Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Targeted intervention strategies to increase and maintain mammography utilization among African American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fouad, M.N. Author-Name: Partridge, E. Author-Name: Dignan, M. Author-Name: Holt, C. Author-Name: Johnson, R. Author-Name: Nagy, C. Author-Name: Person, S. Author-Name: Wynn, T. Author-Name: Scarinci, I. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2526-2531 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167312 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of a theory-based, culturally relevant intervention designed to increase mammography screening among African American women in 8 underserved counties in Alabama. Methods. Using principles derived from the Stages of Change, Community Health Advisor, and Community Empowerment models, we developed strategies to increasemammography screening. Trained volunteers (N=143) provided tailored messages to encourage adoption and maintenance of mammography screening. We collected baseline and follow-up data on 1513 women in the communities targeted for the intervention. Our goal was to decrease the number of women in stage 1 (never screened) while increasing the number of women in stage 2 (infrequently screened) and stage 3 (regularly screened). Results. At baseline, 14% (n=211) of the women were in stage 1, 16% (n=247) were in stage 2, and 70% (n=1055) were in stage 3. After the 2-year intervention, 4% (n=61) of the women remained in stage 1, 20% (n=306) were in stage 2, and 76% (n=1146) were in stage 3. Conclusions. Tailored motivational messages and peer support can increase mammography screening rates for African American women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167312_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Discrimination and adjustment among Chinese American adolescents: Family conflict and family cohesion as vulnerability and protective factors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Juang, L.P. Author-Name: Alvarez, A.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2403-2409 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185959 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic discrimination experiences of Chinese American adolescents to determine how discrimination is linked to poor adjustment (i.e., loneliness, anxiety, and somatization) and how the context of the family can buffer or exacerbate these links. Methods. We collected survey data from 181 Chinese American adolescents and their parents in Northern California. We conducted hierarchical regression analyses to examine main effects and 2-way interactions of perceived discrimination with family con?ict and family cohesion. Results. Discrimination was related to poorer adjustment in terms of loneliness, anxiety, and somatization, but family con?ict and cohesion modi?ed these relations. Greater family con?ict exacerbated the negative effects of discrimination, and greater family cohesion buffered the negative effects of discrimination. Conclusions. Our ?ndings highlight the importance of identifying family-level moderators to help adolescents and their families handle experiences of discrimination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185959_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Government leadership needed for food fortification in sub-Saharan Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Addo, D. Author-Name: Yadav, V. Author-Name: Njiru, H. Author-Name: Sebuliba, H. Author-Name: Eldor, O. Author-Name: Kone, M. Author-Name: Farrah, I. Author-Name: Gavrichenko, D. Author-Name: Salami, K. Author-Name: Tulchinsky, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2333-2334 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.206896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.206896 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.206896_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A mind that found itself: an autobiography. 1908. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beers, C.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2354-2356 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:12:2354-2356_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adding sexual orientation questions to statewide public health surveillance: New Mexico's experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: VanKim, N.A. Author-Name: Padilla, J.L. Author-Name: Lee, J.G.L. Author-Name: Goldstein, A.O. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2392-2396 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186270 Abstract: We examined refusal rates for sensitive demographic questions to determine whether questions on sexual orientation are too sensitive for routine use on public health surveys. We compared the percentage of active refusals in New Mexico for a sexual orientation question and 6 other sensitive demographic questions. In 2007 and 2008, refusal rates for sexual orientation questions were similar to rates for questions on race/ethnicity and weight and signi?cantly lower than rates for questions on household income. Perceptions that sexual orientation is too controversial a topic to be included on state surveys may be unfounded. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186270_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Applying the chronic care model to homeless veterans: Effect of a population approach to primary care on utilization and clinical outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Toole, T.P. Author-Name: Buckel, L. Author-Name: Bourgault, C. Author-Name: Blumen, J. Author-Name: Redlhan, S.G. Author-Name: Jiang, L. Author-Name: Frledmann, P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2493-2499 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179416 Abstract: Objectives. We compared a population-tailored approach to primary care for homeless veterans with a usual care approach. Methods. We conducted a retrospective prolective cohort study of homeless veterans enrolled in a population-tailored primary care clinic matched to a historical sample in general internal medicine clinics. Overall, 177 patients were enrolled: 79 in the Homeless-Oriented Primary Care Clinic and 98 in general internal medicine primary care. Results. Homeless-oriented primary care-enrolled patients had greater improvements in hypertension, diabetes, and lipid control, and primary care use was higher during the ?rst 6 months (5.96 visits per person vs 1.63 for general internal medicine) but stabilized to comparable rates during the second 6 months (2.01 vs 1.31, respectively). Emergency department (ED) use was also higher (2.59 vs 1.89 visits), although with 40% lower odds for nonacute ED visits than for the general internal medicine group (95% con?dence interval=0.2, 0.8). Excluding substance abuse andmental health admissions, hospitalizations were reduced among the homeless veterans between the 2 periods (28.6% vs 10.8%; P<.01) compared with the general internal medicine group (48.2% vs 44.4%; P=.6; difference of differences, P<.01).Conclusions. Tailoring primary care to homeless veterans can decrease unnecessary ED use and medical admissions and improve chronic disease management. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179416_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From a patient's perspective: Clifford whittingham beers' work to reform mental health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parry, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2356-2357 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191411 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191411_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Age and gender trends in long-term opioid analgesic use for noncancer pain Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Campbell, C.I. Author-Name: Weisner, C. Author-Name: LeResche, L. Author-Name: Ray, G.T. Author-Name: Saunders, K. Author-Name: Sullivan, M.D. Author-Name: Banta-Green, C.J. Author-Name: Merrill, J.O. Author-Name: Silverberg, M.J. Author-Name: Boudreau, D. Author-Name: Satre, D.D. Author-Name: Von Korff, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2541-2547 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180646 Abstract: Objectives.We describe age and gender trends in long-term use of prescribed opioids for chronic noncancer pain in 2 large health plans. Methods. Age- and gender-standardized incident (beginning in each year) and prevalent (ongoing) opioid use episodes were estimated with automated health care data from 1997 to 2005. Pro?les of opioid use in 2005 by age and gender were also compared. Results. From 1997 to 2005, age-gender groups exhibited a total percentage increase ranging from 16% to 87% for incident long-term opioid use and from 61% to 135% for prevalent long-term opioid use. Women had higher opioid use than did men. Older women had the highest prevalence of long-term opioid use (8%-9% in 2005). Concurrent use of sedative-hypnotic drugs and opioids was common, particularly among women. Conclusions. Risks and bene?ts of long-term opioid use are poorly understood, particularly among older adults. Increased surveillance of the safety of long-term opioid use is needed in community practice settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180646_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hossain, M. Author-Name: Zimmerman, C. Author-Name: Abas, M. Author-Name: Light, M. Author-Name: Watts, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2442-2449 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229 Abstract: Objectives.We explored the association between traumatic events andmental health among girls and women traf?cked for sexual exploitation. Methods. We used subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire to interview 204 traf?cked girls and women in 7 post-traf?cking service settings. Multivariate logistic regression models based on interview data were ?tted for depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) separately and adjusted for pretraf?cking abuse to determine impact of traf?cking-related trauma exposures. Results. Injuries and sexual violence during traf?cking were associated with higher levels of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Sexual violence was associated with higher levels of PTSD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=5.6; 95% con?dence interval [CI]=1.3, 25.4).More time in traf?cking was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety (AOR=2.2; 95% CI=1.1, 4.5). More time since traf?cking was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety but not of PTSD. Conclusions. Our ?ndings inform the emerging ?eld of mental health care for traf?cked persons by highlighting the importance of assessing severity and duration of traf?cking-related abuses and need for adequate recovery time. Therapies for anxiety, PTSD, and mood disorders in low-resource settings should be evaluated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: YACH ETAL. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yach, D. Author-Name: Feldman, Z. Author-Name: Bradley, D. Author-Name: Khan, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2334-2335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.207233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.207233 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.207233_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The US air force suicide prevention program: Implications for public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Author-Name: Pflanz, S. Author-Name: Talcott, G.W. Author-Name: Campise, R.L. Author-Name: Lavigne, J.E. Author-Name: Bajorska, A. Author-Name: Tu, X. Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2457-2463 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159871 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of the US Air Force Suicide Prevention Program (AFSPP) in reducing suicide, and we measured the extent to which air force installations implemented the program. Methods. We determined the AFSPP's impact on suicide rates in the air force by applying an intervention regression model to data from 1981 through 2008, providing 16 years of data before the program's 1997 launch and 11 years of data after launch. Also, we measured implementation of program components at 2 points in time: during a 2004 increase in suicide rates, and 2 years afterward. Results. Suicide rates in the air force were signi?cantly lower after the AFSPP was launched than before, except during 2004. We also determined that the program was being implemented less rigorously in 2004. Conclusions. The AFSPP effectively prevented suicides in the US Air Force. The long-term effectiveness of this program depends upon extensive implementation and effective monitoring of implementation. Suicides can be reduced through amultilayered, overlapping approach that encompasses key prevention domains and tracks implementation of program activities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159871_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcoholics anonymous: Still sober after 75 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gross, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2361-2363 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.199349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.199349 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.199349_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Declining child mortality and continuing racial disparities in the era of the Medicaid and SCHIP insurance coverage expansions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Howell, E. Author-Name: Decker, S. Author-Name: Hogan, S. Author-Name: Yemane, A. Author-Name: Foster, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2500-2506 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184622 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated trends in national childhood mortality, racial disparities in child mortality, and the effect of Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) eligibility expansions on child mortality. Methods. We analyzed child mortality by state, race, and age using the National Center for Health Statistics' multiple cause of death ?les over 20 years, from 1985 to 2004. Results. Child mortality continued to decline in the United States, but racial disparities in mortality remained. Declines in child mortality (ages 1-17 years) were substantial for both natural (disease-related) and external (injuries, homicide, and suicide) causes for children of all races/ethnicities, although Black-White mortality ratios remained unchanged during the study period. Expanded Medicaid and SCHIP eligibility was signi?cantly related to the decline in external-cause mortality; the relationship between natural-cause mortality and Medicaid or SCHIP eligibility remains unclear. Eligibility expansions did not affect relative racial disparities in child mortality. Conclusions. Although the study provides some evidence that public insurance expansions reduce child mortality, future research is needed on the effect of new health insurance on child health and on factors causing relative racial disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184622_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health promotion as a new goal in public mental health care: A randomized controlled trial of an intervention enhancing psychological flexibility Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fledderus, M. Author-Name: Bohlmeijer, E.T. Author-Name: Smit, F. Author-Name: Westerhof, G.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2372-2378 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.196196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.196196 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether an intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and mindfulness was successful in promoting positive mental health by enhancing psychological ?exibility. Methods. Participants were 93 adults with mild to moderate psychological distress. They were randomly assigned to the group intervention (n=49) or to a waiting-list control group (n=44). Participants completedmeasures before and after the intervention as well as 3 months later at follow-up to assess mental health in terms of emotional, psychological, and socialwell-being (Mental Health Continuum-Short Form) as well as psychological ?exibility (i.e., acceptance of present experiences and value-based behavior, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II). Results. Regression analyses showed that compared with the participants on the waiting list, participants in the ACT andmindfulness intervention had greater emotional and psychological well-being after the intervention and also greater psychological ?exibility at follow-up. Mediational analyses showed that the enhancement of psychological ?exibility during the intervention mediated the effects of the intervention on positive mental health. Conclusions. The intervention is effective in improving positive mental health by stimulating skills of acceptance and value-based action. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.196196_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stress associated with public health field research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiebe, D.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2332-2333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.204040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.204040 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.204040_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Potential health impact of switching from car to public transportation when commuting to work Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Author-Name: Mirer, F.E. Author-Name: Amstislavski, T.M. Author-Name: Eisl, H.M. Author-Name: Werbe-Fuentes, J. Author-Name: Gorczynski, J. Author-Name: Goranson, C. Author-Name: Wolff, M.S. Author-Name: Markowitz, S.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2388-2391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.190132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190132 Abstract: We assessed humidity-corrected particulate matter (PM2.5)exposure and physical activity (using global positioning system monitors and diaries) among 18 peoplewho commuted by car to Queens College, New York, New York, for 5 days and then switched to commuting for the next 5 days via public transportation. The PM2.5 differed little between car and public transportation commutes (1.41μg/M3 min; P=.226). Commuting by public transportation rather than by car increased energy expenditure (+124 kcal/day; P<.001) equivalent to the loss of 1 pound of body fat per 6 weeks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190132_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Culturally sensitive collaborative treatment for depressed Chinese Americans in primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yeung, A. Author-Name: Shyu, I. Author-Name: Fisher, L. Author-Name: Wu, S. Author-Name: Yang, H. Author-Name: Fava, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2397-2402 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184911 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the feasibility and effectiveness of using culturally sensitive collaborative treatment (CSCT) to improve recognition, engagement, and treatment of depressed Chinese Americans in primary care. Methods. Chinese American patients in a primary care setting (n=4228) were screened for depression. The primary study outcome was treatment engagement rate, and the secondary outcome was treatment response. Results. Of the study participants, 296 (7%) screened positive for depression, 122 (41%) of whom presented for a psychiatric assessment; 104 (85%) were con?rmed with major depressive disorder, and 100 (96%) of these patients were randomized into treatment involving either care management or usual care. Patients in the caremanagement and usual care groups did not differ in terms of their outcomes. CSCT resulted in a nearly 7-fold increase in treatment rate among depressed patients in primary care. Conclusions. CSCT is both feasible and effective in improving recognition and treatment engagement of depressed Chinese Americans. Care management may have limited effects on depressed patients treated by psychiatrists, given that these patients tend to have favorable responses in general. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184911_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hombres sanos: Evaluation of a social marketing campaign for heterosexually identified latino men who have sex with men and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martínez-Donate, A.P. Author-Name: Zellner, J.A. Author-Name: Sañudo, F. Author-Name: Fernandez-Cerdeño, A. Author-Name: Hovell, M.F. Author-Name: Sipan, C.L. Author-Name: Engelberg, M. Author-Name: Carrillo, H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2532-2540 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179648 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of Hombres Sanos [Healthy Men] a social marketing campaign to increase condom use and HIV testing among heterosexually identi?ed Latino men, especially among heterosexually identi?ed Latino men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). Methods. Hombres Sanos was implemented in northern San Diego County, California, from June 2006 through December 2006. Every other month we conducted cross-sectional surveys with independent samples of heterosexually identi?ed Latino men before (n=626), during (n=752), and after (n=385) the campaign. Respondents were randomly selected from 12 targeted community venues to complete an anonymous, self-administered survey on sexual practices and testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. About 5.6% of respondents (n=98) were heterosexually identi?ed Latino MSMW. Results. The intervention was associated with reduced rates of recent unprotected sex with both females and males among heterosexually identi?ed Latino MSMW. The campaignwas also associated with increases in perception of HIV risk, knowledge of testing locations, and condomcarrying among heterosexual Latinos. Conclusions. Social marketing represents a promising approach for abating HIV transmission among heterosexually identi?ed Latinos, particularly for heterosexually identi?ed Latino MSMW. Given the scarcity of evidence-based HIV prevention interventions for these populations, this prevention strategy warrants further investigation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179648_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health promotion in a reformed health care system. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Druss, B.G. Author-Name: Perry, G.S. Author-Name: Presley-Cantrell, L.R. Author-Name: Dhingra, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2336 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:12:2336_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving the health and mental health of people living with HIV/AIDS: 12-month assessment of a behavioral intervention in Thailand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, L. Author-Name: Lee, S.-J. Author-Name: Jiraphongsa, C. Author-Name: Khumtong, S. Author-Name: Iamsirithaworn, S. Author-Name: Thammawijaya, P. Author-Name: Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2418-2425 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185462 Abstract: Objectives. We examined findings from a randomized controlled intervention trial designed to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV in Thailand. Methods. A total of 507 people living with HIV were recruited from 4 district hospitals in northern and northeastern Thailand and were randomized to an intervention group (n=260) or a standard care group (n=247). Computer-assisted personal interviews were administered at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Results. At baseline, the characteristics of participants in the intervention and standard care conditions were comparable. The mixed-effects models used to assess the impact of the intervention revealed signi?cant improvements in general health (B=2.51; P=.001) and mental health (B=1.57; P=.02) among participants in the intervention condition over 12 months and declines among those in the standard care condition. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that a behavioral intervention was successful in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV. Such interventions must be performed in a systematic, collaborative manner to ensure their cultural relevance, sustainability, and overall success. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185462_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: After twenty-five years. 1960. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2358-2360 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:12:2358-2360_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in mental well-being in the transition to late life: Findings from MIDUSI and II Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Snowden, M. Author-Name: Dhingra, S.S. Author-Name: Keyes, C.L.M. Author-Name: Anderson, L.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2385-2388 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193391 Abstract: The number of adults aged 65 years and older is increasing rapidly, creating public health challenges. We used data from the 1995 and 2005 national surveys of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) to compare changes in mental well-being of participants (n=1007) of 3 age cohorts (ages 45-54 years, 55-64 years, and 65-74 years in 1995). Older adults experienced a slight decline in mental well-being not seen among younger participants and not explained by demographic variables, physical ailments, mental illnesses, or chronic conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193391_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Novel nicotine delivery systems and public health: The rise of the "E-Cigarette" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cobb, N.K. Author-Name: Byron, M.J. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Author-Name: Shields, P.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2340-2342 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.199281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.199281 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.199281_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Discrimination and mental health-related service use in a national study of Asian Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spencer, M.S. Author-Name: Chen, J. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Fabian, C.G. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2410-2417 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176321 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between perceived discrimination and use of mental health services among a national sample of Asian Americans. Methods. Our data came from the National Latino and Asian American Study, the ?rst national survey of Asian Americans. Our sample included 600 Chinese, 508 Filipinos, 520 Vietnamese, and 467 other Asians (n=2095). We used logistic regression to examine the association between discrimination and formal and informal service use and the interactive effect of discrimination and English language pro?ciency. Results. Perceived discrimination was associated with more use of informal services, but not with less use of formal services. Additionally, higher levels of perceived discrimination combined with lower English pro?ciency were associated with more use of informal services. Conclusions. The effect of perceived discrimination and language pro?ciency on service use indicates a need for more bilingual services and more collaborations between formal service systems and community resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176321_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reductions in cigarette smoking and acute myocardial infarction mortality in Jefferson County, Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McAlister, A.L. Author-Name: Huang, P. Author-Name: Ramirez, A.G. Author-Name: Harrist, R.B. Author-Name: Fonseca, V.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2391-2392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192211 Abstract: After litigation against the tobacco industry ended in a settlement, the Texas legislature funded pilot projects to reduce tobacco use in selected areas of the state. Subsequent telephone surveys showed that well-funded activities were successful in reducing population rates of self-reported cigarette smoking. We present evidence that the reduction in smoking promptly led to lower rates of death from acute myocardial infarctions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192211_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early childhood poverty, cumulative risk exposure, and body mass index trajectories through young adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wells, N.M. Author-Name: Evans, G.W. Author-Name: Beavis, A. Author-Name: Ong, A.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2507-2512 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184291 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether cumulative risk exposure underlies the relation between early childhood poverty and body mass index (BMI) trajectories. Methods. We interviewed youths and their mothers in rural upstate New York (168 boys and 158 girls) from 1995 to 2006 when the youths were aged 9, 13, and 17 years. At each interview, we calculated their BMI-for-age percentile. Results. Early childhood poverty predicted BMI growth trajectories from ages 9 to 17 years (b=3.64; SE=1.39; P<.01). Early childhood poverty also predicted changes in cumulative risk (b=0.31; SE=0.08; P<.001). Cumulative risk, in turn, predicted BMI trajectories (b=2.41; SE=0.75; P<.01). Finally, after we controlled for cumulative risk, the effect of early childhood poverty on BMI trajectories was no longer signi?cant, indicating that cumulative risk exposure mediated the relation between early childhood poverty and BMI trajectories (b=2.01; SE=0.94). Conclusions. We show for the ?rst time that early childhood poverty leads to accelerated weight gain over the course of childhood into early adulthood. Cumulative risk exposure during childhood accounts for much of this accelerated weight gain. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184291_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The structure of the genetic and environmental influences on mental well-being Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, C.L.M. Author-Name: Myers, J.M. Author-Name: Kendler, K.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2379-2384 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193615 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to investigate the structure of the genetic and environmental in?uences on 3 measures of mental well-being. Methods. Analyses focused on the subsample of 349 monozygotic and 321 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs from a nationally representative sample of twins who completed self-report measures of emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Results. The best-?t model contained a common pathway to all 3 measures of well-being, no shared environmental effects, and 1 set of parameters for men and women. Heritability for the latent ''mental well-being'' factor was high (72%) and best indexed by psychological well-being. Moderate trait-speci?c genetic effects were seen for emotional and social well-being. Nonshared environmental effects for all measures were mostly trait speci?c. Conclusions. Genetic in?uences on the measures of mental well-being re?ect a single, highly heritable genetic factor, although some trait-speci?c genetic in?uences were seen for emotional and social well-being. Moderate proportions of environmental in?uences were also shared, but the majority of unique environment was trait-specific. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193615_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving weight loss outcomes of community interventions by incorporating behavioral strategies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wing, R.R. Author-Name: Crane, M.M. Author-Name: Thomas, J.-G. Author-Name: Kumar, R. Author-Name: Weinberg, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2513-2519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183616 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether adding behavioral weight loss strategies could improve the outcomes of a community weight loss campaign. Methods. Shape Up RI is a 12-week, online, team-based program for health improvement in Rhode Island. In study 1, we randomly assigned participants to the standard Shape Up RI program or to the program plus video lessons on weight loss. In study 2, we randomly assigned participants to the standard program or to the program plus video lessons; daily self-monitoring of weight, eating, and exercise; and computer-generated feedback. Results. Adding video lessons alone (study 1) did not result in signi?cantly improved weight loss (2.0 62.8 kg vs 1.4 62.9 kg; P=.15). However, when the video lessons were supplemented with self-monitoring and feedback (study 2), the average weight loss more than doubled (3.5 63.8 kg vs 1.4 62.7 kg; P<.01), and the proportion of individuals achieving a weight loss of 5% or more tripled (40.5% vs 13.2%; P<.01). Participants in study 2 submitted self-monitoring records on 78%of days, and adherencewas signi?cantly related to outcome. Conclusions. Adding behavioral strategies to community campaigns may improve weight loss outcomes with minimal additional cost. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183616_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transforming the nation's health: Next steps in mental health promotion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Power, A.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2343-2346 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192138 Abstract: The National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine have called for making the healthy mental, emotional and behavioral development of young people a national priority. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the US Department of Health and Human Services is uniquely positioned to help develop national mental health policies that promote mental health and prevent mental illnesses. In this article I describe theroleofmentalhealthin overall health, I make the case for a public health approach tomental health promotion and mental illness prevention, and I outline a strategy to promote individual, family, and community resilience. I also describe how SAMHSA works to achieve these goals. Ultimately, true health reform will not succeed without a comprehensive, committed focus on the mental health needs of all Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192138_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking characteristics of adults with selected lifetime mental illnesses: Results from the 2007 national health interview survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McClave, A.K. Author-Name: McKnight-Eily, L.R. Author-Name: Davis, S.P. Author-Name: Dube, S.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2464-2472 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188136 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated smoking prevalence, frequency, intensity, and cessation attempts among US adults with selected diagnosed lifetime mental illnesses. Methods. We used data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey on 23393 noninstitutionalized US adults to obtain age-adjusted estimates of smoking prevalence, frequency, intensity, and cessation attempts for adults screened as having serious psychological distress and persons self-reporting bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention de?cit disorder or hyperactivity, dementia, or phobias or fears. Results. The age-adjusted smoking prevalence of adults with mental illness or serious psychological distress ranged from 34.3% (phobias or fears) to 59.1% (schizophrenia) compared with 18.3% of adults with no such illness. Smoking prevalence increased with the number of comorbid mental illnesses. Cessation attempts among persons with diagnosedmental illness or serious psychological distress were comparable to attempts among adults without mental illnesses or distress; however, lower quit ratios were observed among adults with these diagnoses, indicating lower success in quitting. Conclusions. The prevalence of current smoking was higher among persons with mental illnesses than among adults without mental illnesses. Our ?ndings stress the need for prevention and cessation efforts targeting adults with mental illnesses. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188136_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustanski, B.S. Author-Name: Garofalo, R. Author-Name: Emerson, E.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2426-2432 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178319 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations of race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation withmental disorders among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) youths. Methods. We assessed mental disorders by administering a structured diagnostic interview to a community sample of 246 LGBT youths aged 16 to 20 years. Participants also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18). Results. One third of participants met criteria for any mental disorder, 17% for conduct disorder, 15% for major depression, and 9% for posttraumatic stress disorder. Anorexia and bulimia were rare. Lifetime suicide attempts were frequent (31%) but less so in the prior 12 months (7%). Few racial/ethnic and gender differences were statistically signi?cant. Bisexually identi?ed youths had lower prevalences of every diagnosis. The BSI 18 had high negative predictive power (90%) and low positive predictive power (25%) for major depression. Conclusions. LGBT youths had higher prevalences of mental disorder diagnoses than youths in national samples, but were similar to representative samples of urban, racial/ethnic minority youths. Suicide behaviors were similar to those among representative youth samples in the same geographic area. Questionnaires measuring psychological distress may overestimate depression prevalence among this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178319_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparative analysis of national legislation in support of the revised international health regulations: Potential models for implementation in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, R. Author-Name: Kornblet, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2347-2353 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180414 Abstract: In 2005, the World Health Organization adopted the revised International Health Regulations, or IHR (2005), to establish obligations for detecting and responding to public health emergencies of international concern. The success of the IHR (2005) rests on the ability of states to implement the objectives and to execute the regulations in a legal and politically acceptable manner. Implementation of the IHR (2005) may be challenging for federalist nations, where most public health regulatory power lies in local rather than in national governments. We examine the implementation strategies of 4 nations: Australia, Canada, Germany, and India. The methods currently being considered by these nations for executing the IHR (2005) are potentially applicable models for the United States to consider. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180414_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco use harm reduction, elimination, and escalation in a large military cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klesges, R.C. Author-Name: Sherrill-Mittleman, D. Author-Name: Ebbert, J.O. Author-Name: Talcott, G.W. Author-Name: DeBon, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2487-2492 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175091 Abstract: Objectives.We evaluated changing patterns of tobacco use following a period of forced tobacco abstinence in a US military cohort to determine rates of harm elimination (e.g., tobacco cessation), harm reduction (e.g., from smoking to smokeless tobacco use), and harm escalation (e.g., from smoking to dual use or from smokeless tobacco use to smoking or dual use). Methods. Participants were 5225 Air Force airmen assigned to the health education control condition in a smoking cessation and prevention trial. Tobacco use was assessed by self-report at baseline and 12 months. Results. Among 114 baseline smokers initiating smokeless tobacco use after basicmilitary training,most demonstrated harmescalation (87%), which was 5.4 times more likely to occur than was harm reduction (e.g., smoking to smokeless tobacco use). Harm reduction was predicted, in part, by higher family income and belief that switching from cigarettes to smokeless tobacco is bene?cial to health. Harm escalation predictors included younger age, alcohol use, longer smoking history, and risk-taking. Conclusions. When considering a harm reduction strategy with smokeless tobacco, the tobacco control community should balance anticipated bene?ts of harm reduction with the risk of harm escalation and the potential for adversely affecting public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175091_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Dreadful to behold": Frostbite on the 1910-1913 British antarctic expedition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Ver Dye, T. Author-Name: Lane, H. Author-Name: Stam, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2364-2365 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193474 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193474_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumer awareness of fast-food calorie information in new york city after implementation of a menu labeling regulation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dumanovsky, T. Author-Name: Huang, C.Y. Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Author-Name: Silver, L.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2520-2525 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191908 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed consumer awareness of menu calorie information at fast-food chains after the introduction of New York City's health code regulation requiring these chains to display food-itemcalories onmenus andmenu boards. Methods. At 45 restaurants representing the 15 largest fast-food chains in the city, we conducted cross-sectional surveys 3 months before and 3 months after enforcement began. At both time points, customers were asked if they had seen calorie information and, if so, whether it had affected their purchase. Data were weighted to the number of city locations for each chain. Results. We collected 1188 surveys pre-enforcement and 1229 surveys post-enforcement. Before enforcement, 25% of customers reported seeing calorie information; postenforcement, this ?gure rose to 64% (P<.001; 38% and 72%, weighted). Among customers who saw calorie information postenforcement, 27% said they used the information, which represents a 2-fold increase in the percentage of customers making calorie-informed choices (10% vs 20%, weighted; P<.001). Conclusions. Posting calorie information on menu boards increases the number of people who see and use this information. Since enforcement of New York's calorie labeling regulation began, approximately 1 million New York adults have seen calorie information each day. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191908_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender differences in mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans enrolled in veterans affairs health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maguen, S. Author-Name: Ren, L. Author-Name: Bosch, J.O. Author-Name: Marmar, C.R. Author-Name: Seal, K.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2450-2456 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166165 Abstract: Objectives. We examined gender differences in sociodemographic, military service, and mental health characteristics among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. We evaluated associations between these sociodemographic and service characteristics and depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses. Methods. In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, we used univariate descriptive statistics and log binominal regression analyses of Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data on 329049 OEF and OIF veterans seeking VA health care from April 1, 2002, through March 31, 2008. Results. Female veterans were younger and more likely to be Black and to receive depression diagnoses than were male veterans, who were more frequently diagnosed with PTSD and alcohol use disorders. Older age was associated with a higher prevalence of PTSD and depression diagnoses among women but not among men. Conclusions. Consideration of gender differences among OEF and OIF veterans seeking health care at the VA will facilitate more targeted prevention and treatment services for these newly returning veterans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166165_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population-attributable fractions of Axis i and Axis II mental disorders for suicide attempts: Findings from a representative sample of the adult, noninstitutionalized US population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bolton, J.M. Author-Name: Robinson, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2473-2480 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192252 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to determine the percentage of suicide attempts attributable to individual Axis I and Axis II mental disorders by studying population-attributable fractions (PAFs) in a nationally representative sample. Methods. Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 (NESARC; 2004-2005), a large (N=34653) survey of mental illness in the United States. We used multivariate logistic regression to compare individuals with and without a history of suicide attempt across Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I disorders (anxiety,mood, psychotic, alcohol, and drug disorders) and all 10 Axis II personality disorders. PAFs were calculated for each disorder. Results. Of the 25 disorders we examined in the model, 4 disorders had notably high PAF values: major depressive disorder (PAF=26.6%; 95% con?dence interval [CI]=20.1, 33.2), borderline personality disorder (PAF=18.1%; 95% CI=13.4, 23.5), nicotine dependence (PAF=8.4%; 95% CI=3.4, 13.7), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PAF=6.3%; 95% CI=3.2, 10.0). Conclusions. Our results provide new insight into the relationships between mental disorders and suicide attempts in the general population. Althoughmany mental illnesses were associated with an increased likelihood of suicide attempt, elevated rates of suicide attempts were mostly attributed to the presence of 4 disorders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192252_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tuberculosis transmission and use of methamphetamines in Snohomish County, WA, 1991-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pevzner, E.S. Author-Name: Robison, S. Author-Name: Donovan, J. Author-Name: Allis, D. Author-Name: Spitters, C. Author-Name: Friedman, R. Author-Name: Ijaz, K. Author-Name: Oeltmann, J.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2481-2486 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162388 Abstract: Objectives.We investigated a cluster of tuberculosis (TB) cases among persons using methamphetamines in Snohomish County, Washington, to determine the extent of the outbreak, examine whether methamphetamine use contributed to TB transmission, and implement strategies to prevent further infections. Methods. We screened contacts to ?nd and treat persons with TB disease or infection. We then formed a multidisciplinary team to engage substance abuse services partners and implement outreach strategies including novel methods for ?nding contacts and a system of incentives and enablers to promote ?nding, screening, and treating patients with TB and their infected contacts. Results. We diagnosed and completed treatment with 10 persons with TB disease. Eight of 9 adult patients and 67% of their adult contacts reported using methamphetamines. Of the 372 contacts, 319 (85.8%) were screened, 80 (25.1%) were infected, 71 (88.8%) started treatment for latent infection, and 57 (80.3%) completed treatment for latent infection. Conclusions. Collaborative approaches integrating TB control, outreach, incentives, and enablers resulted in high rates of treatment adherence and completion among patients and infected contacts. TB control programs should collaborate with substance abuse programs to address addiction, overcome substance abuse-related barriers to treatment, treat TB, and prevent ongoing transmission. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162388_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing mental health promotion in chronic disease prevention and health promotion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perry, G.S. Author-Name: Presley-Cantrell, L.R. Author-Name: Dhingra, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2337-2339 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.205146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.205146 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.205146_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, A.L. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Vandermorris, A.K. Author-Name: Koenen, K.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2433-2441 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971 Abstract: Objectives.We assessed sexual orientation disparities in exposure to violence and other potentially traumatic events and onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a representative US sample. Methods. We used data from 34653 noninstitutionalized adult US residents fromthe 2004 to 2005wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Results. Lesbians and gay men, bisexuals, and heterosexuals who reported any same-sex sexual partners over their lifetime had greater risk of childhood maltreatment, interpersonal violence, trauma to a close friend or relative, and unexpected death of someone close than did heterosexuals with no same-sex attractions or partners. Risk of onset of PTSD was higher among lesbians and gays (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.03; 95% con?dence interval [CI]=1.34, 3.06), bisexuals (AOR=2.13; 95% CI=1.38, 3.29), and heterosexuals with any same-sex partners (AOR=2.06; 95% CI=1.54, 2.74) than it was among the heterosexual reference group. This higher risk was largely accounted for by sexual orientation minorities' greater exposure to violence, exposure to more potentially traumatic events, and earlier age of trauma exposure. Conclusions. Profound sexual orientation disparities exist in risk of PTSD and in violence exposure, beginning in childhood. Our ?ndings suggest there is an urgent need for public health interventions aimed at preventing violence against individuals with minority sexual orientations and providing follow-up care to cope with the sequelae of violent victimization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental Illness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, C.L.M. Author-Name: Dhingra, S.S. Author-Name: Simoes, E.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 12 Pages: 2366-2371 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192245 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence ofmental health and illness, the stability of both diagnoses over time, and whether changes in mental health level predicted mental illness in a cohort group. Methods. In 2009, we analyzed data from the 1995 and 2005 Midlife in the United States cross-sectional surveys (n=1723), which measured positive mental health and 12-month mental disorders of major depressive episode, panic, and generalized anxiety disorders. Results. Population prevalence of any of 3 mental disorders and levels of mental health appeared stable but were dynamic at the individual level. Fifty-two percent of the 17.5% of respondents with any mental illness in 2005 were new cases; one half of those languishing in 1995 improved in 2005, and one half of those ?ourishing in 1995 declined in 2005. Change inmental health was strongly predictive of prevalence and incidence (operationalized as a new, not necessarily a ?rst, episode) of mental illness in 2005. Conclusions. Gains in mental health predicted declines in mental illness, supporting the call for public mental health promotion; losses of mental health predicted increases inmental illness, supporting the call for publicmental health protection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192245_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recruiting and retaining primary care physicians in urban underserved communities: The importance of having a mission to serve Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walker, K.O. Author-Name: Ryan, G. Author-Name: Ramey, R. Author-Name: Nunez, F.L. Author-Name: Beltran, R. Author-Name: Splawn, R.G. Author-Name: Brown, A.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2168-2175 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181669 Abstract: Objectives. We examined factors influencing physician practice decisions that may increase primary care supply in underserved areas. Methods. We conducted in-depth interviews with 42 primary care physicians from Los Angeles County, California, stratified by race/ethnicity (African American, atino, and non-Latino White) and practice location (underserved vs nonunderserved area). We reviewed transcriptions and coded them into themes by using standard qualitative methods. Results. Three major themes emerged in relation to selecting geographic- and population-based practice decisions: (1) personal motivators, (2) career motivators, and (3) clinic support. We found that subthemes describing personal motivators (e.g., personal mission and self-identity) for choosing a practice were more common in responses among physicians who worked in underserved areas than among those who did not. By contrast, physicians in nonunderserved areas were more likely to cite work hours and lifestyle as reasons for selecting their current practice location or for leaving an underserved area. Conclusions. Medical schools and shortage-area clinical practices may enhance strategies for recruiting primary care physicians to underserved areas by identifying key personal motivators and may promote long-term retention through work-life balance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181669_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in fatalities from distracted driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, F.A. Author-Name: Stimpson, J.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2213-2219 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187179 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in distracted driving fatalities and their relation to cell phone use and texting volume. Methods. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) records data on all road fatalities that occurred on public roads in the United States from 1999 to 2008. We studied trends in distracted driving fatalities, driver and crash characteristics, and trends in cell phone use and texting volume. We used multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relation between state-level distracted driving fatalities and texting volumes. Results. After declining from 1999 to 2005, fatalities from distracted driving increased 28% after 2005, rising from 4572 fatalities to 5870 in 2008. Crashes increasingly involved male drivers driving alone in collisions with roadside obstructions in urban areas. By use of multivariate analyses, we predicted that increasing texting volumes resulted in more than 16000 additional road fatalities from 2001 to 2007. Conclusions. Distracted driving is a growing public safety hazard. Specifically, the dramatic rise in texting volume since 2005 appeared to be contributing to an alarming rise in distracted driving fatalities. Legislation enacting texting bans should be paired with effective enforcement to deter drivers from using cell phones while driving. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187179_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: William Augustus Evans (1865-1948): public health leader at a critical time. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2073 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191825 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191825_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of research in policymaking for graduated driver licensing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hinchcliff, R. Author-Name: Ivers, R.Q. Author-Name: Poulos, R. Author-Name: Senserrick, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2052-2058 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184713 Abstract: Young drivers are overrepresented in road trauma and vehicle-related deaths, and there is substantial evidence for the effectiveness of graduated driver licensing (GDL) policies that minimize young drivers' exposure to high-risk driving situations. However, it is unclear what role research plays in the process of making GDL policies. To understand how research is utilized in this context, we interviewed influential GDL policy actors in Australia and the United States. We found that GDL policy actors generally believed that research evidence informed GDL policy development, but they also believed that research was used to justify politically determined policy positions that were not based on evidence. Further efforts, including more effective research dissemination strategies, are required to increase research utilization in policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184713_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Setting population targets for measuring successful obesity prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Backholer, K. Author-Name: Walls, H.L. Author-Name: Magliano, D.J. Author-Name: Peeters, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2033-2037 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.200337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.200337 Abstract: In 2008, The Council of Australian Governments set a target to increase by 5% the proportion of Australian adults at a healthy body weight by 2017, over a 2009 baseline. Target setting is a critical component of public health policy for obesity prevention; however, there is currently no context within which to choose such targets. We analyzed the changes in current weight gain that would be required to meet Australian targets. By using transition-based multistate life tables to project obesity prevalence, we found that meeting national healthy weight targets by 2017 will require a 75% reduction in current 5-yearweight gain. A reliable model of future body weight prevalence is critical to set, evaluate, and monitor national obesity targets. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.200337_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reaiming RE-AIM: Using the model to plan, implement, and evaluate the effects of environmental change approaches to enhancing population health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, D.K. Author-Name: Glasgow, R.E. Author-Name: Leeman-Castillo, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2076-2084 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.190959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190959 Abstract: The RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) framework, which provides a practical means of evaluating health interventions, has primarily been used in studies focused on changing individual behaviors. Given the importance of the built environment in promoting health, using REAIM to evaluate environmental approaches is logical. We discussed the benefits and challenges of applying RE-AIM to evaluate built environment strategies and recommended modest adaptations to the model. We then applied the revised model to 2 prototypical built environment strategies aimed at promoting healthful eating and active living. We offered recommendations for using REAIM to plan and implement strategies that maximize reach and sustainability, and provided summary measures that public health professionals, communities, and researchers can use in evaluating built environment interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190959_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Variations in health and health behaviors by nativity among pregnant black women in Philadelphia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elo, I.T. Author-Name: Culhane, J.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2185-2192 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174755 Abstract: Objectives. We compared health behaviors and health outcomes among USborn, African-born, and Caribbean-born pregnant Black women and examined whether sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics explained differences among these population subgroups. Methods. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study conducted in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with a series of nested logistic regression models predicting tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use and measures of physical and mental health. Results. Foreign-born Black women were significantly less likely to engage in substance use and had better self-rated physical and mental health than did native-born Black women. These findings were largely unchanged by adjustment for sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics. The foreign-born advantage varied by place of birth: It was somewhat stronger for African-born women than for Caribbean-born women. Conclusions. Further studies are needed to gain a better understanding of the role of immigrant selectivity and other characteristics that contribute to more favorable health behaviors and health outcomes among foreign-born Blacks than among native-born Blacks in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174755_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local smoke-free ordinances are passing in tobacco-growing states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sullivan, S. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2013-2014 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.204156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.204156 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.204156_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term development of a "whole community" best practice model to address health disparities in the cambodian refugee and immigrant community of Lowell, Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grigg-Saito, D. Author-Name: Liang, S. Author-Name: Sou, L. Author-Name: Najarian, L. Author-Name: Peou, S. Author-Name: Och, S. Author-Name: Toof, R. Author-Name: Silka, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2026-2029 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177030 Abstract: Cambodians in Lowell, Massachusetts, experience significant health disparities. Understanding the trauma they have experienced in Cambodia and as refugees has been the starting point for Lowell Community Health Center's whole community approach to developing community-based interventions. This approach places physical-psychosocial-spiritual needs at the center of focus and is attentive to individual and institutional barriers to care. Interventions are multilevel. The effect of the overall program comes from the results of each smaller program, the collaborations and coordination with the Cambodian community and community-based organizations, and the range and levels of services available through the health center. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177030_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient safety: Moving the bar in prison health care standards Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stern, M.F. Author-Name: Greifinger, R.B. Author-Name: Mellow, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2103-2110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184242 Abstract: Improvements in community health care quality through error reduction have been slow to transfer to correctional settings. We convened a panel of correctional experts, which recommended 60 patient safety standards focusing on such issues as creating safety cultures at organizational, supervisory, and staff levels through changes to policy and training and by ensuring staff competency, reducing medication errors, encouraging the seamless transfer of information between and within practice settings, and developing mechanisms to detect errors or near misses and to shift the emphasis from blaming staff to fixing systems. To our knowledge, this is the first published set of standards focusing on patient safety in prisons, adapted from the emerging literature on quality improvement in the community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184242_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond recreational physical activity: Examining occupational and household activity, transportation activity, and sedentary behavior in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: George, S.M. Author-Name: Irwin, M.L. Author-Name: Matthews, C.E. Author-Name: Mayne, S.T. Author-Name: Gail, M.H. Author-Name: Moore, S.C. Author-Name: Albanes, D. Author-Name: Ballard-Barbash, R. Author-Name: Hollenbeck, A.R. Author-Name: Schatzkin, A. Author-Name: Leitzmann, M.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2288-2295 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180828 Abstract: Objectives. We prospectively examined nonrecreational physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to breast cancer risk among 97039 postmenopausal women in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Methods. We identified 2866 invasive and 570 in situ breast cancer cases recorded between 1996 and 2003 and used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Routine activity during the day at work or at home that included heavy lifting or carrying versus mostly sitting was associated with reduced risk of invasive breast cancer (RR=0.62; 95% CI=0.42, 0.91; Ptrend=.024). Conclusions. Routine activity during the day at work or home may be related to reduced invasive breast cancer risk. Domains outside of recreation time may be attractive targets for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior among postmenopausal women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180828_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The California Endowment's healthy eating, active communities program: A midpoint review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samuels, S.E. Author-Name: Craypo, L. Author-Name: Boyle, M. Author-Name: Crawford, P.B. Author-Name: Yancey, A. Author-Name: Flores, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2114-2123 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192781 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a midpoint review of The California Endowment's Healthy Eating, Active Communities (HEAC) program, which works in 6 lowincome California communities to prevent childhood obesity by changing children's environments. The HEAC program conducts interventions in 5 key childhood environments: Schools, after-school programs, neighborhoods, health care, and marketing and advertising. Methods. We measured changes in foods and beverages sold at schools and in neighborhoods in HEAC sites; changes in school and after-school physical activity programming and equipment; individual-level changes in children's attitudes and behaviors related to food and physical activity; and HEAC-related awareness and engagement on the part of community members, stakeholders, and policymakers. Results. Children's environments changed to promote healthier lifestyles across a wide range of domains in all 5 key childhood environments for all 6 HEAC communities. Children in HEAC communities are also engaging in more healthy behaviors than they were before the program's implementation. Conclusions. HEAC sites successfully changed children's food and physical activity environments, making a healthy lifestyle a more viable option for lowincome children and their families. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192781_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of the penalty points system on road traffic injuries in Spain: A time-series study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Novoa, A.M. Author-Name: Pérez, K. Author-Name: Santamarina-Rubio, E. Author-Name: Marí-Dell'Olmo, M. Author-Name: Ferrando, J. Author-Name: Peiró, R. Author-Name: Tobías, A. Author-Name: Zori, P. Author-Name: Borrell, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2220-2227 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192104 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of the penalty points system (PPS) introduced in Spain in July 2006 in reducing traffic injuries. Methods. We performed an evaluation study with an interrupted time-series design. We stratified dependent variables-numbers of drivers involved in injury collisions and people injured in traffic collisions in Spain from 2000 to 2007 (police data)-by age, injury severity, type of road user, road type, and time of collision, and analyzed variables separately by gender. The explanatory variable (the PPS) compared the postintervention period (July 2006 to December 2007) with the preintervention period (January 2000 to June 2006). We used quasi- Poisson regression, controlling for time trend and seasonality. Results. Among men, we observed a significant risk reduction in the postintervention period for seriously injured drivers (relative risk [RR]=0.89) and seriously injured people (RR=0.89). The RRs among women were 0.91 (P=.095) and 0.88 (P<.05), respectively. Risk reduction was greater among male drivers, moped riders, and on urban roads. Conclusions. The PPS was associated with reduced numbers of drivers involved in injury collisions and people injured by traffic collisions in Spain. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192104_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-based participatory research: A capacity-building approach for policy advocacy aimed at eliminating health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Israel, B.A. Author-Name: Coombe, C.M. Author-Name: Cheezum, R.R. Author-Name: Schulz, A.J. Author-Name: McGranaghan, R.J. Author-Name: Lichtenstein, R. Author-Name: Reyes, A.G. Author-Name: Clement, J. Author-Name: Burris, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2094-2102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170506 Abstract: There have been increasing calls for community-academic partnerships to enhance the capacity of partners to engage in policy advocacy aimed at eliminating health disparities. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a partnership approach that can facilitate capacity building and policy change through equitable engagement of diverse partners. Toward this end, the Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center, a long-standing CBPR partnership, has conducted a policy training project. We describe CBPR and its relevance to health disparities; the interface between CBPR, policy advocacy, and health disparities; the rationale for capacity building to foster policy advocacy; and the process and outcomes of our policy advocacy training. We discuss lessons learned and implications for CBPR and policy advocacy to eliminate health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170506_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Approaches to measuring the extent and impact of environmental change in three California community-level obesity prevention initiatives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cheadle, A. Author-Name: Samuels, S.E. Author-Name: Rauzon, S. Author-Name: Yoshida, S.C. Author-Name: Schwartz, P.M. Author-Name: Boyle, M. Author-Name: Beery, W.L. Author-Name: Craypo, L. Author-Name: Solomon, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2129-2136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300002 Abstract: Despite growing support amongpublichealthresearchers and practitioners for environmental approaches to obesity prevention, there is a lack of empirical evidence from intervention studies showing a favorable impact of either increased healthy food availability on healthy eating or changes in the built environment on physical activity. It is therefore critical thatwe carefullyevaluate initiatives targeting the community environment to expand the evidence base for environmental interventions. We describe the approaches used to measure the extent and impact of environmental change in 3 community-level obesityprevention initiatives in California. We focus on measuring changes in the community environment and assessing the impact of those changes on residents most directly exposed to the interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300002_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Professor Natan Goldblum: The pioneer producer of the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine in Israel Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Katz, E. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2074-2075 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192922 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192922_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Anti-alcohol posters in Poland, 1945-1989: Diverse meanings, uncertain effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gorsky, M. Author-Name: Krajewski-Siuda, K. Author-Name: Dutka, W. Author-Name: Berridge, V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2059-2069 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179358 Abstract: We provide a historical study of the anti-alcohol public health poster in Poland between 1948 and 1990. Our case study illuminates public health policies under communism, with the state as the dominant force in health communication. Poland has a distinctive history of poster art, moving from a Stalinist phase of socialist realism to the diverse styles of the later Polish School. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of 213 posters establishes the major themes and differentiates community approaches, which depict the drinker as a social or political deviant, from those emphasizing individual risk. Medical issues were a minor theme, refl ecting public policies geared more toward confi nement than treatment. However, Polish School artists used metaphor and ambiguity, and references to the contested cultural symbolism of drink, to complicate and subvert the narrow propaganda intent. Thus, although apparently unsuccessful in restraining overall consumption, these posters offer valuable lessons for policymakers on the use of visual media in health campaigns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179358_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Berman and ferketich respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berman, M. Author-Name: Ferketich, A.