Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing transitions and low birth weight among low-income women: Longitudinal study of the perinatal consequences of changing public housing policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kramer, M.R. Author-Name: Waller, L.A. Author-Name: Dunlop, A.L. Author-Name: Hogue, C.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2255-2261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300782 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300782 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the longitudinal association between housing transitions and pregnancy outcomes in a sample of public housing residents. Methods: A cohort of 2670 Black women residing in Atlanta, Georgia, housing projects with 1 birth occurring between 1994 and 2007 was created from maternally linked longitudinal birth files and followed for subsequent births. Traditional regression and marginal structural models adjusting for time-varying confounding estimated the risk of preterm low birth weight (LBW) or small for gestational age LBW by maternal housing transition patterns. Results: Women moving from public to private housing as a result of housing project demolition were at elevated risk for preterm LBW (risk ratio = 1.74;95% confidence interval = 1.00-3.04) compared with women not affected by project demolition. Other non-policy-related housing transition patterns were not associated with pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: Further longitudinal study of housing transitions among public housing residents is needed to better understand the relationship between housing, neighborhoods, housing policy, and perinatal outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300782_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The incoherence of China's national health development strategies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, J. Author-Name: Yan, F. Author-Name: Tang, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e14-e16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301046 Abstract: China ambitiously promised to provide safe, effective, and affordable health care services to all citizens. However, the national strategies for enhancing health remain patchy, and the policy frameworks to empower and inspire individuals and communities to pursue ahealthy lifestyle are largely fragmented. The incoherency is well epitomized by China's failure to implement key parts of the Framework ConventiononTobaccoControl treaty. We seek to advance constructive debate on the health care reform and national health development in China. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301046_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons learned from a community-academic initiative: The development of a core competency-based training for community-academic initiative community health workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruiz, Y. Author-Name: Matos, S. Author-Name: Kapadia, S. Author-Name: Islam, N. Author-Name: Cusack, A. Author-Name: Kwong, S. Author-Name: Trinh-Shevrin, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2372-2379 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300429 Abstract: Objectives: Despite the importance of community health workers (CHWs) in strategies to reduce health disparities and the call to enhance their roles in research, little information exists on how to prepare CHWs involved in community-academic initiatives (CAIs). Therefore, the New York University Prevention Research Center piloted a CAI-CHW training program. Methods: We applied a core competency framework to an existing CHW curriculum and bolstered the curriculum to include research-specific sessions. We employed diverse training methods, guided by adult learning principles and popular education philosophy. Evaluation instruments assessed changes related to confidence, intention to use learned skills, usefulness of sessions, and satisfaction with the training. Results: Results demonstrated that a core competency-based training can successfully affect CHWs' perceived confidence and intentions to apply learned content, and can provide a larger social justice context of their role and work. Conclusions: This program demonstrates that a core competency-based framework coupled with CAI-research-specific skill sessions (1) provides skills that CAI-CHWs intend to use, (2) builds confidence, and (3) provides participants with a more contextualized view of client needs and CHW roles. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300429_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Formative process evaluation for implementing a social marketing intervention to increasewalking among African Americans in the Positive Action for Today's Health trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coulon, S.M. Author-Name: Wilson, D.K. Author-Name: Griffin, S. Author-Name: St. George, S.M. Author-Name: Alia, K.A. Author-Name: Trumpeter, N.N. Author-Name: Wandersman, A.K. Author-Name: Forthofer, M. Author-Name: Robinson, S. Author-Name: Gadson, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2315-2321 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300758 Abstract: Objectives. Evaluating programs targeting physical activity may help to reduce disparate rates of obesity among African Americans. We report formative process evaluation methods and implementation dose, fidelity, and reach in the Positive Action for Today's Health trial. Methods: We applied evaluationmethods based on an ecological framework in 2 community-based police-patrolled walking programs targeting access and safety in underserved African American communities. One program also targeted social connectedness and motivation to walk using a social marketing approach. Process data were systematically collected from baseline to 12 months. Results: Adequate implementation dose was achieved, with fidelity achieved but less stable in both programs. Monthly walkers increased to 424 in the walking-plus-social marketing program, indicating expanding program reach, in contrast to no increase in the walking-only program. Increased reach was correlated with peer-led Pride Strides (r =.92; P <.001), a key social marketing component, and program social interaction was the primary reason for which walkers reported participating. Conclusions: Formative process evaluation demonstrated that the walking programs were effectively implemented and that social marketing increased walking and perceived social connectedness in African American communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300758_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health in the age of politics. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2200 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:12:2200_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Brazilian Family Health Program and secondary stroke and myocardial infarction prevention: A 6-year cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cabral, N.L. Author-Name: Franco, S. Author-Name: Longo, A. Author-Name: Moro, C. Author-Name: Buss, T.A. Author-Name: Collares, D. Author-Name: Werlich, R. Author-Name: Dadan, D.D. Author-Name: Fissmer, C.S. Author-Name: Aragão, A. Author-Name: Ferst, P. Author-Name: Palharini, F.G. Author-Name: Eluf-Neto, J. Author-Name: Fonseca, L.A.M. Author-Name: Whiteley, W.N. Author-Name: Gonçalves, A.R.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e90-e95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301024 Abstract: Objectives: We compared the incidence of recurrent or fatal cardiovascular disease in patients using Brazil's government-run Family Health Program (FHP) with those using non-FHP models of care. Methods: From 2005 to 2010, we followed outpatients discharged from city public hospitals after a first ever stroke for stroke recurrence and myocardial infarction, using data from all city hospitals, death certificates, and outpatient monitoring in state-run and private units. Results: In the follow-up period, 103 patients in the FHP units and 138 in the non-FHP units had exclusively state-run care. Stroke or myocardial infarction occurred in 30.1% of patients in the FHP group and 36.2% of patients in non-FHP care (rate ratio [RR] = 0.85;95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61, 1.18; P =.39); 37.9% of patients in FHP care and 54.3% in non-FHP care (RR = 0.68;95% CI = 0.50, 0.92; P =.01) died. FHP use was associated with lower hazard of death from all causes (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58; P =.005) after adjusting for age and stroke severity. The absolute risk reduction for death by all causes was 16.4%. Conclusions: FHP care is more effective than is non-FHP care at preventing death from secondary stroke and myocardial infarction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301024_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical issues in health research with novel online sources Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vayena, E. Author-Name: Mastroianni, A. Author-Name: Kahn, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2225-2230 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300813 Abstract: Health-related research is increasingly drawing on novel sources of online data, such as crowdsourced information about disease outbreaks, consumer-supplied information provided to health or wellnessWeb sites, Internet search queries about personal health, and social network postings that identify health behaviors. We offer examples of online sources and their uses, identify ethical and policy issues they generate, and formulate key questions for future discussion and investigation. Further work in this area will require cross-disciplinary collaboration to develop ethics and policy guidance for the ethical use of these novel data sources in health-related research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300813_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Opportunities for studying relationships between mobility and health in older populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kasper, J.D. Author-Name: Wallace, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301087 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301087_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Partner services complement routine testing for early HIV diagnosis among older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Webster, T.R. Author-Name: Udeagu, C.-C.N. Author-Name: Shephard, C.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301053 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301053_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of health insurance status and a diagnosis of serious mental illness on whether chronically homeless individuals engage in primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chwastiak, L. Author-Name: Tsai, J. Author-Name: Rosenheck, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e83-e89 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301025 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the impact of a diagnosis of serious mental illness on use of a primary care provider (vs the emergency department [ED]) as a source of care by people who were chronically homeless. Methods: We used data from 750 chronically homeless adults enrolled in the 11-site Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Homelessness and identified demographic and clinical characteristics independently associated with using a primary care provider rather than an ED. Results: The factor most strongly associated with using the ED as a regular source of medical care was previous-year lack of health insurance. Despite high rates of serious mental illness, neither a diagnosis of serious mental illness nor increased severity of psychiatric symptoms was associated with such use. Conclusions: Findings suggest that people who are chronically homeless and have chronic medical illness would be more likely to access care if they had health insurance. Individual states' deciding not to expand Medicaid coverage will likely have a tremendous impact on the health outcomes and health care costs associated with this and other vulnerable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301025_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A novel look at racial health disparities: The interaction between social disadvantage and environmental health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hicken, M.T. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Morenoff, J. Author-Name: Connell, C.M. Author-Name: Snow, R.C. Author-Name: Hu, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2344-2351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300774 Abstract: Objectives: We explored the notion that social disadvantage increases vulnerability to the health effects of environmental hazards. Specifically, we examined (1) whether race modifies the association between blood lead and blood pressure and (2) whether socioeconomic status (SES) plays a role in this modifying effect. Methods: Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2008) and linear regression, we estimated the association between blood lead and blood pressure. Using interactions among race, SES, and lead, we estimated this association by levels of social disadvantage. Results: Black men and women showed a 2.8 (P <.001) and 4.0 (P <.001) millimeters mercury increase in SBP, respectively, for each doubling of blood lead. White adults showed no association. This lead-SBP association exhibited by Blacks was primarily isolated to Blacks of low SES. For example, poor but not nonpoor Black men showed a 4.8 millimeters mercury (P <.001) increase in SBP for each doubling of blood lead. Conclusions: Our results suggest that social disadvantage exacerbates the deleterious health effects of lead. Our work provides evidence that social and environmental factors must be addressed together to eliminate health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300774_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shifts in mortality during a hot weather event in Vancouver, British columbia: Rapid assessment with case-only analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kosatsky, T. Author-Name: Henderson, S.B. Author-Name: Pollock, S.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2367-2371 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300670 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed shifts in patterns of mortality during a hot weather event in greater Vancouver, British Columbia. Methods: We used a case-only analysis to compare characteristics of individuals who died during the hottest week of 2009 with those who died (1) during earlier summer weeks in 2009 and (2) during the same calendar weeks in the summers of 2001 through 2008. Results: Compared with the 8 previous weeks of 2009, odds of mortality during the summer's hottest week were highest in the 65 to 74 years age category, compared with the 85 years and older category (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 2.03). The number of deaths at home increased over deaths in hospitals or institutions (OR = 1.43;95% CI = 1.10, 1.86). Densely populated administrative health areas were more affected. Conclusions: A shift toward deaths at home suggests that in-home-based protective measures should be part of planning for hot weather events in greater Vancouver. Targeting should be considered for those aged 65 to 74 years. The case-only approach is quick and easy to apply and can provide useful information about localized, time-limited events. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300670_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parental characteristics associated with bullying perpetration in us Children aged 10 to 17 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shetgiri, R. Author-Name: Lin, H. Author-Name: Avila, R.M. Author-Name: Flores, G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2280-2286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300725 Abstract: Objectives: We identified factors associated with child bullying in the United States. Methods: We used the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health to examine associations among child, parent, and community factors and bullying perpetration among children aged 10 to 17 years, using bivariate and stepwise multivariable analyses. Results: African American and Latino children and children living in poverty and who had emotional, developmental, or behavioral (EDB) problems had higher odds of bullying, as did children of parents who felt angry with their child or who felt their child bothered them a lot or was hard to care for; suboptimal maternal mental health was associated with higher bullying odds. Children who always or usually completed homework and had parents who talked with them and met all or most of their friends had lower bullying odds. Conclusions: Assessing children's EDB problems, maternal mental health, and parental perceptions may identify children at risk for bullying. Parent-child communication, meeting children's friends, and encouraging children academically were associated with lower bullying odds; these protective factors may be useful in designing preventive interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300725_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Text4baby: Development and implementation of a national text messaging health information service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whittaker, R. Author-Name: Matoff-Stepp, S. Author-Name: Meehan, J. Author-Name: Kendrick, J. Author-Name: Jordan, E. Author-Name: Stange, P. Author-Name: Cash, A. Author-Name: Meyer, P. Author-Name: Baitty, J. Author-Name: Johnson, P. Author-Name: Ratzan, S. Author-Name: Rhee, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2207-2213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300736 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300736_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supplementing national menu labeling Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hodge, J.G. Author-Name: White, L.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e11-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301028 Abstract: The US Food and Drug Administration's forthcoming national menu labeling regulations are designed to help curb the national obesity epidemic by requiring calorie counts on restaurants' menus. However, posted calories can be easily ignored or misunderstood by consumers and fail to accurately describe the healthiness of foods. We propose supplemental models that include nutritional information (e.g., fat, salt, sugar) or specific guidance (e.g., "hearthealthy" graphics). The goal is to empower restaurant patrons with better data to make healthier choices, and ultimately to reduce obesity prevalence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301028_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating the burden of maternal and neonatal deaths associated with jaundice in bangladesh: Possible role of hepatitis e infection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gurley, E.S. Author-Name: Halder, A.K. Author-Name: Streatfield, P.K. Author-Name: Sazzad, H.M.S. Author-Name: Huda, T.M.N. Author-Name: Hossain, M.J. Author-Name: Luby, S.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2248-2254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300749 Abstract: Objectives: We estimated the population-based incidence of maternal and neonatal mortality associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Bangladesh. Methods: We analyzed verbal autopsy data from 4 population-based studies in Bangladesh to calculate the maternal and neonatal mortality ratios associated with jaundice during pregnancy. We then reviewed the published literature to estimate the proportion of maternal deaths associated with liver disease during pregnancy that were the result of HEV in hospitals. Results: We found that 19% to 25% of all maternal deaths and 7% to 13% of all neonatal deaths in Bangladesh were associated with jaundice in pregnant women. In the published literature, 58% of deaths in pregnant women with acute liver disease in hospitals were associated with HEV. Conclusions: Jaundice is frequently associated with maternal and neonatal deaths in Bangladesh, and the published literature suggests that HEV may cause many of these deaths. HEV is preventable, and studies to estimate the burden of HEV in endemic countries are urgently needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300749_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality, and health behaviors: A systematic review of the literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bécares, L. Author-Name: Shaw, R. Author-Name: Nazroo, J. Author-Name: Stafford, M. Author-Name: Albor, C. Author-Name: Atkin, K. Author-Name: Kiernan, K. Author-Name: Wilkinson, R. Author-Name: Pickett, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e33-e66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300832 Abstract: It has been suggested that people in racial/ethnic minority groups are healthier when they live in areas with a higher concentration of people from their own ethnic group, a so-called ethnic density effect. Ethnic density effects are still contested, and the pathways by which ethnic density operates are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature examining the ethnic density effect on physical health, mortality, and health behaviors. Most studies report a null association between ethnic density and health. Protective ethnic density effects are more commonthanadverseassociations, particularly for health behaviors and among Hispanic people. Limitations of the literature include inadequate adjustment for area deprivation and limited statistical power across ethnic density measures and study samples. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300832_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family history of cancer and its association with breast cancer risk perception and repeat mammography Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haber, G. Author-Name: Ahmed, N.U. Author-Name: Pekovic, V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2322-2329 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300786 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the strength of association between family history of breast cancer and family history of other cancers with breast cancer risk perception and repeat mammography. Methods: The sample included 6706 women, aged 46 to 74 years, with no breast cancer history. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association between family history of cancer and breast cancer risk perception. Structural equation modeling estimated the relationship between family history of cancer and repeat mammography. Results: Breast cancer risk perception was strongly associated with family history of breast cancer in the mother or mother and sister (odds ratio [OR] = 32.15; P <.001); family history of breast cancer in the sister, daughter, or male first-degree relative (OR = 6.6-8.4; P <.001); and maternal history of other cancers (OR = 1.38-2.73; P <.001). For repeat mammography, women with maternal history of breast cancer had a mean increase of 0.50 more mammograms in the past 6 years compared with women without maternal history of breast cancer (P <.001). Conclusions: Breast cancer risk perception was associated with the type of cancer found in first-degree relatives and with the person's relationship to the family member with cancer. Family history of breast cancer affected repeat mammography behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300786_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wojcicki and heyman respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wojcicki, J.M. Author-Name: Heyman, M.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301085 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301085_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supporting adolescent mothers: A journey through policies, programs, and research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnet, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2201-2203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300936 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300936_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary care pediatrics and public health: Meeting the needs of today's children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kuo, A.A. Author-Name: Etzel, R.A. Author-Name: Chilton, L.A. Author-Name: Watson, C. Author-Name: Gorski, P.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e17-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301013 Abstract: The proportion of children suffering from chronic illnesses-such as asthma and obesity, which have significant environmental components-is increasing. Chronic disease states previously seen only in adulthood are emerging during childhood, and health inequalities by social class are increasing. Advocacy to ensure environmental health and to protect from the biological embedding of toxic stress has become a fundamental part of pediatrics. We have presented the rationale for addressing environmental and social determinants of children's health, the epidemiology of issues facing children's health, recent innovations in pediatric medical education that have incorporated public health principles, and policy opportunities that have arisen with the passage of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301013_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing the Ten Steps for Successful Breastfeeding in hospitals serving low-wealth patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, E.C. Author-Name: Nickel, N.C. Author-Name: Labbok, M.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2262-2268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300769 Abstract: Objectives: The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding is a proven approach to support breastfeeding in maternity settings; however, scant literature exists on the relative impact and interpretation of each step on breastfeeding. We assessed the Ten Steps and their relationship with in-hospital breastfeeding rates at facilities serving low-wealth populations and explored the outcomes to identify step-specific actions. Methods: We present descriptive and nonparametric comparisons and qualitative findings to examine the relationship between the Ten Steps and breastfeeding rates from each hospital using baseline data collection. Results: Some steps (1-policy, 2-training, 4-skin-to-skin, 6-no supplements, and 9-no artificial nipples, followed by 3-prenatal counseling, 7-rooming-in) reflected differences in relative baseline breastfeeding rates between settings. Key informant interviews revealed misunderstanding of some steps. Conclusions: Self-appraisal may be less valid when not all elements of the criteria for evaluating Step implementation may be fully understood. Limited exposure and understanding may lead to self-appraisal errors, resulting in scores that are not reflective of actual practices. Nonetheless, the indication that breastfeeding rates may be better mirrored by a defined subset of steps may provide some constructive insight toward prioritizing implementation activities and simplifying assessment. These issues will be further explored in the next phase of this study. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300769_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trust, medication adherence, and hypertension control in Southern African American men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elder, K. Author-Name: Ramamonjiarivelo, Z. Author-Name: Wiltshire, J. Author-Name: Piper, C. Author-Name: Horn, W.S. Author-Name: Gilbert, K.L. Author-Name: Hullett, S. Author-Name: Allison, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2242-2245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300777 Abstract: We examined the relationship between trust in the medical system, medication adherence, and hypertension control in Southern African American men. The sample included 235 African American men aged 18 years and older with hypertension. African American men with higher general trust in the medical system were more likely to report better medication adherence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06), and those with higher self-efficacy were more likely to report better medication adherence and hypertension control (OR = 1.08 and OR = 1.06, respectively). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300777_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns and predictors of enactment of state childhood obesity legislation in the united states: 2006-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eyler, A.A. Author-Name: Nguyen, L. Author-Name: Kong, J. Author-Name: Yan, Y. Author-Name: Brownson, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2294-2302 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300763 Abstract: Objectives: We developed a content review for state policies related to childhood obesity, and we have quantitatively described the predictors of enactment. Methods: We collected an inventory of 2006 through 2009 state legislation on 27 childhood obesity topics from legislative databases. We coded each bill for general information, topic content, and other appropriate components. We conducted a general descriptive analysis and 3 multilevel analyses using billand state-level characteristics to predict bill enactment. Results: Common topics in the 27% of the bills that were enacted were community physical activity access, physical education, and school food policy. Committee and bipartisan sponsorship and having term limits significantly predicted enactment in at least 1 model. Bills with safe routes to school or health and nutrition content were twice as likely to be enacted. Bills containing product and menu labeling or soda and snack taxes were significantly less likely to be enacted. Conclusions: Bipartisan and committee support and term limits are important in bill enactment. Advocacy efforts can be tailored to increase awareness and sense of priority among policymakers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300763_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Schistosomiasis control and snail elimination in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fan, K.-W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2231-2232 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300809 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300809_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The fate of historical death certificates: The silent burning of another library of alexandria Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alonso, W.J. Author-Name: Acuña-Soto, R. Author-Name: Schuck-Paim, C. Author-Name: Breman, J.G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301086 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301086_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Repeated job strain and the risk of depression: Longitudinal analyses from the whitehall ii study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stansfeld, S.A. Author-Name: Shipley, M.J. Author-Name: Head, J. Author-Name: Fuhrer, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2360-2366 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300589 Abstract: Objectives: We addressed whether repeated job strain and low work social support increase the risk of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: We used work characteristics from Karasek's Job Strain model, measured on 3 occasions over 10 years in a cohort of 7732 British civil servants, to predict subsequent onset of MDD with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Repeated job strain was associated with increased risk of MDD (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48, 3.26; high job strain on 2 of 3 occasions vs none) in a fully adjusted model. Repeated low work social support was associated with MDD (OR = 1.61;95% CI = 1.10, 2.37; low work social support on 2 of 3 occasions vs none). Repeated job strain remained associated with MDD after adjustment for earlier psychological distress. Conclusions: Demonstration of an increased association for repeated job strain adds to the evidence that job strain is a risk factor for depression. Recognition and alleviation of job strain through work reorganization and staff training could reduce depression in employees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300589_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Keck and reed respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: William Keck, C. Author-Name: Reed, G.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301057 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301057_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: All-cause and external mortality in released prisoners: Systematic review and meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zlodre, J. Author-Name: Fazel, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e67-e75 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300764 Abstract: Objectives: We systematically reviewed studies of mortality following release from prison and examined possible demographic and methodological factors associated with variation in mortality rates. Methods: We searched 5 computer-based literature indexes to conduct a systematic review of studies that reported all-cause, drug-related, suicide, and homicide deaths of released prisoners. We extracted and meta-analyzed crude death rates and standardized mortality ratios by age, gender, and race/ethnicity, where reported. Results: Eighteen cohorts met review criteria reporting 26 163 deaths with substantial heterogeneity in rates. The all-cause crude death rates ranged from 720 to 2054 per 100 000 person-years. Male all-cause standardized mortality ratios ranged from 1.0 to 9.4 and female standardized mortality ratios from 2.6 to 41.3. There were higher standardized mortality ratios in White, female, and younger prisoners. Conclusions: Released prisoners are at increased risk for death following release from prison, particularly in the early period. Aftercare planning for released prisoners could potentially have a large public health impact, and further work is needed to determine whether certain groups should be targeted as part of strategies to reduce mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300764_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of welfare and maternal work on recommended preventive care utilization among low-income children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holl, J.L. Author-Name: Oh, E.H. Author-Name: Yoo, J. Author-Name: Amsden, L.B. Author-Name: Sohn, M.-W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2274-2279 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300803 Abstract: Objectives: We examined how maternal work and welfare receipt are associated with children receiving recommended pediatric preventive care services. Methods: We identified American Academy of Pediatrics-recommended preventive care visits from medical records of children in the 1999-2004 Illinois Families Study: Child Well-Being. We used Illinois administrative data to identify whether mothers received welfare or worked during the period the visit was recommended, andwe analyzed the child visit data using random-intercept logistic regressions that adjusted for child, maternal, and visit-specific characteristics. Results: The 485 children (95%) meeting inclusion criteria made 41% of their recommended visits. Children were 60% more likely (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 1.60;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27, 2.01) to make recommended visits when mothers received welfare but did not work compared with when mothers did not receive welfare and did not work. Children were 25% less likely (AOR= 0.75;95% CI = 0.60, 0.94) to make preventive care visits during periods when mothers received welfare and worked compared with welfare only periods. Conclusion: The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families maternal work requirement may be a barrier to receiving recommended preventive pediatric health care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300803_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of an education, restraint distribution, and fitting program to promote correct use of age-appropriate child restraints for children aged 3 to 5 years: A cluster randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keay, L. Author-Name: Hunter, K. Author-Name: Brown, J. Author-Name: Simpson, J.M. Author-Name: Bilston, L.E. Author-Name: Elliott, M. Author-Name: Stevenson, M. Author-Name: Ivers, R.Q. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e96-e102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301030 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated an education, distribution, and fitting program for increasing age-appropriate and correct child restraint use. Methods: We performed a cluster randomized trial involving 28 early childhood education centers in low socioeconomic status areas in Sydney, Australia. The main outcome was optimal restraint use defined as age-appropriate restraints, installed into the vehicle correctly and used correctly. Results: One service withdrew after randomization, so data are presented for 689 child passengers, aged 3 to 5 years, from 27 centers. More children attending intervention centers were optimally restrained (43% vs 31%; P =.01; allowing for clustering). More 3-year-olds were using forward-facing seats rather than booster seats, more 4- to 5-year-olds were using booster seats instead of seat belts alone, and there were fewer errors in use at intervention centers. Among non-English-speaking families, more children attending intervention centers were optimally restrained (43% vs 17%; P =.002; allowing for clustering). Conclusions: The program increased use of age-appropriate restraints and correct use of restraints, which translates to improved crash injury protection. Multifaceted education, seat distribution, and fitting enhanced legislation effects, and the effect size was larger in non-English-speaking families. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301030_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Coming to grips with the US adolescent birth rate Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elders, M.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2205-2206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300978 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300978_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondary surge capacity: A framework for understanding long-term access to primary care for medically vulnerable populations in disaster recovery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Runkle, J.D. Author-Name: Brock-Martin, A. Author-Name: Karmaus, W. Author-Name: Svendsen, E.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e24-e32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301027 Abstract: Disasters create a secondary surge in casualties because of the sudden increased need for long-term health care. Surging demands for medical care after a disaster place excess strain on an overtaxed health care system operating at maximum or reduced capacity. We have applied a health services use model to identify areas of vulnerability that perpetuate health disparities for at-risk populations seeking care after a disaster. We have proposed a framework to understand the role of the medical system in modifying the health impact of the secondary surge on vulnerable populations. Baseline assessment of existing needs and the anticipation of ballooning chronic health care needs following the acute response for at-risk populations are overlooked vulnerability gaps in national surge capacity plans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301027_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Children's aerobic fitness and academic achievement: A longitudinal examination of students during their fifth and seventh grade years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wittberg, R.A. Author-Name: Northrup, K.L. Author-Name: Cottrell, L.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2303-2307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300515 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed children's potential differences in academic achievement based on aerobic fitness over a 2-year period. Methods: The longitudinal study sample included 3 cohorts of students (n = 1725;50.1% male) enrolled in a West Virginia public school system. Students received baseline fitness and academic assessments as fifth graders and at a 2-year follow-up assessment. We used FitnessGram to assess fitness in aerobic capacity and WESTEST, a criterion-based assessment, for academic performance. Results: Students who stayed in the healthy fitness zone (HFZ) had significantly higher WESTEST scores than did students who stayed in the needs improvement zone (NIZ). Students who moved into or out of the HFZ occasionally had significantly higher WESTEST scores than did students who stayed in the NIZ, but they were rarely significantly lower than those of students who stayed in the HFZ. Conclusions: Students' aerobic capacity is associated with greater academic achievement as defined by standardized test scores. This advantage appears to be maintained over time, especially if the student stays in the HFZ. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300515_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pregnancy as a risk factor for ambulatory limitation in later life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aiken, A.R.A. Author-Name: Angel, J.L. Author-Name: Miles, T.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2330-2335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300791 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the relationship between the number of times a woman has been pregnant and walking difficulty in later life. Methods: With data from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, a representative population-based cohort of Mexican Americans aged 65 years and older residing in 5 Southwestern states, we measured walking difficulty using 2 items from the performance-oriented mobility assessments: the timed walk and seated chair rise. Results: We observed significantly higher rates of ambulatory limitation among women with 6 or more pregnancies than among women with 4 or fewer pregnancies: 44.9% and 27.0%, respectively, were unable to perform or performed poorly in the seated chair rise and timed walk. Ordinal logistic regression models show that gravidity predicts level of performance in both mobility tasks and that higher gravidity is associated with worse performance, even after adjustment for both age and chronic disease. Conclusions: Gravidity is a risk factor for ambulatory limitation in old age. A life course approach to reproduction in public health research and practice is warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300791_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Through a different lens: Examining how we care for adolescent-headed families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beers, L.A.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2203-2205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300937 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300937_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Restoring balance: A consensus statement on the protection of vulnerable research participants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Du Bois, J.M. Author-Name: Beskow, L. Author-Name: Campbell, J. Author-Name: Dugosh, K. Author-Name: Festinger, D. Author-Name: Hartz, S. Author-Name: James, R. Author-Name: Lidz, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2220-2225 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300757 Abstract: A diverse panel convened in June 2011 to explore a dilemma in human research: some traits may make individuals or communities particularly vulnerable to a variety of harms in research; however, well-intended efforts to protect these vulnerable individuals and communities from harm may actually generate a series of new harms. We have presented a consensus statement forged by the panel through discussion during a 2-day meeting and the article-writing process. We have identified practical problems that sometimes arise in connectionwith providing additional safeguards for groups labeled as vulnerable and offered recommendations on how we might better balance concerns for protection with concerns for justice and participant autonomy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300757_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Student attitudes toward concealed handguns on campus at 2 universities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cavanaugh, M.R. Author-Name: Bouffard, J.A. Author-Name: Wells, W. Author-Name: Nobles, M.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2245-2247 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300473 Abstract: We examined student support for a policy that would allow carrying of concealed handguns on university campuses. Large percentages of students at 2 universities expressed very low levels of comfort with the idea of permitting concealed handgun carrying on campus, suggesting that students may not welcome less restrictive policies. Students held slightly different opinions about concealed handguns on and off campus, suggesting that they view the campus environment as unique with respect to concealed handgun carrying. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300473_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The energy burden and environmental impact of health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, L.H. Author-Name: Buettner, P.G. Author-Name: Canyon, D.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e76-e82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300776 Abstract: Objectives: We reviewed the English-language literature on the energy burden and environmental impact of health services. Methods: We searched all years of the PubMed, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect databases for publications reporting energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, or the environmental impact of health-related activities. We extracted and tabulated data to enable cross-comparisons among different activities and services; where possible, we calculated per patient or per event emissions. Results: We identified 38 relevant publications. Per patient or per event, health-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are quite modest; in the aggregate, however, they are considerable. In England and the United States, health-related emissions account for 3% and 8% of total national emissions, respectively. Conclusions: Although reducing health-related energy consumption and emissions alone will not resolve all of the problems of energy scarcity and climate change, it could make a meaningful contribution. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300776_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geomedicine: Area-based socioeconomic measures for assessing risk of hospital reutilization among children admitted for asthma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beck, A.F. Author-Name: Simmons, J.M. Author-Name: Huang, B. Author-Name: Kahn, R.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2308-2314 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300806 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed whether geographic information available at the time of asthma admission predicts time to reutilization (readmission or emergency department revisit). Methods: For a prospective cohort of children hospitalized with asthma in 2008 and 2009 in Cincinnati, Ohio, we constructed a geographic social risk index from geocoded home addresses linked to census tract extreme poverty and high school graduation rates and median home values. We examined geographic risk associations with reutilization and caregiver report of hardship. Results: Thirty-nine percent of patients reutilized within 12 months. Compared with those in the lowest geographic risk stratum, those at medium and high risk had 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9, 1.9) and 1.8 (95% CI = 1.4, 2.4) the risk of reutilization, respectively. Caregivers of children at highest geographic risk were 5 times as likely to report more than 2 financial hardships (P <.001) and 3 times as likely to report psychological distress (P =.001). Conclusions: A geographic social risk index may help identify asthmatic children likely to return to the hospital. Targeting social risk assessments and interventions through geographic information may help to improve outcomes and reduce disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300806_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Playing hockey, riding motorcycles, and the ethics of protection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bachynski, K.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2214-2220 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300721 Abstract: Ice hockey and motorcycle riding are increasingly popular activities in the United States that are associated with high risks of head and facial injuries. In both, effective head and facial protective equipment are available. Yet the debates about safety policies regarding the use of head protection in these activities have taken different forms, in terms of the influence of epidemiological data as well as of the ethical concerns raised. I examine these debates over injury prevention in the context of leisure activities, in which the public health duty to prevent avoidable harm must be balanced with the freedom to assume voluntary risks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300721_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Taking into account scientific evidence showing the benefits of 100% fruit juice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nicklas, T. Author-Name: Kleinman, R.E. Author-Name: O'Neil, C.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301059 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301059_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial and ethnic disparities in utilization of dental services among children in iowa: The Latino experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Valencia, A. Author-Name: Damiano, P. Author-Name: Qian, F. Author-Name: Warren, J.J. Author-Name: Weber-Gasparoni, K. Author-Name: Jones, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2352-2359 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300471 Abstract: Objectives: We sought to understand the role of Latino acculturation in dental care utilization in Iowa children. Methods. We used logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with having a previous-year dental check-up with 2005 Iowa Child and Family Household Health Survey data. We constructed models to examine the association with race/ethnicity and used chosen interview language to measure Latino acculturation. Results: After we controlled for several factors, having a regular dental care source, having a dental need, dental insurance status, family income, children's dental health rating, children's age, and brushing habits were associated with having a previous-year dental check-up. Race/ethnicity was indirectly associated with use of dental services through other related factors with significant differences for less-acculturated Latinos. Conclusions: Policymakers and health planners should implement strategies to address individual, community, and system factors affecting racial/ethnic minorities. A regular source of dental care for Latino children that will enhance their access to services should be ensured. Ignoring the needs of the fastest growing segment of children with the poorest oral health and the least access to care will lead to future increase of oral diseases in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300471_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons from Cuba's national health system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levy, B.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301044 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301044_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of policy changes on infant feeding decisions among low-income Women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whaley, S.E. Author-Name: Koleilat, M. Author-Name: Whaley, M. Author-Name: Gomez, J. Author-Name: Meehan, K. Author-Name: Saluja, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2269-2273 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300770 Abstract: Objectives: We present infant feeding data before and after the 2009 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food package change that supported and incentivized breastfeeding. We describe the key role of California WIC staff in supporting these policy changes. Methods: We analyzed WIC data on more than 180 000 infants in Southern California. We employed the analysis of variance and Tukey (honestly significant difference) tests to compare issuance rates of postpartum and infant food packages before and after the changes. We used analysis of covariance to adjust for poverty status changes as a potential confounder. Results: Issuance rates of the "fully breastfeeding" package at infant WIC enrollment increased by 86% with the package changes. Rates also increased significantly for 2- and 6-month-old infants. Issuance rates of packages that included formula decreased significantly. All outcomes remained highly significant in the adjusted model. Conclusions: Policy changes, training of front-line WIC staff, and participant education influenced issuance rates of WIC food packages. In California, the issuance rates of packages that include formula have significantly decreased and the rate for those that include no formula has significantly increased. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300770_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The prompted optional randomization trial: A new design for comparative effectiveness research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Flory, J. Author-Name: Karlawish, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e8-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301036 Abstract: Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for medical evidence because randomization provides the best-known protection against confounding of results. Randomization has practical and ethical problems that limit the number of trials that can be conducted, however.Adifferentmethod for collecting clinical data retains the statistically useful properties of randomization without incurring its practical and ethical challenges. A computerized prompt introduces a random element into clinical decisionmaking that can be instantly overridden if it conflicts with optimal patient care. This creates a weak form of randomization that still eliminates the effect of all confounders, can be carried out without disturbing routine clinical care, and arguably will not require research-gradeinformedconsent. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301036_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination and DSM-IV-based alcohol and illicit drug use disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hunte, H.E.R. Author-Name: Barry, A.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e111-e117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300780 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and alcohol and drug use disorders in a nationally representative sample of African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Methods: With data from the National Survey of American Life Study, we employed multivariable logistic regression analyses-while controlling for potential confounders-to examine the relationship between everyday and major discrimination and substance use disorders on the basis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Results: Every 1 unit increase in the everyday discrimination scale positively predicted alcohol (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; P<.01) and drug use (OR = 1.02; P <.05) disorders. Similarly, each additional major discrimination event positively predicted alcohol (OR = 1.10; P <.05) and drug use (OR = 1.15; P <.01) disorders. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine problematic usage patterns rather than infrequent use of alcohol and drugs in a national sample of African American and Black Caribbean adults and the first to examine this particular relationship in a national sample of Black Caribbeans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300780_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social connectedness and disease transmission: Social organization, cohesion, village context, and infection risk in rural Ecuador Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zelner, J.L. Author-Name: Trostle, J. Author-Name: Goldstick, J.E. Author-Name: Cevallos, W. Author-Name: House, J.S. Author-Name: Eisenberg, J.N.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2233-2239 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300795 Abstract: Social networks are typically seen as conduits for the spread of disease and disease risk factors. However, social relationships also reduce the incidence of chronic disease and potentially infectious diseases. Seldom are these opposing effects considered simultaneously. We have shown how and why diarrheal disease spreads more slowly to and in rural Ecuadorian villages that are more remote from the area's population center. Reduced contact with outside individuals partially accounts for remote villages' relatively lower prevalence of diarrheal disease. But equally or more important is the greater density of social ties between individuals in remote communities, which facilitates the spread of individual and collective practices that reduce the transmission of diarrheal disease. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300795_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of local violence on children's attention and impulse control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sharkey, P.T. Author-Name: Tirado-Strayer, N. Author-Name: Papachristos, A.V. Author-Name: Raver, C.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2287-2293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300789 Abstract: Objectives: We examined whether the burden of violence in a child's community environment alters the child's behavior and functioning in the classroom setting. Methods: To identify the effects of local violence, we exploited variation in the timing of local homicides, based on data from the Chicago Police Department, relative to the timing of interview assessments conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial conducted with preschoolers in Head Start programs from 2004-2006, the Chicago School Readiness Project. We compared children's scores when exposed to recent local violence with scores when no recent violence had occurred to identify causal effects. Results: When children were assessed within a week of a homicide that occurred near their home, they exhibited lower levels of attention and impulse control and lower preacademic skills. The analysis showed strong positive effects of local violence on parental distress, providing suggestive evidence that parental responses may be a likely pathway by which local violence affects young children. Conclusions: Exposure to homicide generates acute psychological distress among caregivers and impairs children's self-regulatory behavior and cognitive functioning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300789_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The raising of minimum alcohol prices in Saskatchewan, Canada: Impacts on consumption and implications for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stockwell, T. Author-Name: Zhao, J. Author-Name: Giesbrecht, N. Author-Name: Macdonald, S. Author-Name: Thomas, G. Author-Name: Wettlaufer, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: e103-e110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094 Abstract: Objectives: We report impacts on alcohol consumption following new and increased minimum alcohol prices in Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods: We conducted autoregressive integrated moving average time series analyses of alcohol sales and price data from the Saskatchewan government alcohol monopoly for 26 periods before and 26 periods after the intervention. Results: A 10% increase in minimum prices significantly reduced consumption of beer by 10.06%, spirits by 5.87%, wine by 4.58%, and all beverages combined by 8.43%. Consumption of coolers decreased significantly by 13.2%, cocktails by 21.3%, and liqueurs by 5.3%. There were larger effects for purely off-premise sales (e.g., liquor stores) than for primarily on-premise sales (e.g., bars, restaurants). Consumption of higher strength beer and wine declined the most. A 10% increase in minimum price was associated with a 22.0% decrease in consumption of higher strength beer (> 6.5% alcohol/volume) versus 8.17% for lower strength beers. The neighboring province of Alberta showed no change in per capita alcohol consumption before and after the intervention. Conclusions: Minimum pricing is a promising strategy for reducing the public health burden associated with hazardous alcohol consumption. Pricing to reflect percentage alcohol content of drinks can shift consumption toward lower alcohol content beverage types. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Route infrastructure and the risk of injuries to bicyclists: A case-crossover study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Teschke, K. Author-Name: Harris, M.A. Author-Name: Reynolds, C.C.O. Author-Name: Winters, M. Author-Name: Babul, S. Author-Name: Chipman, M. Author-Name: Cusimano, M.D. Author-Name: Brubacher, J.R. Author-Name: Hunte, G. Author-Name: Friedman, S.M. Author-Name: Monro, M. Author-Name: Shen, H. Author-Name: Vernich, L. Author-Name: Cripton, P.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2336-2343 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300762 Abstract: Objectives: We compared cycling injury risks of 14 route types and other route infrastructure features. Methods: We recruited 690 city residents injured while cycling in Toronto or Vancouver, Canada. A case-crossover design compared route infrastructure at each injury site to that of a randomly selected control site from the same trip. Results: Of 14 route types, cycle tracks had the lowest risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.11;95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 0.54), about one ninth the risk of the reference: major streets with parked cars and no bike infrastructure. Risks on major streets were lower without parked cars (adjusted OR = 0.63;95% CI = 0.41, 0.96) and with bike lanes (adjusted OR = 0.54;95% CI = 0.29, 1.01). Local streets also had lower risks (adjusted OR = 0.51;95% CI = 0.31, 0.84). Other infrastructure characteristics were associated with increased risks: streetcar or train tracks (adjusted OR = 3.0;95% CI = 1.8, 5.1), downhill grades (adjusted OR = 2.3;95% CI = 1.7, 3.1), and construction (adjusted OR = 1.9;95% CI = 1.3, 2.9). Conclusions: The lower risks on quiet streets and with bike-specific infrastructure along busy streets support the route-design approach used in many northern European countries. Transportation infrastructure with lower bicycling injury risks merits public health support to reduce injuries and promote cycling. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300762_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health advantages of ethnic density for African American and Mexican American elderly individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alvarez, K.J. Author-Name: Levy, B.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 12 Pages: 2240-2242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300787 Abstract: Research suggests that greater ethnic density correlateswithworse health among African Americans but better health among Hispanic Americans. These conflicting patterns may arise from Hispanic American samples being older than African American samples. We found that among 2367 Mexican American and 2790 African American participants older than 65 years, ethnic density predicted lower rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer, adjusting for covariates, showing that the health benefits of ethnic density apply to bothminority communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300787_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adopting an active lifestyle during adulthood and health-related quality of life: The Doetinchem Cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Oostrom, S.H. Author-Name: Smit, H.A. Author-Name: Wendel-Vos, G.C.W. Author-Name: Visser, M. Author-Name: Verschuren, W.M.M. Author-Name: Picavet, H.S.