, 1997, 2002, and 2005). Results. We found a strong relationship between internalizing behaviors in later adolescence and adverse health consequences in the mid-30s. Internalizing behaviors in later adolescence served as a mediator between low parent-child bonding in earlier adolescence and later adverse health consequences. Problems related to substance use in the late 20s and early 30s were related directly to later adverse health consequences and indirectly as mediators between earlier psychosocial difficulties (i.e., internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, poor ego integration, and maladaptive coping) and later adverse health consequences. Conclusions. Policies and programs that address parent-child bonding and internalizing behaviors should be created to reduce problems related to substance use and, ultimately, later health problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127225_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Goldman et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, R.H. Author-Name: Cohen, A. Author-Name: Sheahan, F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 391-392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153544 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153544_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools and adolescent obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, B. Author-Name: Carpenter, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 505-510 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137638 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between fast-food restaurants near schools and obesity among middle and high school students in California. Methods. We used geocoded data (obtained from the 2002-2005 California Healthy Kids Survey) on over 500000 youths andmultivariate regressionmodels to estimate associations between adolescent obesity and proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools. Results. We found that students with fast-food restaurants near (within one half mile of) their schools (1) consumed fewer servings of fruits and vegetables, (2) consumed more servings of soda, and (3) weremore likely to be overweight (odds ratio [OR]=1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.02, 1.10) or obese (OR=1.07; 95% CI=1.02, 1.12) than were youths whose schools were not near fast-food restaurants, after we controlled for student- and school-level characteristics. The result was unique to eating at fast-food restaurants (compared with other nearby establishments) and was not observed for another risky behavior (smoking). Conclusions. Exposure to poor-quality food environments has important effects on adolescent eating patterns and overweight. Policy interventions limiting the proximity of fast-food restaurants to schools could help reduce adolescent obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137638_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Serving the public good Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Duane, J.F. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 393 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157677 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157677_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The anti-Chinese cubic air ordinance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, J.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 440 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145813 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145813_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transitions in state public health law: Comparative analysis of state public health law reform following the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meier, B.M. Author-Name: Hodge Jr., J.G. Author-Name: Gebbie, K.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 423-430 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140913 Abstract: Given the public health importance of law modernization, we undertook a comparative analysis of policy efforts in 4 states (Alaska, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Nebraska) that have considered public health law reform based on the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. Through national legislative tracking and state case studies, we investigated how the Turning Point Act's model legal language has been considered for incorporation into state law and analyzed key facilitating and inhibiting factors for public health law reform. Our findings provide the practice community with a research base to facilitate further law reform and inform future scholarship on the role of law as a determinant of the public's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140913_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Creative and tailored strategies needed to Foster researcher-community partnerships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chutuape, K. Author-Name: Willard, N. Author-Name: Kapogiannis, B.G. Author-Name: Ellen, J.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151993 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151993_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Motorcycle helmet laws in the United States from 1990 to 2005: Politics and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Homer, J. Author-Name: French, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 415-423 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134106 Abstract: The passage of universal helmet legislation requiring motorcycle riders of all ages to wear helmets is a timely and controversial issue with far-reaching public health implications, especially as the number of motorcycle fatalities continues to rise. In 2008, only 20 states had a universal helmet policy, an effective safety measure for reducing motorcycle fatalities and serious injuries. We used state-specific longitudinal data for the continental United States from 1990 through 2005 to determine which industry, political, economic, and demographic factors had a significant influence on the enactment of universal helmet policies. Our findings suggest that political climate and ideology are important predictors of helmet policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134106_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public awareness and use of direct-to-consumer genetic tests: Results from 3 state population-based surveys, 2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goddard, K.A.B. Author-Name: Duquette, D. Author-Name: Zlot, A. Author-Name: Johnson, J. Author-Name: Annis-Emeott, A. Author-Name: Lee, P.W. Author-Name: Bland, M.P. Author-Name: Edwards, K.L. Author-Name: Oehlke, K. Author-Name: Giles, R.T. Author-Name: Rafferty, A. Author-Name: Cook, M.L. Author-Name: Khoury, M.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 442-445 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131631 Abstract: We conducted population-based surveys on direct-to-consumer nutrigenomic testing in Michigan, Oregon, and Utah as part of the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Awareness of the tests was highest in Oregon (24.4%) and lowest in Michigan (7.6%). Predictors of awareness were more education, higher income, and increasing age, except among those 65 years or older. Less than 1% had used a health-related direct-to-consumer genetic test. Public health systems should increase consumer andprovidereducationandcontinue surveillance on direct-to-consumer genetic tests. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131631_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of state regulations on truck-crash fatalities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neeley, G.W. Author-Name: Richardson Jr., L.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 408-415 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136952 Abstract: To improve traffic safety, states limit truck length and weight, and some set lower speed limits for trucks than for other vehicles. We examined the impact of truck-specific restrictions and general trafficsafety policies on fatality rates from crashes involving large trucks. We used state-level data from1991 to 2005 with a crosssectional time-series model that controlled for several policy measures. We found that higher speed limits for cars and trucks contributed to higher fatality rates, but differential speed limits by vehicle type had no significant impact. Truck-length limitations reduced fatalities in crashes involving large trucks. Our model estimates suggested that if all states had adopted a speed limit of 55 miles per hour for all vehicles in 2005, an additional 561 fatalities would have been averted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136952_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhoods and obesity in later life (American Journal of Public Health (2008) 98, (2065-2071) doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grafova, I.B. Author-Name: Freedman, V.A. Author-Name: Kumar, R. Author-Name: Rogowski, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127712e_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of access to emergency contraceptive pills on women's use of highly effective contraceptives: Results from a French national cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moreau, C. Author-Name: Trussell, J. Author-Name: Michelot, F. Author-Name: Bajos, N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 441-442 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.118935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.118935 Abstract: We examined changes in contraceptive behaviors after emergency contraception (EC) pill use. A nationally representative cohort of 2863 French women was studied to identify 272 instances of EC pill use. In 71% of the cases, we found no changes in contraceptive practices from the time of EC pill use to 6 months later: 41% of women continued use of highly effective methods and 30% continued less effective methods. Only 8.4% switched from highly effective to less effective methods. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.118935_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early childhood poverty and adult body mass index Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ziol-Guest, K.M. Author-Name: Duncan, G.J. Author-Name: Kalil, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 527-532 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130575 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated associations between poverty in early, middle, and later childhood and adult body mass index to further elucidate the effects of socioeconomic status on health. Methods. We conducted secondary analyses of data from men and women (N=885) born between 1968 and 1975 who were tracked between their prenatal and birth years and adulthood in the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We used multivariate regression techniques and spline models to estimate the relationship between income in different stages of childhood and adult body mass index, overweight, and obesity. We controlled for other family characteristics, including income in other periods of childhood. Results. Mean annual family income in the prenatal and birth years for children whose annual family incomes averaged less than $25000 was significantly associated with increased adult bodymass index, butmean annual family income between 1 and 5 years of age and between 6 and 15 years of age was not. Conclusions. Our results indicated that economic conditions in the earliest period of life (during the prenatal and birth years) may play an important role in eventual anthropometric measures. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130575_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Confronting health disparities: Latin American social medicine in Venezuela Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Briggs, C.L. Author-Name: Mantini-Briggs, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 549-555 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129130 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the emergence and effectiveness of Venezuela's Misión Barrio Adentro, "Inside the Neighborhood Mission," a program designed to improve access to health care among underserved residents of the country, hoping to draw lessons to apply to future attempts to address acute health disparities. Methods. We conducted our study in 3 capital-region neighborhoods, 2 small cities, and 2 rural areas, combining systematic observations with interviews of 221 residents, 41 health professionals, and 28 government officials. We surveyed 177 female and 91 male heads of household. Results. Interviews suggested that Misión Barrio Adentro emerged from creative interactions between policymakers, clinicians, community workers, and residents, adopting flexible, problem-solving strategies. In addition, data indicated that egalitarian physician-patient relationships and the direct involvement of local health committees overcame distrust and generated popular support for the program. Media and opposition antagonism complicated physicians' lives and clinical practices but heightened the program's visibility. Conclusions. Top-down and bottom-up efforts are less effective than "horizontal" collaborations between professionals and residents in underserved communities. Direct, local involvement can generate creative and dynamic efforts to address acute health disparities in these areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129130_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of the physical environment and sociodemographic characteristics on children's mode of travel to and from school Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Larsen, K. Author-Name: Gilliland, J. Author-Name: Hess, P. Author-Name: Tucker, P. Author-Name: Irwin, J. Author-Name: He, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 520-526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135319 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether certain characteristics of the social and physical environment influence a child'smode of travel between homeand school. Methods. Students aged 11 to 13 years from 21 schools throughout London, Ontario, answered questions froma travel behavior survey. A geographic information system linked survey responses for 614 students who lived within 1 mile of school to data on social and physical characteristics of environments around the home and school. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the influence of environmental factors onmode of travel (motorized vs "active") to andfromschool. Results. Over 62% of students walked or biked to school, and 72% from school to home. The likelihood of walking or biking to school was positively associated with shorter trips, male gender, higher land use mix, and presence of street trees. Active travel from school to home was also associated with lower residential densities and lower neighborhood incomes. Conclusions. Our findings demonstrate that active travel is associated with environmental characteristics and suggest that school planners should consider these factors when siting schools in order to promote increased physical activity among students. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135319_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of corporate credibility in legitimizing disease promotion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDaniel, P.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 452-461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138115 Abstract: Objectives. We explored what corporate "credibility" means to tobacco companies to determine why it matters to companies and what a lack of credibility means to them. Methods. We collected documents from an online tobacco industry document archive and analyzed them with an interpretive approach. Results. Tobacco companies conceptualized credibility not as being worthy of belief or confidence but as inspiring it. Thus, credibility was understood primarily as altering public perception of the industry. "Truth" was largely absent from tobacco industry conceptualizations of credibility, whichwere linkedwith "responsibility" and "reasonableness." However, industry research found that the public regarded credibility and responsibility differently, expecting these to entail truth telling, advertising reductions, less harmful products, apologies for deception, making amends, or exiting the tobacco business altogether.Overall, industry credibility-building projects failed repeatedly. Conclusions. Public health discourse increasingly attends to the roles of corporations in promoting disease. Industries such as tobacco and alcohol have been identified as profiting from harmful products. Yet corporations' ability to continue business as usual requires sustaining an implicit societal assent to their activities that depends on corporate credibility. For public health to address corporate disease promotion effectively, undermining corporate credibility may be strategically important. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138115_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Resolving conflict Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Balcazar, H. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Author-Name: Hann, N.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 394-396 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156356 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156356_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of improvement in walking ability in older persons in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feinglass, J. Author-Name: Song, J. Author-Name: Manheim, L.M. Author-Name: Semanik, P. Author-Name: Chang, R.W. Author-Name: Dunlop, D.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 3 Pages: 533-539 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142927 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed factors associated with improvement in walking ability among respondents to the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. Methods. We analyzed data from 6574 respondents aged 53 years or older who reported difficulty walking several blocks, 1 block, or across the room in 2000 or 2002. We examined associations between improvement (versus no change, deterioration, or death) and baseline health status, chronic conditions, baseline walking difficulty, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and behavioral risk factors. Results. Among the 25% of the study population with baseline walking limitations, 29% experienced improved walking ability, 40% experienced no change in walking ability, and 31% experienced deteriorated walking ability or died. In a multivariate analysis, we found positive associations between walking improvement and more recent onset and more severe walking difficulty, being overweight, and engaging in vigorous physical activity. A history of diabetes, having any difficulty with activities of daily living, and being a current smoker were all negatively associated with improvement in walking ability. After we controlled for baseline health, improvement in walking ability was equally likely among racial and ethnic minorities and those with lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions. Interventions to reduce smoking and to increase physical activity may help improve walking ability in older Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142927_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adverse childhood events and lifetime alcohol dependence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pilowsky, D.J. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hasin, D.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 258-263 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to study the association between adverse events occurring in childhood and adolescence and lifetime alcohol dependence in a representative sample of American adults. Methods. With data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, we conducted logistic regression multivariate analyses to examine the impact of adverse events occurring in childhood (aged <18 years) on the lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence. We controlled for age at drinking onset, binge drinking, alcoholism in parents and grandparents of respondents, and demographic characteristics. Results. Adverse childhood events were associated with familial alcoholism and with early and binge drinking, and therefore, we controlled for these potential confounders. Experiencing 2 or more adverse childhood events, compared with none, significantly increased the risk for alcohol dependence, even after we controlled for sociodemographic variables and disorder-specific potential confounders not considered in the extant literature (adjusted odds ratio=1.37; 95% confidence interval=1.06, 1.77). Conclusions. Individuals who experienced 2 or more adverse childhood events are at increased risk for lifetime alcohol dependence. A better understanding of the factors underlying the risk for alcohol dependence is important for developing better prevention and early intervention measures. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The promotion and marketing of oxycontin: Commercial triumph, public health tragedy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Zee, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 221-227 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131714 Abstract: I focus on issues surrounding the promotion and marketing of controlled drugs and their regulatory oversight. Compared with noncontrolled drugs, controlled drugs, with their potential for abuse and diversion, pose different public health risks when they are overpromoted and highly prescribed. An in-depth analysis of the promotion and marketing of OxyContin illustrates some of the associated issues. Modifications of the promotion andmarketing of controlled drugs by the pharmaceutical industry and an enhanced capacity of the Food and Drug Administration to regulate and monitor such promotion can have a positive impact on the public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131714_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Questioning the consensus: Managing carrier status results generated by newborn screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, F.A. Author-Name: Robert, J.S. Author-Name: Hayeems, R.Z. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 210-215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136614 Abstract: An apparent consensus governs the management of carrier status information generated incidentally through newborn screening: results cannot be withheld from parents. This normative stance encodes the focus on autonomy and distaste for paternalism that characterize the principles of clinical bioethics. However, newborn screening is a classic public health intervention in which paternalism may trump autonomy and through which parents are - in effect - required to receive carrier information. In truth, the disposition of carrier results generates competing moral infringements: to withhold information or require its possession. Resolving this dilemma demands consideration of a distinctive body of public health ethics to highlight the moral imperatives associated with the exercise of collective authority in the pursuit of public health benefits. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136614_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors related to fruit and vegetable consumption among Western Australian adults from 1995 to 2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollard, C. Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Woodman, R.J. Author-Name: Meng, R. Author-Name: Binns, C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 355-361 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131367 Abstract: Objectives. We monitored changes in self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable consumption in Western Australia prior to and after a healthful-eating campaign. Methods. We obtained telephone survey data from 2854 adults in Perth from Nutrition Monitoring Surveys conducted in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004. The "Go for 2&5" fruit and vegetable campaign was implemented from 2002 to 2005. Results. We observed changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding fruit and vegetable intake. In 2004, respondents were more likely than in 1995 to report 2 servings of fruit (odds ratio [OR]=3.