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2014 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.204628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.204628 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.204628_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Kaiser Permanente community health initiative: Overview and evaluation design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cheadle, A. Author-Name: Schwartz, P.M. Author-Name: Rauzon, S. Author-Name: Beery, W.L. Author-Name: Gee, S. Author-Name: Solomon, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2111-2113 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300001 Abstract: We provide an overview of the Kaiser Permanente Community Health Initiative-created in 2003 to promote obesity-prevention policy and environmental change in communities served by Kaiser Permanente- and describe the design for evaluating the initiative. The Initiative focuses on 3 ethnically diverse northern California communities that range in size from 37000 to 52000 residents. The evaluation assesses impact by measuring intermediate outcomes and conducting pre- and posttracking of population-level measures of physical activity, nutrition, and overweight. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300001_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A working program against influenza prepared by an editorial committee of the American Public Health Association. 1919. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Editorial Committee of the American Public Health Association Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2070-2072 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:11:2070-2072_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Berman et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berman, M. Author-Name: Ferketich, A.K. Author-Name: Liber, A. Author-Name: Pennell, M. Author-Name: Nealy, D. Author-Name: Hammer, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2013 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.202333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.202333 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.202333_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investing in preventive dental care for the medicare population: A preliminary analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moeller, J.F. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Manski, R.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2262-2269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184747 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the use of preventive dental care services by the USMedicare population, and we assessed whether money spent on preventive dental care resulted in less money being spent on expensive nonpreventive procedures. Methods. We used data from the 2002 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to estimate a multinomial logistic model to analyze the influence of predisposing, enabling, and need variables in identifying those beneficiaries who used preventivedental care, only nonpreventive dental care, or no dental care in a multiple-variable context. We used regression models with similar controls to estimate the influence of preventive care on the utilization and cost of nonpreventive dental care and all dental care. Results. Our analyses showed that beneficiaries who used preventive dental care had more dental visits but fewer visits for expensive nonpreventive procedures and lower dental expenses than beneficiaries who saw the dentist only for treatment of oral problems.Conclusions. Adding dental coverage for preventive care to Medicare could pay off in terms of both improving the oral health of the elderly population and limiting the costs of expensive nonpreventive dental care for the dentate beneficiary population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184747_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Author-Name: Tobler, A.L. Author-Name: Komro, K.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2270-2278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186007 Abstract: Objectives. We systematically reviewed the effects of alcohol taxes and prices on alcohol-related morbidity and mortality to assess their public health impact. Methods. We searched 12 databases, along with articles reference lists, for studies providing estimates of the relationship between alcohol taxes and prices and measures of risky behavior or morbidity and mortality, then coded for effect sizes and numerous population and study characteristics. We combined independent estimates in random-effects models to obtain aggregate effect estimates. Results. We identified 50 articles, containing 340 estimates. Meta-estimates ere r=-0.347 for alcohol-related disease and injury outcomes, -0.022 for iolence, -0.048 for suicide, -0.112 for traffic crash outcomes, -0.055 for sexuallytransmitted diseases, -0.022 for other drug use, and -0.014 for crime and other misbehavior measures. All except suicide were statistically significant. Conclusions. Public policies affecting the price of alcoholic beverages have significant effects on alcohol-related disease and injury rates. Our results suggest that doubling the alcohol tax would reduce alcohol-related mortality by an average of 35%, traffic crash deaths by 11%, sexually transmitted disease by 6%, violence by 2%, and crime by 1.4%. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186007_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rubin et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubin, M.S. Author-Name: Colen, C.G. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2015-2016 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.203752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.203752 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.203752_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weneed data on anal screening effectiveness before focusing on increasing it Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, M.H. Author-Name: Katz, K.A. Author-Name: Bernestein, K.T. Author-Name: Klausner, J.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2016 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.203273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.203273 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.203273_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An analysis of public health policy and legal issues relevant to mobile food vending Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tester, J.M. Author-Name: Stevens, S.A. Author-Name: Yen, I.H. Author-Name: Laraia, B.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2038-2046 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185892 Abstract: Mobile food vending is a component of the food environment that has received little attention in the public health literature beyond concerns about food sanitation and hygiene issues. However, several features of mobile food vending make it an intriguing venue for food access. We present key components of mobile vending regulation and provide examples from12 US cities to illustrate the variation that can exist surrounding these regulations. Using these regulatory features as a framework, we highlight existing examples of "healthy vending policies" to describe how mobile food vending can be used to increase access to nutritious food for vulnerable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185892_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Emerging issues in improving food and physical activity environments: Strategies for addressing land use, transportation, and safety in 3 California-wide initiatives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aboelata, M.J. Author-Name: Navarro, A.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2146-2148 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193466 Abstract: Mounting research has suggested linkages between neighborhood safety, communitydesign, andtransportation patterns and eating and activity behaviors and health outcomes. On the basis of a review of evaluation findings from 3 multisite healthy eating and activity initiatives in California,weprovide an overview of 3 community process strategies- engaging local advocates, linking safety to health, and collaborating with local government officials- that may be associated with the successful development and implementation of long-termcommunityimprovement efforts and should be explored further. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193466_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality patterns of Native Hawaiians across their lifespan: 1990-2000 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Panapasa, S.V. Author-Name: Mau, M.K. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: McNally, J.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2304-2310 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183541 Abstract: Objectives. We examined mortality patterns across the lifespan of Native Hawaiians and compared mortality disparities across races. Methods. We determined the age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates of Native Hawaiians from 1990 to 2000 by using national census and vital registration data. Results. Among Native Hawaiians aged younger than 1 year, expected deaths were 15% lower than for Blacks and 50% higher than for Whites. Among older adults, Native Hawaiians had higher rates of mortality compared with the general population, particularly in 1990 and 1995. Crude death rates for Native Hawaiians were similar to those for Blacks in 1990 and 1995 but were 20% lower than those for Blacks by 2000. Crude death rates for Native Hawaiians were 30% higher than for Whites in 1990 and 1995 and more than 40% higher than for Whites in 2000. Conclusions. Compared with Whites, Native Hawaiians and Blacks face similar challenges regarding infant and early-life mortality and increasing risks of mortality in mid-life and early old age. Our analyses document a need for renewed efforts to identify the determinants of ill health and commitment to address them. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183541_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relative measures alone tell only part of the story Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, N.B. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.S. Author-Name: Harper, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2014-2015 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.203232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.203232 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.203232_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Results of a community-based randomized trial to increase colorectal cancer screening among Filipino Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maxwell, A.E. Author-Name: Bastani, R. Author-Name: Danao, L.L. Author-Name: Antonio, C. Author-Name: Garcia, G.M. Author-Name: Crespi, C.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2228-2234 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176230 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted 1 of the first community-based trials to develop a multicomponent intervention that would increase colorectal cancer screening among an Asian American population. Methods. Filipino Americans (n=548) nonadherent to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines were randomized into an intervention group that received an education session on CRC screening and free fecal occult blood test (FOBT) kits; a second intervention group that received an education session but no free FOBT kits; and a control group that received an education session on the health benefits of physical activity. Results. Self-reported CRC screening rates during the 6-month follow-up period were 30%, 25%, and 9% for participants assigned to intervention with FOBT kit, intervention without the kit, and control group, respectively. Participants in either of the 2 intervention groups were significantly more likely to report screening at follow-up than were participants in the control group. Conclusions. A multicomponent intervention that includes an educational group session in a community setting can significantly increase CRC screening among Filipino Americans, even when no free FOBT kits are distributed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176230_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increased black-white disparities in mortality after the introduction of lifesaving innovations: A possible consequence of US federal laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levine, R.S. Author-Name: Rust, G.S. Author-Name: Pisu, M. Author-Name: Agboto, V. Author-Name: Baltrus, P.A. Author-Name: Briggs, N.C. Author-Name: Zoorob, R. Author-Name: Juarez, P. Author-Name: Hull, P.C. Author-Name: Goldzweig, I. Author-Name: Hennekens, C.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2176-2184 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170795 Abstract: Objectives. We explored whether the introduction of 3 lifesaving innovations introduced between 1989 and 1996 increased, decreased, or had no effect on disparities in Black-White mortality in the United States through 2006. Methods. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data were used to assess disease-, age-, gender-, and race-specific changes in mortality after the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for treatment of HIV, surfactants for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and Medicare reimbursement of mammography screening for breast cancer. Results. Disparities in Black-White mortality from HIV significantly increased after the introduction of HAART, surfactant therapy, and reimbursement for screening mammography. Between 1989 and 2006, these circumstances may have accounted for an estimated 22441 potentially avoidable deaths among Blacks. Conclusions. These descriptive data contribute to the formulation of the hypothesis that federal laws promote increased disparities in Black-White mortality by inadvertently favoring Whites with respect to access to lifesaving innovations. Failure of legislation to address known social factors is a plausible explanation, at least in part, for the observed findings. Further research is necessary to test this hypothesis, including analytic epidemiological studies designed a priori to do so. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170795_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obstetrical intervention and the singleton preterm birth rate in the United States from 1991-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacDorman, M.F. Author-Name: Declercq, E. Author-Name: Zhang, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2241-2247 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180570 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between obstetrical intervention and preterm birth in the United States between 1991 and 2006. Methods. We assessed changes in preterm birth, cesarean delivery, labor induction, and associated risks. Logistic regression modeled the odds of preterm obstetrical intervention after risk adjustment. Results. From 1991 to 2006, the percentage of singleton preterm births increased 13%. The cesarean delivery rate for singleton preterm births increased 47%, and the rate of induced labor doubled. In 2006, 51% of singleton preterm births were spontaneous vaginal deliveries, compared with 69% in 1991. After adjustment for demographic and medical risks, the mother of a preterm infant was 88% (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.87, 1.90) more likely to have an obstetrical intervention in 2006 than in 1991. Using new birth certificate data from 19 states, we estimated that 42% of singleton preterm infants weredelivered via induction or cesarean birth without spontaneous onset of labor. Conclusions. Obstetrical interventions were related to the increase in the US preterm birth rate between 1991 and 2006. The public health community can play a central role in reducing medically unnecessary interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180570_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meta-synthesis of health behavior change meta-analyses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, B.T. Author-Name: Scott-Sheldon, L.A.J. Author-Name: Carey, M.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2193-2198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155200 Abstract: Objectives. We integrated and compared meta-analytic findings across diverse behavioral interventions to characterize how well they have achieved change in health behavior. Methods. Outcomes from 62 meta-analyses of interventions for change in health behavior were quantitatively synthesized, including 1011 primary-level investigations with 599559 participants. Content coding suggested 6 behavioral domains: Eating and physical activity, sexual behavior, addictive behaviors, stress management, female-specific screening and intervention behaviors, and behaviors involving use of health services. Results. Behavior change interventions were efficacious (mean effect sizes=0.08-0.45). Behavior change was more evident in more recent metaanalyses; those that sampled older interventions and literatures or sampled more published articles; those that included studies that relied on self-report, used briefer interventions, or sampled fewer, older, or female participants; and in some domains (e.g., stress management) more than others (e.g., sexual behaviors). Conclusions. Interventions improved health-related behaviors; however, efficacy varied as a function of participant and intervention characteristics. This meta-synthesis provides information about the efficacy of behavioral change interventions across health domains and populations; this knowledge can inform the design and development of public health interventions and future meta-analyses of these studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155200_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Palefsky et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Palefsky, J.M. Author-Name: Reed, A.C. Author-Name: Reiter, P.L. Author-Name: Smith, J.S. Author-Name: Brewer, N.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2017 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.204537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.204537 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.204537_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons learned from Evaluations of California's statewide school nutrition standards Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woodward-Lopez, G. Author-Name: Gosliner, W. Author-Name: Samuels, S.E. Author-Name: Craypo, L. Author-Name: Kao, J. Author-Name: Crawford, P.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2137-2145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193490 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of legislation that established nutrition standards for foods and beverages that compete with reimbursable school meals in California. Methods. We used documentation of available foods and beverages, sales accounts, and surveys of and interviews with students and food service workers to conduct 3 studies measuring pre- and postlegislation food and beverage availability, sales, and student consumption at 99 schools. Results. Availability of nutrition standard-compliant foods and beverages increased. Availability of noncompliant items decreased, with the biggest reductions in sodas and other sweetened beverages, regular chips, and candy. At-school consumption of some noncompliant foods dropped; at-home consumption of selected noncompliant foods did not increase. Food and beverage sales decreased at most venues, and food service à la carte revenue losses were usually offset by increased meal program participation. Increased food service expenditures outpaced revenue increases. Conclusions. Regulation of competitive foods improved school food environments and student nutritional intake. Improvements were modest, partly because many compliant items are fat- and sugar-modified products of low nutritional value. Additional policies and actions are needed to achieve more substantive improvements in school nutrition environments and student nutrition and health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193490_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income disparities in obesity trends among California adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Babey, S.H. Author-Name: Hastert, T.A. Author-Name: Wolstein, J. Author-Name: Diamant, A.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2149-2155 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192641 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed income-specific trends in obesity rates among a diverse population of California adolescents. Methods. We used data from 17535 adolescents who responded to the California Health Interview Survey between 2001 and 2007 to examine disparities in obesity prevalence by family income and gender. Results. Between 2001 and 2007, obesity prevalence significantly increased among lower-income adolescents but showed no statistically significant differences among higher-income adolescents after adjustment for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Although the overall disparity in obesity by family income doubled in this time period, trends were more consistent among male adolescents than among female adolescents. Conclusions. The magnitude of the income disparity in obesity prevalence among California adolescents more than doubled between 2001-2007. The overall leveling off of adolescent obesity prevalence rates could indicate that efforts to decrease childhood obesity are having an impact; however, our results suggest that efforts to prevent childhood obesity may be failing to help adolescents from lower-income families, particularly male adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192641_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leading the way toward the next 100 years of publishing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Balcazar, H. Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2019-2021 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.203075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.203075 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.203075_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of perceived neighborhood safety on body mass index Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fish, J.S. Author-Name: Ettner, S. Author-Name: Ang, A. Author-Name: Brown, A.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2296-2303 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183293 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether there is an association between perceived neighborhood safety and body mass index (BMI), accounting for endogeneity. Methods. A random sample of 2255 adults from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey 2000-2001 was analyzed using instrumental variables. The main outcome was BMI using self-reported height and weight, and the main independent variable was residents' report of their neighborhood safety. Results. In adjusted analyses, individuals who perceived their neighborhoods as unsafe had a BMI that was 2.81 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.11, 5.52) higher than did those who perceived their neighborhoods as safe. Conclusions. Our results suggest that clinical and public health interventions aimed at reducing rates of obesity may be enhanced by strategies to modify the physical and social environment that incorporate residents' perceptions of their communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183293_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health professionals as policy entrepreneurs: Arkansas's childhood obesity policy experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Craig, R.L. Author-Name: Felix, H.C. Author-Name: Walker, J.F. Author-Name: Phillips, M.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2047-2052 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183939 Abstract: In response to a nationwide rise in obesity, several states have passed legislation to improve school health environments. Among these was Arkansas's Act 1220 of 2003, the most comprehensive school-based childhood obesity legislation at that time. Weused theMultiple Streams Framework to analyze factors that brought childhood obesity to the forefront of the Arkansas legislative agenda and resulted in the passage of Act 1220. When 3 streams (problem, policy, and political) are combined, a policy window is opened and policy entrepreneursmay advance their goals. We documented factors that produced a policywindowand allowed entrepreneurs to enact comprehensive legislation. This historical analysis and the Multiple Streams Framework may serve as a roadmap for leaders seeking to influence health policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183939_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the front lines of childhood obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Isaacs, S. Author-Name: Swartz, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2018 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193037 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193037_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cultural translation of interventions: Diabetes care in American Samoa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DePue, J.D. Author-Name: Rosen, R.K. Author-Name: Batts-Turner, M. Author-Name: Bereolos, N. Author-Name: House, M. Author-Name: Held, R.F. Author-Name: Nu'usolia, O. Author-Name: Tuitele, J. Author-Name: Goldstein, M.G. Author-Name: McGarvey, S.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2085-2093 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170134 Abstract: Translation of research advances into clinical practice for at-risk communities is important to eliminate disease disparities. Adult type 2 diabetes prevalence in the US territory of American Samoa is 21.5%, but little intervention research has been carried out there. We discuss our experience with cultural translation, drawing on an emerging implementation science, which aims to build a knowledge base on adapting interventions to real-world settings. We offer examples from our behavioral intervention study, Diabetes Care in American Samoa, which was adapted from Project Sugar 2, a nurse and community health worker intervention to support diabetes self-management among urban African Americans. The challenges we experienced and solutions we used may inform adaptations of interventions in other settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170134_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in occupational safety and health indices after the Korean economic crisis: Analysis of a national sample, 1991-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Min, K.-B. Author-Name: Min, J.-Y. Author-Name: Park, J.-B. Author-Name: Park, S.-G. Author-Name: Lee, K.-J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2165-2167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163832 Abstract: We examined how the deregulation of South Korea's labor laws during the country's 1997 to 1998 economic crisis affected occupational safety and health. Although the economic index improved after the reforms, the total injury rate declined slowly and the incidence of occupational disease increased. The withdrawal of support for occupational safety and health is likely to have a sustained effect on public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163832_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoke-free legislation in appalachian counties Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hahn, E.J. Author-Name: York, N.L. Author-Name: Rayens, M.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2012-2013 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.202119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.202119 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.202119_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income inequality, trust, and population health in 33 countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elgar, F.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2311-2315 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189134 Abstract: Objectives. I examined the association between income inequality and population health and tested whether this association was mediated by interpersonal trust or public expenditures on health. Methods. Individual data on trust were collected from 48641 adults in 33 countries. These data were linked to country data on income inequality, public health expenditures, healthy life expectancy, and adult mortality. Regression analyses tested for statistical mediation of the association between income inequality and population health outcomes by country differences in trust and health expenditures. Results. Income inequality correlated with country differences in trust (r= -0.51), health expenditures (r=-0.45), life expectancy (r=-0.74), and mortality (r=0.55). Trust correlated with life expectancy (r=0.48) and mortality (r=-0.47) and partly mediated their relations to income inequality. Health expenditures did not correlate with life expectancy and mortality, and health expenditures did not mediate links between inequality and health. Conclusions. Income inequality might contribute to short life expectancy and adult mortality in part because of societal differences in trust. Societies with low levels of trust may lack the capacity to create the kind of social supports and connections that promote health and successful aging. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189134_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in health-related quality of life: A comparison of lesbians and bisexual women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. Author-Name: Kim, H.-J. Author-Name: Barkan, S.E. Author-Name: Balsam, K.F. Author-Name: Mincer, S.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2255-2261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177329 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the association of health-related quality of life v(HRQOL) with sexual orientation among lesbians and bisexual women and compared the predictors of HRQOL between the 2 groups. Methods. We used multivariate logistic regression to analyze Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System population-based data (2003 to 2007) in a sample of 1496 lesbians and bisexual women and examined determinants of HRQOL among lesbians and bisexual women. Results. For lesbians and bisexual women, frequent mental distress and poor general health were associated with poverty and lack of exercise; poor general health was associated with obesity and mental distress. Bisexual women showed a higher likelihood of frequent mental distress and poor general health than did lesbians. The odds of mental distress were higher for bisexual women living in urban areas as compared with nonurban areas. Lesbians had an elevated risk of poor general health and mental distress during midlife. Conclusions. Despite the standard practice of collapsing sexual minority women into a single group, lesbian and bisexual women in this study emerge as distinct groups that merit specific attention. Bisexual women are at elevated risk for poor HRQOL. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177329_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Burden of mortality associated with autoimmune diseases among females in the United Kingdom Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, S.L. Author-Name: Griffiths, C. Author-Name: Smeeth, L. Author-Name: Rooney, C. Author-Name: Hall, A.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2279-2287 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180273 Abstract: Objectives.We estimated the collective burden of mortality from autoimmune diseases among females in the United Kingdom and the effects of death certificate coding changes on this estimate.Methods. We analyzed 1993-2003 England and Wales death certificate data for 3150267 females aged 1 year or older. We identified death certificates that listed autoimmune conditions as underlying or contributory causes of death. The percentages of all female deaths attributed to autoimmune disorders and to UK official mortality categories were ranked to determine the leading causes of death.Results. In 2003, autoimmune diseases were the sixth or seventh most frequent underlying cause of death among females in all age groups below 75 years. Results were similar when both underlying and contributory causes of death were considered. The proportion of females dying with an autoimmune disorder remained relatively constant from 1993 to 2003. Analyses indicated that death counts for specific autoimmune diseases had been underestimated.Conclusions. Autoimmune diseases are a leading cause of death among females in England and Wales, but their collective impact remains hidden in current disease classification systems. Grouping these disorders together may help promote research needed to identify common determinants and future prevention strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180273_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using geographic information systems and local food store data in California's low-income neighborhoods to inform community initiatives and resources Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ghirardelli, A. Author-Name: Quinn, V. Author-Name: Foerster, S.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2156-2162 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192757 Abstract: Objectives.We examined conditions in California low-income neighborhoods that affect obesity to inform program planning, nutrition education, community participation, investment of resources, and involvement of stakeholders. Methods. Staff members in 18 local health departments were trained to use an online geographic information system (GIS) and conduct field surveys. GIS data were aggregated from 68 low-income neighborhoods of 1 or more census tracts. Data were collected in 2007 to 2009 from 473 grocery stores in 62 neighborhoods. Results. Thirty-one percent of neighborhoods mapped had no supermarket within any of their census tract boundaries, but health department staff members estimated that 74.2% of residents had access to a large grocery store within 1 mile. Eighty-one percent of small markets sold produce, and 67.6% offered 4 or more types of fresh vegetables. Conclusions. Small markets and corner stores in California's low-income neighborhoods often have fresh produce available for sale. Stores providing healthy options in typically underserved areas can be part of community efforts to promote healthy eating behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192757_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unhealthy competition: Consequences of health plan choice in California medicaid Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Millett, C. Author-Name: Chattopadhyay, A. Author-Name: Bindman, A.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2235-2240 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182451 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the quality of care received by managed care Medicaid beneficiaries in counties with a choice of health plans and counties with no choice. Methods. This cross-sectional study among California Medicaid beneficiaries was conducted during 2002. We used a multivariate Poisson model to calculate adjusted rates of hospital admissions for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions by duration of plan enrollment. Results. Among beneficiaries with continuous Medicaid coverage, the percentage with 12 months of continuous enrollment in a health plan was significantly lower in counties with a choice of plans than in counties with no choice (79.2% vs 95.2%; P<.001). Annual ambulatory care-sensitive admission rates adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity were significantly higher among beneficiaries living in counties with a choice of plans (6.58 admissions per 1000 beneficiaries; 95% confidence interval [CI]=6.57, 6.58) than among those in counties with no choice (6.27 per 1000; 95% CI=6.27, 6.28). Conclusions. Potential benefits of health plan choice may be undermined by transaction costs of delayed enrollment, which may increase the probability of hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182451_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cynthia Gómez: On the road for health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Currie, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2030-2032 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187971 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187971_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food pantries, poverty, and social justice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M. Author-Name: Greenberg, G. Author-Name: Mazza, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2021-2022 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.201848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.201848 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.201848_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community approaches to preventing obesity in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ross, R.K. Author-Name: Standish, M. Author-Name: Flores, G.R. Author-Name: Jhawar, M.K. Author-Name: Baxter, R.J. Author-Name: Solomon, L.S. Author-Name: Nudelman, J. Author-Name: Schwartz, P.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2023-2025 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.198820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.198820 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.198820_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detection of excess influenza severity: Associating respiratory hospitalization and mortality data with reports of influenza-like illness by primary care physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Den Wijngaard, C.C. Author-Name: Van Asten, L. Author-Name: Meijer, A. Author-Name: Van Pelt, W. Author-Name: Nagelkerke, N.J.D. Author-Name: Donker, G.A. Author-Name: Van Der Sande, M.A.B. Author-Name: Koopmans, M.P.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2248-2254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168245 Abstract: Objectives. We explored whether excesses in influenza severity can be detected by combining respiratory syndromic hospital and mortality data with data on influenza-like illness (ILI) cases obtained from general practitioners. Methods. To identify excesses in the severity of influenza infections in thepopulation of the Netherlands between 1999 and 2005, we looked for increases in influenza-associated hospitalizations and mortality that were disproportionate to the number of ILI cases reported by general practitioners. We used generalized estimating equation regression models to associate syndromic hospital and mortality data with ILI surveillance data obtained fromgeneral practitioners. Virus isolation and antigenic characterization data were used to interpret the results. Results. Disproportionate increases in hospitalizations and mortality (relative to ILI cases reported by general practitioners) were identified in 2003/04 during the A/Fujian/411/02(H3N2) drift variant epidemic. Conclusions. Combined surveillance of respiratory hospitalizations and mortality and ILI data obtained from general practitioners can capture increases in severe influenza-associated illness that are disproportionate to influenza incidence rates. Therefore, this novel approach should complement traditional seasonal and pandemic influenza surveillance in efforts to detect increases in influenza case fatality rates and percentages of patients hospitalized. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168245_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of enabling services by Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander patients at 4 community health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weir, R.C. Author-Name: Emerson, H.P. Author-Name: Tseng, W. Author-Name: Chin, M.H. Author-Name: Caballero, J. Author-Name: Song, H. Author-Name: Drum, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2199-2205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172270 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the utilization and impact of enabling services, such as interpretation and eligibility assistance, among underserved Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander (AANHOPI) patients served at 4 community health centers. Methods. For this project, we developed a uniform model for collecting data on enabling services and implemented it across 4 health centers that served primarily AANHOPI patients. We also examined differences in patient characteristics between users and nonusers of enabling services. Results. Health center patients used many enabling services, with eligibility assistance being the most used service. In addition, compared with nonusers, users of enabling services were more likely to be older, female, AANHOPI, and uninsured (P>.05). Conclusions. For underserved AANHOPI patients at community health centers, enabling services are critical for access to appropriate care. We were the first to examine uniform data on enabling services across multiple health centers serving underserved AANHOPI patients. More data on enabling services and evaluation are needed to develop interventions to improve the quality of care for underserved AANHOPI patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172270_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of massachusetts' smoke-free workplace laws on acute myocardial infarction deaths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dove, M.S. Author-Name: Dockery, D.W. Author-Name: Mittleman, M.A. Author-Name: Schwartz, J. Author-Name: Sullivan, E.M. Author-Name: Keithly, L. Author-Name: Land, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2206-2212 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189662 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) deaths in Massachusetts before and after the implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free workplace law in July 2004. Methods. We used Poisson regression models to examine the impact of the state law in cities and towns with and without previous local smoking bans and the effect of the local laws for the period of 1999 through 2006. Results. The AMI mortality rate decreased by 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]=3.3%, 11.4%) after implementation of the state law. The state ban had an impact in cities and towns with no prior local smoking ban (9.2% decrease; P>.001) but not cities and towns with a prior local smoking ban. However, there was a nonsignificant 4.9% (95% CI=-5.0%, 13.9%) decrease associated with the local smoking ban that preceded the effect of the state ban. The effect of the state ban was modest (-1.6%) in the first 12 months after implementation but much larger after the first 12 months (-18.6%; P>.001). Conclusions. Comprehensive statewide smoke-free workplace laws in Massachusetts were associated with an estimated 270 fewer AMI deaths per year. These results add to the evidence suggesting that smoke-free air laws are associated with lower rates of AMI. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189662_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The central California regional obesity prevention program: Changing nutrition and physical activity environments in California's heartland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schwarte, L. Author-Name: Samuels, S.E. Author-Name: Capitman, J. Author-Name: Ruwe, M. Author-Name: Boyle, M. Author-Name: Flores, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2124-2128 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.203588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.203588 Abstract: The goals of the Central California Regional Obesity Prevention Program (CCROPP) are to promote safe places for physical activity, increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and support community and youth engagement in local and regional efforts to change nutrition and physical activity environments for obesity prevention. CCROPP has created a community-driven policy and environmental change model for obesity prevention with local and regional elements in low-income, disadvantaged ethnic and rural communities in a climate of poor resources and inadequate infrastructure. Evaluation data collected from 2005-2009 demonstrate that CCROPP has made progress in changing nutrition and physical activity environments by mobilizing community members, engaging and influencing policymakers, and forming organizational partnerships. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.203588_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Negative freedom and death in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ackerson, L.K. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 11 Pages: 2163-2164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179259 Abstract: Personal freedoms have been characterized as "positive" (freedom to pursue opportunities) and "negative" (freedom from external constraints on decision making). An ecological analysis of US data revealed a strong positive association (r=0.41; P=.003) between state-level negative personal freedom (defined in terms of regulation of personal behavior) and state-level age-adjusted rates of unintentional injury. A conceptual emphasis on positive freedom construed as freedom to pursue a life without risk of unintentional injury could help motivate a conversation to improve public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179259_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adult health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1827 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.204404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.204404 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.204404_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban sprawl, smart growth, and deliberative democracy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Resnik, D.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1852-1856 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182501 Abstract: Urban sprawl is an increasingly common feature of the built environment in the United States and other industrialized nations. Although there is considerable evidence that urban sprawl has adverse affects on public health and the environment, policy frameworks designed to combat sprawl-such as smart growthhave proven to be controversial, making implementation difficult. Smart growth has generated considerable controversy because stakeholders affected by urban planning policies have conflicting interests and divergent moral and political viewpoints. In some of these situations, deliberative democracy -an approach to resolving controversial public-policy questions that emphasizes open, deliberative debate among the affected parties as an alternative to voting - would be a fair and effective way to resolve urbanplanning issues. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182501_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Some principles of research design in public health. 1961. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenstock, I.M. Author-Name: Hochbaum, G.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1861-1863 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:10:1861-1863_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of cognitive impairment on screening mammography use in older US women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mehta, K.M. Author-Name: Fung, K.Z. Author-Name: Kistler, C.E. Author-Name: Chang, A. Author-Name: Walter, L.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1917-1923 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158485 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated mammography rates for cognitively impaired women in the context of their life expectancies, given that guidelines do not recommend screening mammography in women with limited life expectancies because harms outweigh benefits. Methods. We evaluated Medicare claims for women aged 70 years or older from the 2002 wave of the Health and Retirement Study to determine which women had screening mammography. We calculated population-based estimates of 2-year screening mammography prevalence and 4-year survival by cognitive status and age. Results. Women with severe cognitive impairment had lower rates of mammography (18%) compared with women with normal cognition (45%). Nationally, an estimated 120000 screening mammograms were performed among women with severe cognitive impairment despite this group's median survival of 3.3 years (95% confidence interval = 2.8, 3.7). Cognitively impaired women who had high net worth and were married had screening rates approaching 50%. Conclusions. Although severe cognitive impairment is associated with lower screening mammography rates, certain subgroups with cognitive impairment are often screened despite lack of probable benefit. Given the limited life expectancy of women with severe cognitive impairment, guidelines should explicitly recommend against screening these women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158485_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: American Indian/Alaska native uninsurance disparities: A comparison of 3 surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, P.J. Author-Name: Blewett, L.A. Author-Name: Call, K.T. Author-Name: Davern, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1972-1979 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167247 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether 3 nationally representative data sources produce consistent estimates of disparities and rates of uninsurance among the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population and to demonstrate howchoice of data source impacts study conclusions. Methods. We estimated all-year and point-in-time uninsurance rates for AIANs and non-Hispanic Whites younger than 65 years using 3 surveys: Current Population Survey (CPS), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Results. Sociodemographic differences across surveys suggest that national samples produce differing estimates of the AIAN population. AIAN all-year uninsurance rates varied across surveys (3%-23% for children and 18%-35% for adults). Measures of dispa rity also differed by survey. For all-year uninsurance, the unadjusted rate for AIAN children was 2,9 times higher than the rate for White children with the CPS, but there were no significant disparities with the NHIS or MEPS. Compared with White adults, AIAN adults had unadjusted rate ratios of 2.5 with the CPS and 2.2 with the NHIS or MEPS. Conclusions. Different data sources produce substantially different estimates for the same population. Consequently, conclusions about health care disparities may be influenced by the data source used. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167247_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a cervical cancer control intervention using lay health workers for Vietnamese American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, V.M. Author-Name: Jackson, J.C. Author-Name: Yasui, Y. Author-Name: Nguyen, T.T. Author-Name: Woodall, E. Author-Name: Acorda, E. Author-Name: Li, L. Author-Name: Ramsey, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1924-1929 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.190348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190348 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a cervical cancer control intervention for Vietnamese American women that used lay health workers. Methods. The study group included 234 women who had not received a Papanicolaou (Pap) test in the last 3 years. Experimental group participants received a lay health worker home visit. Our trial endpoint was Pap test receipt within 6 months of randomization. Pap testing completion was ascertained through women's self-reports and medical record reviews. We examined intervention effects among women who had ever received a Pap test (prior to randomization) and women who had never received a Pap test. Results. Three quarters of the women in the experimental group completed a home visit. Ever-screened experimental group women were significantly more likely to report Pap testing (P<.02) and to have records verifying Pap testing (P<.04) than were ever-screened control group women. There were no significant differences between the trial arms for women who had never been screened. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that lay health worker-based interventions for Vietnamese American women are feasible to implement and can increase levels of Pap testing use among ever-screened women but not among never screened women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190348_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence hierarchies versus synergistic interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, L.W. Author-Name: Kreuter, M.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1824-1825 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.197798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.197798 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.197798_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consistency and change in club drug use by sexual minority men in New York City, 2002 to 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pantalone, D.W. Author-Name: Bimbi, D.S. Author-Name: Holder, C.A. Author-Name: Golub, S.A. Author-Name: Parsons, J.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1892-1895 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175232 Abstract: We used repeated cross-sectional data from intercept surveys conducted annually at lesbian, gay, and bisexual community events to investigate trends in club drug use in sexual minority men (N = 6489) in New York. City from 2002 to 2007. Recent use of ecstasy, ketamine, and γ-hydroxybutyrate decreased significantly. Crystal methamphetamine use initially increased but then decreased. Use of cocaine and amyl nitrates remained consistent. A greater number of HIVpositive (vs HIV-negative) men reported recent drug use across years. Downward trends in drug use in this population mirror trends in other groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175232_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship between past food deprivation and current dietary practices and weight status among Cambodian refugee Women in Lowell, MA Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peterman, J.N. Author-Name: Wilde, P.E. Author-Name: Liang, S. Author-Name: Bermudez, O.I. Author-Name: Silka, L. Author-Name: Rogers, B.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1930-1937 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175869 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated Cambodian refugee women's past food experiences and the relationship between those experiences and current food beliefs, dietary practices, and weight status. Methods. Focus group participants (n = 11) described past food experiences and current health-related food beliefs and behaviors. We randomly selected survey participants (n = 133) from a comprehensive list of Cambodian households in Lowell, Massachusetts. We collected height, weight, 24-hour dietary recall, food beliefs, past food experience, and demographic information. We constructed a measure of past food deprivation from focus group and survey responses. We analyzed data with multivariate logistic and linear regression models. Results. Participants experienced severe past food deprivation and insecurity, Those with higher past food-deprivation scores were more likely to currently report eating meat with fat (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14 for every point increase on the 9-to-27-point food-deprivation measure), and to be overweight or obese by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (OR = 1.28) and World Health Organization (OR=1.18) standards. Conclusions. Refugees who experienced extensive food deprivation or insecurity may be more likely to engage in unhealthful eating practices and to be overweight or obese than are those who experienced less-extreme food deprivation or insecurity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175869_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HPV vaccination's second act: Promotion, competition, and compulsion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schwartz, J.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1841-1844 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193060 Abstract: Developments regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines will transform HPV vaccination in the United States while simultaneously raising several new policy and ethical concerns. Policymakers, vaccine manufacturers, and the public health community must now respond to the presence of competing vaccines that are similar but distinct, particularly with respect to genital wart prevention and the benefits of vaccinating males. This work arises in the shadow of the contentious introduction of the HPV vaccine Gardasil (Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ) in 2006, particularly the opposition to efforts in many states to require the vaccine for school attendance. I review the current status of HPV vaccine policy in the united States and examine issues of public health ethics and policy central to ongoing and future HPV vaccination programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193060_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ruger responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruger, J.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1824 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.197053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.197053 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.197053_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Community health workers: Social justice and policy advocates for community health and well-being (American Journal Public Health (2008) 98: 1 (11-14) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peréz, L.M. Author-Name: Martinez, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1826 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2006.100842e_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recent trends in maternal, newborn, and child health in brazil: Progress toward millennium development goals 4 and 5 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barros, F.C. Author-Name: Matijasevích, A. Author-Name: Requejo, J.H. Author-Name: Giugliani, E. Author-Name: Maranhão, A.G. Author-Name: Monteiro, C.A. Author-Name: Barros, A.J.D. Author-Name: Bustreo, F. Author-Name: Merialdi, M. Author-Name: Victora, C.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1877-1889 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.196816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.196816 Abstract: We analyzed Brazil's efforts in reducing child mortality, improving maternal and child health, and reducing socioeconomic and regional Inequalities from 1990 through 2007. We compiled and reanalyzed data from several sources, including vital statistics and population-based surveys. We also explored the roles of broad socioeconomic and demographic changes and the introduction of health sector and other reform measures in explaining the improvements observed. Our findings provide compelling evidence that proactive measures to reduce health disparities accompanied by socioeconomic progress can result in measurable improvements in the health of children and mothers in a relatively short interval. Our analysis of Brazil's successes and remaining challenges to reach and surpass Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 can provide important lessons for other low- and middle-income countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.196816_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Innovative approaches to reducing financial barriers to obstetric care in low-income countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richard, F. Author-Name: Witter, S. Author-Name: De Brouwere, V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1845-1852 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179689 Abstract: Lack of access to quality care is the main obstacle to reducing maternal mortality in low-income countries, in many settings, women must pay out-of-pocket fees, resulting in delays, some of them fatal, and catastrophic expenditure that push households into poverty. Various innovative approaches have targeted the poor or exempted specific services, such as cesarean deliveries. We analyzed 8 case studies to better understand current experiments in reducing financial barriers to maternal care. Although service utilization increased in most of the settings, concerns remain about quality of care, equity between rich and poor patients and between urban and rural residents, and financial sustainability to support these new strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179689_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Workplace assaults on nursing assistants in US nursing homes: A multilevel analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tak, S. Author-Name: Sweeney, M.H. Author-Name: Alterman, T. Author-Name: Baron, S. Author-Name: Calvert, G.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1938-1945 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185421 Abstract: Objectives. We examined risk factors for injuries to nursing assistants from assaults by nursing home residents at both the individual and the organizational level. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey that were linked to facility information from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey by use of multilevel modeling that accounted for the complex survey design effect. Results. Thirty-four percent of nursing assistants surveyed reported experiencing physical injuries from residents' aggression in the previous year. Mandatory overtime (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.22, 2.24) and not having enough time to assist residents with their activities of daily living (OR = 1.49; 95% Cl-1.25, 1.78) were strongly associated with experiencing injuries from assaults, Nursing assistants employed in nursing homes with Alzheimer care units were more likely to experience such injuries, including being bitten by residents. Conclusions. Reducing mandatory overtime and having a less demanding workload may reduce the risk of workplace violence. In particular, prevention activities should be targeted at those nursing homes that care for cognitively impaired patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185421_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCabe, S.E. Author-Name: Bostwick, W.B. Author-Name: Hughes, T.L. Author-Name: West, B.T. Author-Name: Boyd, C.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1946-1952 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations between 3 types of discrimination (sexual orientation, race, and gender) and substance use disorders in a large national sample in the United States that included 577 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults. Methods. Data were collected from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, which used structured diagnostic face-to-face interviews. Results. More than two thirds of LGB adults reported at least 1 type of discrimination in their lifetimes. Multivariate analyses indicated that the odds of past-year substance use disorders were nearly 4 times greater among LGB adults who reported all 3 types of discrimination prior to the past year than for LGB adults who did not report discrimination (adjusted odds ratio = 3.85; 95% confidence interval = 1.71, 8.66). Conclusions. Health professionals should consider the role multiple types of discrimination plays in the development and treatment of substance use disorders among LGB adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A soldier's hero: Edith Cavell (1865-1915). Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roth, G.A. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1865-1866 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188599 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188599_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Off-premise alcohol sales policies, drinking, and sexual risk among people living with HIV Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Collins, R.L. Author-Name: Taylor, S.L. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Ringel, J.S. Author-Name: Kanouse, D.E. Author-Name: Beckman, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1890-1892 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158543 Abstract: Drinking among HIV-positive individuals increases risks of disease progression and possibly sexual transmission. We examined whether state alcohol sales policies are associated with drinking and sexual risk among people living with HIV. In a multivariate analysis combining national survey and state policy data, we found that HIV-positive residents of states allowing liquor sales in drug and grocery stores had 70% to 88% greater odds of drinking, daily drinking, and binge drinking than did HIV-positive residents of other states. High-risk sexual activity was more prevalent In states permitting longer sales hours (7% greater odds for each additional hour). Restrictive alcohol sales policies may reduce drinking and transmission risk in HIV-positive individuals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158543_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The myth of meritocracy and African American health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kwate, N.O.A. Author-Name: Meyer, L.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1831-1834 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186445 Abstract: Recent theoretical and empirical studies of the social determinants of health inequities have shown that economic deprivation, multiple levels of racism, and neighborhood context limit African American health chances and that African Americans' poor health status is predicated on unequal opportunity to achieve the American Dream. President Obama's election has been touted as a demonstration of American meritocracy-the belief that all may obtain the American Dream-and has instilled hope in African Americans. However, we argue that in the context of racism and other barriers to success, meritocratic ideology may act as a negative health determinant for African Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186445_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial disparities in stage-specific colorectal cancer mortality: 1960-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sonejl, S. Author-Name: Iyer, S.S. Author-Name: Katrlna Armstrong, B.A. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1912-1916 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184192 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether racial disparities in stage-specific colorectal cancer survival changed between 1960 and 2005. Methods. We used US Mortality Multiple-Cause-of-Death Data Files and intercensal estimates to calculate standardized mortality rates by gender and race from 1960 to 2005. We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data to estimate stage-specific colorectal cancer survival. To account for SEER sampling uncertainty, we used a bootstrap resampling procedure and fit a Cox proportional hazards model. Results. Between 1960-2005, patterns of decline in mortality rate as a result of colorectal cancer differed greatly by gender and race: 54% reduction for White women, 14% reduction for Black women, 39% reduction for White men, and 28% increase for Black men. Blacks consistently experienced worse rates of stagespecific survival and life expectancy than did Whites for both genders, across all age groups, and for localized, regional, and distant stages of the disease. Conclusions. The rates of stage-specific colorectal cancer survival differed among Blacks when compared with Whites during the 4-decade study period. Differences in stage-specific life expectancy were the result of differences in access to care or quality of care. More attention should be given to racial disparities in colorectal cancer management. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184192_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Concepts of capability and overlooked applications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lorgelly, P.K. Author-Name: Coast, J. Author-Name: Smith, R.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1823-1824 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.196170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.196170 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.196170_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Engaging key stakeholders to assess and improve the professional preparation of MPH health educators Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linnan, L.A. Author-Name: Steckler, A. Author-Name: Maman, S. Author-Name: Ellenson, M. Author-Name: French, E. Author-Name: Blanchard, L. Author-Name: Bowling, M. Author-Name: Yamanis, N. Author-Name: Succop, S. Author-Name: Davenport, A. Author-Name: Moracco, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1993-1999 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177709 Abstract: Objectives. We described the process of engaging key stakeholders in a systematic review of requirements for a master of public health (MPH) degree within the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, and summarized resulting changes. Methods. A benchmarking study of 11 peer institutions was completed. Key stakeholders (i.e., current students, alumni, faculty, staff, employers, and practicum preceptors) received online or print: surveys. A faculty retreat was convened to process results and reach consensus on program revisions. Results. MPH program changes included (1) improved advising and mentoring program, (2) elimination of research and practice track, options, (3) increased elective and decreased required credit hours, (4) replacement of master's paper requirement with "deliverables" (written products such as reports, documents, and forms) produced as part of the required "Capstone" course, (5) extended community field experience to 2 semesters and moved it to year 2 of the program, and (6) allowed practica of either 200, 300, or 400 hours. Conclusions. Engaging key stakeholders in the program review process yielded important changes to the MPH degree program requirements. Others may consider this approach when undertaking curriculum reviews. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177709_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol retail density and demographic predictors of health disparities: A geographic analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berke, E.M. Author-Name: Tanski, S.E. Author-Name: Demidenko, E. Author-Name: Alford-Teaster, J. Author-Name: Shi, X. Author-Name: Sargent, J.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1967-1971 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170464 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the geographic density ot alcohol retailers was greater in geographic areas with higher levels of demographic characteristics that predict health disparities. Methods. We obtained the locations of all alcohol retailers in the continental United States and created a map depicting alcohol retail outlet density at the US Census tract level. US Census data provided tract-level measures of poverty, education, crowding, and race/ethnicity. We used multiple linear regression to assess relationships between these variables and retail alcohol density. Results. In urban areas, retail alcohol density had significant nonlinear relationships with Black race, Latino ethnicity, poverty, and education, with slopes increasing substantially throughout the highest quartile for each predictor. In high-proportion Latino communities, retail alcohol density was twice as high as the median density. Retail alcohol density had little or no relationship with the demographic factors of interest in suburban, large town, or rural census tracts. Conclusions. Greater density of alcohol retailers was associated with higher levels of poverty and with higher proportions of Blacks and Latinos in urban census tracts. These disparities could contribute to higher morbidity in these geographic areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170464_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gun shows and gun violence: Fatally flawed study yields misleading results Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wintemute, G.J. Author-Name: Hemenway, D. Author-Name: Webster, D. Author-Name: Pierce, G. Author-Name: Braga, A.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1856-1860 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191916 Abstract: A widely publicized but unpublished study of the relationship between gun shows and gun violence is being cited in debates about the regulation of gun shows and gun commerce. We believe the study is fatally flawed. A working paper entitled "The Effect of Gun Shows on Gun-Related Deaths: Evidence from California and Texas" outlined this study, which found no association between gun shows and gun-related deaths. We believe the study reflects a limited understanding of gun shows and gun markets and is not statistically powered to detect even an implausibly large effect of gun shows on gun violence. In addition, the research contains serious ascertainment and classification errors, produces results that are sensitive to minor specification changes in key variables and in some cases have no face validity, and is contradicted by 1 of its own authors' prior research. The study should not be used as evidence in formulating gun policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191916_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking-related health risks among persons with HIV in the strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lifson, A.R. Author-Name: Neuhaus, J. Author-Name: Arribas, J.R. Author-Name: Van Berg-Wolf, M.D. Author-Name: Labriola, A.M. Author-Name: Read, T.R.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1896-1903 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188664 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine smoklng-related hazard ratios (HRs) and population-attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for serious clinical events and death among HIV-positive persons, whose smoking prevalence is higher than In the generai population. Methods. For 5472 HIV-infected persons enrolled from 33 countries in the Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy clinical trial, we evaluated the relationship between baseline smoking status and development of AIDSrelated or serious non-AIDS events and overall mortality. Results. Among all participants, 40.5% were current smokers and 24.8% were former smokers. Adjusted HRs were higher for current than for never smokers for overall mortality (2.4; P<.001), major cardiovascular disease (2.0; P=,002), non-AIDS cancer (1.8; P= .008), and bacterial pneumonia (2.3; P<.001). Adjusted HRs also were significantly higher for these outcomes among current than among former smokers. The PAR% for current versus former and never smokers combined was 24.3% for overall mortality, 25.3% for major cardiovascular disease, 30.6% for non-AIDS cancer, and 25.4% for bacterial pneumonia. Conclusions. Smoking contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality in this HIV-infected population. Providers should routinely integrate smoking cessation programs into HIV health care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188664_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV testing preferences among young men of color who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohall, A. Author-Name: Dini, S. Author-Name: Nye, A. Author-Name: Dye, B. Author-Name: Neu, N. Author-Name: Hyden, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1961-1966 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140632 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed awareness of and preferences for rapid HIV testing among young, urban men of color who have sex with men and are engaged in high-risk behaviors for HIV. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in New York City among 177 young men who have sex with men (MSM). Results. Among the 85% of the participants who had previously undergone HIV testing, 43% reported rapid testing at their most recent test. In terms of future tests, 64% would seek rapid testing, as compared with 36% who preferred traditional testing. Those who preferred rapid testing were significantly more likely to have attended at least some college, to have discussed HIV testing with a sexual partner, to be aware of rapid testing, and to have had a previous HIV test. Conclusions. In general, young MSM of color seem aware of rapid testing. However, our results indicate the need to carefully consider the unique needs of those who are particularly disenfranchised or engaged in high-risk behaviors and who may need concerted efforts around HIV counseling and testing. Likewise, our findings point to a need for more effective education and social marketing strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140632_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conron, K.J. Author-Name: Mimiaga, M.J. Author-Name: Landers, S.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1953-1960 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174169 Abstract: Objectives. We provide estimates of several leading US adult health indicators by sexual orientation identity and gender to fill gaps in the current literature. Methods. We aggregated data from the 2001-2008 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance surveys (N = 67359) to examine patterns in self-reported health by sexual orientation identity and gender, using multivariable logistic regression. Results. Compared with heterosexuals, sexual minorities (i.e., gays/lesbians, 2% of sample; bisexuals, 1%) were more likely to report activity limitation, tension or worry, smoking, drug use, asthma, lifetime sexual victimization, and HIV testing, but did not differ on 3-year Papanicolaou tests, lifetime mammography, diabetes, or heart disease. Compared with heterosexuals, bisexuals reported more barriers to health care, current sadness, past-year suicidal ideation, and cardiovascular disease risk. Gay men were less likely to be overweight or obese and to obtain prostate-specific antigen tests, and lesbians were more likely to be obese and to report multiple risks for cardiovascular disease. Binge drinking and lifetime physical intimate partner victimization were more common among bisexual women. Conclusions. Sexual orientation disparities in chronic disease risk, victimization, health care access, mental health, and smoking merit increased attention. More research on heterogeneity in health and health determinants among sexual minorities is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174169_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between community water fluoridation and adult tooth loss Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neidell, M. Author-Name: Herzog, K. Author-Name: Glied, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1980-1985 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189555 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to estimate the association between community water fluoridation (CWF) exposure at various stages of life and adult tooth loss, Methods. We used data from the 1995 through 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, merged with data from the 1992 Water Fluoridation Census, to estimate interval regression models that relate CWF exposure with tooth loss. Results. Our results indicate that CWF levels in the county of residence at the time of the respondent's birth are significantly related to tooth loss but current CWF levels are not. In addition, the impact of CWF exposure is larger for individuals of lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions. This study suggests that the benefits of CWF may be larger than previously believed and that CWF has a lasting improvement in racial/ethnic and economic disparities in oral health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189555_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Antiretroviral therapy as HIV prevention: Status and prospects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Author-Name: Venkatesh, K.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1867-1876 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184796 Abstract: As antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection has become increasingly accessible, attention has focused on whether these drugs can used for prevention because of increased tolerability of newer medications, decreased cost, and the limitations of other approaches. We review the status of antiretroviral HIV prevention, including chemoprophylaxis, as well as the effects of treatment of infected individuals on prevention. It is possible that the life-saving agents that have transformed the natural history of AIDS can be a critical component of HIV prevention efforts, but their ultimate role in affecting HIV transmission dynamics remains to be defined. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184796_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of HIV prevention social marketing with injecting drug users Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibson, D.R. Author-Name: Zhang, G. Author-Name: Cassady, D. Author-Name: Pappas, L. Author-Name: Mitchell, J. Author-Name: Kegeles, S.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1828-1830 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181982 Abstract: Social marketing involves applying marketing principles; to promote social goods, in the context of heaith behavior, it has been used successfully to reduce alcohol-related car crashes, smoking among youths, and malaria transmission, among other goals. Features of social marketing, such as audience segmentation ana repeated exposure to prevention messages, distinguish it from traditional health promotion programs. A recent review found 8 of 10 rigorously evaluated social marketing interventions responsible for changes in HIV-related behavior or behaviors: intentions. We studied 479 injection drug users to evaluate a community-based social marketing campaign to reduce injection risk behavior among drug users in Sacramento, California. Injecting drugs is associated with HiV infection in more than 130 countries worldwide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181982_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Walking and cycling to health: A comparative analysis of city, state, and international data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pucher, J. Author-Name: Buehler, R. Author-Name: Bassett, D.R. Author-Name: Dannenberg, A.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1986-1992 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189324 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the magnitude, direction, and statistical significance of the relationship between active travel and rates of physical activity, obesity, and diabetes. Methods. We examined aggregate cross-sectional health and travel data for 14 countries, all 50 US states, and 47 of the 50 largest: US cities through graphical, correlation, and bivariate regression analysis on the country, state, and city levels. Results. At all 3 geographic levels, we found statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and self-reported obesity. At the state and city levels, we found statistically significant positive relationships between active travel and physical activity and statistically significant negative relationships between active travel and diabetes. Conclusions. Together with many other studies, our analysis provides evidence of the population-level health benefits of active travel. Policies on transport, land-use, and urban development should be designed to encourage walking and cycling for daily travel. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189324_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Can medicaid reimbursement help give female condoms a second chance in the United States? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Witte, S.S. Author-Name: Stefano, K. Author-Name: Hawkins, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1835-1840 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179598 Abstract: The female condom is the only other barrier contraception method besides the male condom, and it is the only "woman-initiated" device for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Although studies demonstrate high acceptability and effectiveness for this device, overall use in the United States remains low. The female condom has been available through Medicaid in many states since 1994. We provide the first published summary of data on Medicaid reimbursement for the female condom. Our findings demonstrate low rates of claims for female condoms but high rates of reimbursement. In light of the 2009 approval of a new, cheaper female condom and the recent passage of comprehensive health care reform, we call for research examining how health care providers can best promote consumer use of Medicaid reimbursement to obtain this important infection-prevention device. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179598_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Godfrey H. Hochbaum (1916-1999): from social psychology to health behavior and health education. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steckler, A. Author-Name: McLeroy, K.R. Author-Name: Hotzman, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1864 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189118 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189118_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in the incidence of bacteremic pneumonia among US adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burton, D.C. Author-Name: Flannery, B. Author-Name: Bennett, N.M. Author-Name: Farley, M.M. Author-Name: Gershman, K. Author-Name: Harrison, L.H. Author-Name: Lynfield, R. Author-Name: Susan Petit, K. Author-Name: Reingold, A.L. Author-Name: Schaffner, W. Author-Name: Thomas, A. Author-Name: Brian, D. Author-Name: Rose Jr., C.E. Author-Name: Whitney, C.G. Author-Name: Schuchat, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 10 Pages: 1904-1911 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181313 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between the socioeconomic characteristics of census tracts and racial/ethnic disparities in the incidence of bacteremic community-acquired pneumonia among US adults. Methods. We analyzed data on 4870 adults aged 18 years or older with community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia identified through active, population-based surveillance In 9 states and geocoded to census tract of residence. We used data from the 2000 US Census to calculate Incidence by age, race/ethnicity, and census tract characteristics and Poisson regression to estimate rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. During 2003 to 2004, the average annual incidence of bacteremic pneumonia was 24.2 episodes per 100000 Black adults versus 10.1 per 100000 White adults (RR = 2.40; 95% Cl = 2.24, 2.57). Incidence among Black residents of census tracts with 20% or more of persons in poverty (most Impoverished) was 4.4 times the incidence among White residents of census tracts with less than 5% of persons in poverty (least impoverished). Racial disparities in incidence were reduced but remained significant in models that controlled for age, census tract poverty level, and state. Conclusions. Adults living in impoverished census tracts are at increased risk of bacteremic pneumonia and should be targeted for prevention efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181313_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The linking lives health education program: A randomized clinical trial of a parent-based tobacco use prevention program for African American and Latino youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guilamo-Ramos, V. Author-Name: Jaccard, J. Author-Name: Dittus, P. Author-Name: Gonzalez, B. Author-Name: Bourls, A. Author-Name: Banspach, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1641-1647 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171637 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of a parent-based add-on component to a school-based intervention to prevent cigarette smoking among African American and Latino middle school youths. Methods. Mother-adolescent dyads (n = 1386) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: (1) a school-based smoking-prevention intervention or (2) the same intervention with a parent-based add-on component called Raising Smoke-Free Kids. Mothers in the experimental condition received the parent add-on component. Mothers in the control condition received information on selecting a high school. All adolescents received a version of Project Towards No Tobacco Use (TNT). The primary outcome was a reduction in adolescent cigarette smoking. Follow-up data were obtained from 1096 mother-adolescent dyads at 15 months postintervention. Results. At follow-up, the odds of smoking cigarettes were reduced by 42% for adolescents in the parent add-on condition versus the TNT-only condition. Mothers in the parent add-on condition were more likely than were mothers in the TNT-only condition to set rules about risk-sensitive social activities and to be perceived as trustworthy by their child. Group differences also were found in the frequency and quality of mother-adolescent communication. Conclusions. Including parent add-on components in school-based smoking prevention programs can reduce smoking behavior on the part of inner-city middle school youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171637_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of maternal health literacy on child participation in social welfare programs: The philadelphia experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pati, S. Author-Name: Mohamad, Z. Author-Name: Cnaan, A. Author-Name: Kavanagh, J. Author-Name: Shea, J.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1662-1665 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172742 Abstract: We examined the influence of maternal health literacy on child participation in social welfare programs. In this cohort, 20% of the mothers had inadequate or marginal health literacy. Initially, more than 50% of the families participated in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), the Food Stamp Program, and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, whereas fewer than 15% received child care subsidies or public housing. In multivariate regression, TANF participation was more than twice as common among children whose mothers had adequate health literacy compared with children whose mothers had inadequate health literacy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172742_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Targeting high-risk neighborhoods for tobacco prevention education in schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaestle, C.E. Author-Name: Wiles, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1708-1713 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.145557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.145557 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether individual and neighborhood characteristics associated with smoking were also predictive of exposure to smoking prevention education in schools, to determine whether education programs were targeted appropriately to reach neighborhoods with the greatest need. Methods. We merged data from 2 sources - The 2005 Virginia Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 2208) and the Census 2000 School District Demographics Project-and used binary multilevel models with random effects to determine whether the same demographic characteristics and neighborhood characteristics predicted both adolescent smoking and exposure to prevention programs. Results. We found that although light, medium, and heavy smoking rates were higher in neighborhoods of lower socioeconomic status (relative risk ratio= 1.49, 1.36, and 1.65, respectively), prevention programs were less available in those areas (odds ratio=0.82). Conclusions. Our study indicates that school prevention programs are not being effectively targeted and that more effective ways to reach high-risk and disadvantaged neighborhoods are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.145557_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking improvements in health-related quality of life to reductions in medicaid costs among students who use school-based health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wade, T.J. Author-Name: Guo, J.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1611-1616 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185355 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether improvements in pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL) stemming from use of school-based health centers (SBHCs) resulted in lower Medicaid costs. Methods. We analyzed data on 290 students from a 3-year, longitudinal SBHC evaluation conducted in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2000 to 2003, including 71 with a mental health diagnosis and 31 with asthma, who had linked Ohio Medicaid records. HRQOL was measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Panel regression examined whether changes in parent-reported and student self-reported HRQOL predicted changes in Medicaid costs. Results. After adjustment for gender, age, SBHC status, and Medicaid type, we found cost reductions for every 1 -point increase of parent-reported total ($36.39; P<.01), physical ($35.36; P<.05), and psychosocial ($25.94; P<.01) HRQOL. Significant cost reductions were also associated with student-reported total ($8.94; P<.05) and psychosocial ($7.79; P<.05) HRQOL increases. These effects were significant among the asthma subgroup but not the mental health subgroup. Physical HRQOL ($6.12; P= .27) effects were not significant. Conclusions. Improvements in pediatric HRQOL translate into lower Medicaid costs, supporting the use of HRQOL as an outcome for evaluating SBHCs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185355_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relative health burden of selected social and behavioral risk factors in the united states: Implications for policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muennig, P. Author-Name: Fiscella, K. Author-Name: Tancredl, D. Author-Name: Franks, P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1758-1764 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165019 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to quantify the potential health impact of selected medical and nonmedical policy changes within the United States. Methods. Using data from the 1997-2000 National Health Interview Surveys (linked to mortality data through 2002) and the 1996-2002 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, we calculated age-specific health-related quality-of-life scores and mortality probabilities for 8 social and behavioral risk factors. We then used Markov models to estimate the quality-adjusted life years lost. Results. Ranked quality-adjusted life years lost were income less than 200% of the poverty line versus 200% or greater (464 million; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 368, 564); current-smoker versus never-smoker (329 million; 95% Cl = 226, 382); body mass index 30 or higher versus 20 to less than 25 (205 million; 95% Cl = 159, 269); non-Hispanic Black versus non-Hispanic White (120 million; 95% Cl =83, 163); and less than 12 years of school relative to 12 or more (74 million; 95% Cl = 52, 101). Binge drinking, overweight, and health insurance have relatively less influence on population health. Conclusions. Poverty, smoking, and high-school dropouts impose the greatest burden of disease in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165019_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family dog ownership and levels of physical activity in childhood: Findings from the child heart and health study in England Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Owen, C.G. Author-Name: Nightingale, C.M. Author-Name: Rudnicka, A.R. Author-Name: Ekelund, U. Author-Name: McMlnn, A.M. Author-Name: Van Sluijs, E.M.F. Author-Name: Griffin, S.J. Author-Name: Cook, D.G. Author-Name: Whincup, P.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1669-1671 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188193 Abstract: Dog ownership is associated with higher physical activity levels in adults; whether this association occurs in children is unknown. We used accelerometry to examine physical activity levels in 2065 children aged 9 to 10 years. Children from dog-owning families spent more time in light or moderate to vigorous physical activity and recorded higher levels of activity counts per minute (25; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 6,44) and steps per day (357; 95% Cl = 14, 701) than did children without dogs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188193_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Timeliness of breast cancer diagnosis and initiation of treatment in the national breast and cervical cancer early detection program, 1996-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson, L.C. Author-Name: Royalty, J. Author-Name: Howe, W. Author-Name: Helsel, W. Author-Name: Kammerer, W. Author-Name: Benard, V.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1769-1776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160184 Abstract: To determine the effects of program policy changes, we examined service delivery benchmarks for breast cancer screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). Methods. We analyzed NBCCEDP data for women with abnormal mammogram or clinical breast examination (n=382416)from which 23701 cancers were diagnosed. We examined time to diagnosis and treatment for 2 time periods: 1996 to 2000 and 2001 to 2005. We compared median time for diagnostic, treatment initiation, and total intervals with the Kruskal-Wallis test. We calculated adjusted proportions (predicted marginals) with logistic regression to examine diagnosis and treatment within program benchmarks (≤60 days) and time from screening to treatment (≤120 days). Results. Median diagnostic intervals decreased by 2 days (25 vs 23; P<.001). Median treatment initiation intervals increased by 2 days (12 vs 14; P<.001). Total intervals decreased by 3 days (43 vs 40; P<.001). Women meeting the 60-day benchmark for diagnosis improved the most for women with normal mammograms and abnormal clinical breast examinations from 77% to 82%. Conclusions. Women screened by the NBCCEDP received diagnostic followup and initiated treatment within preestablished program guidelines. (Am J. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160184_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bridging the gap: Using school-based health services to improve chlamydia screening among young women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braun, R.A. Author-Name: Provost, J.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1624-1629 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186825 Abstract: Objectives. We implemented a chlamydia screening program targeted at young women accessing reproductive health care services in a school-based setting, and we assessed racial/ethnic factors associated with infection. Methods. The California Family Health Council partnered with 9 health care agencies receiving federal Title X family planning funding and 19 educational institutions to implement the Educational Partnerships to Increase Chlamydia Screening (EPICS) program from January 2008 through December 2008. Results. EPICS agencies provided reproductive health services to 3396 unique sexually active females, 85% of whom self-reported no other source for reproductive health care. Chlamydia screening was provided to 3026 clients (89.1 % chlamydia screening coverage). Of those screened for chlamydia, 5.6% tested positive. Clients who were African American (odds ratio [OR]=7.5; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 3.9, 14.3), Pacific Islander (OR=4.1; 95% Cl = 1.1, 15.5), or Asian (OR=3.3; 95% Cl = 1.4, 8.1) were more likely to have a positive test than were White clients. Conclusions. Chlamydia screening programs implemented in school-based settings have the capacity to identify and treat a significant amount of asymptomatic infection in a population that otherwise may not be reached. To facilitate screening, school-based clinics should implement outreach strategies that target their school population and clinical strategies that maximize opportunities for screening. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186825_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using the food stamp program and other methods to promote healthy diets for low-income consumers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shenkin, J.D. Author-Name: Jacobson, M.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1562-1564 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.198549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.198549 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.198549_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Betty Friedan: Feminist icon and founder of the national organization for women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parry, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1584-1585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187534 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187534_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Television food advertising to children: A global perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelly, B. Author-Name: Halford, J.C.G. Author-Name: Boyland, E.J. Author-Name: Chapman, K. Author-Name: Bautista-Castaño, I. Author-Name: Berg, C. Author-Name: Caroli, M. Author-Name: Cook, B. Author-Name: Coutinho, J.G. Author-Name: Effertz, T. Author-Name: Grammatikaki, E. Author-Name: Keller, K. Author-Name: Leung, R. Author-Name: Manios, Y. Author-Name: Pedley, C. Author-Name: Prell, H. Author-Name: Raine, K. Author-Name: Recine, E. Author-Name: Serra-Majem, L. Author-Name: Singh, S. Author-Name: Summerbell, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1730-1736 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179267 Abstract: Objectives. We compared television food advertising to children in several countries. Methods. We undertook a collaboration among 13 research groups in Australia, Asia, Western Europe, and North and South America. Each group recorded programming for 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days between 6:00 and 22:00, for the 3 channels most watched by children, between October 2007 and March 2008. We classified food advertisements as core (nutrient dense, low in energy), noncore (high in undesirable nutrients or energy, as defined by dietary standards), or miscellaneous. We also categorized thematic content (promotional characters and premiums). Results. Food advertisements composed 11% to 29% of advertisements. Noncore foods were featured in 53% to 87% of food advertisements, and the rate of noncore food advertising was higher during children's peak viewing times. Most food advertisements containing persuasive marketing were for noncore products. Conclusions. Across all sampled countries, children were exposed to high volumes of television advertising for unhealthy foods, featuring child-oriented persuasive techniques. Because of the proven connections between food advertising, preferences, and consumption, our findings lend support to calls for regulation of food advertising during children's peak viewing times. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179267_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of school building conditions on student absenteeism in upstate New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simons, E. Author-Name: Hwang, S.-A. Author-Name: Fitzgerald, E.F. Author-Name: Kielb, C. Author-Name: Lin, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1679-1686 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165324 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated Upstate New York school building conditions and examined the associations between school absenteeism and building condition problems. Methods. We merged data from the 2005 Building Condition Survey of Upstate New York schools with 2005 New York State Education Department student absenteeism data at the individual school level and evaluated associations between building conditions and absenteeism at or above the 90th percentile. Results. After adjustment for confounders, student absenteeism was associated with visible mold (odds ratio [OR] = 2.22; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.34, 3.68), humidity (OR=3.07; 95% Cl = 1.37, 6.89), poor ventilation (OR=3.10; 95% Cl = 1.79, 5.37), vermin (OR = 2.23; 95% Cl = 1.32, 3.76), 6 or more individual building condition problems (OR = 2.97;95%Cl = 1.84,4.79), and building system or structural problems related to these conditions. Schools in lower socioeconomic districts and schools attended by younger students showed the strongest associations between poor building conditions and absenteeism. Conclusions. We found associations between student absenteeism and adverse school building conditions. Future studies should confirm these findings and prioritize strategies for school condition improvements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165324_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of green buildings on employee health and productivity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh, A. Author-Name: Syal, M. Author-Name: Grady, S.C. Author-Name: Korkmaz, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1665-1668 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180687 Abstract: We investigated the effects of improved indoor environmental quality (IEQ) on perceived health and productivity in occupants who moved from conventional to green (according to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ratings) office buildings. In 2 retrospectiveprospective case studies we found that improved IEQ contributed to reductions in perceived absenteeism and work hours affected by asthma, respiratory allergies, depression, and stress and to selfreported improvements in productivity. These preliminary findings indicate that green buildings may positively affect public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180687_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family poverty over the early life course and recurrent adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression: A longitudinal study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Najman, J.M. Author-Name: Hayatbakhsh, M.R. Author-Name: Clavarino, A. Author-Name: Bor, W. Author-Name: O'Callaghan, M.J. Author-Name: Williams, G.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1719-1723 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180943 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether exposure to family poverty over a child's early life course predicts adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. Methods. We used a birth cohort study of a sample of women in Brisbane, Australia, who were recruited in early pregnancy and whose children were followed up on at ages 14 and 21 years. Some 2609 mothers and adolescents provided usable data at the 14- and 21-year follow-ups. Results. After adjustment for poverty at other phases, poverty at the 14-year follow-up was the strongest predictor of adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. The more frequently the child was exposed to poverty, the greater was the risk of that individual being anxious and depressed at both the 14- and 21-year follow-ups. Conclusions. Family poverty predicts higher rates of adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. Increased frequency of child exposure to poverty is a consistent predictor of adolescent and young adult anxiety and depression. Repeated experiences of poverty over a child's early life course are associated with increased levels of poor mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180943_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide patterns and association with predictors among rhode island public high school students: A latent class analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jiang, Y. Author-Name: Perry, D.K. Author-Name: Hesser, J.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1701-1707 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183483 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed Rhode Island's 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data to investigate suicide patterns and their association with suicide risk predictors among public high school students. Methods. We used latent class regression analysis of Rhode Island's 2007 YRBS data (from a random sample of 2210 public high school students) to model latent classes of suicide risk and identify predictors of latent class membership. Results. Four latent classes of suicide risk were modeled and predictors were associated with each: class 1 (emotionally healthy, 74%); class 2 (considered and planned suicide, 14%) was associated with being female, having low grades, being gay/lesbian/bisexual/ unsure, feeling unsafe at school, having experienced forced sexual intercourse, and self-perceived overweight; class 3 (attempted suicide, 6%) was associated with speaking a language other than English at home, being gay/lesbian/bisexual/ unsure, feeling unsafe at school, and forced sexual intercourse; and class 4 (planned and attempted suicide, 6%) was associated with the previously mentioned predictors and with being in 9th or 10th grade and currently smoking. Conclusions. A single model characterized and quantified 4 patterns of suicide risk among adolescents and identified predictors for 3 at-risk classes. Interventions for high-risk youths may help prevent adolescent suicides. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183483_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Apparent benefit of water filters may be an artifact of study design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hunter, P.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1557-1558 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.194621 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.194621_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global inequality in eye health: Country-level analysis from the global burden of disease study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ono, K. Author-Name: Hiratsuka, Y. Author-Name: Murakami, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1784-1788 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187930 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed global inequality in eye health by using data on the global burden of disease measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Methods. We estimated the burden of eye disease by calculating the sum of DALYs (from the Global Burden of Disease study, 2004 update) due to trachoma, vitamin A deficiency, glaucoma, cataract, refractive errors, and macular degeneration. We assessed the geographic distribution of eye disease in relation to economic status and etiology by calculating the Gini coefficient, the Theil index, and the Atkinson index. Results. The global burden of eye disease was estimated at 61.4 million DALYs worldwide (4.0% of total DALYs). Vitamin A deficiency and trachoma were distributed more unevenly than were noncommunicable eye diseases, regardless of economic status. For noncommunicable eye diseases, the major contributor was refractive errors, regardless of economic status. The most uneven distribution was observed for cataract (high-income countries) and refractive errors (middle- and low-income countries). Conclusions. Creating new eye health service for refractive errors and reducing the unacceptable eye health disparity in refractive errors should be the highest priorities for international public health services in eye care and eye health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187930_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Persistent psychopathology in the wake of civil war: Long-term posttraumatic stress disorder in nimba county, liberia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Rockers, P.C. Author-Name: Saydee, G. Author-Name: Macauley, R. Author-Name: Tornorlah Varpllah, S. Author-Name: Kruk, M.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1745-1751 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179697 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the geographical distribution of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in postconflict Nimba County, Liberia, nearly 2 decades after the end of primary conflict in the area, and we related this pattern to the history of conflict. Methods. We administered individual surveys to a population-based sample of 1376 adults aged 19 years or older. In addition, we conducted a historical analysis of conflict in Nimba County, Liberia, where the civil war started in 1989. Results. The prevalence of PTSD in Nimba County was high at 48.3% (95% confidence interval = 45.7, 50.9; n = 664). The geographical patterns of traumatic event experiences and of PTSD were consistent with the best available information about the path of the intranational conflict that Nimba County experienced in 1989-1990. Conclusions. The demonstration of a "path of PTSD" coincident with the decades-old path of violence dramatically underscores the direct link between population burden of psychopathology and the experience of violent conflict. Persistent oostconflict disruptions of social and physical context may explain some of the observed patterns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179697_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The potent lever toil: Nursing development and exportation in the postcolonial Philippines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brush, B.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1572-1581 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181222 Abstract: Although the colonial relationship between the Philippines and the United States precipitated nurse education and migration patterns that exist today, little is known about the factors that sustained them. During the first half of the twentieth century, for example, the Philippines trained its nurse workforce primarily for domestic use. After the country's independence in 1946, however, that practice reversed. Nurse education in the Philippines was driven largely by US market demand in tandem with local messages linking work and nationalism and explicit policies to send nurses abroad. As these ideologies and practices became firmly entrenched, nurse production not only exceeded the country's numerical requirements but focused largely on preparing practitioners for the health care needs of developed nations rather than the public health needs of the indigenous population. This historical trend has important present-day ramifications for the Philippines, whose continued exodus of nurses threatens its public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181222_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Florence Nightingale. Cassandra: an essay. 1979. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nightingale, F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1586-1587 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:9:1586-1587_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of schoolyard renovations on children's physical activity: The learning landscapes program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brink, L.A. Author-Name: Nigg, C.R. Author-Name: Lampe, S.M.R. Author-Name: Kingston, B.A. Author-Name: Mootz, A.L. Author-Name: Van Vliet, W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1672-1678 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178939 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether schoolyard improvements led to increased physical activity levels among both boys and girls and assessed the aspects of schoolyard design that have an impact on physical activity. Methods. In a quasi-experimental research design, 6 schools with renovated schoolyards and 3 control schools were divided into activity areas. We calculated measures of children's physical activity by area during school hours as well as after-school hours. Results. The volume of schoolyard use was significantly higher at schools with renovated schoolyards than at control schools, and students were significantly more active at these schools. Also, activity levels were significantly higher among both boys and girls in certain schoolyard areas, such as those with soft surfaces. Conclusions. Because few public elementary schools in the United States provide daily physical education or its equivalent for all students throughout the school year, noncurriculum approaches to increasing children's physical activity are important. Renovated schoolyards increase the number of children who are physically active, as well as their overall activity levels, and reduce sedentary behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178939_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrated schools, segregated curriculum: Effects of withinschool segregation on adolescent health behaviors and educational aspirations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walsemann, K.M. Author-Name: Bell, B.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1687-1695 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179424 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the extent to which within-school segregation, as measured by unevenness in the distribution of Black and White adolescents across levels of the English curriculum (advanced placement-international baccalaureate-honors, general, remedial, or no English), was associated with smoking, drinking, and educational aspirations, which previous studies found are related to school racial/ethnic composition. Methods. We analyzed data from wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, restricting our sample to non-Hispanic Blacks (n=2731) and Whites (n=4158) who from 1994 to 1995 attended high schools that enrolled Black and White students. Results. White female students had higher predicted probabilities of smoking or drinking than did Black female students; the largest differences were in schools with high levels of within-school segregation. Black male students had higher predicted probabilities of high educational aspirations than did White male students in schools with low levels of within-school segregation; this association was attenuated for Black males attending schools with moderate or high levels of within-school segregation. Conclusions. Our results provide evidence that within-school segregation may influence both students' aspirations and their behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179424_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): feminism and hospital reform. 2010. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garofalo, M.E. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1588 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188722 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188722_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing school-based health care policy and practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson, J.W. Author-Name: Wright, T.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1561 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.195727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.195727 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.195727_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing adolescent immunization disparities: A retrospective analysis of school-based health center immunization delivery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Federico, S.G. Author-Name: Abrams, L. Author-Name: Everhart, R.M. Author-Name: Melinkovich, P. Author-Name: Hambidge, S.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1630-1634 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176628 Abstract: Objectives. We compared completion rates for adolescent immunization series administered at school-based health centers (SBHCs) to completion rates for series administered at community health centers (CHCs) within a single integrated delivery system. Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of data from an immunization registry for patients aged 12-18 years. Patients were assigned to either an SBHC or a CHC during the study interval based on utilization. We used bivariate analysis to compare immunization series completion rates between the 2 groups and multivariate analysis to compare risk factors for underimmunization. We performed subanalyses by ages 12-15 years versus ages 16-18 years for human papillomavirus (HPV) and for the combination of HPV; tetanus, diptheria, and pertussis (Tdap); and tetravalent meningococcus virus. Results. SBHC users had significantly higher completion rates (P<.001) for hepatitis B, Tdap, inactivated poliovirus, varicella, measles/mumps/ rubella, and HPV for ages 16-18 years, and for the combination of HPV, Tdap, and MCV4 for ages 16-18 years. CHC users had higher completion rates for tetanus and diphtheria. Conclusions. SBHCs had higher completion rates than did CHCs for immunization series among those aged 12-18 years, despite serving a population with limited insurance coveraae. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176628_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based health centers: Cost-benefit analysis and impact on health care disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guo, J.J. Author-Name: Wade, T.J. Author-Name: Pan, W. Author-Name: Keller, K.N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1617-1623 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185181 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of school-based health centers-which provide essential health care for students by aiming to eliminate many access barriers-on health care access disparities and conducted a cost-benefit analysis. Methods. We employed a longitudinal quasi-experimental repeated-measures design. Primary data sources included the Ohio Medicaid claims, enrollment file with race/ethnicity, and survey reports from parents. We used hierarchical linear modeling to control unbalanced data because of student attrition. We assessed quarterly total Medicaid reimbursement costs for 5056 students in the SBHC and non-SBHC groups from 1997 to 2003. We calculated net social benefitto compare the cost of the SBHC programs with the value that SBHCs might save or create. Results. With SBHCs, the gap of lower health care cost for African Americans was closed. The net social benefits of the SBHC program in 4 school districts were estimated as $1352087 over 3 years. We estimated that the SBHCs could have saved Medicaid about $35 per student per year. Conclusions. SBHCs are cost beneficial to both the Medicaid system and society, and may close health care disparity gaps. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185181_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Julia lathrop and the children's bureau Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theerman, P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1589-1590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188185 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188185_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood predictors of dating violence victimization and perpetration in young adulthood: A multilevel study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jain, S. Author-Name: Buka, S.L. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Molnar, B.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1737-1744 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169730 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether social processes of neighborhoods, such as collective efficacy, during individual's adolescent years affect the likelihood of being involved in physical dating violence during young adulthood. Methods. Using longitudinal data on 633 urban youths aged 13 to 19 years at baseline and data from their neighborhoods (collected by the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods), we ran multilevel linear regression models separately by gender to assess the association between collective efficacy and physical dating violence victimization and perpetration, controlling for individual covariates, neighborhood poverty, and perceived neighborhood violence. Results. Females were significantly more likely than were males to be perpetrators of dating violence during young adulthood (38% vs 19%). Multilevel analyses revealed some variation in dating violence at the neighborhood level, partly accounted for by collective efficacy. Collective efficacy was predictive of victimization for males but not females after control for confounders; it was marginally associated with perpetration (P= .07). The effects of collective efficacy varied by neighborhood poverty. Finally, a significant proportion (intraclass correlation = 14%-21%) of the neighborhood-level variation in male perpetration remained unexplained after modeling. Conclusions. Community-level strategies may be useful in preventing dating violence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169730_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a healthy high schools movement: Strategies for mobilizing public health for educational reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruglis, J. Author-Name: Freudenberg, N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1565-1571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186619 Abstract: Although research shows that education and health are closely intertwined, health professionals have difficulty using this evidence to improve health and educational outcomes and reduce inequities. We call for a social movement for healthy high schools in the United States that would improve school achievement and graduation rates; create school environments that promote lifelong individual, family, and community health and prevent chronic illness, violence, and problems of sexual health; and engage youths in creating health-promoting environments. Achieving these goals will require strengthening and better linking often uncoordinated efforts to improve child health and education. Only a broad social movement has the power and vision to mobilize the forces that can transform educational and health systems to better achieve health and educational equity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186619_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Questionable increase of childhood leukemia in basrah, IRAQ Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greiser, E. Author-Name: Hoffmann, W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1556-1557 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.195321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.195321 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.195321_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of school-based health centers on the health outcomes of middle school and high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McNall, M.A. Author-Name: Llchty, L.F. Author-Name: Mavis, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1604-1610 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183590 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the direct and indirect effects of school-based health centers (SBHCs) on the health and health behaviors of middle and high school students. Methods. We used a prospective cohort design to measure health outcomes annually over 2 consecutive years by student self-report. Cohorts of middle school and high school students were recruited from matched schools with and without SBHCs. Data were obtained from 744 students in both year 1 and year 2 of the study. We used 2-level hierarchical linear models to estimate the effects of the presence of SBHCs at the school level and of SBHC use at the student level. Results. At year 2, users of SBHCs experienced greater satisfaction with their health, more physical activity, and greater consumption of healthy food than did nonusers of SBHCs. Conclusions. Students who used SBHCs were more satisfied with their health and engaged in a greater number of health-promoting behaviors than did students who did not use SBHCs. These findings indicate that SBHCs are achieving their goal of promoting children's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183590_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An outcome evaluation of the sources of strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wyman, P.A. Author-Name: Brown, C.H. Author-Name: LoMurray, M. Author-Name: Schmeelk-Cone, K. Author-Name: Petrova, M. Author-Name: Yu, Q. Author-Name: Walsh, E. Author-Name: Tu, X. Author-Name: Wang, W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1653-1661 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.190025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190025 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effectiveness of the Sources of Strength suicide prevention program in enhancing protective factors among peer leaders trained to conduct schoolwide messaging and among the full population of high school students. Methods. Eighteen high schools-6 metropolitan and 12 rural-were randomly assigned to immediate intervention or the wait-list control. Surveys were administered at baseline and 4 months after program implementation to 453 peer leaders in all schools and to 2675 students selected as representative of the 12 rural schools. Results. Training improved the peer leaders' adaptive norms regarding suicide, their connectedness to adults, and their school engagement, with the largest gains for those entering with the least adaptive norms. Trained peer leaders in larger schools were 4 times as likely as were untrained peer leaders to refer a suicidal friend to an adult. Among students, the intervention increased perceptions of adult support for suicidal youths and the acceptability of seeking help. Perception of adult support increased most in students with a history of suicidal ideation. Conclusions. Sources of Strength is the first suicide prevention program involving peer leaders to enhance protective factors associated with reducing suicide at the school population level. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190025_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School environment and the mental health of sexual minority youths: A study among dutch young adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sandfort, T.G.M. Author-Name: Bos, H.M.W. Author-Name: Collier, K.L. Author-Name: Metselaar, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1696-1700 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183095 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether structural elements of the school environment, in particular cultural pluralism and consistency and clarity of school rules and expectations of students, could mitigate the risk for mental health problems among young sexual minority adolescents. Methods. Data were collected in 2008 by means of a computer-based questionnaire completed at school by 513 young Dutch adolescents (12-15 years old) during regular class times. Eleven percent of these students, who were enrolled in 8 different schools, reported having at least some feelings of samesex attraction. Results. Adolescents with same-sex attractions in schools where rules and expectations were experienced as less consistent and clear reported significantly more mental health problems than their peers with no same-sex attractions in the same schools. Such differences were absent in schools where rules and expectations were experienced as more consistent and clear. There were no such effects of cultural pluralism. Conclusions. Our results suggest that schools with consistent and clear rules and expectations mitigate the risk for mental health problems among students with same-sex attractions and underscore the importance of structural measures for the health of sexual minority youth. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183095_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hagopian et al respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagopian, A. Author-Name: Lafta, R. Author-Name: Hassan, J. Author-Name: Davis, S. Author-Name: Mirick, D. Author-Name: Takaro, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1557 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.195446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.195446 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.195446_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Socioeconomic gradients in sexually transmitted diseases: A geographic information system-based analysis of poverty, race/ethnicity, and gonorrhea rates in California, 2004-2006. (American Journal of Public Health (2010) 100:6 (160-1067) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Springer, Y.P. Author-Name: Samuel, M.C. Author-Name: Bolan, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1560 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965e_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology of tuberculosis among US- And foreign-born children and adolescents in the United States, 1994-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Menzies, H.J. Author-Name: Winston, C.A. Author-Name: Holtz, T.H. Author-Name: Cain, K.P. Author-Name: Mac Kenzie, W.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1724-1729 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181289 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in tuberculosis (TB) cases and case rates among US- and foreign-born children and adolescents and analyzed the potential effect of changes to overseas screening of applicants for immigration to the United States. Methods. We analyzed TB case data from the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System for 1994 to 2007. Results. Foreign-born children and adolescents accounted for 31% of 18659 reported TB cases in persons younger than age 18 years from 1994 to 2007. TB rates declined 44% among foreign-born children and adolescents (20.3 per 10000 to 11.4 per 100000 population) and 48% (2.1 per 100000 to 1.1 per 100000) among those who were born in the United States. Rates were nearly 20 times as high among foreign-born as among US-born adolescents. Among foreign-born children and adolescents with known month of US entry (88%), more than 20% were diagnosed with TB within 3 months of entry. Conclusions. Marked disparities in TB morbidity persist between foreign- and US-born children and adolescents. These disparities and the high proportion of TB cases diagnosed shortly after US entry suggest a need for enhanced pre- and postimmigration screening. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181289_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of school health centers in health care access and client outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Soleimanpour, S. Author-Name: Geierstanger, S.P. Author-Name: Kaller, S. Author-Name: McCarter, V. Author-Name: Brindis, C.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1597-1603 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186833 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the impact of school health centers in Alameda County, California, on adolescents' access to care and their mental and physical health outcomes. Methods. We used a multimethod evaluation of 12 school health centers to track data on clients (n=7410), services, and provider-reported outcomes; client pre-post surveys (n = 286); and student focus groups (n = 105 participants). Results. School health centers were the most commonly reported source of medical (30%), family planning (63%), and counseling (31 %) services for clients. Mental health providers reported significant improvements (P<.05) from baseline to follow-up in clients' presenting concerns and resiliency factors. Medical providers and clients also reported general improvements in reproductive health, particularly in the use of birth control other than condoms. Student focus group participants noted that school health centers helped improve access to services students might not seek out otherwise, particularly counseling and family planning services. Furthermore, students noted that they liked school health centers because of their confidentiality, free services, convenience, and youth-friendly staff. Conclusions. School health centers increase access to care and improve mental health, resiliency, and contraceptive use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186833_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policy support, norms, and secondhand smoke exposure before and after implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free law in Mexico City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thrasher, J.F. Author-Name: Pérez-Hernández, R. Author-Name: Swayampakala, K. Author-Name: Arillo-Santillán, E. Author-Name: Bottai, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1789-1798 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180950 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed attitudes and beliefs about smoke-free laws, compliance, and secondhand smoke exposure before and after implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free law in Mexico City. Methods. Trends and odds of change in attitudes and beliefs were analyzed across 3 representative surveys of Mexico City inhabitants: before implementation of the policy (n=800), 4 months after implementation (n=961), and 8 months after implementation (n=761). Results. Results indicated high and increasing support for 100% smoke-free policies, although support did not increase for smoke-free bars. Agreement that such policies improved health and reinforced rights was high before policy implementation and increased thereafter. Social unacceptability of smoking increased substantially, although 25% of nonsmokers and 50% of smokers agreed with smokers' rights to smoke in public places at the final survey wave. Secondhand smoke exposure declined generally as well as in venues covered by the law, although compliance was incomplete, especially in bars. Conclusions. Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in Mexico City has been relatively successful, with changes in perceptions and behavior consistent with those revealed by studies conducted in high-income countries. Normative changes may prime populations for additional tobacco control interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180950_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in tdap and mcv4 vaccine coverage following enactment of a statewide requirement of tdap vaccination for entry into sixth grade Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kharbanda, E.O. Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Author-Name: Colgrove, J. Author-Name: Natarajan, K. Author-Name: Rickert, V.I. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1635-1640 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179341 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated changes in tetanus toxoid, reduced diptheria toxoid, acellular pertussis (Tdap), and tetravalen meningococcal (MCV4) vaccine coverage following enactment of a New York State mandate requiring Tdap before entering sixth grade. Methods. Using data from a hospital-based immunization registry, we measured Tdap and MCV4 coverage among youths aged 11 to 14 years in New York City at 3 time points: premandate, mandate year 1, and mandate year 2. Results. Among overlapping cohorts of 4316 (premandate), 4131 (mandate year 1), and 3639 (mandate year 2) youths, Tdap coverage increased steadily overtime (29%, 58%, and 83%, respectively). Increases were observed among all ages. Across the same time points, MCV4 coverage also increased (10%, 30%, and 60%, respectively). Most adolescents did not receive MCV4 during the same visit they received Tdap. Conclusions. A Tdap school-entry mandate was associated with substantial increases in immunization coverage, even in age groups not directly affected by the mandate. At the postmandate time points, MCV4 coverage remained lower than Tdap coverage. Provider education should emphasize the importance of reviewing vaccine records and administering all recommended vaccines at every clinical encounter. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179341_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health surveillance for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: Comparison of methods for classifying health care- and community-associated infections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sievert, D.M. Author-Name: Wilson, M.L. Author-Name: Wilkins, M.J. Author-Name: Gillespie, B.W. Author-Name: Boulton, M.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1777-1783 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181958 Abstract: Objectives. We compared 3 methods for classifying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections as health care associated or community associated for use in public health surveillance. Methods. We analyzed data on MRSA infections reported to the Michigan Department of Community Health from October 1, 2004, to December 31, 2005. Patient demographics, risk factors, infection information, and susceptibility were collected for 2151 cases. We classified each case by the health care risk factor, infection-type, and susceptibility pattern methods and compared the results of the 3 methods. Results. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological variables yielded similar health care-associated and community-associated distributions when classified by risk factor and infection type. When 2 methods yielded the same classifications, the overall distribution was similar to classification by 3 methods. No specific combination of 2 methods was superior. Conclusions. MRSA categorization by 2 methods is more accurate than it is by a single method. The health care risk factor and infection-type methods yield comparable classification results. Accuracy is increased by using more variables; however, further research is needed to identify the optimal combination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181958_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing targeted screening and low rates of HIV testing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kennedy, L.A. Author-Name: Gordin, F.M. Author-Name: Kan, V.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1765-1768 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182790 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed rates of HIV testing based on targeting patients with identified risk factors at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington, DC (VAMC-DC), where written informed consent along with pretest and posttest counseling had, until recently, been required by federal law. Methods. A cumulative retrospective review of the period 2000 through 2007 was conducted to assess the number of patients who were provided medical care at VAMC-DC, tested for HIV, and underwent confirmatory testing. Data on demographic characteristics and risks for HIV acquisition were also collected. Results. At VAMC-DC, 3.8% to 4.9% (mean = 4.25%) of patients in care without known HIV infection underwent HIV screening annually. On average, HIV was confirmed at a yearly rate of 3.4% among those tested. During the study period, HIV prevalence ranged from 2.1% to 2.5%. Among patients receiving HIV care, 41.5% disclosed no risk factors for HIV acquisition. Conclusions. Given that the HIV prevalence observed in this study was above 2% and that 41.5% of patients in care did not disclose any acquisition risks, targeted HIV screening has not been sufficient. HIV testing must be broadened and offered as part of routine medical care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182790_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based screening for suicide risk: Balancing costs and benefits Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scott, M. Author-Name: Wilcox, H. Author-Name: Huo, Y. Author-Name: Turner, J.B. Author-Name: Fisher, P. Author-Name: Shaffer, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1648-1652 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175224 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of a scoring algorithm change on the burden and sensitivity of a screen for adolescent suicide risk. Methods. The Columbia Suicide Screen was used to screen 641 high school students for high suicide risk (recent ideation or lifetime attempt and depression, or anxiety, or substance use), determined by subsequent blind assessment with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. We compared the accuracy of different screen algorithms in identifying high-risk cases. Results. A screen algorithm comprising recent ideation or lifetime attempt or depression, anxiety, or substance-use problems set at moderate-severity level classed 35% of students as positive and identified 96% of high-risk students. Increasing the algorithm's threshold reduced the proportion identified to 24% and identified 92% of high-risk cases. Asking only about recent suicidal ideation or lifetime suicide attempt identified 17% of the students and 89% of high-risk cases. The proportion of nonsuicidal diagnosis-bearing students found with the 3 algorithms was 62%, 34%, and 12%, respectively. Conclusions. The Columbia Suicide Screen threshold can be altered to reduce the screen-positive population, saving costs and time while identifying almost all students at high risk for suicide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175224_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Colford et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colford Jr., J.M. Author-Name: Hilton, J.F. Author-Name: Wright, C.C. Author-Name: Arnold, B.F. Author-Name: Saha, S. Author-Name: Wade, T.J. Author-Name: Scott, J. Author-Name: Eisenberg, J.N.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1558-1559 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.194902 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.194902_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Different setting, different care: Integrating prevention and clinical care in school-based health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clayton, S. Author-Name: Chin, T. Author-Name: Blackburn, S. Author-Name: Echeverria, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1592-1596 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186668 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186668 Abstract: School-based health centers (SBHCs) are widely credited with increasing students' access to care by making health services affordable and convenient. SBHCs can also provide a qualitatively different type of health care for children and adolescents than that delivered by community providers. Health services offered in a school setting can integrate clinical care with public health interventions and environmental change strategies. This ability to reach outside the walls of the exam room makes SBHCs uniquely positioned to address the multiple determinants of health. We describe innovative California SBHC programs focusing on obesity prevention, asthma, mental health, and oral health that represent new models of health care for children and adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186668_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When intraclass correlation coefficients go awry: A case study from a school-based smoking prevention study in South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Resnicow, K. Author-Name: Zhang, N. Author-Name: Vaughan, R.D. Author-Name: Prisoilla Reddy, S. Author-Name: James, S. Author-Name: Murray, D.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1714-1718 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160879 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a group randomized trial of 2 South African school-based smoking prevention programs and examined possible sources and implications of why our actual intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were significantly higher than the ICC of 0.02 used to compute initial sample size requirements. Methods. Thirty-six South African high schools were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups. On 3 occasions, students completed questionnaires on tobacco and drug use attitudes and behaviors. We used mixed-effects models to partition individual and school-level variance components, with and without covariate adjustment. Results. For 30-day smoking, unadjusted ICCs ranged from 0.12 to 0.17 across the 3 time points. For lifetime smoking, ICCs ranged from 0.18 to 0.22; for other drug use variables, 0.02 to 0.10; and for psychosocial variables, 0.09 to 0.23. Covariate adjustment substantially reduced most ICCs. Conclusions. The unadjusted ICCs we observed for smoking behaviors were considerably higher than those previously reported. This effectively reduced our sample size by a factor of 17. Future studies that anticipate significant clusterlevel racial homogeneity may consider using higher-value ICCs in sample-size calculations to ensure adequate statistical power. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160879_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Florence nightingale and the crimean war Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Garofalo, M.E. Author-Name: Chang, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1591 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188607 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188607_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between recreational walking and attractiveness, size, and proximity of neighborhood open spaces Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sugiyama, T. Author-Name: Francis, J. Author-Name: Middleton, N.J. Author-Name: Owen, N. Author-Name: Giles-CortI, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 9 Pages: 1752-1757 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182006 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations of attractiveness, size, and proximity of multiple neighborhood open spaces (NOSs) with recreational walking. Methods. Adults participating in the Residential Environments (RESIDE) study (n = 1366) in Perth, Australia, reported time spent engaging in recreational walking within their neighborhoods. Park audit data and geographic information systems were used to identify the most attractive, largest, and nearest NOS within a 1.6-k.m radius from each participant's residential location. Regression analysis was used to examine attributes (attractiveness, size, and proximity) of these open spaces and their associations with participants' recreational walking. Results. Shorter distance to attractive open spaces was associated with doing any recreational walking, but adults with larger attractive open spaces within 1.6 km of their home were more likely to walk 150 minutes or more in a week. Conclusions. For adults, the presence of a large, high-quality park within walking distance of one's home may be more important in promoting sufficient amounts of walkina for health benefits than is the presence of an open space within a shorter distance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182006_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Viral hepatitis: continuing the dialogue. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1369 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.201749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.201749 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.201749_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Point-of-purchase price and education intervention to reduce consumption of sugary soft drinks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Block, J.P. Author-Name: Chandra, A. Author-Name: McManus, K.D. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1427-1433 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175687 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether a price increase on regular (sugary) soft drinks and an educational intervention would reduce their sales. Methods. We implemented a 5-phase intervention at the Brigham and Women's Hospital cafeteria in Boston, Massachusetts. After posting existing prices of regular and diet soft drinks and water during baseline, we imposed several interventions in series: a price increase of 35% on regular soft drinks, a reversion to baseline prices (washout), an educational campaign, and a combination price and educational period. We collected data from a comparison site, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, also in Boston, for the final 3 phases. Results. Sales of regular soft drinks declined by 26% during the price increase phase. This reduction in sales persisted throughout the study period, with an additional decline of 18% during the combination phase compared with the washout period. Education had no independent effect on sales. Analysis of the comparison site showed no change in regular soft drink sales during the study period. Conclusions. A price increase may be an effective policy mechanism to decrease sales of regular soda. Further multisite studies in varied populations are warranted to confirm these results. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175687_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diagnosis blog: Checking up on health blogs in the blogosphere Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, E.A. Author-Name: Pole, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1514-1519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175125 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the content and characteristics of influential health blogs and bloggers to provide a more thorough understanding of the health blogosphere than was previously available. Methods. We identified, through a purposive-snowball approach, 951 health blogs in 2007 and 2008. All blogs were US focused and updated regularly. We described their features, topics, perspectives, and blogger demographics. Results. Approximately half of the bloggers in our sample were employed in the health field. A majority were female, aged in their 30s, and highly educated. Two thirds posted at least weekly; one quarter accepted advertisements. Most blogs were established after 2004. They typically focused on bloggers' experiences with 1 disease or condition or on the personal experiences of health professionals. Half were written from a professional perspective, one third from a patient-consumer perspective, and a few from the perspective of an unpaid caregiver. Conclusions. Data collected from health blogs could be aggregated for largescale empirical investigations. Future research should assess the quality of the information posted and identify what blog features and elements best reflect adherence to prevailing norms of conduct. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175125_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among black, hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLaughlin, K.A. Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1477-1484 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between perceived discrimination due to race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or gender; responses to discrimination experiences; and psychiatric disorders. Methods. The sample included respondents in the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=34653). We analyzed the associations between self-reported past-year discrimination and past-year psychiatric disorders as assessed with structured diagnostic interviews among Black (n=6587); Hispanic (n=6359); lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB; n = 577); and female (n =20089) respondents. Results. Black respondents reported the highest levels of past-year discrimination, followed by LGB, Hispanic, and female respondents. Across groups, discrimination was associated with 12-month mood (odds ratio [ORs]=2.1-3.1), anxiety (ORs=1.8-3.3), and substance use (ORs=1.6-3.5) disorders. Respondents who reported not accepting discrimination and not discussing it with others had higher odds of psychiatric disorders (ORs=2.9-3.9) than did those who did not accept discrimination but did discuss it with others. Black respondents and women who accepted discrimination and did not talk about it with others had elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively. Conclusions. Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among individuals reporting past-year discrimination experiences. Certain responses to discrimination, particularly not disclosing it, are associated with psychiatric morbidity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181586_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates and consequences of venous thromboembolism: The iowa women's health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lutsey, P.L. Author-Name: Virnig, B.A. Author-Name: Durham, S.B. Author-Name: Steffen, L.M. Author-Name: Hirsch, A.T. Author-Name: Jacobs Jr., D.R. Author-Name: Folsom, A.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1506-1513 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157776 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to document incidence, case-fatality, and recurrence rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women and to explore the relationship of demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric factors to VTE incidence. Methods. Data from participants aged 55 to 69 years in the Iowa Women's Health Study were linked to Medicare data for 1986 through 2004 (n=40377) to identify hospitalized VTE patients. Results. A total of 2137 women developed VTE, yielding an incidence rate of 4.04 per 1000 person-years. The 28-day case-fatality rate was 7.7%, and the 1-year recurrence rate was 3.4%. Educational attainment, physical activity, and age at menopause were inversely associated with VTE. Risk of secondary (particularly cancer-related) VTE was higher among smokers than among those who had never smoked. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, height, and diabetes were positively associated with VTE risk. Hormone replacement therapy use was associated with increased risk of idiopathic VTE. Conclusions. VTE is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in older women. Risk was elevated among women who were smokers, physically inactive, overweight, and diabetic, indicatina that lifestyle contributes to VTE risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157776_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The united nations and global health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roth, G.A. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Chang, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187195 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187195_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community engagement in research: Frameworks for education and peer review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahmed, S.M. Author-Name: Palermo, A.-G.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1380-1387 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178137 Abstract: Community engagement in research may enhance a community's ability to address its own health needs and health disparities issues while ensuring that researchers understand community priorities. However, there are researchers with limited understanding of andexperience with effective methods of engaging communities. Furthermore, limited guidance is available for peer-review panels on evaluating proposals for research that engages communities. The National Institutes of Health Director's Council of Public Representatives developed a community engagement framework that includes values, strategies to operationalize each value, and potential outcomes of their use, as well as a peer-review framework for evaluating research that engages communities. Use of these frameworks for educating researchers to create and sustain authentic community-academic partnerships will increase accountability and equality betweenthe partners. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178137_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of intimate partner violence among an abortion clinic population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saftlas, A.F. Author-Name: Wallis, A.B. Author-Name: Shochet, T. Author-Name: Harland, K.K. Author-Name: Dickey, P. Author-Name: Peek-Asa, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1412-1415 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178947 Abstract: In this cross-sectional, clinicbased study, we estimated 1-year prevalence of intimate partner violence among 986 patients who had elective abortions. We assessed physical, sexual, and battering intimate partner violence via selfadministered, computer-based questionnaires. Overall, physical and sexual intimate partner violence prevalence was 9.9% and 2.5%, respectively; 8.4% of those in a current relationship reported battering. Former partners perpetrated more physical and sexual assaults than did current partners. Violence severity increased with frequency. Abortion patients experience high intimate partner violence rates, indicating the need for targeted screening and community-based referral. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178947_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Syringe sharing and HIV incidence among injection drug users and increased access to sterile syringes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kerr, T. Author-Name: Small, W. Author-Name: Buchner, C. Author-Name: Zhang, R. Author-Name: Li, K. Author-Name: Montaner, J. Author-Name: Wood, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1449-1453 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178467 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effects of syringe exchange program (SEP) policy on rates of HIV risk behavior and HIV incidence among injection drug users. Methods. Using a multivariate generalized estimating equation and Cox regression methods, we examined syringe borrowing, syringe lending, and HIV incidence among a prospective cohort of 1228 injection drug users in Vancouver, British Columbia. Results. We observed substantial declines in rates of syringe borrowing (from 20.1% in 1998 to 9.2% in 2003) and syringe lending (from 19.1% in 1998 to 6.8% in 2003) following SEP policy change. These declines coincided with a statistically significant increase in the proportion of participants accessing sterile syringes from nontraditlonal SEP sources (P<.001). In multivariate analyses, the period following the change in SEP policy was independently associated with a greater than 40% reduction in syringe borrowing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [Cl]=0.49, 0.65) and lending (AOR=0.52; 95% Cl=0.45, 0.60), as well as declining HIV incidence (adjusted hazard ratio=0.13; 95% Cl=0.06, 0.31). Conclusions. Widespread syringe distribution appears to be a more effective SEP policy than do more restrictive SEP policies that limit syringe access. Efforts should be made to ensure that SEP policies and program design serve to maximize rather than hinder syringe access. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178467_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking HIV/AIDS disclosure among women within the context of motherhood in South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Iwelunmor, J. Author-Name: Zungu, N. Author-Name: Airhihenbuwa, C.O. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1393-1399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168989 Abstract: This qualitative study explored whether motherhood plays a role in influencing decisions to conceal or reveal knowledge of seropositive status among women living with HIV/AIDS in 2 South African communities: Gugulethu and Mitchell's Plain. Using the PEN-3 cultural model, we explored how HIV-positive women disclose their status to their mothers and how HIV-positive mothers make decisions about disclosure of their seropositive status. Our findings revealed 3 themes: the positive consequences of disclosing to mothers, how being a mother influences disclosure (existential role of motherhood), and the cost of disclosing to mothers (negative consequences). The findings highlight the importance of motherhood in shaping decisions to reveal or conceal knowledge of seropositive status. Implications for interventions on HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168989_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advising the newest faces of public health: A perspective on the undergraduate student Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arnold, L.D. Author-Name: Schneider, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1374-1380 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180695 Abstract: In the 20th century, public health education in the United States existed as a professional degree program, with training at the masters (MPH) and doctoral (PhD, DrPH, and ScD) levels. Today, the system is rapidly evolving as undergraduate majors, minors, and concentrations are establishing themselves around the country. This new focus of public health education, rooted in a liberal arts environment, is distinct from the professional training of graduate school. As such, undergraduate public health students have unique characteristics and needs that should be considered as part of the advisors' responsibility to provide meaningful, relevant advising. The perspective and comments presented here are largely based on the authors' nearly 30 years of combined experience in undergraduate public health education. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180695_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "You don't go tell white people nothing": African American women's perspectives on the influence of violence and race on depression and depression care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nicolaidis, C. Author-Name: Tlmmons, V. Author-Name: Thomas, M.J. Author-Name: Star Waters, A. Author-Name: Wahab, S. Author-Name: Mejia, A. Author-Name: Renee Mitchell, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1470-1476 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161950 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to understand how African American women's beliefs regarding depression and depression care are influenced by racism, violence, and social context. Methods. We conducted a focus group study using a community-based participatory research approach. Participants were low-income African American women with major depressive disorder and histories of violence victimization. Results. Thirty women participated in 4 focus groups. Although women described a vicious cycle of violence, depression, and substance abuse that affected their health, discussions about health care revolved around their perception of racism, with a deep mistrust of the health care system as a "White" system. The image of the "strong Black woman" was seen as a barrier to both recognizing depression and seeking care. Women wanted a community-based depression program staffed by African Americans that addressed violence and drug use. Conclusions. Although violence and drug use were central to our participants' understanding of depression, racism was the predominant issue influencing their views on depression care. Providers should develop a greater appreciation of the effects of racism on depression care. Depression care programs should address issues of violence, substance use, and racism. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161950_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gee et Al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Walsemann, K.M. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1366-1367 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.194779 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.194779_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring english proficiency and language preference: Are self-reportsvalid? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ayers, J.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1364-1366 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.194167 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.194167_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Park rangers as public health educators: The public health in the parks grants initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wong, D. Author-Name: Higgins, C.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1370-1373 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179622 Abstract: Health education in nontraditional settings can supplement messages received in more traditional venues, such as schools and health care facilities, and can reach new populations. In 2007, the US National Park Service awarded one-time seed grants of $10000 or less to 16 parks in 16 states to fund the development of public health-focused programs for visitors. These programs used a wide variety of formats and addressed topics such as air pollution, prevention of vectorborne diseases, and promotion of physical activity in the parks. Almost 12000 visitors attended the programs in 2007. Most programs were supported by park management and were well received by visitors. National parks and similar settings may be underutilized resources for delivering health messages to the general population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179622_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual risk taking among transgender male-to-female youths with different partner types Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, E.C. Author-Name: Garofalo, R. Author-Name: Harris, D.R. Author-Name: Belzer, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1500-1505 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160051 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between partner types (categorized as main, casual, or commercial) and sexual risk behaviors of sexually active maleto-female (transgender female) youths. Methods. We interviewed 120 transgender female youths aged 15 to 24 years recruited from clinics, community-based agencies, club and bar venues, referrals, and the streets of Los Angeles, California, and Chicago, Illinois. Results. Sexual risk behaviors varied by partner type. Transgender female youths were less likely to use condoms during receptive anal intercourse with their main partner and were less likely to use condoms with a main partner while under the influence of substances. Youth participants were also more likely to talk to a main partner about their HIV status. Our data identified no demographic or social factors that predicted condom use during receptive anal intercourse by partner type. Conclusions. Research and interventions that focus on understanding and mitigating risk behaviors by partner type, especially those that tackle the unique risks incurred with main partners, may make important contributions to risk reduction among transgender female youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160051_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: HIV risk associated with gay bathhouses and sex clubs: Findings from 2 Seattle surveys of factors related to HIV and sexually transmitted infections (American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99:S1 (S165-S172) DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reidy, W.J. Author-Name: Spielberg, F. Author-Name: Wood, R. Author-Name: Binson, D. Author-Name: Woods, W.J. Author-Name: Goldbaum, G.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1368 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130773e_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of quitting smoking on weight among women prisoners participating in a smoking cessation intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cropsey, K.L. Author-Name: McClure, L.A. Author-Name: Jackson, D.O. Author-Name: Villalobos, G.C. Author-Name: Weaver, M.F. Author-Name: Stitzer, M.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1442-1448 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172783 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of smoking cessation on weight change in a population of women prisoners. Methods. Women prisoners (n = 360) enrolled in a smoking cessation intervention; 250 received a 10-week group intervention plus transdermal nicotine replacement. Results. Women who quit smoking had significant weight gain at 3- and 6-month follow-ups, with a net difference of 10 pounds between smokers and abstainers at 6 months. By the 12-month follow-up, weight gain decreased among abstainers. Conclusions. We are the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate weight gain associated with smoking cessation among women prisoners. Smoking cessation interventions that address postcessation weight gain as a preventative measure may be beneficial in improving health and reducing the high prevalence of smoking in prisoner populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172783_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing physical activity in public parks in Brazil using systematic observation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parra, D.C. Author-Name: McKenzie, T.L. Author-Name: Ribeiro, I.C. Author-Name: Hino, A.A.F. Author-Name: Dreisinger, M. Author-Name: Coniglio, K. Author-Name: Munk, M. Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Author-Name: Pratt, M. Author-Name: Hoehner, C.M. Author-Name: Simoes, E.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1420-1426 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181230 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed park use in Recife, Brazil, and differences in physical activity and occupation rates in public parks with and without the Academia da Cidade Program (ACP), which provides cost-free, supervised physical activity classes. Methods. We used the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) in 128 targeted areas in 10 park sites (5 ACP sites, 5 non-ACP sites) to obtain data on the number of users and their physical activity levels and estimated age. Each area was assessed 4 times a day for 11 days over a 4-week period. Results. A total of 32 974 people were observed during 5589 observation visits to target areas. People using ACP parks were more likely to be seen engaging in moderate-to-vigorous (64% vs 49%) and vigorous (25% vs 10%) physical activity. Relatively more participants in ACP sites than in non-ACP sites were females (45% vs 42% of park users) and older adults (14.7% vs 5.7% of park users). Conclusions. On the basis of systematic observation, ACP appears to be a useful strategy in promoting park use and physical activity among the population in Recife. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181230_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of race, substance abuse, and health insurance coverage with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected women, 2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lillie-Blanton, M. Author-Name: Stone, V.E. Author-Name: Snow Jones, A. Author-Name: Levi, J. Author-Name: Golub, E.T. Author-Name: Cohen, M.H. Author-Name: Hessol, N.A. Author-Name: Wilson, T.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1493-1499 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158949 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) use and whether differences are moderated by substance use or insurance status, using data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Methods. Logistic regression examined HAART use in a longitudinal cohort of women for whom HAART was clinically indicated in 2005 (N = 1354). Results. Approximately 3 of every 10 eligible women reported not taking HAART. African American and Hispanic women were less likely than were White women to use HAART. After we adjusted for potential confounders, the higher likelihood of not using HAART persisted for African American but not for Hispanic women. Uninsured and privately insured women, regardless of race/ ethnicity, were less likely than were Medicaid enrollees to use HAART. Although alcohol use was related to HAART nonuse, illicit drug use was not. Conclusions. These findings suggest that expanding and improving insurance coverage should increase access to antiretroviral therapy across racial/ethnic groups, but it is not likely to eliminate the disparity in use of HAART between African American and White women with HIV/AIDS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158949_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Military-related sexual trauma among veterans health administration patients returning from Afghanistan and Iraq Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kimerling, R. Author-Name: Street, A.E. Author-Name: Pavao, J. Author-Name: Smit, M.W. Author-Name: Cronkite, R.C. Author-Name: Holmes, T.H. Author-Name: Frayne, S.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1409-1412 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171793 Abstract: We examined military-related sexual trauma among deployed Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Of 125729 veterans who received Veterans Health Administration primary care or mental health services, 15.1% of the women and 0.7% of the men reported military sexual trauma when screened. Military sexual trauma was associated with increased odds of a mental disorder diagnosis, including posttraumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, depression, and substance use disorders. Sexual trauma is an important postdeployment mental health issue in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171793_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universal health insurance and health care access for homeless persons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hwang, S.W. Author-Name: Ueng, J.J.M. Author-Name: Chiu, S. Author-Name: Kiss, A. Author-Name: Tolomiczenko, G. Author-Name: Cowan, L. Author-Name: Levinson, W. Author-Name: Redeimeier, D.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1454-1461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182022 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the extent of unmet needs and barriers to accessing health care among homeless people within a universal health insurance system. Methods. We randomly selected a representative sample of 1169 homeless individuals at shelters and meal programs In Toronto, Ontario. We determined the prevalence of self-reported unmet needs for health care in the past 12 months and used regression analyses to identify factors associated with unmet needs. Results. Unmet health care needs were reported by 17% of participants. Compared with Toronto's general population, unmet needs were significantly more common among homeless individuals, particularly among homeless women with dependent children. Factors independently associated with a greater likelihood of unmet needs were younger age, having been a victim of physical assault in the past 12 months, and lower mental and physical health scores on the 12-ltem Short Form Health Survey. Conclusions. Within a system of universal health Insurance, homeless people still encounter barriers to obtaining health care. Strategies to reduce nonfinancial barriers faced by homeless women with children, younger adults, and recent victims of physical assault should be explored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182022_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health information-seeking behaviors, health indicators, and health risks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weaver III, J.B. Author-Name: Mays, D. Author-Name: Weaver, S.S. Author-Name: Hopkins, G.L. Author-Name: Eroglu, D. Author-Name: Bernhardt, J.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1520-1525 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180521 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how different types of health information-seeking behaviors (HISBs)-no use, illness information only, wellness information only, and illness and wellness information combined-are associated with health risk factors and health indicators to determine possible motives for health information seeking. Methods. A sample of 559 Seattle-Tacoma area adults completed an Internetbased survey in summer 2006. The survey assessed types of HISB, physical and mental health indicators, health risks, and several covariates. Covariate-adjusted linear and logistic regression models were computed. Results. Almost half (49.4%) of the sample reported HISBs. Most HISBs (40.6%) involved seeking a combination of illness and wellness information, but both illness-only (28.6%) and wellness-only (30.8%) HISBs were also widespread. Wellness-only information seekers reported the most positive health assessments and the lowest occurrence of health risk factors. An opposite pattern emerged for illness-only information seekers. Conclusions. Our findings reveal a unique pattern of linkages between the type of health information sought (wellness, illness, and so on) and health selfassessment among adult Internet users in western Washington State. These associations suggest that distinct health motives may underlie HISB, a phenomenon frequently overlooked in previous research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180521_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: E-Ana and e-Mia: A content analysis of pro-eating disorder web sites Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borzekowski, D.L.G. Author-Name: Schenk, S. Author-Name: Wilson, J.L. Author-Name: Peebles, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1526-1534 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172700 Abstract: Objectives. The Internet offers Web sites that describe, endorse, and support eating disorders. We examined the features of pro-eating disorder Web sites and the messages to which users may be exposed. Methods. We conducted a systematic content analysis of 180 active Web sites, noting site logistics, site accessories, "thinspiration" material (images and prose intended to inspire weight loss), tips and tricks, recovery, themes, and perceived harm. Results. Practically all (91 %) of the Web sites were open to the public, and most (79%) had interactive features. A large majority (84%) offered pro-anorexia content, and 64% provided pro-bulimia content. Few sites focused on eating disorders as a lifestyle choice. Thinspiration material appeared on 85% of the sites, and 83% provided overt suggestions on how to engage in eatingdisordered behaviors. Thirty-eight percent of the sites included recovery-oriented information or links. Common themes were success, control, perfection, and solidarity. Conclusions. Pro-eating disorder Web sites present graphic material to encourage, support, and motivate site users to continue their efforts with anorexia and bulimia. Continued monitoring will offer a valuable foundation to build a better understanding of the effects of these sites on their users. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172700_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's choice: Viral hepatitis: Continuing the dialogue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1369 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.201749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.201749 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.201749_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Combining explicit and implicit measures of racial discrimination in health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Author-Name: Carney, D. Author-Name: Lancaster, K. Author-Name: Waterman, P.D. Author-Name: Kosheleva, A. Author-Name: Banaji, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1485-1492 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159517 Abstract: Objectives. To improve measurement of discrimination for health research, we sought to address the concern that explicit self-reports of racial discrimination may not capture unconscious cognition. Methods. We used 2 assessment tools in our Web-based study: a new application of the Implicit Association Test, a computer-based reaction-time test that measures the strength of association between an individual's self or group and being a victim or perpetrator of racial discrimination, and a validated explicit self-report measure of racial discrimination. Results. Among the 442 US-born non-Hispanic Black participants, the explicit and implicit measures, as hypothesized, were weakly correlated and tended to be independently associated with risk of hypertension among persons with less than a college degree. Adjustments for both measures eliminated the significantly greater risk for Blacks than for Whites (odds ratio=1.4), reducing it to 1.1 (95% confidence interval=0.7,1.7). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the scientific rigor of research on racism and health will be improved by investigating how both unconscious and conscious mental awareness of having experienced discrimination matter for somatic and mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159517_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Samuel Hopkins Adams (1871-1958): journalist and muckraker. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1390-1391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186452 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186452_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Underlying causes of the emerging nonmetropolitan mortality penalty Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cossman, J.S. Author-Name: James, W.L. Author-Name: Cosby, A.G. Author-Name: Cossman, R.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1417-1419 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174185 Abstract: The nonmetropolitan mortality penalty results in an estimated 40201 excessive US deaths peryear, deaths that would not occur if nonmetropolitan and metropolitan residents died at the same rate. We explored the underlying causes of the nonmetropolitan mortality penalty by examining variation in cause of death. Declines in heart disease and cancer death rates in metropolitan areas drive the nonmetropolitan mortality penalty. Future work should explore why the top causes of death are higher in nonmetropolitan areas than they are in metropolitan areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174185_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity prevention and diabetes screening at local health departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, X. Author-Name: Luo, H. Author-Name: Gregg, E.W. Author-Name: Mukhtar, Q. Author-Name: Rivera, M. Author-Name: Barker, L. Author-Name: Albright, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1434-1441 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168831 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether local health departments (LHDs) were conducting obesity prevention programs and diabetes screening programs, and we examined associations between LHD characteristics and whether they conducted these programs. Methods. We used the 2005 National Profile of Local Health Departments to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of 2300 LHDs nationwide. We used multivariate logistic regressions to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls). Results. Approximately 56% of LHDs had obesity prevention programs, 51% had diabetes screening programs, and 34% had both. After controlling for other factors, we found that employing health educators was significantly associated with LHDs conducting obesity prevention programs (OR = 2.08; 95% Cl = 1.54, 2.81) and diabetes screening programs (OR = 1.63; 95% Cl = 1.23, 2.17). We also found that conducting chronic disease surveillance was significantly associated with LHDs conducting obesity prevention programs (OR = 1.66; 95% Cl = 1.26, 2.20) and diabetes screening programs (OR = 2.44; 95% Cl = 1.90, 3.15). LHDs with a higher burden of diabetes prevalence were more likely to conduct diabetes screening programs (OR = 1.20; 95% Cl = 1.11, 1.31) but not obesity prevention programs. Conclusions. The presence of obesity prevention and diabetes screening programs was significantly associated with LHD structural capacity and general performance. However, the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of both types of programs remain unknown. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168831_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Data on disability Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seeman, I. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1367 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.193276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.193276 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193276_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Boston health care for the homeless program: A public health framework Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Connell, J.J. Author-Name: Oppenheimer, S.C. Author-Name: Judge, C.M. Author-Name: Taube, R.L. Author-Name: Blanchfield, B.B. Author-Name: Swain, S.E. Author-Name: Koh, H.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1400-1408 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173609 Abstract: During the past 25 years, the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program has evolved into a service model embodying the core functions and essential services of public health. Each year the program provides integrated medical, behavioral, and oral health care, as well as preventive services, to more than 11000 homeless people. Services are delivered in clinics located in 2 teaching hospitals, 80 shelters and soup kitchens, and an innovative 104-bed medical respite unit. We explain the program's principles of care, describe the public health framework that undergirds the program, and offer lessons for the elimination of health disparities suffered by this vulnerable population. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173609_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Male perpetration of intimate partner violence and involvement in abortions and abortionRelated conflict Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silverman, J.G. Author-Name: Decker, M.R. Author-Name: McCauley, H.L. Author-Name: Gupta, J. Author-Name: Miller, E. Author-Name: Raj, A. Author-Name: Goldberg, A.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1415-1417 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173393 Abstract: Men aged 18 to35years (n=1318) completed assessments of perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV), abortion involvement, and conflict regarding decisions to seek abortion. IPV was associated with greater involvement by men in pregnancies ending in abortion and greater conflict regarding decisions to seek abortion. IPV should be considered within family planning and abortion services; policies requiring women to notify or obtain consent of partners before seeking an abortion should be reconsidered; they may facilitate endangerment and coercion regarding such decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173393_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in emergency department access between 2001 and 2005 among general and vulnerable populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shen, Y.-C. Author-Name: Hsia, R.Y. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1462-1469 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175828 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed how ease of geographic access to emergency departments (EDs), defined as driving time to the closest ED, changed between 2001 and 2005, and whether access deterioration was more likely to occur in vulnerable communities. Methods. We classified communities on the basis of American Hospital Association and Census data into 3 categories according to driving time to the nearest ED: no increase, less than a 10-minute increase, and a 10-minuteormore increase. We estimated a multinomial logit model to examine the relative risk ratio (RRR) of various community characteristics. Results. More than 95% of communities experienced no ED access deterioration. However, 11.4 million people experienced increased driving time to their nearest ED. Low-income communities had a higher risk of facing deteriorating access compared with high-income communities (urban; RRR=3.67; P<.01; rural: RRR = 1.75; P<.10), and communities with higher shares of Hispanics also had higher risks of facing declines (urban: RRR = 3.41; P<.10; rural: RRR = 2.67; P<.01). Conclusions. Deteriorating access to EDs is more likely to occur in communities with economic hardship and high shares of Hispanic populations. The uneven access to critical services warrants increased attention from policy making bodies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175828_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Chief In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat (Thunder-Traveling-Overthe-Mountains) : A reluctant warrior (American Journal of Public Health (2010) 100:6 (1007) DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Bird, M.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 8 Pages: 1368 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697e_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Federal tax law allows academics to lobby Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gorovitz, E.K. Author-Name: Vernick, J.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157-1158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191734 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191734_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems science: A revolution in public health policy research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Author-Name: Marcus, S.E. Author-Name: Clark, P.I. Author-Name: Leischow, S.J. Author-Name: M'Endez, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1161-1163 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.198176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.198176 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.198176_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Our reach is wide by any corporate standard": How the tobacco industry helped defeat the clinton health plan and why it matters now Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tesler, L.E. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1174-1188 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179150 Abstract: Contemporary health care reformers, like those who promoted the failed Clinton era plan, face opposition from multiple corporate Interests. However, scant literature has examined how relationships between corporations and other stakeholders, such as think tanks and advocacy groups, shape health care reform debate. We show how the 2 biggest US tobacco companies, Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds, and their trade association coordinated in mobilizing ideologically diverse constituencies to help defeat the Clinton plan. Unwittingly perhaps, some reform supporters advanced the tobacco industry's public relations blitz, contributing to perceptions of public opposition to the plan. As the current reform debate unfolds, this case highlights the importance of funding transparency for interpreting the activities of think tanks, advocacy groups, and "grass- roots" movements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179150_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advertising as a force in public health education. 1915. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schevitz, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1202-1204 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:7:1202-1204_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longest and huber respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Longest Jr., B.B. Author-Name: Huber, G.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192864 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192864_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clean indoor air ordinance coverage in the appalachian region of the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ferketich, A.K. Author-Name: Liber, A. Author-Name: Pennell, M. Author-Name: Nealy, D. Author-Name: Hammer, J. Author-Name: Berman, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1313-1318 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179242 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to quantitatively examine the pattern of, and socioeconomic factors associated with, adoption of clean indoor air ordinances in Appalachia. Methods. We collected and reviewed clean indoor air ordinances in Appalachian communities In 6 states and rated the ordinances for completeness of coverage in workplaces, restaurants, and bars. Additionally, we computed a strength score to measure coverage In 7 locations. We fit mixed-effects models to determine whether the presence of a comprehensive ordinance and the ordinance strength were related to community socioeconomic disadvantage. Results. Of the 332 communities included in the analysis, fewer than 20% had adopted a comprehensive workplace, restaurant, or bar ordinance. Most ordinances were weak, achieving on average only 43% of the total possible points. Communities with a higher unemployment rate were less likely and those with a higher education level were more likely to have a strong ordinance. Conclusions. The majority of residents in these communities are not protected from secondhand smoke. Efforts to pass strong statewide clean indoor air laws should take prioritv over local initiatives in these states. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179242_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology and burden of hepatitis a, malaria, and typhoid in New York city associated with travel: Implications for public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adamson, R. Author-Name: Reddy, V. Author-Name: Jones, L. Author-Name: Antwi, M. Author-Name: Bregman, B. Author-Name: Weiss, D. Author-Name: Phillips, M. Author-Name: Horowitz, H.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1249-1252 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178335 Abstract: We examined New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene surveillance data on hepatitis A, malaria, and typhoid to determine the proportion of these diseases related to travel and their geographic distribution. We found that 61% of hepatitis A cases, 100% of malaria cases, and 78% of typhoid cases were travel related and that cases clustered in specific populations and neighborhoods at which public health interventions could be targeted. High-risk groups include Hispanics (for hepatitis A), West Africans living in the Bronx (for malaria), and South Asians (for typhoid). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178335_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The origins of public health nursing: The henry street visiting nurse service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Chang, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1206-1207 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186049 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186049_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The social context of adolescent smoking: A systems perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lakon, C.M. Author-Name: Hipp, J.R. Author-Name: Timberlake, D.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1218-1228 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167973 Abstract: We used a systems science perspective to examine adolescents' personal networks, school networks, and neighborhoods as a system through which emotional support and peer influence flow, and we sought to determine whether these flows affected past-month smoking at 2 time points, 1994-1995 and 1996. To test relationships, we employed structural equation modeling and used public-use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 6504). Personal network properties affected past-month smoking at both time points via the flow of emotional support. We observed a feedback loop from personal network properties to emotional support and then to past-month smoking. Past-month smoking at time 1 fed back to positively affect in-degree centrality (i.e., popularity). Findings suggest that networks and neighborhoods in this system positively affected past-month smoking via flows of emotional support. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167973_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A network assessment of community-based participatory research: Linking communities and universities to reduce cancer disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Valente, T.W. Author-Name: Fujimoto, K. Author-Name: Palmer, P. Author-Name: Tanjasiri, S.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1319-1325 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171116 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether a community-based initiative designed to reduce cancer disparities among Pacific Islanders in Southern California increased communications between community-based organizations and university researchers. Methods. We conducted network analysis among 11 community-based organizations (CBOs) and 5 universities by Interviewing 91 and 56 members of these organizations, respectively, at 2 points in time. We estimated random effects probit regression and stochastic actor-oriented network dynamic models. Results. We found that, during the 2-year study period, CBOs increased their connectedness with one another (b=0.44; P<.05) and to the universities (b = 0.46; P<.05), but that university researchers did not increase their connectedness to each other or to CBOs. Conclusions. Cancer awareness, cancer education, and access to cancer services are low among Pacific Island groups, and this study provides an initial attempt to reduce these disparities. Community-based initiatives can strengthen a CBO network, creating the potential for increased communityinformed cancer research and improved community access to cancer research resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171116_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in age trajectories of smoking experimentation during the California tobacco control program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Messer, K. Author-Name: Pierce, J.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1298-1306 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160416 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to investigate population-level changes in smoking initiation during California's Tobacco Control (CTC) Program from 1990 to 2005, a period during which tobacco industry marketing practices also changed. Methods. We used a discrete time survival analysis of data from the California Tobacco Survey to model changes in age of first smoking experimentation across birth cohorts. Results. Smoking initiation patterns were stable across cohorts aged 9 years or older at the start of the CTC program. For children entering preadolescence since 1990, initiation declined with each more recent cohort. By 2005, the observed decline in experimentation was 80% for male participants and 92% for female participants at age 12 to 14 years; by age 15 to 17 years, 10% of Californian adolescents had experimented in 2005 compared with 45% in preprogram cohorts. However, rates of new experimentation after age 17 years did not change, except for a recent Increase In late experimentation (after age 20 years) among young adult men. Conclusion. Our models suggest that the CTC program greatly reduced adolescent smoking initiation among younger adolescents. Late experimentation may have recently increased among young adult men in California, coincident with an Increase in tobacco industry marketing aimed at young adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160416_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Willful Misconduct": How the US government prevented tobacco-disabled veterans from obtaining disability pensions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Offen, N. Author-Name: Smith, E.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1166-1173 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179846 Abstract: In this descriptive case study, we analyze the unsuccessful struggle to access disability pensions by veterans sickened by tobacco use begun during service. Drawing on tobacco industry documents and other material, we show how the US government, tobacco industry, and veterans' organizations each took inconsistent positions to protect their interests. Congress and Department of Veterans Affairs leadership, concerned about costs, characterized veterans' smoking as "willful misconduct," thereby contradicting the government's position in a federal lawsuit that tobacco companies addicted smokers. Veterans' groups supported the pensions, despite previously defending smoking as a "right." The tobacco industry wavered, fearing liability. Securing pensions was complicated by the notion that smoking is primarily a personal choice. The US government should compensate veterans fairly and should abolish military practices that encourage tobacco addiction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179846_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An actor-network theory analysis of policy innovation for smoke-free places: Understanding change in complex systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, D. Author-Name: Borland, R. Author-Name: Coghill, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1208-1217 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184705 Abstract: Complex, transnational issues like the tobacco epidemic are major challenges that defy analysis and management by conventional methods, as are other public health issues, such as those associated with global food distribution and climate change. We examined the evolution of indoor smoke-free regulations, a tobacco control policy innovation, and identified the key attributes of those jurisdictions that successfully pursued this Innovation and those that to date have not. In doing so, we employed the actor-network theory, a comprehensive framework for the analysis of fundamental system change. Through our analysis, we identified approaches to help overcome some systemic barriers to the solution of the tobacco problem and comment on other complex trans national problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184705_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social network structure of a large online community for smoking cessation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cobb, N.K. Author-Name: Graham, A.L. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1282-1289 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165449 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the social network structure of QuitNet, one of the largest online communities for behavior change, and compared its characteristics to other known social networks. Methods. Using modern network analysis methods, we identified QuitNet members who were active during a 60-day period, along with their ties. We then derived multiple subgroups, such as key players and integrators, from connections and communication patterns. Results. Among 7569 participants, we identified 103592 connections to other members. Metrics of social network integration were associated with increased likelihood of being female, being older, having been in the system longer, and not smoking. Conclusions. The QuitNet community is a large-scale social network with the characteristics required for sustainability of social support and social influence to promote smoking cessation and abstinence. These characteristics include persistence of members over time, heterogeneity of smoking status, and evidence of rich, bidirectional communications. Some of the influential subgroups we identified may provide targets for future network-level Interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165449_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco Cessation via public dental clinics: Results of a randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gordon, J.S. Author-Name: Andrews, J.A. Author-Name: Albert, D.A. Author-Name: Crews, K.M. Author-Name: Payne, T.J. Author-Name: Severson, H.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1307-1312 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181214 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to compare the effectiveness of a dental practitioner advice and brief counseling intervention to quit tobacco use versus usual care for patients in community health centers on tobacco cessation, reduction in tobacco use, number of quit attempts, and change in readiness to quit. Methods. We randomized 14 federally funded community health center dental clinics that serve diverse racial/ethnic groups in 3 states (Mississippi, New York, and Oregon) to the intervention (brief advice and assistance, including nicotine replacement therapy) or usual care group. Results. We enrolled 2549 smokers. Participants in the intervention group reported significantly higher abstinence rates at the 7.5-month follow-up, for both point prevalence (F1,i2 = 6-84; P<.05) and prolonged abstinence (F1,12=14.62; P<.01) than did those in the usual care group. Conclusions. The results of our study suggest the viability and effectiveness of tobacco cessation services delivered to low-income smokers via their dental health care practitioner in community health centers. Tobacco cessation services delivered in public dental clinics have the potential to improve the health and well-being of millions of Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181214_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An impact evaluation of a federal mine safety training regulation on injury rates among US stone, sand, and gravel mine workers: An interrupted time-series analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monforton, C. Author-Name: Windsor, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1334-1340 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178301 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of a safety training regulation, implemented by the US Department of Labor's Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) in 1999, on injury rates at stone, sand, and gravel mining operations. Methods. We applied a time-series design and analyses with quarterly counts of nonfatal injuries and employment hours from 7998 surface aggregate mines from 1995 through 2006. Covariates included standard industrial classification codes, ownership, and injury seventy. Results. Overall crude rates of injuries declined over the 12-year period. Reductions in incident rates for medical treatment only, restricted duty, and lost-time injuries were consistent with temporal trends and provided no evidence of an intervention effect attributable to the MSHA regulation. Rates of permanently disabling injuries (PDIs) declined markedly. Regression analyses documented a statistically significant reduction in the risk rate in the postintervention time period (risk rate = 0.591; 95% confidence interval=0.529,0.661). Conclusions. Although a causal relationship between the regulatory intervention and the decline in the rate of PDIs is plausible, inconsistency in the results with the other injury-severity categories preclude attributing the observed outcome to the MSHA regulation. Further analyses of these data are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178301_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The tobacco use management system: Analyzing tobacco control from a systems perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borland, R. Author-Name: Young, D. Author-Name: Coghill, K. Author-Name: Ying Zhang, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1229-1236 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165910 Abstract: We use systems thinking to develop a strategic framework for analyzing the tobacco problem and we suggest solutions. Humans are vulnerable to nicotine addiction, and the most marketable form of nicotine delivery is the most harmful. A tobacco use management system has evolved out of governments' attempts to regulate tobacco marketing and use and to support services that provide information about tobacco's harms and discourage its use. Our analysis identified 5 systemic problems that constrain progress toward the elimination of tobacco-related harm. We argue that this goal would be more readily achieved if the regulatory subsystem had dynamic power to regulate tobacco products and the tobacco industry as well as a responsive process for resourcing tobacco use control activities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165910_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: Lessons learned from the application of systems science to Tobacco control at the National Cancer Institute Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marcus, S.E. Author-Name: Leischow, S.J. Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Author-Name: Clark, P.I. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1163-1165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.198721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.198721 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.198721_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Palmer responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Palmer, R.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.191098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.191098 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.191098_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sensitivity to cigarette prices among individuals with alcohol, drug, or mental disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ong, M.K. Author-Name: Zhou, Q. Author-Name: Sung, H.-Y. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1243-1245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159962 Abstract: Over 40% of all US smokers have comorbid alcohol, drug, or mental disorders. Using data from the 2000-2001 Healthcare for Communities survey, we conducted multivariate logistic regressions to examine these individuals' sensitivity to cigarette prices. We found that a 10% increase in cigarette prices was associated with 18.2% less smoking participation among individuals with alcohol, drug, or mental disorders, except those with alcohol dependence. Increasing cigarette taxes could be effective in reducing smoking among individuals with alcohol, drug, or mental disorders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159962_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global tobacco control diffusion: The case of the framework convention on tobacco control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wipfli, H.L. Author-Name: Fujimoto, K. Author-Name: Valente, T.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1260-1266 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167833 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed demographic and social network variables associated with the timing of ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Methods. We compiled a 2-mode data set that recorded country participation in FCTC negotiations, as well as the number of individuals per country per year who joined an online tobacco control network. We used logistic regression analysis of these 2 data sets along with geographic location to determine whether exposure to prior FCTC adoptions was associated with a country's likelihood of adoption. Results. In the logistic regression analysis, higher income and more nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) involved in the Framework Convention Alliance (a network dedicated to the FCTC) were associated with being among the earliest adopters (for income, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.41; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.55; for NGOs, AOR = 1.66; 95% Cl = 1.26, 2.17) or among early adopters (for income, AOR = 1.42; 95% Cl = 1.09, 1.84; for NGOs, AOR = 1.23; 95% Cl = 1.03, 1.45). Network exposure and event history analysis showed that in addition to income, the likelihood of adoption increased with increasing affiliation exposure to FCTC adopters through GLOBALink (an online network facilitating communication between tobacco control advocates). Conclusions. Public health programs should include a plan for creating opportunities for network interaction; otherwise, adoption and diffusion will be delayed and the investments in public health policy greatly diminished. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167833_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: A national study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baggett, T.P. Author-Name: O'Connell, J.J. Author-Name: Singer, D.E. Author-Name: Rigotti, N.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1326-1333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180109 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence and predictors of past-year unmet needs for 5 types of health care services in a national sample of homeless adults. Methods. We analyzed data from 966 adult respondents to the 2003 Health Care for the Homeless User Survey, a sample representing more than 436000 individuals nationally. Using multivariable logistic regression, we determined the independent predictors of each type of unmet need. Results. Seventy-three percent of the respondents reported at least one unmet health need, including an inability to obtain needed medical or surgical care (32%), prescription medications (36%), mental health care (21%), eyeglasses (41%), and dental care (41%). In multivarlable analyses, significant predictors of unmet needs included food insufficiency, out-of-home placement as a minor, vision impairment, and lack of health insurance. Individuals who had been employed in the past year were more likely than those who had not to be uninsured and to have unmet needs for medical care and prescription medications. Conclusions. This national sample of homeless adults reported substantial unmet needs for multiple types of health care. Expansion of health insurance may improve health care access for homeless adults, but addressing the unique challenges inherent to homelessness will also be required. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180109_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Glen or Glenda: Reported gender of sex partners in two statewide HIV databases. (American Journal of Public Health. (2010) 100:3 (525-530) 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Torrone, E.A. Author-Name: Thomas, J.C. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.S. Author-Name: Pettifor, A.E. Author-Name: Leone, P.A. Author-Name: Hightow-Wiedman, L.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552e_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring scenarios to dramatically reduce smoking prevalence: A simulation model of the three-part cessation process Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levy, D.T. Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Author-Name: Graham, A.L. Author-Name: Orleans, C.T. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1253-1259 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785 Abstract: Objectives. We used a simulation model to analyze whether the Healthy People 2010 goal of reducing smoking prevalence from the current 19.8% rate to 12% by 2010 could be accomplished by increasing quit attempts, increasing the use of treatments, or increasing the effectiveness of treatment. Methods. We expanded on previous versions of the tobacco control simulation model SimSmoke to assess the effects of an Increase in quit attempts, treatment use, and treatment effectiveness to reduce smoking prevalence. In the model, we considered increases in each of these parameters individually and in combination. Results. Individually, 100% increases in quit attempts, treatment use, and treatment effectiveness reduced the projected 2020 prevalence to 13.9%, 16.7%, and 15.9%, respectively. With a combined 100% increase in all components, the goal of a 12% adult smoking prevalence could be reached by 2012. Conclusions. If we are to come close to reaching Healthy People 2010 goals in the foreseeable future, we must not only induce quit attempts but also increase treatment use and effectiveness. Simulation models provide a useful tool for evaluating tne potential to reach public health targets. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Jules Schevitz (1897-1922): boy wonder from Brooklyn. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185736 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185736_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Autism and urbanization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Becker, K.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1156-1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.191007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.191007 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.191007_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The "we card" program: Tobacco industry "youth smoking prevention" as industry self-preservation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Apollonio, D.E. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1188-1201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169573 Abstract: The "We Card" program is the most ubiquitous tobacco industry "youth smoking prevention" program in the United States, and its retailer materials have been copied in other countries. The program's effectiveness has been questioned, but no previous studies have examined its development, goals, and uses from the tobacco industry's perspective. On the basis of our analysis of tobacco industry documents released under the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement, we concluded that the We Card program was undertaken for 2 primary purposes: to improve the tobacco industry's image and to reduce regulation and the enforcement of existing laws. Policymakers should be cautious about accepting industry selfregulation at face value, both because it redounds to the industry's benefit and because it is ineffective. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169573_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Connecting discovery and delivery: The need for more evidence on effective smoking cessation strategies for people living with HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris, J.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1245-1249 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172460 Abstract: Smoking prevalence among the 1.1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS is 2 to 3 times higher than the 19.8% rate among the general population. Since 1990, scientists have worked toward the discovery of health risks related to smoking in people living with HIV/AIDS; however, few studies have evaluated the delivery of smoking cessation interventions for this population. Increasing linkages between discovery science and delivery science may facilitate a faster transition to delivery of smoking cessation interventions for people living with HIV/ AIDS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172460_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Application of a system dynamics model to inform investment in smoking cessation services in New Zealand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tobias, M.I. Author-Name: Cavana, R.Y. Author-Name: Bloomfield, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1274-1281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171165 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the long-term effects of smoking cessation interventions to inform government decision-making regarding investment in tobacco control. Methods. We extracted data from the 2006 New Zealand Tobacco Use Survey and other sources and developed a system dynamics model with the iThink computer simulation package. The model derived estimates of population cessation rates from smoking behaviors and applied these over a 50-year period, from 2001 to 2051, under business-as-usual and enhanced cessation intervention scenarios. Results. The model predicted larger effects by 2051 with the enhanced cessation than with the business-as-usual scenario, including: an 11% greater decline in adult current smoking prevalence (9 versus 10 per 100 people), 16% greater decline in per capita tobacco consumption (370 versus 440 cigarette equivalents per year), and 11% greater reduction in tobacco-attributable mortality (3000 versus 3300 deaths per year). Conclusions. The model generated reliable estimates of the effects on health and on tobacco use of interventions designed to enhance smoking cessation. These results informed a decision announced in May 2007 to increase funding for smoking cessation by NZ$42 million over 4 years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171165_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems analysis of collaboration in 5 national tobacco control networks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Luke, D.A. Author-Name: Harris, J.K. Author-Name: Shelton, S. Author-Name: Carothers, B.J. Author-Name: Mueller, N.B. Author-Name: Allen, P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1290-1297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184358 Abstract: Objectives. We studied 5 members of the National Network Consortium on Tobacco Control in Priority Populations. These networks, which consist of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, targeted lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons; Asian Americans, Native Hawailans, and Pacific Islanders; American Indians and Alaska Natives; African Americans; and persons with low socioeconomic status, respectively. Methods. We used statistical network analysis modeling to examine collaboration among these national networks in 2007. Results. Network size and composition varied, but all 5 networks had extensive interorganizational collaboration. Location and work area were significant predictors of collaboration among network members In all 5 networks. Organizations were more likely to collaborate with their network's lead agency; collaborations with other agencies were more likely if they were geographically close. Collaboration was perceived to be important for achieving the goals of the national network. Conclusions. The similarity of collaboration patterns across the 5 networks suggests common underlying partnership formation processes. Statistical network modeling promises to be a useful tool for understanding how public health systems such as networks and coalitions can be used to improve the nation's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184358_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systems approach to a complex problem. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Méndez, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1160 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.199877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.199877 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.199877_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The next public health revolution: Public health information fusion and social networks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khan, A.S. Author-Name: Fleischauer, A. Author-Name: Casani, J. Author-Name: Groseclose, S.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1237-1242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180489 Abstract: Social, political, and economic disruptions caused by natural and humancaused public health emergencies have catalyzed public health efforts to expand the scope of biosurveillance and increase the timeliness, quality, and comprehensiveness of disease detection, alerting, response, and prediction. Unfortunately, efforts to acquire, render, and visualize the diversity of health intelligence information are hindered by its wide distribution across disparate fields, multiple levels of government, and the complex interagency environment. Achieving this new level of situation awareness within public health will require a fundamental cultural shift in methods of acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating information. The notion of information "fusion" may provide opportunities to expand data access, analysis, and information exchange to better inform public health action. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180489_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: SimSmoke model evaluation of the effect of tobacco control policies in Korea: The unknown success story Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levy, D.T. Author-Name: Cho, S.-I. Author-Name: Kim, Y.-M. Author-Name: Park, S. Author-Name: Suh, M.-K. Author-Name: Kam, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 7 Pages: 1267-1273 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166900 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effect of strict tobacco control policies, implemented beginning in 1995 in the Republic of Korea, on smoking prevalence and deaths. Methods. SimSmoke is a simulation model of the effect of tobacco control policies over time on smoking initiation and cessation. It uses standard attribution methods to estimate lives saved as a result of new policies. After validating the model against smoking prevalence, we used it to determine the Korean policies' effect on smoking prevalence. Results. The model predicted smoking prevalence accurately between 1995 and 2006. We estimated that 70% of the 24% relative reduction In smoking rates over that period was attributable to tobacco control policies, mainly tax increases and a strong media campaign, and that the policies will prolong 104812 male lives by the year 2027. Conclusions. Our results document Korea's success in reducing smoking prevalence and prolonging lives, which may serve as an example for other Asian nations. Further improvements may be possible with higher taxes and more comprehensive smoke-free laws, cessation policies, advertising restrictions, and health warnings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166900_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kharbanda et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kharbanda, E.O. Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Author-Name: Fox, H.W. Author-Name: Rickert, V.I. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189639 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189639_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examination of inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality in the United States from a fundamental cause perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubin, M.S. Author-Name: Colen, C.G. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1053-1059 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170241 Abstract: Objectives. We examined changes in socioeconomic status (SES) and Black to White inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality in the United States before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods. Taking a fundamental cause perspective, we used negative binomial regression to analyze trends in county-level gender-, race-, and age-specific HIV/ AIDS mortality rates among those aged 15 to 64 years during the period 19872005. Results. Although HIV/AIDS mortality rates decreased once HAART became available, the declines were not uniformly distributed among population groups. The associations between SES and HIV/AIDS mortality and between race and HIV/AIDS mortality, although present in the pre-HAART period, were significantly greater in the peri- and post-HAART periods, with higher SES and White race associated with the greatest declines in mortality during the post-HAART period. Conclusions. Our findings support the fundamental cause hypothesis, as the introduction of a life-extending treatment exacerbated inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality by SES and by race. In addition to a strong focus on factors that improve overall population health, more effective public health interventions and policies would facilitate an equitable distribution of health-enhancing innovations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170241_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Zinc intake and resistance to H1N1 influenza Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sandstead, H.H. Author-Name: Ananda S, P.M.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 970-971 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187773 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187773_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in childhood leukemia in basrah, Iraq, 1993-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagopian, A. Author-Name: Lafta, R. Author-Name: Hassan, J. Author-Name: Davis, S. Author-Name: Mirick, D. Author-Name: Takaro, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1081-1087 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164236 Abstract: Objectives. Through a sister-university relationship between the University of Basrah and the University of Washington, we analyzed Ibn Ghazwan Hospital's leukemia registry data to evaluate trends in childhood leukemia since 1993. Methods. We documented leukemia cases among children aged 0 to 14 years for each of the last 15 years. Population data were obtained from a 1997 census and various subsequent estimates to calculate rates. Results. We observed 698 cases of childhood leukemia between 1993 and 2007, ranging between 15 cases (2.6 per 100000 annual rate) in the first year and 56 cases (6.9 per 100 000 annual rate) in the final year, reaching a peak of 97 cases in 2006 (12.2 per 100000 annual rate). Conclusions. Childhood leukemia rates in Basrah more than doubled over a 15-year period. The test for trend was significant (P= .03). Basrah's childhood leukemia rate compared unfavorably with neighboring Kuwait and nearby Oman, as well as the United States, the European Union, and other countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164236_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scarcity amidst abundance: challenges for public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 973 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.196832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.196832 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.196832_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinic versus over-the-counter access to oral contraception: Choices women make along the US-Mexico border Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potter, J.E. Author-Name: White, K. Author-Name: Hopkins, K. Author-Name: Amastae, J. Author-Name: Grossman, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1130-1136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179887 Abstract: Objectives. As part of the Border Contraceptive Access Study, we interviewed oral contraceptive (OC) users living in EI Paso, Texas, to assess motivations for patronizing a US clinic or a Mexican pharmacy with over-the-counter (OTC) pills and to determine which women were likely to use the OTC option. Methods. We surveyed 532 clinic users and 514 pharmacy users about background characteristics, motivations for choosing their OC source, and satisfaction with this source. Results. Older women and women born and educated in Mexico were more likely to patronize pharmacies. Cost of pills was the main motivation for choosing their source for 40% of pharmacy users and 23% of clinic users. The main advantage cited by 49% of clinic users was availability of other health services. Bypassing the requirement to obtain a doctor's prescription was most important for 27% of pharmacy users. Both groups were very satisfied with their pill source. Conclusions. Women of different ages, parities, and educational levels would likely take advantage of an OTC option were OCs available at low cost. Improving clinic provision of OCs should be considered. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179887_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investigating the effect of social changes on age-specific gun-related homicide rates in New York City during the 1990s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cerdá, M. Author-Name: Messner, S.F. Author-Name: Tracy, M. Author-Name: Vlahov, D. Author-Name: Goldmann, E. Author-Name: Tardiff, K.J. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1107-1115 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158238 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether New York City's gun-related homicide rates in the 1990s were associated with a range of social determinants of homicide rates. Methods. We used cross-sectional time-series data for 74 New York City police precincts from 1990 through 1999, and we estimated Bayesian hierarchical models with a spatial error term. Homicide rates were estimated separately for victims aged 15-24 years (youths), 25-34 years (young adults), and 35 years or older (adults). Results. Decreased cocaine consumption was associated with declining homicide rates in youths (posterior median [PMJ=0.25; 95% Bayesian confidence interval [BCI]=0.07, 0.45) and adults (PM=0.07; 95% BCI=0.02, 0.12), and declining alcohol consumption was associated with fewer homicides in young adults (PM=0.14; 95% BCI=0.02, 0.25). Receipt of public assistance was associated with fewer homicides for young adults (PM =-104.20; 95% BCI=-182.0, -26.14) and adults (PM=-28.76; 95% BCI=-52.65, -5.01). Misdemeanor policing was associated with fewer homicides in adults (PM =-0.01; 95% BCI=-0.02, -0.001). Conclusions. Substance use prevention policies and expansion of the social safety net may be able to cause major reductions in homicide among age groups that drive city homicide trends. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158238_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oliver wendell holmes (1809-1894) and Ignaz philipp semmelweis (1818-1865): Preventing the transmission of puerperal fever Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lane, H.J. Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Chang, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1008-1009 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185363 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185363_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Testing for racial/ethnic differences in the association between childhood socioeconomic position and adult adiposity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trotter, L.J. Author-Name: Bowen, D.J. Author-Name: Beresford, S.A.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1088-1094 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173492 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the association between 2 measures of childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and adult body mass index (BMI), stratified by race and ethnicity. Methods. We used regression analyses to examine associations between adult BMI and 2 measures of childhood SEP (maternal education and whether the head of the child's household was working class), adj'usted for a robust set of adult SEP measures, in a sample of 2068 adults from Los Angeles County, California. Results. Maternal educational attainment was associated with a lower median adult BMI among Whites (8% decrease for high school diploma and 9% decrease for a college degree, compared with no high school diploma). A maternal high school diploma was associated with a 6% decrease in median adult BMI among Hispanics and an 11% decrease among Blacks. Our measure of childhood working-class status was not correlated with adult BMI. Conclusions. Our results suggest that childhood SEP is independently associated with adult BMI. However, our results also suggest that the effect may depend on which measures of SEP are used and that some aspects of childhood SEP may matter more for adult BMI than others. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173492_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: That All People May Be One People, Send Rain to Wash the Face of the Earth [1995, excerpt]. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chief Joseph Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1004-1006 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:6:1004-1006_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using an event-triggered video intervention system to expand the supervised learning of newly licensed adolescent drivers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carney, C. Author-Name: McGehee, D.V. Author-Name: Lee, J.D. Author-Name: Reyes, M.L. Author-Name: Raby, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1101-1106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165829 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether feedback from an event-triggered video intervention system reduced the number of safety-relevant driving errors made by newly licensed adolescents. Methods. We used a 1-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to compare the rate of coachable error events per 1000 miles for 18 drivers who were aged 16 years. The intervention consisted of immediate visual feedback provided to the drivers and weekly event reports and videos provided to the drivers and their parents. Results. The number of coachable events was reduced by 61% overall during the intervention (x 2= 11.42; P=.001) and did not significantly increase during the second baseline, which was assessed after the intervention ended (x 2=1.49; P=.223). The greatest reduction was seen in the category of improper turns or curves and for drivers identified at the first baseline as "high-event" drivers. Conclusions. Our results show that immediate visual feedback for adolescents and cumulative video feedback for parents and adolescents during the early period of independent driving can have a dramatic influence on the rate of safety-relevant driving events. To the extent that such events are a proxy for crash risk, we suggest that feedback can enhance adolescent driving safety. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165829_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic gradients in sexually transmitted diseases: A geographic information system-based analysis of poverty, race/ethnicity, and gonorrhea rates in California, 2004-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Springer, Y.P. Author-Name: Samuel, M.C. Author-Name: Bolan, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1060-1067 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965 Abstract: Objectives. We quantified the relationship between gonorrheal infection rates in California and a measure of poverty status and investigated how this relationship and the spatial dispersion of cases varied among the 4 dominant racial/ethnic groups in the state. Methods. We geocoded gonorrhea cases reported in California between 2004 and 2006, and estimated the poverty status of each case by using the percentage of residents living below poverty in the census tract of residence. We calculated infection rates for African American, Asian, Hispanic, and White cases in each of 4 poverty strata. We mapped cases to visualize the patterns of spatial dispersion associated with each race/ethnicity-poverty combination. Results. There was a strong positive relationship between poverty and infection, but racial/ethnic disparities in infection, driven by a disproportionate level of gonorrhea among African Americans, eclipsed this differential. The degree of spatial aggregation varied substantially among groups and was especially pronounced for African Americans with gonorrhea in the highest poverty category. Conclusions. Prevention efforts should target low-income neighborhood "hot spots" to reach the largest numbers of cases, particularly among African Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172965_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tuberculosis rates among HIV-Infected persons in New York City, 2001-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trieu, L. Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Hanna, D.B. Author-Name: Harris, T.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1031-1034 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177725 Abstract: We calculated population-based tuberculosis (TB) rates among HIVinfected persons in New York City from 2001 through 2005 using data from the city's TB and HIV/AIDS surveillance registries, and we examined those rates using linear trend tests and incidence rate ratios (IRRs). HIV-infected individuals had 16 times the TB rate of a "non-HIV" population (HIV status negative or unknown; IRR= 16.0; 95% confidence interval=14.9, 17.2). TB rates declined significantly among the US-born HIV-infected population (Ptrend<. 001) but not among the foreign-born HIV-infected population (P trend=,355). Such disparities must be addressed if further declines are to be achieved. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177725_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Herpes zoster and exposure to the varicella zoster virus in an era of varicella vaccination Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Donahue, J.G. Author-Name: Kieke, B.A. Author-Name: Gargiullo, P.M. Author-Name: Jumaan, A.O. Author-Name: Berger, N.R. Author-Name: McCauley, J.S. Author-Name: Belongia, E.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1116-1122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160002 Abstract: Objectives. We performed a case-control study to determine if participants with herpes zoster had fewer contacts with persons with varicella or zoster, and with young children, to explore the hypothesis that exposure to persons with varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in "immune boosting." Methods. Participants were patients of the multispecialty Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin. We identified patients aged 40 to 79 years with a new diagnosis of zoster from August 2000 to July 2005. We frequency matched control participants to case participants for age. We confirmed diagnoses by chart review and assessed exposures by interview. Results. Interviews were completed by 633 of 902 eligible case participants <70.2%) and 655 of 1149 control participants (57.0%). The number of varicella contacts was not associated with zoster; there was no trend even at the highest exposure level (3 or more contacts). Similarly, there was no association with exposure to persons with zoster or to children, or with workplace exposures. Conclusions. Although exposure to VZV in our study was relatively low, the absence of a relationship with zoster reflects the uncertain influence of varicella circulation on zoster epidemioloqy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160002_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US pharmaceutical innovation in an international context Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyhani, S. Author-Name: Wang, S. Author-Name: Hebert, P. Author-Name: Carpenter, D. Author-Name: Anderson, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1075-1080 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178491 Abstract: Objectives. We explored whether the United States, which does not regulate pharmaceutical prices, is responsible for the development of a disproportionate share of the new molecular entities (NMEs; a drug that does not contain an active moiety previously approved by the Food and Drug Administration produced worldwide. Methods. We collected data on NMEs approved between 1992 and 2004 and assigned each NME to an inventor country. We examined the relation between the proportion of total NMEs developed in each country and the proportion of total prescription drug spending and gross domestic product {GDP) of each country represented. Results. The United States accounted for 42% of prescription drug spending and 40% of the total GDP among innovator countries and was responsible for the development of 43.7% of the NMEs. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, and a few other countries innovated proportionally more than their contribution to GDP or prescription drug spending, whereas Japan, South Korea, and a few other countries innovated less. Conclusions. Higher prescription drug spending in the United States does not disproportionately privilege domestic innovation, and many countries with drug price regulation were significant contributors to pharmaceutical innovation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178491_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The "Contaminating agent" UNRRA, displaced persons, and venereal disease in Germany, 1945-1947 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haushofer, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 993-1003 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153098 Abstract: World War II created a large group of persecuted, homeless or stateless people who came to be united under the term "displaced persons" (DPs). The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) was charged with the care of these individuals in various camps in Germany, although the military governments of the respective zones of occupation had ultimate authority over them. Among the various public health efforts directed toward DPs was a campaign against venereal disease during which compulsory examinations were particularly stressed by the military governments. The controversy resulting from this campaign opens a new window on the complex context of an international organization working under the roof of a national authority to achieve common - or differing - public health goals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153098_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The first condom machine in a US Jail: The challenge of harm reduction in a law and order environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sylla, M. Author-Name: Harawa, N. Author-Name: Reznick, O.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 982-985 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172452 Abstract: Most US jails and prisons do not provide condoms to prisoners because of concerns about possible negative consequences. Since 1989, the jail system of San Francisco, California, has provided condoms to male prisoners through 1-on-1 counseling sessions. Given the limitations of this approach, we installed, stocked, and monitored a free condom-dispensing machine in a jail to examine the feasibility of this method of providing condoms to jail prisoners. After the machine was installed, we observed increases in prisoners' awareness of programmatic access to condoms and in their likelihood of having obtained condoms. Particularly large increases in condom uptake were reported among those in high-risk groups. Sexual activity did not increase, custody operations were not impeded, and staff acceptance of condom access for prisoners increased. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172452_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: The influence of the VERB campaign on children's physical activity in 2002 to 2006. (American Journal of Public Health. (2010) 100 (638-645) doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huhman, M.E. Author-Name: Potter, L.D. Author-Name: Nolin, M.J. Author-Name: Piesse, A. Author-Name: Judkins, D.R. Author-Name: Banspach, S.W. Author-Name: Wong, F.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 972 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968e_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race and distance effects on regular syringe exchange program use and injection risks: A geobehavioral analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, C.T. Author-Name: Metzger, D.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1068-1074 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158337 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted "geobehavioral" analyses by race to understand how distances among injection drug users' (IDUs') residences, drug purchase and use locations, and syringe exchange programs (SEPs) are associated with injection behaviors. Methods. Data were from the HIV Prevention Trial Network 037 (2002-2006) site in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a randomized study evaluating the efficacy of a network-oriented HIV prevention intervention for IDUs. At prescreening, participants were asked the nearest intersections to their residence, where they buy and use drugs, and about their injection behaviors. Results. Geographic distances had independent and interactive effects on injection risk behaviors and SEP use. Blacks, regardless of distance, were less likely than Whites to inject in public places (odds ratio [OR]=0.62; 95% confidence interval [Cl]=0.43, 0.90), to use syringes after someone else (OR=0.27; 95% Cl=0.19, 0.38), and to access syringes from SEPs (OR=2.08; 95% 01=1.48,2.92). Latinos' injection behaviors were more distance-dependent than Blacks' or Whites'. Conclusions. Distances among IDUs' homes, drug purchase and injecting sites, and prevention resources affected safe injection practices differentially by race. Understanding individuals' geographic relation to the risks and resources that surround them is an important aspect of understanding effects of the environment on health and behavior and the development of targeted interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158337_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Decline in US breast cancer rates after the women's health initiative: Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differences. (American Journal of Public Health (2010) 100:S1 (S132-S139) doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Author-Name: Chen, T. Author-Name: Waterman, P.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 972 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628e_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Puhl, R.M. Author-Name: Heuer, C.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1019-1028 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491 Abstract: Stigma and discrimination toward obese persons are pervasive and pose numerous consequences for their psychological and physical health. Despite decades of science documenting weight stigma, its public health implications are widely ignored. Instead, obese persons are blamed for their weight, with common perceptions that weight stigmatization is justifiable and may motivate individuals to adopt healthier behaviors. We examine evidence to address these assumptions and discuss their public health implications. On the basis of current findings, we propose that weight stigma is not a beneficial public health tool for reducing obesity. Rather, stigmatization of obese individuals threatens health, generates health disparities, and interferes with effective obesity intervention efforts. These findings highlight weight stigma as both a social justice issue and a priority for public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Branas etal. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bremas, C.C. Author-Name: Richmond, T.S. Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Author-Name: Ten Have, T.R. Author-Name: Wiebe, D.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 968-969 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188045 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188045_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shah and grady respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shah, S. Author-Name: Grady, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 967 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188383 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188383_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a voluntary menu-labeling program in full-service restaurants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pulos, E. Author-Name: Leng, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1035-1039 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174839 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether labeling restaurant menus with information on the nutrient content of menu items would cause customers to alter their ordering patterns. Methods. Six full-service restaurants in Pierce County, Washington, added nutrition information to their menus, and they provided data on entrée sales for 30 days before and 30 days after the information was added. We assessed the prelabeling versus postlabeling difference in nutrient content of entrées sold, and we surveyed restaurant patrons about whether they noticed the nutrition information and used it in their ordering. Results. The average postlabeling entrée sold contained about 15 fewer calories, 1.5 fewer grams of fat, and 45 fewer milligrams of sodium than did the average entrée sold before labeling. Seventy-one percent of patrons reported noticing the nutrition information; 20.4% reported ordering an entrée lower in calories as a result, and 16.5% reported ordering an entrée lower in fat as a result. Conclusions. The concentration of calorie reduction among 20.4% of patrons means that each calorie-reducing patron ordered about 75 fewer calories than they did before labeling. Thus, providing nutrition information on restaurant menus may encourage a subset of restaurant patrons to significantly alter their food choices. {Am J Public Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174839_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trajectories of change in obesity and symptoms of depression: The cardia study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Needham, B.L. Author-Name: Epel, E.S. Author-Name: Adler, N.E. Author-Name: Kiefe, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1040-1046 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172809 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether, over time, baseline obesity is associated with change in depressive symptoms or if baseline symptoms of depression are associated with change in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Methods. We used latent growth curve modeling to examine data from years 5,10,15, and 20 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (n=4643). We assessed depressive symptomatology with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Results. Respondents who started out with higher levels of depressive symptoms experienced a faster rate of increase in BMI (for Whites only) and waist circumference (for Blacks and Whites) over time than did those who reported fewer symptoms of depression in year 5. Initial BMI and waist circumference did not influence the rate of change in symptoms of depression over time. Conclusions. Depressive symptomatology likely plays a role in the development of physical health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, through its association with increases in relative weight and abdominal obesity over time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172809_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chief in-mut-too-yah-lat-lat (thunder-traveling-over-themountains): A reluctant warrior Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Bird, M.E. Author-Name: Chang, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1007 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184697_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical imperative of posttrial access to antiretroviral treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Onyeabor, O.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 966-967 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.186288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.186288 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.186288_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using text messaging to contact difficult-to-reach study participants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maher, J.E. Author-Name: Pranian, K. Author-Name: Drach, L. Author-Name: Rumptz, M. Author-Name: Casciato, C. Author-Name: Guernsey, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 969-970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188391 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188391_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Percentage of gestational diabetes mellitus attributable to overweight and obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, S.Y. Author-Name: England, L. Author-Name: Wilson, H.G. Author-Name: Bish, C. Author-Name: Satten, G.A. Author-Name: Dietz, P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1047-1052 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172890 Abstract: Objectives. We calculated the percentage of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) attributable to overweight and obesity. Methods. We analyzed 2004 through 2006 data from 7 states using the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System linked to revised 2003 birth certificate information. We used logistic regression to estimate the magnitude of the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and GDM and calculated the percentage of GDM attributable to overweight and obesity. Results. GDM prevalence rates by BMI category were as follows: underweight (13-18.4 kg/m2), 0.7%; normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), 2.3%; overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), 4.8%; obese (30-34.9 kg/m2), 5.5%; and extremely obese (35-64.9 kg/m 2), 11.5%. Percentages of GDM attributable to overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity were 15.4% (95% confidence interval [Cl] =8.6, 22.2), 9.7% (95% Cl=5.2, 14.3), and 21.1% (Cl=15.2, 26.9), respectively. The overall population-attributable fraction was 46.2% (95% Cl =36.1, 56.3). Conclusions. If all overweight and obese women (BMI of 25 kg/m2 or above) had a GDM risk equal to that of normal-weight women, nearly half of GDM cases could be prevented. Public health efforts to reduce prepregnancy BMI by promoting physical activity and healthy eatinq among women of reproductive aqe should be intensified. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172890_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Flaws in study of firearm possession and risk for assault Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wintemute, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 967-968 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187476 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187476_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heat-health warning systems: A comparison of the predictive capacity of different approaches to identifying dangerously hot days Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hajat, S. Author-Name: Sheridan, S.C. Author-Name: Allen, M.J. Author-Name: Pascal, M. Author-Name: Laaidi, K. Author-Name: Yagouti, A. Author-Name: Bickis, U. Author-Name: Tobias, A. Author-Name: Bourque, D. Author-Name: Armstrong, B.G. Author-Name: Kosatsky, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1137-1144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169748 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the ability of several heat-health warning systems to predict days of heat-associated mortality using common data sets. Methods. Heat-health warning systems initiate emergency public health interventions once forecasts have identified weather conditions to breach predetermined trigger levels. We examined 4 commonly used trigger-setting approaches: (1) synoptic classification, (2) epidemiologic assessment of the temperature-mortality relationship, (3) temperature-humidity index, and (4) physiologic classification. We applied each approach in Chicago, Illinois; London, United Kingdom; Madrid, Spain; and Montreal, Canada, to identify days expected to be associated with the highest heat-related mortality. Results. We found little agreement across the approaches in which days were identified as most dangerous. In general, days identified by temperature-mortality assessment were associated with the highest excess mortality. Conclusions. Triggering of alert days and ultimately the initiation of emergency responses by a heat-health warning system varies significantly across approaches adopted to establish triggers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169748_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The snack attack Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monteiro, C.A. Author-Name: Gomes, F.S. Author-Name: Cannon, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 975-981 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187666 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187666_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Will increasing alcohol availability by lowering the minimum legal drinking age decrease drinking and related consequences among youths? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wechsler, H. Author-Name: Nelson, T.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 986-992 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178004 Abstract: Alcohol use health consequences are considerable; prevention efforts are needed, particularly for adolescents and college students. The national minimum legal drinking age of 21 years is a primary alcohol-control policy in the United States. An advocacy group supported by some college presidents seeks public debate on the minimum legal drinking age and proposes reducing it to 18 years. We reviewed recenttrends in drinking and related consequences, evidence on effectiveness of the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years, research on drinking among college students related to the minimum legal drinking age, and the case to lower the minimum legal drinking age. Evidence supporting the minimum legal drinking age of 21 years is strong and growing. A wide range of empirically supported interventions is available to reduce underage drinking. Public health professionals can play a role in advocating these interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178004_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gay and bisexual men's willingness to receive anal papanicolaou testing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reed, A.C. Author-Name: Reiter, P.L. Author-Name: Smith, J.S. Author-Name: Palefsky, J.M. Author-Name: Brewer, N.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1123-1129 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176446 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the willingness of gay and bisexual men, who have high rates of anal cancer that might be prevented through regular screening, to receive anal Papanicolaou tests. Methods. We surveyed a national sample of men aged 18 to 59 years who selfidentified as gay (n=236) or bisexual (n=70). Results. Most respondents were willing to accept free screening (83%), but fewer would pay for the test (31%; McNemar's χ2=158.02; P<.001). Willingness to pay for screening was higher among men who reported greater worry about getting anal cancer (OR [odds ratio] = 1.70; 95% confidence interval [Cl]=1.06, 2.72), higher perceived likelihood of anal cancer (OR= 1.88; 95% Cl=1.18, 2.99), and higher income (OR=2.17; 95% Cl=1.18,3.98), in adjusted analyses. Only 33% (17 of 51) of HIV-positive respondents, who have the highest risk for anal cancer, had received anal Papanicolaou tests. Conclusions. Anal cancer screening was highly acceptable to gay and bisexual men, although cost was a major barrier. Efforts to reduce anal cancer disparities should target beliefs about anal cancer and barriers to anal Papanicolaou testing in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176446_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life and health insurance industry investments in fast food Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mohan, A.V. Author-Name: McCormick, D. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Author-Name: Boyd, J.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1029-1030 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178020 Abstract: Previous research on health and life insurers' financial investments has highlighted the tension between profit maximization and the public good. We ascertained health and life insurance firms' holdings in the fast food industry, an industry that is increasingly understood to negatively impact public health. Insurers own $1.88 billion of stock in the 5 leading fast food companies. We argue that insurers ought to be held to a higher standard of corporate responsibility, and we offer potential solutions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178020_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Can the food industry help tackle the growing global burden of undernutrition? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yach, D. Author-Name: Feldman, Z.A. Author-Name: Bradley, D.G. Author-Name: Khan, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 974-980 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174359 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174359_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Living in utility scarcity: Energy and water insecurity in Northwest Alaska Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eichelberger, L.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1010-1018 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160846 Abstract: This study explored the links between energy and water insecurity in rural Iñupiaq Eskimo villages in Alaska's Northwest Arctic Borough. High energy costs and the need for fuel-based transportation are 2 significant factors in domestic water access for these communities. Dramatic increases in the costs of energy have led to decreased domestic water access, with adverse effects on household hygiene practices. I traced the ways in which the high costs of energy determine water consumption from production to household acquisition and use. Improving sanitation and access to domestic water requires considering the water-energy nexus: the amount and cost of energy required to treat and distribute water as well as manage waste. I use the term utility scarcity to underscore the relationship between domestic water, energy, and health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160846_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating adolescent risk for hearing loss based on data from a large school-based survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vogel, L. Author-Name: Verschuure, H. Author-Name: Van Der Ploeg, C.P.B. Author-Name: Brug, J. Author-Name: Raat, H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 6 Pages: 1095-1100 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168690 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated whether and to what extent a group of adolescents were at risk of developing permanent hearing loss as a result of voluntary exposure to high-volume music, and we assessed whether such exposure was associated with hearing-related symptoms. Methods. In 2007, 1512 adolescents (aged 12-19 years) in Dutch secondary schools completed questionnaires about their music-listening behavior and whether they experienced hearing-related symptoms after listening to highvolume music. We used their self-reported data in conjunction with published average sound levels of music players, discotheques, and pop concerts to estimate their noise exposure, and we compared that exposure to our own "loosened" (i.e., less strict) version of current European safety standards for occupational noise exposure. Results. About half of the adolescents exceeded safety standards for occupational noise exposure. About one third of the respondents exceeded safety standards solely as a result of listening to MP3 players. Hearing symptoms that occurred after using an MP3 player or going to a discotheque were associated with exposure to high-volume music. Conclusions. Adolescents often exceeded current occupational safety standards for noise exposure, hiqhliqhtinq the need for specific safety standards for leisure-time noise exposure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168690_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of a controlled trial to promote colorectal cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, B.H. Author-Name: McPhee, S.J. Author-Name: Stewart, S.L. Author-Name: Doan, H.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 870-876 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166231 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a controlled trial of a public education and provider intervention to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates among Vietnamese Americans, who typically have lower rates than non-Hispanic Whites. Methods. The public education intervention included a Vietnamese-language CRC screening media campaign, distribution of health educational material, and a hotline. The provider intervention consisted of continuing medical education seminars, newsletters, and DVDs. Vietnamese in Alameda and Santa Clara Counties, California, received the intervention from 2004 to 2006; Vietnamese in Harris County, Texas, were controls and received no intervention. A quasi-experimental study design with pre- and postintervention surveys of the same 533 participants was used to evaluate the combined intervention. Results. The postintervention-to-preintervention odds ratio for having ever had a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy was 1.4 times greater in the intervention community than in the control community. Knowledge and attitudes mediated the effect of the intervention on CRC screening behavior. Media exposure mediated the effect of the intervention on knowledge. Conclusions. Improving CRC knowledge through the media contributed to the effectiveness of the intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166231_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perception of barriers to immunization among parents of hmong origin in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, D.L. Author-Name: Dang, M.T. Author-Name: Ly, M.Y. Author-Name: Diaz, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 839-845 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175935 Abstract: Objectives. We explored factors associated with perception of barriers to immunization among parents of Hmong origin in California, whose children experience persistent immunization inequities even with health insurance. Methods. A partnership of academic researchers and members of the Hmong community conducted a community-based participatory research project. We collected data in naturalistic settings with a standardized instrument. We analyzed responses from 417 parents and caregivers and created a structural equation model to determine factors that contributed to perceived barriers. Results. Of 3 potential contributing factors to perceived barriers-nativity, socioeconomic position, and use of traditional Hmong health care (i.e., consulting shamans and herbalists)-the latter 2 significantly predicted higher perceived barriers to immunization. Nativity, indicated by years in the United States, age of arrival in the United States, and English language fluency, did not predict perceived barriers. Conclusions. Interventions aimed at reducing immunization inequities should consider distinct sociocultural factors that affect immunization rates among different refugee and immigrant groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175935_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leveling the field Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wong, W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 790-792 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.190587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190587 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190587_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perinatal outcomes for Asian, native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander mothers of single and multiple race/ethnicity: California and Hawaii, 2003-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schempf, A.H. Author-Name: Mendola, P. Author-Name: Hamilton, B.E. Author-Name: Hayes, D.K. Author-Name: Makuc, D.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 877-887 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177345 Abstract: Objectives. We examined characteristics and birth outcomes of Asian/Pacific Islander (API) mothers to determine whether differences in outcomes existed between mothers of single race/ethnicity and multiple race/ethnicity. Methods. We used data from California and Hawaii birth certificates from 2003 through 2005 to describe variation in birth outcomes for API subgroups by selfreported maternal race/ethnicity (single versus multiple race or API subgroup), and we also compared these outcomes to those of non-Hispanic White women. Results. Low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) varied more among API subgroups than between mothers of single versus multiple race/ethnicity. After adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors, API mothers of multiple race/ethnicity had outcomes similar to mothers of single race/ ethnicity, with exceptions for multiple-race/ethnicity Chinese (higher PTB), Filipino (lower LBW and PTB), and Thai (higher LBW) subgroups. Compared with single-race non-Hispanic Whites, adverse outcomes were elevated for most API subgroups: only single-race/ethnicity Korean mothers had lower rates of both LBW (3.4%) and PTB (5.6%); single-race/ethnicity Cambodian, Laotian, and Marshallese mothers had the highest rates of both LBW (8.8%, 9.2%, and 8.4%, respectively) and PTB (14.0%, 13.7%, and 18.8%, respectively). Conclusions. Strategies to improve birth outcomes for API mothers should consider variations in risk by API subgroup and multiple race/ethnicity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177345_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status and health services access and utilization among chinese, filipino, japanese, korean, south asian, and vietnamese children in california Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Author-Name: Huang, Z.J. Author-Name: Singh, G.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 823-830 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168948 Abstract: Objectives. We examined health status and health services access and utilization of Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, Vietnamese, and non-Hispanic White children in California. Methods. We analyzed aggregated data from the 2003 and 2005 California Health Interview Survey (648 Chinese, 523 Filipino, 235 Japanese, 308 Korean, 314 South Asian, 264 Vietnamese, and 8468 non-Hispanic White children aged younger than 12 years), examining the relationship between Asian ethnicities and outcomes. Results. Compared with non-Hispanic White children, Korean children were 4 times more likely to lack health insurance; Filipino children were twice as likely to not have had recent contact with a doctor; Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese children were less likely to have visited an emergency room in the past year; and Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese children were more likely to be in fair or poor health. Age, gender, poverty, citizenship-nativity status, health insurance, and parental marital and child health statuses were related to most outcomes. Conclusions. Asian ethnicities have heterogeneous health care access and utilization patterns, suaaestina the need fortaraeted outreach to different Asian ethnie groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168948_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of sustained abstinence among treated substance-Abusing homeless persons on housing and employment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milby, J.B. Author-Name: Schumacher, J.E. Author-Name: Wallace, D. Author-Name: Vuchinich, R. Author-Name: Mennemeyer, S.T. Author-Name: Kertesz, S.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 913-918 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152975 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether cocaine-dependent homeless persons had stable housing and were employed 6, 12, and 18 months after they entered a randomized controlled trial comparing 2 treatments. Methods. One group (n=103) received abstinence-contingent housing, vocational training, and work; another group (n=103) received the same intervention plus cognitive behavioral day treatment. We examined baseline and early treatment variables for association with long-term housing and employment. Results. Although the enhanced-treatment group achieved better abstinence rates, the groups did not differ in long-term housing and employment stability. However, consecutive weeks of abstinence during treatment (and to a lesser extent, older age and male gender) predicted long-term housing and employment stability after adjustment for baseline differences in employment, housing, and treatment. Conclusions. Our data showed a relationship of abstinence with housing stability. Contrasting these results with the increasingly popular Housing First interventions reveals important gaps in our knowledge to be addressed in future research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152975_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of an organizational intervention designed to improve snack and beverage quality in YMCA after-school programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mozaffarian, R.S. Author-Name: Wiecha, J.L. Author-Name: Roth, B.A. Author-Name: Nelson, T.F. Author-Name: Lee, R.M. Author-Name: Gortmaker, S.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 925-932 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158907 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the quality of snacks and beverages served at YMCA after-school programs before and after the programs' participation in a YMCA Learning Collaborative. Methods. We collected data on the types and brands of snacks and beverages (including fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, foods with trans fats, water, and sugar-sweetened beverages) served daily during 3 different time periods spanning 14 months in total, and the components of the healthy eating standards. We compared snack and beverage quality before and after the intervention. Results. Weekly servings of fresh fruits and vegetables (1.3 vs 3.9; P=.02) and weekly servings of fruits and vegetables as a whole (1.9 vs 5.2; P= .009) increased from baseline to postintervention; weekly servings of desserts (1.3 vs 0.5; P=.049), foods with added sugars (3.9 vs 2.4; P=.03), and foods containing trans fats (2.6 vs 0.7; P= .01 ) decreased. After the intervention, all YMCAs offered water daily, and none served sugar-sweetened beverages. The percentage of calories from fruits and vegetables significantly increased after the intervention, whereas the percentage of calories from foods containing trans fats and added sugars decreased. Conclusions. A learning collaborative can disseminate healthy eating standards among participating organizations and facilitate improvements in the quality of after-school snacks and beverages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158907_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decreases in smoking prevalence in asian communities served by the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liao, Y. Author-Name: Tsoh, J.Y. Author-Name: Chen, R. Author-Name: Foo, M.A. Author-Name: Garvin, C.C. Author-Name: Grigg-Saito, D. Author-Name: Liang, S. Author-Name: McPhee, S. Author-Name: Nguyen, T.T. Author-Name: Tran, J.H. Author-Name: Giles, W.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 853-860 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176834 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in smoking prevalence from 2002 through 2006 in 4 Asian communities served by the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) intervention. Methods. Annual survey data from 2002 through 2006 were gathered in 4 REACH Asian communities. Trends in the age-standardized prevalence of current smoking for men in 2 Vietnamese communities, 1 Cambodian community, and 1 Asian American/Pacific Islander (API) community were examined and compared with nationwide US and state-specific data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Results. Prevalence of current smoking decreased dramatically among men in REACH communities. The reduction rate was significantly greater than that observed in the general US or API male population, and it was greater than reduction rates observed in the states in which REACH communities were located. There was little change in the quit ratio of men at the state and national levels, but there was a significant increase in quit ratios in the REACH communities, indicating increases in the proportions of smokers who had quit smoking. Conclusions. Smoking prevalence decreased in Asian communities served by the REACH project, and these decreases were larger than nationwide decreases in smoking prevalence observed for the same period. However, disparities in smoking prevalence remain a concern among Cambodian men and nonEnglish-speaking Vietnamese men; these subgroups continue to smoke at a higher rate than do men nationwide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176834_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Capacity-building assistance and structural challenges in HIV prevention services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelley, R.T. Author-Name: Johnson, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 773-774 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187047 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187047_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk of alcohol-Impaired driving recidivism among first offenders and multiple offenders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rauch, W.J. Author-Name: Zador, P.L. Author-Name: Ahlin, E.M. Author-Name: Howard, J.M. Author-Name: Frissell, K.C. Author-Name: Duncan, G.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 919-924 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154575 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the statewide impact of having prior alcohol-impaired driving violations of any type on the rate of first occurrence or recidivism among drivers with 0,1, 2, or 3 or more prior violations in Maryland. Methods. We analyzed more than 100 million driver records from 1973 to 2004 and classified all Maryland drivers into 4 groups: those with 0,1, 2, or 3 or more prior violations. The violation rates for approximately 21 million drivers in these 4 groups were compared for the study period 1999 to 2004. Results. On average, there were 3.4, 24.3, 35.9, and 50.8 violations per 1000 drivers a year among those with 0, 1, 2, or 3 or more priors, respectively. The relative risks for men compared with women among these groups of drivers were 3.8, 1.2,1.0, and 1.0, respectively. Conclusions. The recidivism rate among first offenders more closely resembles that of second offenders than of nonoffenders. Men and women are at equal risk of recidivating once they have had a first violation documented. Any alcoholimpaired driving violation, not just convictions, is a marker for future recidivism. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154575_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in breast cancer survival among Asian women by ethnicity and immigrant status: A population-based study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gomez, S.L. Author-Name: Clarke, C.A. Author-Name: Shema, S.J. Author-Name: Chang, E.T. Author-Name: Keegan, T.H.M. Author-Name: Glaser, S.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 861-869 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176651 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated heterogeneity in ethnic composition and im migrant status among US Asians as an explanation for disparities in breast cancer survival. Methods. We enhanced data from the California Cancer Registry and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program through linkage and imputation to examine the effect of immigrant status, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and ethnic enclave on mortality among Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Korean, South Asian, and Vietnamese women diagnosed with breast cancer from 1988 to 2005 and followed through 2007. Results. US-born women had similar mortality rates in all Asian ethnic groups except the Vietnamese, who had lower mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = O.1, 0.9). Except for Japanese women, all foreign-born women had higher mortality than did US-born Japanese, the reference group. HRs ranged from 1.4 (95% Cl = 1.2, 1.7) among Koreans to 1.8 (95% Cl = 1.5, 2.2) among South Asians and Vietnamese. Little of this variation was explained by differences in disease characteristics. Conclusions. Survival after breast cancer is poorer among foreign- than USborn Asians. Research on underlying factors is needed, along with increased awareness and targeted cancer control. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176651_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing paternal and maternal age are both important for autism risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reichenberg, A. Author-Name: Gross, R. Author-Name: Sandin, S. Author-Name: Susser, E.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 772-773 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187708 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187708_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Morbidity risk at birth for asian indian small for gestational age infants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, H.C. Author-Name: Ramachandran, P. Author-Name: Madan, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 820-822 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165001 Abstract: Whether the traditional definition of small for gestational age (SGA) is an appropriate marker of risk for populations that have relatively lower birthweight is unclear. We determined proportions of White and Asian Indian SGA infants and those admitted to the special care nursery. Compared with White infants, Asian Indian infants were more likely to be SGA (14.5% versus 2.7%) and more likely to be admitted to the special care nursery (20.7% versus 3.7%), suggesting that traditional definitions of SGA may be applicable as a marker of risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165001_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Allostatic load among non-hispanic whites, non-hispanic blacks, and people of mexican origin: Effects of ethnicity, nativity, and acculturation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kristen Peek, M. Author-Name: Cutchin, M.P. Author-Name: Salinas, J.J. Author-Name: Sheffield, K.M. Author-Name: Eschbach, K. Author-Name: Stowe, R.P. Author-Name: Goodwin, J.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 940-946 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.129312 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated ethnic differences in allostatic load in a population-based sample of adults living in Texas City, TX, and assessed the effects of nativity and acculturation status on allostatic load among people of Mexican origin. Methods. We used logistic regression models to examine ethnic variations in allostatic load scores among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and people of Mexican origin. We also examined associations between measures of acculturation and allostatic load scores among people of Mexican origin only. Results. Foreign-born Mexicans were the least likely group to score in the higher allostatic load categories. Among individuals of Mexican origin, US-born Mexican Americans had higher allostatic load scores than foreign-born Mexicans, and acculturation measures did not account for the difference. Conclusions. Our findings expand on recent research from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with respect to ethnicity and allostatic load. Our results are consistent with the healthy immigrant hypothesis (i.e., newer immigrants are healthier) and the acculturation hypothesis, according to which the longer Mexican immigrants reside in the United States, the greater their likelihood of potentially losing culture-related neaitn-protective etfects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129312_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caught between "The Rock" and A Hard Place Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stafford, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 784-789 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.191064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.191064 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.191064_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Out of the shadows: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ro, M.J. Author-Name: Yee, A.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 776-778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.192229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192229 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192229_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Research to Action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chu, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 775 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.194597 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.194597_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: King and bearman respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, M. Author-Name: Bearman, P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 773 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187880 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187880_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The development of a municipal laboratory Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boiling, G.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 804-806 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:5:804-806_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ke Àno Ola: Moloka ̀i's community-based healthy lifestyle modification program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geliert, K.S. Author-Name: Aubert, R.E. Author-Name: Mikami, J.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 779-783 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176222 Abstract: We evaluated a community-based 12-week healthy lifestyle program in Moloka'̀i, HI, called Ke "Àno Ola, which was developed to decrease chronic disease risk through health education emphasizing weight loss, exercise, and risk factor reduction. Program leaders' strong commitment and positive role modeling, along with social and group support and community involvement, were key elements. A pre-post evaluation of weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood sugar showed significant improvements for weight (mean change [△] =-7.4 lbs; P<.001), systolic blood pressure (△ = -3.8 mm Hg; P = .027), diastolic blood pressure (△ = -4.6 mm Hg; P<.001), and total cholesterol (△ = -9.7 mg/dL; P< .001). Attrition was low, with 89% of participants attending all 12 sessions. Our findings show that lifestyle improvements in a predominantly Native Hawaiian community are achievable in a support group setting. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176222_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding the rapid increase in life expectancy in South Korea Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, S. Author-Name: Khang, Y.-H. Author-Name: Harper, S. Author-Name: Smith, G.D. Author-Name: Leon, D.A. Author-Name: Lynch, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 896-903 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160341 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed life expectancy increases in the past several decades in South Korea by age and specific causes of death. Methods. We applied Arriaga's decomposition method to life table data (1970-2005) and mortality statistics (1983-2005) to estimate age- and cause-specific contributions to changes in life expectancy. Results. Reductions in infant mortality made the largest age-group contribution to the life expectancy increase. Reductions in cardiovascular diseases (particularly stroke and hypertensive diseases) contributed most to longer life expectancy between 1983 and 2005 (30% in males and 28% in females). Lower rates of stomach cancer, liver disease, tuberculosis, and external-cause mortality accounted for 30% of the male and 20% of the female increase in longevity. However, higher mortality from ischemic heart disease, lung and bronchial cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, and suicide offset gains by 10% in both genders. Conclusions. Rapid increases in life expectancy in South Korea were mostly achieved by reductions in infant mortality and in diseases related to infections and blood pressure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160341_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policy and system change and community coalitions: Outcomes from allies against Asthma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clark, N.M. Author-Name: Lachance, L. Author-Name: Doctor, L.J. Author-Name: Gilmore, L. Author-Name: Kelly, C. Author-Name: Krieger, J. Author-Name: Lara, M. Author-Name: Meurer, J. Author-Name: Milanovich, A.F. Author-Name: Nicholas, E. Author-Name: Rosenthal, M. Author-Name: Stoll, S.C. Author-Name: Wilkin, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 904-912 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180869 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed policy and system changes and health outcomes produced by the Allies Against Asthma program, a 5-year collaborative effort by 7 community coalitions to address childhood asthma. We also explored associations between community engagement and outcomes. Methods. We interviewed a sample of 1477 parents of children with asthma in coalition target areas and comparison areas at baseline and 1 year to assess quality-of-life and symptom changes. An extensive tracking and documentation procedure and a survey of 284 participating individuals and organizations were used to ascertain policy and system changes and community engagement levels. Results. A total of 89 policy and system changes were achieved, ranging from changes in interinstitutional and intrainstitutional practices to statewide legislation. Allies children experienced fewer daytime (P=.008) and nighttime (P=.004) asthma symptoms than comparison children. In addition, Allies parents felt less helpless, frightened, and angry (P=.01) about their child's asthma. Type of community engagement was associated with number of policy and system changes. Conclusions. Community coalitions can successfully achieve asthma policy and system changes and improve health outcomes. Increased core and ongoing community stakeholder participation rather than a higher overall number of participants was associated with more change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180869_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The forgotten treasure: Bilingualism and asian children's emotional and behavioral health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Han, W.-J. Author-Name: Huang, C.-C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 831-838 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174219 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relation between the language status of children and their behavioral and emotional well-being during their early school years. Methods. Behavioral and emotional well-being were drawn from teacherreported data and included externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Three-level growth curve analyses were conducted on a subsample (n = 12586) of children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, kindergarten cohort, who originated from Asian countries. US-born, non-Hispanic White children served as the comparison group. Results. All children started with a similar level of internalizing and externalizing behaviors at kindergarten entry. The growth rate of problem behaviors was slowest in fluent bilingual and non-English-dominant bilingual children compared with White English-monolingual children. By contrast, problem behaviors increased at a significantly faster rate in non-English-monolingual children, who had the highest level of problem behaviors among all children by fifth grade. Conclusions. By fifth grade, fluent bilingual and non-English-dominant bilingual children had the lowest levels of internalizing and externalizing behaviors, whereas non-English-monolingual children had the highest levels of both behavior problems. Our data suggest emotional and behavioral benefits of being bilingual. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174219_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of a smokers' quitline by asian language speakers: Results from 15 years of operation in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhu, S.-H. Author-Name: Wong, S. Author-Name: Stevens, C. Author-Name: Nakashima, D. Author-Name: Gamst, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 846-852 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168385 Abstract: Objectives. We examined state quitline utilization by smokers who called Chinese-, Vietnamese-, or Korean-language lines, and compared their usage rates to those of Asians and Whites calling the English-language line. Methods. Using data from 15 years (1993-2008) of operation of the California quitline (which included data on 22061 callers to Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese lines) and from multiple California Health Interview Surveys, we computed the call rates for Whites, English-speaking Asians, and the 3 Asianlanguage groups. We also examined callers' demographics and where they heard about the quitline. Results. Asian smokers who spoke English were significantly less likely than English-speaking White smokers to call the quitline (odds ratios range from 0.36 to 0.62). Smokers speaking 1 of the 3 Asian languages were no less likely than White smokers to call (odds ratios range from 0.82 to 3.25). More than 80% of those calling the Asian-language lines reported hearing about the quitline through mass media. Conclusions. Contrary to general expectation, smokers speaking Asian languages were just as likely to call the quitline as English-speaking White smokers. State quitlines should consider adding Asian-language lines to help address disparities in access to cessation services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168385_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race and unhealthy behaviors: Chronic stress, the HPA Axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jackson, J.S. Author-Name: Knight, K.M. Author-Name: Rafferty, J.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 933-939 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143446 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether unhealthy behaviors play a stress-buffering role in observed racial disparities in physical and mental health. Methods. We conducted logistic regressions by race on data from the first 2 waves of the Americans' Changing Lives Survey to determine whether unhealthy behaviors had buffering effects on the relationship between major stressors and chronic health conditions, and on the relationship between major stressors and meeting the criteria for major depression. Results. Among Whites, unhealthy behaviors strengthened the relationship between stressors and meeting major-depression criteria. Among Blacks, however, the relationship between stressors and meeting major-depression criteria was stronger among those who had not engaged in unhealthy behaviors than among those who had. Among both race groups there was a positive association between stressors and chronic health conditions. Among Blacks there was an additional positive association between number of unhealthy behaviors and number of chronic conditions. Conclusions. Those who live in chronically stressful environments often cope with stressors by engaging in unhealthy behaviors that may have protective mental-health effects. However, such unhealthy behaviors can combine with negative environmental conditions to eventually contribute to morbidity and mortality disparities among social groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143446_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to adherence to screening mammography among women with disabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankaskas, B.C. Author-Name: Dickens, P. Author-Name: Michael Bowling, J. Author-Name: Jarman, M.P. Author-Name: Luken, K. Author-Name: Salisbury, K. Author-Name: Halladay, J. Author-Name: Lorenz, C.