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e62-e68 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301008 Abstract: Objectives. We examined health-related quality of life in adults who became physically active at recommended levels over a 10-year period compared with adults with different physical activity patterns. Methods. We examined men and women aged 26 to 70 years (mean [SD] = 47.4 [10.1]) in the Doetinchem Cohort Study 3 times between 1995 and 2009. We distinguished participants who became physically active (n = 618), remained active (n = 1286), remained inactive (n = 727), became physically inactive (n = 535), or with varying activity levels (n = 455) over 10 years. We used multivariable linear regression analyses to determine differences in health-related quality of life (survey similar to the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) at 10-year follow-up. Results. Adults who became physically active reported better physical functioning, vitality, and general health after 10 years than did persistently inactive adults and adults who became inactive. They also reported less bodily pain and better social functioning than adults who became inactive. No differences were observed with adults who remained active or with varying activity levels. Conclusions. Adopting a physically active lifestyle may result in a better health-related quality of life, comparable to remaining physically active over 10 years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301008_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New Jersey's HIV exposure law and the HIV-related attitudes, beliefs, and sexual and seropositive status disclosure behaviors of persons living with HIV Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galletly, C.L. Author-Name: Glasman, L.R. Author-Name: Pinkerton, S.D. Author-Name: DiFranceisco, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2135-2140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300664 Abstract: Objectives. We explored associations between awareness of New Jersey's HIV exposure law and the HIV-related attitudes, beliefs, and sexual and seropositive status disclosure behaviors of HIV-positive persons. Methods. A statewide convenience sample (n = 479) completed anonymous written surveys during 2010. We recruited participants through networks of community-based organizations in the state's 9 health sectors. The survey assessed participants' awareness of New Jersey's HIV exposure law, their sexual and serostatus disclosure behavior in the past year, and their HIV-related attitudes and beliefs. We compared responses of participants who were and were not aware of the law through univariate analyses. Results. Fifty-one percent of participants knew about the HIV exposure law. This awareness was not associated with increased sexual abstinence, condom use with most recent partner, or seropositive status disclosure. Contrary to hypotheses, persons who were unaware of the law experienced greater stigma and were less comfortable with positive serostatus disclosure. Conclusions. Criminializing nondisclosure of HIV serostatus does not reduce sexual risk behavior. Although the laws do not appear to increase stigma, they are also not likely to reduce HIV transmission. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300664_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary care and public health services integration in Brazil's unified health system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pinto, R.M. Author-Name: Wall, M. Author-Name: Yu, G. Author-Name: Penido, C. Author-Name: Schmidt, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e69-e76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300972 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between transdisciplinary collaboration, evidence-based practice, and primary care and public health services integration in Brazil's Family Health Strategy. We aimed to identify practices that facilitate service integration and evidence-based practice. Methods. We collected cross-sectional data from community health workers, nurses, and physicians (n = 262). We used structural equation modeling to assess providers' service integration and evidence-based practice engagement operationalized as latent factors. Predictors included endorsement of team meetings, access to and consultations with colleagues, familiarity with community, and previous research experience. Results. Providers' familiarity with community and team meetings positively influenced evidence-based practice engagement and service integration. More experienced providers reported more integration and engagement. Physicians reported less integration than did community health workers. Black providers reported less evidence-based practice engagement than did Pardo (mixed races) providers. After accounting for all variables, evidence-based practice engagement and service integration were moderately correlated. Conclusions. Age and race of providers, transdisciplinary collaboration, and familiarity with the community are significant variables that should inform design and implementation of provider training. Promising practices that facilitate service integration in Brazil may be used in other countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300972_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A transnational study of migration and smoking behavior in the Mexican-origin population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tong, E. Author-Name: Saito, N. Author-Name: Tancredi, D.J. Author-Name: Borges, G. Author-Name: Kravitz, R.L. Author-Name: Hinton, L. Author-Name: Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. Author-Name: Medina-Mora, M.E. Author-Name: Breslau, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2116-2122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300739 Abstract: Objectives. We examined migration-related changes in smoking behavior in the transnational Mexican-origin population. Methods. We combined epidemiological surveys from Mexico (Mexican National Comorbidity Survey) and the United States (Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys). We compared 4 groups with increasing US contact with respect to smoking initiation, persistence, and daily cigarette consumption: Mexicans with no migrant in their family, Mexicans with a migrant in their family or previous migration experience, migrants, and US-born Mexican Americans. Results. Compared with Mexicans with a migrant in their family or previous migration experience, migrants were less likely to initiate smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38, 0.83) and less likely to be persistent smokers (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.26, 0.63). Among daily smokers, the US-born smoked more cigarettes per day than did Mexicans with a migrant in their family or previous migration experience for men (7.8 vs 6.5) and women (8.6 vs 4.3). Conclusions. Evidence suggests that smoking is suppressed among migrants relative to the broader transnational Mexican-origin population. The pattern of low daily cigarette consumption among US-born Mexican Americans, noted in previous research, represents an increase relative to smokers in Mexico. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300739_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease: Philip Morris's "crown jewel" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Petticrew, M.P. Author-Name: Lee, K. Author-Name: McKee, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2018-2025 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300816 Abstract: The type A behavior pattern (TABP) was described in the 1950s by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman, who argued that TABP was an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. This theory was supported by positive findings from the Western Collaborative Group Study and the Framingham Study. We analyzed tobacco industry documents to show that the tobacco industry was a major funder of TABP research, with selected results used to counter concerns regarding tobacco and health. Our findings also help explain inconsistencies in the findings of epidemiological studies of TABP, in particular the phenomenon of initially promising results followed by negative findings. Our analysis suggests that these "decline effects" are partly explained by tobacco industry involvement in TABP research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300816_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integration of primary health care and public health during a public health emergency Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wynn, A. Author-Name: Moore, K.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e9-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300957 Abstract: We have provided a detailed evaluation of how collaboration between an Ontario public health unit and its primary care providers facilitated an optimal response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Family health teams (integrated, interdisciplinary teams that provide a range of care options) provided flu assessment centers, with public health as a partner providing infection control advice, funding, coordination, antiviral medication, clinical care guidelines, supplemental nurse staffing, and arrangement of communication strategies with the public. The family health team structure offers a new capacity for timely, coordinated, and comprehensive response to public health emergencies, in partnership with public health, and provides a promising new direction for healthcare organization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300957_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving population health through integration of primary care and public health: Providing access to physical activity for community health center patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silva, M. Author-Name: Cashman, S. Author-Name: Kunte, P. Author-Name: Candib, L.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e56-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300958 Abstract: Objectives. Our community health center attempted to meet public health goals for encouraging exercise in adult patients vulnerable to obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic diseases by partnering with a local YMCA. Methods. During routine office visits, providers referred individual patients to the YMCA at no cost to the patient. After 2 years, the YMCA instituted a $10 per month patient copay for new and previously engaged health center patients. Results. The copay policy change led to discontinuation of participation at the YMCA by 80% of patients. Patients who persisted at the YMCA increased their visits by 50%; however, more men than women became frequent users after institution of the copay. New users after the copay were also more likely to be younger men. Thus the copay skewed the population toward a younger group of men who exercised more frequently. Instituting a fee appeared to discourage more tentative users, specifically women and older patients who may be less physically active. Conclusions. Free access to exercise facilities (rather than self-paid memberships) may be a more appropriate approach for clinicians to begin engaging inexperienced or uncertain patients in regular fitness activities to improve Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300958_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between socioeconomic position discrimination and psychological distress: Findings from a community-based sample of gay and bisexual men in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gamarel, K.E. Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Parsons, J.T. Author-Name: Golub, S.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2094-2101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300668 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300668 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between discrimination and mental health distress, focusing specifically on the relative importance of discrimination because of particular demographic domains (i.e., race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position [SEP]). Methods. The research team surveyed a sample of gay and bisexual men (n = 294) at a community event in New York City. Participants completed a survey on demographics, discrimination experiences in the past 12 months, attributed domains of discrimination, and mental health distress. Results. In adjusted models, discrimination was associated with higher depressive (B = 0.31; P < .01) and anxious (B = 0.29; P < .01) symptoms. A statistically significant quadratic term (discrimination-squared; P < .01) fit both models, such that moderate levels of discrimination were most robustly associated with poorer mental health. Discrimination because of SEP was associated with higher discrimination scores and was predictive of higher depressive (B = 0.22; P < .01) and anxious (B = 0.50; P < .01) symptoms. No other statistically significant relationship was found between discrimination domains and distress. Conclusions. In this sample, SEP emerged as the most important domain of discrimination in its association with mental health distress. Future research should consider intersecting domains of discrimination to better understand social disparities in mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300668_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heterogeneity of falls among older adults: Implications for public health prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelsey, J.L. Author-Name: Procter-Gray, E. Author-Name: Hannan, M.T. Author-Name: Li, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2149-2156 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300677 Abstract: Objectives. We examined risk factors for falls among older people according to indoor and outdoor activity at the time of the fall and explored risk factors for seriously injurious falls. Methods. Data came from MOBILIZE Boston, a prospective cohort study of 765 community-dwelling women and men, mainly aged 70 years or older. Over 4.3 years, 1737 falls were recorded, along with indoor or outdoor activity at the time of the fall. Results. Participants with poor baseline health characteristics had elevated rates of indoor falls while transitioning, walking, or not moving. Healthy, active people had elevated rates of outdoor falls during walking and vigorous activity. For instance, participants with fast, rather than normal, gait speed, had a rate ratio of 7.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.54, 21.28) for outdoor falls during vigorous activity. The likelihood of a seriously injurious fall also varied by personal characteristics, activity, and location. For example, the odds ratio for serious injury from an outdoor fall while walking outside compared to inside a participant's neighborhood was 3.31 (95% CI = 1.33, 8.23). Conclusions. Fall prevention programs should be tailored to personal characteristics, activities, and locations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300677_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Walking to school in Japan and childhood obesity prevention: New lessons from an old policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mori, N. Author-Name: Armada, F. Author-Name: Willcox, D.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2068-2073 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300913 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the Japan's walking-to-school practice implemented in 1953 for lessons useful to other cities and countries. Methods. We reviewed background documents (gray literature, online government information, local policy documents, and regulations) for existing regulations in several urban settings. We also contacted boards of education. Results. Each municipality has a board of education in charge of public schools, which considers the geography, climate, and the transport situation to determine the method of commuting. Because there is high availability of schools in urban areas and most are located within walking range of the children's homes, walking is the most common method. There are different safety initiatives depending on the district's characteristics. Parents, school staff, and local volunteers are involved in supervision. Conclusions. The walk-to-school practice has helped combat childhood obesity by providing regular physical activity. Recommendations to cities promoting walking to school are (1) base interventions on the existing network of schools and adapt the provision to other local organizations, (2) establish safety measures, and (3) respond specifically to local characteristics. Besides the well-established safety interventions, the policy's success may also be associated with Japan's low crime rate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300913_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wallace responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallace, S.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301032 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301032 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301032_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-help booklets for preventing postpartum smoking relapse: A randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brandon, T.H. Author-Name: Simmons, V.N. Author-Name: Meade, C.D. Author-Name: Quinn, G.P. Author-Name: Lopez Khoury, E.N. Author-Name: Sutton, S.K. Author-Name: Lee, J.-H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2109-2115 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300653 Abstract: Objectives. We tested a series of self-help booklets designed to prevent postpartum smoking relapse. Methods. We recruited 700 women in months 4 through 8 of pregnancy, who quit smoking for their pregnancy. We randomized the women to receive either (1) 10 Forever Free for Baby and Me (FFB) relapse prevention booklets, mailed until 8 months postpartum, or (2) 2 existing smoking cessation materials, Abstract: a usual care control (UCC). Assessments were completed at baseline and at 1, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Results. We received baseline questionnaires from 504 women meeting inclusion criteria. We found a main effect for treatment at 8 months, with FFB yielding higher abstinence rates (69.6%) than UCC (58.5%). Treatment effect was moderated by annual household income and age. Among lower income women (< $30 000), treatment effects were found at 8 and 12 months postpartum, with respective abstinence rates of 72.2% and 72.1% for FFB and 53.6% and 50.5% for UCC. No effects were found for higher income women. Conclusions. Self-help booklets appeared to be efficacious and offered a lowcost modality for providing relapse-prevention assistance to low-income pregnant and postpartum women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300653_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and wellness across the life span. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2009 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:11:2009_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in US older adult disability: Exploring age, period, and cohort effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lin, S.-F. Author-Name: Beck, A.N. Author-Name: Finch, B.K. Author-Name: Hummer, R.A. Author-Name: Master, R.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2157-2163 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602 Abstract: Objectives. We elucidated how US late-life disability prevalence has changed over the past 3 decades. Methods. We examined activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability trends by using age-period-cohort (APC) models among older adults aged 70 years or older who responded to the National Health Interview Survey between 1982 and 2009. We fitted logistic regressions for ADL and IADL disabilities and for each of the 3 APC trends with 2 models: unadjusted and fully adjusted for age, period, cohort, and sociodemographic variables. Results. The unadjusted and adjusted period trends showed a substantial decline in IADL disability, and ADL disability remained stable across time. Unadjusted cohort trends for both outcomes also showed continual declines across successive cohorts; however, increasing cohort trends were evident in the adjusted models. Conclusions. More recent cohorts of US older adults are becoming more disabled, net of aging and period effects. The net upward cohort trends in ADL and IADL disabilities remain unexplained. Further studies should explore cohortspecific determinants contributing to the increase of cohort-based disability among US older adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The United Nations High Level Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: A missed opportunity? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sivaramakrishnan, K. Author-Name: Parker, R.G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2010-2012 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300768 Abstract: The United Nations High Level Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (September 19-20, 2011) providedanopportunitytorecast the current global health agenda and offered a formidable platform to mobilize political will for concerted action. We argue that the opportunity was missed because the World Health Organization (WHO) neglected the politics of process that are key to mobilizing political support for global noncommunicable disease policies. Instead, it focused on the implementation process. The lessons to be drawn from the summit are critical because the WHO is the key agency that will be expected in the near future to steer further discussions and debate on the noncommunicable disease agenda. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300768_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Household food insecurity during childhood and subsequent health status: The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ryu, J.-H. Author-Name: Bartfeld, J.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e50-e55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300971 Abstract: Objectives. We examined long-term patterns of household food insecurity in children from kindergarten through eighth grade and the association between those patterns and children's proxy-reported health status in eighth grade. Methods. We obtained data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Cohort, a study that followed a nationally representative sample of students from kindergarten entry in 1998-1999 through eighth grade. We classified food insecurity according to the number of years of reported household food insecurity over 4 observation years. We estimated logistic regression models to estimate the association between cumulative food insecurity exposure and health outcomes. Results. Food insecurity was generally a transient rather than a persistent condition. Persistent food insecurity over the 9-year period was associated with lower health status in eighth grade, whereas more transient food insecurity was not significantly associated with health outcomes in most models. Conclusions. Single-year estimates substantially underestimate the share of children whose households experienced food insecurity at some point during their childhood years. Persistent food insecurity is an important public health issue for children. Policy interventions to alleviate children's persistent food insecurity may promote child Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300971_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A multidomain approach to understanding risk for underage drinking: Converging evidence from 5 data sets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, D.E. Author-Name: Feinberg, M.E. Author-Name: Cleveland, M.J. Author-Name: Cooper, B.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2080-2087 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300612 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the independent and combined influence of major risk and protective factors on youths' alcohol use. Methods. Five large data sets provided similar measures of alcohol use and risk or protective factors. We carried out analyses within each data set, separately for boys and girls in 8th and 10th grades. We included interaction and curvilinear predictive terms in final models if results were robust across data sets. We combined results using meta-analytic techniques. Results. Individual, family, and peer risk factors and a community protective factor moderately predicted youths' alcohol use. Family and school protective factors did not predict alcohol use when combined with other factors. Youths' antisocial attitudes were more strongly associated with alcohol use for those also reporting higher levels of peer or community risk. For certain risk factors, the association with alcohol use varied across different risk levels. Conclusions. Efforts toward reducing youths' alcohol use should be based on robust estimates of the relative influence of risk and protective factors across adolescent environment domains. Public health advocates should focus on context (e.g., community factors) as a strategy for curbing underage alcohol use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300612_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: With the best intentions: Lead research and the challenge to public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosner, D. Author-Name: Markowitz, G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e19-e33 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301004 Abstract: In 2001, Maryland's court of appeals was asked to decide whether researchers at Johns Hopkins University had engaged in unethical research on children. During the 1990s, Johns Hopkins's Kennedy Krieger Institute had studied 108 African American children, aged 6 months to 6 years, to find an inexpensive and "practical" means to ameliorate lead poisoning. We have outlined the arguments in the case and the conundrum faced by public health researchers as they confront new threats to our health from environmental and industrial insults. We examined the case in light of contemporary public health ideology, which prioritizes harm reduction over the historical goals of prevention. As new synthetic toxins - such as bisphenyl A, polychlorinated biphenyls, other chlorinated hydrocarbons, tobacco, vinyl, and asbestos - are discovered to be biologically disruptive and disease producing at low levels, lead provides a window into the troubling dilemmas public health will have to confront in the future. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301004_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strengthening public health and primary care collaboration through electronic health records Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Calman, N. Author-Name: Hauser, D. Author-Name: Lurio, J. Author-Name: Wu, W.Y. Author-Name: Pichardo, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e13-e18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301000 Abstract: Electronic health records (EHRs) have great potential to serve as a catalyst for more effective coordination between public health departments and primary care providers (PCP) in maintaining healthy communities. As a system for documenting patient health data, EHRs can be harnessed to improve public health surveillance for communicable and chronic illnesses. EHRs facilitate clinical alerts informed by public health goals that guide primary care physicians in real time in their diagnosis and treatment of patients. As health departments reassess their public health agendas, the use of EHRs to facilitate this agenda in primary care settings should be considered. PCPs and EHR vendors, in turn, will need to configure their EHR systems and practice workflows to align with public health priorities as these agendas include increased involvement of primary care providers in addressing public health concerns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301000_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of a risk screener in identifying hepatitis C virus in a primary care setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Drainoni, M.-L. Author-Name: Litwin, A.H. Author-Name: Smith, B.D. Author-Name: Koppelman, E.A. Author-Name: McKee, M.D. Author-Name: Christiansen, C.L. Author-Name: Gifford, A.L. Author-Name: Weinbaum, C.M. Author-Name: Southern, W.N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e115-e121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300659 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated an intervention designed to identify patients at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) through a risk screener used by primary care providers. Methods. A clinical reminder sticker prompted physicians at 3 urban clinics to screen patients for 12 risk factors and order HCV testing if any risks were present. Risk factor data were collected from the sticker; demographic and testing data were extracted from electronic medical records. We used the t test, χ 2 test, and rank-sum test to compare patients who had and had not been screened and developed an analytic model to identify the incremental value of each element of the screener. Results. Among screened patients, 27.8% (n = 902) were identified as having at least 1 risk factor. Of screened patients with risk factors, 55.4% (n = 500) were tested for HCV. Our analysis showed that 7 elements (injection drug use, intranasal drug use, elevated alanine aminotransferase, transfusions before 1992, ≥ 20 lifetime sex partners, maternal HCV, existing liver disease) accounted for all HCV infections identified. Conclusions. A brief risk screener with a paper-based clinical reminder was effective in increasing HCV testing in a primary care setting. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300659_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Continued increases in the relative risk of death from smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mehta, N. Author-Name: Preston, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2181-2186 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300489 Abstract: Objectives. We examined changes in the relative risk of death among current and former smokers over recent decades in the United States. Methods. Data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were linked to subsequent deaths. We calculated age-standardized death rates by gender and smoking status, and estimated multivariate discrete time logit regression models. Results. The risk of death for a smoker compared with that for a never-smoker increased by 25.4% from 1987 to 2006 based on NHIS data. Analysis of NHANES data from 1971 to 2006 showed an even faster annual increase in the relative risk of death for current smokers. Former smokers also showed an increasing relative risk of death, although the increase was slower than that among current smokers and not always statistically significant. These trends were not related to increasing educational selectivity of smokers or increased smoking intensity or duration among current smokers. Smokers may have become more adversely selected on other health-related variables. Conclusions. A continuing increase in the relative risk of death for current and former smokers suggests that the contribution of smoking to national mortality patterns is not decreasing as rapidly as would be implied by the decreasing prevalence of smoking among Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300489_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bertmann et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bertmann, F. Author-Name: Ohri-Vachaspati, P. Author-Name: Buman, M.P. Author-Name: Wharton, C.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301054 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301054_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Visiting the emergency department for dental problems: Trends in utilization, 2001 to 2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, H.H. Author-Name: Lewis, C.W. Author-Name: Saltzman, B. Author-Name: Starks, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e77-e83 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300965 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that between 2001 and 2008, Americans increasingly relied upon emergency departments (EDs) for dental care. Methods. Data from 2001 through 2008 were collected from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Population-based visit rates for dental problems, and, for comparison, asthma, were calculated using annual US Census Bureau estimates. As part of the analysis, we described patient characteristics associated with large increases in ED dental utilization. Results. Dental visit rates increased most dramatically for the following subpopulations: those aged 18 to 44 years (7.2-12.2 per 1000, P < .01); Blacks (6.0-10.4 per 1000, P < .01); and the uninsured (9.5-13.2 per 1000, P < .01). Asthma visit rates did not change although dental visit rates increased 59% from 2001 to 2008. Conclusions. There is an increasing trend in ED visits for dental issues, which was most pronounced among those aged 18 to 44 years, the uninsured, and Blacks. Dental visit rates increased significantly although there was no overall change in asthma visit rates. This suggests that community access to dental care compared with medical care is worsening over time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300965_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Estimating the likely public health impact of partner notification for a clinical service: An evidence-based algorithm (American Journal of Public Health (2011) 101 (11):2117-2123 DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300211 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mercer, C.H. Author-Name: Aicken, C.R.H. Author-Name: Brook, M.G. Author-Name: Cassell J.a. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e7-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300211e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300211e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300211e_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sprague martinez and Peréa respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sprague Martinez, L.S. Author-Name: Peréa, F.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301058 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301058_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A ban on menthol cigarettes: Impact on public opinion and smokers' intention to quit Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearson, J.L. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Author-Name: Niaura, R.S. Author-Name: Richardson, A. Author-Name: Vallone, D.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e107-e114 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300804 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed support for a ban by the Food and Drug Administration on menthol in cigarettes and behavioral intentions among menthol smokers in the event of such a ban. Methods. We surveyed 2649 never, former, and current smokers and used ordinal logistic regression to calculate weighted point estimates and predictors of support for a menthol ban among the adult population and menthol smokers only. For menthol smokers, we also calculated weighted point estimates and predictors of behavioral intentions. Results. Overall, 28.2% of adults opposed, 20.0% supported, and 51.9% lacked a strong opinion about a menthol ban. Support was highest among Hispanics (36.4%), African Americans (29.0%), never smokers (26.8%), and respondents with less than a high school education (28.8%). Nearly 40% of menthol smokers said they would quit if menthol cigarettes were no longer available, 12.5% would switch to a nonmenthol brand, and 25.2% would both switch and try to quit. Conclusions. Support for a menthol ban is strongest among populations with the highest prevalence of menthol cigarette use. A menthol ban might motivate many menthol smokers to quit. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300804_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Availability of over-the-counter emergency contraception in 2 disparate New York City neighborhoods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Legare, K. Author-Name: Bakshi, S. Author-Name: Keyhani, S. Author-Name: Howell, E.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e45-e47 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300966 Abstract: We conducted a telephone survey of pharmacies in 2 New York City neighborhoods on same-day availability, type, and cost of overthe-counter emergency contraception. There was no difference in availability of over-the-counter emergency contraception between Upper East Side and East Harlem pharmacies (93% vs 94%; P = .71). Average cost of medication was less in East Harlem than in the Upper East Side ($45.16 vs $51.64; P < .001). Efforts should accentuate overcoming cost and knowledge barriers associated with the use of emergency contraception. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300966_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Up in smoke: Vanishing evidence of tobacco disparities in the Institute of Medicine's report on sexual and gender minority health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, J.G.L. Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Melvin, C.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2041-2043 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300746 Abstract: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a groundbreaking report on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health in 2011, finding limited evidence of tobacco disparities. We examined IOM search terms and used 2 systematic reviews to identify 71 articles on LGBT tobacco use. The IOM omitted standard tobacco-related search terms. The report also omitted references to studies on LGBT tobacco use (n = 56), some with rigorous designs. The IOM report may underestimate LGBT tobacco use compared with general population use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300746_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping tobacco quitlines in North America: Signaling pathways to improve treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leischow, S.J. Author-Name: Provan, K. Author-Name: Beagles, J. Author-Name: Bonito, J. Author-Name: Ruppel, E. Author-Name: Moor, G. Author-Name: Saul, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2123-2128 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300529 Abstract: Objectives. This study was designed to better understand how the network of quitlines in the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC) interact and share new knowledge on quitline practices. Methods. Network relationship data were collected from all 63 publicly funded quitlines in North America, including information sharing, partner trust, and reputation. Results. There was a strong tendency for US and Canadian quitlines to seek information from other quitlines in the same country, with few seeking information from quitlines from the other country. Quitlines with the highest reputation tended to more centrally located in the network, but the NAQC coordinating organization is highly central to the quitline network - thus demonstrating their role as a broker of quitline information. Conclusions. This first "snapshot" of US and Canadian quitlines demonstrated that smoking cessation quitlines in North America are not isolated, but are part of an interconnected network, with some organizations more central than others. As quitline use expands with the inclusion of national toll-free numbers on cigarette packs, how quitlines share information to improve practice will become increasingly important. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300529_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of a free older persons' bus pass on active travel and regular walking in England Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coronini-Cronberg, S. Author-Name: Millett, C. Author-Name: Laverty, A.A. Author-Name: Webb, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2141-2148 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300946 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the potential public health benefit of the National Bus Pass, introduced in 2006, which permits free local bus travel for older adults (≥ 60 years) in England. Methods. We performed regression analyses with annual data from the 2005-2008 National Travel Survey. Models assessed associations between being a bus pass holder and active travel (walking, cycling, and use of public transport), use of buses, and walking 3 or more times per week. Results. Having a free pass was significantly associated with greater active travel among both disadvantaged (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.35, 4.86; P < .001) and advantaged groups (AOR = 4.72; 95% CI = 3.99, 5.59; P < .001); greater bus use in both disadvantaged and advantaged groups (AOR = 7.03; 95% CI = 5.53, 8.94; P < .001 and AOR = 7.11; 95% CI = 5.65, 8.94; P < .001, respectively); and greater likelihood of walking more frequently in the whole cohort (AOR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.12; P < .001). Conclusions. Public subsidies enabling free bus travel for older persons may confer significant population health benefits through increased incidental physical activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300946_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring indoor air quality of hookah lounges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fiala, S.C. Author-Name: Morris, D.S. Author-Name: Pawlak, R.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2043-2045 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300751 Abstract: Many states have implemented smoke-free workplace laws to protect employees and customers from exposure to secondhand smoke. However, exemptions in these laws have allowed indoor tobacco smoking in hookah lounges to proliferate in recent years. To describe the amount of secondhand smoke in hookah lounges, we measured the indoor air quality of 10 hookah lounges in Oregon. Air quality measurements ranged from "unhealthy" to "hazardous" according to Environmental Protection Agency standards, indicating a potential health risk for patrons and employees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300751_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income inequality in health at all ages: A comparison of the United States and England Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martinson, M.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2049-2056 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300929 Abstract: Objectives. I systematically examined income gradients in health in the United States and England across the life span (ages birth to 80 years), separately for females and males, for a number of health conditions. Methods. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 36 360) and the Health Survey for England (n = 55 783), I calculated weighted prevalence rates and risk ratios by income level for the following health risk factors or conditions: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, heart attack or angina, stroke, and asthma. Results. In the United States and England, the income gradients in health are very similar across age, gender, and numerous health conditions, and are robust to adjustments for race/ethnicity, health behaviors, body mass index, and health insurance. Conclusions. Health disparities by income are pervasive in England as well as in the United States, despite better overall health, universal health insurance, and more generous social protection spending in England. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300929_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evolving from wireless terminals to mobile card readers at farmers' markets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: George, D.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300981 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300981_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High parenting aggravation among US immigrant families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Author-Name: Singh, G.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2102-2108 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300698 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between the joint effects of children's immigrant family type and race/ethnicity on parenting aggravation. Methods. We analyzed data on a nationally representative sample of 101 032 children aged birth through 17 years from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Results. Analysis of the Aggravation in Parenting Scale showed that 26% of foreign-born parents with foreign-born children were highly aggravated, followed by 22% of foreign-born parents with US-born children and 11% of US-born parents. Multivariable analyses indicated that all minority parents experienced high parenting aggravation compared with non-Hispanic White US-born parents; the odds of reporting parenting aggravation were 5 times higher for Hispanic foreign-born parents. All foreign-born parents, regardless of race/ethnicity, reported significantly elevated parenting aggravation. Parents of adolescents, children with special health care needs, and nontraditional and lower-income households were also more likely to report high parenting aggravation. Conclusions. Our findings clearly document significantly elevated levels of parenting aggravation among immigrant and minority families. Public health programs and clinicians should target referrals and interventions for these families to avoid potential health problems for both children and their families. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300698_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meta-analysis of single-session behavioral interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections: Implications for bundling prevention packages Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eaton, L.A. Author-Name: Huedo-Medina, T.B. Author-Name: Kalichman, S.C. Author-Name: Pellowski, J.A. Author-Name: Sagherian, M.J. Author-Name: Warren, M. Author-Name: Popat, A.R. Author-Name: Johnson, B.T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e34-e44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300968 Abstract: Evidence-based,single-session behavioral interventions are urgently needed for preventing the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To estimate the efficacy of single-session, behavioral interventions for STI prevention, we collected data from 29 single-session interventions (20 studies; n = 52 465) with an STI outcome. Infection with an STI was 35% less likely (odds ratio = 0.65; 95% confidence interval = 0.55-0.77) among intervention group participants than among control group participants. Singlesession interventions offer considerable benefits in terms of disease prevention and create minimal burden for both the patient and the provider. Brief and effective STI prevention interventions are a valuable tool and can be readily adapted to bolster the benefits of biomedical technologies focusing on the prevention of HIV and other STIs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300968_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accuracy and importance of projections from a dynamic simulation model of smoking prevalence in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Author-Name: Méndez, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2045-2048 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300771 Abstract: We compared projections from a dynamic model of US adult smoking prevalence with official estimates of prevalence from the National Health Interview Survey. Ten years after they were made, the model projections closely fit the National Health Interview Survey estimates for 2005 and 2010. We conclude that a verified model of adult smoking prevalence can assist governmental authorities in establishing aspirational but feasible targets for tobacco control. By extension, carefully crafted models can help in goal setting in multiple areas of public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300771_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young adults' favorable perceptions of snus, dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes: Findings from a focus group study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Choi, K. Author-Name: Fabian, L. Author-Name: Mottey, N. Author-Name: Corbett, A. Author-Name: Forster, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2088-2093 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300525 Abstract: Objectives. We explored young adults' perceptions of snus (spitless moist snuff packed in porous bags), dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes and intention to try these products. Methods. We conducted 11 focus group discussions involving a total of 66 young adults (18-26 years old) on these new tobacco products (e.g., harmfulness, potential as quit aids, intention to try) held between July and December 2010. We analyzed discussions using a thematic approach. Results. Participants generally reported positive perceptions of the new products, particularly because they came in flavors. Few negative perceptions were reported. Although some participants believed these products were less harmful than cigarettes and helpful in quitting smoking, others thought the opposite, particularly regarding electronic cigarettes. Participants also commented that these products could be gateways to cigarette smoking. Half of the participants, including a mix of smokers and nonsmokers, admitted they would try these products if offered by a friend. Conclusions. Young adults perceive the new tobacco products positively and are willing to experiment with them. Eliminating flavors in these products may reduce young adults' intentions to try these products. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300525_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training the mind's eye Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chilton, J.A. Author-Name: Allen, B.W. Author-Name: Lofton, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2039-2040 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300747 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300747_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incidence of disability among children 12 months after traumatic brain injury Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rivara, F.P. Author-Name: Koepsell, T.D. Author-Name: Wang, J. Author-Name: Temkin, N. Author-Name: Dorsch, A. Author-Name: Vavilala, M.S. Author-Name: Durbin, D. Author-Name: Jaffe, K.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2074-2079 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300696 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the burden of disability resulting from traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) among children younger than 18 years. Methods. We derived our data from a cohort study of children residing in King County, Washington, who were treated in an emergency department for a TBI or for an arm injury during 2007-2008. Disabilities 12 months after injury were assessed according to need for specialized educational and community-based services and scores on standardized measures of adaptive functioning and social-community participation. Results. The incidence of children receiving new services at 12 months was about 10-fold higher among those with a mild TBI than among those with a moderate or severe TBI. The population incidence of disability (defined according to scores below the norm means on the outcome measures included) was also consistently much larger (2.8-fold to 28-fold) for mild TBIs than for severe TBIs. Conclusions. The burden of disability caused by TBIs among children is primarily accounted for by mild injuries. Efforts to prevent these injuries as well as to decrease levels of disability following TBIs are warranted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300696_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV/AIDS surveillance data for New York City West Indian - Born Blacks: Comparisons with other immigrant and US-born groups Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hoffman, S. Author-Name: Ransome, Y. Author-Name: Adams-Skinner, J. Author-Name: Leu, C.-S. Author-Name: Terzian, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2129-2134 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300672 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300672 Abstract: Objectives. Although the risk of HIV among New York City West Indian-born Black immigrants often is assumed to be high, population-based data are lacking, a gap we aimed to address. Methods. Using 2006-2007 HIV/AIDS surveillance data from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and population data from the US Census American Community Survey 2007, we compared the rate of newly reported HIV diagnoses, prevalence of people living with HIV/AIDS, and distribution of transmission risk categories in West Indian-born Blacks, 2 other immigrant groups, and US-born Blacks and Whites. Results. The age-adjusted rate of newly reported HIV diagnoses for West Indian-born Blacks was 43.19 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.92, 49.10). This was higher than the rate among US-born Whites (19.96; 95% CI = 18.63, 21.37) and Dominican immigrants and lower than that among US-born Blacks (109.48; 95% CI = 105.02, 114.10) and Haitian immigrants. Heterosexual transmission was the largest risk category in West Indian-born Blacks, accounting for 41% of new diagnoses. Conclusions. Although much lower than in US-born Blacks, the rate of newly reported HIV diagnoses in West Indian-born Blacks exceeds that among US-born Whites. Additional work is needed to understand the migration-related sources of risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300672_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leading causes of unintentional and intentional injury mortality: United States, 2000-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rockett, I.R.H. Author-Name: Regier, M.D. Author-Name: Kapusta, N.D. Author-Name: Coben, J.H. Author-Name: Miller, T.R. Author-Name: Hanzlick, R.L. Author-Name: Todd, K.H. Author-Name: Sattin, R.W. Author-Name: Kennedy, L.W. Author-Name: Kleinig, J. Author-Name: Smith, G.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e84-e92 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300960 Abstract: Objectives. We have described national trends for the 5 leading external causes of injury mortality. Methods. We used negative binomial regression and annual underlying cause-of-death data for US residents for 2000 through 2009. Results. Mortality rates for unintentional poisoning, unintentional falls, and suicide increased by 128%, 71%, and 15%, respectively. The unintentional motor vehicle traffic crash mortality rate declined 25%. Suicide ranked first as a cause of injury mortality, followed by motor vehicle traffic crashes, poisoning, falls, and homicide. Females had a lower injury mortality rate than did males. The adjusted fall mortality rate displayed a positive age gradient. Blacks and Hispanics had lower adjusted motor vehicle traffic crash and suicide mortality rates and higher adjusted homicide rates than did Whites, and a lower unadjusted total injury mortality rate. Conclusions. Mortality rates for suicide, poisoning, and falls rose substantially over the past decade. Suicide has surpassed motor vehicle traffic crashes as the leading cause of injury mortality. Comprehensive traffic safety measures have successfully reduced the national motor vehicle traffic crash mortality rate. Similar efforts will be required to diminish the burden of other injury. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300960_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paul Meier: a man behind the method. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Betts, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2026-2029 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:11:2026-2029_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Better health requires partnerships and a systems approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jarris, P.E. Author-Name: Monroe, J.A. Author-Name: Pestronk, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301018 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301018_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: No spot solutions: Vitamin A supplementation in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sawhney, T.G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301011 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301011_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical concerns in tobacco control nonsmoker and "nonnicotine" hiring policies: The implications of employment restrictions for tobacco control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Voigt, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2013-2018 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300745 Abstract: Smoking has been restricted in workplaces for some time. A number of organizations with health promotion or tobacco control goals have taken the further step of implementing employment restrictions. These restrictions apply to smokers and, in some cases, to anyone testing positive on cotinine tests, which also capture users of nicotine-replacement therapy and those exposed to secondhand smoke. Such policies are defended as closely related to broader antismoking goals: first, only nonsmokers can be role models and advocates for tobacco control; second, nonsmoker and "nonnicotine" hiring policies help denormalize tobacco use, thus advancing a central aspect of tobacco control. However, these arguments are problematic: not only can hiring restrictions comeinto conflict with broader antismoking goals, but they also raise significant problems of their own. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300745_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Deaths from secondhand smoke exposure in the United States: Economic implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Max, W. Author-Name: Sung, H.-Y. Author-Name: Shi, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2173-2180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300805 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the number of deaths attributable to secondhand smoke (SHS), years of potential life lost (YPLL), and value of lost productivity for different US racial/ethnic groups in 2006. Methods. We determined the number of SHS-related deaths among nonsmokers from 2 adult and 4 infant conditions using an epidemiological approach. We estimated adult SHS exposure using detectable serum cotinine. For each death, we determined the YPLL and the value of lost productivity. Results. SHS exposure resulted in more than 42 000 deaths: more than 41 000 adults and nearly 900 infants. Blacks accounted for 13% of all deaths but 24% to 36% of infant deaths. SHS-attributable deaths resulted in a loss of nearly 600 000 YPLL and $6.6 billion of lost productivity, or $158 000 per death. The value of lost productivity per death was highest among Blacks ($238 000) and Hispanics ($193 000). Conclusions. The economic toll of SHS exposure is substantial, with communities of color having the greatest losses. Interventions need to be designed to reduce the health and economic burden of smoking on smokers and nonsmokers alike and on particularly vulnerable groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300805_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Personal data and the public health paradigm Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Petrini, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300991 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300991_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patients' rights and the National Health Service in Britain, 1960s-1980s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mold, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2030-2038 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300728 Abstract: The language of rights has long permeated discussions about health care in Britain, but during the latter half of the 20th century, patients' rights achieved a level of unprecedented prominence. By the end of the 1980s, the language of entitlement appeared to have spread into many areas of the National Health Service: consent to treatment, access to information, and the ability to complain were all legally established patients' rights. Patient organizations played a critical role in both realizing these rights and in popularizing the discourse of rights in health care in Britain. "Rights talk," however, was not without its drawbacks, as it was unclear what kinds of rights were being exercised and whether these were held by patients, consumers, or citizens. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300728_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Current tobacco use among adults in the United States: Findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, B.A. Author-Name: Dube, S.R. Author-Name: Tynan, M.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e93-e100 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301002 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of tobacco use among US adults. Methods. We used data from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, a national landline and cell phone survey of adults aged 18 years and older, to estimate current use of any tobacco; cigarettes; cigars, cigarillos, or small cigars; chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip; water pipes; snus; and pipes. We stratified estimates by gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, sexual orientation, and US state. Results. National prevalence of current use was 25.2% for any tobacco; 19.5% for cigarettes; 6.6% for cigars, cigarillos, or small cigars; 3.4% for chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip; 1.5% for water pipes; 1.4% for snus; and 1.1% for pipes. Tobacco use was greatest among respondents who were male, younger, of non-Hispanic "other" race/ethnicity, less educated, less wealthy, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Prevalence ranged from 14.1% (Utah) to 37.4% (Kentucky). Conclusions. Tobacco use varies by geography and sociodemographic factors, but remains prevalent among US adults. Evidence-based prevention strategies are needed to decrease tobacco use and the health and economic burden of tobacco-related diseases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301002_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Innovative primary care training: The Cambridge Health Alliance Oral Physician Program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Giddon, D.B. Author-Name: Seymour, B.A. Author-Name: Swann, B. Author-Name: Anderson, N.K. Author-Name: Jayaratne, Y.S.N. Author-Name: Outlaw, J. Author-Name: Kalenderian, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e48-e49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300954 Abstract: We evaluated the Oral Physician Program, a dental residency sponsored by Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Cambridge Health Alliance that offers an innovative model for training dentists to provide limited primary care. The didactic and clinical experiences increased residents' medical knowledge and interviewing skills, and faculty assessments supported their role as oral physicians. Oral physicians could increase patients' - especially patients from underserved groups - access to integrated oral and primary care services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300954_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparison of current US risk strategy to screen for hepatitis C virus with a hypothetical targeted birth cohort strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tomaszewski, K.J. Author-Name: Deniz, B. Author-Name: Tomanovich, P. Author-Name: Graham, C.