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.85, 4.70) and 5 servings of vegetables (OR=4.50; 95% CI=3.49, 5.80) per day as optimal. Despite this, vegetable consumption in 2004 was less than in 1995 (rate ratio=0.88; 95% CI=0.82, 0.96; P=.003). Perceived adequacy of vegetable (59.3%) or fruit (34.5%) intake and insufficient time for vegetable preparation (14.3%) were the main barriers. Conclusions. Knowledge of the recommended fruit and vegetable intake increased following the Go for 2&5 campaign. Perceptions of the adequacy of current intake and time scarcity should be considered when designing nutrition interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131367_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medication abortion as a quality indicator for regional comparisons in Sweden Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ljung, R. Author-Name: Danielsson, M. Author-Name: Lindam, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 197-198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151571 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151571_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of smoking in adolescence with abdominal obesity in adulthood: A follow-up study of 5 birth cohorts of Finnish twins Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saarni, S.E. Author-Name: Pietiläinen, K. Author-Name: Kantonen, S. Author-Name: Rissanen, A. Author-Name: Kaprio, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 348-354 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123851 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the association of adolescent smoking with overweight and abdominal obesity in adulthood. Methods. We used the FinnTwin16, a prospective, population-based questionnaire study of 5 consecutive and complete birth cohorts of Finnish twins born between 1975 and 1979 (N=4296) and studied at four points between the ages of 16 and 27 years to analyze the effect of adolescent smoking on abdominal obesity and overweight in early adulthood. Results. Smoking at least 10 cigarettes dailywhen aged 16 to 18 years increased the risk of adult abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.39, 2.26). After we adjusted for confounders, the OR was 1.44 (95% CI=1.11, 1.88), and after further adjustment for current body mass index (BMI), the OR was 1.34 (95% CI=0.95, 1.88). Adolescent smoking significantly increased the risk of becoming overweight among women even after adjustment for possible confounders, including baseline BMI (OR=1.74; 95% CI=1.06, 2.88). Conclusions. Smoking is a risk factor for abdominal obesity among both genders and for overweight in women. The prevention of smoking during adolescence may play an important role in promoting healthy weight and in decreasing the morbidity related to abdominal obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123851_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical issues in public health practice in Michigan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baum, N.M. Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Author-Name: Goold, S.D. Author-Name: Jacobson, P.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 369-371 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137588 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to ascertain the types of ethical challenges public health practitioners face in practice and to identify approaches used to resolve such challenges. Methods. We conducted 45 semistructured interviews with public health practitioners across a range of occupations (e.g., health officers, medical directors, sanitarians, nurses) at 13 health departments in Michigan. Results. Through qualitative analysis, we identified 5 broad categories of ethical issues common across occupations and locations: (1) determining appropriate use of public health authority, (2) making decisions related to resource allocation, (3) negotiating political interference in public health practice, (4) ensuring standards of quality of care, and (5) questioning the role or scope of public health. Participants cited a variety of values guiding their decision-making that did not coalesce around core values often associated with public health, such as social justice or utilitarianism. Public health practitioners relied on consultations with colleagues to resolve challenges, infrequently using frameworks for decision-making. Conclusions. Public health practitioners showed a nuanced understanding of ethical issues and navigated ethical challenges with minimal formal assistance. Decision-making guides that are empirically informed and tailored for practitioners might have some value. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137588_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Black-white differences in hysterectomy prevalence: The CARDIA study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bower, J.K. Author-Name: Schreiner, P.J. Author-Name: Sternfeld, B. Author-Name: Lewis, C.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 300-307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133702 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the cross-sectional association between race and hysterectomy prevalence in a population-based cohort of US women and investigated participant characteristics associated with racial differences. Methods. The cohort consisted of 1863 Black and White women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study from 2000 to 2002 (years 15 and 16 after baseline). We used logistic regression to examine unadjusted and multivariable adjusted odds ratios. Results. Black women demonstrated greater odds of hysterectomy compared with White women (odds ratio [OR]=3.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.52, 4.90). Adjustment for age, educational attainment, perceived barriers to accessing medical care, body mass index, polycystic ovarian syndrome, tubal ligation, depressive symptoms, age at menarche, and geographic location minimally altered the association (OR=3.70; 95% CI=2.44, 5.61). In a subset of the study population, those with directly imaged fibroids, the association was minimally attenuated (OR=3.47; 95% CI=2.23, 5.40). Conclusions. In both unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models, Black women, compared with White women, had increased odds of hysterectomy that persisted despite adjustment for participant characteristics. The increased odds are possibly related to decisions to undergo hysterectomy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133702_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Standing on shoulders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gamble, V.N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156026 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156026_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral health of early head start children: A qualitative study of staff, parents, and pregnant women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mofidi, M. Author-Name: Zeldin, L.P. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 245-251 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133827 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the oral health knowledge, attitudes, and activities of Early Head Start (EHS) staff members, parents, and pregnant women, along with their suggestions related to future oral health educational interventions targeting EHS children. Methods. Nine focus groups were conducted with EHS staff, parents, and pregnant women. Audiotapes of sessions were transcribed and entered into ATLAS.ti 5.0 for coding and analysis. Results. Attitudes about the importance of children's oral health among parents and pregnant women were mixed. Staffmembers voiced responsibility for children's oral health but frustration in their inability to communicate effectively with parents. Parents in turn perceived staff criticism regarding how they cared for their children's oral health. Gaps were noted in the oral health activities of EHS programs. Participants expressed confusion regarding the application of Head Start oral health performance standards to EHS. The need for culturally sensitive, hands-on oral health education was highlighted. Conclusions. Tailored, theory-based interventions are needed to improve communication between EHS staff and families. Clear policies on the application of Head Start oral health performance standards to EHS are warranted. Educational activities should address the needs and suggestions of EHS participants. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133827_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between residential exposure to outdoor alcohol advertising and problem drinking among African American Women in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kwate, N.O.A. Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 228-230 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132217 Abstract: We evaluated the association between residential exposure to outdoor alcohol advertising and current problem drinking among 139 African American women aged 21 to 49 years in Central Harlem, New York City. We found that exposure to advertisements was positively related to problem drinking (13% greater odds), even after we controlled for a family history of alcohol problems and socioeconomic status. The results suggest that the density of alcohol advertisements in predominantly African American neighborhoods may add to problem drinking behavior of their residents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132217_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of life course socioeconomic position on older women's health behaviors: Findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Watt, H.C. Author-Name: Carson, C. Author-Name: Lawlor, D.A. Author-Name: Patel, R. Author-Name: Ebrahim, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 320-327 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129288 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between health behaviors and socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and adult life. Methods. Self-reported diet, smoking, and physical activity were determined among 3523 women aged 60 to 79 years recruited from general practices in 23 British towns from 1999 through 2001. Results. The most affluent women reported eating more fruit, vegetables, chicken, and fish and less red or processed meat than did less affluent women. Affluent women were less likely to smoke and more likely to exercise. Life course SES did not influence the types of fat, bread, and milk consumed. Adult SES predicted consumption of all foods considered and predicted smoking and physical activity habits independently of childhood SES. Childhood SES predicted fruit and vegetable consumption independently of adult SES and, to a lesser extent, predicted physical activity. Downward social mobility over the life course was associated with poorer diets and reduced physical activity. Conclusions. Among older women, healthful eating and physical activity were associated with both current and childhood SES. Interventions designed to improve social inequalities in health behaviors should be applied during both childhood and adult life. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129288_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Justice system involvement into young adulthood: Comparison of adolescent girls in the public mental health system and in the general population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, M. Author-Name: Fisher, W.H. Author-Name: Gershenson, B. Author-Name: Grudzinskas, A.J. Author-Name: Banks, S.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 234-236 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141135 Abstract: We compared arrest onset and frequency and types of charges between a statewide cohort of adolescent girls in the public mental health system and girls of the same age in the general population to investigate important differences that could have policy or intervention implications. Girls in the public mental health system were arrested at earlier ages more frequently and were charged with more serious offenses than were girls in the general population. Our results strongly argue for cooperation between the public mental health and justice systems to provide mental health and offender rehabilitation in their shared population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141135_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of density-equalizing cartograms to visualize trends and disparities in state-specific prevalence of obesity: 1996-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Houle, B. Author-Name: Holt, J. Author-Name: Gillespie, C. Author-Name: Freedman, D.S. Author-Name: Reyes, M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 308-312 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138750 Abstract: Objectives. We used cartograms to visually communicate the state-specific prevalence of obesity and its association with socioeconomic variables over time to benefit and inform decisions by national health policymakers who address geographic and social inequities in health. Methods. We generated density-equalizing maps, known as cartograms (in which geographic regions are sized in proportion to some variable), that illustrate indicators of population and educational attainment. We also provide an innovative presentation of the obesity choropleth map (which presents values for areas by shading). Results. The maps depict the absolute burden of obesity, the inverse association between obesity and education, and geographic patterns in the prevalence of obesity over time. Conclusions. The prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to increase. These cartograms can help stakeholders interpret surveillance data and their relation to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics to inform decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138750_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences in the incidence of obesity related to childbirth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, E.M. Author-Name: Zyzanski, S.J. Author-Name: Olson, C.M. Author-Name: Stange, K.C. Author-Name: Horwitz, R.I. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 294-299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132373 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between childbirth and 5-year incidence of obesity. Methods. We performed a prospective analysis of data on 2923 nonobese, nonpregnant women aged 14 to 22 years from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort, which was followed from 1980 to 1990. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to determine the adjusted relative risk of obesity for mothers 5 years after childbirth compared with women who did not have children. Results. The 5-year incidence of obesity was 11.3 per 100 parous women, compared with 4.5 per 100 nulliparous women (relative risk [RR]=3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.4, 4.9; P<.001). The 5-year incidence of obesity was 8.6 for primiparous women (RR=2.8; 95% CI=1.5, 5.0) and 12.2 for multiparous women (RR=3.8; 95% CI=2.6, 5.6). Among parous women, White women had the lowest obesity incidence (9.1 per 100 vs 15.1 per 100 for African Americans and 12.5 per 100 for Hispanics). Conclusions. Parous women have a higher incidence of obesity than do nulliparous women, and minority women have a higher incidence of parity-related obesity than do White women. Thus, efforts to reduce obesity should target postpartum women and minority women who give birth. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132373_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influences of physical and social neighborhood environments on children's physical activity and obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Franzini, L. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Cuccaro, P. Author-Name: Schuster, M. Author-Name: Gilliland, M.J. Author-Name: Grunbaum, J.A. Author-Name: Franklin, F. Author-Name: Tortolero, S.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 271-278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128702 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the association between physical and social neighborhood environments and fifth-grade students' physical activity and obesity. Methods. We collected data on 650 children and their primary caregivers during phase 1 of Healthy Passages, a multisite, community-based, cross-sectional study of health risk behaviors and health outcomes in children. We conducted independent systematic neighborhood observations to measure neighborhood physical characteristics, and we analyzed survey data on social processes. We modeled children's physical activity and obesity status with structural equation models that included latent variables for the physical and social environments. Results. After we controlled for children's sociodemographic factors, we found that a favorable social environment was positively associated with several measures of physical activity and that physical activity was negatively associated with obesity in these children. Physical environment was not significantly associated with physical activity. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that neighborhood social factors as well as the physical environment should be considered in the development of health policy and interventions to reduce childhood obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128702_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effectiveness of child restraint systems for children aged 3 years or younger during motor vehicle collisions: 1996 to 2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, T.M. Author-Name: Anderson, C.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 252-257 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131128 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the effectiveness of child restraints in preventing death during motor vehicle collisions among children 3 years or younger. Methods. We conducted a matched cohort study using Fatality Analysis Reporting System data from 1996 to 2005. We estimated death risk ratios using conditional Poisson regression, bootstrapping, multiple imputation, and a sensitivity analysis of misclassification bias. We examined possible effect modification by selected factors. Results. The estimated death risk ratios comparing child safety seats with no restraint were 0.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.21, 0.34) for infants, 0.24 (95% CI=0.19, 0.30) for children aged 1 year, 0.40 (95% CI=0.32, 0.51) for those aged 2 years, and 0.41 (95% CI=0.33, 0.52) for those aged 3 years. Estimated safety seat effectiveness was greater during rollover collisions, in rural environments, and in light trucks. We estimated seat belts to be as effective as safety seats in preventing death for children aged 2 and 3 years. Conclusions. Child safety seats are highly effective in reducing the risk of death during severe traffic collisions and generally outperform seat belts. Parents should be encouraged to use child safety seats in favor of seat belts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131128_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Best-practice physical activity programs for older adults: Findings from the National Impact Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hughes, S.L. Author-Name: Seymour, R.B. Author-Name: Campbell, R.T. Author-Name: Whitelaw, N. Author-Name: Bazzarre, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 362-368 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131466 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of existing best-practice physical activity programs for older adults on physical activity participation and health-related outcomes. Methods. We used a multisite, randomized trial with 544 older adults (mean age 66 years) and measures at baseline, 5, and 10 months to test the impact of a multiple-component physical activity program compared with results for a control group that did not participate in such a program. Results. For adults who participated in a multiple-component physical activity program, we found statistically significant benefits at 5 and 10 months with regard to self-efficacy for exercise adherence over time (P<.001), adherence in the face of barriers (P=.01), increased upper- and lower-body strength (P=.02, P=.01), and exercise participation (P=.01). Conclusions. Best-practice community-based physical activity programs can measurably improve aspects of functioning that are risk factors for disability among older adults. US public policy should encourage these inexpensive health promotion programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131466_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based screening to identify at-risk students not already known to school professionals: The Columbia suicide screen Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scott, M.A. Author-Name: Wilcox, H.C. Author-Name: Schonfeld, I.S. Author-Name: Davies, M. Author-Name: Hicks, R.C. Author-Name: Turner, J.B. Author-Name: Shaffer, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 334-339 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127928 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the degree of overlap between students identified through school-based suicide screening and those thought to be at risk by school administrative and clinical professionals. Methods. Students from 7 high schools in the New York metropolitan area completed the Columbia Suicide Screen; 489 of the 1729 students screened had positive results. The clinical status of 641 students (73% of those who had screened positive and 23% of those who had screened negative) was assessed with modules from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. School professionals nominated by their principal and unaware of students' screening and diagnostic status were asked to indicate whether they were concerned about the emotional well-being of each participating student. Results. Approximately 34% of students with significant mental health problems were identified only through screening, 13.0% were identified only by school professionals, 34.9% were identified both through screening and by school professionals, and 18.3% were identified neither through screening nor by school professionals. The corresponding percentages among students without mental health problems were 9.1%, 24.0%, 5.5%, and 61.3%. Conclusions. School-based screening can identify suicidal and emotionally troubled students not recognized by school professionals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127928_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race, ethnicity, and self-reported hypertension: Analysis of data from the national health interview survey, 1997-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrell, L.N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 313-319 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123364 Abstract: Objective. I estimated the association between race and self-reported hypertension among Hispanics and non-Hispanics and determined whether this association was stronger among non-Hispanics. Methods. With data from the 1997-2005 National Health Interview Survey, I used logistic regression to estimate the strength of the association between race/ethnicity and self-reported hypertension among US adults. Results. The overall prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 24.5%, with lower prevalence among Hispanics (16.7%) than among non-Hispanics (25.2%; P<.01). Blacks, regardless of ethnicity, had the highest prevalence. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks had 48% (odds ratio [OR]=1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.41, 1.55) greater odds of reporting hypertension; Hispanic Whites had 23% (OR=0.81; 95% CI=0.76, 0.88) lower odds. There was no difference in the strength of the association between race and self-reported hypertension observed among non-Hispanics (OR for Blacks=1.47) and among Hispanics (OR for Blacks=1.20; for interaction, P=0.43). Conclusions. The previously reported hypertension advantage of Hispanics holds for Hispanic Whites only. As Hispanics continue their rapid growth in the United States, race may have important implications on their disease burden, because most US health disparities are driven by race and its socially patterned experiences. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123364_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using community arts events to enhance collective efficacy and community engagement to address depression in an African American community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chung, B. Author-Name: Jones, L. Author-Name: Jones, A. Author-Name: Corbett, C.E. Author-Name: Booker, T. Author-Name: Wells, K.B. Author-Name: Collins, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 237-244 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141408 Abstract: Objectives. We used community-partnered participatory research (CPPR) to measure collective efficacy and its role as a precursor of community engagement to improve depression care in the African American community of South Los Angeles. Methods. We collected survey data from participants at arts events sponsored by a CPPR workgroup. Both exploratory (photography exhibit; n=747) and confirmatory (spoken word presentations; n=104) structural equation models were developed to examine how knowledge and attitudes toward depression influenced community engagement. Results. In all models, collective efficacy to improve depression care independently predicted community engagement in terms of addressing depression (B=0.64-0.97; P<.001). Social stigma was not significantly associated with collective efficacy or community engagement. In confirmatory analyses, exposure to spoken word presentations and previous exposure to CPPR initiatives increased perceived collective efficacy to improve depression care (B=0.19-0.24; P<.05). Conclusions. Enhancing collective efficacy to improve depression caremay be a key component of increasing community engagement to address depression. CPPR events may also increase collective efficacy. Both collective efficacy and community engagement are relevant constructs in the South Los Angeles African American community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141408_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol environments and disparities in exposure associated with adolescent drinking in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Truong, K.D. Author-Name: Sturm, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 264-270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122077 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated sociodemographic disparities in alcohol environments and their relationship with adolescent drinking. Methods. We geocoded and mapped alcohol license data with ArcMap to construct circular buffers centered at 14595 households with children that participated in the California Health Interview Survey. We calculated commercial sources of alcohol in each buffer. Multivariate logistic regression differentiated the effects of alcohol sales on adolescents' drinking from their individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics. Results. Alcohol availability, measured by mean and median number of licenses,was significantly higher around residences of minority and lower-income families. Binge drinking and driving after drinking among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were significantly associated with the presence of alcohol retailers within 0.5 miles of home. Simulation of changes in the alcohol environment showed that if alcohol sales were reduced from the mean number of alcohol outlets around the lowest-income quartile of households to that of the highest quartile, prevalence of binge drinking would fall from 6.4% to 5.6% and driving after drinking from 7.9% to 5.9%. Conclusions. Alcohol outlets are concentrated in disadvantaged neighborhoods and can contribute to adolescent drinking. To reduce underage drinking, environmental interventions need to curb opportunities for youth to obtain alcohol from commercial sources by tightening licensure, enforcing minimum-age drinking laws, or other measures. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122077_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating nutrition support for food-insecure patients and their dependents into an HIV care and treatment program in western Kenya Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mamlin, J. Author-Name: Kimaiyo, S. Author-Name: Lewis, S. Author-Name: Tadayo, H. Author-Name: Jerop, F.K. Author-Name: Gichunge, C. Author-Name: Petersen, T. Author-Name: Yih, Y. Author-Name: Braitstein, P. Author-Name: Einterz, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 215-221 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.137174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.137174 Abstract: The Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) is a partnership between Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University School of Medicine, and a consortium of universities led by Indiana University. AMPATH has over 50000 patients in active care in 17 main clinics around western Kenya. Despite antiretroviral therapy, many patients were not recovering their health because of food insecurity. AMPATH therefore established partnerships with the World Food Program and United States Agency for International Development and began high-production farms to complement food support. Today, nutritionists assess all AMPATH patients and dependents for food security and refer those in need to the food program. We describe the implementation, challenges, and successes of this program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137174_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Root shock revisited: Perspectives of early head start mothers on community and policy environments and their effects on child health, development, and school readiness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McAllister, C.L. Author-Name: Thomas, T.L. Author-Name: Wilson, P.C. Author-Name: Green, B.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 205-210 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2005.068569 Abstract: Racial differences in school readiness are a form of health disparity. By examining, from the perspective of low-income minority families participating in an Early Head Start study, community and policy environments as they shape and inform lived experiences, we identified several types of social and economic dislocation that undermine the efforts of parents to ready their children for school. The multiple dislocations of community triggered by housing and welfare reform and "urban renewal" are sources of stress for parents and children and affect the health and development of young children. Our findings suggest that racial differences in school readiness result not from race but from poverty and structural racism in American society. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068569_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased use of contraceptives among HIV-positive women during expanding access to antiretroviral therapy in Mbarara, Uganda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andia, I. Author-Name: Kaida, A. Author-Name: Maier, M. Author-Name: Guzman, D. Author-Name: Emenyonu, N. Author-Name: Pepper, L. Author-Name: Bangsberg, D.R. Author-Name: Hogg, R.S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 340-347 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129528 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether the prevalence of contraceptive use among women who are HIV positive varied according to use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Mbarara, Uganda. Methods. We used data from a cross-sectional survey of 484 women who were HIV positive (18-50 years) and were attending Mbarara University's HIV clinic, 45% of whom were receiving HAART. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HAART use and contraceptive use. Data were collected between November 2005 and June 2006. Results. Overall, 45% of the women were sexually active in the previous 3 months. Of these, 85% reported using contraceptive methods, with 84% reporting use of barrier contraceptive methods. Women receiving HAART were more than twice as likely to use contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.07, 6.49) and more than 3 times as likely to use barrier contraceptive methods (AOR=3.62; 95% CI=1.54, 8.55) than were women not receiving HAART. Conclusions. Our findings support the need for increased attention to better integration of reproductive health and HIV and AIDS services for women who are HIV positive. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129528_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of individual or neighborhood disadvantage on the association between neighborhood walkability and body mass index Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lovasi, G.S. Author-Name: Neckerman, K.M. Author-Name: Quinn, J.W. Author-Name: Weiss, C.C. Author-Name: Rundle, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 279-284 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138230 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to test whether the association between walkable environments and lower body mass index (BMI) was stronger within disadvantaged groups that may be particularly sensitive to environmental constraints. Methods. We measured height and weight in a diverse sample of 13102 adults living throughout New York City from 2000-2002. Each participant's home address was geocoded and surrounded by a circular buffer with a 1-km radius. The composition and built environment characteristics of these areas were used to predict BMI through the use of generalized estimating equations. Indicators of individual or area disadvantage included low educational attainment, low household income, Black race, and Hispanic ethnicity. Results. Higher population density, more mixed land use, and greater transit access were most consistently associated with a lower BMI among those with more education or higher incomes and among non-Hispanic Whites. Significant interactions were observed for education, income, race, and ethnicity. Conclusions. Contrary to expectations, built environment characteristics were less consistently associated with BMI among disadvantaged groups. This pattern may be explained by other barriers to maintaining a healthy weight encountered by disadvantaged groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138230_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving 24-month abstinence and employment outcomes for substance-dependent women receiving temporary assistance for needy families with intensive case management Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morgenstern, J. Author-Name: Neighbors, C.J. Author-Name: Kuerbis, A. Author-Name: Riordan, A. Author-Name: Blanchard, K.A. Author-Name: McVeigh, K.H. Author-Name: Morgan, T.J. Author-Name: McCrady, B. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 328-333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133553 Abstract: Objective. We examined abstinence rates among substance-dependent women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in intensive case management (ICM) over 24 months and whether ICM yielded significantly better employment outcomes compared with a screen-and-refer program (i.e., usual care). Methods. Substance-dependent (n=302) and non-substance dependent (n=150) TANF applicants in Essex County, New Jersey, were recruited. We randomly assigned substance-dependent women to ICM or usual care. We interviewed all women at 3, 9, 15, and 24 months. Results. Abstinence rates were higher for the ICM group than for the usual care group through 24 months of follow-up (odds ratio [OR]=2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.36, 3.29). A statistically significant interaction between time and group on number of days employed indicated that the rate of improvement over time in employment was greater for the ICM group than for the usual care group (incidence rate ratio=1.03; 95% CI=1.02, 1.04). Additionally, there were greater odds of being employed full time for those in the ICM group (OR=1.68; 95% CI=1.12, 2.51). Conclusions. ICM is a promising intervention for managing substance dependence among women receiving TANF and for improving employment rates among this vulnerable population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133553_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spousal and alcohol-related predictors of smoking cessation: A longitudinal study in a community sample of married couples Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dollar, K.M. Author-Name: Homish, G.G. Author-Name: Kozlowski, L.T. Author-Name: Leonard, K.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 231-233 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459 Abstract: We investigated the longitudinal influence of spousal and individual heavy drinking and heavy smoking on smoking cessation among married couples. Couples' (N=634) past-year smoking, alcohol problems, and heavy drinking were assessed. We used an event history analysis and found that spousal and one's own heavy smoking and one's own heavy drinking decreased the likelihood of smoking cessation. Heavy drinking and spousal behavior should be considered when developing public health interventions and policies for smoking cessation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140459_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood context and infant birthweight among recent immigrant mothers: A multilevel analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Urquia, M.L. Author-Name: Frank, J.W. Author-Name: Glazier, R.H. Author-Name: Moineddin, R. Author-Name: Matheson, F.I. Author-Name: Gagnon, A.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 285-293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127498 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the influence of the residential environment and maternal country of origin on birthweight and low birthweight of infants born to recent immigrants to urban Ontario. Methods. We linked delivery records (1993-2000) to an immigration database (1993-1995) and small-area census data (1996). The datawere analyzed with cross-classified random-effects models and standard multilevel methods. Higher-level predictors included 4 independent measures of neighborhood context constructed by factor analysis and maternal world regions of origin. Results. Births (N=22189) were distributed across 1396 census tracts and 155 countries of origin. The associations between neighborhood indices and birthweight disappeared after we controlled for the maternal country of origin in a cross-classified multilevel model. Significant associations between world regions and birthweight and low birthweight persisted after we controlled for neighborhood context and individual characteristics. Conclusions. The residential environment has little, if any, influence on birthweight among recent immigrants to Ontario. Country of origin appears to be amuchmore important factor in low birthweight among children of recent immigrants than current neighborhood. Findings of neighborhood influences among recent immigrants should be interpretedwith caution. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127498_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determining what we stand for will guide what we do: Community priorities, ethical research paradigms, and research with vulnerable populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perez, L.M. Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 2 Pages: 201-204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.125617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.125617 Abstract: Prisoners, ex-offenders, and the communities they belong to constitute a distinct and highly vulnerable population, and research must be sensitive to their priorities. In light of recent suggestions that scientific experimentation involving prisoners be reconsidered, community-based participatory research can be a valuable tool for determining the immediate concerns of prisoners, such as the receipt of high-quality and dignified health care inside and outside prisons. In building research agendas, more must be done to ensure the participation of communities affected by the resulting policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.125617_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reductions in disability prevalence among the highest income groups of older Brazilians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parahyba, M.I. Author-Name: Stevens, K. Author-Name: Henley, W. Author-Name: Lang, I.A. Author-Name: Melzer, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 81-86 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130708 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify the income-disability prevalence relationship among older Brazilians. Methods. Data were from 63985 individuals 60 years and older from the 1998 and 2003 Brazilian National Household Surveys. Generalized additive logistic models with cubic regression splines were used to estimate the disability-income relationships. Results. There was a strong linear relationship between increased income and reduced disability prevalence for most of the income distribution. Benefits were still present above the 90th percentile of income but were more modest. Because incomes among the wealthiest few are disproportionately large, odds ratios of disability nevertheless showed marked improvements, even across the very highest income groups. Conclusions. Among older Brazilians, reduced disability is associated with higher income, and these associations are present even above the 90th percentile of income. In addition to understanding mechanisms of disability reduction among impoverished individuals, work is needed to understand these mechanisms in middle- and high-income groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130708_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community influences on young people's sexual behavior in 3 African countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stephenson, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 102-109 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126904 Abstract: Objectives. I examined the role of community-level factors in the reporting of risky sexual behaviors among young people aged 15 to 24 years in 3 African countries with varying HIV prevalence rates. Methods. I analyzed demographic and health survey data from Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Zambia during the period 2001 through 2003 to identify individual, household, and community factors associated with reports of risky sexual behaviors. Results. The mechanisms through which the community environment shaped sexual behaviors varied among young men and young women. Community demographic profiles were not associated with reports of risky sexual behavior among young women but were influential in shaping the behavior of young men. Prevailing economic conditions and the behaviors and attitudes of adults in the community were strong influences on young people's sexual behaviors. Conclusions. These results provide strong support for a focus on community-level influences as an intervention point for behavioral change. Such interventions, however, should recognize specific cultural settings and the different pathways through which the community can shape the sexual behaviors of young men and women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126904_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Terrorism-related fear and avoidance behavior in a multiethnic urban population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisenman, D.P. Author-Name: Glik, D. Author-Name: Ong, M. Author-Name: Zhou, Q. Author-Name: Tseng, C.-H. Author-Name: Long, A. Author-Name: Fielding, J. Author-Name: Asch, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 168-174 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124206 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether groups traditionally most vulnerable to disasters would be more likely than would be others to perceive population-level risk as high (as measured by the estimated color-coded alert level) would worry more about terrorism, and would avoid activities because of terrorism concerns. Methods. We conducted a random digit dial survey of the Los Angeles County population October 2004 through January 2005 in 6 languages. We asked respondents what color alert level the country was under, how often they worry about terrorist attacks, and how often they avoid activities because of terrorism. Multivariate regression modeled correlates of worry and avoidance, including mental illness, disability, demographic factors, and estimated color-coded alert level. Results. Persons who are mentally ill, those who are disabled, African Americans, Latinos, Chinese Americans, Korean Americans, and non-US citizens were more likely to perceive population-level risk as high, as measured by the estimated color-coded alert level. These groups also reported more worry and avoidance behaviors because of concerns about terrorism. Conclusions. Vulnerable populations experience a disproportionate burden of the psychosocial impact of terrorism threats and our national response. Further studies should investigate the specific behaviors affected and further elucidate disparities in the disaster burden associated with terrorism and terrorism policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124206_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Out yonder: Sexual-minority adolescents in rural communities in British Columbia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Poon, C.S. Author-Name: Saewyc, E.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 118-124 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.122945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.122945 Abstract: Objectives. We compared sexual-minority adolescents living in rural communities with their peers in urban areas in British Columbia, exploring differences in emotional health, victimization experiences, sexual behaviors, and substance use. Methods. We analyzed a population-based sample of self-identified lesbian, gay, or bisexual respondents from the British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey of 2003 (weighted n=6905). We tested rural-urban differences separately by gender with the χ2 test and logistic regressions. Results. We found many similarities and several differences. Rural sexual-minority adolescent boys were more likely than were their urban peers to report suicidal behaviors and pregnancy involvement. Rural sexual-minority adolescents, especially girls, were more likely to report various types of substance use. Rural status was associated with a lower risk of dating violence and higher risk of early sexual debut for sexual-minority girls and a higher risk of dating violence and lower risk of early sexual debut for sexual-minority boys. Conclusions. Location should be a demographic consideration in monitoring the health of sexual-minority adolescents. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents in rural communities may need additional support and services as they navigate adolescence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122945_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking in American Indian and Alaska native people with diabetes revisited Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Acton, K. Author-Name: Bullock, A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148429 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148429_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender as a moderator in the association of body weight to smoking and mental health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Park, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 146-151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.132225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.132225 Abstract: Objectives. I sought to examine gender's role as a moderator in the association of relative body weight to smoking and mental health. Methods. Data came from the 2004-2005 Minnesota Survey on Adult Substance Use, a statewide telephone survey (N=16289). Current smoking and mental health problems were examined in relation to relative body weight across genders, with control for covariates. Results. Relative to their healthy-weight counterparts, overweight or obese men were less likely to smoke, whereas overweight women were more likely to smoke. Mental health problems were not related to relative body weight among men. However, overweight or obese women were more likely than were their healthy-weight counterparts to have a negative self-assessment of mental health, and obese women were more likely to have a mental health problem. In addition, underweight women had increased odds of being a smoker and having mental health problems. Conclusions. The results indicate that gender has a moderating role in the association between body weight and both smoking and mental health. Gender-specific analysis rather than adjustment for the impact of gender in analyses is a promising avenue for future research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.132225_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The scientific basis for law as a public health tool Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moulton, A.D. Author-Name: Mercer, S.L. Author-Name: Popovic, T. Author-Name: Briss, P.A. Author-Name: Goodman, R.A. Author-Name: Thombley, M.L. Author-Name: Hahn, R.A. Author-Name: Fox, D.M. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 17-24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130278 Abstract: Systematic reviews are generating valuable scientific knowledge about the impact of public health laws, but this knowledge is not readily accessible to policy makers. We identified 65 systematic reviews of studies on the effectiveness of 52 public health laws: 27 of those laws were found effective, 23 had insufficient evidence to judge effectiveness, 1 was harmful, and 1 was found to be ineffective. This is a valuable, scientific foundation - that uses the highest relevant standard of evidence - for the role of law as a public health tool. Additional primary studies and systematic reviews are needed to address significant gaps in knowledge about the laws' public health impact, as are energetic, sustained initiatives to make the findings available to public policy makers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130278_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intimate partner violence, maternal stress, nativity, and risk for maternal maltreatment of young children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, C.A. Author-Name: Guterman, N.B. Author-Name: Lee, S.J. Author-Name: Rathouz, P.J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 175-183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126722 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations of intimate partner violence (IPV) and maternal risk factors with maternal child maltreatment risk within a diverse sample of mothers. Methods. We derived the study sample (N=2508) from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study. We conducted regression analyses to examine associations between IPV, parenting stress, major depression, key covariates, and 4 proxy variables for maternal child maltreatment. Results. Mothers reported an average of 25 acts of psychological aggression and 17 acts of physical aggression against their 3-year-old children in the year before the study, 11% reported some act of neglect toward their children during the same period, and 55% had spanked their children during the previous month. About 40% of mothers had experienced IPV by their current partner. IPV and maternal parenting stress were both consistent risk factors for all 4 maltreatment proxy variables. Although foreign-born mothers reported fewer incidents of child maltreatment, the IPV relative risk for child maltreatment was greater for foreign-born than for US-born mothers. Conclusions. Further integration of IPV and child maltreatment prevention and intervention efforts is warranted; such efforts must carefully balance the needs of adult and child victims. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126722_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Requiring influenza vaccination for health care workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anikeeva, O. Author-Name: Braunack-Mayer, A. Author-Name: Rogers, W. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 24-29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.136440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.136440 Abstract: Annual influenza vaccination for health care workers has the potential to benefit health care professionals, their patients, and their families by reducing the transmission of influenza in the health care setting. Furthermore, staff vaccination programs are cost-effective for health care institutions because of reduced staff illness and absenteeism. Despite international recommendations and strong ethical arguments for annual influenza immunization for health care professionals, staff utilization of vaccination remains low. We have analyzed the ethical implications of a variety of efforts to increase vaccination rates, including mandatory influenza vaccination. A program of incentives and sanctions may increase health care worker compliance with fewer ethical impediments than mandatory vaccination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.136440_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Substance Abuse and Hospitalization for Mood Disorder among Medicaid Beneficiaries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prince, J.D. Author-Name: Akincigil, A. Author-Name: Hoover, D.R. Author-Name: Walkup, J.T. Author-Name: Bilder, S. Author-Name: Crystal, S. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 160-167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.133249 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the influence of substance abuse with that of other comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, HIV) among people with mood disorder (N=129524) to explore risk factors for psychiatric hospitalization and early readmission within 3 months of discharge. Methods. After linking Medicaid claims data in 5 states (California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, and Texas) to community-level information, we used logistic and Cox regression to examine hospitalization risk factors. Results. Twenty-four percent of beneficiaries with mood disorder were hospitalized. Of these, 24% were rehospitalized after discharge. Those with comorbid substance abuse accounted for 36% of all baseline hospitalizations and half of all readmissions. Conclusions. Results highlight the need for increased and sustained funding for the treatment of comorbid substance abuse and mood disorder, and for enhanced partnership between mental health and substance abuse professionals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.133249_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The interaction of sexual identity with sexual behavior and its influence on HIV risk among Latino men: Results of a community survey in northern San Diego County, California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zellner, J.A. Author-Name: Martínez-Donate, A.P. Author-Name: Sañudo, F. Author-Name: Fernández-Cerdeño, A. Author-Name: Sipan, C.L. Author-Name: Hovell, M.F. Author-Name: Carrillo, H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 125-132 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129809 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the sexual behavior, sexual identities, and HIV risk factors of a community sample of Latino men to inform efforts to reduce Latinos' HIV risk. Methods. In 2005 and 2006, 680 Latino men in San Diego County, California, in randomly selected, targeted community venues, completed an anonymous, self-administered survey. Results. Most (92.3%) respondents self-identified as heterosexual, with 2.2%, 4.9%, and 0.6% self-identifying as bisexual, gay, or other orientation, respectively. Overall, 4.8% of heterosexually identified men had a lifetime history of anal intercourse with other men. Compared with behaviorally heterosexual men, heterosexually identified men who had sex with both men and women were more likely to have had a sexually transmitted infection, to have unprotected sexual intercourse with female partners, and to report having sex while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Bisexually identified men who had sex with men and women did not differ from behaviorally heterosexual men in these risk factors. Conclusions. Latino men who have a heterosexual identity and bisexual practices are at greater risk of HIV infection, and efforts to reduce HIV risk among Latinos should target this group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129809_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Academic patents and access to medicines in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sampat, B.N. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 9-17 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.128769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128769 Abstract: There is a widespread and growing concern that patents hinder access to life-saving drugs in developing countries. Recent student movements and legislative initiatives emphasize the potential role that research universities in developed countries could have in ameliorating this "access gap." These efforts are based on the assumption that universities own patents on a substantial number of drugs and that patents on these drugs are currently filed in developing countries. I provide empirical evidence regarding these issues and explore the feasibility and desirability of proposals to change university patenting and licensing practices to promote access to medicines in the developing world. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.128769_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating the World Trade Center Tower Population on September 11, 2001: A capture-recapture approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murphy, J. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 65-67 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124768 Abstract: I applied the capture-recapture method to estimate the World Trade Center tower population at the time of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Available lists helped identify 8965 survivors and 2152 confirmed casualties. The capture-recapture model suggested that an additional 4435 survivors were present, putting the total count of all present at 15552 (95% confidence interval=15216, 15897). An accurate estimate represents the potential number at risk for trauma as a result of direct exposure to the events of the day. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124768_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of the Family Health Program on infant mortality in brazilian municipalities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aquino, R. Author-Name: De Oliveira, N.F. Author-Name: Barreto, M.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 87-93 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127480 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effects of the Family Health Program (FHP), a strategy for reorganization of primary health care at a nationwide level in Brazil, on infant mortality at a municipality level. Methods. We collected data on FHP coverage and infant mortality rates for 771 of 5561 Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2004. We performed a multivariable regression analysis for panel data with a negative binomial response by using fixed-effects models that controlled for demographic, social, and economic variables. Results. We observed a statistically significant negative association between FHP coverage and infant mortality rate. After we controlled for potential confounders, the reduction in the infant mortality rate was 13.0%, 16.0%, and 22.0%, respectively for the 3 levels of FHP coverage. The effect of the FHP was greater in municipalities with a higher infant mortality rate and lower human development index at the beginning of the study period. Conclusions. The FHP had an important effect on reducing the infant mortality rate in Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2004. The FHP may also contribute toward reducing health inequalities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127480_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco industry efforts to undermine policy-relevant research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landman, A. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 45-58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130740 Abstract: The tobacco industry, working through third parties to prevent policy-relevant research that adversely affected it between 1988 and 1998, used coordinated, well-funded strategies in repeated attempts to silence tobacco researcher Stanton A. Glantz. Tactics included advertising, litigation, and attempts to have the US Congress cut off the researcher's National Cancer Institute funding. Efforts like these can influence the policymaking process by silencing opposing voices and discouraging other scientists from doing work that may expose them to tobacco industry attacks. The support of highly credible public health organizations and of researchers' employers is crucial to the continued advancement of public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130740_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contributions of a local health examination survey to the surveillance of chronic and infectious diseases in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gwynn, R.C. Author-Name: Garg, R.K. Author-Name: Kerker, B.D. Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Author-Name: Thorpe, L.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 152-159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117010 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to evaluate the contribution of the New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC-HANES) to local public health surveillance. Methods. Examination-diagnosed estimates of key health conditions from the 2004 NYC-HANES were compared with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 national estimates. Findings were also compared with self-reported estimates from the Community Health Survey (CHS), an annually conducted local telephone survey. Results. NYC-HANES estimated that among NYC adults, 25.6% had hypertension, 25.4% had hypercholesterolemia, 12.5% had diabetes, and 25.6% were obese. Compared with US adults, NYC residents had less hypertension and obesity butmore herpes simplex 2 and environmental exposures (P<.05). Obesity was higher and hypertension was lower than CHS self-report estimates (P<.05). NYC-HANES and CHS self-reported diabetes estimates were similar (9.7% vs 8.7%). Conclusions. NYC-HANES and national estimates differed for key chronic, infectious, and environmental indicators, suggesting the need for local data. Examination surveys may provide more accurate information for underreported conditions than local telephone surveys. Community-level health and nutrition examination surveys complement existing data, providing critical information for targeting local interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117010_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality among men and women in same-sex marriage: A national cohort study of 8333 danes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frisch, M. Author-Name: Brønnum-Hansen, H. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 133-137 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801 Abstract: Objectives. We studied overall mortality in a demographically defined, complete cohort of gay men and lesbians to address recent claims of markedly shorter life spans among homosexual persons. Methods. We calculated standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) starting 1 year after the date of same-sex marriage for 4914 men and 3419 women in Denmark who married a same-sex partner between 1989 and 2004. Results. Mortality was markedly increased in the first decade after same-sex marriage for men who married between 1989 and 1995 (SMR=2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.01, 2.50), but much less so for men who married after 1995, when efficient HIV/AIDS therapies were available (SMR=1.33; 95% CI=1.04, 1.68). For women who married their same-sex partner between 1989 and 2004, mortality was 34% higher than was mortality in the general female population (SMR=1.34; 95% CI=1.09, 1.63). For women, and for men marrying after 1995, the significant excess mortality was limited to the period 1 to 3 years after the marriage. Conclusions. Despite recent marked reduction in mortality among gay men, Danish men and women in same-sex marriages still have mortality rates that exceed those of the general population. The excess mortality is restricted to the first few years after a marriage, presumably reflecting preexisting illness at the time of marriage. Although further study is needed, the claims of drastically increased overall mortality in gay men and lesbians appear unjustified. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Morton et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morton, D.J. Author-Name: Garrett, M.D. Author-Name: Reid, J. Author-Name: Wingard, D.L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 4-5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150391 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150391_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco taxes and cigarette consumption in low income populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahrens, D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148684 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148684_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A 6-month exercise intervention among inactive and overweight Favela-residing women in Brazil: The caranguejo exercise trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alves, J.G. Author-Name: Gale, C.R. Author-Name: Mutrie, N. Author-Name: Correia, J.B. Author-Name: Batty, G.D. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 76-80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124495 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the viability and efficacy of a known quantity of exercise in facilitating weight loss among previously sedentary or irregularly active overweight and obese adult women residing in a slum (favela) in Brazil. Methods. In this randomized controlled trial, 156 women were randomized to a control or intervention group (78 in each group). Exercise was supervised, consisting of three 50-minute aerobic sessions each week for 6 months. Results. Ninety-one percent (71) of the participants in the intervention group completed 6 months of the exercise program. At 6 months, women in the treatment group showed significant reduction in weight (mean=-1.69 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-2.36,-1.03) and body mass index (mean=-0.63 kg/m2; 95% CI=-0.97, -0.30) compared with controls (P for both<.001). Conclusions. A moderately intense, structured exercise program resulted in modest weight loss in women when sustained for 6 months. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.124495_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cancer screening in US workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vidal, L. Author-Name: LeBlanc, W.G. Author-Name: McCollister, K.E. Author-Name: Arheart, K.L. Author-Name: Chung-Bridges, K. Author-Name: Christ, S. Author-Name: Caban-Martinez, A.J. Author-Name: Lewis, J.E. Author-Name: Lee, D.J. Author-Name: Clark III, J. Author-Name: Davila, E.P. Author-Name: Fleming, L.E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 59-65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135699 Abstract: Regular cancer screening can prevent the development of some cancers and increase patient survival for other cancers. We evaluated the reported cancer screening prevalence among a nationally representative sample of all US workers with data from the 2000 and 2005 Cancer Screening Supplements of the National Health Interview Survey. Overall, workers with the lowest rates of health insurance coverage (in particular, Hispanic workers, agricultural workers, and construction workers) reported the lowest cancer screening. There was no significant improvement from 2000 to 2005. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135699_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Albert Sabin and the Coalition to Eliminate Polio from the Americas. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hampton, L. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 34-44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.117952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.117952 Abstract: Albert B. Sabin, MD, developer of the oral polio vaccine, was also a major proponent of its use in annual vaccination campaigns aimed at the elimination of polio. Sabin argued that administering his vaccine simultaneously to every child in a country would break polio's chains of transmission. Although he was already promoting mass vaccination by the 1960s, Sabin's efforts expanded considerably when he became an adviser to groups fighting polio in the Americas in the 1980s. Sabin's experiences provide a window into both the formation of the coalition that eliminated poliomyelitis from the Western Hemisphere and what can happen when biomedical researchers become public health policy advisers. Although the polio elimination coalition succeeded in part because member groups often accommodated each other's priorities, Sabin was often limited by his indifference to the interests of those he was advising and to the shortcomings of his vaccine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.117952_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of Ulysses Guimarães' Rebirth of Brazilian Democracy and the Creation of Brazil's National Health Care System Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Camargo Jr., K.R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-31 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147868 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147868_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protective factors in the lives of bisexual adolescents in north America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saewyc, E.M. Author-Name: Homma, Y. Author-Name: Skay, C.L. Author-Name: Bearinger, L.H. Author-Name: Resnick, M.D. Author-Name: Reis, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 110-117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.123109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.123109 Abstract: Objectives. We compared protective factors among bisexual adolescents with those of heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, and gay or lesbian adolescents. Methods. We analyzed 6 school-based surveys in Minnesota and British Columbia. Sexual orientation was measured by gender of sexual partners, attraction, or self-labeling. Protective factors included family connectedness, school connectedness, and religious involvement. General linear models, conducted separately by gender and adjusted for age, tested differences between orientation groups. Results. Bisexual adolescents reported significantly less family and school connectedness than did heterosexual and mostly heterosexual adolescents and higher or similar levels of religious involvement. In surveys that measured orientation by self-labeling or attraction, levels of protective factors were generally higher among bisexual than among gay and lesbian respondents. Adolescents with sexual partners of both genders reported levels of protective factors lower than or similar to those of adolescents with same-gender partners. Conclusions. Bisexual adolescents had lower levels of most protective factors than did heterosexual adolescents, which may help explain their higher prevalence of risky behavior. Social connectedness should be monitored by including questions about protective factors in youth health surveys. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.123109_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recent positive developments in the Brazilian health system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barreto, M.L. Author-Name: Aquino, R. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153791 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153791_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of a community-based, professionally supervised intervention on physical activity levels among residents of Recife, Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simoes, E.J. Author-Name: Hallal, P. Author-Name: Pratt, M. Author-Name: Ramos, L. Author-Name: Munk, M. Author-Name: Damascena, W. Author-Name: Perez, D.P. Author-Name: Hoehner, C.M. Author-Name: Gilbertz, D. Author-Name: Malta, D.C. Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 68-75 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.141978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.141978 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effects of a community-based intervention, the Academia da Cidade program (ACP), on increasing leisure-time physical activity among residents of Recife, Brazil. Methods. We used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess leisure-time physical activity and transport physical activity (i.e., activities involved in traveling from place to place) levels in a random sample of 2047 Recife residents surveyed in 2007. We also examined factors related to exposure to ACP (participation in the intervention, residing near an intervention site, hearing about or seeing intervention activities). We estimated prevalence odds ratios (ORs) of moderate to high leisure-time and transport physical activity levels via intervention exposures adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and environmental variables. Results. Prevalence ORs for moderate to high levels of leisure-time physical activity were higher among former (prevalence OR=2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.0, 3.9) and current (prevalence OR=11.3; 95% CI=3.5, 35.9) intervention participants and those who had heard about or seen an intervention activity (prevalence OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.3, 2.5). Transport physical activity levels were inversely associated with residing near an ACP site. Conclusions. The ACP programappears to be an effective public health strategy to increase population-level physical activity in urban developing settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.141978_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The St John Eye Hospital: A bridge for peace Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 32-33 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139154 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.139154_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hand washing among school children in Bogotá, Colombia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lopez-Quintero, C. Author-Name: Freeman, P. Author-Name: Neumark, Y. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 94-101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129759 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed hand-washing behaviors and intentions among school children in Bogotá, Colombia, to help identify and overcome barriers to proper hygiene practices. Methods. Data on hand-washing behavior and intentions and individual and contextual factors were collected from 2042 sixth- through eighth-grade students in 25 schools in Bogotá via anonymous questionnaires. A member of the school administration or teaching staff completed a questionnaire about the school environment. Site inspections of bathroom facilities were conducted. Results. Only 33.6% of the sample reported always or very often washing hands with soap and clean water before eating and after using the toilet. About 7% of students reported regular access to soap and clean water at school. A high level of perceived control was the strongest predictor of positive hand-washing intentions (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]=4.8, 7.5). Students with proper hand-washing behavior were less likely to report previous-month gastrointestinal symptoms (OR=0.8; 95% CI=0.6, 0.9) or previous-year school absenteeism (OR=0.7; 95% CI=0.6, 0.9). Conclusions. Scarcity of adequate facilities in most schools in Bogotá prevents children from adopting proper hygienic behavior and thwarts health promotion efforts. The current renovation program of public schools in Bogotá provides a unique opportunity to meet the challenges of providing a supportive environment for adoption of healthy behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129759_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants and policy implications of male circumcision in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leibowitz, A.A. Author-Name: Desmond, K. Author-Name: Belin, T. Year: 2009 Volume: 99 Issue: 1 Pages: 138-145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.134403 Abstract: Objective. We sought to determine whether lack of state Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision correlates with lower circumcision rates. Methods. We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on 417282 male newborns to calculate hospital-level circumcision rates. We used weighted multiple regression to correlate hospital circumcision rates with hospital-level predictors and state Medicaid coverage of circumcision. Results. The mean neonatal male circumcision rate was 55.9%. When we controlled for other factors, hospitals in states in which Medicaid covers routine male circumcision had circumcision rates that were 24 percentage points higher than did hospitals in states without such coverage (P<.001). Hospitals serving greater proportions of Hispanic patients had lower circumcision rates; this was not true of hospitals serving more African Americans. Medicaid coverage had a smaller effect on circumcision rates when a hospital had a greater percentage of Hispanic births. Conclusions. Lack of Medicaid coverage for neonatal male circumcision correlated with lower rates of circumcision. Because uncircumcised males face greater risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, lack of Medicaid coverage for circumcision may translate into future health disparities for children born to poor families covered by Medicaid. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134403_7