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 947-953 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150318 Abstract: Objectives. Given the lack of screening mammography studies specific to women with disabilities, we compared reasons offered by women with and without disabilities for not scheduling routine screening visits. Methods. We surveyed women in the Carolina Mammography Registry aged 40 to 79 years (n = 2970), who had been screened from 2001 through 2003 and did not return for at least 3 years, to determine reasons for noncompliance. In addition to women without disabilities, women with visual, hearing, physical, and multiple (any combination of visual, hearing, and physical) limitations were included in our analyses. Results. The most common reasons cited by women both with and without disabilities for not returning for screening were lack of a breast problem, pain and expense associated with a mammogram, and lack of a physician recommendation. Women with disabilities were less likely to receive a physician recommendation. Conclusions. Women with disabilities are less likely than those without disabilities to receive a physician recommendation for screening mammography, and this is particularly the case among older women and those with multiple disabilities. There is a need for equitable preventive health care in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150318_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Call me: Meeting asian youth where they are Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nugent III, G. Author-Name: Sou, S.L. Author-Name: Grigg-Saito, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 808 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177097 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177097_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Analyzing national health reform strategies with a dynamic simulation model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milstein, B. Author-Name: Homer, J. Author-Name: Hirsch, G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 811-819 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174490 Abstract: Proposals to improve the US health system are commonly supported by models that have only a few variables and overlook certain processes that may delay, dilute, or defeat intervention effects. We use an evidence-based dynamic simulation model with a broad national scope to analyze 5 policy proposals. Our results suggest that expanding insurance coverage and improving health care quality would likely improve health status but would also raise costs and worsen health inequity, whereas a strategy that also strengthens primary care capacity and emphasizes health protection would improve health status, reduce inequities, and lower costs. A software interface allows diverse stakeholders to interact with the model through a policy simulation game called HealthBound. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174490_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hidden in plain sight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greene, J.A. Author-Name: Herzberg, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 793-803 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181255 Abstract: Although the public health impact of direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertising remains a subject of great controversy, such promotion is typically understood as a recent phenomenon permitted only by changes infederal regulation of print and broadcast advertising over the past two decades. But today's omnipresent ads are only the most recent chapter in a longer history of DTC pharmaceutical promotion (including the ghostwriting of popular articles, organization of public-relations events, and implicit advertising of products to consumers) stretching back over the twentieth century. We use trade literature and archival materials to examine the continuity of efforts to promote prescription drugs to consumers and to better grapple with the public health significance of contemporary pharmaceutical marketing practices. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181255_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing high blood pressure and promoting longevity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 809-810 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179960 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179960_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Winston Wong, MD: leveling the field. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zia, H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 790-792 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.190587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190587 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190587_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: George E. Bolling (1876-1945): founder of an early public health laboratory. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185728 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185728_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between racial discrimination, limited English proficiency, and health-related quality of life among 6 Asian ethnic groups in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Ponce, N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 5 Pages: 888-895 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178012 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of racial discrimination and limited English proficiency with health-related quality of life among Asian Americans in California. Methods. We studied Chinese (n = 2576), Filipino (n = 1426), Japanese (n = 833), Korean (n = 1128), South Asian (n=822), and Vietnamese (n = 938) respondents to the California Health Interview Survey in 2003 and 2005. We assessed healthrelated quality of life with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's measures of self-rated health, activity limitation days, and unhealthy days. Results. Overall, Asians who reported racial discrimination or who had limited English proficiency were more likely to have poor quality of life, after adjustment for demographic characteristics. South Asian participants who reported discrimination had an estimated 14.4 more activity limitation days annually than South Asians who did not report discrimination. Results were similar among other groups. We observed similar but less consistent associations for limited English proficiency. Conclusions. Racial discrimination, and to a lesser extent limited English proficiency, appear to be key correlates of quality of life among Asian ethnic groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178012_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Boston safe shops model: An integrated approach to community environmental and occupational health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roelofs, C. Author-Name: Shoemaker, P. Author-Name: Skogstrom, T. Author-Name: Acevedo, P. Author-Name: Kendrick, J. Author-Name: Nguyen, N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S52-S55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176511 Abstract: Small. immigrant-owned businesses. such as auto repair shops and nail salons, often face barriers to environmental and occupational health compliance and may be a source of neighborhood pollution complaints. The Boston Public Health Commission established the Safe Shops Project to improve safety and environmental practices in such businesses using a community partnership model that incorporates enforcement inspection findings. worker training, technical assistance, and referral to health care and business resources. This integrated technical assistance approach has led to improved occupational health and environmental conditions, adoption of pollution prevention technologies, novel problem-solving, and dozens of health screenings and insurance referrals for workers and their neighbors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176511_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Under the skin: Using theories from biology and the social sciences to explore the mechanisms behind the black-white health gap Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, T.L. Author-Name: Darity Jr., W.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S36-S40 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171140 Abstract: Equity and social wellbeing considerations make Black-White health disparities an area of important concern. Although previous research suggests that discrimination- and poverty-related stressors play a role in African American health outcomes, the mechanisms are unclear. Allostatic load is a conceptthatcan beemployed to demonstrate how environmental stressors, including psychosocial ones, may lead to a cumulative physiological toll on the body. We discuss both the usefulness of this framework forunderstanding how discrimination can lead to worse health among African Americans, and the challenges for conceptualizing biological risk, with existing data and methods. We also contrast allostatic load with theories of historical trauma such as posttraumatic slavery syndrome. Finally, we offer our suggestions for future interdisciplinary research on health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171140_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A randomized trial of tailored skin cancer prevention messages for adults: Project SCAPE Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glanz, K. Author-Name: Schoenfeld, E.R. Author-Name: Steffen, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 735-741 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155705 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of a mailed, tailored intervention on skin cancer prevention and skin self-examination behaviors of adults at moderate and high risk for skin cancer. Methods. Adults at moderate and high risk for skin cancer were recruited in primary health care settings in Honolulu, HI, and Long Island, NY. After completing a baseline survey, participants were randomized to 2 groups. The treatment group received tailored materials, including personalized risk feedback, and the control group received general educational materials. Multivariate analyses compared sun protection and skin self-examination between groups, controlling for location, risk level, gender, and age. Results. A total of 596 adults completed the trial. The tailored materials had a significant effect on overall sun-protection habits, the use of hats, the use of sunglasses, and the recency of skin self-examination. Some effects were moderated by location and risk level. Conclusions. Tailored communications including personalized risk feedback can improve sun-protection behaviors and skin self-examination among adults at increased risk for skin cancer. These convenient, low-cost interventions can be implemented in a variety of settinas and should be tested further to assess their long-term effectiveness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155705_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in data on healthy people 2010 physical activity objectives collected by accelerometry and self-report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ham, S.A. Author-Name: Ainsworth, B.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S263-S268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180075 Abstract: Objectives. We compared findings on physical activity from national accelerometry data and Healthy People 2010 self-report data to identify differences in disparities by sociodemographic characteristics, gender, age, race/ethnicity, education level, and disability status. Methods. Data were from the 2003 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey's accelerometry and the Healthy People 2010 Midcourse Review. We computed prevalence of inactivity and regular moderate- and vigorous-intensity movement according to Healthy People 2010 operational definitions. Results. Mexican American adults were more active than non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites, and groups defined by race/ethnicity and educational attainment were more similar in physical activity in accelerometer than in self-report data. Disparities by gender and disability status were consistent with Healthy People 2010. Conclusions. Disparities in physical activity differ from previous findings. Increased understanding of these disparities should be used to design better and more cost-effective physical activity interventions. Physical activity surveillance methods should be revised to make use of data collection methods that are more valid than self-report. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180075_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detecting selection effects in community implementations of family-based substance abuse prevention programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hill, L.G. Author-Name: Goates, S.G. Author-Name: Rosenman, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 623-630 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154112 Abstract: To calculate valid estimates of the costs and benefits of substance abuse prevention programs, selection effects must be identified and corrected. A supplemental comparison sample is typically used for this purpose, but in community-based program implementations, such a sample is often not available. We present an evaluation design and analytic approach that can be used in program evaluations of real-world implementations to identify selection effects, which in turn can help inform recruitment strategies, pinpoint possible selection influences on measured program outcomes, and refine estimates of program costs and benefits. We illustrate our approach with data from a multisite implementation of a popular substance abuse prevention program. Our results indicate that the program's participants differed significantly from the population at large. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154112_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Behavioral changes associated with testing HIV-positive among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kalichman, S.C. Author-Name: Cain, D. Author-Name: Simbayi, L.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 714-719 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162602 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine behavioral risks and behavior changes associated with testing HIV-positive among sexually transmitted infection (STI) patients, in order to inform HIV- and STI-prevention interventions. Methods. We performed a cohort study of 29 STI patients who seroconverted from HIV-negative to HIV-positive during 1 year of observation and 77 STI patients who persistently tested HIV-negative. Computerized behavioral interviews were collected at baseline and at 1 year, and STI clinic charts were abstracted over the same 1-year period. Results. The STI patients who reported genital bleeding during sexual activity at baseline were significantly more likely to test HIV-positive. Reductions in number of sexual partners and rates of unprotected intercourse occurred for all STI clinic patients regardless of whether they tested HIV-positive. Conclusions. Although risk reductions occurred, 5% of HIV-negative STI clinic patients subsequently tested HIV-positive over 1 year. Behavioral riskreduction interventions are urgently needed for male and female STI clinic patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162602_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 590-595 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652 Abstract: A 5-tier pyramid best describes the impact of different types of public health interventions and provides a framework to improve health. At the base of this pyramid, indicating interventions with the greatest potential impact, are efforts to address socioeconomic determinants of health. In ascending order are interventions that change the context to make individuals' default decisions healthy, clinical interventions that require limited contact but confer long-term protection, ongoing direct clinical care, and health education and counseling. Interventions focusing on lower levels of the pyramid tend to be more effective because they reach broader segments of society and require less individual effort. Implementing Interventions at each of the levels can achieve the maximum possible sustained public health benefit. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical considerations in surveys employing respondent-driven sampling Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Semaan, S. Author-Name: Heckathorn, D.D. Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Garfein, R.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 582-583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184200 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184200_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Russell E. Train: A leading environmental figure of the 1970s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 606-607 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187542 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187542_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of an HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention for adolescents when implemented by community-based organizations: A cluster-randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jemmott III, J.B. Author-Name: Jemmott, L.S. Author-Name: Fong, G.T. Author-Name: Morales, K.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 720-726 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.140657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.140657 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of an HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention when implemented by community-based organizations (CBOs). Methods. In a cluster-randomized controlled trial, 86 CBOs that served African American adolescents aged 13 to 18 years were randomized to implement either an HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention whose efficacy has been demonstrated or a health-promotion control intervention. CBOs agreed to implement 6 intervention groups, a random half of which completed 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. The primary outcome was consistent condom use in the 3 months prior to each follow-up assessment, averaged over the follow-up assessments. Results. Participants were 1707 adolescents, 863 in HIV/STD-intervention CBOs and 844 in control-intervention CBOs. HIV/STD-intervention participants were more likely to report consistent condom use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.06, 1.84) than were control-intervention participants. HIV/STD-intervention participants also reported a greater proportion of condomprotected intercourse (β=0.06; 95% Cl = 0.00, 0.12) than did the control group. Conclusions. This is the first large, randomized intervention trial to demonstrate that CBOs can successfully implement an HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention whose efflcacv has been established. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140657_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The journal of the national medical association: A voice for civil rights and social justice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morrison, S.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S70-S71 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175042 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175042_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoters and barriers to fruit, vegetable, and fast-food consumption among Urban, lowincome African Americans-a qualitative approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lucan, S.C. Author-Name: Barg, F.K. Author-Name: Long, J.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 631-635 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172692 Abstract: To identify promoters of and barriers to fruit, vegetable, and fast-food consumption, we interviewed low-income African Americans in Philadelphia. Salient promoters and barriers were distinct from each other and differed by food type: taste was a promoter and cost a barrier to all foods; convenience, cravings, and preferences promoted consumption of fast foods; health concerns promoted consumption of fruits and vegetables and avoidance of fast foods. Promoters and barriers differed by gender and age. Strategies for dietary change should consider food type, gender, and age. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172692_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A preliminary analysis of the receipt of mental health services consistent with national standards among children in the child welfare system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Raghavan, R. Author-Name: Inoue, M. Author-Name: Ettner, S.L. Author-Name: Hamilton, B.H. Author-Name: Landsverk, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 742-749 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151472 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the extent to which children in the child welfare system receive mental health care consistent with national standards. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (3 years of follow-up) of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Weil-Being, the nation's first longitudinal study of children in the child welfare system, and the Area Resource File to examine rates of screening, assessment, and referral to mental health services among 3802 youths presenting to child welfare agencies. Weighted population-averaged logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with standards-consistent care. Results. Only half of all children in the sample received care consistent with any 1 national standard, and less than one tenth received care consistent with all of them. Older children, those exhibiting externalizing behaviors, and those placed in foster care had, on average, higher odds of receiving care consistent with national standards. Conclusions. Adverse consequences of childhood disadvantage cannot be reduced unless greater collaboration occurs between child welfare and mental health agencies. Current changes to Medicaid regulations that weaken entitlements to screening and assessment may also worsen mental health disparities amona these vulnerable children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151472_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overweight and diabetes prevalence among US immigrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oza-Frank, R. Author-Name: Venkat Narayan, K.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 661-668 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149492 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of overweight and diabetes among US immigrants by region of birth. Methods. We analyzed data on 34456 US immigrant adults from the National Health Interview Survey, pooling years 1997 to 2005. We estimated age- and gender-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted overweight and diabetes prevalence by region of birth using logistic regression. Results. Both men (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.9, 5.8) and women (OR = 4.2; 95% Cl=2.3, 7.7) from the Indian subcontinent were more likely than were European migrants to have diabetes without corresponding increased risk of being overweight. Men and women from Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean were more likely to be overweight (men: OR = 1.5; 95% Cl = 1.3, 1.7; women: OR = 2.0; 95% Cl = 1.7, 2.2) and to have diabetes (men: OR = 2.0; 95% Cl = 1.4, 2.9; women: OR = 2.0; 95% Cl = 1.4, 2.8) than were European migrants. Conclusions. Considerable heterogeneity in both prevalence of overweight and diabetes by region of birth highlights the importance of making this distinction among US immigrants to better identify subgroups with higher risks of these conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149492_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Charles V. Roman: physician, writer, educator, historian (1864-1934). Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roman, C.V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S69 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:S1:S69_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV counseling and testing among Hispanics at CDC-Funded Sites in the United States, 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Duran, D. Author-Name: Usman, H.R. Author-Name: Beltrami, J. Author-Name: Alvarez, M.E. Author-Name: Valleroy, L. Author-Name: Lyles, C.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S152-S158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166355 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether Hispanic-White HIV testing disparities exist and to identify characteristics associated with newly diagnosed HIV among Hispanics. Methods. We used 2007 HIV Counseling and Testing System data to compare test-level records of Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites, and we conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify characteristics associated with newly diagnosed HIV. Results. Relative to Whites, Hispanics were more likely to have had a positive HIV test result (1.2% versus 0.8%), to have newly diagnosed HIV (0.8% versus 0.6%), and to have test results returned and receive posttest counseling more than 2 weeks after testing (24.3% versus 21.5%). Newly diagnosed HIV among Hispanics was most strongly associated with being a man who has sex with men (MSM; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.8; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 6.1, 7.6), being both an MSM and an injection drug user (AOR = 3.7; 95% Cl = 2.6, 5.3), and being aged 40 to 49 years (AOR = 6.4; 95% Cl = 4.9, 8.2). Conclusions. Hispanic-White disparities exist with respect to rates of positive HIV test results and late return of results. HIV prevention strategies such as rapid testing should focus on Hispanic MSM. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166355_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decline in US breast cancer rates after the Women's Health Initiative: Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Author-Name: Chen, J.T. Author-Name: Waterman, P.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S132-S139 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether there were socioeconomic and racial/ ethnic disparities in recent reported declines in overall US breast cancer incidence rates attributed to post-2002 declines in hormone therapy use following publication of the Women's Health Initiative study. Methods. We analyzed 1992-2005 US breast cancer incidence data from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) 13 Registries Database, stratified by race/ethnicity, county income level, age, and estrogen receptor (ER) status. Results. As we hypothesized, between 1992 and 2005, the temporal pattern of rising and then falling US breast cancer incidence rates occurred only among White non-Hispanic women who lived in high-income counties, were aged 50 years and older, and had ER-positive tumors. No such trends were evident-regardless of county income level, ER status, or age-among Black non-Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, or-where numbers were sufficient to conduct meaningful analyses-American Indian/Alaska Native women. Conclusions. The recent decline in US breast cancer incidence was not equally beneficial to all women, but instead mirrored the social patterning of hormone therapy use. Joint information on socioeconomic resources and race/ethnicity is vital for correctly understanding disease distribution, including that of breast cancer. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181628_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huncharek, M. Author-Name: Sue Haddock, K. Author-Name: Reid, R. Author-Name: Kupelnick, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 693-701 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150508 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Methods. We pooled data from 24 cohort studies enrolling 21 579 prostate cancer case participants for a general variance-based meta-analysis. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were calculated separately for mortality and incidence studies. We tested the robustness of effect measures and evaluated statistical heterogeneity with sensitivity analyses. Results. In the pooled data, current smokers had no increased risk of incident prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% Cl = 0.87, 1.24), but in data stratified by amount smoked they had statistically significant elevated risk (cigarettes per day or years: RR = 1.22; 95% Cl = 1.01, 1.46; pack years of smoking: RR = 1.11; 95% Cl = 1.01, 1.22). Former smokers had an increased risk (RR = 1.09; 95% Cl = 1.02, 1.16). Current smokers had an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer (RR = 1.14; 95% Cl = 1.06, 1.19). The heaviest smokers had a 24% to 30% greater risk, of death from prostate cancer than did nonsmokers. Conclusions. Observational cohort studies show an association of smoking with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. III-defined exposure categories in many cohort studies suggest that pooled data underestimate risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150508_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: Toward antiracism praxis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, C.L. Author-Name: Airhihenbuwa, C.O. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S30-S35 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171058 Abstract: Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171058_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Avertable deaths associated with household income in Virginia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woolf, S.H. Author-Name: Jones, R.M. Author-Name: Johnson, R.E. Author-Name: Phillips Jr., R.L. Author-Name: Norman Oliver, M. Author-Name: Bazemore, A. Author-Name: Vichare, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 750-755 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165142 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated how many deaths would be averted if the entire population of Virginia experienced the mortality rates of the 5 most affluent counties or cities. Methods. Using census data and vital statistics for the years 1990 through 2006, we applied the mortality rates of the 5 counties/cities with the highest median household income to the populations of all counties and cities in the ST9T6. Results. If the mortality rates of the reference population had applied to the entire state, 24.3% of deaths in Virginia from 1990 through 2006 (range = 21.8%28.1%) would not have occurred. An annual mean of 12954 deaths would have been averted (range=10548-14569), totaling 220211 deaths from 1990 through 2006. In some of the most disadvantaged areas of the state, nearly half of deaths would have been averted. Conclusions. Favorable conditions that exist in areas with high household incomes exert a major influence on mortality rates. The corollary-that health suffers when society is exposed to economic stresses-is especially timely amid the current recession. Further research must clarify the extent to which individual-level factors (e.g., earnings, education, race, health insurance) and community characteristics can improve health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165142_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unite to fight malaria! Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 608 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181743 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181743_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reflections on addressing health disparities and the national agenda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benjamin, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.195503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.195503 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.195503_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The ohio cross-cultural tobacco control alliance: understanding and eliminating tobacco-related disparities through the integration of science, practice, and policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deason, L.M. Author-Name: Adhikari, S.B. Author-Name: Clopton, T.M. Author-Name: Oches, B. Author-Name: Jensen, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S240-S245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180505 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the development of a process designed to eliminate tobacco-related disparities in the state of Ohio and described how a crosscultural work group used a multicomponent community planning process to develop capacity to address such disparities. Methods. The community development model was used as a guide in the planning process. We employed a case study, focus groups, and telephone interviews to assess the process and collect data on tobacco use and awareness. We also employed the appreciative inquiry framework to create the organizational design for the Ohio Cross-Cultural Tobacco Control Alliance (CCTCA), which was formed from the cross-cultural work group and charged with addressing tobacco-related disparities in the state. Results. Data on tobacco use and awareness were collected from 13 underserved populations. At the end of the planning process, the CCTCA was initiated along with structural capacity to serve as a new program incubator highlighting tobacco use and awareness levels in these populations. Conclusions. The CCTCA appeared to be an effective way to begin mobilizing agencies serving underserved populations by providing an operational structure to address tobacco-related disparities. The alliance also successfully implemented culturally competent community-based programs and policies to help eliminate disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180505_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Marketing public health through older adult volunteering: Experience corps as a social marketing intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tan, E.J. Author-Name: Tanner, E.K. Author-Name: Seeman, T.E. Author-Name: Xue, Q.-L. Author-Name: Rebok, G.W. Author-Name: Frick, K.D. Author-Name: Carlson, M.C. Author-Name: Wang, T. Author-Name: Piferi, R.L. Author-Name: McGill, S. Author-Name: Whitfield, K.E. Author-Name: Fried, L.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 727-734 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169151 Abstract: Objectives. We present a social marketing conceptual framework for Experience Corps Baltimore City (EC) in which the desired health outcome is not the promoted product or behavior. We also demonstrate the feasibility of a social marketing-based recruitment campaign for the first year of the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial (BECT), a randomized, controlled trial of the health benefits of EC participation for older adults. Methods. We recruited older adults from the Baltimore, MD, area. Participants randomized to the intervention were placed in public schools in volunteer roles designed to increase healthy behaviors. We examined the effectiveness of a recruitment message that appealed to generativity (i.e., to make a difference for the next generation), rather than potential health benefits. Results. Among the 155 participants recruited in the first year of the BECT, the average age was 69 years; 87% were women and 85% were African American. Participants reported primarily generative motives as their reason for interest in the BECT. Conclusions. Public health interventions embedded in civic engagement have the Dotential to enaaae older adults who might not respond to a direct appeal to improve their health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169151_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The hispanic mortality advantage and ethnic misclassification on US death certificates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arias, E. Author-Name: Eschbach, K. Author-Name: Schauman, W.S. Author-Name: Backlund, E.L. Author-Name: Sorlie, P.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S171-S177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.135863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.135863 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the data artifact hypothesis regarding the Hispanic mortality advantage by investigating whether and to what degree this advantage is explained by Hispanic origin misclassification on US death certificates. Methods. We used the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, which links Current Population Survey records to death certificates for 1979 through 1998, to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and net ascertainment of Hispanic ethnicity on death certificates compared with survey classifications. Using national vital statistics mortality data, we estimated Hispanic age-specific and age-adjusted death rates, which were uncorrected and corrected for death certificate mis-classification, and produced death rate ratios comparing the Hispanic with the non-Hispanic White population. Results. Hispanic origin reporting on death certificates in the United States is reasonably good. The net ascertainment of Hispanic origin is just 5% higher on survey records than on death certificates. Corrected age-adjusted death rates for Hispanics are lower than those for the non-Hispanic White population by close to 20%. Conclusions. The Hispanic mortality paradox is not explained by an incon-gruence between ethnic classification in vital registration and population data systems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135863_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving toward paradigm-shifting research in health disparities through translational, transformational, and transdisciplinary approaches Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dankwa-Mullan, I. Author-Name: Rhee, K.B. Author-Name: Stoff, D.M. Author-Name: Pohlhaus, J.R. Author-Name: Sy, F.S. Author-Name: Stinson Jr., N. Author-Name: Ruffin, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S19-S24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.189167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189167 Abstract: Translational, transdisciplinary, and transformational research stands to become a paradigm-shifting mantra for research in health disparities. A windfall of research discoveries using these 3 approaches has increased our understanding of the health disparities in racial, ethnic, and low socioeconomic status groups. These distinct but related research spheres possess unique environments, which, when integrated, can lead to innovation in health disparities science. In this article, we review these approaches and propose integrating them to advance health disparities research through a change in philosophical position and an increased emphasis on community engagement. We argue that a balanced combination of these research approaches is needed to inform evidencebased practice, social action, and effective policy change to improve health in disparity communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.189167_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fifty years' progress of the American negro in health and sanitation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roman, C.V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S66-S68 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:S1:S66-S68_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hidden breast cancer disparities in asian women: Disaggregating incidence rates by ethnicity and migrant status Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gomez, S.L. Author-Name: Quach, T. Author-Name: Horn-Ross, P.L. Author-Name: Pham, J.T. Author-Name: Cockburn, M. Author-Name: Chang, E.T. Author-Name: Keegan, T.H.M. Author-Name: Glaser, S.L. Author-Name: Clarke, C.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S125-S131 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163931 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated trends in breast cancer incidence rates for specific Asian populations in California to determine if disparities exist by immigrant status and age. Methods. To calculate rates by ethnicity and immigrant status, we obtained data for 1998 through 2004 cancer diagnoses from the California Cancer Registry and imputed immigrant status from Social Security Numbers for the 26% of cases with missing birthplace information. Population estimates were obtained from the 1990 and 2000 US Censuses. Results. Breast cancer rates were higher among US- than among foreign-born Chinese (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.72,1.96) and Filipina women (IRR=1.32; 95% Cl = 1.20, 1.44), but similar between US- and foreign-born Japanese women. US-born Chinese and Filipina women who were younger than 55 years had higher rates than did White women of the same age. Rates increased overtime in most groups, as high as 4% per year among foreignborn Korean and US-born Filipina women. From 2000-2004, the rate among USborn Filipina women exceeded that of White women. Conclusions. These findings challenge the notion that breast cancer rates are uniformly low across Asians and therefore suggest a need for increased awareness, targeted cancer control, and research to better understand underlying factors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163931_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: DeJong etal respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dejong, J. Author-Name: Mahfoud, Z. Author-Name: Khoury, D. Author-Name: Barbir, F. Author-Name: Afifi, R.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 583-584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184218 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184218_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Financial strain and smoking cessation among racially/ethnically diverse smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kendzor, D.E. Author-Name: Businelle, M.S. Author-Name: Costello, T.J. Author-Name: Castro, Y. Author-Name: Reitzel, L.R. Author-Name: Cofta-Woerpel, L.M. Author-Name: Li, Y. Author-Name: Mazas, C.A. Author-Name: Vidrine, J.I. Author-Name: Cinciripini, P.M. Author-Name: Greisinger, A.J. Author-Name: Wetter, D.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 702-706 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172676 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the influence of financial strain on smoking cessation among Latino, African American, and Caucasian smokers of predominantly low socioeconomic status. Methods. Smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation study (N=424) were followed from 1 week prequit through 26 weeks postquit. We conducted a logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between baseline financial strain and smoking abstinence at 26 weeks postquit after control forage, gender, race/ ethnicity, educational level, annual household income, marital status, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and time to first cigarette of the day. Results. Greater financial strain at baseline was significantly associated with reduced odds of abstinence at 26 weeks postquit among those who completed the study (odds ratio [OR]=0.77; 95% confidence interval [Cl]=0.62,0.94; P=.01). There was a significant association as well in analyses that included those who completed the study in addition to those lost to follow-up who were categorized as smokers (OR = 0.78; 95% Cl = 0.64, 0.96; P=.02). Conclusions. Greater financial strain predicted lower cessation rates among racially/ethnically diverse smokers. Our findings highlight the impact of economic concerns on smokina cessation and the need to address financial strain in smoking cessation interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172676_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV-tuberculosis coinfection in southern California: Evaluating disparities in disease burden Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rodwell, T.C. Author-Name: Barnes, R.F.W. Author-Name: Moore, M. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Author-Name: Raich, A. Author-Name: Moser, K.S. Author-Name: Garfein, R.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S178-S185 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170142 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to understand tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection trends in San Diego County, California, and to identify associations between sociodemographic risk, factors and TB and HIV coinfection. Methods. We analyzed TB surveillance data from 1993 through 2007. TB cases were grouped by HIV status: positive, negative, or unknown. We used Poisson regression to estimate trends and tested associations between TB and HIV coinfection and sociodemographic risk factors with polychotomous logistic regression. Results. Of 5172 TB cases, 8.8% were also infected with HIV. Incidence of coinfected cases did not change significantly over the period studied, but the proportion of cases among Hispanics increased significantly, whereas cases among non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks decreased. TB cases with HIV coinfec-tion were significantly more likely to be Hispanic, male, injection drugs users, and aged 30 to 49 years, relative to cases with TB disease only. Conclusions. The burden of TB and HIV in San Diego has shifted to Hispanics in the last decade. To address this health disparity, binational TB and HIV prevention efforts are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170142_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using STD electronic medical record data to Drive Public Health Program Decisions in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paneth-Pollak, R. Author-Name: Schillinger, J.A. Author-Name: Borrelli, J.M. Author-Name: Handel, S. Author-Name: Pathela, P. Author-Name: Blank, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 586-590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.175349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.175349 Abstract: Electronic medical records can house patient information gathered over time and at multiple sites, thus they have the potential to increase continuity of care and improve service delivery In a multiclinic system. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene implemented an electronic medical record system in its 10 sexually transmitted disease clinics during 2004 and 2005. We examine the use of real-time electronic medical record data analyses to evaluate clinical services or program activities and present 3 examples of such analyses that have led to program improvements. Analyses of electronic medical record data have produced changes in clinical practice that in turn have resulted in more effective staff use, increased disease detection, and increased clinic capacity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.175349_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral health disparities and psychosocial correlates of self-rated oral health in the national survey of american life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finlayson, T.L. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Siefert, K. Author-Name: Jackson, J.S. Author-Name: Nowjack-Raymer, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S246-S255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167783 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to better understand the determinants of oral health disparities by examining individual-level psychosocial stressors and resources and self-rated oral health in nationally representative samples of Black American, Caribbean Black, and non-Hispanic White adults. Methods. We conducted logistic regression analyses on fair or poor versus better oral health using data from the National Survey of American Life (n = 6082). Results. There were no significant racial differences. Overall, 28% of adults reported having fair or poor oral health. Adults with lower income and less than a high school education were each about 1.5 times as likely as other adults to report fair or poor oral health. Higher levels of chronic stress, depressive symptoms, and material hardship were associated with fair or poor oral health. Adults living near more neighborhood resources were less likely to report fair or poor oral health. Higher levels of self-esteem and mastery were protective, and more- religious adults were also less likely to report fair or poor oral health. Conclusions. Social gradients in self-rated oral health were found, and they have implications for developing interventions to address oral health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167783_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prejudice & policy racial discrimination in the Union Army disability pension system, 1865-1906 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, S.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S56-S65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172759 Abstract: The Union Army disability pension was an early experiment in colorblind social policy. However, it shortchanged Blacks in 2 ways. First, the law was unable to account for the challenges Blacks faced in proving their eligibility because of the legacy of slavery and discrimination against Black troops during the Civil War. Second, the increasing leniency accorded White soldiers by the Pension Bureau was not extended in the same measure to Blacks. Active discrimination against Blacks resulted in part from local discretion, evidenced by the significantly lower approval rates for both White and Black veterans in the South. Furthermore, when Whites and Blacks claimed disabilities that were easily verifiable, outcomes were similar, but when verification required a degree of trust, Blacks fared considerably worse than Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172759_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The science of eliminating health disparities: Summary and analysis of the NIH summit recommendations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dankwa-Mullan, I. Author-Name: Rhee, K.B. Author-Name: Williams, K. Author-Name: Sanchez, I. Author-Name: Sy, F.S. Author-Name: Stinson Jr., N. Author-Name: Ruffin, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S12-S18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191619 Abstract: In December 2008, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored the first NIH Summit showcasing its investment and contribution to health disparities research and unveiling a framework for moving this important field forward. The Summit, titled "The Science of Eliminating Health Disparities," drew on extensive experience of experts leading health disparities research transformation in diverse fields. The Summit also provided a historic educational opportunity to contribute to health care reform. The theme, addressing disparities through integration of science, practice, and policy, introduced a paradigm for advancing research through transformational, translational, and transdisciplinary research. Engaging active participation throughout the Summit generated recommendations bridging science, practice, and policy, including action on social determinants of health, community engagement, broad partnerships, capacity-building, and media outreach. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191619_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood socioeconomic position and disability in later life: Results of the health and retirement study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bowen, M.E. Author-Name: González, H.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S197-S203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160986 Abstract: Objectives. We used a life course approach to assess the ways in which childhood socioeconomic position may be associated with disability in later life. Methods. We used longitudinal data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (1998-2006) to examine associations between parental education, paternal occupation, and disabilities relating to activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Results. Respondents whose fathers had low levels of education and those whose fathers were absent or had died while they were growing up were at increased risk of disability in later life, net of social, behavioral, and pathological health risks in adulthood. Social mobility and health behaviors were also important factors in the association between low childhood socioeconomic position and ADL and IADL disabilities. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the need for policies and programs aimed at improving the well-being of both children and families. A renewed commit-ment to such initiatives may help reduce health care costs and the need for people to use health and social services in later life. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160986_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Translating research evidence into practice to reduce health disparities: A social determinants approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koh, H.K. Author-Name: Oppenheimer, S.C. Author-Name: Massln-Short, S.B. Author-Name: Emmons, K.M. Author-Name: Alan, C. Author-Name: Geller, R.N. Author-Name: Viswanath, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S72-S80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167353 Abstract: Translating research evidence to reduce health disparities has emerged as a global priority. The 2008 World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health recently urged that gaps in health attributable to political, social, and economic factors should be closed in a generation. Achieving this goal requires a social determinants approach to create public health systems that translate efficacy documented by research into effectiveness in the community. We review the scope, definitions, and framing of health disparities and explore local, national, and global programs that address specific health disparities. Such efforts translate research evidence into real-world settings and harness collaborative social action for broad-scale, sustainable change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167353_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing patterns in health behaviors and risk factors related to cardiovascular disease among American Indians and Alaska natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jernigan, V.B.B. Author-Name: Duran, B. Author-Name: Ahn, D. Author-Name: Winkleby, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 677-683 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164285 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed changes in cardiovascular disease-related health outcomes and risk factors among American Indians and Alaska Natives by age and gender. Methods. We used cross-sectional data from the 1995 to 1996 and the 2005 to 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The respondents were 2548 American Indian and Alaska Native women and men aged 18 years or older in 1995-1996 and 11104 women and men in 2005-2006. We analyzed the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cigarette smoking, sedentary behavior, and low vegetable or fruit intake. Results. From 1995-1996 to 2005-2006, the adjusted prevalence of diabetes among American Indians and Alaska Natives increased by 26.9%, from 6.7% to 8.5%, and obesity increased by 25.3%, from 24.9% to 31.2%. Hypertension increased by 5%, from 28.1% to 29.5%. Multiple logistic models showed no meaningful changes in smoking, sedentary behavior, or intake of fruits or vegetables. In 2005-2006, 79% of the population had 1 or more of the 6 risk factors, and 46% had 2 or more. Conclusions. Diabetes, obesity, and hypertension and their associated risk factors should be studied further among urban, rural, and reservation American Indian and Alaska Native populations, and effective primary and secondary prevention efforts are critical. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164285_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C Prevalence and treatment referral among Asian Americans undergoing community-based hepatitis screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hwang, J.P. Author-Name: Mohsenl, M. Author-Name: Gor, B.J. Author-Name: Wen, S. Author-Name: Guerrero, H. Author-Name: Vlerling, J.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S118-S124 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162776 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify cross-sectional hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV prevalence among Asian Americans at a community health fair and to assess referral rates. Methods. We determined HBV prevalence with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). We determined HCV prevalence with hepatitis C antibodies. Successful referral occurred when participants with HBV or HCV were contacted, medically evaluated, and given contact information of liver specialists for care. Results. Of 202 people screened, 118 were Asian Americans (65 Chinese and 39 Vietnamese). Twelve had chronic HBV with positive HBsAg. However, chronic HBV prevalence increased from 10.2% to 13.6% by concomitant HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs testing. Prevalence of HCV was 6% overall but 15.4% among Vietnamese. Overall, 83% of patients with chronic HBV and 100% of patients with occult HBV or HCV were successfully referred. Conclusions. Concomitant HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs testing permits diagnosis of chronic, occult HBV infections missed by testing with HBsAg alone. Persons identified with HBV or HCV at community health fairs can be successfully referred. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162776_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Results of a pilot diabetes prevention intervention in East Harlem, New York City: Project HEED Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parikh, P. Author-Name: Simon, E.P. Author-Name: Fei, K. Author-Name: Looker, H. Author-Name: Goytia, C. Author-Name: Horowitz, C.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S232-S239 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.170910 Abstract: Objectives. Our community-academic partnership employed communitybased participatory research to develop and pilot a simple, peer-led intervention to promote weight loss, which can prevent diabetes and eliminate racial/ ethnic disparities in incident diabetes among overweight adults with prediabetes. Methods. We recruited overweight adults at community sites, performed oral glucose tolerance testing to identify persons with blood glucose levels in the prediabetes range, and randomized eligible people to a peer-led lifestyle intervention group or delayed intervention in 1 year. Outcomes, including weight, blood pressure, and health behaviors, were measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months. Results. More than half of those tested (56%, or 99 of 178) had prediabetes and enrolled in the study. Participants were predominantly Spanish-speaking, lowincome, undereducated women. The intervention group lost significantly more weight than the control group and maintained weight loss at 12 months (7.2 versus 2.4 pounds; P<.01). One fourth (24 of 99) of participants progressed to diabetes. Conclusions. In underserved minority communities, prediabetes prevalence may be higher than previously reported. Low-cost, community-based interventions can succeed in encouraging weight loss to prevent diabetes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.170910_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Five steps for structural reform in clinical cancer research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matheson, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 596-603 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168633 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168633_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Generating political priority to tackle health disparities: A case study in the Dutch city of the Hague Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schmidt, M. Author-Name: Joosen, I. Author-Name: Kunst, A.E. Author-Name: Klazinga, N.S. Author-Name: Stronks, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S210-S215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168526 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to study the factors that determined the success of a recent initiative to generate political priority for the problem of health disparities in the city of The Hague, the Netherlands. Methods. Our study had a prospective design. The qualitative data collection included interviews, document analyses, and observations. Results. Crucial for the success of this initiative was the presence of powerful and credible actors. These actors effectively presented scientific evidence on health disparities and framed the issue in the light of shared values, priorities, and policy principles. Finally, their actions were supported by the national context, including the availability of national scientific research on health disparities. Conclusions. The project in The Hague shows that political priority for tackling health disparities can be generated at a local level. Key factors included framing the issue in the light of shared values and framing the problem and the solution as in line with existing policy principles. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168526_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Images of health. Unite to fight malaria! Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 608 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181743 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181743_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Finding synergy: Reducing disparities in health by modifying multiple determinants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freudenberg, N. Author-Name: Olden, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S25-S30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166389 Abstract: Although researchers acknowledge that health disparities have multiple determinants, most recommendations for reducing inequities focus on a single approach. We suggest integrating 2 approaches for reducing disparities: improving access to primary care and updating and more vigorously enforcing consumer and environmental protection laws. This strategy could reduce the main causes of disparities, such as chronic diseases and injuries; win public and policymaker support; and provide a costeffective start for achieving equity. Most of the scientific knowledge needed to implement this strategy exists, thus years of additional research would not be needed. Developing targeted regulatory and health care policies to reduce deaths from chronic diseases and injuries would be a major step forward in eliminating health disparities in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166389_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic disparities in health in the united States: What the patterns tell us Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braveman, P.A. Author-Name: Cubbin, C. Author-Name: Egerter, S. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Pamuk, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S186-S196 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166082 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to describe socioeconomic disparities in the United States across multiple health indicators and socioeconomic groups. Methods. Using recent national data on 5 child (infant mortality, health status, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary adolescents) and 6 adult (life expectancy, health status, activity limitation, heart disease, diabetes, obesity) health indicators, we examined indicator rates across multiple income or education categories, overall and within racial/ethnic groups. Results. Those with the lowest income and who were least educated were consistently least healthy, but for most indicators, even groups with intermedi-ate income and education levels were less healthy than the wealthiest and most educated. Gradient patterns were seen often among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites but less consistently among Hispanics. Conclusions. Health in the United States is often, though not invariably, patterned strongly along both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, suggesting links between hierarchies of social advantage and health. Worse health among the most socially disadvantaged argues for policies prioritizing those groups, but pervasive gradient patterns also indicate a need to address a wider socioeco-nomic spectrum-which may help garner political support. Routine health reporting should examine socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns, jointly and separately. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166082_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of picuriste use in a sample of health-seeking haitian immigrants and adult children of immigrants in Miami-Dade County, Florida Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rahill, G.J. Author-Name: Rice, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S140-S145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162479 Abstract: Objectives. We explored covariates of the use of pleurisies (traditional health workers with no formal medical training who provide intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous injections, typically with nonsterile needles) in the Haitian community of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Methods. We surveyed a community-based sample of 205 Haitian immigrants and adult children of Haitian immigrants. Through logistic regression analysis, we sought to corroborate the correlates of picuriste use identified in previous qualitative interviews of picuristes and their clients. Results. Picuriste injections had been obtained by 17.6% of our respondents. After control for demographic characteristics, we found that participants who reported that a trusted person recommended a picuriste were 3.9 times as likely as participants without a recommendation to have used a picuriste. Similarly, participants who believed that the benefits associated with picuriste use were worth any resulting problems were 4.5 times as likely as those without this belief to have patronized a picuriste. Conclusions. A significant minority of our sample patronized picuristes. Our data identified factors associated with picuriste use and shed light on a frequently hidden cultural health behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162479_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using motivational interviewing in HIV field outreach with young african american men who have sex with men: A randomized clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Outlaw, A.Y. Author-Name: Naar-King, S. Author-Name: Parsons, J.T. Author-Name: Green-Jones, M. Author-Name: Janisse, H. Author-Name: Secord, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S146-S151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166991 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether field outreach with motivational interviewing, as compared with traditional field outreach, leads to increases in HIV counseling and testing and rates of return for test results among young African American men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. In a randomized, 2-group, repeated-measures design, 96 young African American MSM completed a motivational interviewing-based field outreach session and 92 young African American MSM completed a traditional field outreach session. The percentages of participants agreeing to traditional HIV counseling and testing (an oral swab of the cheek) and returning for test results were the primary outcome measures. Results. More of the participants in the motivational interviewing condition than the control condition received HIV counseling and testing (49% versus 20%; X21 = 17.94; P= 000) and returned for test results (98% versus 72%; X21 = 10.22; P=.001). Conclusions. The addition of motivational interviewing to field outreach is effective in encouraging high-risk young African American MSM to learn their HIV status. Also, peer outreach workers can be effectively trained to reduce health disparities by providing evidence-based brief counseling approaches targeting high-risk, minority populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166991_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A behavioral economics perspective on tobacco taxation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cherukupalli, R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 609-615 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160838 Abstract: Economic studies of taxation typically estimate external costs of tobacco use to be low and refrain from recommending large tobacco taxes. Behavioral economics suggests that a rational decision-making process by individuals fully aware of tobacco's hazards might still lead to overconsumption through the psychological tendency to favor immediate gratification over future harm. Taxes can serve as a self-control device to help reduce tobacco use and enable successful quit attempts. Whether taxes are appropriately high depends on how excessively people underrate the harm from tobacco use and varies with a country's circumstances. Such taxes are likely to be more equitable for poorer subgroups than traditional economic analysis suggests, which would strengthen the case for increased tobacco taxation globally. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160838_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Explaining the decrease in coronary heart disease mortality in Italy between 1980 and 2000 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Palmieri, L. Author-Name: Bennett, K. Author-Name: Giampaoll, S. Author-Name: Capewell, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 684-692 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147173 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the extent to which the decrease in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in Italy could be explained by changes in cardiovascular risk factors versus the use of medical and surgical treatments. Methods. We used a validated model to combine data on changes in risk factors and uptake and effectiveness of cardiac treatments among adult men and women in Italy between 1980 and 2000. Data sources included results of published trials, meta-analyses, official statistics, longitudinal studies, and national surveys. The difference between observed and expected CHD deaths in 2000 was partitioned among treatments and risk factors. Results. From 1980 to 2000, the age-adjusted CHD mortality rate in Italy fell among persons aged 25 to 84 years, resulting in 42 930 fewer CHD deaths in 2000. Approximately 40% of this decrease was attributed to treatments and 55% to changes in risk factors. Conclusions. Over half of the CHD mortality fall in Italy between 1980 and 2000 was attributable to reductions in major risk factors, mainly cholesterol and blood pressure, and less than half to evidence-based medical therapies. These results are becoming increasingly important, both for understanding past trends and for planning future prevention and treatment strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147173_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medication prescribing practices for older prisoners in the Texas Prison System Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, B.A. Author-Name: Baillargeon, J.G. Author-Name: Lindquist, K. Author-Name: Walter, L.C. Author-Name: Covinsky, K.E. Author-Name: Whitson, H.E. Author-Name: Steinman, M.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 756-761 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154591 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess appropriateness of medication prescribing for older Texas prisoners. Methods. In this 12-month cross-sectional study of 13117 prisoners (aged >55 years), we assessed medication use with Zhan criteria and compared our results to prior studies of community prescribing. We assessed use of indicated medications with 6 Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders indicators. Results. Inappropriate medications were prescribed to a third of older prisoners; half of inappropriate use was attributable to over-the-counter antihistamines. When these antihistamines were excluded, inappropriate use dropped to 14% (a≥55 years) and 17% (≥65 years), equivalent to rates in a Department of Veterans Affairs study (17%) and lower than rates in a health maintenance organization study (26%). Median rate of indicated medication use for the 6 indicators was 80% (range = 12%-95%); gastrointestinal prophylaxis for patients on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories at high risk for gastrointestinal bleed constituted the lowest rate. Conclusions. Medication prescribing for older prisoners in Texas was similar to that for older community adults. However, overuse of antihistamines and underuse of gastrointestinal prophylaxis suggests a need for education of prison health care providers in appropriate prescribina practices for older adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154591_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial disparities in receipt of influenza and pneumococcus vaccinations among us nursine-home residents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, Y. Author-Name: Mukamel, D.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S256-S262 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.173468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173468 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial disparities in receipt and documentation of influenza and pneumococcus vaccinations among nursing-home residents. Methods. We performed secondary analyses of data from a nationally representative survey of White (n = 11448) and Black (n=1174) nursing-home residents in 2004. Bivariate and multivariate analyses determined racial disparities in receipt of influenza vaccination in 2003 and 2004, receipt of pneumococcus vaccination ever, and having a documented history for each vaccination. Results. The overall vaccination rate was 76.2% for influenza and 48.5% for pneumococcus infection. Compared with Whites, Blacks showed a 13% lower vaccination rate and a 5% higher undocumentation rate for influenza, and a 15% lower vaccination rate and a 7% higher undocumentation rate for pneumococcus. For influenza, the odds ratio (OR) for Blacks being unvaccinated was 1.84 (P≤.001), and the OR for Blacks having undocumented vaccination was 1.85 (P=.001). For pneumococcus infection, the OR for Blacks being unvaccinated was 1.70 (P≤.001), and the OR for Blacks having undocumented vaccination was 1.95 (P≤.001). Stratified analyses confirmed persistent racial disparities among subpopulations. Conclusions. Racial disparities exist in vaccination coverage among US nursing-home residents. Targeted interventions to improve vaccination coverage for minority nursing-home residents are warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173468_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of prenatal WIC participation on infant mortality and racial disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khanani, I. Author-Name: Elam, J. Author-Name: Hearn, R. Author-Name: Jones, C. Author-Name: Maseru, N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S204-S209 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168922 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the value of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) services as a public health intervention seeking to improve birth outcomes and reduce racial disparities. Methods. We compared the infant mortality rate (IMR) per 1000 live births and percentage of preterm births overall and by race for prenatal WIC versus nonWIC participants in Hamilton County, Ohio, from 2005 to 2008. Results. The IMR was lower for WIC participants than for non-WIC participants (8.0 vs 10.6; P=.04). For African Americans, the IMR of WIC participants was much lower than that of non-WIC participants (9.6 vs 21.0; P< 001). For Whites, IMR and preterm birth rates were not improved by WIC participation; however, there was a higher rate of maternal smoking among Whites. The racial disparity in IMR was dramatically reduced in WIC participants (9.6 for African Americans vs 6.7 for Whites; P=. 