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: e101-e106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300488 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the theoretical performance of a 1-time, birth cohort strategy with the currently recommended risk strategy for screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which is undetected in an estimated 75% of 4 million affected people in the United States. Methods. We applied current American Association for the Study of Liver Disease risk screening guidelines and a targeted birth cohort strategy to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2003 to 2006 to estimate their performance in identifying HCV cases. Results. Risk guidelines would recommend testing 25% of the US population aged 20 years or older and, if fully implemented, identify 82% of the projected HCV-exposed population. A targeted birth cohort (1946-1964) strategy would test 45% of the same population and identify 76% of the projected HCV population. Conclusions. In this ideal-world simulation, birth year and risk screening had similar theoretical performances for predicting HCV infection. However, actual implementation of risk screening has not achieved its theoretical performance, and birth cohort screening might increase HCV testing rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300488_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prenatal, perinatal, early life, and sociodemographic factors underlying racial differences in the likelihood of high body mass index in early childhood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weden, M.M. Author-Name: Brownell, P. Author-Name: Rendall, M.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2057-2067 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300686 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated early childhood disparities in high body mass index (BMI) between Black and White US children. Methods. We compared differences in Black and White children's prevalence of sociodemographic, prenatal, perinatal, and early life risk and protective factors; fit logistic regression models predicting high BMI (≥95th percentile) at age 4 to 5 years to 2 nationally representative samples followed from birth; and performed separate and pooled-survey estimations of these models. Results. After adjustment for sample design-related variables, models predicting high BMI in the 2 samples were statistically indistinguishable. In the pooled-survey models, Black children's odds of high BMI were 59% higher than White children's (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.32, 1.92). Sociodemographic predictors reduced the racial disparity to 46% (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.17, 1.81). Prenatal, perinatal, and early life predictors reduced the disparity to nonsignificance (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.93, 1.49). Maternal prepregnancy obesity and short-duration or no breastfeeding were among predictors for which racial differences in children's exposures most disadvantaged Black children. Conclusions. Racial disparities in early childhood high BMI were largely explained by potentially modifiable risk and protective factors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300686_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: To flourish or not: Positive mental health and all-cause mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, C.L.M. Author-Name: Simoes, E.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 11 Pages: 2164-2172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether positive mental health predicts all-cause mortality. Methods. Data were from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study (n = 3032), which at baseline in 1995 measured positive mental health (flourishing and not) and past-year mental illness (major depressive episode, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety disorders), and linked respondents with National Death Index records in a 10-year follow-up ending in 2005. Covariates were age, gender, race, education, any past-year mental illness, smoking, physical inactivity, physical diseases, and physical disease risk factors. Results. A total of 6.3% of participants died during the study period. The final and fully adjusted odds ratio of mortality was 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 2.62; P = .05) for adults who were not flourishing, relative to participants with flourishing mental health. Age, gender, race, education, smoking, physical inactivity, cardiovascular disease, and HIV/AIDS were significant predictors of death during the study period. Conclusions. The absence of positive mental health increased the probability of all-cause mortality for men and women at all ages after adjustment for known causes of death. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family planning and economic development in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bu, L. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1858-1859 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300731 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300731_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contraception and clean needles: Feasibility of combining mobile reproductive health and needle exchange services for female exotic dancers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, E. Author-Name: Han, J. Author-Name: Serio-Chapman, C. Author-Name: Mobley, C. Author-Name: Watson, C. Author-Name: Terplan, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1833-1836 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300842 Abstract: Young women engaged in exotic dancing have a higher need for reproductive health services than women not in this profession, and many also use drugs or exchange sex for money or drugs. Few report receiving reproductive health services. We describe a public health, academic, and community partnership that provided reproductive health services on needle exchange mobile vans in the "red light district" in downtown Baltimore, Maryland. Women made 220 visits to the vans in the first 21 months of the program's operation, and 65% of these visits involved provision of contraception. Programmatic costs were feasible. Joint provision of needle exchange and reproductive health services targeting exotic dancers has the potential to reduce unintended pregnancies and link pregnant, substance-abusing women to reproductive care, and such programs should be implemented more widely. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300842_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Navigating the future through the past : the enduring historical legacy of federal children's health programs in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brosco, J.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1848-1857 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300714 Abstract: The United States excels at treating the most complex medical conditions, but our low-ranking health statistics (relative to other countries) do not match our high-end health care spending. One way to understand this paradox is to examine the history of federal children's health programs. In the 1800s, children's health advocates confronted social determinants of health to reduce infant mortality. Over the past 100 years, however, physicians have increasingly focused on individual doctor-patient encounters; public health professionals, meanwhile, have maintained a population health perspective but struggled with the politics of addressing root causes of disease. Political history and historical demography help explain some salient differences with European nations that date to the founding of federal children's health programs in the early 20th century. More recently, federal programs for children with intellectual disability illustrate technical advances in medicine, shifting children's health epidemiology, and the politics of public health policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300714_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Federally funded sterilization: Time to rethink policy? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrero, S. Author-Name: Zite, N. Author-Name: Creinin, M.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1822-1825 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300850 Abstract: In the 1970s, concern about coercive sterilization of low-income and minority women in the United States led the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to create strict regulations for federally funded sterilization procedures. Although these policies were instituted to secure informed consent and protect women from involuntary sterilization, there are significant data indicating that these policies may not, in fact, ensure that consent is truly informed and, further, may prevent many low-income women fromgetting a desired sterilization procedure. Given the alarmingly high rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, especially among low-income populations, we feel that restrictive federal sterilization policies should be reexamined and modified to simultaneously ensure informed decisionmaking and honor women's reproductive choices. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300850_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthy bodegas: Increasing and promoting healthy foods at corner stores in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dannefer, R. Author-Name: Williams, D.A. Author-Name: Baronberg, S. Author-Name: Silver, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e27-e31 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300615 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of an initiative to increase the stock and promotion of healthy foods in 55 corner stores in underserved neighborhoods. Methods. We evaluated the intervention through in-store observations and preintervention and postintervention surveys of all 55 store owners as well as surveys with customers at a subset of stores. Results. We observed an average of 4 changes on a 15-point criteria scale. The most common were placing refrigerated water at eye level, stocking canned fruit with no sugar added, offering a healthy sandwich, and identifying healthier items. Forty-six (84%) store owners completed both surveys. Owners reported increased sales of healthier items, but identified barriers including consumer demand and lack of space and refrigeration. The percentage of customers surveyed who purchased items for which we promoted a healthier option (low-sodium canned goods, low-fat milk, whole-grain bread, healthier snacks and sandwiches) increased from 5% to 16%. Conclusions. Corner stores are important vehicles for access to healthy foods. The approach described here achieved improvements in participating corner stores and in some consumer purchases and may be a useful model for other locales. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300615_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peña et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peña, J.B. Author-Name: Masyn, K.E. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300949 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300949_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building a consensus on community health workers' scope of practice: Lessons from New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Findley, S.E. Author-Name: Matos, S. Author-Name: Hicks, A.L. Author-Name: Campbell, A. Author-Name: Moore, A. Author-Name: Diaz, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1981-1987 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300566 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated efforts in New York to build a consensus between community health workers (CHWs) and employers on CHWs' scope of practice, training standards, and certification procedures. Methods. We conducted multiple-choice surveys in 2008 and 2010 with 226 CHWs and 44 employers. We compared CHWs' and employers' recommendations regarding 28 scope of practice elements. The participatory ranking method was used to identify consensus scope of practice recommendations. Results. There was consensus on 5 scope of practice elements: outreach and community organizing, case management and care coordination, home visits, health education and coaching, and system navigation. For each element, 3 to 4 essential skills were identified, giving a total of 27 skills. These included all skills recommended in national CHW studies, along with 3 unique to New York: computer skills, participatory research methods, and time management. Conclusions. CHWs and employers in New York were in consensus on CHWs' scope of practice on virtually all of the detailed core competency skills. The CHW scope of practice recommendations of these groups can help other states refine their scope of practice elements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300566_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of abuse and violence before, during, and after pregnancy in a national sample of Canadian women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daoud, N. Author-Name: Urquia, M.L. Author-Name: O'Campo, P. Author-Name: Heaman, M. Author-Name: Janssen, P.A. Author-Name: Smylie, J. Author-Name: Thiessen, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1893-1901 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the prevalence of abuse before, during, and after pregnancy among a national population-based sample of Canadian new mothers. Methods. We estimated prevalence, frequency, and timing of physical and sexual abuse, identified category of perpetrator, and examined the distribution of abuse by social and demographic characteristics in a weighted sample of 76 500 (unweighted sample = 6421) Canadian mothers interviewed postpartum for the Maternity Experiences Survey (2006-2007). Results. Prevalence of any abuse in the 2 years before the interviews was 10.9% (6% before pregnancy only, 1.4% during pregnancy only, 1% postpartum only, and 2.5% in any combination of these times). The prevalence of any abuse was higher among low-income mothers (21.2%), lone mothers (35.3%), and Aboriginal mothers (30.6%). In 52% of the cases, abuse was perpetrated by an intimate partner. Receiving information on what to do was reported by 61% of the abused mothers. Conclusions. Large population-based studies on abuse around pregnancy can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse and women at high risk for abuse. Before and after pregnancy may be particularly important times to monitor risk of abuse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300843_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attitudes, experiences, and acceptance of smoke-free policies among US multiunit housing residents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Licht, A.S. Author-Name: King, B.A. Author-Name: Travers, M.J. Author-Name: Rivard, C. Author-Name: Hyland, A.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1868-1871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300717 Abstract: We assessed factors related to smoke-free policies among a crosssectional, nationally representative, random-digit-dial sample (landline and cell phone) of US multiunit housing residents (n = 418). Overall, 29% reported living in smokefree buildings, while 79% reported voluntary smoke-free home rules. Among those with smoke-free home rules, 44% reported secondhand smoke incursions in their unit. Among all respondents, 56% supported smoke-free building policy implementation. These findings suggest that smoke-free building policies are needed to protect multiunit housing residents from secondhand smoke in their homes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300717_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome after influenza vaccination among the Medicare population, 2009-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burwen, D.R. Author-Name: Sandhu, S.K. Author-Name: MacUrdy, T.E. Author-Name: Kelman, J.A. Author-Name: Gibbs, J.M. Author-Name: Garcia, B. Author-Name: Markatou, M. Author-Name: Forshee, R.A. Author-Name: Izurieta, H.S. Author-Name: Ball, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1921-1927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300510 Abstract: Objectives. We implemented active surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following seasonal or H1N1 influenza vaccination among the Medicare population during the 2009-2010 influenza season. Methods. We used weekly Medicare claims data to monitor vaccinations and subsequent hospitalizations with principal diagnosis code for GBS within 42 days. Group sequential testing assessed whether the observed GBS rate exceeded a critical limit based on the expected rate from 5 previous years adjusted for claims delay. We evaluated the lag between date of service and date of claims availability and used it for adjustment. Results. By July 30, 2010 (after 26 interim surveillance tests), 14.0 million seasonal and 3.3 million H1N1 vaccinations had accrued. Taking into account claims delay appropriately lowered the critical limit during early monitoring. The observed GBS rate was below the critical limit throughout the surveillance. Conclusions. Medicare data contributed rapid safety monitoring among millions of 2009-2010 influenza vaccine recipients. Adjustment for claims delay facilitates early detection of potential safety issues. Although limited by lack of medical record review to confirm cases, this claims-based surveillance did not indicate a statistically significant elevated GBS rate following seasonal or H1N1 influenza vaccination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300510_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care reform and young adults' access to sexual health care: An Exploration of potential confidentiality implications of the Affordable Care Act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frerich, E.A. Author-Name: Garcia, C.M. Author-Name: Long, S.K. Author-Name: Lechner, K.E. Author-Name: Lust, K. Author-Name: Eisenberg, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1818-1821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300857 Abstract: One provision of the 2010 Affordable Care Act is extension of dependent coverage for young adults aged up to 26 years on their parent's private insurance plan. This change, meant to increase insurance coverage for young adults,might yield unintended consequences. Confidentiality concerns may be triggered by coverage through parental insurance, particularly regarding sexual health. The existing literature and our original research suggest that actual or perceived limits to confidentiality could influence the decisions of young adults about whether, and where, to seek care for sexual health issues. Further research is needed on the scope and outcomes of these concerns. Possible remedial actions include enhanced policies to protect confidentiality in billing and mechanisms to communicate confidentiality protections to young adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300857_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The adolescent family life program: A multisite evaluation of federally funded projects serving pregnant and parenting adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kan, M.L. Author-Name: Ashley, O.S. Author-Name: LeTourneau, K.L. Author-Name: Williams, J.C. Author-Name: Jones, S.B. Author-Name: Hampton, J. Author-Name: Scott, A.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1872-1878 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300836 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of care demonstration projects supported by the Title XX Adolescent Family Life (AFL) program, which serves pregnant and parenting adolescents in an effort to mitigate the risks associated with adolescent childbearing. Methods. This cross-site evaluation involved 12 projects and 1038 adolescents who received either enhanced services funded by the AFL program or usual care. We examined the effects of enhanced services on health, educational, and child care outcomes approximately 6 months to 2 years after intake and explored moderation of program effects by time since intake and project characteristics associated with outcomes. Results. The odds of using long-acting reversible contraception (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58) and receiving regular child care (OR = 1.50) in the past month were higher in the intervention group than in the comparison group. Odds of a repeat pregnancy were lower (OR = 0.39) among intervention group adolescents than among comparison group adolescents within 12 months of intake. Several project characteristics were associated with adolescent health outcomes. Conclusions. These projects show promise in improving effective contraceptive use, increasing routine child care, and yielding short-term decreases in repeat pregnancy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300836_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young parenthood program: Supporting positive paternal engagement through coparenting counseling Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Florsheim, P. Author-Name: Burrow-Sánchez, J.J. Author-Name: Minami, T. Author-Name: McArthur, L. Author-Name: Heavin, S. Author-Name: Hudak, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1886-1892 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300902 Abstract: Objectives. Because of their youth, adolescent parents often lack the interpersonal skills necessary to manage the relationship challenges involved in parenting, leaving them and their children vulnerable to the health risks associated with relational stress and conflict. The primary goal of this study was to test the efficacy of the Young Parenthood Program (YPP), a 10-week counseling program administered during pregnancy and designed to facilitate interpersonal skill development and positive parenting among adolescent parents. Methods. Participants included 105 pregnant adolescents and their partners randomly assigned to YPP or treatment as usual. Assessments measured coparenting skills and parental functioning during the second trimester, 12 weeks after birth, and 18 months after birth. Results. Results indicated that fathers completing YPP demonstrated more positive parenting than did fathers in the control group. Moreover, the positive outcomes in paternal functioning were mediated through changes in the mother's interpersonal skill development. Conclusions. Results supported the efficacy of this couples-focused, coparenting support program, particularly for facilitating positive paternal engagement. These findings underscored the relevance of including fathers in the delivery of maternal-child public health services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300902_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of home visiting on adolescent mothers' parenting attitudes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McKelvey, L.M. Author-Name: Burrow, N.A. Author-Name: Balamurugan, A. Author-Name: Whiteside-Mansell, L. Author-Name: Plummer, P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1860-1862 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300934 Abstract: We examined the impact of a home visiting intervention on 227 adolescent mothers' parenting attitudes. At enrollment, half of mothers were at risk for child maltreatment. Mothers assigned to intervention (n = 161) received home visits and case management. Intervention and comparison mothers (n = 66) participated in monthly peer group meetings. Regression analyses controlling for enrollment differences indicated that intervention group mothers had significant improvements in 3 of 5 subscales and in total Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2 scores relative to the comparison group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300934_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scutchfield et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scutchfield, F.D. Author-Name: Michener, J.L. Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301012 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301012_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The quality of drinking water in North Carolina farmworker camps Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bischoff, W.E. Author-Name: Weir, M. Author-Name: Summers, P. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Quandt, S.A. Author-Name: Liebman, A.K. Author-Name: Arcury, T.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e49-e54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300738 Abstract: Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess water quality in migrant farmworker camps in North Carolina and determine associations of water quality with migrant farmworker housing characteristics. Methods. We collected data from 181 farmworker camps in eastern North Carolina during the 2010 agricultural season. Water samples were tested using the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) and housing characteristics were assessed using North Carolina Department of Labor standards. Results. A total of 61 (34%) of 181 camps failed the TCR. Total coliform bacteria were found in all 61 camps, with Escherichia coli also being detected in 2. Water quality was not associated with farmworker housing characteristics or with access to registered public water supplies. Multiple official violations of water quality standards had been reported for the registered public water supplies. Conclusions. Water supplied to farmworker camps often does not comply with current standards and poses a great risk to the physical health of farmworkers and surrounding communities. Expansion of water monitoring to more camps and changes to the regulations such as testing during occupancy and stronger enforcement are needed to secure water safety. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300738_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The development and psychometric properties of the humanitarian emergency settings perceived needs (HESPER) scale Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Semrau, M. Author-Name: Van Ommeren, M. Author-Name: Blagescu, M. Author-Name: Griekspoor, A. Author-Name: Howard, L.M. Author-Name: Jordans, M. Author-Name: Lempp, H. Author-Name: Marini, A. Author-Name: Pedersen, J. Author-Name: Pilotte, I. Author-Name: Slade, M. Author-Name: Thornicroft, G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e55-e63 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300720 Abstract: Objectives. We developed the Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs (HESPER) Scale, a valid and reliable scale to rapidly assess perceived needs of populations in humanitarian settings in low- and middle-income countries. Methods. We generated items through a literature review; reduced the number of items on the basis of a survey with humanitarian experts; pilot-tested the scale in Gaza, Jordan, Sudan, and the United Kingdom; and field-tested it in Haiti, Jordan, and Nepal. Results. During field-testing, intraclass correlation coefficients (absolute agreement) for the total number of unmet needs were 0.998 in Jordan, 0.986 in Haiti, and 0.995 in Nepal (interrater reliability), and 0.961 in Jordan and 0.773 in Nepal (test-retest reliability). Cohen's κ for the 26 individual HESPER items ranged between 0.66 and 1.0 (interrater reliability) and between 0.07 and 1.0 (test-retest reliability) across sites. Most HESPER items correlated as predicted with related questions of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-100 (WHOQOL-100), and participants found items comprehensive and relevant, suggesting criterion (concurrent) validity and content validity. Conclusions. The HESPER Scale rapidly provides valid and reliable population-based data on perceived needs in humanitarian settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300720_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examining a comprehensive model of disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder in systematically studied survivors of 10 disasters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: North, C.S. Author-Name: Oliver, J. Author-Name: Pandya, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e40-e48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300689 Abstract: Objectives. Using a comprehensive disaster model, we examined predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combined data from 10 different disasters. Methods. The combined sample included data from 811 directly exposed survivors of 10 disasters between 1987 and 1995. We used consistent methods across all 10 disaster samples, including full diagnostic assessment. Results. In multivariate analyses, predictors of PTSD were female gender, younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, less education, ever-married status, predisaster psychopathology, disaster injury, and witnessing injury or death; exposure through death or injury to friends or family members and witnessing the disaster aftermath did not confer additional PTSD risk. Intentionally caused disasters associated with PTSD in bivariate analysis did not independently predict PTSD in multivariate analysis. Avoidance and numbing symptoms represented a PTSD marker. Conclusions. Despite confirming some previous research findings, we found no associations between PTSD and disaster typology. Prospective research is needed to determine whether early avoidance and numbing symptoms identify individuals likely to develop PTSD later. Our findings may help identify at-risk populations for treatment research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300689_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Whitehead et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitehead, R.D. Author-Name: Ozakinci, G. Author-Name: Stephen, I.D. Author-Name: Perrett, D.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300942 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300942_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing subsequent births for low-income adolescent mothers: An exploratory investigation of mediating factors in intensive case management Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lewis, C.M. Author-Name: Faulkner, M. Author-Name: Scarborough, M. Author-Name: Berkeley, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1862-1865 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300914 Abstract: We used a quasi-experimental design to examine the impact of intensive case management (ICM) on preventing 3-year subsequent births for low-income adolescent mothers. We used X 2 and mediation analyses, respectively, to test whether ICM reduced likelihood of subsequent births and whether birth control and perceived social support mediated this relationship. Participants in ICM were less likely to have a subsequent birth within 3 years, but we found no evidence for mediators. This study suggests that ICM may be effective in preventing subsequent births for adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300914_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessment of the distribution of toxic release inventory facilities in metropolitan Charleston: An environmental justice case study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, S.M. Author-Name: Fraser-Rahim, H. Author-Name: Williams, E. Author-Name: Zhang, H. Author-Name: Rice, L. Author-Name: Svendsen, E. Author-Name: Abara, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1974-1980 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300700 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed spatial disparities in the distribution of Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) facilities in Charleston, SC. Methods. We used spatial methods and regression to assess burden disparities in the study area at the block and census-tract levels by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Results. Results revealed an inverse relationship between distance to TRI facilities and race/ethnicity and SES at the block and census-tract levels. Results of regression analyses showed a positive association between presence of TRI facilities and high percentage non-White and a negative association between number of TRI facilities and high SES. Conclusions. There are burden disparities in the distribution of TRI facilities in Charleston at the block and census-tract level by race/ethnicity and SES. Additional research is needed to understand cumulative risk in the region. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300700_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing rapid repeat births among Latina adolescents: The role of parents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bouris, A. Author-Name: Guilamo-Ramos, V. Author-Name: Cherry, K. Author-Name: Dittus, P. Author-Name: Michael, S. Author-Name: Gloppen, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1842-1847 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300578 Abstract: Latina adolescent parents are at increased risk for rapid repeat births (second birth ≤ 24 months after the first), sexually transmitted infections, and negative educational and social outcomes. Although several effective parent-based interventions have been developed to prevent Latino youths' sexual risk taking, little research has explored the development of interventions to prevent repeat births that involve the parents of these adolescents. Existing preventative interventions involving parents suffer from important methodological limitations. Additional research is needed to advance theories of behavior, identify the causal pathways of parental influence, and specify appropriate behavioral targets. Future parent-based interventions to prevent repeat births should target pregnancy intentions, age of partners, contraceptive use, integrated prevention of pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, educational attainment, and future orientations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300578_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Show us the data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moulton, L.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300903 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300903_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal religious involvement and breastfeeding initiation and duration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burdette, A.M. Author-Name: Pilkauskas, N.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1865-1868 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300737 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300737 Abstract: Although religious involvement is associated with a number of beneficial health outcomes, few studies have investigated whether religious involvement is associated with breastfeeding behaviors. Our analyses of 2 waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 4 166) indicate that mothers who frequently attend religious services are more likely to initiate breastfeeding than are mothers who never attend services. Understanding religious variations in breastfeeding may allow public health officials to more effectively target vulnerable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300737_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between availability and quality of health services in schools and reproductive health outcomes among students: A multilevel observational study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Denny, S. Author-Name: Robinson, E. Author-Name: Lawler, C. Author-Name: Bagshaw, S. Author-Name: Farrant, B. Author-Name: Bell, F. Author-Name: Dawson, D. Author-Name: Nicholson, D. Author-Name: Hart, M. Author-Name: Fleming, T. Author-Name: Ameratunga, S. Author-Name: Clark, T. Author-Name: Kekus, M. Author-Name: Utter, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e14-e20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300775 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the association between availability and quality of school health services and reproductive health outcomes among sexually active students. Methods. We used a 2-stage random sampling cluster design to collect nationally representative data from 9107 students from 96 New Zealand high schools. Students self-reported whether they were sexually active, how often they used condoms or contraception, and their involvement in pregnancy. School administrators completed questionnaires on their school-based health services, including doctor and nursing hours per week, team-based services, and health screening. We conducted analyses using multilevel models controlling for individual variables, with schools treated as random effects. Results. There was an inverse association between hours of nursing and doctor time and pregnancy involvement among sexually active students, with fewer pregnancies among students in schools with more than 10 hours of nursing and doctor time per 100 students. There was no association between doctor visits, team-based services, health screening, and reproductive health outcomes. Conclusions. School health services are associated with fewer pregnancies among students, but only when the availability of doctor and nursing time exceeds 10 hours per 100 students per week. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300775_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "The big WHY": Philip Morris's failed search for corporate social value Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDaniel, P.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1942-1950 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300619 Abstract: Objectives. We examined Philip Morris USA's exploration of corporate social responsibility practices and principles and its outcome. Methods. We analyzed archival internal tobacco industry documents, generated in 2000 to 2002, related to discussions of corporate social responsibility among a Corporate Responsibility Taskforce and senior management at Philip Morris. Results. In exploring corporate social responsibility, Philip Morris executives sought to identify the company's social value-its positive contribution to society. Struggling to find an answer, they considered dramatically changing the way the company marketed its products, apologizing for past actions, and committing the company to providing benefits for future generations. These ideas were eventually abandoned. Despite an initial call to distinguish between social and economic value, Philip Morris ultimately equated social value with providing shareholder returns. Conclusions. When even tobacco executives struggle to define their company's social value, it signals an opening to advocate for endgame scenarios that would encourage supply-side changes appropriate to the scale of the tobacco disease epidemic and consistent with authentic social value. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300619_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building an evidence base to inform interventions for pregnant and parenting adolescents: A call for rigorous evaluation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lachance, C.R. Author-Name: Burrus, B.B. Author-Name: Scott, A.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1826-1832 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300871 Abstract: Adolescent parents and their children are at increased risk for adverse short- and long-term health and social outcomes. Effective interventions are needed to support these young families. We studied the evidence base and found a dearth of rigorously evaluated programs. Strategies from successful interventions are needed to inform both intervention design and policies affecting these adolescents. The lack of rigorous evaluations may be attributable to inadequate emphasis on and sufficient funding for evaluation, aswell as to challenges encountered by program evaluators working with this population. More rigorous program evaluations are urgently needed to provide scientifically sound guidance for programming and policy decisions. Evaluation lessons learned have implications for other vulnerable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300871_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contribution of communication inequalities to disparities in human papillomavirus vaccine awareness and knowledge Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kontos, E.Z. Author-Name: Emmons, K.M. Author-Name: Puleo, E. Author-Name: Viswanath, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1911-1920 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300435 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of Internet-related communication inequalities on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine awareness and infection knowledge. Methods. We drew data from National Cancer Institute's 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (n = 7674). We estimated multivariable logistic regression models to assess Internet use and Internet health information seeking on HPV vaccine awareness and infection knowledge. Results. Non-Internet users, compared with general Internet users, had significantly lower odds of being aware of the HPV vaccine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34, 0.51) and knowing that HPV causes cervical cancer (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.52, 0.95). Among general health information seekers, non-Internet seekers compared with Internet information seekers exhibit significantly lower odds of HPV vaccine awareness (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.75), and of knowing about the link between HPV infection and cervical cancer (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.99) and the sexual transmission of HPV (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.57, 0.89). Among cancer information seekers, there were no differences in outcomes between Internet seekers and non-Internet seekers. Conclusions. Use of a communication channel, such as the Internet, whose use is already socially and racially patterned, may widen observed disparities in vaccine completion rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300435_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pathways to optimal health: a life course framework for adolescents. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bond, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1817 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:10:1817_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors that mediate racial/ethnic disparities in US fetal death rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lorch, S.A. Author-Name: Kroelinger, C.D. Author-Name: Ahlberg, C. Author-Name: Barfield, W.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1902-1910 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300852 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the importance of socioeconomic factors, maternal comorbid conditions, antepartum and intrapartum complications of pregnancy, and fetal factors in mediating racial disparities in fetal deaths. Methods. We undertook a mediation analysis on a retrospective cohort study of hospital-based deliveries with a gestational age between 23 and 44 weeks in California, Missouri, and Pennsylvania from 1993 to 2005 (n = 7 104 674). Results. Among non-Hispanic Black women and Hispanic women, the fetal death rate was higher than among non-Hispanic White women (5.9 and 3.6 per 1000 deliveries, respectively, vs 2.6 per 1000 deliveries; P < .01). For Black women, fetal factors mediated the largest percentage (49.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 42.7, 54.7) of the disparity in fetal deaths, whereas antepartum and intrapartum factors mediated some of the difference in fetal deaths for both Black and Asian women. Among Hispanic women, socioeconomic factors mediated 35.8% of the disparity in fetal deaths (95% CI = 25.8%, 46.2%). Conclusions. The factors that mediate racial/ethnic disparities in fetal death differ depending on the racial/ethnic group. Interventions targeting mediating factors specific to racial/ethnic groups, such as improved access to care, may help reduce US fetal death disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300852_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating primary care and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plochg, T. Author-Name: Van Den Broeke, J.R. Author-Name: Kringos, D.S. Author-Name: Stronks, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300977 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300977_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Co-occurring lower respiratory symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder 5 to 6 years after the World Trade Center terrorist attack Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nair, H.P. Author-Name: Ekenga, C.C. Author-Name: Cone, J.E. Author-Name: Brackbill, R.M. Author-Name: Farfel, M.R. Author-Name: Stellman, S.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1964-1973 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300690 Abstract: Objectives. We have described the epidemiology of co-occurring lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 5 to 6 years after exposure to the 9/11 disaster. Methods. We analyzed residents, office workers, and passersby (n = 16 363) in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined patterns of reported respiratory symptoms, treatment sought for symptoms, diagnosed respiratory conditions, mental health comorbidities, quality of life, and unmet health care needs in relation to comorbidity. Results. Among individuals with either LRS or PTSD, 24.6% had both conditions. The odds of comorbidity was significantly higher among those with more severe 9/11 exposures. Independent of 9/11 exposures, participants with LRS had 4 times the odds of those without it of meeting criteria for PTSD, and those with PTSD had 4 times the odds of those without it of meeting criteria for LRS. Participants with comorbidity had worse quality of life and more unmet mental health care needs than did all other outcome groups. Conclusions. Respiratory and mental illness are closely linked in individuals exposed to 9/11 and should be considered jointly in public health outreach and treatment programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300690_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How to identify food deserts: Measuring physical and economic access to supermarkets in King County, Washington Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jiao, J. Author-Name: Moudon, A.V. Author-Name: Ulmer, J. Author-Name: Hurvitz, P.M. Author-Name: Drewnowski, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e32-e39 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300675 Abstract: Objectives. We explored new ways to identify food deserts. Methods. We estimated physical and economic access to supermarkets for 5 low-income groups in Seattle-King County, Washington. We used geographic information system data to measure physical access: service areas around each supermarket were delineated by ability to walk, bicycle, ride transit, or drive within 10 minutes. We assessed economic access by stratifying supermarkets into low, medium, and high cost. Combining income and access criteria generated multiple ways to estimate food deserts. Results. The 5 low-income group definitions yielded total vulnerable populations ranging from 4% to 33% of the county's population. Almost all of the vulnerable populations lived within a 10-minute drive or bus ride of a low- or medium-cost supermarket. Yet at most 34% of the vulnerable populations could walk to any supermarket, and as few as 3% could walk to a low-cost supermarket. Conclusions. The criteria used to define low-income status and access to supermarkets greatly affect estimates of populations living in food deserts. Measures of access to food must include travel duration and mode and supermarket food costs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300675_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Show us the data. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moulton, L.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e5 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:10:e5_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fruit-and-vegetable consumption may not be inadequate Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lucan, S.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300925 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300925_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recessions and health: The impact of economic trends on air pollution in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1951-1956 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300658 Abstract: Objectives. I explored the hypothesis that economic activity has a significant impact on exposure to air pollution and ultimately human health. Methods. I used county-level employment statistics in California (1980-2000), along with major regulatory periods and other controlling factors, to estimate local concentrations of the coefficient of haze, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide using a mixed regression model approach. Results. The model explained between 33% and 48% of the variability in air pollution levels as estimated by the overall R 2 values. The relationship between employment measures and air pollution was statistically significant, suggesting that air quality improves during economic downturns. Additionally, major air quality regulations played a significant role in reducing air pollution levels over the study period. Conclusions. This study provides important evidence of a role for the economy in understanding human exposure to environmental pollution. The evidence further suggests that the impact of environmental regulations are likely to be overstated when they occur during recessionary periods, and understated when they play out during periods of economic growth. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300658_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of raising adolescent families together program: A medical home for adolescent mothers and their children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cox, J.E. Author-Name: Buman, M.P. Author-Name: Woods, E.R. Author-Name: Famakinwa, O. Author-Name: Harris, S.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1879-1885 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300766 Abstract: Objectives. This study described a medical home model for adolescent mothers and their children, and their 1- and 2-year preventive care, repeat pregnancy, and psychosocial outcomes. Methods. In this prospective, single cohort demonstration project, adolescent mothers (14-18 years old) and their children received care in a medical home. Demographic, medical and social processes, and outcomes data were collected at enrollment through 24 months. Change over time and predictors of repeat pregnancy were analyzed. Results. A total of 181 adolescents enrolled, with 79.6% participating for 2 years. At 2 years, 90.2% of children were completely immunized. Children and adolescent mothers met standards for health care visits, and adolescent condom use improved. Rates of cumulative repeat pregnancy were 14.7% and 24.6%, school attendance 77.6% and 68.7%, and employment 21.2% and 32.3% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. Conclusions. A medical home model with comprehensive and integrated medical care and social services can effectively address the complex needs of adolescent parents and their children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300766_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Industry self-regulation to improve student health: Quantifying changes in beverage shipments to schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wescott, R.F. Author-Name: Fitzpatrick, B.M. Author-Name: Phillips, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1928-1935 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300610 Abstract: Objectives. We developed a data collection and monitoring system to independently evaluate the self-regulatory effort to reduce the number of beverage calories available to children during the regular and extended school day. We have described the data collection procedures used to verify data supplied by the beverage industry and quantified changes in school beverage shipments. Methods. Using a proprietary industry data set collected in 2005 and semiannually in 2007 through 2010, we measured the total volume of beverage shipments to elementary, middle, and high schools to monitor intertemporal changes in beverage volumes, the composition of products delivered to schools, and portion sizes. We compared data with findings from existing research of the school beverage landscape and a separate data set based on contracts between schools and beverage bottling companies. Results. Between 2004 and the 2009-2010 school year, the beverage industry reduced calories shipped to schools by 90%. On a total ounces basis, shipments of full-calorie soft drinks to schools decreased by 97%. Conclusions. Industry self-regulation, with the assistance of a transparent and independent monitoring process, can be a valuable tool in improving public health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300610_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local legal infrastructure and population health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Costich, J.F. Author-Name: Patton, D.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1936-1941 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300656 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the association between the legal infrastructure of local public health, as expressed in the exercise of local fiscal and legislative authority, and local population health outcomes. Methods. Our unit of analysiswas public health jurisdictionswith at least 100 000 residents. The dependent variable was jurisdiction premature mortality rates obtained from the Mobilize Action Toward Community Health (MATCH) database. Our primary independent variables represented local public health's legal infrastructure: home rule status, board of health power, county government structure, and type of public health delivery system. Several control variables were included. We used a regression model to test the relationship between the varieties of local public health legal infrastructure identified and population health status. Results. The analyses suggested that public health legal infrastructure, particularly reformed county government, had a significant effect on population health status as a mediator of social determinants of health. Conclusions. Because states shape the legal infrastructure of local public health through power-sharing arrangements, our findings suggested recommendations for state legislation that positions local public health systems for optimal impact. Much more research is needed to elucidate the complex relationships among law, social capital, and population health status. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300656_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent pregnancy prevention : Highlights from a citywide effort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Azar, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1837-1841 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300935 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300935_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-reported influenza-like illness and receipt of influenza antiviral drugs during the 2009 pandemic, United States, 2009-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Biggerstaff, M. Author-Name: Jhung, M. Author-Name: Kamimoto, L. Author-Name: Balluz, L. Author-Name: Finelli, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e21-e26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300651 Abstract: Objectives. The purpose of our study was to more accurately characterize people reporting influenza-like illness (ILI) and evaluate trends in health care seeking and influenza diagnosis and treatment during the 2009 influenza pandemic. Methods. From September 2009 to March 2010, we ascertained ILI (fever with cough or sore throat), health care seeking, and clinical diagnosis and treatment of influenza with influenza antiviral drugs among adults in 51 jurisdictions, and ILI and health care seeking among children in 41 jurisdictions. Results. Among 216 431 adults and 43 511 children, 8.1% and 28.4% reported ILI, respectively. ILI peaked during November interviews and was higher among young people and American Indian/Alaska Natives. Of those with ILI, 40% of adults and 56% of children reported seeking health care; 26% of adults who sought care reported receiving a diagnosis of influenza. Of adults reporting an influenza diagnosis, 36% were treated with influenza antiviral drugs; treatment was highest among adults aged 18 to 49 years. Conclusions. Analysis of ILI data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System enabled a better understanding of the factors associated with selfreported ILI, health care seeking, and clinical influenza diagnosis and treatment, and will help inform year-to-year influenza trends. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300651_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between built environments and physical activity: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ferdinand, A.O. Author-Name: Sen, B. Author-Name: Rahurkar, S. Author-Name: Engler, S. Author-Name: Menachemi, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: e7-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300740 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a systematic review of the literature examining the relationship between built environments (e.g., parks, trails, sidewalks) and physical activity (PA) or obesity rates. Methods. We performed a 2-step inclusion protocol to identify empirical articles examining any form of built environment and any form of PA (or obesity rate) as the outcome. We extracted data from included abstracts for analysis by using a standard code sheet developed for this study. Results. Of 169 included articles, 89.2% reported beneficial relationships-but virtually all articles utilized simple observational study designs not suited for determining causality. Studies utilizing objective PA measures (e.g., pedometer) were 18% less likely to identify a beneficial relationship. Articles focusing on children in community settings (-14.2%), those examining direct measures of obesity (-6.2%), or those with an academic first author (-3.4%) were less likely to find a beneficial relationship. Conclusions. Policymakers at federal and local levels should encourage more rigorous scientific research to determine whether altered built environments will result in increased PA and decreased obesity rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300740_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A review of disaster-related carbon monoxide poisoning: Surveillance, epidemiology, and opportunities for prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Iqbal, S. Author-Name: Clower, J.H. Author-Name: Hernandez, S.A. Author-Name: Damon, S.A. Author-Name: Yip, F.Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 1957-1963 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300674 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a systematic literature review to better understand aspects of disaster-related carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning surveillance and determine potentially effective prevention strategies. Methods. This review included information from 28 journal articles on disaster-related CO poisoning cases occurring between 1991 and 2009 in the United States. Results. We identified 362 incidents and 1888 disaster-related CO poisoning cases, including 75 fatalities. Fatalities occurred primarily among persons who were aged 18 years or older (88%) and male (79%). Hispanics and Asians accounted for 20% and 14% of fatal cases and 21% and 7% of nonfatal cases, respectively. Generators were the primary exposure source for 83% of fatal and 54% of nonfatal cases; 67% of these fatal cases were caused by indoor generator placement. Charcoal grills were a major source of exposure during winter storms. Most fatalities (94%) occurred at home. Nearly 89% of fatal and 53% of nonfatal cases occurred within 3 days of disaster onset. Conclusions. Public health prevention efforts could benefit from emphasizing predisaster risk communication and tailoring interventions for racial, ethnic, and linguistic minorities. These findings highlight the need for surveillance and COrelated information as components of disaster preparedness, response, and prevention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300674_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lenertand sundwall respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lenert, L. Author-Name: Sundwall, D.N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300851 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300851_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: E-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in US adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearson, J.L. Author-Name: Richardson, A. Author-Name: Niaura, R.S. Author-Name: Vallone, D.M. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1758-1766 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300526 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated e-cigarette (electronic nicotine delivery system) awareness, use, and harm perceptions among US adults. Methods. We drew data from 2 surveys conducted in 2010: a national online study (n = 2649) and the Legacy Longitudinal Smoker Cohort (n = 3658). We used multivariable models to examine e-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions. Results. In the online survey, 40.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 37.3, 43.1) had heard of e-cigarettes, with awareness highest among current smokers. Utilization was higher among current smokers (11.4%; 95% CI = 9.3, 14.0) than in the total population (3.4%; 95% CI = 2.6, 4.2), with 2.0% (95% CI = 1.0, 3.8) of former smokers and 0.8% (95% CI = 0.35, 1.7) of never-smokers ever using e-cigarettes. In both surveys, non-Hispanic Whites, current smokers, young adults, and those with at least a high-school diploma were most likely to perceive e-cigarettes as less harmful than regular cigarettes. Conclusions. Awareness of e-cigarettes is high, and use among current and former smokers is evident. We recommend product regulation and careful surveillance to monitor public health impact and emerging utilization patterns, and to ascertain why, how, and under what conditions e-cigarettes are being used. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300526_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood disparities in access to healthy foods and their effects on environmental justice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hilmers, A. Author-Name: Hilmers, D.C. Author-Name: Dave, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1644-1654 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300865 Abstract: Environmental justice is concerned with an equitable distribution of environmental burdens. These burdens comprise immediate health hazards as well as subtle inequities, such as limited access to healthy foods. We reviewed the literature on neighborhood disparities in access to fast-food outlets and convenience stores. Low-income neighborhoods offered greater access to food sources that promote unhealthy eating. The distribution of fast-food outlets and convenience stores differed by the racial/ethnic characteristics of the neighborhood. Further research is needed to address the limitations of current studies, identify effective policy actions to achieve environmental justice, and evaluate intervention strategies to promote lifelong healthy eating habits, optimum health, and vibrant communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300865_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obama, marriage equality, and the health of gay men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Halkitis, P.N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1628-1629 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300940 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300940_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bossarte responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300923 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300923_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A new framework for childhood health promotion: The role of policies and programs in building capacity and foundations of early childhood health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mistry, K.B. Author-Name: Minkovitz, C.S. Author-Name: Riley, A.W. Author-Name: Johnson, S.B. Author-Name: Grason, H.A. Author-Name: Dubay, L.C. Author-Name: Guyer, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1688-1696 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300687 Abstract: Although the connection between early life experiences and later health is becoming increasingly clear, what is needed, now, is a new organizing framework for childhood health promotion, grounded in the latest science. We review the evidence base to identify the steps in the overall pathway to ensuring better health for all children. A key factor in optimizing health in early childhood is building capacities of parents and communities. Although often overlooked, capacities are integral to building the foundations of lifelong health in early childhood. We outline a framework for policymakers and practitioners to guide future decision-making and investments in early childhood health promotion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300687_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The return of rainbow diet pills Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, P.A. Author-Name: Goday, A. Author-Name: Swann, J.