14) as compared with non-WIC participants (21.0 for African Americans vs 7.8 for Whites; P<.001). Conclusions. Prenatal WIC participation is associated with significant improvements in African American IMR. WIC participation reduces racial disparities in IMR between African Americans and Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168922_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social-environmental factors and protective sexual behavior among sex workers: The Encontros intervention in Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lippman, S.A. Author-Name: Donini, A. Author-Name: Díaz, J. Author-Name: Chinaglia, M. Author-Name: Reingold, A. Author-Name: Kerrigan, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S216-S223 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147462 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the association of social-environmental factors with condom use and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among 420 sex workers participating in an STI/HIV prevention study in Corumbá, Brazil, to inform future intervention efforts. Methods. Participants provided urine samples for polymerase chain reaction testing of chlamydia and gonorrhea and responded to multi-item scales addressing perceived social cohesion, participation in networks, and access to and management of resources. We conducted multivariate log-linear and negative binomial regression analyses of these data. Results. Increased social cohesion was inversely associated with number of unprotected sex acts in the preceding week among women (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.80; P<.01), and there was a marginal association among men (adjusted IRR = O.41; P=.08). Women's increased participation in social networks was associated with a decrease in frequency of unprotected sex acts (adjusted IRR = O.83; P=.04), as was men's access to and management of social and material resources (IRR = 0.15; P=.01). Social-environmental factors were not associated with STIs. Conclusions. The social context within which populations negotiate sexual behaviors is associated with condom use. Future efforts to prevent STI/HIV should incorporate strategies to modify the social environment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147462_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparate inclusion of older adults in clinical trials: priorities and opportunities for policy and practice change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herrera, A.P. Author-Name: Snipes, S.A. Author-Name: King, D.W. Author-Name: Torres-Vigil, I. Author-Name: Goldberg, D.S. Author-Name: Wenberg, A.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S105-S112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162982 Abstract: Older adults are vastly underrepresented in clinical trials in spite of shouldering a disproportionate burden of disease and consumption of prescription drugs and therapies, restricting treatments' generalizability, efficacy, and safety. Eliminating Disparities in Clinical Trials, a national initiative comprising a stakeholder network of researchers, community advocates, policymakers, and federal representatives, undertook, a critical analysis of older adults' structural barriers to clinical trial participation. We present practice and policy change recommendations emerging from this process and their rationale, which spanned multiple themes: (1) decision making with cognitively impaired patients; (2) pharmacokinetic differences and physiological age; (3) health literacy, communication, and aging; (4) geriatric training; (5) federal monitoring and accountability; (6) clinical trial costs; and (7) cumulative effects of aging and ethnicity. Chronic Disease Revention and Control Research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162982_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of the VERB campaign on children's physical activity in 2002 to 2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huhman, M.E. Author-Name: Potter, L.D. Author-Name: Nolin, M.J. Author-Name: Piesse, A. Author-Name: Judkins, D.R. Author-Name: Banspach, S.W. Author-Name: Wong, F.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 638-645 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated physical activity outcomes for children exposed to VERB, a campaign to encourage physical activity in children, across campaign years 2002 to 2006. Methods. We examined the associations between exposure to VERB and (1) physical activity sessions (free time and organized) and (2) psychosocial outcomes (outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and social Influences) for 3 nationally representative cohorts of children. Outcomes among adolescents aged 13 to 17 years (cohort 1, baseline) and children aged 9 to 13 years from cohorts 2 and 3 were analyzed for dose-response effects. Propensity scoring was used to control for confounding influences. Results. Awareness of VERB remained high across campaign years. In 2006, reports of children aged 10 to 13 years being active on the day before the survey increased significantly as exposure to the campaign increased. Psychosocial outcomes showed dose-response associations. Effects lessened as children aged out of the campaign target age range (cohort 1, baseline), but dose-response associations persisted in 2006 for outcome expectations and free-time physical activity. Conclusions. VERB positively influenced children's physical activity outcomes. Campaign effects persisted as children grew into their adolescent years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.142968_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Triangulating on success: Innovation, public health, medical care, and cause-specific US mortality rates over a half century (1950-2000) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rust, G. Author-Name: Satcher, D. Author-Name: Fryer, G.E. Author-Name: Levine, R.S. Author-Name: Blumenthal, D.E.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S95-S104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164350 Abstract: To identify successes in improving America's health, we identified disease categories that appeared on vital statistics lists of leading causes of death in the US adult population in either 1950 or 2000, and that experienced at least a 50% reduction in age-adjusted death rates from their peak level to their lowest point between 1950 and 2000. Of the 9 cause-of-death categories that achieved this 50% reduction, literature review suggests that 7 clearly required diffusion of new innovations through both public health and medical care channels. Our nation's health success stories are consistent with a triangulation model of innovation plus public health plus medical care, even when the 3 sectors have worked more in parallel than in partnership. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164350_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Coverage and framing of racial and ethnic health disparities in US newspapers, 1996-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, A.E. Author-Name: Kumanyika, S. Author-Name: Shive, D. Author-Name: Igweatu, U. Author-Name: Kim, S.-H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S224-S231 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171678 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how causes of and solutions to racial/ethnic health disparities are covered and framed in newspapers overtime. Methods. We used LexisNexis to identify articles on racial/ethnic health disparities published from 1996 through 2005 in 40 US newspapers. We coded articles for diseases and racial/ethnic groups mentioned; whether causes and solutions were framed as genetic, behavioral, health care, or societal responsibility; and whether a social-justice rationale for eliminating racial/ethnic health disparities was invoked. Results. We identified 3823 racial/ethnic health disparity articles. Coverage peaked in 1998 and has declined since. Disparities in HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, and cancer generated the most coverage. Articles focused primarily on African Americans. Only 30% of articles provided causal or solution explanations, with academic researchers providing the most causal explanations and advocacy groups providing the most solutions. For both causes and solutions, behavioral explanations dominated the discourse, followed by societal, health care, and genetic explanations. Only 4% of articles invoked a social-justice rationale. Conclusions. The dominance of behavioral explanations may limit public support for policy solutions to eliminate racial/ethnic health disparities. Future research should examine the design and dissemination of effective messages about the social determinants of health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171678_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reaching spanish-speaking smokers: State-level evidence of untapped potential for quitLine utilization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burns, E.K. Author-Name: Levinson, A.H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S165-S170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166322 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of a Spanish-language media campaign on the reach and outcomes of a state-sponsored QuitLine among Latino smokers. Methods. In this quasiexperimental (2-group, pre-post) study, we analyzed data from Colorado QuitLine callers before (April-August 2007) and during (September-November 2007) the media campaign. Call volume, service utiliza-tion, and quit rates at 7-month follow-up were compared between Latino (n = 243) and non-Latino (n = 527) callers. Results. QuitLine calls increased among Latinos during the campaign by 57.6% (1169 vs 1842 in 3-month periods). Compared with precampaign Latino study respondents, Latino respondents during the campaign were significantly younger (younger than 45 years), more often Spanish speaking, uninsured, and less educated. Among Latino enrollees, program completion and nicotine re-placement therapy use were similar before and during the campaign, and quit rates during the campaign improved marginally to significantly (7-day absti-nence: 29.6% vs 41.0%, P=.07; 6-month abstinence: 9.6% vs 18.8%, P=.04). Conclusions. A well-designed, statewide Spanish-language media campaign increased QuitLine reach and improved cessation outcomes among a young Latino population of low socioeconomic status. QuitLine-supported cessation can be increased among these smokers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166322_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overstating social networks' ability to diagnose new cases of HIV Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Renaud, T.C. Author-Name: Woog, V. Author-Name: Ramaswamy, C.K. Author-Name: Tsoi, B.W. Author-Name: Sabharwal, C.J. Author-Name: Pickett, L. Author-Name: Begier, E.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S5-S6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182998 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182998_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking science and policy through community-based participatory research to study and address health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Minkler, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S81-S87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165720 Abstract: With its commitment to balancing research and action, community-based participatory research (CBPR) is well suited to efforts at the intersections of science, practice, and policy to eliminate health disparities. Drawing ona larger study, we use 2 case studies to highlight the role of CBPR in helping achieve policy changes promoting, respectively, access to healthy foods (Bayview, San Francisco, CA) and higher air quality standards (Harlem, New York, NY). We then present facilitating factors and challenges faced across all 10 case studies from the larger study. Although we underscore the importance of analyzing contribution rather than claiming attribution in policy-focused work,CBPR's attention to both the distributive and the procedural justice necessary for eliminating health disparities may make it a particularly relevant approach in such work. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165720_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A healthier America, a healthier world. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim-Farley, R.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.191254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.191254 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.191254_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of work permits on illegal employment among youth workers: Findings of a school based survey on child labor violations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santo, J.A.D. Author-Name: Michael Bowling, J. Author-Name: Harris, T.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 635-637 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160812 Abstract: We compared self-reported child labor violations between teenagers with and without work permits. Data were obtained from a school-based survey of working teenagers in 16 randomly selected high schools in North Carolina. We examined associations between work hour violations, hazardous order violations (performance of illegal tasks), and possession of a work permit. Work permits appear to be protective against performance of illegal tasks but not against work hour violations, demonstrating the need for stricter enforcement policies and improvements in work permit screening processes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160812_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The science of eliminating health disparities: Embracing a new paradigm Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruffin, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S8-S9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191957 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191957_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Explaining ethnic disparities in patient safety: A qualitative analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Suurmond, J. Author-Name: Ulters, E. Author-Name: De Bruljne, M.N.C. Author-Name: Stronks, K. Author-Name: Essink-Bot, M.-L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S113-S117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167064 Abstract: Objectives. We explored characteristics of in-hospital care and treatment of immigrant patients to better understand the processes underlying ethnic disparities in patient safety. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with care providers regarding patient safety events involving immigrant patients in in-hospital medical care and treatment, for a total of 30 cases. Interviews were transcribed and qualitatively analyzed with a framework, method. Results. Three key patterns were identified from the analysis. Patient safety events occur because of (1) inappropriate responses by health care providers to objective characteristics of immigrant patients, such as low Dutch language proficiency, lack, of health insurance, or genetic conditions; (2) misunderstandings between patients and care providers because of differences in illness perceptions and expectations about care and treatment; and (3) inappropriate care because of providers' prejudices against or stereotypical ideas regarding immigrant patients. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that organizational and health professional practices contribute to the higher risk of patient safety events. Descriptive epidemiological research is needed to explore the impact of the 3 patterns on patient safety. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167064_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health equity and public health leadership Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koh, H.K. Author-Name: Nowinski, J.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S9-S11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.191379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.191379 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.191379_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sectoral job training as an intervention to improve health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsui, E.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S88-S94 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181826 Abstract: A growing literature on the social determinants of health strongly suggests the value of examining social policy interventions for their potential links to health equity. I investigate how sectoral job training, an intervention favored by the Obama administration, might be conceptualized as an intervention to improve health equity. Sectoral job training programs ideally train workers, who are typically low income, for upwardly mobile job opportunities within specific industries. I first explore the relationships between resource redistribution and health equity. Next, I discuss how sectoral job training theoretically redistributes resources and the ways in which these resources might translate into improved health. Finally, I make recommendations for strengthening the link between sectoral job training and improved health equity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181826_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Customizing survey instruments and data collection to reach Hispanic/Latino adults in border communities in Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Hegarty, M. Author-Name: Pederson, L.L. Author-Name: Thorne, S.L. Author-Name: Caraballo, R.S. Author-Name: Evans, B. Author-Name: Athey, L. Author-Name: McMichael, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S159-S164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167338 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to modify an instrument and to use it to collect information on smoking knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among Hispanics/Latinos, and to adapt survey methods to obtain high participation levels. Methods. Promotoras (outreach workers) conducted face-to-face interviews with 1485 Hispanic adults (July 2007-April 2008). The project team used GeoFrame field enumeration methods to develop a sampling frame from households in randomly selected colonias (residential areas along the Texas-Mexico border that may lack some basic necessities (e.g. portable water), in El Paso, Texas. Results. The revised questionnaire included 36 unchanged items from the State Adult Tobacco Survey, 7 modified items, and 17 new items focusing on possible culturally specific quitting methods, secondhand smoke issues, and attitudes and knowledge about tobacco use that might be unique for Hispanic/ Latino groups. The eligibility rate was 90.2%, and the conservative combined completed screener and interview response rate was 80.0%. Conclusions. Strategic, targeted, carefully designed methods and surveys can achieve high reach and response rates in hard-to-reach populations. Similar procedures could be used to obtain cooperation of groups who may not be accessible with traditional methods. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167338_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lifetime segmented assimilation trajectories and health outcomes in latino and other community residents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Castro, F.G. Author-Name: Marsiglia, F.F. Author-Name: Kulis, S. Author-Name: Kellison, J.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 669-676 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167999 Abstract: Objectives. Under an ecodevelopmental framework, we examined lifetime segmented assimilation trajectories (diverging assimilation pathways influenced by prior life conditions) and related them to quality-of-life indicators in a diverse sample of 258 men in the Pheonix, AZ, metropolitan area. Methods. We used a growth mixture model analysis of lifetime changes in socioeconomic status, and used acculturation to identify distinct lifetime segmented assimilation trajectory groups, which we compared on life satisfaction, exercise, and dietary behaviors. We hypothesized that lifetime assimilation change toward mainstream American culture (upward assimilation) would be associated with favorable health outcomes, and downward assimilation change with unfavorable health outcomes. Results. A growth mixture model latent class analysis identified 4 distinct assimilation trajectory groups. In partial support of the study hypotheses, the extreme upward assimilation trajectory group (the most successful of the assimilation pathways) exhibited the highest life satisfaction and the lowest frequency of unhealthy food consumption. Conclusions. Upward segmented assimilation is associated in adulthood with certain positive health outcomes. This may be the first study to model upward and downward lifetime segmented assimilation trajectories, and to associate these with life satisfaction, exercise, and dietary behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167999_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prescription for a planet: the Ninth Bronfman Lecture. Delivered at a General Session of the American Public Health Association at the Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, PA, November 13, 1969. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Train, R.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 604-607 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:4:604-607_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical activity resources and changes in walking in a cohort of older men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Michael, Y.L. Author-Name: Perdue, L.A. Author-Name: Orwoll, E.S. Author-Name: Stefanick, M.L. Author-Name: Marshall, L.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 654-660 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.172031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.172031 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the influence of physical activity resources and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) on walking among communitydwelling older men. Methods. Participants reported time walked per day at baseline (2000-2002) and follow-up. Residential addresses were linked to a geographic information system database to assess proximity to parks, trails, and recreational facilities. Log-binomial regression analyses were conducted to test the hypothesis that men living near physical activity resources were more likely to increase or maintain time walked. Results. Average time walked per day declined by 6 minutes between baseline and follow-up (P<.05). There was a significant interaction of neighborhood SES and physical activity with walking time (P<.1). Proximity to parks and proximity to trails, respectively, were associated with a 22% (95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.01, 1.47) and 34% (95% Cl = 1.16, 1.55) higher likelihood of maintaining or increasing walking time in high-SES neighborhoods, but there was no association in low-SES neighborhoods. Proximity to recreational facilities was not associated with walking. Conclusions. Uncovering reasons that proximity to parks and trails is not associated with maintenance of walking activity among men in low-SES neighborhoods could provide new insight into ways to promote physical activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.172031_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial differences in the association between self-rated health status and objective clinical measures among participants in the BARI 2D trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, S.B. Author-Name: Sansing, V.V. Author-Name: Davis, A. Author-Name: Magee, M. Author-Name: Massaro, E. Author-Name: Srinivas, V.S. Author-Name: Helmy, T. Author-Name: Desvigne-Nickens, P. Author-Name: Brooks, M.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S269-S276 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.176180 Abstract: Objectives. We explored whether and how race shapes perceived health status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Methods. We analyzed self-rated health (fair or poor versus good, very good, or excellent) and associated clinical risk factors among 866 White and 333 Black participants in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes trial. Results. Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument scores, regular exercise, and employment were associated with higher self-rated health (P<.05). Blacks were more likely than were Whites to rate their health as fair or poor (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38, 2.57; P<.001). Among Whites but not Blacks, a clinical history of myocardial infarction (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.12, 2.31; P<.001) and insulin use (OR= 1.62; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.38; P=.01) was associated with a fair or poor rating. A post-high school education was related to poorer self-rated health among Blacks (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.07, 3.24; P<.001). Conclusions. Symptomatic clinical factors played a proportionally larger role in self-assessment of health among Whites with diabetes and coronary artery disease than among Blacks with the same conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.176180_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A system dynamics model for planning cardiovascular disease interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hirsch, G. Author-Name: Homer, J. Author-Name: Evans, E. Author-Name: Zielinski, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 616-622 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159434 Abstract: Planning programs for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a challenge to every community that wants to make the best use of its limited resources. Selecting programs that provide the greatest impact is difficult because of the complex set of causal pathways and delays that link risk factors to CVD. We describe a system dynamics simulation model developed for a county health department that incorporates and tracks the effects of those risk factors over time on both first-time and recurrent events. We also describe how the model was used to evaluate the potential impacts of various intervention strategies for reducing, the county's CVD burden and present the results of those policy tests. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159434_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnic density effects on birth outcomes and maternal smoking during pregnancy in the US linked birth and infant death data set Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaw, R.J. Author-Name: Pickett, K.E. Author-Name: Wilkinson, R.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 707-713 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.167114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.167114 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether mothers from ethnic minority groups have better pregnancy outcomes when they live in counties with higher densities of people from the same ethnic group-despite such areas tending to be more socioeconomically deprived. Methods. In a population-based US study, we used multilevel logistic regression analysis to test whether same-ethnic density was associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and infant mortality among 581151 Black and 763201 Hispanic mothers and their infants, with adjustment for maternal and area-level characteristics. Results. Higher levels of same-ethnic density were associated with reduced odds of infant mortality among Hispanic mothers, and reduced odds of smoking during pregnancy for US-born Hispanic and Black mothers. For Black mothers, moderate levels of same-ethnic density were associated with increased risk of low birthweight and preterm delivery; high levels of same ethnic density had no additional effect. Conclusions. Our results suggest that for Hispanic mothers, in contrast to Black mothers, the advantages of shared culture, social networks, and social capital protect maternal and infant health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167114_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of a two-year obesity prevention intervention on percentile changes in body mass index and academic performance in low-income elementary school children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hollar, D. Author-Name: Messiah, S.E. Author-Name: Lopez-Mitnik, G. Author-Name: Hollar, T.L. Author-Name: Almon, M. Author-Name: Agatston, A.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 4 Pages: 646-653 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165746 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effects of a school-based obesity prevention intervention that included dietary, curricula, and physical activity components on body mass index (BMI) percentiles and academic performance among lowincome elementary school children. Methods. The study had a quasi-experimental design (4 intervention schools and 1 control school; 4588 schoolchildren; 48% Hispanic) and was conducted over a 2-year period. Data are presented for the subset of the cohort who qualified for free or reduced-price school lunches (68% Hispanic; n=1197). Demographic and anthropometric data were collected in the fall and spring of each year, and academic data were collected at the end of each year. Results. Significantly more intervention than control children stayed within normal BMI percentile ranges both years (P=.02). Although not significantly so, more obese children in the intervention (4.4%) than in the control (2.5%) decreased their BMI percentiles. Overall, intervention schoolchildren had significantly higher math scores both years (P<.001). Hispanic and White intervention schoolchildren were significantly more likely to have higher math scores (P<.001). Although not significantly so, intervention schoolchildren had higher reading scores both years. Conclusions. School-based interventions can improve health and academic performance among low-income schoolchildren. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165746_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying previously undiagnosed HIV infections using social networks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kimbrough, L.W. Author-Name: Fisher, H.E. Author-Name: Dooley, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.183749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.183749 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.183749_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The moral problem of health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, C.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S47-S51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171181 Abstract: Health disparities exist along lines of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic class in US society. I argue that we should work to eliminate these health disparities because their existence is a moral wrong that needs to be addressed. Health disparities are morally wrong because they exemplify historical injustices. Contractarian ethics, Kantian ethics, and utilitarian ethics all provide theoretical justification for viewing health disparities as a moral wrong, as do several ethical principles of primary importance in bioethics. The moral consequences of health disparities are also troubling and further support the claim that these disparities are a moral wrong. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides additional support that health disparities are a moral wrong, as does an analogy with the generally accepted duty to provide equal access to education. In this article, I also consider and respond to 3 objections to my thesis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171181_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: The intersection of science and practice to improve health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallerstein, N. Author-Name: Duran, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: S1 Pages: S40-S46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184036 Abstract: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged in the last decades as a transformative research paradigm that bridges the gap between science and practice through community engagement and social action to increase health equity. CBPR expandsthe potential for the translational sciences to develop, implement, and disseminate effective interventions across diverse communities through strategies to redress power imbalances; facilitate mutual benefit among community and academic partners; and promote reciprocal knowledge translation, incorporating community theories into the research. We identify the barriers and challenges within the intervention and implementation sciences, discuss how CBPR can address these challenges, provide an illustrative research example, and discuss next steps to advancethetranslational science of CBPR. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184036_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "City life in relation to tuberculosis: a plea for better surroundings for factories and better homes for the working classes." American Journal of Public Health 3, no. 9 (1913): 903-914. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brewer, I.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 420-422 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:3:420-422_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examining the role of gender in career advancement at the centers for disease control and prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, Z. Author-Name: Roy, K. Author-Name: Crawford, C.A.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 426-434 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156190 Abstract: During the past decade, efforts to promote gender parity in the healing and public health professions have met with only partial success. We provide a critical update regarding the status of women in the public health profession by exploring gender-related differences in promotion rates at the nation's leading public health agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Using personnel data drawn from CDC, we found that the gender gap in promotion has diminished across time and that this reduction can be attributed to changes in individual characteristics (e.g., higher educational levels and more federal work experience). However, a substantial gap in promotion that cannot be explained by such characteristics has persisted, indicating continuing barriers in women's career advancement. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156190_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in health insurance coverage, access, and outcomes for individuals in same-sex versus different-sex relationships, 2000-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buchmueller, T. Author-Name: Carpenter, C.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 489-495 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160804 Abstract: Objectives. We used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to compare health insurance coverage, access to care, and women's cancer screenings for individuals in same-sex versus different-sex relationships. Methods. We estimated logistic regression models by using data on 5265 individuals in same-sex relationships and 802659 individuals in different-sex relationships. Results. Compared with women in different-sex relationships, women in same-sex relationships were significantly less likely to have health insurance coverage, were less likely to have had a checkup within the past year, were more likely to report unmet medical needs, and were less likely to have had a recent mammogram or Pap test. Compared with men in different-sex relationships, men in same-sex relationships were significantly less likely to have health insurance coverage and were more likely to report unmet medical needs, although they were more likely to have had a checkup in the past year. Conclusions. In the largest and most recent nationally representative sample, we found important differences in health insurance coverage and access to care between individuals in same-sex relationships and those in different-sex relationships for both men and women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160804_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking exposure assessment science with policy objectives for environmental justice and breast cancer advocacy: The Northern California Household Exposure study (American Journal of Public Health (2009), 99 (S3) (S600-S609)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brody, J.G. Author-Name: Morello-Frosch, R. Author-Name: Zota, A. Author-Name: Brown, P. Author-Name: Pérez, C. Author-Name: Rudel, R.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 393-396 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149088e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149088e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149088e_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Limitations of opt-out HIV screening and mother-child HIV transmission Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siemieniuk, R.A.C. Author-Name: Jadavji, T. Author-Name: Gill, M.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 388-389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181016 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181016_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking gender, heterosexual men, and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higgins, J.A. Author-Name: Hoffman, S. Author-Name: Dworkin, S.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 435-445 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159723 Abstract: Most HIV prevention literature portrays women as especially vulnerable to HIV infection because of biological susceptibility and men's sexual power and privilege. Conversely, heterosexual men are perceived as active transmitters of HIV but not active agents in prevention. Although the women's vulnerability paradigm was a radical revision of earlier views of women in the epidemic, mounting challenges undermine its current usefulness. We review the etiology and successes of the paradigm as well as its accruing limitations. We also call for an expanded model that acknowledges biology, gender inequality, and gendered power relations but also directly examines social structure, gender, and HIV risk for heterosexual women and men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159723_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: King etal. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, M.D. Author-Name: Fountain, C. Author-Name: Dakhlallah, D. Author-Name: Bearman, P.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184168 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184168_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A multilevel analysis of individual, household, and neighborhood correlates of intimate partner violence among low-income pregnant women in Jefferson County, Alabama Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, Q. Author-Name: Kirby, R.S. Author-Name: Sigler, R.T. Author-Name: Hwang, S.-S. Author-Name: LaGory, M.E. Author-Name: Goldenberg, R.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 531-539 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151159 Abstract: Objectives. We examined individual, household, and neighborhood correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) before and during pregnancy. Methods. We used multilevel modeling to investigate IPV among 2887 pregnant women in 112 census tracts who sought prenatal care in 8 public clinics in Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1997 through 2001. Data were collected from the Perinatal Emphasis Research Center project, the 2000 Census, and the local Sheriff and Police Departments Uniform Crime Reports for 1997 through 2001. Results. Participants were predominantly young, African American, on Medicaid, and residents of low-income neighborhoods. The prevalence of past-year male partner - perpetrated physical or sexual violence was 7.4%. Neighborhood residential stability, women performing most of the housework (lack of involvement among partners), being unmarried (being in an uncommitted relationship), and alcohol use were positively associated with elevated IPV risk. Significant protective factors for IPV included older age at first vaginal intercourse and a greater sense of mastery (e.g., the perception of oneself as an effective person). Conclusions. Both neighborhood contextual and individual and household compositional effects are associated with IPV among low-income pregnant women. The results imply that combined interventions to improve neighborhood conditions and strengthen families may effectively reduce IPV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151159_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender differences in the association between perceived discrimination and adolescent smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiehe, S.E. Author-Name: Aalsma, M.C. Author-Name: Liu, G.C. Author-Name: Fortenberry, J.D. Author-Name: Stultz, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 510-516 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.169771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.169771 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, gender, and cigarette smoking among adolescents. Methods. We examined data on Black and Latino adolescents aged 12 to 19 years who participated in the Moving to Opportunity study (N=2561). Perceived discrimination was assessed using survey items asking about unfair treatment because of race/ethnicity in the prior 6 months. We used logistic regression to investigate associations between discrimination and smoking, stratified by gender and controlling for covariates. Results. One fourth of adolescents reported that discrimination had occurred in at least 1 location. Discrimination was associated with increased odds of smoking among boys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 3.0) and decreased odds among girls (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.3, 1.1). Discrimination at school or work contributed to associations for girls (OR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1, 0.9), and discrimination at shops (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1, 3.8) and by police (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2, 3.4) contributed to associations for boys. Conclusions. Associations between discrimination and smoking differ by gender. Girls' decreased smoking in higher-discrimination settings may be a result of protective factors associated with where they spend time. Boys' increased smoking in higher-discrimination settings may reflect increased stress from gender-specific targeting by police and businesses. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.169771_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Glen or Glenda: Reported gender of sex partners in two statewide HIV databases Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Torrone, E.A. Author-Name: Thomas, J.C. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.S. Author-Name: Pettifor, A.E. Author-Name: Leone, P.A. Author-Name: Hightow-Wiedman, L.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 525-530 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed agreement of reported gender of sex partners in 2 statewide HIV databases linked by client identifiers. Methods. Counseling, testing, and referral (CTR) records on all men aged 18 to 30 years who tested newly positive for HIV in North Carolina between 2000 and 2005 were matched to data abstracted from partner counseling and referral services (PCRS) records. We compared client-reported gender of sex partners at the time of testing (CTR records) with those reported during postdiagnosis partner notification (PCRS records). Results. PCRS records appeared to be a more complete measure of the gender of sex partners. Of the 212 men who told their HIV test counselor that they had only had female sex partner or partners in their lifetime, 62 (29.2%) provided contact information for male sex partner(s) during partner notification. Conclusions. During the test counseling risk assessment, many men did not fully report the gender of their sex partners; this suggests that CTR data may not fully capture clients' risk behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162552_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Like father, like son: The intergenerational cycle of adolescent fatherhood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sipsma, H. Author-Name: Biello, K.B. Author-Name: Cole-Lewis, H. Author-Name: Kershaw, T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 517-524 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177600 Abstract: Objectives. Strong evidence exists to support an intergenerational cycle of adolescent fatherhood, yet such a cycle has not been studied. We examined whether paternal adolescent fatherhood (i.e., father of study participant was age 19 years or younger when his first child was born) and other factors derived from the ecological systems theory predicted participant adolescent fatherhood. Methods. Data included 1496 young males who were interviewed annually from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Cox regression survival analysis was used to determine the effect of paternal adolescent fatherhood on participant adolescent fatherhood. Results. Sons of adolescent fathers were 1.8 times more likely to become adolescent fathers than were sons of older fathers, after other risk factors were accounted for. Additionally, factors from each ecological domain - individual (delinquency), family (maternal education), peer (early adolescent dating), and environment (race/ethnicity, physical risk environment) - were independent predictors of adolescent fatherhood. Conclusions. These findings support the need for pregnancy prevention interventions specifically designed for young males who may be at high risk for continuing this cycle. Interventions that address multiple levels of risk will likely be most successful at reducing pregnancies among partners of young men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177600_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived determinants of mental health for bisexual people: A qualitative examination Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ross, L.E. Author-Name: Dobinson, C. Author-Name: Eady, A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 496-502 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the determinants of mental health, as perceived by bisexual people, in order to begin understanding the disparities in the rates of mental health problems reported by bisexual people versus those reported by heterosexual people, and, in many studies, gay men and lesbians. Methods. Our community-based participatory action research project comprised focus groups and semistructured interviews with 55 bisexual people across the province of Ontario, Canada. Results. Perceived determinants of emotional well-being identified by participants could be classified as macrolevel (social structure), mesolevel (interpersonal), or microlevel (individual). In the context of this framework, monosexism and biphobia were perceived to exert a broad-reaching impact on participants' mental health. Conclusions. Like other marginalized populations, bisexual people perceive experiences of discrimination as important determinants of mental health problems. Additional research is required to examine the relationships between these perceived determinants of emotional well-being and specific mental health outcomes and to guide interventions, advocacy, and support for bisexual people. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156307_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: International conference on population and development at 15 years: Achieving sexual and reproductive health and rights for all? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roseman, M.J. Author-Name: Reichenbach, L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 403-406 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177873 Abstract: Sexual and reproductive health remains the contentious concept it was at the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), held in Cairo, Egypt. In light of the recent 15-year review of ICPD,we suggest several areas where advocates, practitioners, and researchers can inform future progress for sexual and reproductive health. These include the following: improving measurement and accountability related to the evidence base for sexual and reproductive health, indicators of program success, and the tracking of resource flows; creating and renewing alliances to strengthen advocacy; and employing new resource mobilization strategies. Given the 20-year goals established at ICPD, now is the time to move toward finally achieving the sexual and reproductive health and rights agenda. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177873_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of economic assets on sexual risk-taking intentions among orphaned adolescents in Uganda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ssewamala, F.M. Author-Name: Han, C.-K. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Author-Name: Ismayilova, L. Author-Name: Sperber, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 483-488 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158840 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect of economic assets on sexual risk-taking intentions among school-going AIDS-orphaned adolescents in rural Uganda. Methods. AIDS-orphaned adolescents from 15 comparable schools were randomly assigned to control (n=133) or treatment (n=127) conditions. Treatment participants received child savings accounts, workshops, and mentorship. This economic intervention was in addition to the traditional care and support services for school-going orphaned adolescents (counseling and school supplies) provided to both treatment and control groups. Adolescents in the treatment condition were compared with adolescents in the control condition at baseline and at 10 months after the intervention. Results. After control for sociodemographic factors, child-caregiver/parental communication, and peer pressure, adolescents in the economic intervention group reported a significant reduction in sexual risk-taking intentions compared with adolescents in the control condition. Conclusions. The findings indicate that in Uganda, a country devastated by poverty and disease (including HIV/AIDS), having access to economic assets plays an important role in influencing adolescents' sexual risk-taking intentions. These findings have implications for the care and support of orphaned adolescents, especially in poor African countries devastated by poverty and sexually transmitted diseases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158840_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual offender laws and prevention of sexual violence or recidivism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bonnar-Kidd, K.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 412-419 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153254 Abstract: Sexual violence is a significant public health problem in the United States. In an effort to decrease the incidence of sexual assault, legislators have passed regulatory laws aimed at reducing recidivism among convicted sexual offenders. As a result, sex offenders living in the United States are bound by multiple policies, including registration, community notification, monitoring via a global positioning system, civil commitment, and residency, loitering, and Internet restrictions. These policies have led to multiple collateral consequences, creating an ominous environment that inhibits successful reintegration and may contribute to an increasing risk for recidivism. In fact, evidence on the effectiveness of these laws suggests that they may not prevent recidivism or sexual violence and result in more harm than good. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153254_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: McLaughlin, K.A. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hasin, D.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 452-459 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relation between living in states that instituted bans on same-sex marriage during the 2004 and 2005 elections and the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations. Methods. We used data from wave 1 (2001-2002) and wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N=34653), a longitudinal, nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized US adults. Results. Psychiatric disorders defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, increased significantly between waves 1 and 2 among LGB respondents living in states that banned gay marriage for the following outcomes: any mood disorder (36.6% increase), generalized anxiety disorder (248.2% increase), any alcohol use disorder (41.9% increase), and psychiatric comorbidity (36.3% increase). These psychiatric disorders did not increase significantly among LGB respondents living in states without constitutional amendments. Additionally, we found no evidence for increases of the same magnitude among heterosexuals living in states with constitutional amendments. Conclusions. Living in states with discriminatory policies may have pernicious consequences for the mental health of LGB populations. These findings lend scientific support to recent efforts to overturn these policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Demonstrating the importance and feasibility of including sexual orientation in public health surveys: Health disparities in the Pacific Northwest Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dilley, J.A. Author-Name: Simmons, K.W. Author-Name: Boysun, M.J. Author-Name: Pizacani, B.A. Author-Name: Stark, M.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 460-467 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.130336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.130336 Abstract: Objectives. We identified health disparities for a statewide population of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) men and women compared with their heterosexual counterparts. Methods. We used data from the 2003-2006 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine associations between sexual orientation and chronic health conditions, health risk behaviors, access to care, and preventive services. Results. Lesbian and bisexual women were more likely than were heterosexual women to have poor physical and mental health, asthma, and diabetes (bisexuals only), to be overweight, to smoke, and to drink excess alcohol. They were also less likely to have access to care and to use preventive services. Gay and bisexual men were more likely than were heterosexual men to have poor mental health, poor health-limited activities, and to smoke. Bisexuals of both genders had the greatest number and magnitude of disparities compared with heterosexuals. Conclusions. Important health disparities exist for LGB adults. Sexual orientation can be effectively included as a standard demographic variable in public health surveillance systems to provide data that support planning interventions and progress toward improving LGB health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130336_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between adolescent viewership and alcohol advertising on cable television Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chung, P.J. Author-Name: Garfield, C.F. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Ostroff, J. Author-Name: Ross, C. Author-Name: Jernigan, D.H. Author-Name: Vestal, K.D. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 555-562 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.146423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.146423 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether alcohol advertising on cable television is associated with adolescent viewership. Methods. Using Nielsen data for every national cable alcohol advertisement from 2001 to 2006 (608591 ads), we examined whether ad incidence in a given advertising time slot was associated with adolescent viewership (i.e., the percentage of the audience that was aged 12-20 years) after we controlled for other demographic variables. Results. Almost all alcohol ads appeared in time slots with audiences made up of 30% or fewer underage viewers. In these time slots (standardized by duration and number of viewers), each 1-percentage-point increase in adolescent viewership was associated with more beer (7%), spirits (15%), and alcopop (or lowalcohol refresher; 22%) ads, but fewer wine (-8%) ads (P<.001 for all). For spirits and alcopops, associations were stronger among adolescent girls than among adolescent boys (P<.001 for each). Conclusions. Ad placements for beer, spirits, and alcopops increased as adolescent viewership rose from 0% to 30%, especially for female viewers. Alcohol advertising practices should be modified to limit exposure of underage viewers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.146423_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The California stem cell initiative: Persuasion, politics, and public science Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adelson, J.W. Author-Name: Weinberg, J.K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 446-451 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168120 Abstract: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) was created by a California ballot initiative to make stem cell research a constitutional right, in response to Bush administration restrictions on stem cell research. The initiative created a taxpayer-funded, multibillion-dollar institution, intended to advance public health by developing cures and treatments for diabetes, cancer, paralysis, and other conditions. The initiative has been highly controversial among stakeholders and watchdog groups concerned with organizational transparency, accountability, and the ethics of stem cell research. We interviewed major stakeholders-both supporters and opponents-and analyzed documents and meeting notes. We found that the CIRM has overcome start-up challenges, been selectively influenced by criticism, and adhered to its core mission. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168120_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consequences of the privatized funding of medical care and of the privatized electoral process Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Navarro, V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 399+401-402 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187633 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187633_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Isaac Williams Brewer (1867-1928): An unsung hero Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Chang, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 423 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184424 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184424_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimated autism risk, older reproductive age, and parameterization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Durkin, M.S. Author-Name: Maenner, M.J. Author-Name: Newschaffer, C.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 389-390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184101 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184101_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual partner selection and HIV risk reduction among black and white men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eaton, L.A. Author-Name: Kalichman, S.C. Author-Name: Cherry, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 503-509 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155903 Abstract: Objectives. We examined differences in sexual partner selection between Black and White men who have sex with men (MSM) to better understand how HIV status of participants' sexual partners and related psychosocial measures influence risk taking among these men. Methods. We collected cross-sectional surveys from self-reported HIV-negative Black MSM and White MSM attending a gay pride festival in Atlanta, Georgia. Results. HIV-negative White MSM were more likely than were HIV-negative Black MSM to report having unprotected anal intercourse with HIV-negative men, and HIV-negative Black MSM were more likely than were HIV-negative White MSM to report having unprotected anal intercourse with HIV status unknown partners. Furthermore, White MSM were more likely to endorse serosorting (limiting unprotected partners to those who have the same HIV status) beliefs and favorable HIV disclosure beliefs than were Black MSM. Conclusions. White MSM appear to use sexual partner-related risk reduction strategies to reduce the likelihood of HIV infection more than do Black MSM. Partner selection strategies have serious limitations; however, they may explain in part the disproportionate number of HIV infections among Black MSM. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155903_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communicating with pictures: The vision of Chinese anti-malaria posters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 424-425 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177667 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.177667 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.177667_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between socioeconomic status and the development of asthma: Analyses of income trajectories Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kozyrskyj, A.L. Author-Name: Kendall, G.E. Author-Name: Jacoby, P. Author-Name: Sly, P.D. Author-Name: Zubrick, S.R. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 540-546 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150771 Abstract: Objectives. Using data on 2868 children born in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, we examined the association between changes in family socioeconomic status and childhood asthma. Methods. We determined the likelihood (odds ratio) of a child having asthma at ages 6 and 14 years for 4 family-income trajectories (chronic low, increasing, decreasing, and never low) over the child's lifetime. The trajectories were created from longitudinal latent-class models. Results. We found a 2-fold increased risk of asthma at age 14 years among children who had lived in a low-income family since birth, especially for girls. Asthma was less likely to occur in children born to single parents; income rose over time in many of these families. Compared with children in chronic lowincome families, children in households with increasing incomes had a 60% lower risk of asthma. Single-point measures of low income were not found to be associated with asthma. Conclusions. Chronic exposure to a low-income environment from birth was associated with the development of persistent asthma. There was also a protective effect against asthma among those children whose families had moved out of poverty. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150771_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: English proficiency and language preference: Testing the equivalence of two measures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Walsemann, K.M. Author-Name: Takeuchi, D.T. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 563-569 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156976 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of language proficiency vs language preference with self-rated health among Asian American immigrants. We also examined whether modeling preference or proficiency as continuous or categorical variables changed our inferences. Methods. Data came from the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n=1639). We focused on participants' proficiency in speaking, reading, and writing English and on their language preference when thinking or speaking with family or friends. We examined the relation between language measures and self-rated health with ordered and binary logistic regression. Results. All English proficiency measures were associated with self-rated health across all models. By contrast, associations between language preference and self-rated health varied by the model considered. Conclusions. Although many studies create composite scores aggregated across measures of English proficiency and language preference, this practice may not always be conceptually or empirically warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156976_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Selling the Obama plan: Mistakes, misunderstandings, and other misdemeanors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 398+400 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.187641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.187641 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.187641_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bostwick, W.B. Author-Name: Boyd, C.J. Author-Name: Hughes, T.L. Author-Name: McCabe, S.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 468-475 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942 Abstract: Objectives. We used data from a nationally representative sample to examine the associations among 3 dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attraction, and behavior), lifetime and past-year mood and anxiety disorders, and sex. Methods. We analyzed data from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Results. Mental health outcomes differed by sex, dimension of sexual orientation, and sexual minority group. Whereas a lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity was associated with higher odds of any mood or anxiety disorder for both men and women, women reporting only same-sex sexual partners in their lifetime had the lowest rates of most disorders. Higher odds of any lifetime mood or anxiety disorder were more consistent and pronounced among sexual minority men than among sexual minority women. Finally, bisexual behavior conferred the highest odds of any mood or anxiety disorder for both males and females. Conclusions. Findings point to mental health disparities among some, but not all, sexual minority groups and emphasize the importance of including multiple measures of sexual orientation in population-based health studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender differences in chronic medical, psychiatric, and substance-dependence disorders among jail inmates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Binswanger, I.A. Author-Name: Merrill, J.O. Author-Name: Krueger, P.M. Author-Name: White, M.C. Author-Name: Booth, R.E. Author-Name: Elmore, J.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 476-482 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149591 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether there were gender differences in chronic medical, psychiatric, and substance-dependence disorders among jail inmates and whether substance dependence mediated any gender differences found. Methods. We analyzed data from a nationally representative survey of 6982 US jail inmates. Weighted estimates of disease prevalence were calculated by gender for chronic medical disorders (cancer, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, hepatitis, and cirrhosis), psychiatric disorders (depressive, bipolar, psychotic, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and personality), and substancedependence disorders. We conducted logistic regression to examine the relationship between gender and these disorders. Results. Compared with men, women had a significantly higher prevalence of all medical and psychiatric conditions (P≤.01 for each) and drug dependence (P<.001), but women had a lower prevalence of alcohol dependence (P<.001). Gender differences persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and substance dependence. Conclusions. Women in jail had a higher burden of chronic medical disorders, psychiatric disorders, and drug dependence than men, including conditions found more commonly in men in the general population. Thus, there is a need for targeted attention to the chronic medical, psychiatric, and drug-treatment needs of women at risk for incarceration, both in jail and after release. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149591_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Privacy versus public health: The impact of current confidentiality rules Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wartenberg, D. Author-Name: Thompson, W.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 407-412 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166249 Abstract: Public health research and practice often have been facilitated through the evaluation and study of population-based data collected by local, state, and federal governments. However, recent concerns about identify theft, confidentiality, and patient privacy have led to increasingly restrictive policies on data access, often preventing researchers from using these valuable data. We believe that these restrictions, andthe research impeded or precluded by their implementation and enforcement, have had a significant negative impact on important public health research. Members of the public health community should challenge these policies through their professional societies and by lobbying legislators and health officials to advocate for changes that establish a more appropriate balance between privacy concerns and the protection of public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166249_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual, Social-normative, and policy predictors of smoking cessation: A multilevel longitudinal analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Biener, L. Author-Name: Hamilton, W.L. Author-Name: Siegel, M. Author-Name: Sullivan, E.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 547-554 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150078 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prospective impact of individual, social-normative, and policy predictors of quit attempts and smoking cessation among Massachusetts adults. Methods. We interviewed a representative sample of current and recent smokers in Massachusetts by telephone in 2001 through 2002 and then again twice at 2-year intervals. The unit of analysis was the 2-year transition from wave 1 to wave 2 and from wave 2 to wave 3. Predictors of quit attempts and abstinence of longer than 3 months were analyzed using multilevel analysis. Predictors included individual, social-normative, and policy factors. Results. Multivariate analyses of 2-year transitions showed that perceptions of strong antismoking town norms were predictive of abstinence (odds ratio=2.06; P<.01). Household smoking bans were the only policy associated with abstinence, but smoking bans at one's worksite were significant predictors of quit attempts. Conclusions. Although previous research showed a strong relation between local policy and norms, we found no observable, prospective impact of local policy on smoking cessation over 2 years. Our findings provide clear support for the importance of strong antismoking social norms as a facilitator of smoking cessation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150078_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: One year later: Mental illness prevalence and disparities among New Orleans residents displaced by Hurricane Katrina (American Journal of Public Health (2009), 99 (S3) (S725-S731)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sastry, N. Author-Name: VanLandingham, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 391-392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.174854e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174854e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.174854e_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hughes etal. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hughes, C.A. Author-Name: Zuk, D. Author-Name: Foisy, M. Author-Name: Robinson, J. Author-Name: Singh, A.E. Author-Name: Houston, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181925 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181925_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender, sex, and sexuality--same, different, or equal? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landers, S. Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 397 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.188169 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.188169_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How to get and keep competent health officers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coler, G.W. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 234-236 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:2:234-236_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations of television content type and obesity in children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zimmerman, F.J. Author-Name: Bell, J.F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 334-340 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155119 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the associations of content types of children's television viewing with subsequent body mass index (BMI) to assess the plausibility of different causal pathways. Methods. We used time-use diary data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics to measure television viewing categorized by format and educational and commercial content. Analyses were stratified by age because children younger than 7 years are less able to understand the persuasive intent of advertising. BMI z scores in 2002 were regressed on television viewing, sociodemographic variables, mother's BMI, and BMI in 1997 (for older children only). Results. Among children aged 0 to 6 years in 1997, commercial viewing in 1997 was significantly associated with BMI z scores in 2002 in fully adjusted regressions. Among children older than 6 years, commercial viewing in 2002 was associated with 2002 BMI. These results were robust after adjustment for exercise and eating while watching television. Conclusions. The evidence does not support the contention that television viewing contributes to obesity because it is a sedentary activity. Television advertising, rather than viewing per se, is associated with obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155119_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nicotine anonymous may benefit nicotine-dependent individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glasser, I. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 196 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181545 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181545_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The food industry and self-regulation: Standards to promote success and to avoid public health failures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sharma, L.L. Author-Name: Teret, S.P. Author-Name: Brownell, K.