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1676-1686 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300655 Abstract: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently warned consumers about the risks of weight loss supplements adulterated with multiple pharmaceutical agents. Some of these supplements combine potent anorectics, such as amphetamines derivatives, with benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, and other medications to suppress the anorectics' adverse effects. These weight loss supplements represent the most recent generation of rainbow diet pills, named for their bright and varied colors, which date back more than 70 years. Beginning in the 1940s, several US pharmaceutical firms aggressively promoted rainbow pills to physicians and patients. By the 1960s the pills had caused dozens of deaths before the FDA began removing them from the US market. We used a variety of original resources to trace these deadly pills from their origins in the United States to their popularity in Spain and Brazil to their reintroduction to the United States as weight loss dietary supplements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300655_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette price minimization strategies used by adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pesko, M.F. Author-Name: Kruger, J. Author-Name: Hyland, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e19-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300861 Abstract: We used multivariate logistic regressions to analyze data from the 2006 to 2007 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, a nationally representative sample of adults. We explored use of cigarette price minimization strategies, such as purchasing cartons of cigarettes, purchasing in states with lower after-tax cigarette prices, and purchasing on the Internet. Racial/ethnic minorities and persons with low socioeconomic status used these strategies less frequently at last purchase than did White and high-socioeconomicstatus respondents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300861_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moodie and evans respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moodie, S.M. Author-Name: Evans, E.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e11-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300953 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300953_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local public health systems and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rodriguez, H.P. Author-Name: Chen, J. Author-Name: Owusu-Edusei, K. Author-Name: Suh, A. Author-Name: Bekemeier, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1773-1781 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300497 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations of local public health system organization and local health department resources with county-level sexually transmitted disease (STD) incidence rates in large US health jurisdictions. Methods. We linked annual county STD incidence data (2005-2008) to local health department director responses (n = 211) to the 2006 wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Local Public Health Systems, the 2005 national Local Health Department Profile Survey, and the Area Resource File. We used nested mixed effects regression models to assess the relative contribution of local public health system organization, local health department financial and resource factors, and sociodemographic factors known to be associated with STD incidence to county-level (n = 307) STD incidence. Results. Jurisdictions with local governing boards had significantly lower county-level STD incidence. Local public health systems with comprehensive services where local health departments shoulder much of the effort had higher county-level STD rates than did conventional systems. Conclusions. More integration of system partners in local public health system activities, through governance and interorganizational arrangements, may reduce the incidence and burden of STDs. (Am J Public Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300497_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the relationship betweenwork-family conflict and smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, C.C. Author-Name: Li, Y. Author-Name: Sorensen, G. Author-Name: Berkman, L.F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1767-1772 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300413 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between smoking and work-family conflict among a sample of New England long-term-care facility workers. Methods. To collect data, we conducted in-person, structured interviews with workers in 4 extended-care facilities. Results. There was a strong association between smoking likelihood and work-family conflict. Workers who experienced both stress at home from work issues (i.e., work-to-home conflict) and stress at work from personal issues (i.e., home-to-work conflict) had 3.1 times higher odds of smoking than those who did not experience these types of conflict. Workers who experienced home-to-work conflict had an odds of 2.3 compared with those who did not experience this type of conflict, and workers who experienced work-to-home conflict had an odds of 1.6 compared with workers who did not experience this type of conflict. Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that there is a robust relationship between work-family conflict and smoking, but that this relationship is dependent upon the total amount of conflict experienced and the direction of the conflict. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300413_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between socioeconomic status and allostatic load: Effects of neighborhood poverty and tests of mediating pathways Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schulz, A.J. Author-Name: Mentz, G. Author-Name: Lachance, L. Author-Name: Johnson, J. Author-Name: Gaines, C. Author-Name: Israel, B.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1706-1714 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300412 Abstract: Objectives. We examined relationships between neighborhood poverty and allostatic load in a low- to moderate-income multiracial urban community. We tested the hypothesis that neighborhood poverty is associated with allostatic load, controlling for household poverty. We also examined the hypotheses that this association was mediated by psychosocial stress and health-related behaviors. Methods. We conducted multilevel analyses using cross-sectional data from a probability sample survey in Detroit, Michigan (n = 919) and the 2000 US Census. The outcome measure was allostatic load. Independent variables included neighborhood and household poverty, psychosocial stress, and health-related behaviors. Covariates included neighborhood and individual demographic characteristics. Results. Neighborhood poverty was positively associated with allostatic load (P <.05), independent of household poverty and controlling for potential confounders. Relationships between neighborhood poverty were mediated by self-reported neighborhood environment stress but not by health-related behaviors. Conclusions. Neighborhood poverty is associated with wear and tear on physiological systems, and this relationship is mediated through psychosocial stress. These relationships are evident after accounting for household poverty levels. Efforts to promote health equity should focus on neighborhood poverty, associated stressful environmental conditions, and household poverty. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300412_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Engaging individuals recently released from prison into primary care: A randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Author-Name: Hong, C.S. Author-Name: Shavit, S. Author-Name: Sanders, R. Author-Name: Kessell, E. Author-Name: Kushel, M.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e22-e29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300894 Abstract: Objectives: Individuals released from prison have high rates of chronic conditions but minimal engagement in primary care. We compared 2 interventions designed to improve primary care engagement and reduce acute care utilization: Transitions Clinic, a primary care-based care management program with a community health worker, versus expedited primary care. Methods: We performed a randomized controlled trial from 2007 to 2009 among 200 recently released prisoners who had a chronic medical condition or were older than 50 years. We abstracted 12-month outcomes from an electronic repository available from the safety-net health care system. Main outcomes were (1) primary care utilization (2 or more visits to the assigned primary care clinic) and (2) emergency department (ED) utilization (the proportion of participants making any ED visit). Results: Both groups had similar rates of primary care utilization (37.7% vs 47.1%; P =.18). Transitions Clinic participants had lower rates of ED utilization (25.5% vs 39.2%; P =.04). Conclusions: Chronically ill patients leaving prison will engage in primary care if provided early access. The addition of a primary care-based care management program tailored for returning prisoners reduces ED utilization over expedited primary care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300894_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence in oral health promotion-implications for oral health planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e15-e18 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2003.015289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1136/jech.2003.015289 Abstract: I have explored the debates on evidence-based oral health promotion and examined the practicality of promoting oral health care within a whole system (social, cultural, and environmental) approach. The use of evidencebased decision-making in health services and planning is a viablemechanism to identify optimal health benefits; however, barriers to the effective adoption of evidence-based health practice, including barriers that apply to oral health promotion, have been identified. Evidence-basedoralhealth promotion highlights the importance of examining health promotion activities within a defined social context - a departure from the focus on improving study designs and research methods. Thus, the basis for evidence in health activities is grounded in social and organizational systems. This could contribute to sustainable health efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.1136/jech.2003.015289_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nonoccupational and occupational injuries to US workers with disabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Price, J. Author-Name: Shi, J. Author-Name: Lu, B. Author-Name: Smith, G.A. Author-Name: Stallones, L. Author-Name: Wheeler, K.K. Author-Name: Xiang, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e38-e46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300888 Abstract: Objectives: We examined medically treated injuries among US workers with disability. Methods: Using 2006-2010 National Health Interview Survey data, we compared 3-month rates of nonoccupational and occupational injuries to workers with disability (n = 7729) and without disability (n = 175 947). We fitted multivariable logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of injuries by disability status, controlling for sociodemographic variables. We also compared leading causes of injuries by disability status. Results: In the 3-month period prior to the survey, workers with disability were more likely than other workers to have nonoccupational injuries (odds ratio [OR] = 2.35;95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 2.71) and occupational injuries (OR = 2.39;95% CI = 1.89, 3.01). For both groups, the leading cause was falls. Conclusions: Disability status was strongly associated with risk of nonoccupational and occupational injuries among US workers. The safety issues facing US workers with disability in the workplace warrant future research. Federal agencies with an interest in the employment of workers with disability and their safety in the workplace should take a lead in further assessing injury risk and in promoting a safe working environment for workers with disability. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300888_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A functional public health surveillance system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kass-Hout, T.A. Author-Name: Gallaghe, K. Author-Name: Foldy, S. Author-Name: Buehler, J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300800 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300800_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strauss et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strauss, S.M. Author-Name: Alfano, M.C. Author-Name: Shelley, D. Author-Name: Fulmer, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300866 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300866 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300866_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policies and the production of inequities, past and present Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramirez, S.M. Author-Name: Villarejo, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1664-1675 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300864 Abstract: We studied historical materials to examine the conditions that gave rise to California's rural slums, the consequences of their emergence, and how interpretations of housing, health, and welfare policies by government officials, and public health officials in particular, produced health inequities for residents of these communities. For more than a century, successive groups of immigrants and domestic migrant laborers have worked on California's farms and faced numerous challenges, among them a lack of safe and affordable housing, poor working conditions, and denial of public services. Although these experiences are not new, nor are they unique to agricultural workers, they illustrate a longer history in which inequities and injustices have been rooted in the exploitation and disposability of labor. Ameliorating or even redressing inequities will require understanding the social determinants of health through ecological approaches that can overcome the historical, social, and political causes of inequity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300864_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco crop substitution: Pilot effort in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, V.C. Author-Name: Wang, Q. Author-Name: Xia, N. Author-Name: Tang, S. Author-Name: Wang, C.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1660-1663 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300733 Abstract: In China, approximately 20 million farmers produce the world's largest share of tobacco. Showing that income from crop substitution can exceed that from tobacco growth is essential to persuading farm families to stop planting tobacco, grown abundantly in Yunnan Province. In the Yuxi Municipality, collaborators from the Yuxi Bureau of Agriculture and the University of California at Los Angeles School of Public Health initiated a tobacco crop substitution project. At 3 sites, 458 farm families volunteered to participate in a new, for-profit cooperative model. This project successfully identified an approach engaging farmers in cooperatives to substitute food crops for tobacco, thereby increasing farmers' annual income between 21% and 110% per acre. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300733_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interpersonal processes of care and cesarean delivery in two health care settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hessol, N.A. Author-Name: Odouli, R. Author-Name: Escobar, G.J. Author-Name: Stewart, A.L. Author-Name: Fuentes-Afflick, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1722-1728 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300549 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether interpersonal processes of care (IPC) were associated with cesarean delivery. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1308 postpartum women at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Walnut Creek, CA (KP-WC), and San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) from 2004 to 2006. Using interview and medical record data, logistic regression analyses estimated the odds of cesarean delivery as a function of IPC domains. Results. After adjustment for demographic and reproductive factors, women at KP-WC who reported higher scores for their provider's "elicitation of patient concerns and responsiveness" were less likely to have delivered by cesarean, whereas women who reported higher scores for "empowerment and self-care" were more likely. At KP-WC, women who reported low English proficiency were less likely to have delivered by cesarean than women who reported high proficiency. At SFGH, none of the IPC measures were significant; however, younger age was associated with a lower risk of cesarean delivery, whereas higher educational attainment was associated with an increased risk. Conclusions. To reduce record-high rates of cesarean delivery, more emphasis should be placed on addressing the nonmedical factors associated with operative delivery. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300549_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who profits from uncritical acceptance of biased estimates of vaccine efficacy and safety? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tomljenovic, L. Author-Name: Shaw, C.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e13-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300837 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300837_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A health impact assessment of California's proposed cap-and-trade regulations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson, M.J. Author-Name: English, P. Author-Name: Rudolph, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e52-e58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300527 Abstract: Objectives: To identify unintended health effects of California's controversial cap-and-trade regulations and establish health-promoting policy recommendations, we performed a health impact assessment. Methods: We used literature reviews, public data, and local health surveys to qualitatively assess potential health risks and benefits related to changes in employment and income, energy costs, effects of emission offset projects, and cobenefits from the allocation of program revenue. We examined case studies from various communities to find existing social, economic, and environmental health conditions. Results: We found that policy implementation will minimally impact job creation (< 0.1% change) and that health effects from job sector shifts are unlikely. Fuel prices may increase (0%-11%), and minor negative health effects could accrue for some low-income households. Conclusions: Offset projects would likely benefit environmental health, but more research is needed. Allocating some program revenue for climate change adaptation and mitigation would have substantial health benefits. Health impact assessment is a useful tool for health agencies to engage in policy discussions that typically fall outside public health. Our results can inform emission reduction strategies and cap-and-trade policy at the federal level. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300527_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US health policy related to hookah tobacco smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Primack, B.A. Author-Name: Hopkins, M. Author-Name: Hallett, C. Author-Name: Carroll, M.V. Author-Name: Zeller, M. Author-Name: Dachille, K. Author-Name: Kim, K.H. Author-Name: Fine, M.J. Author-Name: Donohue, J.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e47-e51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300838 Abstract: Objectives: Although US cigarette smoking is decreasing, hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) is an emerging trend associated with substantial toxicant exposure. We assessed how a representative sample of US tobacco control policies may apply to HTS. Methods: We examined municipal, county, and state legal texts applying to the 100 largest US cities. We developed a summary policy variable that distinguished among cities on the basis of how current tobacco control policies may apply to HTS and used multinomial logistic regression to determine associations between community-level sociodemographic variables and the policy outcome variable. Results: Although 73 of the 100 largest US cities have laws that disallow cigarette smoking in bars, 69 of these cities have exemptions that allow HTS; 4 of the 69 have passed legislation specifically exempting HTS, and 65 may permit HTS via generic tobacco retail establishment exemptions. Cities in which HTS may be exempted had denser populations than cities without clean air legislation. Conclusions: Although three fourths of the largest US cities disallow cigarette smoking in bars, nearly 90% of these cities may permit HTS via exemptions. Closing this gap in clean air regulation may significantly reduce exposure to HTS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300838_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of dental practices and dental science research in addressing systemic health conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stadtländer, C.T.K.-H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300848 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300848_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The wheels on the bus go "buy buy buy": School bus advertising laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1638-1643 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300718 Abstract: School buses, a practical necessity for millions of children, are at the center of new efforts to raise revenue. School bus advertising laws bring public health and commercialization concerns to the school setting. In doing so, they potentially expose school districts to First Amendment lawsuits. I examined various school bus advertising bills and laws. I reviewed First Amendment "forum analysis" as applied in the transit and school settings to clarify how this legal test may affect school districts subject to such laws. I have made recommendations for school districts to enact appropriate policies to ensure that such advertising does not undermine public health and to enable the districts to maintain control over their property. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300718_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence in oral health promotion-implications for oral health planning. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e15-18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300893 Abstract: I have explored the debates on evidence-based oral health promotion and examined the practicality of promoting oral health care within a whole system (social, cultural, and environmental) approach. The use of evidence-based decision-making in health services and planning is a viable mechanism to identify optimal health benefits; however, barriers to the effective adoption of evidence-based health practice, including barriers that apply to oral health promotion, have been identified. Evidence-based oral health promotion highlights the importance of examining health promotion activities within a defined social context-a departure from the focus on improving study designs and research methods. Thus, the basis for evidence in health activities is grounded in social and organizational systems. This could contribute to sustainable health efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300893_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Syndemic theory and HIV-related risk among young transgender women: The role of multiple, co-occurring health problems and social marginalization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brennan, J. Author-Name: Kuhns, L.M. Author-Name: Johnson, A.K. Author-Name: Belzer, M. Author-Name: Wilson, E.C. Author-Name: Garofalo, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1751-1757 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300433 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether multiple psychosocial factors are additive in their relationship to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV status (i.e., can be characterized as a syndemic) among young transgender women and the relationship of indicators of social marginalization to psychosocial factors. Methods. Participants (n = 151) were aged 15 to 24 years and lived in Chicago or Los Angeles. We collected data on psychosocial factors (low self-esteem, polysubstance use, victimization related to transgender identity, and intimate partner violence) and social marginalization indicators (history of commercial sex work, homelessness, and incarceration) through an interviewer-administered survey. Results. Syndemic factors were positively and additively related to sexual risk behavior and self-reported HIV infection. In addition, our syndemic index was significantly related to 2 indicators of social marginalization: a history of sex work and previous incarceration. Conclusions. These findings provide evidence for a syndemic of co-occurring psychosocial and health problems in young transgender women, taking place in a context of social marginalization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300433_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Griffin et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Griffin, S.O. Author-Name: Jones, J.A. Author-Name: Brunson, D. Author-Name: Griffin, P.M. Author-Name: Bailey, W.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300863 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300863_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Temporal trends in incidence and mortality rates for colorectal cancer by tumor location: 1975-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phipps, A.I. Author-Name: Scoggins, J. Author-Name: Rossing, M.A. Author-Name: Li, C.I. Author-Name: Newcomb, P.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1791-1797 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300393 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality by anatomic site to assess the possible impact of CRC screening. Methods. Using data from 9 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries, we estimated trends in 1975-2007 CRC incidence and 1985-2007 incidence-based mortality. We evaluated trends separately for proximal and distal CRC, overall and by stage, tumor site, and race. Results. Between 1975 and 2007, 323237 adults in the study area were diagnosed with CRC. For most tumor and population subgroups, incidence rates increased between 1975 and 1985 and subsequently declined markedly. Declines were most rapid between 1999 and 2007 and were greater for distal than proximal CRC. Declines in incidence were greater for White than Black adults and greatest for regional-stage disease. There was little difference in trends across subsites within the proximal and distal colorectum. Declines in incidence-based mortality mirrored those for incidence. Conclusions. Recent declines in CRC incidence and mortality are greater for distal than proximal CRC. Differing trends across populations may reflect variations in screening prevalence; distinct trends by tumor characteristics likely reflect differences in screening efficacy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300393_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of insurance status and age with cervical cancer stage at diagnosis: National cancer database, 2000-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fedewa, S.A. Author-Name: Cokkinides, V. Author-Name: Virgo, K.S. Author-Name: Bandi, P. Author-Name: Saslow, D. Author-Name: Ward, E.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1782-1790 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300532 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship of age at diagnosis and insurance status with stage among cervical cancer patients aged 21 to 85 years. Methods. We selected data on women (n = 69 739) diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer between 2000 and 2007 from the National Cancer Database. We evaluated the association between late stage (stage III/IV) and both insurance and age, with adjustment for race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic and clinical factors. We used multivariable log binomial models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. The proportion of late-stage disease increased with age: from 16.53% (21-34 years) to 42.44% (± 70 years). The adjusted relative risk of advanced-stage disease among women aged 50 years and older was 2.2 to 2.5 times that of patients aged 21 to 34 years. Uninsured (RR = 1.44;95% CI = 1.40, 1.49), Medicaid (RR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.34, 1.41), younger Medicare (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.19), and older Medicare (RR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.26) patients had a higher risk of late-stage disease than did privately insured patients. Conclusions. Screening should be encouraged for women at high risk for advanced-stage disease. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300532_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medical education and geriatric oral health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silk, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300798 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300798_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving state health policy assessment: An agenda for measurement and analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Macinko, J. Author-Name: Silver, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1697-1705 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300716 Abstract: We examine the scope of inquiry into the measurement and assessment of the state public health policy environment. We argue that there are gains to be made by looking systematically at policies both within and across health domains. We draw from the public health and public policy literature to develop the concepts of interdomain and intradomain policy comprehensiveness and illustrate how these concepts can be used to enhance surveillance of the current public health policy environment, improve understanding of the adoption of new policies, and enhance evaluations of the impact of such policies on health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300716_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A layered approach to raising public awareness of Macular Degeneration in Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heraghty, J. Author-Name: Cummins, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1655-1659 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300657 Abstract: Between 2007 and 2011, the Australian Macular Degeneration Foundation conducted a multifaceted campaign to increase public awareness of macular degeneration. Regular national polls conducted by an independent social research company have shown that awareness of macular degeneration increased from 47% to 80% in Australians aged 16 years or older and from 58% to 92% in those aged 50 years or older. The percentage of people aged 50 years or older who reported having had their macula checked in the 2 years prior to the survey increased from 33% to 70% from 2007 to 2011. Other measures, including analysis of Medicare data, have confirmed the success of the campaign. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300657_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seeing what you: Breathe: The Cleveland Hazecam Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wells, E.M. Author-Name: Allen, G. Author-Name: Newman, C. Author-Name: Spurlock, L. Author-Name: Khatri, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1687 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300707 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300707_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Area-level social fragmentation and walking for exercise: Cross-sectional findings from the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pabayo, R. Author-Name: Barnett, T.A. Author-Name: Datta, G.D. Author-Name: Lambert, M. Author-Name: O'Loughlin, J. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e30-e37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300868 Abstract: Objectives: We determined whether social fragmentation, which is linked to the concept of anomie (or normlessness), was associated with a decreased likelihood of willingness to walk for exercise. Methods: Data were collected from mothers and fathers of 630 families participating in the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth Cohort, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the natural history of obesity and insulin resistance in children. Social fragmentation was defined as the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and their communities. We used logbinomial multiple regression models to estimate the association between social fragmentation and walking for exercise. Results: Higher social fragmentation was associated with a decreased likelihood of walking for exercise among women but not men. Compared with women living in neighborhoods with the lowest social fragmentation scores (first quartile), those living in neighborhoods in the second (relative risk [RR] = 0.91;95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78, 1.05), third (RR = 0.83;95% CI = 0.70, 1.00), and fourth (RR = 0.80;95% CI = 0.65, 0.99) quartiles were less likely to walk for exercise (P =.02). Conclusions: Social fragmentation is associated with reduced walking among women. Increasing neighborhood stability may increase walking behavior, especially among women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300868_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing childhood obesity by eliminating 100% fruit juice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wojcicki, J.M. Author-Name: Heyman, M.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1630-1633 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300719 Abstract: The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 presents an opportunity to change the nutritional quality of foods served in low-income childcare centers, including Head Start centers. Excessive fruit juice consumption is associated with increased risk for obesity. Moreover, there is recent scientific evidence that sucrose consumption without the corresponding fiber, as is commonly present in fruit juice, is associated with the metabolic syndrome, liver injury, and obesity. Given the increasing risk of obesity among preschool children, we recommend that the US Department of Agriculture's Child and Adult Food Care Program, which manages the meal patterns in childcare centers such as Head Start, promote the elimination of fruit juice in favor of whole fruit for children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300719_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paid sick leave and nonfatal occupational injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Asfaw, A. Author-Name: Pana-Cryan, R. Author-Name: Rosa, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e59-e64 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300482 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association between US workers' access to paid sick leave and the incidence of nonfatal occupational injuries from the employer's perspective. We also examined this association in different industries and occupations. Methods: We developed a theoretical framework to examine the business value of offering paid sick leave. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were used to test the hypothesis that offering paid sick leave is associated with a reduced incidence of occupational injuries. We used data on approximately 38 000 working adults to estimate a multivariate model. Results. With all other variables held constant, workers with access to paid sick leave were 28% (95% confidence interval = 0.52, 0.99) less likely than workers without access to paid sick leave to be injured. The association between the availability of paid sick leave and the incidence of occupational injuries varied across sectors and occupations, with the greatest differences occurring in highrisk sectors and occupations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, similar to other investments in worker safety and health, introducing or expanding paid sick leave programs might help businesses reduce the incidence of nonfatal occupational injuries, particularly in high-risk sectors and occupations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300482_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Can we finally make progress on sodium intake? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Angell, S.Y. Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1625-1627 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300722 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300722_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kippax and Stephenson respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kippax, S. Author-Name: Stephenson, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e9-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300915 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300915_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and adolescent mental disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLaughlin, K.A. Author-Name: Costello, E.J. Author-Name: Leblanc, W. Author-Name: Sampson, N.A. Author-Name: Kessler, R.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1742-1750 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300477 Abstract: Objectives. Although previous research has shown that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with mental illness, it is unclear which aspects of SES are most important. We investigated this issue by examining associations between 5 aspects of SES and adolescent mental disorders. Methods. Data came from a national survey of US adolescents (n = 6483). Associations among absolute SES (parental income and education), relative SES (relative deprivation, subjective social status), and community level income variation (Gini coefficient) with past-year mental disorders were examined. Results. Subjective social status (mean 0, variance 1) was most consistently associated with mental disorder. Odds ratios with mood, anxiety, substance, and behavior disorders after controlling for other SES indicators were all statistically significant and in the range of 0.7 to 0.8. Associations were strongest for White adolescents. Parent education was associated with low risk for anxiety disorder, relative deprivation with high risk for mood disorder, and the other 2 indicators were associated with none of the disorders considered. Conclusions. Associations between SES and adolescent mental disorders are most directly the result of perceived social status, an aspect of SES that might be more amenable to interventions than objective aspects of SES. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300477_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in Michigan early adolescent immunization: 2006-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rees-Clayton, E. Author-Name: Montgomery, J.P. Author-Name: Enger, K.S. Author-Name: Boulton, M.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1735-1741 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300577 Abstract: Objectives. We have described vaccine coverage of Michigan young adolescents immunized with tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis; meningococcal conjugate; and human papillomavirus vaccines during 2006-2008. Methods. We obtained data from the Michigan Care Improvement Registry, a state-based immunization information system that included more than 57 million vaccination records. We examined 3 overlapping cohorts of 11- and 12-year-old children (n > 350 000 in each) to assess temporal trends in vaccination coverage, characteristics of those immunized, funding sources, and vaccination sites. Results. Vaccine uptake increased during 2006 through 2008, peaking in the summer months. More than half of children receiving more than 1 vaccine received the vaccines simultaneously. Older age, receipt of Medicaid, and prior completion of early childhood immunizations were associated with greater odds of vaccination. Conclusions. Vaccine coverage among Michigan young adolescents is increasing but continues to be relatively low. Coverage of 11- and 12-year-old children may improve with efforts to encourage vaccination at all health care visits, an increase in public funding in support of adolescent vaccination, and continued monitoring of adolescent vaccination levels through school-based assessments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300577_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: AJPH supplement on military suicide Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Author-Name: Englehart, J.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300869 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300869_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Temporal changes in socioeconomic influences on health: Maternal education and preterm birth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: El-Sayed, A.M. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1715-1721 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300564 Abstract: Objectives. To consider how the relationships between social determinants and health indicators change over time, we assessed the time-varying influence of maternal education on risk of preterm birth (PTB) between 1989 and 2006. Methods. We used bivariate and multivariable Poisson regression models with robust variation estimates to examine (1) the association between maternal education and PTB risk by year; (2) the relationship between low maternal education and PTB, late PTB, and very PTB risk by year relative to 1989; and (3) the relationship between high maternal education and PTB, late PTB, and very PTB risk by year relative to 1989. Results. After adjustment, PTB risk increased among the most educated and did not change among the least educated women over time. Risk of PTB among the least educated relative to the most educated women decreased with time. Late PTB risk increased among both the most and the least educated groups but more among the most educated. Conclusions. Maternal education may be becoming less protective against PTB. The influence of the social determinants of health is dynamic, warranting revisions of our understanding of their roles over time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300564_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying the core elements of effective community health worker programs: A research agenda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arvey, S.R. Author-Name: Fernandez, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1633-1637 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300649 Abstract: Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly being incorporated into health programs because they are assumed to effectively deliver health messages in a culturally relevant manner to disenfranchised communities. Nevertheless, the role of CHWs-who they are, what they do, and how they do it-is tremendously varied. This variability presents a number of challenges for conducting research to determine the effectiveness of CHW programs, and translating research into practice. We discuss some of these challenges and provide examples from our experience working with CHWs. We call for future research to identify the "core elements" of effective CHW programs that improve the health and well-being of disenfranchised communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300649_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Of personal choice and level playing fields: why we need government policies on food content. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1624 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300952 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300952_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of oral health on the academic performance of disadvantaged children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seirawan, H. Author-Name: Faust, S. Author-Name: Mulligan, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: 1729-1734 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300478 Abstract: Objectives. We measured the impact of dental diseases on the academic performance of disadvantaged children by sociodemographic characteristics and access to care determinants Methods. We performed clinical dental examinations on 1495 disadvantaged elementary and high school students from Los Angeles County public schools. We matched data with academic achievement and attendance data provided by the school district and linked these to the child's social determinants of oral health and the impact of oral health on the child's school and the parents' school or work absences. Results. Students with toothaches were almost 4 times more likely to have a low grade point average. About 11% of students with inaccessible needed dental care missed school compared with 4% of those with access. Per 100 elementary and high school-aged children, 58 and 80 school hours, respectively, are missed annually. Parents averaged 2.5 absent days from work or school per year because of their children's dental problems. Conclusions. Oral health affects students' academic performance. Studies are needed that unbundle the clinical, socioeconomic, and cultural challenges associated with this epidemic of dental disease in children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300478_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Biomedical and social dimensions of HIV prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aral, S.O. Author-Name: Blanchard, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300886 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300886_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Misdirected criticisms Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stifelman, M. Author-Name: Hanson, R. Author-Name: Cobb, J. Author-Name: Von Lindern, I. Author-Name: Spalinger, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 9 Pages: e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300840 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300840_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health options for improving cardiovascular health among older americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenlund, K.J. Author-Name: Keenan, N.L. Author-Name: Clayton, P.F. Author-Name: Pandey, D.K. Author-Name: Hong, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1498-1507 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300570 Abstract: Life expectancy at birth has increased from 74 years in 1980 to 78 years in 2006. Older adults (aged 65 years and older) are living longer with cardiovascular conditions, which are leading causes of death and disability and thus an important public health concern. We describe several major issues, including the impact of comorbidities, the role of cognitive health, prevention and intervention approaches, and opportunities for collaboration to strengthen the public health system. Prevention can be effective at any age, including for older adults. Public health models focusing on policy, systems, and environmental change approaches have the goal of providing social and physical environments and promoting healthy choices. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300570_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association of state law to physical education time allocation in US public schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perna, F.M. Author-Name: Oh, A. Author-Name: Chriqui, J.F. Author-Name: Masse, L.C. Author-Name: Atienza, A.A. Author-Name: Nebeling, L. Author-Name: Agurs-Collins, T. Author-Name: Moser, R.P. Author-Name: Dodd, K.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1594-1599 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300587 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether public schools in states with specific and stringent physical education (PE) laws, as assessed by the Physical Education-Related State Policy Classification System (PERSPCS), available on the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.) Web site, reported more weekly PE time in the most recent School Health Policies and Programs Survey (SHPPS). Methods. Schools (n = 410) were grouped by their state's PERSPCS time requirement scores (none, nonspecific requirement, or specific requirement). Average weekly school-level PE was calculated using the SHPPS-reported PE minutes. Weighted analyses determined if PE minutes/week differed by PERSPCS group. Results. Schools in states with specific requirement laws averaged over 27 and 60 more PE minutes/week at the elementary and middle school levels, respectively, compared with schools within states with nonspecific laws and over 40 and 60 more PE minutes per week, respectively, compared with elementary and middle schools in states with no laws. High school results were nonsignificant. Conclusions. Public health guidelines recommend at least 60 minutes of daily physical activity for children, and PE may further this goal. Strong codified law with specific time requirements for PE may be an important tool contributing toward adequate PE time and daily physical activity recommendations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300587_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity and supermarket access: Proximity or price? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Drewnowski, A. Author-Name: Aggarwal, A. Author-Name: Hurvitz, P.M. Author-Name: Monsivais, P. Author-Name: Moudon, A.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E74-E80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300660 Abstract: Objectives: We examined whether physical proximity to supermarkets or supermarket price was more strongly associated with obesity risk. Methods: The Seattle Obesity Study (SOS) collected and geocoded data on home addresses and food shopping destinations for a representative sample ofadult residents of King County, Washington. Supermarkets were stratified into 3 price levels based on average cost of the market basket. Sociodemographic and health data were obtained from a telephone survey. Modified Poisson regression was used to test the associations between obesity and supermarket variables. Results: Only 1 in 7 respondents reported shopping at the nearest supermarket. The risk of obesity was not associated with street network distances between home and the nearest supermarket or the supermarket that SOS participants reported as their primary food source. The type of supermarket, by price, was found to be inversely and significantly associated with obesity rates, even after adjusting for individual-level sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and proximity measures (adjusted relative risk = 0.34; 95% confidence interval = 0.19, 0.63) Conclusions: Improving physical access to supermarkets may be one strategy to deal with the obesity epidemic; improving economic access to healthy foods is another. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300660_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Elevated risk of posttraumatic stress in sexual minority Youths: Mediation by childhood abuse and gender nonconformity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, A.L. Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Koenen, K.C. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1587-1593 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300530 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether lifetime risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was elevated in sexual minority versus heterosexual youths, whether childhood abuse accounted for disparities in PTSD, and whether childhood gender nonconformity explained sexual-orientation disparities in abuse and subsequent PTSD. Methods. We used data from a population-based study (n = 9369, mean age = 22.7 years) to estimate risk ratios for PTSD. We calculated the percentage of PTSD disparities by sexual orientation accounted for by childhood abuse and gender nonconformity, and the percentage of abuse disparities by sexual orientation accounted for by gender nonconformity. Results. Sexual minorities had between 1.6 and 3.9 times greater risk of probable PTSD than heterosexuals. Child abuse victimization disparities accounted for one third to one half of PTSD disparities by sexual orientation. Higher prevalence of gender nonconformity before age 11 years partly accounted for higher prevalence of abuse exposure before age 11 years and PTSD by early adulthood in sexual minorities (range = 5.2%-33.2%). Conclusions. Clinicians, teachers, and others who work with youths should consider abuse prevention and treatment measures for gender-nonconforming children and sexual minority youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300530_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community health workers as drivers of a successful community-based disease management initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peretz, P.J. Author-Name: Matiz, L.A. Author-Name: Findley, S. Author-Name: Lizardo, M. Author-Name: Evans, D. Author-Name: McCord, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1443-1446 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300585 Abstract: In 2005, local leaders in New York City developed the Washington Heights/Inwood Network for Asthma Program to address the burden of asthma in their community. Bilingual community health workers based in community organizations and the local hospital provided culturally appropriate education and support to families who needed help managing asthma. Families participating in the yearlong care coordination program received comprehensive asthma education, home environmental assessments, trigger reduction strategies, and clinical and social referrals. Since 2006, 472 families have enrolled in the yearlong program. After 12 months hospitalizations and emergency department visits decreased by more than 50%, and caregiver confidence in controlling the child's asthma increased to nearly 100%. Key to the program's success was the commitment and involvement of community partners from program inception to date. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300585_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mobility and aging: New directions for public health action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Satariano, W.A. Author-Name: Guralnik, J.M. Author-Name: Jackson, R.J. Author-Name: Marottoli, R.A. Author-Name: Phelan, E.A. Author-Name: Prohaska, T.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1508-1515 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300631 Abstract: Optimal mobility, defined as relative ease and freedom of movement in all of its forms, is central to healthy aging. Mobility is a significant consideration for research, practice, and policy in aging and public health. We examined the public health burdens of mobility disability, with a particular focus on leading public health interventions to enhance walking and driving, and the challenges and opportunities for public health action. We propose an integrated mobility agenda, which draws on the lived experience of older adults. New strategies for research, practice, and policy are needed to move beyond categorical promotion programs in walking and driving to establish a comprehensive program to enhance safe mobility in all its forms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300631_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aging, climate change, and legacy thinking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frumkin, H. Author-Name: Fried, L. Author-Name: Moody, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1434-1438 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300663 Abstract: Climate change is a complex, long-termpublichealth challenge. Older people are especially susceptible to certain climate change impacts, such as heat waves. We suggest that older peoplemay be a resource for addressing climate change because of their concern for legacy-for leaving behind values, attitudes, and an intact world to their children and grandchildren. We review the theoretical basis for "legacy thinking" among older people. We offer suggestions for research on this phenomenon, and for action to strengthen the sense of legacy. At a timewhen older populations are growing, understanding and promoting legacy thinking may offer an important strategy for addressing climate change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300663_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Higher yet suboptimal chlamydia testing rates at community health centers and outpatient clinics compared with physician offices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eugene, J.M. Author-Name: Hoover, K.W. Author-Name: Tao, G. Author-Name: Kent, C.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E26-E29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300744 Abstract: To assess chlamydia testing in women in community health centers, we analyzed data from national surveys of ambulatory health care. Women with chlamydial symptoms were tested at 16% of visits, and 65% of symptomatic women were tested if another reproductive health care service (pelvic examination, Papanicolaou test, or urinalysis) was performed. Community health centers serve populations with high sexually transmitted disease rates and fill gaps in the provision of sexual and reproductive health care services as health departments face budget cuts that threaten support of sexually transmitted disease clinics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300744_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exposure of California kindergartners to students with personal belief exemptions from mandated school entry vaccinations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buttenheim, A. Author-Name: Jones, M. Author-Name: Baras, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E59-E67 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300821 Abstract: Objectives: Personal belief exemptions (PBEs) from mandated school entry vaccinations have increased in California over the past decade. Infectious disease outbreaks in the state may be associated with the aggregation of intentionally unvaccinated children within schools. We sought to quantify the exposure of California kindergartners to children with PBEs at school. Methods: We used cross-sectional California Department of Public Health data on 3 kindergarten cohorts to define and calculate multiple measures of exposure to children with exemptions, including interaction and aggregation indices, for the state as a whole (2008-2010) and by county (2010). Results: In 2010, the PBE rate in California was 2.3 per 100 students, and the school PBE rate for the average kindergartner with a PBE was 15.6 per 100. More than 7000 kindergartners in California attend schools with PBE rates greater than 20 per 100, including 2700 kindergartners with PBEs. Exposure measures vary considerably across counties. Conclusions: Our results suggest increasing levels of exposure among kindergarten students in California to other kindergartners with PBEs. Our data provide a concrete set of metrics through which public health and education officials can identify high-risk areas as targets for policy and programmatic interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300821_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in fetal death and first day death: The influence of risk factors in 2 time periods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wingate, M.S. Author-Name: Barfield, W.D. Author-Name: Petrini, J. Author-Name: Smith, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E68-E73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300790 Abstract: Objectives: We examined how changes in risk factors over time influence fetal, first day, and combined fetal-first day mortality and subsequent racial/ethnic disparities. Methods: We selected deliveries to US resident non-Hispanic White and Black mothers from the linked live birth-infant death cohort and fetal deaths files (1995-1996; 2001-2002) and calculated changes over time of mortality rates, odds, and relative odds ratios (RORs) overall and among mothers with modifiable risk factors (smoking, diabetes, or hypertensive disorders). Results: Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for fetal mortality overall (AOR = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96, 1.01) and among Blacks (AOR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.93, 1.03) indicated no change over time. Among women with modifiable risk factors, the RORs indicated no change in disparities. The ROR was not significant for fetal mortality (ROR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.83, 1.01) among smokers, but there was evidence of some decline. There was evidence of increase in RORs in fetal death among mothers with diabetes and hypertensive disorders, but differences were not significant. Conclusions: Disparities in fetal, first day, and combined fetal-first day mortality have persisted and reflect discrepancies in care provision or other factors more challenging to measure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300790_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kansagra and farley respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kansagra, S.M. Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300735 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300735_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unemployment and mortality: A comparative study of Germany and the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLeod, C.B. Author-Name: Lavis, J.N. Author-Name: MacNab, Y.C. Author-Name: Hertzman, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1542-1550 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300475 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between unemployment and mortality in Germany, a coordinated market economy, and the United States, a liberal market economy. Methods. We followed 2 working-age cohorts from the German Socioeconomic Panel and the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1984 to 2005. We defined unemployment as unemployed at the time of survey. We used discrete-time survival analysis, adjusting for potential confounders. Results. There was an unemployment-mortality association among Americans (relative risk [RR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7, 3.4), but not among Germans (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0, 2.0). In education-stratified models, there was an association among minimum-skilled (RR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.4, 4.7) and medium-skilled (RR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.5, 3.8) Americans, but not among minimum-and medium-skilled Germans. There was no association among high-skilled Americans, but an association among high-skilled Germans (RR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3, 7.0), although this was limited to those educated in East Germany. Minimum-and medium-skilled unemployed Americans had the highest absolute risks of dying. Conclusions. The higher risk of dying for minimum-and medium-skilled unemployed Americans, not found among Germans, suggests that the unemployment-mortality relationship may be mediated by the institutional and economic environment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300475_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Posters for housing and health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lopez, R.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1473-1474 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300571 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300571_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How statistics can mislead Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sainani, K.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E3-E4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300697 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300697_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minnesota pandemic ethics project update Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vawter, D.E. Author-Name: Garrett, J.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300712 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300712_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blosnich et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Author-Name: Silenzio, V.M.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E10-E11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300815 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300815_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing an integrated strategy to reduce ethnic and racial disparities in the delivery of clinical preventive services for older americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shenson, D. Author-Name: Adams, M. Author-Name: Bolen, J. Author-Name: Wooten, K. Author-Name: Clough, J. Author-Name: Giles, W.H. Author-Name: Anderson, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E44-E50 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300701 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the optimum strategy for increasing up-to-date (UTD) levels in older Americans, while reducing disparities between White, Black, and Hispanic adults, aged 65 years and older. Methods. Data were analyzed from the 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, quantifying the proportion of older Americans UTD with influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations, mammograms, Papanicolaou tests, and colorectal cancer screening. A comparison of projected changes in UTD levels and disparities was ascertained by numerically accounting for UTD adults lacking 1 or more clinical preventive services (CPS). Analyses were performed by gender and race/ethnicity. Results. Expanded provision of specific vaccinations and screenings each increased UTD levels. When those needing only vaccinations were immunized, there was a projected decrease in racial/ethnic disparities in UTD levels (2.3%- 12.2%). When those needing only colorectal cancer screening, mammography, or Papanicolaou test were screened, there was an increase in UTD disparities (1.6%-4.5%). Conclusions. A primary care and public health focus on adult immunizations, in addition to other CPS, offers an effective strategy to reduce disparities while improving UTD levels. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300701_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Translating research into evidence-based practice with potential for population-wide impact Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Longjohn, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300682 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300682_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Walls et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walls, H.L. Author-Name: Walls, K.L. Author-Name: Benke, G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E6-E7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300754 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300754_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race, place, and obesity: The complex relationships among community racial/ethnic composition, individual race/ethnicity, and obesity in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kirby, J.B. Author-Name: Liang, L. Author-Name: Chen, H.-J. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1572-1578 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300452 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the association between community racial/ethnic composition and obesity risk. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we used nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to geographic data from the US Decennial Census and Census Business Pattern data. Results. Living in communities with a high Hispanic concentration (≥ 25%) was associated with a 0.55 and 0.42 increase in body mass index (BMI; defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and 21% and 23% higher odds for obesity for Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites, respectively. Living in a community with a high non-Hispanic Asian concentration (≥ 25%) was associated with a 0.68 decrease in BMI and 28% lower odds for obesity for non-Hispanic Whites. We controlled for individual-and community-level social, economic, and demographic variables. Conclusions. Community racial/ethnic composition is an important correlate of obesity risk, but the relationship differs greatly by individual race/ethnicity. To better understand the obesity epidemic and related racial/ethnic disparities, more must be learned about community-level risk factors, especially how built environment and social norms operate within communities and across racial/ ethnic groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300452_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aging, diabetes, and the public health system in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caspersen, C.J. Author-Name: Thomas, G.D. Author-Name: Boseman, L.A. Author-Name: Beckles, G.L.A. Author-Name: Albright, A.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1482-1497 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300616 Abstract: Diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) affects 10.9 million US adults aged 65 years and older. Almost 8 in 10 have some form of dysglycemia, according to tests for fasting glucose or hemoglobin A1c. Among this age group, diagnosed diabetes is projected to reach 26.7 million by 2050, or 55% of all diabetes cases. In 2007, older adults accounted for $64.8 billion (56%) of direct diabetes medical costs, $41.1 billion for institutional care alone. Complications, comorbid conditions, and geriatric syndromes affect diabetes care, and medical guidelines for treating older adults with diabetes are limited. Broad public health programs help, but effective, targeted interventions and expanded surveillance and research and better policies are needed to address the rapidly growing diabetes burden among older adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300616_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Helmet wearing among users of a public bicycle-sharing program in the district of columbia and comparable riders on personal bicycles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kraemer, J.D. Author-Name: Roffenbender, J.S. Author-Name: Anderko, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E23-E25 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300794 Abstract: Bicycle-sharing programs are increasingly popular and have the potential to increase physical activity and decrease air pollution, but anecdotal evidence suggests helmet use is lower among users of bicycle-sharing programs than cyclists on private bicycles. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess helmet use among users of a bicycle-sharing program in Washington, DC. Helmet use was significantly lower among cyclists on shared bicycles than private bicycles, highlighting a need for targeted helmet promotion activities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300794_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aging in correctional custody: Setting a policy agenda for older prisoner health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, B.A. Author-Name: Stern, M.F. Author-Name: Mellow, J. Author-Name: Safer, M. Author-Name: Greifinger, R.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1475-1481 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300704 Abstract: An exponential rise in the number of older prisoners is creating new and costly challenges for the criminal justice system, state economies, and communities to which older former prisoners return. We convened a meeting of 29 national experts in correctional health care, academic medicine, nursing, and civil rights to identify knowledge gaps and to propose a policy agenda to improve the care of older prisoners. The group identified 9 priority areas to be addressed: definition of the older prisoner, correctional staff training, definition of functional impairment in prison, recognition and assessment of dementia, recognition of the special needs of older women prisoners, geriatric housing units, issues for older adults upon release, medical early release, and prison-based palliative medicine programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300704_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of health insurance on health care treatment and cost in Vietnam: A health capability approach to financial protection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, K.T. Author-Name: Khuat, O.T.H. Author-Name: Ma, S. Author-Name: Pham, D.C. Author-Name: Khuat, G.T.H. Author-Name: Ruger, J.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1450-1461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300618 Abstract: We applied an alternative conceptual framework for analyzing health insurance and financial protection grounded in the health capability paradigm. Through an original survey of 706 households in Dai Dong, Vietnam, we examined the impact of Vietnamese health insurance schemes on inpatient and outpatient health care access, costs. And Hlth. Outcomes Using Bivariate and Multivariable Regression Analyses. Insured Respondents Had Lower Outpatient and Inpatient Treatm. Costs and Longer Hosp. Stays but Fewer Days of Missed Wk. or Sch. Than the Uninsured. Ins. Reform Reduced Household Vulnerability to High Hlth. Care Costs Through Direct Reduction of Med. Costs and Indirect Reduction of Income Lost to Illness. However, from A Normative Perspective, Outof-pocket Costs Are Still Too High, and Accessibility Issues Persist; A Compreh. Ins. Package and Additional Hlth. Syst. Reforms Are Needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300618_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's choice: The strengths of an aging society Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1432 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300880 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300880_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The live well, be well study: A community-based, translational lifestyle program to lower diabetes risk factors in ethnic minority and lower-socioeconomic status adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kanaya, A.M. Author-Name: Santoyo-Olsson, J. Author-Name: Gregorich, S. Author-Name: Grossman, M. Author-Name: Moore, T. Author-Name: Stewart, A.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1551-1558 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300456 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated a community-based translational lifestyle program to reduce diabetes risk in lower-socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnic minority adults. Methods. Through an academic-public health department partnership community-dwelling adults at risk for diabetes were randomly assigned to individualized lifestyle counseling delivered primarily via telephone by health department counselors or a wait-list control group. Primary outcomes (6 and 12 months) were fasting glucose level, triglycerides, high-and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, weight, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure. Secondary outcomes included diet, physical activity, and health-related quality of life. Results. Of the 230 participants, study retention was 92%. The 6-month group differences for weight and triglycerides were significant. The intervention group lost 2 pounds more than did the control group (P = .03) and had decreased triglyceride levels (difference in change, 23 mg/dL; P = .02). At 6 months, the intervention group consumed 7.7 fewer grams per day of fat (P = .05) and more fruits and vegetables (P = .02) than did control participants. Conclusions. Despite challenges designing effective translational interventions for lower-SES and minority communities, this program modestly improved some diabetes risk factors. Thus, individualized, telephone-based models may be a promising alternative to group-based interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300456_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV infection and older Americans: The public health perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brooks, J.T. Author-Name: Buchacz, K. Author-Name: Gebo, K.A. Author-Name: Mermin, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1516-1526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300844 Abstract: HIV disease is often perceived as a condition affecting young adults. However, approximately 11% of new infections occur in adults aged 50 years or older. Among persons living with HIV disease, it is estimated that more than half will be aged 50 years or older in the near future. In this review, we highlight issues related to HIV prevention and treatment for HIV-uninfected andHIV-infected older Americans, and outline unique considerations and emerging challenges for public health and patient management in these 2 populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300844_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Education, genetic ancestry, and blood pressure in African Americans and whites Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Non, A.L. Author-Name: Gravlee, C.C. Author-Name: Mulligan, C.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1559-1565 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300448 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the relative roles of education and genetic ancestry in predicting blood pressure (BP) within African Americans and explored the association between education and BP across racial groups. Methods. We used t tests and linear regressions to examine the associations of genetic ancestry, estimated from a genomewide set of autosomal markers, and education with BP variation among African Americans in the Family Blood Pressure Program. We also performed linear regressions in self-identified African Americans and Whites to explore the association of education with BP across racial groups. Results. Education, but not genetic ancestry, significantly predicted BP variation in the African American subsample (b = -0.51 mm Hg per year additional education; P = .001). Although education was inversely associated with BP in the total population, within-group analyses showed that education remained a significant predictor of BP only among the African Americans. We found a significant interaction (b = 3.20; P = .006) between education and selfidentified race in predicting BP. Conclusions. Racial disparities in BP may be better explained by differences in education than by genetic ancestry. Future studies of ancestry and disease should include measures of the social environment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300448_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educating health care professionals in advocacy for childhood obesity prevention in their communities: Integrating public health and primary care in the be our voice project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McPherson, M.E. Author-Name: Mirkin, R. Author-Name: Heatherley, P.N. Author-Name: Homer, C.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E37-E43 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300833 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the perceived need for and the effectiveness of the Be Our Voice advocacy training. In this training, health care professionals learned public health strategies to advocate for environmental systems changes to prevent childhood obesity in their communities. Methods. We assessed 13 trainings across 8 pilot sites. We conducted 2 rounds of surveys with participants-pre-training (n = 287, 84% response rate) and immediately post-training (n = 254, 75% response rate)-and semi-structured interviews with participants after training (n = 25). Results. We uncovered essential and promising elements of the training. Primary care providers found the Be Our Voice training effective at building their comfort with and motivation for engaging in public health advocacy; they reported achieving learning objectives, and they had positive responses to the training overall and to specific sessions. They articulated the need for the training and plans for advocacy in their communities. Conclusions. The Be Our Voice training provides an opportunity to integrate primary care providers into public health, community-based advocacy. It may be a model for future educational offerings for health care professionals in graduate and postgraduate training and in practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300833_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Climate change, fluorescent lighting, and eye disease: A little too light on the science Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bierman, A. Author-Name: Rea, M.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300730 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300730_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between food insecurity and inflammation in the US adult population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gowda, C. Author-Name: Hadley, C. Author-Name: Aiello, A.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1579-1586 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300551 Abstract: Objectives. To expand the understanding of potential pathways through which food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes, we investigated whether food insecurity is associated with nutritional levels, inflammatory response, and altered immune function. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2006) with 12 191 participants. We assessed food insecurity using the US Department of Agriculture food security scale module and measured clinical biomarkers from blood samples obtained during participants' visits to mobile examination centers. Results. Of the study population, 21.5% was food insecure. Food insecurity was associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.40) and of white blood cell count (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.67). White blood cell count partly mediated the association between food insecurity and C-reactive protein. Conclusions. These findings show that food insecurity is associated with increased inflammation, a correlate of chronic diseases. Immune response also appears to be a potential mediator in this pathway. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300551_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Pill became a lifestyle drug: The pharmaceutical industry and birth control in the United States since 1960 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Watkins, E.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1462-1472 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300706 Abstract: Marketing decisions, rather than scientific innovations, have guided the development and positioning of contraceptive products in recent years. I review the stalled progress in contraceptive development in the decades following the advent of the Pill in 1960 and then examine the fine-tuning of the market for oral contraceptives in the 1990s and 2000s. Although birth control has been pitched in the United States as an individual solution, rather than a public health strategy, the purpose of oral contraceptives was understood by manufacturers, physicians, and consumers to be the prevention of pregnancy, a basic health care need for women. Since 1990, the content of that message has changed, reflecting a shift in the drug industry's view of the contraception business. Two factors contributed to bring about this change: first, the industry's move away from research and development in birth control and second, the growth of the class of medications known as lifestyle drugs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300706_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bleich et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bleich, S.N. Author-Name: Herring, B.J. Author-Name: Flagg, D.D. Author-Name: Gary-Webb, T.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300713 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300713_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and the black-white mortality crossover Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sautter, J.M. Author-Name: Thomas, P.A. Author-Name: Dupre, M.E. Author-Name: George, L.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1566-1571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300518 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated associations among age, race, socioeconomic status (SES), and mortality in older persons and whether low SES contributes to the Black-White mortality crossover (when elevated age-specific mortality rates invert). Methods. We used panel data from the North Carolina Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly to test the main and interactive effects of SES on mortality. Results. Discrete-time hazard models showed that the association between low education and mortality did not vary by race or age and was only significant for men. For women, the effect of low income diminished with age and had little impact on the crossover. For men, low income varied by race and age, altering the Black-White crossover and producing low-high income crossovers at advanced ages. Conclusions. Low education and income were associated with increased mortality risk for older adults, but only low income had a differential impact on the Black-White mortality crossover. A primary route to reducing mortality differentials in later life is to prevent the disproportionate selective mortality of Blacks and the poor earlier in the life course. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300518_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improved health care for sexual minority and transgender veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lutwak, N. Author-Name: Dill, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300784 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300784_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incentives for research participation: Policy and practice from Canadian corrections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matheson, F.I. Author-Name: Forrester, P. Author-Name: Brazil, A. Author-Name: Doherty, S. Author-Name: Affleck, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1438-1442 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300685 Abstract: We explored current policies and practices on the use of incentives in research involving adult offenders under correctional supervision in prison and in the community (probation and parole) in Canada. We contacted the correctional departments of each of the Canadian provinces and territories as well as the federal government department responsible for offenders serving sentences of two years or more. Findings indicated that two departments had formal policy whereas others had unwritten practices, some prohibiting their use and others allowing incentives on a case-by-case basis. Given the differences across jurisdictions, it would be valuable to examine how current incentive policies and practices are implemented to inform national best practices on incentives for offender-based research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300685_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The curious case of Cuba Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keck, C.W. Author-Name: Reed, G.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E13-E22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300822 Abstract: As health professionals in the United States consider how to focus health care and coverage to ensure better, more equitable patient and population health outcomes, the experience of Cuba's National Health System over the last 5 decades may provide useful insights. Although mutual awareness has been limited by long-term political hostilities between the United States and Cuban governments, the history and details of the Cuban health system indicate that their health system merits attention as an example of a national integrated approach resulting in improved health status. More extensive analysis of the principles, practices, and outcomes in Cuba is warranted to inform health system transformation in the United States, despite differences in political-social systems and available resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300822_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The social determinants of health and pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza severity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lowcock, E.C. Author-Name: Rosella, L.C. Author-Name: Foisy, J. Author-Name: McGeer, A. Author-Name: Crowcroft, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E51-E58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300814 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the effects of social determinants of health on pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza severity and the role of clinical risk factors in mediating such associations. Methods. We used multivariate logistic regression with generalized estimating equations to examine the associations between individual- and ecologicallevel social determinants of health and hospitalization for pandemic H1N1 2009 illness in a case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Results. During the first pandemic phase (April 23-July 20, 2009), hospitalization was associated with having a high school education or less and living in a neighborhood with high material or total deprivation. We also observed the association with education in the second phase (August 1-November 6, 2009). Clinical risk factors for severe pandemic H1N1 2009 illness mediated approximately 39% of the observed association. Conclusions. The main clinical risk factors for severe pandemic H1N1 2009 illness explain only a portion of the associations observed between social determinants of health and hospitalization, suggesting that the means by which the social determinants of health affect pandemic H1N1 2009 outcomes extend beyond clinically recognized risk factors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300814_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnoses among persons aged 50 years and older in 37 US States, 2005-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linley, L. Author-Name: Prejean, J. Author-Name: An, Q. Author-Name: Chen, M. Author-Name: Hall, H.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1527-1534 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300431 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnosis rates for persons aged 50 years and older. Methods. We analyzed surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regarding HIV diagnoses during 2005 through 2008 in 37 states. Average annual rates of diagnoses were calculated for persons aged 50 years and older and compared with rates for persons aged 13 to 49 years. Results. The average annual rate of diagnosis (per 100 000 persons) for older persons was 9.8. Rates among older Blacks (49.2) and Hispanics/Latinos (19.5) were 12.6 and 5.0 times, respectively, the rate among older Whites (3.9); rates among younger Blacks (102.5) and Hispanics/Latinos (39.0) were 7.7 and 2.9 times, respectively, the rate among younger Whites (13.3). Older persons were more likely than younger persons to receive a late HIV diagnosis (prevalence ratio = 1.5, P < .001). Conclusions. Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV diagnosis rates are greater among persons aged 50 years and older than among younger persons. The greater HIV diagnosis rates in Blacks and later diagnosis among older persons of all races/ ethnicities indicate a need to increase their awareness of risk factors for HIV infection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300431_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Nurse's perspective on arthritis in older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300839 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300839_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond bioethics: Reckoning with the public health paradigm Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fairchild, A.L. Author-Name: Johns, D.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1447-1450 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300661 Abstract: In the wake of scandal over troubling research abuses, the 1970s witnessed the birth of a new system of ethical oversight. The bioethics framework, with its emphasis on autonomy assumed a commanding role in debates regarding how to weigh the needs of society against the rights of individuals. Yet the history of resistance to oversight underscores that some domains of science hewed to a different paradigm of accountability-one that elevated the common good over individual rights. Federal officials have now proposed to dramatically limit the reach of ethical oversight. The Institute of Medicine has called for a rollback of the federal privacy rule. The changing emphasis makes it imperative to grapple with the history of the public interest paradigm. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300661_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic inequalities in health in older adults in Brazil and England Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lima-Costa, M.F. Author-Name: De Oliveira, C. Author-Name: MacInko, J. Author-Name: Marmot, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1535-1541 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300765 Abstract: Objectives. We examined socioeconomic inequalities in health among older adults in England and Brazil. Methods. We analyzed nationally representative samples of residents aged 50 years and older in 2008 data from the Brazilian National Household Survey (n = 75 527) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n = 9589). We estimated prevalence ratios for self-rated health, functional limitations, and reported chronic diseases, by education level and household income tertiles. Results. Brazilians reported worse health than did English respondents. Country-specific differences were higher among the poorest, but also affected the wealthiest persons. We observed a strong inverse gradient of similar magnitude across education and household income levels for most health indicators in each country. Prevalence ratios (lowest vs highest education level) of poor self-rated health were 3.24 in Brazil and 3.50 in England; having 2 or more functional limitations, 1.81 in Brazil and 1.96 in England; and having 1 or more diseases, 1.14 in Brazil and 1.36 in England. Conclusions. Socioeconomic inequalities in health affect both populations, despite a less pronounced absolute difference in household income and education in Brazil than in England. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300765_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early life origins of adult disease and maternal smoking during pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aubin, H.-J. Author-Name: Berlin, I. Author-Name: Reynaud, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300650 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300650_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The strengths of an aging society. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1432 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300880 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300880_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Public health training for Primary Care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, V.J. Author-Name: McLaurin-Jones, T.L. Author-Name: Kalu, N. Author-Name: Kwagyan, J. Author-Name: Scott, D.M. Author-Name: Cain, G. Author-Name: Greene, W. Author-Name: Adenuga, B. Author-Name: Taylor, R.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E30-E36 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300802 Abstract: Objectives. The purpose of this study was to elucidate changes in attitudes, experiences, readiness, and confidence levels of medical residents to perform screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) and factors that moderate these changes. Methods. A cohort of 121 medical residents received an educational intervention. Self-reported experience, readiness, attitude, and confidence toward SBIRT-related skills were measured at baseline and at follow-up. Analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of medical specialization. Results. The intervention significantly increased experience (P < .001), attitude (P < .05), readiness (P < .001), and confidence (P < .001). Residents were more likely to report that their involvement influenced patients' substance use. However, experience applying SBIRT skills varied by country of birth, specialty, and baseline scores. Conclusions. This study suggested that SBIRT training was an effective educational tool that increased residents' sense of responsibility. However, application of skills might differ by specialization and other variables. Future studies are needed to explore and evaluate SBIRT knowledge obtained, within the context of cultural awareness and clinical skills. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300802_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hootman etal. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hootman, J.M. Author-Name: Helmick, C.G. Author-Name: Brady, T.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E1-E2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300870 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300870_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Thomas responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, J.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: E8-E9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300772 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300772_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcoming the unhealthy pursuit of thinness: Reaction to the québec charter for a healthy and diverse body image Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gauvin, L. Author-Name: Steiger, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 8 Pages: 1600-1606 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300479 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the population reach, acceptability, and perceived potential of an initiative that developed a promotional tool for a healthy body image, the Québec Charter for a Healthy and Diverse Body Image. The Charter, developed through consensus building by a multisectoral, government-led task force, outlined actions to be undertaken by organizations or citizens to reduce media pressures favoring thinness. Methods. Six months after the Charter's launch, we surveyed 1003 Québec residents aged 18 years or older about their knowledge of the Charter, their willingness to adhere to it, and their perceptions of its potential. Results. After minimal prompting, more than 35% of respondents recognized the Charter. About 33.7% were very favorable toward personally adhering to the Charter and 32.7% perceived the Charter as having high potential to sensitize people to negative consequences of disordered eating. Women showed greater likelihood and people with lesser education showed lower likelihood of spontaneous recognition. Conclusions. An initiative involving the creation of a body image Charter reaches a substantial portion of adults and is viewed as acceptable and potentially influential. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300479_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in smoking prevalence in 8 countries of the former soviet union between 2001 and 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, B. Author-Name: Gilmore, A. Author-Name: Stickley, A. Author-Name: Rotman, D. Author-Name: Prohoda, V. Author-Name: Haerpfer, C. Author-Name: McKee, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1320-1328 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300547 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to present new data on smoking prevalence in 8 countries, analyze prevalence changes between 2001 and 2010, and examine trend variance by age, location, education level, and household economic status. Methods. We conducted cross-sectional household surveys in 2010 in Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine. We compared smoking prevalence with a related 2001 study for the different countries and population subgroups, and also calculated the adjusted prevalence rate ratios of smoking. Results. All-age 2010 smoking prevalence among men ranged from 39% (Moldova) to 59% (Armenia), and among women from 2% (Armenia) to 16% (Russia). There was a significantly lower smoking prevalence among men in 2010 compared with 2001 in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia, but not for women in any country. For all countries combined, there was a significantly lower smoking prevalence in 2010 than in 2001 for men aged 18 to 39 years and men with a good or average economic situation. Conclusions. Smoking prevalence appears to have stabilized and may be declining in younger groups, but remains extremely high among men, especially those in lower socioeconomic groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300547_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global health inconflict Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallace, S.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1286-1297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300759 Abstract: Vitamin A supplementation is a public health intervention that clinical trials have suggested can significantly improve child survival in the developing world. Yet, prominent scientists in India have questioned its scientific validity, opposed its implementation, and accused its advocates of corruption and greed. It is ironic that these opponents were among the pioneers of populationwide vitamin A supplementation for ocular health. Historically, complex interests have shaped vitamin A supplementation resistance in India. Local social and nutritional revolutions and shifting international paradigms of global health have played a role. Other resistance movements in Indian history, such as those in response to campaigns for bacillus Calmette-Guérin and novel vaccines, have been structured around similar themes. Public health resistance is shaped by the cultural and political context in which it develops. Armed with knowledge of the history of a region and patterns of past resistance, public health practitioners can better understand how to negotiate global health conflicts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300759_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lamster and formicola respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lamster, I.B. Author-Name: Formicola, A.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E8-E9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300678 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300678_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Here man learns about himself Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLeary, E. Author-Name: Toon, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E27-E36 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300560 Abstract: When the American Museum of Health (AMH) opened in 1939 at the World's Fair, its popularity convinced its organizers that the AMH was merely the first in a nationwide network of health museums. The AMH's organizers had imported an approach to health education developed in Germany, which promoted health as a positive attribute through interactive, visually impressive displays that relied on clarity and simplicity\-as epitomized by the "Transparent Man"\- to encourage a feeling of wonder among exhibit goers. However, other museum professionals rejected this approach, and the AMH failed to catalyze a broad health museum movement. Nevertheless, the notion that presenting the body as an object of wonder will improve the public's health has reappeared in the more recent past, as popular anatomical shows claim that exposing the interior of the human body will convince viewers to live healthier lives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300560_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial residential segregation and rates of gonorrhea in the United States, 2003-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Biello, K.B. Author-Name: Kershaw, T. Author-Name: Nelson, R. Author-Name: Hogben, M. Author-Name: Ickovics, J. Author-Name: Niccolai, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1370-1377 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300516 Abstract: Objectives. In the United States, Black persons are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea. Individual behaviors do not fully explain these racial disparities. We explored the association of racial residential segregation with gonorrhea rates among Black persons and hypothesized that specific dimensions of segregation would be associated with gonorrhea rates. Methods. We used 2003 to 2007 national STI surveillance data and 2000 US Census Bureau data to examine associations of 5 dimensions of racial residential segregation and a composite measure of hypersegregation with gonorrhea rates among Black persons in 257 metropolitan statistical areas, overall and by sex and age. We calculated adjusted rate ratios with generalized estimating equations. Results. Isolation and unevenness were significantly associated with gonorrhea rates. Centralization was marginally associated with gonorrhea. Isolation was more strongly associated with gonorrhea among the younger age groups. Concentration, clustering, and hypersegregation were not associated with gonorrhea. Conclusions. Certain dimensions of segregation are important in understanding STI risk among US Black persons. Interventions to reduce sexual risk may need to account for racial residential segregation to maximize effectiveness and reduce existent racial disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300516_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Slums and malnourishment: Evidence from women in India Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swaminathan, H. Author-Name: Mukherji, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1329-1335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300424 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between slum residence and nutritional status in women in India by using competing classifications of slum type. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2005-2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) to create our citywide analysis sample. The data provided uswith individual, household, and community information.We used the body mass index data to identify nutritional status, whereas the residential status variable provided slum details. We used a multinomial regression framework to model the 3 nutrition states\-undernutrition, normal, and overnutrition. Results. After we controlled for a range of attributes, we found that living in a census slum did not affect nutritional status. By contrast, living in NFHS slums decreased the odds of being overweight by 14% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79, 0.95) and increased the odds of being underweight by 10% (95% CI = 1.00, 1.22). Conclusions. The association between slum residence and nutritional outcomes is nuanced and depends on how one defines a slum. This suggests that interventions targeted at slums should look beyond official definitions and include current living conditions to effectively reach the most vulnerable. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300424_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The bittersweet truth about sugar labeling regulations: They are achievable and overdue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E14-E20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300732 Abstract: The recent Institute of Medicine recommendation to the Food and Drug Administration to include added sugar in a new front-of-package system provides new justification for reviewing outdated regulations pertinent to sugar and analyzing whether the government's previous resistance to sugar labeling remains valid given new and robust science. I have provided an overview of US sugar consumption, its public health implications, and the science related to added sugar detection. I reviewed US and international sugar intake recommendations and suggested revised regulations to better inform and protect consumers. I concluded by noting new directions in the area of sugar research for future public health policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300732_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community health worker encounter forms: A tool to guide and document patient visits and worker performance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lemay, C.A. Author-Name: Ferguson, W.J. Author-Name: Lee Hargraves, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E70-E75 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300416 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the benefits of using community health worker (CHW) encounter forms to collect data on patient interactions and assessed the effectiveness of these forms in guiding and directing interactions. Methods. A 1-page standardized encounter form was developed to document topics discussed during visits with diabetes patients. A portion of the form was designed to be used as a script to guide the interaction and assist patients in setting appropriate self-management goals. Data were also collected via CHW work logs and interviews with CHWs and their supervisors to validate findings. Results. Data were collected for 1198 interactions with 540 patients at 6 community health centers. Self-management goals were set during 62% of encounters. With respect to the most recent self-management goal set, patients who had set a challenging goal were more likely to be in the action stage of change than in other stages. Work logs revealed that CHWs engaged in a number of activities not involving direct patient interactions and thus not captured on encounter forms. Conclusions. Evaluating and monitoring CHWs' daily activities has been challenging. Encounter forms have great potential for documenting the work of CHWs with patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300416_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of design effects and sample weights in complex health survey data: A review of published articles using data from 3 commonly used adolescent health surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bell, B.A. Author-Name: Onwuegbuzie, A.J. Author-Name: Ferron, J.M. Author-Name: Jiao, Q.G. Author-Name: Hibbard, S.T. Author-Name: Kromrey, J.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1399-1405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300398 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed how frequently researchers reported the use of statistical techniques that take into account the complex sampling structure of survey data and sample weights in published peer-reviewed articles using data from 3 commonly used adolescent health surveys. Methods. We performed a systematic review of 1003 published empirical research articles from 1995 to 2010 that used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n=765), Monitoring the Future (n=146), or Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (n=92) indexed in ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Results. Across the data sources, 60% of articles reported accounting for design effects and 61% reported using sample weights. However, the frequency and clarity of reporting varied across databases, publication year, author affiliation with the data, and journal. Conclusions. Given the statistical bias that occurs when design effects of complex data are not incorporated or sample weights are omitted, this study calls for improvement in the dissemination of research findings based on complex sample data. Authors, editors, and reviewers need to work together to improve the transparency of published findings using complex sample data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300398_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing childhood obesity policy in a new educational environment: The cases of Mississippi and Tennessee Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Amis, J.M. Author-Name: Wright, P.M. Author-Name: Dyson, B. Author-Name: Vardaman, J.M. Author-Name: Ferry, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1406-1413 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300414 Abstract: Objectives. Our purpose was to investigate the processes involved in, and outcomes of, implementing 3 new state-level, school-oriented childhood obesity policies enacted between 2004 and 2007. Methods. We followed policy implementation in 8 high schools in Mississippi and Tennessee. We collected data between 2006 and 2009 from interviews with policymakers, administrators, teachers, and students; observations of schoolbased activities; and documents. Results. Significant barriers to the effective implementation of obesity-related policies emerged. These most notably include a value system that prioritizes performances in standardized tests over physical education (PE) and a varsity sport system that negatively influences opportunities for PE. These and other factors, such as resource constraints and the overloading of school administrators with new policies, mitigate against the implementation of policies designed to promote improvements in student health through PE. Conclusions. Policies designed to address health and social problems in highschool settings face significant barriers to effective implementation. To have a broad impact, obesity-related policies must be tied to mainstream educational initiatives that both incentivize, and hold accountable, the school-level actors responsible for their implementation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300414_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Raymond B. Fosdick (1883-1972): ardent advocate of internationalism. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theodore, M.B. Author-Name: Elizabeth, F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1285 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300671 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300671_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Musical approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kyker, J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1298-1299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300710 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300710_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inscriptive restorations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dill, L.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300785 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300785_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health policy is political Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Malhotra, K. Author-Name: Heiman, H.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300801 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300801_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global health - A circumpolar perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chatwood, S. Author-Name: Bjerregaard, P. Author-Name: Kue Young, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1246-1249 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300584 Abstract: Global health should encompass circumpolar health if it is to transcend the traditional approach of the "rich North" assisting the "poor South." Although the eight Arctic states are among the world's most highly developed countries, considerable health disparities exist among regions across the Arctic, as well as between northern and southern regions and between indigenous and nonindigenous populations within some of these states. While sharing commonalities such as a sparse population, geographical remoteness, harsh physical environment, and underdeveloped human resources, circumpolar regions in the northern hemisphere have developed different health systems, strategies, and practices, some of which are relevant to middle and lower income countries. As the Arctic gains prominence as a sentinel of global issues such as climate change, the health of circumpolar populations should be part of the global health discourse and policy development. (Am J Public Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300584_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cannuscio etal. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cannuscio, C. Author-Name: Hersh, S. Author-Name: Bugos, E. Author-Name: Weiss, E.E. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E6-E7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300818 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300818_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indigenous health and climate change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, J.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1260-1266 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752 Abstract: Indigenous populations have been identified as vulnerable to climate change. This framing, however, is detached from the diverse geographies of how people experience, understand, and respond to climate-related health outcomes, and overlooks nonclimatic determinants. I reviewed research on indigenous health and climate change to capture place-based dimensions of vulnerability and broader determining factors. Studies focused primarily on Australia and the Arctic, and indicated significant adaptive capacity, with active responses to climate-related health risks. However, nonclimatic stresses including poverty, land dispossession, globalization, and associated sociocultural transitions challenge this adaptability. Addressing geographic gaps in existing studies alongside greater focus on indigenous conceptualizations on and approaches to health, examination of global-local interactions shaping local vulnerability, enhanced surveillance, and an evaluation of policy support opportunities are key foci for future research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social patterning of cumulative biological risk by education and income among African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hickson, D.A. Author-Name: Roux, A.V.D. Author-Name: Gebreab, S.Y. Author-Name: Wyatt, S.B. Author-Name: Dubbert, P.M. Author-Name: Sarpong, D.F. Author-Name: Sims, M. Author-Name: Taylor, H.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1362-1369 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300444 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the social patterning of cumulative dysregulation of multiple systems, or allostatic load, among African Americans adults. Methods. We examined the cross-sectional associations of socioeconomic status (SES) with summary indices of allostatic load and neuroendocrine, metabolic, autonomic, and immune function components in 4048 Jackson Heart Study participants. Results. Lower education and income were associated with higher allostatic load scores in African American adults. Patterns were most consistent for the metabolic and immune dimensions, less consistent for the autonomic dimension, and absent for the neuroendocrine dimension among African American women. Associations of SES with the global allostatic load score and the metabolic and immune domains persisted after adjustment for behavioral factors and were stronger for income than for education. There was some evidence that the neuroendocrine dimension was inversely associated with SES after behavioral adjustment in men, but the immune and autonomic components did not show clear dose-response trends, and we observed no associations for the metabolic component. Conclusions. Findings support our hypothesis that allostatic load is socially patterned in African American women, but this pattern is less consistent in African American men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300444_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of suicidality: Investigation of a representative sample of manitoba first nations adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mota, N. Author-Name: Elias, B. Author-Name: Tefft, B. Author-Name: Medved, M. Author-Name: Munro, G. Author-Name: Sareen, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1353-1361 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300385 Abstract: Objectives. We examined individual, friend or family, and community or tribe correlates of suicidality in a representative on-reserve sample of First Nations adolescents. Methods. Data came from the 2002-2003 Manitoba First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey of Youth. Interviews were conducted with adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n=1125) from 23 First Nations communities in Manitoba. We used bivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships between a range of factors and lifetime suicidality. We conducted sex-by-correlate interactions for each significant correlate at the bivariate level. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified those correlates most strongly related to suicidality. Results. We found several variables to be associated with an increased likelihood of suicidality in the multivariate model, including being female, depressed mood, abuse or fear of abuse, a hospital stay, and substance use (adjusted odds ratio range=2.43-11.73). Perceived community caring was protective against suicidality (adjusted odds ratio=0.93; 95% confidence interval= 0.88, 0.97) in the same model. Conclusions. Results of this study may be important in informing First Nations and government policy related to the implementation of suicide prevention strategies in First Nations communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300385_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health as an international problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fosdick, R.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1282-1284 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.10271282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.10271282 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.10271282_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health policy is political. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Malhotra, K. Author-Name: Heiman, H.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: e1 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:7:e1_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call for further research on the impact of state-level immigration policies on public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hardy, L.J. Author-Name: Getrich, C.M. Author-Name: Quezada, J.C. Author-Name: Guay, A. Author-Name: Michalowski, R.J. Author-Name: Henley, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1250-1254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300541 Abstract: Arizona's Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, signed into law in April 2010, is already adversely affecting public health in the state. Our findings from a study on childhood obesity in Flagstaff suggest that the law changed health-seeking behaviors of residents of a predominantly Latino neighborhood by increasing fear, limiting residents' mobility, and diminishing trust of officials. These changes could exacerbate barriers to healthy living, limit access to care, and affect the overall safety of the neighborhood. Documentation of the on-theground impact of Arizona's law and similar state-level immigration policies is urgently needed. To inform effective policymaking, such research must be community engaged and include safety measures beyond the usual protocols. (AmJPublic Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300541_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent substance use and other illegal behaviors and racial disparities in criminal justice system involvement: Findings from a US national survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kakade, M. Author-Name: Duarte, C.S. Author-Name: Liu, X. Author-Name: Fuller, C.J. Author-Name: Drucker, E. Author-Name: Hoven, C.W. Author-Name: Fan, B. Author-Name: Wu, P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1307-1310 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300699 Abstract: We used data from a national survey to examine arrest rate disparities between African American and White adolescents (aged 12-17 years; n = 6725) in relation to drug-related and other illegal behaviors. African American adolescents were less likely than Whites to have engaged in drug use or drug selling, butweremore likely to have been arrested. Racial disparities in adolescent arrest appear to result from differential treatment of minority youths and to have long-term negative effects on the lives of affected African American youths. (Am J Public Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300699_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementation of workplace-based smoking cessation support activities and smoking cessation among employees: The finnish public sector study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kouvonen, A. Author-Name: Kivimäki, M. Author-Name: Oksanen, T. Author-Name: Pentti, J. Author-Name: Heponiemi, T. Author-Name: Väänänen, A. Author-Name: Virtanen, M. Author-Name: Vahtera, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E56-E62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300823 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between implementation of workplace smoking cessation support activities and employee smoking cessation. Methods. In 2 cohort studies, participants were 6179 Finnish public-sector employees who self-reported as smokers at baseline in 2004 (study 1) or 2008 (study 2) and responded to follow-up surveys in 2008 (study 1; n = 3298; response rate = 71%) or 2010 (study 2; n = 2881; response rate = 83%). Supervisors' reports were used to assess workplace smoking cessation support activities. We conducted multilevel logistic regression analyses to examine changes in smoking status. Results. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, number of cigarettes smoked per day, work unit size, shift work, type of job contract, health status, and health behaviors, baseline smokers whose supervisors reported that the employing agency had offered pharmacological treatments or financial incentives were more likely than those in workplaces that did not offer such support to have quit smoking. In general, associations were stronger among moderate or heavy smokers (> 10 cigarettes/day) than among light smokers (< 10 cigarettes/day). Conclusions. Cessation activities offered by employers may encourage smokers, particularly moderate or heavy smokers, to quit smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300823_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening for unidentified increased systemic disease risk in a dental setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, B.L. Author-Name: Glick, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300729 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300729_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High food insecurity and its correlates among families living on a rural American Indian reservation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bauer, K.W. Author-Name: Widome, R. Author-Name: Himes, J.H. Author-Name: Smyth, M. Author-Name: Rock, B.H. Author-Name: Hannan, P.J. Author-Name: Story, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1346-1352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300522 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to better understand the prevalence and consequences of food insecurity among American Indian families with young children. Methods. Parents or caregivers of kindergarten-age children enrolled in the Bright Start study (dyad n = 432) living on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota completed a questionnaire on their child's dietary intake, the home food environment, and food security. We assessed food security with a standard 6- item scale and examined associations of food insecurity with family sociodemographic characteristics, parents' and children's weight, children's dietary patterns, and the home food environment. Results. Almost 40% of families reported experiencing food insecurity. Children from food-insecure households were more likely to eat some less healthful types of foods, including items purchased at convenience stores (P = .002), and food-insecure parents reported experiencingmany barriers to accessing healthful food. Food security status was not associated with differences in home food availability or children's or parents' weight status. Conclusions. Food insecurity is prevalent among families living on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Increasing reservation access to food that is high quality, reasonably priced, and healthful should be a public health goal. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300522_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost comparison of 2 mass vaccination campaigns against influenza a H1N1 in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kansagra, S.M. Author-Name: McGinty, M.D. Author-Name: Morgenthau, B.M. Author-Name: Marquez, M.L. Author-Name: Rosselli-Fraschilla, A. Author-Name: Zucker, J.R. Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1378-1383 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300363 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated and compared total costs and costs per dose administered for 2 influenza A 2009 monovalent vaccine campaigns in New York City: an elementary school-located campaign targeting enrolled children aged 4 years and older, and a community-based points-of-dispensing campaign for anyone aged 4 years and older. Methods. We determined costs from invoices or we estimated costs. We obtained vaccination data from the Citywide Immunization Registry and reports from the community points of dispensing. Results. The school campaign delivered approximately 202089 vaccines for $17.9 million and $88 per dose. The community campaign delivered 49986 vaccines for $7.6 million and $151 per dose. At projected capacity, the school campaign could have delivered 371827 doses at $53 each or $13 each when we excluded the value of in-kind resources. The community points of dispensing could have administered 174000 doses at $51 each or $24 each when we excluded the value of in-kind resources. Conclusions. The school campaign delivered vaccines at a lower cost per dose than did the community campaign. Had demand been higher, both campaigns may have delivered vaccine at lower, more comparable cost per dose. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300363_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of the 1997-1998 El Niño episode on community rates of diarrhea Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bennett, A. Author-Name: Epstein, L.D. Author-Name: Gilman, R.H. Author-Name: Cama, V. Author-Name: Bern, C. Author-Name: Cabrera, L. Author-Name: Lescano, A.G. Author-Name: Patz, J. Author-Name: Carcamo, C. Author-Name: Sterling, C.R. Author-Name: Checkley, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E63-E69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300573 Abstract: Objectives. To improve our understanding of climate variability and diarrheal disease at the community level and inform predictions for future climate change scenarios, we examined whether the El Niñ o climate pattern is associated with increased rates of diarrhea among Peruvian children. Methods. We analyzed daily surveillance data for 367 children aged 0 to 12 years from 2 cohorts in a peri-urban shantytown in Lima, Peru, 1995 through 1998. We stratified diarrheal incidence by 6-month age categories, season, and El Niñ o, and modeled between-subject heterogeneity with random effects Poisson models. Results. Spring diarrheal incidence increased by 55% during El Niñ o compared with before El Niñ o. This increase was most acute among children older than 60 months, for whom the risk of a diarrheal episode during the El Niñ o spring was nearly 100% greater (relative risk = 1.96; 95% confidence interval = 1.24, 3.09). Conclusions. El Niñ o-associated climate variability affects community rates of diarrhea, particularly during the cooler seasons and among older children. Public health officials should develop preventive strategies for future El Niñ o episodes to mitigate the increased risk of diarrheal disease in vulnerable communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300573_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Results from the data & democracy initiative to enhance community-based organization data and research capacity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carroll-Scott, A. Author-Name: Toy, P. Author-Name: Wyn, R. Author-Name: Zane, J.I. Author-Name: Wallace, S.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1384-1391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300457 Abstract: Objectives. In an era of community-based participatory research and increased expectations for evidence-based practice, we evaluated an initiative designed to increase community-based organizations' data and research capacity through a 3-day train-the-trainer course on community health assessments. Methods. We employed a mixed method pre-post course evaluation design. Various data sources collected from 171 participants captured individual and organizational characteristics and pre-post course self-efficacy on 19 core skills, as well as behavior change 1 year later among a subsample of participants. Results. Before the course, participants reported limited previous experience with data and low self-efficacy in basic research skills. Immediately after the course, participants demonstrated statistically significant increases in data and research self-efficacy. The subsample reported application of community assessment skills to their work and increased use of data 1 year later. Conclusions. Results suggest that an intensive, short-term training program can achieve large immediate gains in data and research self-efficacy in community- based organization staff. In addition, they demonstrate initial evidence of longer-term behavior change related to use of data and research skills to support their community work. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300457_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and the risk of undernutrition among children younger than 5 years in Bangladesh Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rahman, M. Author-Name: Poudel, K.C. Author-Name: Yasuoka, J. Author-Name: Otsuka, K. Author-Name: Yoshikawa, K. Author-Name: Jimba, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1336-1345 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300396 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the risk of undernutrition among children younger than 5 years in Bangladesh. Methods. We used data from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey. Our analyses were based on the responses of 1851 married women living with at least 1 child younger than 5 years. Exposure was determined from maternal reports of physical and sexual IPV. Outcomes included underweight, stunting, and wasting. Results. Twenty-nine percent of the respondents had experienced IPV in the year preceding the survey. Maternal experience of any physical or sexual IPV was associated with an increased risk of stunting (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.23, 2.08) and underweight (AOR=1.33; 95% CI=1.04, 1.71) but was not significantly associated with wasting (AOR=1.08; 95% CI=0.78, 1.49). Conclusions. The association between maternal exposure to physical or sexual IPV and child underweight and stunting suggests that partner violence plays a significant role in compromising child health by impairing child nutrition. Our findings reinforce the evidence that improving child nutrition is an additional reason to strengthen efforts to protect women from physical and sexual IPV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300396_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Goldberg responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldberg, D.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E1-E2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300801 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300801_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral physicians: An opportunity for dentists? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Giddon, D.B. Author-Name: Swann, B.J. Author-Name: Hertzman-Miller, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300667 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300667 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300667_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The case for the world health organization's commission on the social determinants of health to address sexual orientation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Logie, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1243-1246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300599 Abstract: The World Health Organization's (WHO's) social determinants of health discussion underscores the need for health equity and social justice. Yet sexual orientation was not addressed within the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health final report Closing theGap in aGeneration. This omission of sexual orientation as a social determinant of health stands in stark contrast with a body of evidence that demonstrates that sexual minorities are disproportionately affected by health problems associated with stigma and discrimination, such as mental health disorders. I propose strategies to integrate sexual orientation into the WHO's social determinants of health dialogue. Recognizing sexual orientation as a social determinant of health is an important first step toward health equity for sexual minorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300599_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The economic gains of achieving reduced alcohol consumption targets for Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Magnus, A. Author-Name: Cadilhac, D. Author-Name: Sheppard, L. Author-Name: Cumming, T. Author-Name: Pearce, D. Author-Name: Carter, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1313-1319 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300453 Abstract: Objectives. To inform prevention policy, we estimated the economic benefits to health, production, and leisure in the 2008 Australian population of a realistic target reduction in per capita annual adult alcohol consumption. Methods. We chose a target of 6.4 liters annually per capita on average. We modeled lifetime health benefits as fewer incident cases of alcohol-related disease, deaths, and disability adjusted life years. We estimated production gains with surveyed participation and absenteeism rates. We valued gains with friction cost and human capital methods. We estimated and valued household production and leisure gains from time-use surveys. Results. A reduction of 3.4 liters of alcohol consumed annually per capita would result in one third fewer incident cases of disease (98 000), deaths (380), working days lost (5 million), days of home-based production lost (54 000), and a A$ 789-million health sector cost reduction. Workforce production had a A$ 427 million gain when we used the friction cost method. By contrast, we estimated a loss of 28 000 leisure days and 1000 additional early retirements. Conclusions. Economic savings and health benefits from reduced alcohol consumption may be substantial\-particularly in the health sector with reduced alcohol-related disease and injury. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300453_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bowleg, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1267-1273 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750 Abstract: Intersectionality is a theoretical framework that posits that multiple social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status) intersect at the micro level of individual experience to reflect multiple interlocking systems of privilege and oppression at the macro, social-structural level (e.g., racism, sexism, heterosexism). Public health's commitment to social justicemakes it a natural fit with intersectionality's focus on multiple historically oppressed populations. Yet despite a plethora of research focused on these populations, public health studies that reflect intersectionality in their theoretical frameworks, designs, analyses, or interpretations are rare. Accordingly, I describe the history and central tenets of intersectionality, address some theoretical and methodological challenges, and highlight the benefits of intersectionality for public health theory, research, and policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National institutes of health approaches to dissemination and implementation science: Current and future directions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glasgow, R.E. Author-Name: Vinson, C. Author-Name: Chambers, D. Author-Name: Khoury, M.J. Author-Name: Kaplan, R.M. Author-Name: Hunter, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1274-1281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300755 Abstract: To address the vast gap between current knowledge and practice in the area of dissemination and implementation research, we address terminology, provide examples of successful applications of this research, discuss key sources of support, and highlight directions and opportunities for future advances. There is a need for research testing approaches to scaling up and sustaining effective interventions, and we propose that further advances in the field will be achieved by focusing dissemination and implementation research on 5 core values: rigor and relevance, efficiency, collaboration, improved capacity, and cumulative knowledge. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300755_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pandemicity and severity are separate constructs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Card, A.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300756 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300756 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300756_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dupras and Williams-Jones respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dupras, C. Author-Name: Williams-Jones, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E12-E13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300788 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300788_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strauss Et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strauss, S.M. Author-Name: Alfano, M.C. Author-Name: Shelley, D. Author-Name: Fulmer, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E10-E11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300742 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300742_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From practice to policy: The intersection of government and law (what's in a name?) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300862 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300862_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving adult immunization practices using a team approach in the primary care setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gannon, M. Author-Name: Qaseem, A. Author-Name: Snooks, Q. Author-Name: Snow, V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E46-E52 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300665 Abstract: Objectives. The objective of this study was to improve the immunization rates of primary care practices using a team approach. Methods. Practices performed 35 random chart abstractions at 2 time points and completed a survey about immunizations at baseline and 12 months after intervention. Data were collected for the following immunizations: influenza, pneumococcal, tetanus diphtheria (Td)/tetanus diphtheria pertussis (Tdap), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, meningococcal, varicella, herpes zoster, and human papilloma virus. Between baseline and after intervention, practice teams were given feedback reports and access to an online educational tool, and attended quality improvement coaching conference calls. Results. Statistically significant improvements were seen for Td/Tdap (45.6% pre-intervention, 55.0% post-intervention; P ≤ .01), herpes zoster (12.3% preintervention, 19.3% post-intervention; P ≤ .01), and pneumococcal (52.2% preintervention, 74.5% post-intervention; P ≤ .01) immunizations. Data also revealed an increase in the number of physicians who discussed herpes zoster and pneumococcal vaccinations with their patients (23.2% pre-intervention, 43.3% post-intervention; P ≤ .01 and 19.9% pre-intervention, 43.0% post-intervention; P ≤ .01, respectively) as well as an increase in physicians using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention immunization schedule (52.9% pre-intervention, 88.2% post-intervention; P ≤ .02). Conclusions. The immunization rates of the primary care practices involved in this study improved. (Am J Public Health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300665_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training physician investigators in medicine and public health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gourevitch, M.N. Author-Name: Jay, M.R. Author-Name: Goldfrank, L.R. Author-Name: Mendelsohn, A.L. Author-Name: Dreyer, B.P. Author-Name: Foltin, G.L. Author-Name: Lipkin Jr., M. Author-Name: Schwartz, M.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E39-E45 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300486 Abstract: Objectives. We have described and evaluated the impact of a unique fellowship program designed to train postdoctoral, physician fellows in research at the interface of medicine and public health. Methods. We developed a rigorous curriculum in public health content and research methods and fostered linkages with research mentors and local public health agencies. Didactic training provided the foundation for fellows' mentored research initiatives, which addressed real-world challenges in advancing the health status of vulnerable urban populations. Results. Two multidisciplinary cohorts (6 per cohort) completed this 2-year degree-granting program and engaged in diverse public health research initiatives on topics such as improving pediatric care outcomes through health literacy interventions, reducing hospital readmission rates among urban poor with multiple comorbidities, increasing cancer screening uptake, and broadening the reach of addiction screening and intervention. The majority of fellows (10/12) published their fellowship work and currently have a career focused in public health-related research or practice (9/12). Conclusions. A fellowship training program can prepare physician investigators for research careers that bridge the divide between medicine and public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300486_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research participation as work: Comparing the perspectives of researchers and economically marginalized populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davidson, P. Author-Name: Page, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1254-1269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300418 Abstract: We examined the historical and regulatory framework of research with human participants in the United States, and described some possible unintended consequences of this framework in the context of paying young injection drug users for their time participating in behavioral and medical research. We drew upon our own experiences while conducting a long-running epidemiological study of hepatitis C virus infection. We found that existing ethical and regulatory framings of research participation may lead to injustices from the perspectives of research participants. We propose considering research participation as a specialized form of work and the use of community advisory boards to facilitate discussion about appropriate compensation for research participation among economically marginalized populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300418_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Menthol brand switching among adolescents and young adults in the national youth smoking cessation survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Villanti, A.C. Author-Name: Giovino, G.A. Author-Name: Barker, D.C. Author-Name: Mowery, P.D. Author-Name: Sevilimedu, V. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1310-1312 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300632 Abstract: This study examines patterns of menthol and nonmenthol cigarette use from 2003 to 2005 in a cohort of smokers, aged 16 to 24 years in the National Youth Smoking Cessation Survey. At follow-up, 15.0% of baseline menthol smokers had switched to nonmentholated cigarettes; by contrast, 6.9% of baseline nonmenthol smokers had switched to mentholated cigarettes. Differences in switching patterns were evident by gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, and smoking frequency. These data support previous evidence that young smokers start with mentholated cigarettes and progress to nonmentholated cigarettes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300632_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementation of wireless terminals at farmers' markets: Impact on SNAP redemption and overall Sales Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bertmann, F.M.W. Author-Name: Ohri-Vachaspati, P. Author-Name: Buman, M.P. Author-Name: Wharton, C.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E53-E55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300727 Abstract: Although farmers' markets offer healthy foods for purchase, many lack the equipment necessary to process convenient, card-based transactions. We assessed the impact of providing wireless terminals to 5 markets on overall sales and redemption of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. Sales increased significantly at 4 of the 5 markets after implementation of the terminals, and overall sales increased above and beyond SNAP redemption alone. Implementation of wireless terminals may be important for improving the financial stability and accessibility of farmers' markets. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300727_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Temporal and regional trends in the prevalence of healthy lifestyle characteristics: United States, 1994-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Troost, J.P. Author-Name: Rafferty, A.P. Author-Name: Luo, Z. Author-Name: Reeves, M.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1392-1398 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300326 Abstract: Objectives. We examined temporal and regional trends in the prevalence of health lifestyles in the United States. Methods. We used 1994 to 2007 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess 4 healthy lifestyle characteristics: having a healthy weight, not smoking, consuming fruits and vegetables, and engaging in physical activity. The concurrent presence of all 4 characteristics was defined as a healthy overall lifestyle. We used logistic regression to assess temporal and regional trends. Results. The percentages of individuals who did not smoke (4% increase) and had a healthy weight (10% decrease) showed the strongest temporal changes from 1994 to 2007. There was little change in fruit and vegetable consumption or physical activity. The prevalence of healthy lifestyles increased minimally over time and varied modestly across regions; in 2007, percentages were higher in the Northeast (6%) and West (6%) than in the South (4%) and Midwest (4%). Conclusions. Because of the large increases in overweight and the declines in smoking, there was little net change in the prevalence of healthy lifestyles. Despite regional differences, the prevalence of healthy lifestyles across the United States remains very low. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300326_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training primary care physicians for local health authority duties in Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mobley, J. Author-Name: Zuniga, M.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E21-E26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300688 Abstract: Only one fourth of Texas counties have a local health authority (LHA) orhealth district. Primarycarephysicians in the remaining counties could be trained in public health basics by providing an online LHA training course and courses at annual meetings of the Texas Medical Associationandthe Texas Academy of Family Physicians. The Texas Department of StateHealthServices should develop a web portal for LHAs. The Texas Association of Local Health Officials should also provide automatic limited membership for LHAs. These initiatives would provide public health training to primary care physicians and would greatly improve availability of public health services for the citizens of Texas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300688_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments from the south side of Chicago on new haven's inspiring initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lindau, S.T. Author-Name: James, R. Author-Name: Makelarski, J.A. Author-Name: Sanders, E. Author-Name: Johnson, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E3-E4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300684 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300684_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: One community's effort to control genetic disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strauss, K.A. Author-Name: Puffenberger, E.G. Author-Name: Holmes Morton, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: 1300-1306 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300569 Abstract: In 1989, we established a small community health clinic to provide care for uninsured Amish and Mennonite children with genetic disorders. Over 20 years, we have used publicly available molecular data and sophisticated technologies to improve diagnostic efficiency, control laboratory costs, reduce hospitalizations, and prevent major neurological impairments within a rural underserved community. These actions allowed the clinic's 2010 operating budget of $1.5 million to save local communities an estimated $20 to $25 million in aggregate medical costs. This exposes an unsettling fact: our failure to improve the lot of most people stricken with genetic disease is no longer a matter of scientific ignorance or prohibitive costs but of choices we make about how to implement existing knowledge and resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300569_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Osborne, V.A. Author-Name: Benner, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E37-E38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300639 Abstract: Social workers regularly encounter clients with substance use problems, social work education rarely addresses addictions with any depth. This pilot study explored the use of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) with 74 social work students. Students completed SBIRT training with pre- and post-questionnaires that assessed attitudes, knowledge, and skills concerning substance misuse. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated with students reporting more confidence in their ability to successfully assess for alcohol misuse and subsequently intervene. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300639_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Santilli et Al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carroll-Scott, A. Author-Name: Wong, F. Author-Name: Santilli, A. Author-Name: Ickovics, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 7 Pages: E4-E5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300684 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300684_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Swimming upstream. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Author-Name: Wagner, G.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1053 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300826 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300826_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Payment source and emergency management of deliberate self-harm Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marcus, S.C. Author-Name: Bridge, J.A. Author-Name: Olfson, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1145-1153 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300598 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether health insurance type (private vs Medicaid) influences the delivery of acute mental health care to patients with deliberate self-harm. Methods. Using National Medicaid Analytic Extract Files (2006) and Market-Scan Research Databases (2005-2007), we analyzed claims focusing on emergency episodes of deliberate self-harm of Medicaid- (n = 8228) and privately (n =2352) insured adults. We analyzed emergency department mental health assessments and outpatient mental health visits in the 30 days following the emergency visit for discharged patients. Results. Medicaid-insured patients were more likely to be discharged (62.7%), and among discharged patients they were less likely to receive a mental health assessment in the emergency department (47.8%) and more likely to receive follow-up outpatient mental health care (52.9%) than were rivately insured patients (46.9%, 57.3%, and 41.2%, respectively). Conclusions. Acute emergency management of deliberate self-harm is less intensive for Medicaid- than for privately insured patients, although discharged Medicaid-insured patients are more likely to receive follow-up care. Programmatic reforms are needed to improve access to emergency mental health services, especially in hospitals that serve substantial numbers of Medicaid-insured patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300598_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investigations of selected historically important syndromic outbreaks: Impact and lessons learned for public health preparedness and response Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodman, R.A. Author-Name: Posid, J.M. Author-Name: Popovic, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1079-1090 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300426 Abstract: Public health readiness has increased at all jurisdictional levels because of increased sensitivity to threats. Since 2001, with billions of dollars invested to bolster the public health system's capacity, the public expects that public health will identify the etiology of and respond to events more rapidly. However, when etiologies are unknown at the onset of the investigation but interventions must be implemented, public health practitioners must benefit from past investigations' lessons to strengthen preparedness for emerging threats. We have identified such potentially actionable lessons learned from historically important public health events that occurred primarily as syndromes for which the etiological agent initially was unknown. Ongoing analysis of investigations can advance our capability to recognize and investigate syndromes and other problems and implement the most appropriate interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300426_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing integration of clinical and public health skills in preventive medicine residencies: Using competency mapping Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wells, E.V. Author-Name: Sarigiannis, A.N. Author-Name: Boulton, M.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S357-S367 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300753 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the utility of a competency mapping process for assessing the integration of clinical and public health skills in a newly developed Community Health Center (CHC) rotation at the University of Michigan School of Public Health Preventive Medicine residency. Methods: Learning objectives for the CHC rotation were derived from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core clinical preventive medicine competencies. CHC learning objectives were mapped to clinical preventive medicine competencies specific to the specialty of public health and general preventive medicine. Objectives were also mapped to The Council on Linkages Between Academia and Public Health Practice's tier 2 Core Competencies for Public Health Professionals. Results: CHC learning objectives mapped to all 4 (100%) of the public health and general preventive medicine clinical preventive medicine competencies.CHC population-level learning objectives mapped to 32 (94%) of 34 competencies for public health professionals. Conclusions: Utilizing competency mapping to assess clinical-public health integration in a new CHC rotation proved to be feasible and useful. Clinical preventive medicine learning objectives for a CHC rotation can also address public health competencies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300753_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health care home model: Primary health care meeting public health goals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Author-Name: Greene, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1096-1103 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300397 Abstract: In November 2010, the American Public Health Association endorsed the health care home model as an important way that primary care may contribute to meeting the public health goals of increasing access to care, reducing health disparities, and better integrating health care with public health systems. Here we summarize the elements of the health care home (also called the medical home) model, evidence for its clinical and public health efficacy, and its place within the context of health care reform legislation. The model also has limitations, especially with regard to its degree of involvement with the communities in which care is delivered. Several actions could be undertaken to further develop, implement, and sustain the health care home. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300397_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing rapid HIV testing with or without risk-reduction counseling in drug treatment centers: Results of a randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Metsch, L.R. Author-Name: Feaster, D.J. Author-Name: Gooden, L. Author-Name: Matheson, T. Author-Name: Mandler, R.N. Author-Name: Haynes, L. Author-Name: Tross, S. Author-Name: Kyle, T. Author-Name: Gallup, D. Author-Name: Kosinski, A.S. Author-Name: Douaihy, A. Author-Name: Schackman, B.R. Author-Name: Das, M. Author-Name: Lindblad, R. Author-Name: Erickson, S. Author-Name: Korthuis, P.T. Author-Name: Martino, S. Author-Name: Sorensen, J.L. Author-Name: Szapocznik, J. Author-Name: Walensky, R. Author-Name: Branson, B. Author-Name: Colfax, G.N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1160-1167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300460 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effectiveness of risk reduction counseling and the role of on-site HIV testing in drug treatment. Methods. Between January and May 2009, we randomized 1281 HIV-negative (or status unknown) adults who reported no past-year HIV testing to (1) referral for off-site HIV testing, (2) HIV risk-reduction counseling with on-site rapid HIV testing, or (3) verbal information about testing only with on-site rapid HIV testing. Results. We defined 2 primary self-reported outcomes a priori: receipt of HIV test results and unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse episodes at 6-month follow-up. The combined on-site rapid testing participants received more HIV test results than off-site testing referral participants (P < .001; Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio = 4.52; 97.5% confidence interval [CI] = 3.57, 5.72). At 6 months, there were no significant differences in unprotected intercourse episodes between the combined on-site testing arms and the referral arm (P = .39; incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.04; 97.5% CI = 0.95, 1.14) or the 2 on-site testing arms (P = .81; IRR = 1.03; 97.5% CI = 0.84, 1.26). Conclusions. This study demonstrated on-site rapid HIV testing's value in drug treatment centers and found no additional benefit from HIV sexual risk-reduction counseling. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300460_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Negotiating safety and sexual risk reductionwith clients in unsanctioned safer indoor sex work environments: A qualitative study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krüsi, A. Author-Name: Chettiar, J. Author-Name: Ridgway, A. Author-Name: Abbott, J. Author-Name: Strathdee, S.A. Author-Name: Shannon, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1154-1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300638 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how unique, low-barrier, supportive housing programs for women who are functioning as unsanctioned indoor sex work environments in a Canadian urban setting influence risk negotiation with clients in sex work transactions. Methods. We conducted 39 semistructured qualitative interviews and 6 focus groups with women who live in low-barrier, supportive housing for marginalized sex workers with substance use issues. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Results. Women's accounts indicated that unsanctioned indoor sex work environments promoted increased control over negotiating sex work transactions, including the capacity to refuse unwanted services, negotiate condom use, and avoid violent perpetrators. Despite the lack of formal legal and policy support for indoor sex work venues in Canada, the environmental-structural supports afforded by these unsanctioned indoor sex work environments, including surveillance cameras and support from staff or police in removing violent clients, were linked to improved police relationships and facilitated the institution of informal peer-safety mechanisms. Conclusions. This study has drawn attention to the potential role of safer indoor sex work environments as venues for public health and violence prevention interventions and has indicated the critical importance of removing the sociolegal barriers preventing the formal implementation of such programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300638_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association of sexual orientation measures with young adult's health-related outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lindley, L.L. Author-Name: Walsemann, K.M. Author-Name: Carter Jr., J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1177-1185 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300262 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations among 3 dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, behavior, and attraction) and key health-related indicators commonly studied among sexual minority populations: depressive symptoms, perceived stress, smoking, binge drinking, and victimization. Methods. We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave IV (2007-2008) when respondents were aged 24 to 32 years (n=14412). We used multivariate linear and logistic regressions to examine consistency of associations between sexual orientation measures and health-related indicators. Results. Strength of associations differed by gender and sexual orientation measure. Among women, being attracted to both sexes, identifying as "mostly straight" or "bisexual," and having mostly opposite-sex sexual partners was associated with greater risk for all indicators. Among men, sexual attraction was unrelated to health indicators. Men who were "mostly straight" were at greater risk for some, but not all, indicators. Men who had sexual partners of the same-sex or both sexes were at lower risk for binge drinking. Conclusions. Using all 3 dimensions of sexual orientation provides a more complete picture of the association between sexual orientation and health among young adults than does using any 1 dimension alone. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300262_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call for action on primary care and public health integration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koo, D. Author-Name: Felix, K. Author-Name: Dankwa-Mullan, I. Author-Name: Miller, T. Author-Name: Waalen, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S307-S309 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300824 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300824_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chronic and acute exposures to the world trade center disaster and lower respiratory symptoms: Area residents and workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maslow, C.B. Author-Name: Friedman, S.M. Author-Name: Pillai, P.S. Author-Name: Reibman, J. Author-Name: Berger, K.I. Author-Name: Goldring, R. Author-Name: Stellman, S.D. Author-Name: Farfel, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1186-1194 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300561 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed associations between new-onset (post-September 11, 2001 [9/11]) lower respiratory symptoms reported on 2 surveys, administered 3 years apart, and acute and chronic 9/11-related exposures among New York City World Trade Center-area residents and workers enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Methods. World Trade Center-area residents and workers were categorized as case participants or control participants on the basis of lower respiratory symptoms reported in surveys administered 2 to 3 and 5 to 6 years after 9/11. We created composite exposure scales after principal components analyses of detailed exposure histories obtained during face-to-face interviews. We used multivariate logistic regression models to determine associations between lower respiratory symptoms and composite exposure scales. Results. Both acute and chronic exposures to the events of 9/11 were independently associated, often in a dose-dependent manner, with lower respiratory symptoms among individuals who lived and worked in the area of the World Trade Center. Conclusions. Study findings argue for detailed assessments of exposure during and after events in the future from which potentially toxic materials may be released and for rapid interventions to minimize exposures and screen for potential adverse health effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300561_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond prevention: Promoting healthy youth development in primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taliaferro, L.A. Author-Name: Borowsky, I.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S317-S321 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300559 Abstract: Training primary care providers to incorporate a youth development approach during clinical encounters with young people represents an opportunity to integrate public health into primary care practice. We recommend that primary care providers shift their approach with adolescents from focusing on risks and problems to building strengths and assets. Focusing on strengths rather than problems can improve health by fostering resilience and enhancing protective factors among adolescents. A strength-based approach involves intentionally assessing and reinforcing adolescents' competencies, passions, and talents, as well as collaborating with others to strengthen protective networks of support for young people. Training programs should incorporate interactive strategies that allow clinicians to practice skills and provide tools clinicians can implement in their practice settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300559_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A dynamic model of US adolescents' smoking and friendship networks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schaefer, D.R. Author-Name: Haas, S.A. Author-Name: Bishop, N.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E12-E18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300705 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the associations between smoking and friend selection in the social networks of US adolescents. Methods: We used a stochastic actor-based model to simultaneously test the effects of friendship networks on smoking and several ways that smoking can affect the friend selection process. Data are from 509 US high school students in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994-1996 (46.6% female, mean age at outset = 15.4 years). Results: Over time, adolescents' smoking became more similar to their friends. Smoking also affected who adolescents selected as friends; adolescents were more likely to select friends whose smoking level was similar to their own, and smoking enhanced popularity such that smokers were more likely to be named as friends than were nonsmokers, after controlling for other friend selection processes. Conclusions: Both friend selection and peer influence are associated with smoking frequency. Interventions to reduce adolescent smoking would benefit by focusing on selection and influence mechanisms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300705_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating biodiversity management and indigenous biopiracy protection to promote environmental justice and global health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacKey, T.K. Author-Name: Liang, B.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1091-1095 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300408 Abstract: Many potentially useful medicines arise from developing countries' biodiverse environments and indigenous knowledge. However, global intellectual property rules have resulted in biopiracy, raising serious ethical concerns of environmental justice, exploitation, and health disparities in these populations. Furthermore, state-based approaches have not led to adequate biodiversity protection,management, or resource sharing, which affect access to lifesaving drugs. In response, country delegates adopted the Nagoya Protocol, which aims at promoting biodiversity management, combating biopiracy, and encouraging equitable benefits sharing with indigenous communities. However, the effectiveness of this framework in meeting these objectives remains in question. To address these challenges, we propose a policy building on the Nagoya Protocol that employs a World Health Organization-World Trade Organization Joint Committee on Bioprospecting and Biopiracy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300408_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A reemerging political space for linking person and community through primary health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sweeney, S.A. Author-Name: Bazemore, A. Author-Name: Phillips Jr., R.L. Author-Name: Etz, R.S. Author-Name: Stange, K.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S336-S341 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300553 Abstract: Objectives: We sought to understand how national policy key informants perceive the value and changing role of primary care in the context of emerging political opportunities. Methods: We conducted 13 semistructured interviews in May 2011 with leaders of federal agencies, think tanks, nonprofits, and quality standard-defining organizations with influence over health care reform policies and implementation. We recorded the interviews and used an editing and immersion-crystallization analysis approach to identify themes. Results: We identified 4 themes: (1) affirmation of primary care as the foundation of a more effective health care system, (2) the patient-centered medical home as a transitional step to foster practice innovation and payment reform, (3) the urgent need for an increased focus on community and population health in primary care, and (4) the ongoing need for advocacy and research efforts to keep primary care on public and policy agendas. Conclusions: Current efforts to reform primary care are only intermediate steps toward a system with a greater focus on community and population health. Transformed and policy-enabled primary care is an essential link between personalized care and population health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300553_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linkages between clinical practices and community organizations for prevention: A literature review and environmental scan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Porterfield, D.S. Author-Name: Hinnant, L.W. Author-Name: Kane, H. Author-Name: Horne, J. Author-Name: McAleer, K. Author-Name: Roussel, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S375-S382 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300692 Abstract: Objectives: We conducted a literature review and environmental scan to develop a framework for interventions that utilize linkages between clinical practices and community organizations for the delivery of preventive services, and to identify and characterize these efforts. Methods: We searched 4 major health services and social science electronic databases and conducted an Internet search to identify examples of linkage interventions in the areas of tobacco cessation, obesity, nutrition, and physical activity. Results: We identified 49 interventions, of which 18 examples described their evaluation methods or reported any intervention outcomes. Few conducted evaluations that were rigorous enough to capture changes in intermediate or long-term health outcomes. Outcomes in these evaluations were primarily patient-focused and did not include organizational or linkage characteristics. Conclusions: An attractive option to increase the delivery of preventive services is to link primary care practices to community organizations; evidence is not yet conclusive, however, that such linkage interventions are effective. Findings provide recommendations to researchers and organizations that fund research, and call for a framework and metrics to study linkage interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300692_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood social inequalities in road traffic injuries: The influence of traffic volume and road design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morency, P. Author-Name: Gauvin, L. Author-Name: Plante, C. Author-Name: Fournier, M. Author-Name: Morency, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1112-1119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300528 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the extent to which differential traffic volume and road geometry can explain social inequalities in pedestrian, cyclist, and motor vehicle occupant injuries across wealthy and poor urban areas. Methods: We performed a multilevel observational study of all road users injured over 5 years (n = 19 568) at intersections (n = 17 498) in a large urban area (Island of Montreal, Canada). We considered intersection-level (traffic estimates, major roads, number of legs) and area-level (population density, commuting travel modes, household income) characteristics in multilevel Poisson regressions that nested intersections in 506 census tracts. Results: There were significantly more injured pedestrians, cyclists, and motor vehicle occupants at intersections in the poorest than in the richest areas. Controlling for traffic volume, intersection geometry, and pedestrian and cyclist volumes greatly attenuated the event rate ratios between intersections in the poorest and richest areas for injured pedestrians (-70%), cyclists (-44%), and motor vehicle occupants (-44%). Conclusions: Roadway environment can explain a substantial portion of the excess rate of road traffic injuries in the poorest urban areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300528_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Refining (not narrowing) notions of program sustainability Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beehler, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1051-1052 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300604 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300604_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health detailing of primary care providers: New York City's experience, 2003-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dresser, M.G. Author-Name: Short, L. Author-Name: Wedemeyer, L. Author-Name: Bredow, V.L. Author-Name: Sacks, R. Author-Name: Larson, K. Author-Name: Levy, J. Author-Name: Silver, L.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S342-S352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300622 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the effectiveness of the Public Health Detailing Program in helping primary care providers and their staff to improve patient care on public health challenges. Methods: We analyzed reported changes in clinical practice or behavior by examining providers' retention and implementation of recommendations for campaigns. Results: During each campaign, 170 to 443 providers and 136 to 221 sites were reached. Among assessed providers who indicated changes in their practice behavior, the following statistically significant increases occurred from baseline to follow-up. Reported screening for clinical preventive services increased, including routinely screening for intimate partner violence (14%-42%). Clinical management increased, such as prescribing longer-lasting supplies of medicine (29%-42%). Lifestyle modification and behavior change, such as recommending increased physical activity to patients with high cholesterol levels, rose from 52% to 73%. Self-management goal setting with patients increased, such as using a clinical checkbook to track hemoglobin A1c goals (28% to 43%). Conclusions: Data suggest that public health detailing can be effective for linking public health agencies and their recommendations to providers and influencing reported changes in clinical practice behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300622_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sudden unexpected infant deaths: Sleep environment and circumstances Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schnitzer, P.G. Author-Name: Covington, T.M. Author-Name: Dykstra, H.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1204-1212 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300613 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the characteristics and sleep circumstances of infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly and to examine similarities and differences in risk factors among infants whose deaths are classified as resulting from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), suffocation, or undetermined causes. Methods. We used 2005 to 2008 data from 9 US states to assess 3136 sleep-related sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs). Results. Only 25% of infants were sleeping in a crib or on their back when found; 70% were on a surface not intended for infant sleep (e.g., adult bed). Importantly, 64% of infants were sharing a sleep surface, and almost half of these infants were sleeping with an adult. Infants whose deaths were classified as suffocation or undetermined cause were significantly more likely than were infants whose deaths were classified as SIDS to be found on a surface not intended for infant sleep and to be sharing that sleep surface. Conclusions. We identified modifiable sleep environment risk factors in a large proportion of the SUIDs assessed in this study. Our results make an important contribution to the mounting evidence that sleep environment hazards contribute to SUIDs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300613_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The global dimensions of public health preparedness and implications for US action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E1-E7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300644 Abstract: The globalization of public health is both real and relevant throughout the United States and to Americans traveling or residing abroad. US public policy responses are evolving, but a crisper and more comprehensive global perspective is needed. I suggest four timely US actions to address today's competing realities of globalization and economic austerity: raise awareness among clinicians and local health departments; capture and share exemplary disaster management practices across countries; ensure that US global health investments are effective, efficient, and sustainable; and think globally while acting locally to enhance US health security. The reauthorization of the Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006 provides an opportunity to more clearly address the global dimensions of domestic preparedness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300644_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ludwig Teleky (1872-1957): a leader in social and occupational medicine. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1107 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300695 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300695_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of perceived stress and mental health indicators among reserve-component and active-duty military personnel Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lane, M.E. Author-Name: Hourani, L.L. Author-Name: Bray, R.M. Author-Name: Williams, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1213-1220 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300280 Abstract: Objectives. We examined stress levels and other indicators of mental health in reservists and active-duty military personnel by deployment status. Methods. We used data from the Department of Defense Health-Related Behaviors surveys, which collect comprehensive, population-based data for reserve and active-duty forces. Data were collected from 18342 reservists and 16146 active-duty personnel. Results. Overall, with adjustment for sociodemographic and service differences, reservists reported similar or less work and family stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms than did active-duty personnel. However, reservists who had been deployed reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempts than did active-duty personnel who had been deployed and higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology than did any active-duty personnel and reservists who had not been deployed. The highest rates of suicidal ideation and attempts were among reservists who had served in theaters other than Iraq and Afghanistan. Conclusions. Our results suggest that deployment has a greater impact on reservists than on active-duty members, thus highlighting the urgent need for services addressing reservists' unique postdeployment mental health issues. Also, deployment to any theater, not only Iraq or Afghanistan, represents unique threats to all service members' mental well-being. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300280_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rampage violence requires a new type of research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris Jr., J.M. Author-Name: Harris, R.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1054-1057 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300545 Abstract: Tragedies such as school shootings and the assault on Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords share features that define them as acts of "rampage violence." These types of events can lead to despair about their inevitability and unpredictability. To understand and prevent rampage violence, we need to acknowledge that current discipline-based violence research is not well suited to this specific challenge. There are numerous important, unanswered research questions that can inform policies designed to prevent rampage violence. It is time to develop alternative research approaches to reduce the risk of rampage violence. Such approaches should incorporate transdisciplinary research models; flexible, outcomes-focused organizational structures similar to those used to investigate other catastrophic events; and an expanded inventory of analytic tools. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300545_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating clinical practice and public health surveillance using electronic medical record systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klompas, M. Author-Name: McVetta, J. Author-Name: Lazarus, R. Author-Name: Eggleston, E. Author-Name: Haney, G. Author-Name: Kruskal, B.A. Author-Name: Yih, W.K. Author-Name: Daly, P. Author-Name: Oppedisano, P. Author-Name: Beagan, B. Author-Name: Lee, M. Author-Name: Kirby, C. Author-Name: Heisey-Grove, D. Author-Name: DeMaria Jr., A. Author-Name: Platt, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S325-S332 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300811 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300811 Abstract: Electronic medical record (EMR) systems have rich potential to improve integration between primary care and the public health system at the point of care. EMRs make it possible for clinicians to contribute timely, clinically detailed surveillance data to public health practitioners without changing their existing workflows or incurring extra work. New surveillance systems can extract raw data from providers' EMRs, analyze them for conditions of public health interest, and automatically communicate results to health departments. We describe a model EMR-based public health surveillance platform called Electronic Medical Record Support for Public Health (ESP). The ESP platform provides live, automated surveillance for notifiable diseases, influenza-like illness, and diabetes prevalence, care, and complications. Results are automatically transmitted to state health departments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300811_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 2009 pandemic influenza a vaccination of pregnant women - King County, Washington State, 2009-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kay, M.K. Author-Name: Koelemay, K.G. Author-Name: Kwan-Gett, T.S. Author-Name: Cadwell, B.L. Author-Name: Duchin, J.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S368-S374 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300676 Abstract: Objectives: Our objectives were to estimate 2009 pandemic influenza A (pH1N1) vaccination coverage among pregnant women and identify associated factors. Methods: We distributed a multimodal survey to 5341 women who gave birth between November 1, 2009, and January 31, 2010, identified by hospitals in King County, Washington State, with maternity services (n = 11). Results: Of 4205 respondents, 3233 (76.9%) reported that they had received pH1N1 vaccine during pregnancy or within 2 weeks after delivery. Women whose prenatal care provider recommended vaccine had a higher vaccination prevalence than women whose provider did not (81.5% vs 29.6%; adjusted prevalence ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.72, 2.58). Vaccination prevalence was lower among women who had received prenatal care from a midwife only compared with women who had received care from other providers (62.9% vs 78.8%; adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval = 0.83, 0.96). Conclusions: Among pregnant women in King County, pH1N1 vaccination coverage was high. To improve coverage during nonpandemic seasons, influenza vaccine should be recommended routinely by prenatal care providers and vaccination provided where prenatal care is received. Barriers to midwives providing vaccination recommendations to patients should be explored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300676_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: All public health is local: Revisiting the importance of local sanitation through the eyes of youth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sprague Martinez, L.S. Author-Name: Gute, D.M. Author-Name: Ndulue, U.J. Author-Name: Seller, S.L. Author-Name: Brugge, D. Author-Name: Peréa, F.