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 240-246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160960 Abstract: Threatened by possible government regulation and critical public opinion, industries often undertake self-regulatory actions, issue statements of concern for public welfare, and assert that self-regulation is sufficient to protect the public. The food industry has made highly visible pledges to curtail children's food marketing, sell fewer unhealthy products in schools, and label foods in responsible ways. Ceding regulation to industry carries opportunities but is highly risky. In some industries (e.g., tobacco), self-regulation has been an abject failure, but in others (e.g., forestry and marine fisheries), it has been more successful. We examined food industry self-regulation in the context of other self-regulatory successes and failures and defined 8 standards that should be met if self-regulation is to be effective. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160960_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Rallying point: Charles Lee's longstanding career in environmental justice.(American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99:S3 (S508-S510) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178590) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morrison, D.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178590e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178590e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178590e_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations of environmental factors with elderly health and mortality in china Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zeng, Y. Author-Name: Gu, D. Author-Name: Purser, J. Author-Name: Hoenig, H. Author-Name: Christakis, N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 298-305 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154971 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of community socioeconomic conditions, air pollution, and the physical environment on elderly health and survival in China. Methods. We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 15973 elderly residents of 866 counties and cities with multilevel logistic regression models in which individuals were nested within each county or city. Results. After control for individual-level factors, communities' gross domestic product per capita, adult labor force participation rate, and illiteracy rate were significantly associated with physical, mental, and overall health and mortality among the elderly in China. We also found that air pollution increased the odds of disability in activities of daily living (ADLs), cognitive impairment, and health deficits; more rainfall was protective, reducing the odds of ADL disability and cognitive impairment; low seasonal temperatures increased the odds of ADL disability and mortality; high seasonal temperatures increased the odds of cognitive impairment and deficits; and living in hilly areas decreased the odds of ADL disability and health deficits. Conclusions. Efforts to reduce pollution and improve socioeconomic conditions could significantly improve elderly health and survival. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154971_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Black-white health disparities in the United States and Chicago: A 15-year progress analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Orsi, J.M. Author-Name: Margellos-Anast, H. Author-Name: Whitman, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 349-356 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.165407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.165407 Abstract: Objectives. In an effort to examine national and Chicago, Illinois, progress in meeting the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities, we examined whether disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White persons widened, narrowed, or stayed the same between 1990 and 2005. Methods. We examined 15 health status indicators. We determined whether a disparity widened, narrowed, or remained unchanged between 1990 and 2005 by examining the percentage difference in rates between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations at both time points and at each location. We calculated Pvalues to determine whether changes in percentage difference over time were statistically significant. Results. Disparities between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations widened for 6 of 15 health status indicators examined for the United States (5 significantly), whereas in Chicago the majority of disparities widened (11 of 15, 5 significantly). Conclusions. Overall, progress toward meeting the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities in the United States and in Chicago remains bleak. With more than 15 years of time and effort spent at the national and local level to reduce disparities, the impact remains negligible. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.165407_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevention interventions for black MSM Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coury-Doniger, P. Author-Name: Wilton, L. Author-Name: Herbst, J.H. Author-Name: Painter, T.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182485 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182485_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ancillary care in community-based public health intervention research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Merritt, M.W. Author-Name: Taylor, H.A. Author-Name: Mullany, L.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 211-216 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168393 Abstract: Community-based public health intervention research in developing countries typically takes place not in clinics but in people's homes and other living spaces. Research subjects and their communities may lack adequate nutrition, clean water, sanitation, and basic preventive and therapeutic services. Researchers often encounter unmet health needs in their interactions with individual subjects and need ethical guidelines to help them decide how to respond. To what extent do researchers have an ethical obligation to provide ancillary care-health care beyond what is necessary to ensure scientific validity and subjects' safety? We discuss a case example fromNepal and proposeasimple 2-step sequence of questions to aid decision making. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.168393_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Designin high-cost medicine hospital surveys, health planning, and the paradox of progressive reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perkins, B.B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 223-233 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155838 Abstract: Inspired by social medicine, some progressive US health reforms have paradoxically reinforced a business model of high-cost medical delivery that does not match social needs. In analyzing the financial status of their areas' hospitals, for example, city-wide hospital surveys of the 1910s through 1930s sought to direct capital investments and, in so doing, control competition and markets. The 2 national health planning programs that ran from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s continued similar strategies of economic organization and management, as did the so-called market reforms that followed. Consequently, these reforms promoted large, extremely specialized, capital-intensive institutions and systems at the expense of less complex (and less costly) primary and chronic care. The current capital crisis may expose the lack of sustainability of such a model and open up new ideas and new ways to build health care designed to meet people's health needs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155838_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Explaining low rates of autism among hispanic schoolchildren in Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Palmer, R.F. Author-Name: Walker, T. Author-Name: Mandell, D. Author-Name: Bayles, B. Author-Name: Miller, C.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 270-272 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.150565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150565 Abstract: In data from the Texas Educational Agency and the Health Resources and Services Administration, we found fewer autism diagnoses in school districts with higher percentages of Hispanic children. Our results are consistent with previous reports of autism rates 2 to 3 times as high among non-Hispanic Whites as among Hispanics. Socioeconomic factors failed to explain lower autism prevalence among Hispanic schoolchildren in Texas. These findings raise questions: Is autism underdiagnosed among Hispanics? Are there protective factors associated with Hispanic ethnicity? Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.150565_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A worksite obesity intervention: Results from a group-randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegel, J.M. Author-Name: Prelip, M.L. Author-Name: Erausquin, J.T. Author-Name: Kim, S.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 327-333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154153 Abstract: Objectives. We used a participatory process to develop an obesity intervention appropriate for elementary school personnel. Methods. A randomized controlled trial included 16 school worksites (8 intervention, 8 control). Intervention schools formed committees to develop and implement health promotion activities for employees. Anthropometric and self-report data were collected at baseline and postintervention (2 years later). The primary outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Results. After adjustment for age, ethnicity, and job classification, employees in intervention schools reduced their BMI by an average of 0.04 kg/m 2, and those in control schools increased their BMI by an average of 0.37 kg/m 2. Comparisons for waist-hip ratio, weekly physical activity minutes, and fruit and vegetable consumption were not significant. Conclusions. The participatory process appeared to be an effective means for stimulating change. The intervention may have slowed and perhaps reversed the tendency of adults to gain weight progressively with age. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154153_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Environmental justice: A continuing commitment to an evolving concept (American Journal Public Health (2009) 99:S3 (S487-S489) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179010) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Birnbaum, L.S. Author-Name: Zenick, H. Author-Name: Branche, C.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.179010e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.179010e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.179010e_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association of perceived abuse and discrimination after september 11,2001, with psychological distress, level of happiness, and health status among Arab Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Padela, A.I. Author-Name: Heisler, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 284-291 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164954 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of perceived abuse and discrimination among Arab American adults after September 11, 2001, and associations between abuse or discrimination and psychological distress, level of happiness, and health status. Methods. We gathered data from a face-to-face survey administered in 2003 to a representative, population-based sample of Arab American adults residing in the greater Detroit area. Results. Overall, 25% of the respondents reported post-September 11 personal or familial abuse, and 15% reported that they personally had a bad experience related to their ethnicity, with higher rates among Muslims than Christians. After adjustment for socioeconomic and demographic factors, perceived post-September 11 abuse was associated with higher levels of psychological distress, lower levels of happiness, and worse health status. Personal bad experiences related to ethnicity were associated with increased psychological distress and reduced happiness. Perceptions of not being respected within US society and greater reported effects of September 11 with respect to personal security and safety were associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Conclusions. Perceived post-September 11 abuse and discrimination were associated with increased psychological distress, reduced levels of happiness, and worse health status in our sample. Community-based, culturally sensitive partnerships should be established to assess and meet the health needs of Arab Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164954_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The longevity gap between black and white men in the united states at the beginning and end of the 20th century Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sloan, F.A. Author-Name: Ayyagari, P. Author-Name: Salm, M. Author-Name: Grossman, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 357-363 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158188 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess whether the disparity in mortality rates between Black and White men decreased from the beginning to the end of the 20th century. Methods. We used Cox proportional hazard models for mortality to estimate differences in longevity between Black and White Civil War veterans from 1900 to 1914 (using data from a pension program) and a later cohort of male participants (using data from the 1992 to 2006 Health and Retirement Study). In sensitivity analysis, we compared relative survival of veterans for alternative baseline years through 1914. Results. In our survival analysis, the Black-White male difference in mortality, both unadjusted and adjusted for other influences, did not decrease from the beginning to the end of the 20th century. A 17% difference in Black-White mortality remained for the later cohort even after we controlled for other influences. Although we could control for fewer other influences on longevity, the Black-White differences in mortality for the earlier cohort was 18%. Conclusions. In spite of overall improvements in longevity, a major difference in Black-White male mortality persists. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158188_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: George Washington Goler: The biggest crank and the best health officer in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 237 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.184010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184010 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.184010_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Goodwin et al respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodwin, R.D. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hasin, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 196-197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181875 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181875_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Stroke mortality among Alaska Native people (American Journal Public Health (2009) 99:11 (1996-2000) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Homer, R.D. Author-Name: Day, G.M. Author-Name: Lanier, A.P. Author-Name: Provost, E.M. Author-Name: Hamel, R.D. Author-Name: Trimble, B.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148221e_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nothing to work with but cleanliness: The training of African American traditional midwives in the south Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morrison, S.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 238-239 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.182873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.182873 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.182873_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of repeated deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the health of New Jersey army national guard troops: Implications for military readiness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kline, A. Author-Name: Falca-Dodson, M. Author-Name: Sussner, B. Author-Name: Ciccone, D.S. Author-Name: Chandler, H. Author-Name: Callahan, L. Author-Name: Losonczy, M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 276-283 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162925 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effects of prior military service in Iraq or Afghanistan on the health of New Jersey Army National Guard members preparing for deployment to Iraq. Methods. We analyzed anonymous, self-administered predeployment surveys from 2543 National Guard members deployed to Iraq in 2008. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to measure the effects of prior service in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]) or Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) on mental and physical health. Results. Nearly 25% of respondents reported at least 1 previous OEF or OIF deployment. Previously deployed soldiers were more than 3 times as likely as soldiers with no previous deployments to screen positive for posttraumatic stress disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.69; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 2.59, 5.24) and major depression (AOR = 3.07; 95% Cl = 1.81, 5.19), more than twice as likely to report chronic pain (AOR = 2.20; 95% Cl = 1.78, 2.72) and more than 90% more likely to score below the general population norm on physical functioning (AOR = 1.94; 95% Cl = 1.51, 2.48). Conclusions. Repeated OEF and OIF deployments may adversely affect the military readiness of New Jersey National Guard combat soldiers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162925_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of fathers' clubs on child health in rural Haiti Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sloand, E. Author-Name: Astone, N.M. Author-Name: Gebrian, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 201-204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152439 Abstract: In recognition of the important role that fathers play in the lives of young children in Haiti, a public health organization instituted fathers' clubs in 1994 as a strategy to improve the health outcomes of children. Fathers' clubs focus on child and family health education. To evaluate the effectiveness of fathers' clubs, we examined the health of children born in Haitian villages with and without active fathers' clubs and compared results for the two groups. The presence of a fathers' club in a child's birth village had a positive effect on vaccination status, growth monitoring, and vitamin A supplementation after we controlled for socioeconomic status, time, and the quality of the village health agent. Child weights and mortality were not affected by the fathers' clubs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152439_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating public health across sectors. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.185926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.185926 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185926_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring quality for public reporting of health provider quality: Making it meaningful to patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mukamel, D.B. Author-Name: Glance, L.G. Author-Name: Dick, A.W. Author-Name: Osler, T.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 264-269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153759 Abstract: Public quality reports of hospitals, health plans, and physicians are being used to promote efficiency and quality in the health care system. Shrinkage estimators have been proposed as superior measures of quality to be used in these reports because they offer more conservative and stable quality ranking of providers than traditional, nonshrinkage estimators. Adopting the perspective of a patient faced with choosing a local provider on the basis of publicly provided information, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of shrinkage and nonshrinkage estimators and contrast the information made available by them. We demonstrate that 2 properties of shrinkage estimators make them less useful than nonshrinkage estimators for patients making choices in their area of residence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153759_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The ubiquity of energy-dense snack foods: A national multicity study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Author-Name: Baker, E.T. Author-Name: Futrell, L. Author-Name: Rice, J.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 306-311 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.178681 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the availability and accessibility of energy-dense snacks in retail stores whose primary merchandise was not food and whether these varied by store type, region, or socioeconomic factors. Methods. We conducted systematic observations of 1082 retail stores in 19 US cities and determined the availability and accessibility of 6 categories of energydense snack foods. Results. Snack food was available in 41% of the stores; the most common forms were candy (33%), sweetened beverages (20%), and salty snacks (17%). These foods were often within arm's reach of the cash register queue. We observed snack foods in 96% of pharmacies, 94% of gasoline stations, 22% of furniture stores, 16% of apparel stores, and 29% to 65% of other types of stores. Availability varied somewhat by region but not by the racial or socioeconomic characteristics of nearby census tracts. Conclusions. Energy-dense snack foods and beverages, implicated as contributors to the obesity epidemic, are widely available in retail stores whose primary business is not food. The ubiquity of these products may contribute to excess energy consumption in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178681_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic differences in self-reported racism and Its association with cancer-related health behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shariff-Marco, S. Author-Name: Klassen, A.C. Author-Name: Bowie, J.V. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 364-374 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163899 Abstract: Objectives. We used population-based survey data to estimate the prevalence of self-reported racism across racial/ethnic groups and to evaluate the association between self-reported racism and cancer-related health behaviors. Methods. We used cross-sectional data from the 2003 California Health Interview Survey. Questions measured self-reported racism in general and in health care. The cancer risk behaviors we assessed were smoking, binge drinking, not walking, being overweight or obese, and not being up to date with screenings for breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Analyses included descriptive analyses and logistic regression. Results. Prevalences of self-reported racism varied between and within aggregate racial/ethnic groups. In adjusted analyses, general racism was associated with smoking, binge drinking, and being overweight or obese; health care racism was associated with not being up to date with screening for prostate cancer. Associations varied across racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions. Associations between general racism and lifestyle behaviors suggest that racism is a potential stressor that may shape cancer-related health behaviors, and its impact may vary by race/ethnicity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163899_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence and correlates of emotional, physical, sexual, and financial abuse and potential neglect in the United States: The national elder mistreatment study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Acierno, R. Author-Name: Hernandez, M.A. Author-Name: Amstadter, A.B. Author-Name: Resnick, H.S. Author-Name: Steve, K. Author-Name: Muzzy, W. Author-Name: Kilpatrick, D.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 292-297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163089 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated prevalence and assessed correlates of emotional, physical, sexual, and financial mistreatment and potential neglect (defined as an identified need for assistance that no one was actively addressing) of adults aged 60 years or older in a randomly selected national sample. Methods. We compiled a representative sample by random digit dialing across geographic strata. We used computer-assisted telephone interviewing to standardize collection of demographic, risk factor, and mistreatment data. We subjected prevalence estimates and mistreatment correlates to logistic regression. Results. We analyzed data from 5777 respondents. One-year prevalence was 4.6% for emotional abuse, 1.6% for physical abuse, 0.6% for sexual abuse, 5.1% for potential neglect, and 5.2% for current financial abuse by a family member. One in 10 respondents reported emotional, physical, or sexual mistreatment or potential neglect in the past year. The most consistent correlates of mistreatment across abuse types were low social support and previous traumatic event exposure. Conclusions. Our data showed that abuse of the elderly is prevalent. Addressing low social support with preventive interventions could have significant public health implications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163089_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating the risks and benefits of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Apelberg, B.J. Author-Name: Onicescu, G. Author-Name: Avila-Tang, E. Author-Name: Samet, J.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 341-348 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147223 Abstract: Objectives. To compare potential population-wide benefits and risks, we examined the potential impact of increased nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use for smoking cessation on future US mortality. Methods. We developed a simulation model incorporating a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, with data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey and Cancer Prevention Study II. We estimated the number of avoided premature deaths from smoking attributable to increased NRT use, before and after incorporating assumptions about NRT harm. Results. We estimate that a gradual increase in the proportion of NRT-aided quit attempts to 100% by 2025 would lead to 40000 (95% credible interval=31000, 50000) premature deaths avoided over a 20-year period. Most avoided deaths would be attributable to lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. After we incorporated assumptions about potential risk from long-term NRT, the estimate of avoided premature deaths from all causes declined to 32000. Conclusions. Even after we assumed some harm from long-term NRT use, the benefits from increased cessation success far outweigh the risks. However, the projected reduction in premature mortality still reflects a small portion of the tobacco-related deaths expected over a 20-year period. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147223_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating the impact of menu labeling on food choices and intake Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberto, C.A. Author-Name: Larsen, P.D. Author-Name: Agnew, H. Author-Name: Baik, J. Author-Name: Brownell, K.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 312-318 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160226 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of restaurant menu calorie labels on food choices and intake. Methods. Participants in a study dinner (n=303) were randomly assigned to either (1 ) a menu without calorie labels (no calorie labels), (2) a menu with calorie labels (calorie labels), or (3) a menu with calorie labels and a label stating the recommended daily caloric intake for an average adult (calorie labels plus information). Food choices and intake during and after the study dinner were measured. Results. Participants in both calorie label conditions ordered fewer calories than those in the no calorie labels condition. When calorie label conditions were combined, that group consumed 14% fewer calories than the no calorie labels group. Individuals in the calorie labels condition consumed more calories after the study dinner than those in both other conditions. When calories consumed during and after the study dinner were combined, participants in the calorie labels plus information group consumed an average of 250 fewer calories than those In the other groups. Conclusions. Calorie labels on restaurant menus impacted food choices and intake; adding a recommended daily caloric requirement label Increased this effect, suggesting menu label legislation should require such a label. Future research should evaluate menu labeling's impact on children's food choices and consumption. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160226_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of food prices on consumption: A systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andreyeva, T. Author-Name: Long, M.W. Author-Name: Brownell, K.D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 216-222 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.151415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.151415 Abstract: In light of proposals to improve diets by shifting food prices, it is important to understand how price changes affect demand for various foods. We reviewed 160 studies on the price elasticity of demand for major food categories to assess mean elasticities by food category and variations in estimates by study design. Price elasticities for foods and nonalcoholic beverages ranged from 0.27 to 0.81 (absolute values), with food away from home, soft drinks, juice, and meats being most responsive to price changes (0.7-0.8). As an example, a 10% Increase in soft drink prices should reduce consumption by 8% to 10%. Studies estimating price effects on substitutions from unhealthy to healthy food and price responsiveness among at-risk populations are particularly needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.151415_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: LUCHAR: Using computer technology to battle heart disease among latinos Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leeman-Castillo, B. Author-Name: Beaty, B. Author-Name: Raghunath, S. Author-Name: Steiner, J. Author-Name: Bull, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 272-275 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.162115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162115 Abstract: Many promising technologybased programs designed to promote healthy behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating have not been adapted for use with diverse communities, including Latino communities. We designed a community-based health kiosk program for English- and Spanishspeaking Latinos. Users receive personalized feedback on nutrition, physical activity, and smoking behaviors from computerized role models that guide them in establishing goals in 1 or more of these 3 areas. We found significant improvements in nutrition and physical activity among 245 Latino program users; however, no changes were observed with respect to smoking behaviors. The program shows promise for extending the reach of chronic disease prevention and self-management programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.162115_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of the effectiveness of peer-based interventions on health-related behaviors in adults. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Webel, A.R. Author-Name: Okonsky, J. Author-Name: Trompeta, J. Author-Name: Holzemer, W.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 247-253 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149419 Abstract: We reviewed 25 randomized clinical trials that assessed the effect of peer-based interventions on health-related behaviors in adults. Effect sizes were calculated as odds ratios or standardized mean differences. We grouped most of the studies by 7 measured outcomes, with effect sizes ranging from -0.50 to 2.86. We found that peer-based interventions facilitated important changes in health-related behaviors, including physical activity, smoking, and condom use, with a small- to medium-sized effect. However, the evidence was mixed, possibly because of the heterogeneity we found in methods, dose, and other variables between the studies. Interventions aimed at increasing breastfeeding, medication adherence, women's health screening, and participation in general activities did not produce significant changes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149419_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating public health and personal care in a reformed US health care system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chernichovsky, D. Author-Name: Leibowitz, A.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 205-211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156588 Abstract: Compared with other developed countries, the United States has an inefficient and expensive health care system with poor outcomes and many citizens who are denied access. Inefficiency is increased by the lack of an integrated system that could promote an optimal mix of personal medical care and population health measures. We advocate a health trust system to provide core medical benefits to every American, while improving efficiency and reducing redundancy. The major innovation of this plan would be to incorporate existing private health insurance plans in a national system that rebalances health care spending between personal and population health services and directs spending to investments with the greatest long-run returns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156588_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The connection between art, healing, and public health: A review of current literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stuckey, H.L. Author-Name: Nobel, J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 254-263 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 Abstract: This review explores the relationship between engagement with the creative arts and health outcomes, specifically the health effects of music engagement, visual arts therapy, movement-based creative expression, and expressive writing. Although there is evidence that art-based interventions are effective in reducing adverse physiological and psychological outcomes, the extent to which these interventions enhance health status is largely unknown. Our hope is to establish a foundation for continued investigation into this subject and to generate further interest in researching the complexities of engagement with the arts and health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A randomized clinical trial evaluating online interventions to improve fruit and vegetable consumption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alexander, G.L. Author-Name: McClure, J.B. Author-Name: Calvi, J.H. Author-Name: Divine, G.W. Author-Name: Stopponi, M.A. Author-Name: Rolnick, S.J. Author-Name: Heimendinger, J. Author-Name: Tolsma, D.D. Author-Name: Resnicow, K. Author-Name: Campbell, M.K. Author-Name: Strecher, V.J. Author-Name: Johnson, C.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 319-326 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.154468 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed change in fruit and vegetable intake in a populationbased sample, comparing an online untailored program (arm 1) with a tailored behavioral intervention (arm 2) and with a tailored behavioral intervention plus motivational interviewing-based counseling via e-mail (arm 3). Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled intervention trial, enrolling members aged 21 to 65 years from 5 health plans in Seattle, Washington; Denver, Colorado; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Detroit, Michigan; and Atlanta, Georgia. Participants reported fruit and vegetable intake at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. We assessed mean change in fruit and vegetable servings per day at 12 months after baseline, using a validated self-report fruit and vegetable food frequency questionnaire. Results. Of 2540 trial participants, 80% were followed up at 12 months. Overall baseline mean fruit and vegetable intake was 4.4 servings per day. Average servings increased by more than 2 servings across all study arms (P<.001), with the greatest increase (+2.8 servings) among participants of arm 3 (P= .05, compared with control). Overall program satisfaction was high. Conclusions. This online nutritional intervention was well received, convenient, easy to disseminate, and associated with sustained dietary change. Such programs have promise as population-based dietary interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.154468_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethics-based public health policy? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Petrini, C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 2 Pages: 197-198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181511 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181511_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring the "bisexual bridge": A qualitative study of risk behavior and disclosure of same-sex behavior among black bisexual men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Malebranche, D.J. Author-Name: Arriola, K.J. Author-Name: Jenkins, T.R. Author-Name: Dauria, E. Author-Name: Patel, S.N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 159-164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725 Abstract: Objectives. We explored factors influencing sexual behavior, disclosure of same-sex behavior, and condom-use practices among Black bisexual men. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with 38 Black men in Atlanta, Georgia, who reported having had oral, vaginal, or anal sex with both men and women in the prior 6 months. Results. Participants described approaches to disclosure of same-sex behavior as part of a complex decisional balance influenced by both situational and individual factors and ranging from full disclosure to total secrecy. Influences on sexual behavior and condom-use practices included: (1) type of relationship, (2) gender-specific considerations, (3) perceptions of comfort or trust, and (4) fear of disease or pregnancy. Conclusions. Disclosure of same-sex behavior was not a major influence on the sexual behavior and condom-use practices of the Black bisexual men in our study, who demonstrated heterogeneity in approaches to sexual behavior, disclosure of same-sex behavior, and condom-use practices. Additional research is needed to assess the social determinants of sexual risk for this population. Future HIV-prevention efforts should include initiatives to encourage accuracy in risk assessment and in taking sexual histories in clinical settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.158725_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV/AIDS and tourism in the Caribbean: An ecological systems perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Padilla, M.B. Author-Name: Guilamo-Ramos, V. Author-Name: Bouris, A. Author-Name: Reyes, A.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-77 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.161968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.161968 Abstract: The Caribbean has the highest HIV rates outside of sub-Saharan Africa. In recent decades, tourism has become the most important Caribbean industry. Studies suggest that tourism areas are epicenters of demographic and social changes linked to HIV risk, such as transactional sex, elevated alcohol and substance use, and internal migration. Despite this, no formative HIV-prevention studies have examined tourism areas as ecologies that heighten HIV vulnerability. HIV/AIDS research needs to place emphasis on the ecological context of sexual vulnerability in tourism areas and develop multilevel interventions that are sensitive to this context. From our review and integration of a broad literature across the social and health sciences, we argue for an ecological approach to sexual health in Caribbean tourism areas, point to gaps in knowledge, and provide direction for future research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.161968_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood cognition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in midadulthood: The 1958 British birth cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Power, C. Author-Name: Jefferis, B.J.M.H. Author-Name: Manor, O. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 129-136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155564 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to establish whether associations between childhood cognition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adulthood are explained by common causes, or adult social position or health behavior. Methods. We analyzed associations between cognition at age 11 and cardiovascular disease risk factors at age 45 in the 1958 British birth cohort (n=9377), with and without adjustment for covariates. Results. General ability was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides (in women), body mass index, and waist circumference. Systolic blood pressure decreased by 0.47 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [Cl]=-0.90, -0.05) for a 1-standard-deviation increase in ability. Separate adjustment for social class at birth, education level by adulthood, adult social class, and health behaviors reduced the associations respectively by 14% to 34%, 36% to 50%, 14% to 36%, and 24% to 73%. Full adjustment reduced associations between ability and risk factors at age 45 years by 43% to 92%, abolishing all associations. Conclusions. Increments across the distribution of childhood cognition are associated with improvements in cardiovascular risk profile in midlife, with associations primarily mediated through adult health behavior and social destinations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155564_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disability trends among older Americans: National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seeman, T.E. Author-Name: Merkin, S.S. Author-Name: Crimmins, E.M. Author-Name: Karlamangla, A.S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 100-107 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157388 Abstract: We investigated trends in disability among older Americans from 1988 through 2004 to test the hypothesis that more recent cohorts show increased burdens of disability. Methods. We used data from 2 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1968-1994 and 1999-2004) to assess time trends in basic activities of daily living, instrumental activities, mobility, and functional limitations for adults aged 60 years and older. We assessed whether changes could be explained by sociodemographic, body weight, or behavioral factors. Results. With the exception of functional limitations, significant increases in each type of disability were seen over time among respondents aged 60 to 69 years, independent of sociodemographic characteristics, health status, relative weight, and health behaviors. Significantly greater increases occurred among non-Whites and persons who were obese or overweight (2 of the fastest-growing subgroups within this population). We detected no significant trends among respondents aged 70 to 79 years; in the oldest group (aged ≥80 years), time trends suggested lower prevalence of functional limitations among more recent cohorts. Conclusions. Our results have significant and sobering implications: older Americans face increased disability, and society faces increased costs to meet the health care needs of these disabled Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157388_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A prospective study of depression following combat deployment in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wells, T.S. Author-Name: Leardmann, C.A. Author-Name: Fortuna, S.O. Author-Name: Smith, B. Author-Name: Smith, T.C. Author-Name: Ryan, M.A.K. Author-Name: Boyko, E.J. Author-Name: Blazer, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 90-99 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.155432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.155432 Abstract: We investigated relations between deployment and new-onset depression among US service members recently deployed to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Methods. We included 40219 Millennium Cohort Study participants who completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires and met inclusion criteria. Participants were identified with depression if they met the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire criteria for depression at follow-up, but not at baseline. Results. Deployed men and women with combat exposures had the highest onset of depression, followed by those not deployed and those deployed without combat exposures. Combat-deployed men and women were at increased risk for new-onset depression compared with nondeployed men and women (men: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.13, 1.54; women: AOR=2.13; 95% Cl=1.70, 2.65). Conversely, deployment without combat exposures led to decreased risk for new-onset depression compared with those who did not deploy {men: AOR=0.66; 95% Cl=0.53, 0.83; women: AOR=0.65; 95% Cl=0.47,0.89). Conclusions. Deployment with combat exposures is a risk factor for new-onset depression among US service members. Post-deployment screening may be beneficial for US service members exposed to combat. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.155432_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Schools of Public Health and the Health of the Public: Enhancing the Capabilities of Faculty to Be Influential in Policymaking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Longest Jr., B.B. Author-Name: Huber, G.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 49-53 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.164749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.164749 Abstract: Faculty members ot schools of public health contribute to better health largely through their teaching, research, and community service roles. We suggest attention to another role: exerting their influence to ensure effective public health policy. Using recent actions taken at the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health as a template, we describe some of the key steps that public health schools can take to help their faculties be more influential in public health policy. These steps include (1) building infrastructures to support and facilitate this role, (2) teaching faculty members how to be more influential in the policy arena, and (3) aligning incentives and rewards for faculty who contribute to improved public health by influencing the formation and implementation of pub lic health policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.164749_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Misinformation about tobacco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Author-Name: Healton, C.G. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.180711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.180711 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.180711_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Branding the rodeo: A case study of tobacco sports sponsorship Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Author-Name: Haber, L.A. Author-Name: Wedl, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 32-41 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.144097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.144097 Abstract: Rodeo is one of the few sports still sponsored by the tobacco inclustry, particularly the US Smokeless Tobacco Company. Rodeo is popular in rural communities, where smokeless tobacco use is more prevalent. We used previously secret tobacco industry documents to examine the history and internal motivations for tobacco company rodeo sponsorship. Rodeos allow tobacco companies to reach rural audiences and young people, enhance brand image, conduct market research, and generate positive press. Relationships with athletes and fans were used to fight proposed restrictions on tobacco sports sponsorship. Rodeo sponsorship was intended to enhance tobacco sales, not the sport. Rural communities should question the tradition of tobacco sponsorship of rodeo sports and reject these predatory marketing prac tices. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.144097_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accreditation and accountability: Is the cart before the horse? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wholey, D.R. Author-Name: White, K.M. Author-Name: Kader, H. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 4-5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181123 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181123_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The exodus of pulic health what history can tell us about the future Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fairchild, A.L. Author-Name: Rosner, D. Author-Name: Colgrove, J. Author-Name: Bayer, R. Author-Name: Fried, L.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 54-63 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.163956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163956 Abstract: We trace the shifting definitions of the American public health profession's mission as a social reform and science-based endeavor. Its authority coalesced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as public health identified itself with housing, sanitation, and labor reform efforts. The field ceded that authority to medicine and other professions as it jettisoned its social mission in favor of a science-based identity. Understanding the potential for achieving progressive social change as it moves forward will require careful consideration of the industrial, structural, and intellectual forces that oppose radical reform and the identification of constituencies with which professionals can align to bring science to bear on the most pressing challenges of the day. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.163956_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life-course socioeconomic position and incidence of diabetes mellitus among blacks and whites: The Alameda County Study, 1965-1999 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maty, S.C. Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Kaplan, G.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 137-145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.133892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133892 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between several life-course socioeconomic position (SEP) measures (childhood SEP, education, income, occupation) and diabetes incidence from 1965 to 1999 in a sample of 5422 diabetes-free Black and White participants in the Alameda County Study. Methods. Race-specific Cox proportional hazard models estimated diabetes risk associated with each SEP measure. Demographic compounders (age, gender, marital status) and potential pathway components (physical inactivity, body composition, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, depression, access to health care) were included as covariates. Results. Diabetes incidence was twice as high for Blacks as for Whites. Diabetes risk factors independently increased risk, but effect sizes were greater among Whites. Low childhood SEP elevated risk for both racial groups. Protective effects were suggested for low education and blue-collar occupation among Blacks, but these factors increased risk for Whites. Income was protective for Whites but not Blacks. Covariate adjustment had negligible effects on associations between each SEP measure and diabetes incidence for both racial groups. Conclusions. These findings suggest an important role for life-course SEP measures in determining risk of diabetes, regardless of race and after adjustment for factors that may confound or mediate these associations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.133892_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco industry consumer research on smokeless tobacco users and product development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mejia, A.B. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 78-87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152603 Abstract: Since 2006, RJ Reynolds (RJR) and Philip Morris have both introduced new smokeless "snus" tobacco products. We analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents describing the history of RJR and Philip Morris's consumer research, smokeless product development, and marketing strategies. We found that RJR had invested in smokeless research, development, and marketing since 1968. RJR first targeted low-income males through sampling and sponsorship at fishing, rodeo, and baseball events, and through advertising portraying the user as "hard working." In the early 1990s, Philip Morris and RJR hoped to attract more urban, female smokeless users. The current "snus" campaigns appear to appeal to these targeted consumers and smokers in smoke-free environments. These efforts may expand the tobacco market and undermine smoking cessation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152603_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of geographic data aggregation in assessing disparities in American Indian prenatal care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, P.J. Author-Name: Call, K.T. Author-Name: Blewett, L.A. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 122-128 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.148908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.148908 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether aggregate national data for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs) mask geographic variation and substantial subnational disparities in prenatal care utilization. Methods. We used data for US births from 1995 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2002 to examine prenatal care utilization among AIAN and non-Hispanic White mothers. The indicators we studied were late entry into prenatal care and inadequate utilization of prenatal care. We calculated rates and disparities for each indicator at the national, regional, and state levels, and we examined whether estimates for regions and states differed significantly from national estimates. We then estimated state-specific changes in prevalence rates and disparity rates over time. Results. Prenatal care utilization varied by region and state for AIANs and nonHispanic Whites. In the 12 states with the largest AIAN birth populations, disparities varied dramatically. In addition, some states demonstrated substantial reductions in disparities overtime, and other states showed significant increases in disparities. Conclusions. Substantive conclusions about AIAN health care disparities should be geographically specific, and conclusions drawn at the national level may be unsuitable for policymaking and intervention at state and local levels. Efforts to accommodate the geographically specific data needs of AIAN health researchers and others interested in state-level comparisons are warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.148908_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Turoldo responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Turoldo, F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 6-7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181503 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181503_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Support for smoke-free policies: A nationwide analysis of immigrants, US-Born, and other demographic groups, 1995-2002 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Osypuk, T.L. Author-Name: Acevedo-Garcla, D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 171-181 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160218 Abstract: Objectives:We examined whether support for tobacco control policies varies by demographic group, including nativity status (i.e., immigrant versus US born). Methods. We analyzed 1995 to 2002 data from the Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement (n=543951). The outcome was a summary attitudinal measure assessing support of smoking bans in 4 of 6 venues. Results. US-born respondents, smokers, male respondents, Native Americans, Whites, and those who were unmarried, of lower socioeconomic status, and whose workplaces and homes were not smoke free were less likely to support smoking bans. Immigrants exhibited stronger support for banning smoking in every venue, with a generation-specific gradient in which support eroded with increasing assimilation to the United States. Levels of support were more than twice as high among immigrants as among US-born respondents (odds ratio [OR]=2.16; 95% confidence interval [Cl]= 2.08, 2.23). Naturalized citizens displayed higher support than US-born citizens, which may be relevant for mobilization of the electorate. Differences in population composition and contexts (e.g., smoke-free workplaces) only partially accounted for immigrants' stronger level of support. Conclusions. Immigrants and their children may be valuable tobacco control allies given their supportive attitudes toward smoke-free policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160218_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental examinations as an untapped opportunity to provide HIV testing for high-risk individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollack, H.A. Author-Name: Metsch, L.R. Author-Name: Abel, S. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 88-89 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.157230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157230 Abstract: We used data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey to examine the potential role of dental care in reaching untested individuals at self-reported risk for HIV. An estimated 3.6 million Americans report that they are at significant HIV risk yet have never been HIV tested. Three quarters of these people have seen a dentist within the past 2 years. Dental care offers opportunities to serve atrisk individuals who are otherwise unlikely to be tested or to receive preventive care services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.157230_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Announcement of Committee on Journal to the members of the American Public Health Association. 1911. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hill, H.W. Author-Name: Simpson, R.M. Author-Name: Swarts, G.T. Author-Name: Woodward, W.C. Author-Name: Levy, E.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 64-65 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:1:64-65_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of the American Journal of Public Health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 8 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2010:100:1:8_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New opportunities for the management and therapy of hepatitis C in correctional settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martin, C.K. Author-Name: Hostetter, J.E. Author-Name: Hagan, J.J. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-17 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.147629 Abstract: Hepatitis C in prison populations is now a major public health problem, and large numbers of correctional facilities have no comprehensive management program, often because of formidable projected costs and tightening budget constraints. The North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation has operated a management and therapy program since 2002 using consensus interferon and ribavirin with 45% cost savings. The program has provided excellent sustained viral responses: 54.2% for genotype 1 hepatitis C, 75% for genotypes 2 and 3, and 63.6% overall. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.147629_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Justina siegemund and the art of midwifery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blum, N. Author-Name: Lane, H.J. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 68-69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.171371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171371 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171371_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The modifying effect of social class on the relationship between body mass index and breast cancer incidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Torio, C.M. Author-Name: Klassen, A.C. Author-Name: Curriero, F.C. Author-Name: Caballero, B. Author-Name: Helzlsouer, K. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 146-151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126979 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether social class modifies the effect of BMI on breast cancer incidence. Methods. Participants included 5642 postmenopausal White women recruited in 1989 to CLUE II, a prospective cohort study in Washington County, Maryland. We obtained exposure data from CLUE Il and the 1990 US Census. We used survival and random-effects Cox proportional hazards analyses to determine the association of social class and BMI with breast cancer incidence. Results. Education was independently associated with increased risk of breast cancer incidence (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.01, 1.11; P<.05); contextual measures of social class were not. Education modified the effect of BMI at age 21 years (HR=0.98; 95% Cl=0.97, 0.99}; area-level social class modified the effect of BMI at baseline (HR =0.97; 95% Cl=0.94, 0.99) and BMI change (HR=0.98; 95% Cl=0.95, 1.00). Subpopulation analyses that were adjusted for hormone use, parity, and breast-feeding found similar effects. Conclusions. Social class moderates the influence of body size on breast cancer incidence. Public health efforts, therefore, should advocate for policies that improve social conditions to decrease the burden of breast cancer. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.126979_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Generational status and family cohesion effects on the receipt of mental health services among Asian Americans: Findings from the national latino and Asian American study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Ta, M. Author-Name: Holck, P. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 115-121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.160762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.160762 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relative strengths of generational status and family cohesion effects on current use of mental health services (past 12 months) among Asian Americans. Methods. We conducted a secondary data analysis with data from the National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002 to 2003, restricted to Asian American respondents (n=2087). The study's outcome was current use {past 12 months) of any mental health services. Respondents included Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, and other Asian Americans. Results. Multivariate analyses suggest no significant interaction exists between second- versus first-generation Asian Americans and family cohesion. The impact of generational status on mental health service use was significant for third- or later-generation Asian Americans {versus first-generation Asian Americans) and varied with family cohesion score. Conclusions. Family cohesion and generational status both affect the likelihood of Asian Americans to seek mental health services. Our findings also highlight the need for primary care and other providers to consistently screen for mental health status particularly among first-generation Asian Americans. Mental health service programs should target recent immigrants and individuals lacking a strong family support system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.160762_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Raising awareness of medicare member rights among seniors and caregivers in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olson, R. Author-Name: Grossman, R.M. Author-Name: Fu, P.L. Author-Name: Sabogal, F. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 9-12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.152264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152264 Abstract: Many Medicare recipients do not understand their health care rights. Lumetra, formerly California's Medicare quality improvement organization, developed a multifaceted outreach program to increase beneficiary awareness of its services and of the right to file quality-of-care complaints and discharge appeals. Layered outreach activities to Medicare members and their caregivers in 2 targeted counties consisted of paid media, direct mailings, community outreach, and online marketing. Calls to Lumetra's helpline and visits to its Web site-measures of beneficiary awareness of case review services-increased by 106% and 1214%, respectively, in the targeted counties during the 4-month outreach period. Only small increases occurred in nontargeted counties, increases in quality-of-care complaints and discharge appeal rates were detected during a longer follow-up period. (Am J Public Health). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152264_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A decade of controversy: Balancing policy with evidence in the regulation of prescription Drug advertising Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frosch, D.L. Author-Name: Grande, D. Author-Name: Tarn, D.M. Author-Name: Kravitz, R.L. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 24-32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.153767 Abstract: Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs has remained controversial since regulations were liberalized by the Food and Drug Administration in 1997. We reviewed empirical evidence addressing the claims made in the policy debate for and against DTCA. This advertising has some benefits, but significant risks are evident as well, magnified by the prominence of DTCA in populationlevel health communications. To minimize potential harm and maximize the benefits of DTCA for population health, the quality and quantity of information should be improved to enable consumers to better self-identify whether treatment is indicated, more realistically appraise the benefits, and better attend to the risks associated with prescription drugs. We propose guidelines for improving the utility of prescription drug advertis ing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153767_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Birth of the American journal of public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 66-67 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181867 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181867_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beitsch and Corso respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Author-Name: Corso, L.C. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.181347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.181347 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.181347_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Role of acculturation research in advancing science and practice in reducing health care disparities among latinos Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zambrana, R.E. Author-Name: Carter-Pokras, O. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 18-23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.138826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.138826 Abstract: An impressive body of public health knowledge on health care disparities among Latinos has been produced. However, inconclusive and conflicting results on predictors of health care disparities remain. We examined the theoretical assumptions and methodological limitations of acculturation research in understanding Latino health caredisparities, the evidence for socioeconomic position as a predictor of health care disparities and the effectiveness of cultural competency practice. Persistent use of culture-driven acculturation models decenters social determinants of health as key factors in health disparities and diminishes the effectiveness of cultural competency practice. Social and economic determinants are more important predictors than isculture in understanding health care disparities. Improvements in the material conditions of low-income Latinos can effectively reduce health care disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.138826_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health capability: Conceptualization and operationalization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruger, J.P. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 41-49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.143651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.143651 Abstract: Current theoretical approaches to bioethics and public health ethics propose varied justifications as the basis for health care and public health, yet none captures a fundamental reality: people seek good health and the ability to pursue it. Existing models do not effectively address these twin goals. The approach I espouse captures both of these orientations through a concept here called health capability. Conceptually, health capability illuminates the conditions that affect health and one's ability to make health choices. By respecting the health consequences individuals face and their health agency, health capability offers promise for finding a balance between paternalism and autonomy. I offer a conceptual model of health capability and present a health capability profile to identify and address health capability gaps. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143651_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening and brief intervention for substance misuse among older adults: The Florida BRITE project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schonfeld, L. Author-Name: Klne-Kallimani, B.L. Author-Name: Duchene, D.M. Author-Name: Etheridge, R.L. Author-Name: Herrera, J.R. Author-Name: Barry, K.L. Author-Name: Lynn, N. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 108-114 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149534 Abstract: We developed and examined the effectiveness of the Florida Brief Intervention and Treatment for Elders (BRITE) project, a 3-year, state-funded pilot program of screening and brief intervention for older adult substance misusers. Methods. Agencies in 4 counties conducted screenings among 3497 older adults for alcohol, medications, and illicit substance misuse problems and for depression and suicide risk. Screening occurred in elders' homes, senior centers, or other selected sites. Individuals who screened positive for substance misuse were offered brief intervention with evidence-based practices and rescreened at discharge from the intervention program and at follow-up interviews. Results. Prescription medication misuse was the most prevalent substance use problem, followed by alcohol, over-the-counter medications, and illicit substances. Depression was prevalent among those with alcohol and prescription medication problems. Those who received the brief intervention had improvement in alcohol, medication misuse, and depression measures. Conclusions. The BRITE program effectively shaped state policy by responding to legislative mandates to address the needs of an increasing, but underserved, elder population. The pilot paved the way for obtaining a federally funded grant to expand BRITE to 27 sites in 17 counties in Florida. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149534_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality-adjusted life-years and helmet use among motorcyclists sustaining head injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, H.-Y. Author-Name: Chen, Y.-H. Author-Name: Chiu, W.-T. Author-Name: Hwang, J.-S. Author-Name: Wang, J.-D. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 165-170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.159004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.159004 Abstract: We estimated loss of quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) among motorcyclists in Taiwan who sustained head injuries while wearing or not wearing a helmet. Methods. Patients with head injuries (n=3328) were grouped into categories representing good and poor outcomes (moderate disability or death) at discharge. After linkage with the National Mortality Registry, survival functions were determined and extrapolated over a 50-year period on the basis of the survival ratio between patients and age- and gender-matched reference populations, as calculated from available Taiwan vital statistics. Survival functions were then multiplied by scores from quality-of-life measures. Results. Percentages of good and poor outcomes were 87.2% and 12.8%, respectively, in the helmeted group and 66.4% and 33.6% in the nonhelmeted group. The mean QALE for helmeted motorcyclists, calculated by weighting percentages of good and poor outcomes, was 31.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with an average loss of 5.8 QALYs. For nonhelmeted motorcyclists, the mean QALE was 25.9 QALYs, with a loss of 10.7 QALYs. Conclusions.Helmet use could save approximately 5 QALYs among motorcyclists sustaining head injuries. Future cost-effectiveness analysis can calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for regulation of helmet use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.159004_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The disproportionate cost of smoking for African Americans in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Max, W. Author-Name: Sung, H.-Y. Author-Name: Tucker, L.-Y. Author-Name: Stark, B. Year: 2010 Volume: 100 Issue: 1 Pages: 152-158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149542 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the economic impact of smoking on African Americans in California in 2002, including smoking-attributable health care expenditures and productivity losses from smoking-caused mortality. Methods. We estimated econometric models of smoking-attributable ambulatory care, prescription drugs, inpatient care, and home health care using national and state survey data. We assessed smoking-attributable mortality using epidemiological models. Results. Adult smoking prevalence for African Americans was 19.3% compared with 15.4% for all Califomians. The health care cost of smoking was $626 million for the African American community. A total of 3013 African American Califomians died of smoking-attributable illness in 2002, representing a loss of over 49000 years of life and $784 million in productivity. The total cost of smoking for this community amounted to $1.4 billion, or $1.8 billion expressed in 2008 dollars. Conclusions. Although African Americans account for 6% of the California adult population, they account for over 8% of smoking-attributable expenditures and fully 13% of smoking-attributable mortality costs. Our findings confirm the need to tailor tobacco control programs to African Americans to mitigate the disproportionate burden of smoking for this community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2008.149542_2