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1058-1060 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300635 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300635_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing cell phone usage among hispanics: Implications for telephone surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S. Author-Name: Elkasabi, M. Author-Name: Streja, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E19-E24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300681 Abstract: Objectives: We examined whether the widespread assumption that Hispanics are subject to greater noncoverage bias in landline telephone surveys because they are more likely than other ethnic groups to use cell phones exclusively was supported by data. Methods: Data came from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey and the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. We considered estimates derived from surveys of adults with landline telephones biased and compared them with findings for all adults. Noncoverage bias was the difference between them, examined separately for Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. Results: Differences in demographic and health characteristics between cellonly and landline users were larger for non-Hispanic Whites than Hispanics; cell usage was much higher for Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites. The existence, pattern, and magnitude of noncoverage bias were comparable between the groups. Conclusions: We found no evidence to support a larger noncoverage bias for Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites in landline telephone surveys. This finding should be considered in the design and interpretation of telephone surveys. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300681_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation and substance use among adolescents and young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brewster, K.L. Author-Name: Tillma, K.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1168-1176 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300261 Abstract: Objectives. We examined interrelationships among the 3 dimensions of sexual orientation-self-identity, sexual attraction, and sexual experience-and their associations with substance use among adolescents and young adults. Methods. To estimate total and net associations of sexual identity, attraction, and experience with use of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol, we applied logistic regression to cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle 6. Results. We found a lack of concordance among the different dimensions of sexual orientation. More youths reported same-gender sexual attraction and same-gender sexual experiences than identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Estimates of substance use prevalence differed significantly by gender and across dimensions of sexual orientation. Sexual experience was the most consistent predictor of substance use. Women and men with no sexual experience had the lowest odds of all forms of substance use; those reporting sexual experience with partners of both genders had the highest odds. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that sexual identity was less strongly associated with substance use than sexual experience and attraction were, pointing to the need for more nuanced indicators of sexual orientation in public health studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300261_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Connecting care through the clinic and community for a healthier America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koh, H.K. Author-Name: Tavenner, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S305-S307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300760 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300760_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: H1N1 influenza vaccination during pregnancy and fetal and neonatal outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fell, D.B. Author-Name: Sprague, A.E. Author-Name: Liu, N. Author-Name: Yasseen III, A.S. Author-Name: Wen, S.-W. Author-Name: Smith, G. Author-Name: Walker, M.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E33-E40 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300606 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the relationship between maternal H1N1 vaccination and fetal and neonatal outcomes among singleton births during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic. Methods: We used a population-based perinatal database in Ontario, Canada, to examine preterm birth (PTB), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births, 5-minute Apgar score below 7, and fetal death via multivariable regression. We compared outcomes between women who did and did not receive an H1N1 vaccination during pregnancy. Results: Of the 55 570 mothers with a singleton birth, 23 340 (42.0%) received an H1N1 vaccination during pregnancy. Vaccinated mothers were less likely to have an SGA infant based on the 10th (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 0.96) and 3rd (adjusted RR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.72, 0.92) growth percentiles; PTB at less than 32 weeks' gestation (adjusted RR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.58, 0.91) and fetal death (adjusted RR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.47, 0.91) were also less likely among these women. Conclusions: Our results suggest that second- or third-trimester H1N1 vaccination was associated with improved fetal and neonatal outcomes during the recent pandemic. Our findings need to be confirmed in future studies with designs that can better overcome concerns regarding biased estimates of vaccine efficacy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300606_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The status of legal authority for injury prevention practice in state health departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stier, D.D. Author-Name: Thombley, M.L. Author-Name: Kohn, M.A. Author-Name: Jesada, R.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1067-1078 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300454 Abstract: Despite the potential for public health strategies to decrease the substantial burden of injuries, injury prevention infrastructure in state health departments is underdeveloped. We sought to describe the legal support for injury prevention activities at state health departments. We searched the Lexis database for state laws providing authority for those activities, and categorized the scope of those laws. Only 10 stateshave authority that covers the full scope of injury prevention practice; in the others, legal authority is piecemeal, nonspecific, or nonexistent. More comprehensive legal authority could help health departments access data for surveillance, work with partners, address sensitive issues, and garner funding. Efforts should be undertaken to enhance legal support for injury prevention activities across the country. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300454_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The challenge of attribution: Responsibility for population health in the context of accountable care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gourevitch, M.N. Author-Name: Cannell, T. Author-Name: Boufford, J.I. Author-Name: Summers, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S322-S324 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300642 Abstract: One of the 3 goals for accountable care organizations is to improve population health. This will require that accountable care organizations bridge the schism between clinical care and public health. But do health care delivery organizations and public health agencies share a concept of " population"? We think not: whereas delivery systems define populations in terms of persons receiving care, public health agencies typically measure health on the basis of geography. This creates an attribution problem, particularly in large urban centers, where multiple health care providers often serve any given neighborhood. We suggest potential innovations that could allow urban accountable care organizations to accept accountability, and rewards, for measurably improving population health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300642_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating the safety effects of bicycle lanes in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, L. Author-Name: Chen, C. Author-Name: Srinivasan, R. Author-Name: McKnight, C.E. Author-Name: Ewing, R. Author-Name: Roe, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1120-1127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300319 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the effects of on-street bicycle lanes installed prior to 2007 on different categories of crashes (total crashes, bicyclist crashes, pedestrian crashes, multiple-vehicle crashes, and injurious or fatal crashes) occurring on roadway segments and at intersections in New York City. Methods: We used generalized estimating equation methodology to compare changes in police-reported crashes in a treatment group and a comparison group before and after installation of bicycle lanes. Our study approach allowed us to control confounding factors, such as built environment characteristics, that cannot typically be controlled when a comparison group is used. Results: Installation of bicycle lanes did not lead to an increase in crashes, despite the probable increase in the number of bicyclists. The most likely explanations for the lack of increase in crashes are reduced vehicular speeds and fewer conflicts between vehicles and bicyclists after installation of these lanes. Conclusions: Our results indicate that characteristics of the built environment have a direct impact on crashes and that they should thus be controlled in studies evaluating traffic countermeasures such as bicycle lanes. To prevent crashes at intersections,we recommend installation of "bike boxes" and markings that indicate the path of bicycle lanes across intersections. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300319_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A bridge between public health and primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S304 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300825 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300825_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety belt laws and disparities in safety belt use among US high-school drivers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: García-España, J.F. Author-Name: Winston, F.K. Author-Name: Durbin, D.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1128-1134 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300493 Abstract: Objectives: We compared reported safety belt use, for both drivers and passengers, among teenagers with learner's permits, provisional licenses, and unrestricted licenses in states with primary or secondary enforcement of safety belt laws. Methods: Our data source was the 2006 National Young Driver Survey, which included a national representative sample of 3126 high-school drivers. We used multivariate, log-linear regression analyses to assess associations between safety belt laws and belt use. Results: Teenaged drivers were 12% less likely to wear a safety belt as drivers and 15% less likely to wear one as passengers in states with a secondary safety belt law than in states with a primary law. The apparent reduction in belt use among teenagers as they progressed from learner to unrestricted license holder occurred in only secondary enforcement states. Groups reporting particularly low use included African American drivers, rural residents, academically challenged students, and those driving pickup trucks. Conclusions: The results provided further evidence for enactment of primary enforcement provisions in safety belt laws because primary laws are associated with higher safety belt use rates and lower crash-related injuries and mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300493_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual timetables for oral-genital, vaginal, and anal intercourse: Sociodemographic comparisons in a nationally representative sample of adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Halpern, C.T. Author-Name: Haydon, A.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1221-1228 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300394 Abstract: Objectives. We documented the prevalence and relative timing of oral-genital, vaginal, and anal intercourse during adolescence and examined whether these timetables varied by sociodemographic factors. Methods. We used data from almost 14000 Wave IV respondents to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to generate prevalence estimates for adolescents who reached age 18 years by 2001 and logistic and ordinary least squares regression to examine sociodemographic correlates of sexual patterns. Results. One in 5 adolescents did not engage in any of these sexual behaviors by age 18 years. More than two thirds reported vaginal or oral-genital sexual activity, but only about half experienced both. One in 10 reported anal intercourse experience. A third initiated 2 or more behaviors within a 1-year period. In longer timetables, vaginal intercourse was more often initiated first. Most sociodemographic characteristics examined were uniquely associated with prevalence and sexual timing. Conclusions. Diversity in patterns of sexual initiation occurring in the 1990s underscores the ongoing need for comprehensive and nuanced examinations of adolescent sexual trajectories and their implications for sexual health in more recent cohorts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300394_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Operationalization of community-based participatory research principles: Assessment of the National Cancer Institute's Community Network Programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braun, K.L. Author-Name: Nguyen, T.T. Author-Name: Tanjasiri, S.P. Author-Name: Campbell, J. Author-Name: Heiney, S.P. Author-Name: Brandt, H.M. Author-Name: Smith, S.A. Author-Name: Blumenthal, D.S. Author-Name: Hargreaves, M. Author-Name: Coe, K. Author-Name: Ma, G.X. Author-Name: Kenerson, D. Author-Name: Patel, K. Author-Name: Tsark, J. Author-Name: Hébert, J.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1195-1203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300304 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how National Cancer Institute-funded Community Network Programs (CNPs) operationalized principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Methods. We reviewed the literature and extant CBPR measurement tools. On the basis of that review, we developed a 27-item questionnaire for CNPs to selfassess their operationalization of 9 CBPR principles. Our team comprised representatives of 9 of the National Cancer Institute's 25 CNPs. Results. Of the 25 CNPs, 22 (88%) completed the questionnaire. Most scored well on CBPR principles of recognizing community as a unit of identity, building on community strengths, facilitating colearning, embracing iterative processes in developing community capacity, and achieving a balance between data generation and intervention. CNPs varied in the extent to which they employed CBPR principles of addressing determinants of health, sharing power among partners, engaging the community in research dissemination, and striving for sustainability. Conclusions. Although the development of assessment tools in this field is in its infancy, our findings suggest that fidelity to CBPR processes can be assessed in a variety of settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300304_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maine responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maine, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300603 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300603_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Putting public health into practice: A model for assessing the relationship between local health departments and practicing physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parton, H.B. Author-Name: Perlman, S.E. Author-Name: Koppaka, R. Author-Name: Greene, C.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S333-S335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300645 Abstract: The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (Health Department) surveyed practicing NYC physicians to quantify Health Department resource use. Although the Health Department successfully reaches most physicians, and information is valued in practice, knowledge of several key resources was low. Findings suggested 3 recommendations for all local health departments seeking to enhance engagement with practicing physicians: (1) capitalize on physician interest, (2) engage physicians early and often, and (3) make interaction with the health department easy. Also, older physicians may require targeted outreach. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300645_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality improvement with pay-for-performance incentives in integrated behavioral health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Unützer, J. Author-Name: Chan, Y.-F. Author-Name: Hafer, E. Author-Name: Knaster, J. Author-Name: Shields, A. Author-Name: Powers, D. Author-Name: Veith, R.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E41-E45 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300555 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated a quality improvement program with a pay-for-performance (P4P) incentive in a population-focused, integrated care program for safety-net patients in 29 community health clinics. Methods: We used a quasi-experimental design with 1673 depressed adults before and 6304 adults after the implementation of the P4P program. Survival analyses examined the time to improvement in depression before and after implementation of the P4P program, with adjustments for patient characteristics and clustering by health care organization. Results: Program participants had high levels of depression, other psychiatric and substance abuse problems, and social adversity. After implementation of the P4P incentive program, participants were more likely to experience timely follow-up, and the time to depression improvement was significantly reduced. The hazard ratio for achieving treatment response was 1.73 (95% confidence interval = 1.39, 2.14) after the P4P program implementation compared with preprogram implementation. Conclusions: Although this quasi-experiment cannot prove that the P4P initiative directly caused improved patient outcomes, our analyses strongly suggest that when key quality indicators are tracked and a substantial portion of payment is tied to such quality indicators, the effectiveness of care for safety-net populations can be substantially improved. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300555_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Are we there yet? Seizing the moment to integrate medicine and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scutchfield, F.D. Author-Name: Michener, J.L. Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S312-S316 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300724 Abstract: Multiple promising but unsustainable attempts have been made to maintain programs integrating primary care and public health since the middle of the last century. During the 1960s, social justice movements expanded access to primary care and began to integrate primary care with public health concepts both to meet community needs for medical care and to begin to address the social determinants of health. Two decades later, the managed care movement offered opportunities for integration of primary care and public health as many employers and government payers attempted to control health costs and bring disease prevention strategies in line with payment mechanisms. Today, we again have the opportunity to align primary care with public health to improve the community's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300724_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Widom, C.S. Author-Name: Czaja, S.J. Author-Name: Bentley, T. Author-Name: Johnson, M.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1135-1144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether abused and neglected children are at risk for negative physical health outcomes in adulthood. Methods. Using a prospective cohort design, we matched children (aged 0-11 years) with documented cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect from a US Midwestern county during 1967 through 1971 with nonmaltreated children. Both groups completed a medical status examination (measured health outcomes and blood tests) and interview during 2003 through 2005 (mean age = 41.2 years). Results. After adjusting for age, gender, and race, child maltreatment predicted above normal hemoglobin, lower albumin levels, poor peak airflow, and vision problems in adulthood. Physical abuse predicted malnutrition, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and hemoglobin A1C. Neglect predicted hemoglobin A1C, albumin, poor peak airflow, and oral health and vision problems, Sexual abuse predicted hepatitis C and oral health problems. Additional controls for childhood socioeconomic status, adult socioeconomic status, unhealthy behaviors, smoking, and mental health problems play varying roles in attenuating or intensifying these relationships. Conclusions. Child abuse and neglect affect long-term health status-increasing risk for diabetes, lung disease, malnutrition, and vision problems-and support the need for early health care prevention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300636_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scheirerand Dearing respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scheirer, M.A. Author-Name: Dearing, J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1052 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300627 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300627_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating public health-oriented e-learning into graduate medical education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hemans-Henry, C. Author-Name: Greene, C.M. Author-Name: Koppaka, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S353-S356 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300669 Abstract: Objectives: In fall 2008, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene collaborated with Albert Einstein College of Medicine residency program directors to assess the effectiveness of an e-learning course on accurate death certificate completion among resident physicians. Methods: We invited postgraduate year 1 and 2 (PGY1 and PGY2) residents (n = 227) to participate and administered a pretest, e-learning module, posttest, and course evaluation to PGY1 residents; PGY2 residents completed a pretest and survey only. Results: In all, 142 residents (63%) participated. The average pretest scores for PGY2 residents (61%) and PGY1 residents (59%) were not significantly different. The PGY1 residents' average test score increased significantly after taking the e-learning module (59% vs 72%; P < .01). The participants rated course length, delivery method, and utility highly. Conclusions: Results suggest that e-learning can effectively integrate public health-oriented training into clinical residency programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300669_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing the implementation gap in global road safety: Exploring features of an effective response and introducing a 10-country program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hyder, A.A. Author-Name: Allen, K.A. Author-Name: Di Pietro, G. Author-Name: Adriazola, C.A. Author-Name: Sobel, R. Author-Name: Larson, K. Author-Name: Peden, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1061-1067 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300563 Abstract: Yearly, more than 1.2 million people are killed by road traffic injuries (RTIs) around the globe, and another 20 to 50 million are injured. The global burden of RTIs is predicted to rise. We explored the need for concerted action for global road safety and propose characteristics of an effective response to the gap in addressing RTIs. We propose that a successful response includes domains such as strong political will, capacity building, use of evidence-based interventions, rigorous evaluation, increased global funding, multisectoral action, and sustainability. We also present a case study of the global Road Safety in 10 Countries project, which is a new, 5-year, multipartner initiative to address the burden of RTIs in 10 low- and middle-income countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300563_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: History of factory and mine hygiene Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Teleky, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1104-1106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.10261104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.10261104 Abstract: The information on industrial hygiene in antiquity is very scanty. It is true that many physicians since Hippocrates have told us something about occupational diseases, especially lead poisoning, and also about their treatment. But very little is said of their control, and some of what is said-for instance the advice of Pliny on protection in breathing- offers and inefficient method. During the Middle Ages nothing new was added, which is easily explained by the fact that all industrial activity was performed in small workshops. The mines were also small. There were only a few exceptions of larger workshops and mines. The low level of the natural sciences, of medicine, and technology made an efficient control impossible. The first efforts to diminish industrial hazards by technical means we find in the mines, where without such installations the work had become impossible (Agricola). Although the work of Ramazzini (1700) does not contain much about industrial hygiene, the works of some of his translators and revisers (Ackermann, Patissier) show great progress, seemingly due to the influence of the encyclopedists and the French Revolution. The beginning of the development of technology was also followed by an increasing number of prophylactic measures. The economic evolution, which in England in the 18th century initiated the rise of capitalism and the use of machinery, created horrible conditions inside factories as well as outside in the workers' districts. England, which had taken the lead in the development of industry, also took the lead in the corresponding labor protection and industrial hygiene. In all countries the first labor laws were laws for the protection of children, sometimes embodying regulations related to measures of hygiene. The enactment of such laws was preceded by severe struggles between-on the one hand-manufacturers, the economic school of laissez faire, laissez aller, and the dogma of free enterprise without government interference and-on the other hand-the humanitarians (often from the class of manufacturers themselves), intelligent government officials, and the growing influence of the working class. These struggles finally resulted in the enforcement of protective laws and the appointment of special officials invested with the appropriate powers and finally the investment of governmental employees with the right to issue-under parliamentary control-regulations for hazardous industries. The injuries to human life and health in the first ruthless years of industrialization were so evident that it did not at first require scientific research to show the necessity of improvements and to recognize the remedies. But very soon it proved necessary to investigate working conditions and their effect on human health. This was down by private individuals, scientists and physicians, and shortly thereafter in England by governmental councils and officials as well-particularly factory inspectors-appointed for the enforcement of early labor laws. A little later such investigations also were undertaken in the other European countries. Thus there developed in the third and especially in the fourth quarter of the 19th century a science of industrial hygiene. It developed further, using the methods available at that time in the medical, technical, and statistical sciences. The growing realization that men are more important than economy, that the latter must serve the well-being of the people, that the prosperity of both employer and employed are interrelated- these and the increasing influence of the working class promoted the practical use of the scientific and technical knowledge acquired and spurred the hygienic sciences to proceed still further. When the most easily recognized evils had been at least partially removed, the recognition of others-and hence their control-could be achieved only by exact studies. Thus the science of industrial hygiene widened and deepened. The task remaining is first of all to put into more widespread practice all the measures discovered in these ways, to restrict dangers and control noxious substances, and to improve industrial health generally. Numerous laws- exact and detailed rules and regulations- are necessary, as well as their enforcement by highly qualified factory inspectors. As far as it is possible to evaluate the situation from available statistics, we find a high incidence of accidents and occupational diseases at the beginning of state intervention, followed by a distinct decrease in consequence of this intervention. The better the governmental regulations and the more efficiently they are enforced, the greater has been the actual progress in eliminating accidents and diseases. These laws and regulations together with the officials for their enforcement, the factory inspectors, are the backbone of practical industrial hygiene in Europe and in several states of the United States. All of which shows that laws and regulations, thoroughly worked out, and enforced by well-trained inspectors, are indispensable to the practice of industrial hygiene. With these as a basis, it is important to have the cooperation of associations of experts, of trade unions, scientists and physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.10261104_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supporting the integration of HIV testing into primary care settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myers, J.J. Author-Name: Bradley-Springer, L. Author-Name: Dufour, M.-S.K. Author-Name: Koester, K.A. Author-Name: Beane, S. Author-Name: Warren, N. Author-Name: Beal, J. Author-Name: Frank, L.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E25-E32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300767 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the efforts of the US network of AIDS Education and Training Centers (AETCs) to increase HIV testing capacity across a variety of clinical settings. Methods: We used quantitative process data from 8 regional AETCs for July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2009, and qualitative program descriptions to demonstrate how AETC education helped providers integrate HIV testing into routine clinical care with the goals of early diagnosis and treatment. Results: Compared with other AETC training, HIV testing training was longer and used a broader variety of strategies to educate more providers per training. During education, providers were able to understand their primary care responsibility to address public health concerns through HIV testing. Conclusions: AETC efforts illustrate how integration of the principles of primary care and public health can be promoted through professional training. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300767_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Safe Routes to School program in California: An update Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chaufan, C. Author-Name: Yeh, J. Author-Name: Fox, P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: E8-E11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300703 Abstract: Despite efforts to combat increasing rates of childhood obesity, the problem is worsening. Safe Routes to School (SRTS), an international movement motivated by the childhood obesity epidemic, seeks to increase the number of children actively commuting (walking or biking) to school by funding projects that remove barriers preventingthem from doing so. We summarize the evaluation of the first phase of an ongoing SRTS program in California and discuss ways to enhance data collection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300703_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Finding consensus on cervical cancer prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldie, S.J. Author-Name: O'Shea, M. Author-Name: Kim, J.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1050-1051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300539 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300539_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary care and public health activities in select US health centers: Documenting successes, barriers, and lessons learned Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lebrun, L.A. Author-Name: Shi, L. Author-Name: Chowdhury, J. Author-Name: Sripipatana, A. Author-Name: Zhu, J. Author-Name: Sharma, R. Author-Name: Hayashi, A.S. Author-Name: Daly, C.A. Author-Name: Tomoyasu, N. Author-Name: Nair, S. Author-Name: Ngo-Metzger, Q. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S383-S391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300679 Abstract: Objectives: We examined primary care and public health activities among federally funded health centers, to better understand their successes, the barriers encountered, and the lessons learned. Methods: We used qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data from 9 health centers, stratified by administrative division, urban-rural location, and race/ethnicity of patients served. Descriptive data on patient and institutional characteristics came from the Uniform Data System, which collects data from all health centers annually. We administered questionnaires and conducted phone interviews with key informants. Results: Health centers performed well on primary care coordination and community orientation scales and reported conducting many essential public health activities. We identified specific needs for integrating primary care and public health: (1) more funding for collaborations and for addressing the social determinants of health, (2) strong leadership to champion collaborations, (3) trust building among partners, with shared missions and clear expectations of responsibilities, and (4) alignment and standardization of data collection, analysis, and exchange. Conclusions: Lessons learned from health centers should inform strategies to better integrate public health with primary care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300679_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating primary care and public health: A strategic priority Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linde-Feucht, S. Author-Name: Coulouris, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S3 Pages: S310-S311 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300849 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300849_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Injury surveillance in New York City jails Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ludwig, A. Author-Name: Cohen, L. Author-Name: Parsons, A. Author-Name: Venters, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 6 Pages: 1108-1111 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300306 Abstract: To characterize injuries occurring in jails, we analyzed injury report forms from the New York City jail system. We abstracted data from 4695 injury report forms representing 3863 patients. Of the injuries reported, 66% were classified as intentional. The 2 leading causes of injuries were inmate-on-inmate aggression (40%) and slips and falls (27%). Injuries place a considerable burden on jail health care systems, and there is a need for more studies on this problem and development of injury prevention programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300306_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Potential determinants of coal workers' pneumoconiosis, advanced pneumoconiosis, and progressive massive fibrosis among underground coal miners in the United States, 2005-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Laney, A.S. Author-Name: Petsonk, E.L. Author-Name: Hale, J.M. Author-Name: Wolfe, A.L. Author-Name: Attfield, M.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S279-S283 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300427 Abstract: Objectives: We better defined the distribution and determinants of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) among US underground coal miners. Methods. We obtained chest radiographs from the mobile unit of an enhanced surveillance program begun in 2005 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health for underground coal miners. B Readers classified them for presence of pneumoconiosis. Results. Miners from 15 states participated (n = 6658). The prevalence of CWP was higher in 3 states (Kentucky, 9.0%; Virginia, 8.0%; West Virginia, 4.8%) than in 12 other states (age-adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3, 6.1). Miners in these 3 states were younger and had less mining tenure, but advanced CWP (category 2/1; RR = 8.1; 95% CI = 3.9, 16.9) and progressive massive fibrosis (RR = 10.5; 95% CI = 3.8, 29.1) was more prevalent among them. Advanced CWP and progressive massive fibrosis were more prevalent among workers at mines with fewer than 155 miners, irrespective of mining region, than among workers at larger mines. Conclusions. Enhanced surveillance results confirmed the persistence of severe CWP among US coal miners and documented the health consequences of inadequate dust control for miners in parts of Appalachia and at smaller mines. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300427_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research on discrimination and health: An exploratory study of unresolved conceptual and measurement issues Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: John, D.A. Author-Name: Oyserman, D. Author-Name: Sonnega, J. Author-Name: Mohammed, S.A. Author-Name: Jackson, J.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 975-978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300702 Abstract: Objectives. Our goal in this study was to better understand racial and socioeconomic status (SES) variations in experiences of racial and nonracial discrimination. Methods. We used 1999 and 2000 data from the YES Health Study, which involved a community sample of 50 Black and 50 White respondents drawn from 4 neighborhoods categorized according to racial group (majority Black or majority White) and SES (≤150% or > 250% of the poverty line). Qualitative and quantitative analyses examined experiences of discrimination across these neighborhoods. Results. More than 90% of Blacks and Whites described the meaning of unfair treatment in terms of injustice and felt certain about the attribution of their experiences of discrimination. These experiences triggered similar emotional reactions (most frequently anger and frustration) and levels of stress across groups, and low-SES Blacks and Whites reported higher levels of discrimination than their moderate-SES counterparts. Conclusions. Experiences of discrimination were commonplace and linked to similar emotional responses and levels of stress among both Blacks and Whites of low and moderate SES. Effects were the same whether experiences were attributed to race or to other reasons. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300702_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities in boys and men. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Graham, G. Author-Name: Gracia, J.N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300607 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300607_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call to action for health disparities in boys and men: Innovative research on addiction, trauma, and related comorbidities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boyce, C.A. Author-Name: Willis, T.D. Author-Name: Beatty, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S168-S170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300793 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300793_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social media and suicide: A public health perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Luxton, D.D. Author-Name: June, J.D. Author-Name: Fairall, J.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S195-S200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608 Abstract: There is increasing evidence that the Internet and social media can influence suicide-related behavior. Important questions are whether this influence poses a significant risk to the public and how public health approaches might be used to address the issue. To address these questions, we provide an overview of ways that social media can influence suicidal behavior, both negatively and positively, and we evaluate the evidence of the risk. We also discuss the legal complexities of this important topic and propose future directions for research and prevention programs based on a public health perspective. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300608_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The associations of clinicians' implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, L.A. Author-Name: Roter, D.L. Author-Name: Carson, K.A. Author-Name: Beach, M.C. Author-Name: Sabin, J.A. Author-Name: Greenwald, A.G. Author-Name: Inui, T.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 979-987 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations of clinicians' implicit attitudes about race with visit communication and patient ratings of care. Methods. In a cross-sectional study of 40 primary care clinicians and 269 patients in urban community-based practices, we measured clinicians' implicit general race bias and race and compliance stereotyping with 2 implicit association tests and related them to audiotape measures of visit communication and patient ratings. Results. Among Black patients, general race bias was associated with more clinician verbal dominance, lower patient positive affect, and poorer ratings of interpersonal care; race and compliance stereotyping was associated with longer visits, slower speech, less patient centeredness, and poorer ratings of interpersonal care. Among White patients, bias was associated with more verbal dominance and better ratings of interpersonal care; race and compliance stereotyping was associated with less verbal dominance, shorter visits, faster speech, more patient centeredness, higher clinician positive affect, and lower ratings of some aspects of interpersonal care. Conclusions. Clinician implicit race bias and race and compliance stereotyping are associated with markers of poor visit communication and poor ratings of care, particularly among Black patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: An ecosocial approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 936-945 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300544 Abstract: The scientific study of how discrimination harms health requires theoretically groundedmethods.Atissue ishowdiscrimination,asone formof societal injustice,becomes embodied inequality and is manifested as health inequities. As clarified by ecosocial theory, methods must address the lived realities of discrimination as an exploitative and oppressive societal phenomenon operating atmultiple levels and involvingmyriad pathways across both the life course and historical generations. An integrated embodied research approach hence must consider (1) the structural level-past and present de jure and de facto discrimination; (2) the individual level-issuesofdomains,nativity, and useof both explicit and implicit discrimination measures; and (3) how current research methods likely underestimate the impact of racismon health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300544_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life after the ban: An assessment of US syringe exchange programs' attitudes about and early experiences with federal funding Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, T.C. Author-Name: Martin, E.G. Author-Name: Bowman, S.E. Author-Name: Mann, M.R. Author-Name: Beletsky, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: E9-E16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300595 Abstract: Objectives: We aimed to determine whether syringe exchange programs (SEPs) currently receive or anticipate pursuing federal funding and barriers to funding applications following the recent removal of the long-standing ban on using federal funds for SEPs. Methods: We conducted a telephone-administered cross-sectional survey of US SEPs. Descriptive statistics summarized responses; bivariate analyses examined differences in pursuing funding and experiencing barriers by program characteristics. Results: Of the 187 SEPs (92.1%) that responded, 90.9% were legally authorized. Three received federal funds and 116 intended to pursue federal funding. Perceived federal funding barriers were common and included availability and accessibility of funds, legal requirements such as written police support, resource capacity to apply and comply with funding regulations, local political and structural organization, and concern around altering program culture. Programs without legal authorization, health department affiliation, large distribution, or comprehensive planning reported more federal funding barriers. Conclusions: Policy implementation gaps appear to render federal support primarily symbolic. In practice, funding opportunities may not be available to all SEPs. Increased technical assistance and legal reform could improve access to federal funds, especially for SEPs with smaller capacity and tenuous local support. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300595_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regarding Joe Camel in a bottle Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, G.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 777-778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300624 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300624 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300624_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal associations between adolescent alcohol use and adulthood sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted infection in the United States: Assessment of differences by race Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khan, M.R. Author-Name: Berger, A.T. Author-Name: Wells, B.E. Author-Name: Cleland, C.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 867-876 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300373 Abstract: Objectives. We examined race differences in the longitudinal associations between adolescent alcohol use and adulthood sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk in the United States. Methods. We estimated multivariable logistic regression models using Waves I (1994-1995: adolescence) and III (2001-2002: young adulthood) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n=10783) to estimate associations and assess differences between Whites and African Americans. Results. In adjusted analyses, adolescent alcohol indicators predicted adulthood inconsistent condom use for both races but were significantly stronger, more consistent predictors of elevated partnership levels for African Americans than Whites. Among African Americans but not Whites, self-reported STI was predicted by adolescent report of any prior use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 2.17) and past-year history of getting drunk (AOR=1.53; 95% CI=1.01, 2.32). Among Whites but not African Americans, biologically confirmed STI was predicted by adolescent report of past-year history of getting drunk (AOR=1.68; 95% CI=1.07, 2.63) and consistent drinking (AOR=1.65; 95% CI=1.03, 2.65). Conclusions. African American and White adolescent drinkers are priority populations for STI prevention. Prevention of adolescent alcohol use may contribute to reductions in adulthood STI risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300373_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race/ethnicity and all-cause mortality in US adults: Revisiting the Hispanic paradox Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrell, L.N. Author-Name: Lancet, E.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 836-843 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300345 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association between race/ethnicity and all-cause mortality risk in US adults and whether this association differs by nativity status. Methods: We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate all-cause mortality rates in 1997 through 2004 National Health Interview Survey respondents, relating the risk for Hispanic subgroup, non-Hispanic Black, and other non-Hispanic to non-Hispanic White adults before and after controlling for selected characteristics stratified by age and gender. Results. We observed a Hispanic mortality advantage over non-Hispanic Whites among women that depended on nativity status: US-born Mexican Americans aged 25 to 44 years had a 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.03, 0.31) lower death rate; island- or foreign-born Cubans and other Hispanics aged 45 to 64 years were more than two times less likely to die than were their non- Hispanic White counterparts. Island- or foreign-born Puerto Rican and US-born Mexican American women aged 65 years and older exhibited at least a 25% lower rate of dying than did their non-Hispanics White counterparts. Conclusions: The "Hispanic paradox" may not be a static process and may change with this population growth and its increasing diversity over time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300345_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A framework for mobilizing communities to advance local tobacco control policy: The Los Angeles County experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weber, M.D. Author-Name: Simon, P. Author-Name: Messex, M. Author-Name: Aragon, L. Author-Name: Kuo, T. Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 785-788 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300586 Abstract: The Los Angeles County Tobacco Control and Prevention Program was significantly restructured in 2004 to improve capacity for local policy adoption. Restructuring included creating a fully staffed and trained policy unit; partnering with state-funded tobacco control organizations to provide high-quality, continuous technical assistance and training; implementing a highly structured policy adoption approach; expanding community capacity building; and establishing local coalitions to mobilize communities. Over the ensuing 6 years (2004-2010), 97 tobacco control policies were enacted in the county's 88 cities and unincorporated area, including 79 that were attributable to the program. By comparison, only 15 policies were enacted from 1998 to 2003. Expanding policy adoption capacity through program restructuring may be achievable in other local jurisdictions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300586_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Under the radar: How unexamined biases in decision-making processes in clinical interactions can contribute to health care disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dovidio, J.F. Author-Name: Fiske, S.T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 945-952 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300601 Abstract: Several aspects of social psychological science shed light on how unexamined racial/ethnic biases contribute tohealthcare disparities. Biases are complex but systematic, differing by racial/ ethnic group and not limited to love-hate polarities. Group imagesontheuniversalsocial cognitive dimensions of competence and warmth determine the content of each group's overall stereotype, distinct emotional prejudices (pity, envy, disgust, pride), and discriminatory tendencies. These biases are often unconscious and occur despite the best intentions. Such ambivalent and automatic biases can influence medical decisions and interactions, systematically producing discrimination in health care andultimatelydisparitiesinhealth. Understanding howthese processes may contribute to bias in health care can help guide interventions to address racial and ethnic disparities in health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300601_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An experimental investigation of possible memory biases affecting support for racial health care policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mazzocco, P.J. Author-Name: Brunner, R.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 1002-1005 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300556 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to test the theory that estimates of racial disparities may be based on small recalled samples of specific individuals (Black vs White), a strategy likely to lead to underestimates of true racial disparities and a corresponding opposition to race-focused health care policies. Methods. We asked a sample of White adults to list the first 5 Black and White individuals who came to mind, and then measured support for various racefocused health care policies. Results. Analyses indicated that the Black individuals recalled by participants tended to be more famous and wealthy than their White counterparts. Furthermore, the tendency to list wealthier Black individuals predicted opposition to progressive racial health care programs. A follow-up study demonstrated that support for certain race-focused health care policies could be increased by informing Whites of potential memory biases. Conclusions. The survival and success of minority health care policies depend partially on public acceptance. Education regarding continuing racial disparities may help to increase support for race-focused health care policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300556_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond the distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV: Prevention through the lens of a social public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kippax, S. Author-Name: Stephenson, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 789-799 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300594 Abstract: Developing effective HIV prevention requires that we move beyond the historical but problematic distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV. The current claim that prevention has failed has led to a strong interest in the role of treatment as HIV prevention; however, the turn to "biomedical prevention," "test and treat," and "combination prevention" instances pervasive confusions about prevention. These confusions arise from a failure to realize that all HIV prevention interventions must engage with the everyday lives of people and be integrated into their social relations and social practices. We challenge the claim that prevention has failed (illustrating this with discussion of prevention in Australia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe). We explain the enduring appeal of misguided approaches to prevention by examining how 1996 can be seen as a pivotal moment in the history of the global response to HIV, a moment marked by the rise and fall of distinct biomedical and social narratives of HIV. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300594_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping cumulative environmental effects, social vulnerability, and health in the San Joaquin Valley, California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huang, G. Author-Name: London, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 830-832 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300466 Abstract: To understand the social distribution of environmental hazards, methods to assess cumulative effects and their health implications are needed. We developed a cumulative environmental hazard index integrating environmental data on pollution sites, air quality, and pesticide use; a social vulnerability index to measure residents' resources to prevent or mitigate health effects; and a health index. We found that communities in California's San Joaquin Valley with high social vulnerability face more environmental burdens and have worse health conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300466_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Culturally responsive suicide prevention in indigenous communities: Unexamined assumptions and new possibilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wexler, L.M. Author-Name: Gone, J.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 800-806 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300432 Abstract: Indigenous communities have significantly higher rates of suicide than non- Native communities in North America. Prevention and intervention efforts have failed to redress this disparity. One explanation is that these efforts are culturally incongruent for Native communities. Four prevalent assumptions that underpin professional suicide prevention may conflict with local indigenous understandings about suicide. Our experiences in indigenous communities led us to question assumptions that are routinely endorsed and promoted in suicide prevention programs and interventions. By raising questions about the universal relevance of these assumptions, we hope to stimulate exchange and inquiry into the character of this devastating public health challenge and to aid the development of culturally appropriate interventions in cross-cultural contexts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300432_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in mortality risk among US veterans with traumatic brain injury Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Egede, L.E. Author-Name: Dismuke, C. Author-Name: Echols, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S266-S271 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300176 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association of race/ethnicity with mortality risk in a national cohort of US veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. Methods. Between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2006, we obtained data from a national cohort study of 7885 non-Hispanic White, 1748 Non-Hispanic Black, 314 Hispanic, and 4743 other or missing race/ethnicity veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury in Veterans Affairs medical centers and community-based outpatient clinics. Results. Overall mortality at 48 months was 6.7% in Hispanic, 2.9% in non- Hispanic White, and 2.7% in non-Hispanic Black veterans. Compared with non- Hispanic White, Hispanic ethnicity was positively associated with a higher mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR]=2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.49, 3.64) in the race/ethnicity-only adjusted model. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities, Hispanic ethnicity continued to be positively associated (HR=1.61; 95% CI=1.00, 2.58) with a higher mortality risk relative to non-Hispanic White ethnicity. Conclusions. Hispanic ethnicity is positively associated with higher mortality risk among veterans clinically diagnosed with traumatic brain injury. More research is needed to understand the reasons for this disparity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300176_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities in boys and men of color Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, D.J. Author-Name: Crump, A.D. Author-Name: Lloyd, J.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S170-S172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300646 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300646_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research on race/ethnicity and Health Care discrimination: Where we are and where we need to go Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shavers, V.L. Author-Name: Klein, W.M.P. Author-Name: Fagan, P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 930-932 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300708 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300708_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sustainability of public health programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Card, A.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 776-777 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300498 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300498_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality of life of people with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy in Cuba: A cross-sectional study of the national population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aragonés-López, C. Author-Name: Pérez-Ávila, J. Author-Name: Fawzi, M.C.S. Author-Name: Castro, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 884-892 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300450 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the quality of life (QOL) of Cubans with HIV/AIDS. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study including administration of the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV Health Survey Questionnaire to a representative sample of the 1592 Cubans receiving ART in 2004. For univariate analyses, we compared mean HIV scale scores. We used logistic regression models to estimate the association between role function and year of diagnosis, between pain and sex, and between health transition and region of diagnosis,with adjustment for demographics, ART regimen, and clinical status. Results. There were 354 participants (73 women, 281 men). Scores for all functional activities showed means higher than 80 out of 100. Pain interfered more in women than in men (73.2 vs 81.9; P = .01). When HIV diagnosis occurred after 2001, the probability of experiencing difficulties performing work (odds ratio [OR] = 4.42; 95% CI = 1.83, 10.73) and pain (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.01, 2.88) increased compared with earlier diagnosis. People treated with indinavir showed a greater perception of general health (58.9 vs 52.4; P = .045) and greater health improvement (78.6 vs 67.8; P = .002). Conclusions. Although Cubans receiving ART are maintaining a high QOL, we observed significant differences by sex and time of diagnosis. QOL assessment can serve as a health outcome and may allow identification of QOL reductions potentially related to ART side effects. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300450_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination and hypertension among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sims, M. Author-Name: Diez-Roux, A.V. Author-Name: Dudley, A. Author-Name: Gebreab, S. Author-Name: Wyatt, S.B. Author-Name: Bruce, M.A. Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Robinson, J.C. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Taylor, H.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S258-S265 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300523 Abstract: Objectives: Using Jackson Heart Study data, we examined whether perceived discrimination was associated with prevalent hypertension in African Americans. Methods. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, burden of discrimination, and stress from discrimination were examined among 4939 participants aged 35 to 84 years (women = 3123; men = 1816). We estimated prevalence ratios of hypertension by discrimination, and adjusted for age, gender, socioeconomic status, and risk factors. Results. The prevalence of hypertension was 64.0% in women and 59.7% in men. After adjustment for age, gender, and socioeconomic status, lifetime discrimination and burden of discrimination were associated with greater hypertension prevalence (prevalence ratios for highest vs lowest quartile were 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02, 1.15] and 1.09 [95% CI = 1.02,1.16] for lifetime discrimination and burden of discrimination, respectively). Associations were slightly weakened after adjustment for body mass index and behavioral factors. No associations were observed for everyday discrimination. Conclusions. Further understanding the role of perceived discrimination in the etiology of hypertension may be beneficial in eliminating hypertension disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300523_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The New York policy on smoking in addiction treatment: Findings after 1 year Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guydish, J. Author-Name: Tajima, B. Author-Name: Kulaga, A. Author-Name: Zavala, R. Author-Name: Brown, L.S. Author-Name: Bostrom, A. Author-Name: Ziedonis, D. Author-Name: Chan, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: E17-E25 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300590 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed changes in smoking prevalence and other measures associated with the July 2008 New York Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services tobacco policy, which required that all publicly funded addiction treatment programs implement smoke-free grounds, have "no evidence" of smoking among staff, and make tobacco dependence treatment available for all clients. Methods: In a random sample of 10 programs, staff and clients were surveyed before the policy and 1 year later. Measures included tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices used by counselors and received by clients. Results: Client smoking decreased from 69.4% to 62.8% (P =.044). However, response to the policy differed by program type. Outpatient programs showed no significant changes on any of the staff and client survey measures. In methadone programs, staff use of tobacco-related practices increased (P <.01), client attitudes toward tobacco treatment grew more positive (P <.05), and clients received more tobacco-related services (P <.05). Residential clients were more likely to report having quit smoking after policy implementation (odds ratio = 4.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.53, 14.19), but they reported less favorable attitudes toward tobacco treatment (P <.001) and received fewer tobacco-related services from their program (P <.001) or their counselor (P <.001). Conclusions: If supported by additional research, the New York policy may offer a model that addiction treatment systems can use to address smoking in a population where it has been prevalent and intractable. Additional intervention or policy supports may be needed in residential programs, which face greater challenges to implementing tobacco-free grounds. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300590_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reexamining the declining effect of age on mortality differentials associated with excess body mass: Evidence of cohort distortions in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 915-922 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300237 Abstract: Objectives. I examined age patterns of mortality differentials associated with body mass because the declining age effect observed in previous comparisons of cross-sectional age groups is susceptible to cohort and period distortions and because previous studies used time since baseline as time at risk, making the evaluation of age-specific mortality impossible. Methods. I conducted a parametric survival analysis of data from the 1988-1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 3 cohorts of American men and women born from 1901 through 1957 and observed from 1988 through 2006 under an age-period-cohort framework. Results. Mortality differentials strengthened across cohorts but did not decline with age or change over the study period. Because excess overweight and obesity mortality increased from earlier cohorts to more recent ones, ignoring cohort differences led to a declining age pattern of excess mortality. Conclusions. Cross-sectional age patterns of mortality differentials appear to be distorted by cohort differences. Age should be used as risk time to study age variations in associations between risk factors and time to event. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300237_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shavers, V.L. Author-Name: Fagan, P. Author-Name: Jones, D. Author-Name: Klein, W.M.P. Author-Name: Boyington, J. Author-Name: Moten, C. Author-Name: Rorie, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 953-966 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a review to examine current literature on the effects of interpersonal and institutional racism and discrimination occurring within health care settings on the health care received by racial/ethnic minority patients. Methods. We searched the PsychNet, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on US populations published between January 1, 2008 and November 1, 2011. We used various combinations of the following search terms: discrimination, perceived discrimination, race, ethnicity, racism, institutional racism, stereotype, prejudice or bias, and health or health care. Fifty-eight articles were reviewed. Results. Patient perception of discriminatory treatment and implicit provider biases were the most frequently examined topics in health care settings. Few studies examined the overall prevalence of racial/ethnic discrimination and none examined temporal trends. In general, measures used were insufficient for examining the impact of interpersonal discrimination or institutional racism within health care settings on racial/ethnic disparities in health care. Conclusions. Better instrumentation, innovative methodology, and strategies are needed for identifying and tracking racial/ethnic discrimination in health care settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving firearm storage in alaska native villages: A randomized trial of household gun cabinets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grossman, D.C. Author-Name: Stafford, H.A. Author-Name: Koepsell, T.D. Author-Name: Hill, R. Author-Name: Retzer, K.D. Author-Name: Jones, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S291-S297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300421 Abstract: Objectives: We determined if the installation of gun cabinets improved household firearm storage practices. Methods. We used a wait list, randomized trial design with 2 groups. The "early" group received the intervention at baseline, and the "late" group received it at 12 months. Up to 2 gun cabinets were installed in each enrolled home, along with safety messages. In-person surveys were conducted at 12 and 18 months to determine the proportion of households reporting unlocked guns or ammunition. Direct observations of unlocked guns were also compared. Results. At baseline, 93% of homes reported having at least 1 unlocked gun in the home, and 89% reported unlocked ammunition. At 12 months, 35% of homes in the early group reported unlocked guns compared with 89% in the late group (P <.001). Thirty-six percent of the early homes reported unlocked ammunition compared with 84% of late homes (P <.001). The prevalence of these storage practices was maintained at 18 months. Observations of unlocked guns decreased significantly (from 20% to 8%) between groups (P <.03). Conclusions. Gun cabinet installation in rural Alaskan households improved the storage of guns and ammunition. If these gains are sustained over time, it may lead to a reduction in gun-related injuries and deaths in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300421_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A smoke-free Paso del Norte: Impact over 10 years on smoking prevalence using the behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, T. Author-Name: Cooper, T.V. Author-Name: Hernandez, N. Author-Name: Kelly, M. Author-Name: Law, J. Author-Name: Colwell, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 899-908 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300346 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of a tobacco control initiative over 10 years on cessation and prevention. Methods. We examined 2000-2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System cases of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with systematic tobacco control efforts throughout the decade (El Paso, TX) and 2 comparison MSAs similar in size and population with less coordinated tobacco control efforts (Austin-Round Rock, TX and San Antonio, TX). Results. Yearly, El Paso exhibited a 6% increase in the prevalence of former smokers, a 6% decrease in prevalence of daily smokers, and a 7% decrease in the prevalence of established smoking (≥100 cigarettes per lifetime and currently smoking); we did not observe similar trends in the comparison MSAs. There was no change in the prevalence of nondaily smokers in any of the MSAs. Conclusions. The coordinated tobacco control activities in El Paso are related to cessation among daily smokers and prevention of established smoking at the population level but have not stimulated cessation among nondaily smokers. Comprehensive tobacco control should focus more on not only daily smokers but also nondaily smokers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300346_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mosher responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mosher, J.F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300634 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300634_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pharmaceutical companies' role in state vaccination policymaking: The case of human papillomavirus vaccination Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mello, M.M. Author-Name: Abiola, S. Author-Name: Colgrove, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 893-898 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300576 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to investigate roles that Merck & Co Inc played in state human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization policymaking, to elicit key stakeholders' perceptions of the appropriateness of these activities, and to explore implications for relationships between health policymakers and industry. Methods. We used a series of state case studies combining data from key informant interviews with analysis of media reports and archival materials. We interviewed 73 key informants in 6 states that were actively engaged in HPV vaccine policy deliberations. Results. Merck promoted school-entry mandate legislation by serving as an information resource, lobbying legislators, drafting legislation, mobilizing female legislators and physician organizations, conducting consumer marketing campaigns, and filling gaps in access to the vaccine. Legislators relied heavily on Merck for scientific information. Most stakeholders found lobbying by vaccine manufacturers acceptable in principle, but perceived that Merck had acted too aggressively and nontransparently in this case. Conclusions. Although policymakers acknowledge the utility of manufacturers' involvement in vaccination policymaking, industry lobbying that is overly aggressive, not fully transparent, or not divorced from financial contributions to lawmakers risks undermining the prospects for legislation to foster uptake of new vaccines. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300576_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Destigmatizing alcohol dependence: The requirement for an ethical (not only medical) remedy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williamson, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: E5-E8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300629 Abstract: The disease model of alcohol dependence or "alcoholism" is often presented as the linchpin in addressing the condition successfully. It has been argued, for example, that adopting a medical approach will reduce the stigma that impedes the provision and acceptance of treatment. However, the medical paradigm has existed for many years without significantly affecting the negative social attitudes that surround dependence. I argue that a reductive scientific approach is not equipped to address the socioethical tensions that dependence creates. To lessen the stigmatization of dependence, it is important to integrate ethical analysis into policy debates on the condition. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300629_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social capital and smoking among Asian American men: An exploratory study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, S. Author-Name: Delva, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S212-S221 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300442 Abstract: Objectives: We examined how different dimensions of social capital (i.e., family and friend connections, neighborhood and family cohesion, family conflict) were associated with smoking behavior among a nationally representative sample of Asian American men and whether the associations varied by ethnic group. Methods. The sample consisted of 998 adult Asian American men who participated in the National Latino and Asian American Survey from 2002 to 2003. We conducted weighted multivariate logistic regressions on data for the sample and for each of 4 ethnic subgroups (Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Other). Results. Vietnamese American men had the highest prevalence of current smoking; Chinese American men, the lowest. After controlling for sociodemographics, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and perceived discrimination, neighborhood cohesion was inversely associated with smoking among Asian American men, and family and friend connections and family cohesion were not. An exception was family cohesion, which was associated with increased odds of smoking among Filipino American men. Conclusions. The relationship between social capital and smoking among Asian American men varied according to specific dimensions of social capital and was ethnicity specific. These findings highlight the need for smoking prevention and cessation interventions to take into consideration the heterogeneity that exists among Asian Americans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300442_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk compensation: A male phenomenon? Results from a controlled intervention trial promoting helmet use among cyclists Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Messiah, A. Author-Name: Constant, A. Author-Name: Contrand, B. Author-Name: Felonneau, M.-L. Author-Name: Lagarde, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S204-S206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300711 Abstract: Prevention tools are challenged by risky behaviors that follow their adoption. Speed increase following helmet use adoption was analyzed among bicyclists enrolled in a controlled intervention trial. Speed and helmet use were assessed by video (2621 recordings, 587 participants). Speeds were similar among helmeted and nonhelmeted female cyclists (16.5 km/h and 16.1 km/h, respectively) but not among male cyclists (helmeted: 19.2 km/h, nonhelmeted: 16.8 km/h). Risk compensation, observed only among male cyclists, was moderate, thus unlikely to offset helmet preventive efficacy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300711_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Payer status, race/ethnicity, and acceptance of free routine opt-out rapid HIV screening among emergency department patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sankoff, J. Author-Name: Hopkins, E. Author-Name: Sasson, C. Author-Name: Al-Tayyib, A. Author-Name: Bender, B. Author-Name: Haukoos, J.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 877-883 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300508 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated associations between payer status, race/ethnicity, and acceptance of nontargeted opt-out rapid HIV screening in the emergency department (ED). Methods. We analyzed data from a prospective clinical trial between 2007 and 2009 at Denver Health. Patients in the ED were offered free HIV testing. Patient demographics and payer status were collected, and we used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations with HIV testing acceptance. Results. A total of 31 525 patients made 44 765 unique visits: 40% were White, 37% Hispanic, 14% Black, 1% Asian, and 7% unknown race/ethnicity. Of all visits, 10 237 (23%) agreed to HIV testing; 27% were self-pay, 23% state-sponsored, 18% Medicaid, 13% commercial insurance, 12% Medicare, and 8% another payer source. Compared with commercial insurance patients, self-pay patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51, 1.75), state-sponsored patients (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.52, 1.77), and Medicaid patients (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.14, 1.34) had increased odds of accepting testing. Compared with White patients, Black (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.38) and Hispanic (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.23) patients had increased odds of accepting testing. Conclusions. Many ED patients are uninsured or subsidized through government programs and are more likely to consent to free rapid HIV testing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300508_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood maltreatment histories, alcohol and other drug use symptoms, and sexual risk behavior in a treatment sample of adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oshri, A. Author-Name: Tubman, J.G. Author-Name: Burnette, M.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S250-S257 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300628 Abstract: Objectives: We tested a structural model of relations among self-reported childhood maltreatment, alcohol and other drug abuse and dependence symptoms, and sexual risk behavior in a sample of adolescents receiving outpatient treatment of substance use problems. Methods. Structured interviews were administered to an ethnically diverse sample of 394 adolescents (114 girls, 280 boys; mean = 16.30 years; SD = 1.15 years; 44.9% Hispanic, 20.6% African American, 25.4% White non-Hispanic, and 9.1% other) in 2 outpatient treatment settings. Results. Path analyses yielded findings consistent with amediation model. Alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms mediated (1) relations between emotional neglect scores and sex with co-occurring alcohol use and (2) relations between sexual abuse scores and sex with co-occurring alcohol use. Drug abuse and dependence symptoms mediated relations between (1) neglect scores and (2) sexual intercourse with co-occurring alcohol or drug use, as well as unprotected sexual intercourse. Conclusions. Efforts to treat alcohol or drug use problems among adolescents or to prevent transmission of HIV or other sexually transmitted infections among youths with substance use problemsmay require tailoring treatment or prevention protocols to address client histories of maltreatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300628_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strong tobacco control program requirements and secure funding are not enough: Lessons from Florida Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kennedy, A. Author-Name: Sullivan, S. Author-Name: Hendlin, Y. Author-Name: Barnes, R. Author-Name: Glantz, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 807-817 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300459 Abstract: Florida's Tobacco Pilot Program (TPP; 1998-2003), with its edgy Truth media campaign, achieved unprecedented youth smoking reductions and became a model for tobacco control programming. In 2006, 3 years after the TPP was defunded, public health groups restored funding for tobacco control programming by convincing Florida voters to amend their constitution. Despite the new program's strong legal structure, Governor Charlie Crist's Department of Health implemented a low-impact program. Although they secured the program's strong structure and funding, Florida's nongovernmental public health organizations did not mobilize to demand a high-impact program. Implementation of Florida's Amendment 4 demonstrates that a strong programmatic structure and secure funding are insufficient to ensure a successful public health program, without external pressure from nongovernmental groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300459_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination and longitudinal increases in adolescent substance use: Gender differences and mediational pathways Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brody, G.H. Author-Name: Kogan, S.M. Author-Name: Chen, Y.-F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 1006-1011 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300588 Abstract: Objectives. This study was designed to test hypotheses about the prospective association of adolescents' perceptions of discrimination with increases in substance use and the processes that mediate this association. Methods. African American youths residing in rural Georgia (n = 573; mean age = 16.0 years) provided longitudinal data on their experiences with discrimination, substance use, school engagement, and affiliations with substanceusing peers. Results. For male youths, perceived discrimination was significantly related to increases in substance use, and, as hypothesized, this association was mediated by the contributions of perceived discrimination to decreases in school engagement and increases in affiliations with substance-using peers. Analyses also indicated that discrimination influences substance use rather than vice versa. Conclusions. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that high levels of discrimination are linked to increases in substance use for African American male adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300588_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regarding Joe Camel in a bottle. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, G.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 777-778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300536 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300536_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship of oral health literacy and self-efficacy with oral health status and dental neglect Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, J.Y. Author-Name: Divaris, K. Author-Name: Baker, A.D. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Author-Name: Vann Jr., W.F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 923-929 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300291 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations of oral health literacy (OHL) with oral health status (OHS) and dental neglect (DN), and we explored whether selfefficacy mediated or modified these associations. Methods. We used interview data collected from 1280 female clients of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children from 2007 to 2009 as part of the Carolina Oral Health Literacy Project. We measured OHL with a validated word recognition test (REALD-30), and we measured OHS with the self-reported National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey item. Analyses used descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods. Results. Less than one third of participants rated their OHS as very good or excellent. Higher OHL was associated with better OHS (for a 10-unit REALD increase: multivariate prevalence ratio=1.29; 95% confidence interval=1.08, 1.54). OHL was not correlated with DN, but self-efficacy showed a strong negative correlation with DN. Self-efficacy remained significantly associated with DN in a fully adjusted model that included OHL. Conclusions. Increased OHL was associated with better OHS but not with DN. Self-efficacy was a strong correlate of DN and may mediate the effects of literacy on OHS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300291_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sabia etal respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabia, S. Author-Name: Dugravot, A. Author-Name: Kivimaki, M. Author-Name: Brunner, E.J. Author-Name: Shipley, M.J. Author-Name: Singh-Manoux, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S165-S166 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300637 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300637_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health in working-aged Americans: Adults with high school equivalency diploma are similar to dropouts, not high school graduates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zajacova, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S284-S290 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300524 Abstract: Objectives: We compared health outcomes for adults with the General Equivalency Diploma (GED) and regular high school diploma to determine whetherGED recipients are equivalent to regular graduates despite research that documents their disadvantages in other outcomes. Methods. We used 1997 to 2009 National Health Interview Survey crosssectional data on high school dropouts, graduates, and GED recipients aged 30 to 65 years (n = 76 705). Five general health indicators and 20 health conditions were analyzed using logistic models. Results. GED recipients had a significantly higher prevalence of every health outcome compared with high school graduates (odds ratios = 1.3-2.7). The GED- high school differences attenuated but remained evident after controlling for health insurance, economic status, and health behaviors. For most conditions, the 95% confidence interval for GED earners overlapped with that for high school dropouts. Conclusions. The high school equivalency diploma was associated with nonequivalent health: adults with a GED had health comparable to that of high school dropouts, not graduates. GED recipients were at increased risk for many health conditions, and their health should be viewed as distinct from regular graduates. The findings have implications for health and educational policies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300524_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Modeling the impact of social discrimination and financial hardship on the sexual risk of HIV among Latino and Black men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ayala, G. Author-Name: Bingham, T. Author-Name: Kim, J. Author-Name: Wheeler, D.P. Author-Name: Millett, G.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S242-S249 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300641 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the impact of social discrimination and financial hardship on unprotected anal intercourse with a male sex partner of serodiscordant or unknown HIV status in the past 3 months among 1081 Latino and 1154 Black men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 2235) residing in Los Angeles County, California; New York, New York; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Methods. We administered HIV testing and a questionnaire assessing 6 explanatory variables. We combined traditional mediation analysis with the results of a path analysis to simultaneously examine the direct, indirect, and total effects of these variables on the outcome variable. Results. Bivariate analysis showed that homophobia, racism, financial hardship, and lack of social support were associated with unprotected anal intercourse with a serodiscordant or sero-unknown partner. Path analysis determined that these relations were mediated by participation in risky sexual situations and lack of social support. However, paths between the explanatory variable and 2 mediating variables varied by participants' serostatus. Conclusions. Future prevention research and program designs should specifically address the differential impact of social discrimination and financial hardship on lack of social support and risky sexual situations among Latino and Black MSM. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300641_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sawyer, P.J. Author-Name: Major, B. Author-Name: Casad, B.J. Author-Name: Townsend, S.S.M. Author-Name: Mendes, W.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 1020-1026 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to demonstrate that individuals who anticipate interacting with a prejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner show an exacerbated stress response, as measured through both self-report and hemodynamic and vascular responses, compared with individuals anticipating interacting with a nonprejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner. Methods. Through a questionnaire exchange with a White interaction partner (a confederate) Latina participants learned that their partner had racial/ethnic biased or egalitarian attitudes. Latina participants reported their cognitive and emotional states, and cardiovascular responses were measured while participants prepared and delivered a speech to the White confederate. Results. Participants who believed that their interaction partner held prejudiced attitudes reported greater concern and more threat emotions before the interaction, and more stress after the interaction, and showed greater cardiovascular response than did participants who believed that their partner had egalitarian attitudes. Conclusions. This study shows that merely anticipating prejudice leads to both psychological and cardiovascular stress responses. These results are consistent with the conceptualization of anticipated discrimination as a stressor and suggest that vigilance for prejudice may be a contributing factor to racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experiences and perceptions of medical discrimination among a multiethnic sample of breast cancer patients in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quach, T. Author-Name: Nuru-Jeter, A. Author-Name: Morris, P. Author-Name: Allen, L. Author-Name: Shema, S.J. Author-Name: Winters, J.K. Author-Name: Le, G.M. Author-Name: Gomez, S.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 1027-1034 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300554 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted qualitative interviews with breast cancer survivors to identify themes related to institutional, personally mediated, and internalized discrimination in the medical setting. Methods. We conducted 7 focus groups and 23 one-on-one interviews with a multiethnic sample of breast cancer survivors randomly selected from a population- based registry covering the Greater San Francisco Bay Area, California. Results. Participants reported experiencing different forms of medical discrimination related to class, race, and language. Among African Americans, participants reported experiencing internalized discrimination and personal or group discrimination discrepancy-perceiving discrimination against them as a racial/ethnic group, yet not perceiving or discussing personal experiences of discrimination. Among Asian immigrants, participants reported experiencing institutional and personally mediated overt types of discrimination, including lack of access to quality and readily available translation services. Our results also indicated well-established coping mechanisms in response to discrimination experiences in both groups. Conclusions. Participants reported experiencing medical discrimination at all 3 levels, which may have deleterious health effects through the biopsychosocial stress pathway and through active coping mechanisms that could lead to delayed- or underutilization of the health care system to avoid discrimination. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300554_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Explaining racial/ethnic disparities in children's dental health: A decomposition analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guarnizo-Herreño, C.C. Author-Name: Wehby, G.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 859-866 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300548 Abstract: Objectives: We measured racial/ethnic inequalities in US children's dental health and quantified the contribution of conceptually relevant factors. Methods: Using data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health, we investigated racial/ethnic disparities in selected child dental health and preventive care outcomes. We employed a decomposition model to quantify demographic, socioeconomic, maternal health, health insurance, neighborhood, and geographic effects. Results: Hispanic children had the poorest dental health and lowest preventive dental care utilization, followed by Black then White children. The model explanatory variables accounted for 58% to 77% of the disparities in dental health and 89% to 100% of the disparities in preventive dental care. Socioeconomic status accounted for 71% of the gap in preventive dental care between Black children and White children and 55% of that between Hispanic children and White children. Maternal health, age, and marital status; neighborhood safety and social capital; and state of residence were relevant factors. Conclusions: Reducing US children's racial/ethnic dental health disparities- which are mostly socioeconomically driven-requires policies that recognize the multilevel pathways underlying them and the need for household- and neighborhood- level interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300548_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work safety climate, musculoskeletal discomfort, working while injured, and depression among migrant farmworkers in North Carolina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arcury, T.A. Author-Name: O'Hara, H. Author-Name: Grzywacz, J.G. Author-Name: Isom, S. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Quandt, S.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S272-S278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300597 Abstract: Objectives: This analysis described Latino migrant farmworkers' work safety climate and its association with musculoskeletal discomfort, working while injured or ill, and depressive symptoms. Methods. Data were from a cross-sectional survey of 300 farmworkers conducted in North Carolina in 2009. Generalized estimating equations models were used to investigate the association of work safety climate with health and safety outcomes. Results. Farmworkers perceived their work safety climate to be poor. About 40% had elevated musculoskeletal discomfort, 5.0% had worked at least 1 day while injured or ill, and 27.9% had elevated depressive symptoms. The odds of elevated musculoskeletal discomfort were 12% lower and the odds of working while injured or ill were 15% lower with each 1-unit increase in the work safety climate. Work safety climate was not associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Work safety climate was important for agricultural workers. Poor work safety climate was associated with health outcomes (musculoskeletal discomfort) and safety (working while injured or ill). Interventions to improve work safety climate in agriculture are needed, with these interventions being directed to employers and workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300597_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Climate change and ecosystem disruption: The health impacts of the North American rocky mountain pine beetle infestation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Embrey, S. Author-Name: Remais, J.V. Author-Name: Hess, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 818-827 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300520 Abstract: In the United States and Canada, pine forest ecosystems are being dramatically affected by an unprecedented pine beetle infestation attributed to climate change. Both decreased frequency of extremely cold days and warmer winter temperature averages have led to an enphytotic devastating millions of acres of pine forest. The associated ecosystem disruption has the potential to cause significant health impacts from a range of exposures, including increased runoff and water turbidity, forest fires, and loss of ecosystem services. We review direct and indirect health impacts and possible prevention strategies. The pine beetle infestation highlights the need for public health to adopt an ecological, systemsoriented view to anticipate the full range of potential health impacts from climate change and facilitate effective planned adaptation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300520_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal and child health disparities: Considering the influence of fathers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hill, C.V. Author-Name: Lynne-Landsman, S.D. Author-Name: Boyce, C.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S164-S165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300792 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300792_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A physician's perspective on health care discrimination. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Underwood 3rd., W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 779 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300741 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300741_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities among children with cleft Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Broder, H.L. Author-Name: Wilson-Genderson, M. Author-Name: Sischo, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 828-830 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300654 Abstract: Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) is a multidimensional construct that measures well-being associated with the teeth, mouth, and face. This cross-sectional study examined OHRQoL, demographic data, and clinical indicators in 839 treatment-seeking youths with cleft from 6 geographically diverse cleft treatment centers. Individuals without health insurance and representing ethnic minorities had lower OHRQoL scores on the Child Oral Health Impact Profile and a higher rate of surgical recommendations. These findings imply a risk factor for reduced OHRQoL and unmet needs among vulnerable youths with clefts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300654_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination, psychological distress, and current smoking status: Results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system reactions to race module, 2004-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Purnell, J.Q. Author-Name: Peppone, L.J. Author-Name: Alcaraz, K. Author-Name: McQueen, A. Author-Name: Guido, J.J. Author-Name: Carroll, J.K. Author-Name: Shacham, E. Author-Name: Morrow, G.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 844-851 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300694 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association between perceived discrimination and smoking status and whether psychological distress mediated this relationship in a large, multiethnic sample. Methods: We used 2004 through 2008 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Reactions to Race module to conduct multivariate logistic regression analyses and tests of mediation examining associations between perceived discrimination in health care and workplace settings, psychological distress, and current smoking status. Results: Regardless of race/ethnicity, perceived discrimination was associated with increased odds of current smoking. Psychological distress was also a significant mediator of the discrimination-smoking association. Conclusions: Our results indicate that individuals who report discriminatory treatment in multiple domains may be more likely to smoke, in part, because of the psychological distress associated with such treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300694_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: End of the spectacular decrease in fall-related mortality rate: Men are catching up Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hartholt, K.A. Author-Name: Polinder, S. Author-Name: Van Beeck, F. Author-Name: Van Der Velde, N. Author-Name: Van Lieshout, E.M.M. Author-Name: Patka, P. Author-Name: Van Der Cammen, T.J.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S207-S211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300288 Abstract: Objectives: We determined time trends in numbers and rates of fall-related mortality in an aging population, for men and women. Methods. We performed secular trend analysis of fall-related deaths in the older Dutch population (persons aged 65 years or older) from 1969 to 2008, using the national Official-Cause-of-Death-Statistics. Results. Between 1969 and 2008, the age-adjusted fall-related mortality rate decreased from 202.1 to 66.7 per 100 000 older persons (decrease of 67%). However, the annual percentage change (change per year) in mortality rates was not constant, and could be divided into 3 phases: (1) a rapid decrease until the mid-1980s (men -4.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.9, -3.2; women -6.5%; 95% CI, -7.1, -5.9), (2) flattening of the decrease until the mid-1990s (men -1.4%; 95% CI = -2.4, -0.4; women -2.0%; 95% CI = -3.4, -0.6), and (3) stable mortality rates for women (0.0%; 95% CI = -1.2, 1.3) and rising rates for men (1.9%; 95% CI = 0.6, 3.2) over the last decade. Conclusions. The spectacular decrease in fall-related mortality ended in the mid-1990s and is currently increasing in older men at similar rates to those seen in women. Because of the aging society, absolute numbers in fall-related deaths are increasing rapidly. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300288_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implicit stereotyping and medical decisions: Unconscious stereotype activation in practitioners' thoughts about African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moskowitz, G.B. Author-Name: Stone, J. Author-Name: Childs, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 996-1001 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300591 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. Methods.We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and control terms) to doctors as part of a computerized task. Subliminal images of African American and White men appeared prior to each word, and reaction times to words were recorded. Results. When primedwith an African American face, doctors reactedmore quickly for stereotypical diseases, indicating an implicit association of certain diseases with African Americans. These comprised not only diseases African Americans are genetically predisposed to, but also conditions and social behaviorswith no biological association (e.g., obesity, drug abuse). Conclusions. We found implicit stereotyping among physicians; faces they never consciously saw altered performance. This suggests that diagnoses and treatment of African American patients may be biased, even in the absence of the practitioner's intent or awareness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300591_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wicasa Was'aka : Restoring the traditional strength of American Indian boys and men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brave Heart, M.Y.H. Author-Name: Elkins, J. Author-Name: Tafoya, G. Author-Name: Bird, D. Author-Name: Salvador, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S177-S183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300511 Abstract: We examined health disparities among American Indian men and boys within the framework of historical trauma, which incorporates the historical context of collective massive group trauma across generations. We reviewed the impact of collective traumatic experiences among Lakota men, whohavefacedcross- generational challenges to enacting traditional tribal roles. We describe historical trauma-informed interventions used with two tribal groups: Lakota men and Southwestern American Indian boys. These two interventions represent novel approaches to addressing historical trauma and the health disparities that American Indians face. We offer public health implications and recommendations for strategies to use in the planning and implementation of policy, research, and program development with American Indian boys andmen. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300511_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Institutional variation in the promotion of racial/ethnic minority faculty at US medical schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nunez-Smith, M. Author-Name: Ciarleglio, M.M. Author-Name: Sandoval-Schaefer, T. Author-Name: Elumn, J. Author-Name: Castillo-Page, L. Author-Name: Peduzzi, P. Author-Name: Bradley, E.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 852-858 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300552 Abstract: Objectives: We compared faculty promotion rates by race/ethnicity across US academic medical centers. Methods: We used the Association of American Medical College's 1983 through 2000 faculty roster data to estimate median institution-specific promotion rates for assistant professor to associate professor and for associate professor to full professor. In unadjusted analyses, we compared medians for Hispanic and Black with White faculty using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. We compared institution-specific promotion rates between racial/ethnic groups with data stratified by institutional characteristic (institution size, proportion racial/ethnic minority faculty, and proportion women faculty) using the χ 2 test. Our sample included 128 academic medical centers and 88 432 unique faculty. Results: The median institution-specific promotion rates for White, Hispanic, and Black faculty, respectively, were 30.2%, 23.5%, and 18.8% (P < .01) from assistant to associate professor and 31.5%, 25.0%, and 16.7% (P < .01) from associate to full professor. Conclusions: At most academic medical centers, promotion rates for Hispanic and Black were lower than those for White faculty. Equitable faculty promotion rates may reflect institutional climates that support the successful development of racial/ethnic minority trainees, ultimately improving healthcare access and quality for all patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300552_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Taking it like a man: Masculine role norms as moderators of the racial discrimination-depressive symptoms association among African American men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hammond, W.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S232-S241 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300485 Abstract: Objectives: I examined the association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms and explored the moderating role of 2 dimensions of masculine role norms, restrictive emotionality and self-reliance. Methods. Cross-sectional survey data from 674 African American men aged 18 years and older recruited primarily frombarbershops in 4 US regions (2003-2010) were used. Direct and moderated associations were assessed with multivariate linear regression analyses for the overall sample and different age groups.Models were adjusted for recruitment site, sociodemographics, masculine role norms salience, and general social stress. Results. Everyday racial discrimination was associated with more depressive symptoms across all age groups. Higher restrictive emotionality was associated with more depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years. Self-reliance was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among men aged 18 to 29 years and 40 years and older. The positive association between everyday racial discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among men with high restrictive emotionality, but this moderated effect was limited to men older than 30 years. Conclusions. Interventions designed to reduce African American men's depression instigated by racismshould be life-course specific and addressmasculine role norms that encourage emotion restriction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300485_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weqaya: A population-wide cardiovascular screening program in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hajat, C. Author-Name: Harrison, O. Author-Name: Al Siksek, Z. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 909-914 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300290 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine cardiovascular risk factor prevalence rates among adults in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Methods. We used self-reported indicators, anthropometric measures, and blood tests to screen 50138 adults aged 18 years or older taking part in a population-wide cardiovascular screening program. Results. Participants' mean age was 36.82 years (SD=14.3); 43% were men. Risk factor prevalence rates were as follows: obesity, 35%; overweight, 32%; central obesity, 55%; diabetes, 18%; prediabetes, 27%; dyslipidemia, 44%; and hypertension, 23.1%. In addition, 26% of men were smokers, compared with 0.8% of women. Age-standardized diabetes and prediabetes rates were 25% and 30%, respectively, and age-standardized rates of obesity and overweight were 41% and 34%. Conclusions. This population-wide cardiovascular screening program demonstrated a high cardiovascular burden for our small sample in Abu Dhabi. The data form a baseline against which interventions can be implemented and progress monitored as part of the population-wide Abu Dhabi Cardiovascular Disease Program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300290_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The lived experience of race and its health consequences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smedley, B.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 933-935 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300643 Abstract: A growing body of research illuminates the mechanisms through which racismanddiscriminationinfluence the health status of people of color. Much of the focus of this research, however, hasbeenonindividually mediated racism (i.e., acts of discrimination and racial bias committed by White individuals against people of color). Yet research literature provides numerous examples of how racism operates not just at individual levels, but also at internalized, institutional, and structural levels. A more comprehensive model of the lived experience of race is needed that considers the cumulative, interactive effects of different forms of racism on health over the lifespan. Such a model must facilitate an intersectional analysis to better understand the interaction of race with gender, socioeconomic status, geography, and other factors, and should consider the negative consequences of racism forWhites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300643_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-reported experience of racial discrimination and health care use in New Zealand: Results from the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris, R. Author-Name: Cormack, D. Author-Name: Tobias, M. Author-Name: Yeh, L.-C. Author-Name: Talamaivao, N. Author-Name: Minster, J. Author-Name: Timutimu, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 1012-1019 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300626 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether reported experience of racial discrimination in health care and in other domains was associated with cancer screening and negative health care experiences. Methods. We used 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey data (n = 12 488 adults). We used logistic regression to examine the relationship of reported experience of racial discrimination in health care (unfair treatment by a health professional) and in other domains (personal attack, unfair treatment in work and when gaining housing) to breast and cervical cancer screening and negative patient experiences adjusted for other variables. Results. Racial discrimination by a health professional was associated with lower odds of breast (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14, 0.996) and cervical cancer (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.30, 0.87) screening among Maori women. Racial discrimination by a health professional (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.14) and racial discrimination more widely (OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.35, 1.79) were associated with negative patient experiences for all participants. Conclusions. Experience of racial discrimination in both health care and other settings may influence health care use and experiences of care and is a potential pathway to poor health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300626_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Author-Name: Walsemann, K.M. Author-Name: Brondolo, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 967-974 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666 Abstract: Recent studies show that racism may influence health inequities. As individuals grow from infancy into old age, they encounter social institutions that may create new exposures to racial bias. Yet, few studies have considered this idea fully. We suggest a framework that shows how racism and health inequities may be viewed from a life course perspective. It applies the ideas of agepatterned exposures, sensitive periods, linked lives, latency period, stress proliferation, historic period, and cohorts. It suggests an overarching idea that racism can structure one's time in asset-building contexts (e.g., education) or disadvantaged contexts (e.g., prison). This variation in time and exposure can contribute to racial inequities in life expectancy and other health outcomes across the life course and over generations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scheirer and dearing respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scheirer, M.A. Author-Name: Dearing, J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 777 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300536 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300536_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: An analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bauer, H.M. Author-Name: Wright, G. Author-Name: Chow, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 833-835 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300465 Abstract: Because of the rapid development of genital warts (GW) after infection, monitoring GW trends may provide early evidence of population-level human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine effectiveness. Trends in GW diagnoses were assessed using public family planning administrative data. Between 2007 and 2010, among females younger than 21 years, these diagnoses decreased 35% from 0.94% to 0.61% (P trend < .001). Decreases were also observed among males younger than 21 years (19%); and among females and males ages 21-25 (10% and 11%, respectively). The diagnoses stabilized or increased among older age groups. HPV vaccine may be preventing GW among young people. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300465_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: Pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabin, J.A. Author-Name: Greenwald, A.G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 988-995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300621 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between pediatricians' attitudes about race and treatment recommendations by patients' race. Methods. We conducted an online survey of academic pediatricians (n = 86). We used 3 Implicit Association Tests to measure implicit attitudes and stereotypes about race. Dependent variables were recommendations for pain management, urinary tract infections, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma, measured by case vignettes. We used correlational analysis to assess associations among measures and hierarchical multiple regression to measure the interactive effect of the attitude measures and patients' race on treatment recommendations. Results. Pediatricians' implicit (unconscious) attitudes and stereotypes were associated with treatment recommendations. The association between unconscious bias and patient's race was statistically significant for prescribing a narcotic medication for pain following surgery. As pediatricians' implicit pro- White bias increased, prescribing narcotic medication decreased for African American patients but not for the White patients. Self-reported attitudes about race were associated with some treatment recommendations. Conclusions. Pediatricians' implicit attitudes about race affect pain management. There is a need to better understand the influence of physicians' unconscious beliefs about race on pain and other areas of care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300621_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regarding the effect of physical activity on mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bozorgmehri, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300623 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300623_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shared communities, structural contexts, and HIV risk: Prioritizing the HIV risk and prevention needs of black heterosexual men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bowleg, L. Author-Name: Raj, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S173-S177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300342 Abstract: Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM. The disparate effect of HIV/AIDS on BHM; the debunked "down low" myth; the contexts of BHM's lives in terms of disproportionate poverty, unemployment, and incarceration; and a growing empirical base linking these factors to increased HIV risk, underscore the need to prioritize HIV risk and prevention initiatives for BHM. We highlighted the structural contexts of HIV risk for BHM, and four communitybased approaches to address HIV risk and prevention for BHM: (1) men's health programs; (2) workforce and postincarceration release programs; (3) linkages to women's prevention programs; and (4) faith-based initiatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300342_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring masculinity in research on men of color: Findings and future directions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Griffith, D.M. Author-Name: Gunter, K. Author-Name: Watkins, D.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S187-S194 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300715 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between masculinity and the health of US men of color aged 18 years and older. We identified 22 population-based studies that included a measure of masculinity and a measure of health behavior, mental health, or physical health. The associations between masculinity and health were complex and varied by construct and health outcome, though they generally were significant in the hypothesized directions. Future research should explore the centrality of masculinity versus other identities and characteristics, how the relationship between masculinity and health varies by health outcome, and the identification of the conceptions and aspects of masculinity that are most relevant to and associated with specific health behaviors and health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300715_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Newly identified HIV infections in correctional facilities, United States, 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Handel, M. Author-Name: Beltrami, J.F. Author-Name: MacGowan, R.J. Author-Name: Borkowf, C.B. Author-Name: Margolis, A.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S201-S204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300614 Abstract: We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV Counseling and Testing System data from 2007 to determine the percentage and characteristics of persons newly identified as HIVpositive in US correctional facilities. The newly identified HIV positivity was 0.7%, and 30% of detainees newly identified with HIV were categorized as having low-risk heterosexual contact or no acknowledged risk. Correctional facilities should provide detainees with routine opt-out HIV testing, unless the prevalence of previously undiagnosed HIV infection has been documented to be less than 0.1%. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300614_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rapid HIV testing in large urban jails Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beckwith, C.G. Author-Name: Nunn, A. Author-Name: Baucom, S. Author-Name: Getachew, A. Author-Name: Akinwumi, A. Author-Name: Herdman, B. Author-Name: DiBartolo, P. Author-Name: Spencer, S. Author-Name: Brown, D. Author-Name: Lesansky, H. Author-Name: Kuo, I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S184-S186 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300514 Abstract: HIV prevalence is higher in jails than in the community, yet many jails do not conduct HIV testing. Jails in Baltimore, Maryland; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the District of Columbia have implemented innovative rapid HIV testing programs. We have summarized the results of these programs, including the numbers of persons tested, rapid and confirmatory HIV test results, and numbers of persons newly diagnosed with HIV. We have described facilitators and challenges of implementation. These programs confirmed that rapid HIV testing in jails was feasible and identified undiagnosed HIV infection. Challenges included limited space to provide confidential rapid HIV testing and rapid turnover of detainees. Implementation required collaboration between local governments, health agencies, and correctional institutions. These programs serve as models for expanding rapid HIV testing in jails. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300514_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How the Continuity of Care Document can advance medical research and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: D'Amore, J.D. Author-Name: Sittig, D.F. Author-Name: Ness, R.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: E1-E4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300640 Abstract: Electronic health records in the United States currently isolate digital information in proprietary, institutional databases. Experts have identified inadequate data exchange as a leading challenge to advancements in care quality and efficiency. Recent federal health information technology incentives adopt an extensible standard, called the Continuity of Care Document (CCD), as a new basis for digital interoperability. Although this instrument was designed for individual provider communications, the CCD can be effectively reused for population- based research and public health. Three examples in this commentary demonstrate the potential of CCD aggregation and highlight required changes to existing public health and research practices. Transitioning to the use of this new interoperability standard should be a priority for public health investment, research, and development. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300640_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reporting guidelines and the American Journal of Public Health 's adoption of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLeroy, K.R. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Balcazar, H. Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Author-Name: Landers, S.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 780-784 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300630 Abstract: Widespread recognition of the need to improve the science of published research, as well as the moral and ethical reasons for adequately reporting study results, has spurred recent interest in strengthening journal research reporting through the use of reporting guidelines. Reporting guidelines also provide information for readers to judge study quality. American Journal of Public Health previously adopted the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and Transparent Reporting of Evaluations With Nonrandomized Designs guidelines and recently endorsed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. In adopting these guidelines, the journal aims to support authors, reviewers, and editors in reporting and evaluating systematic reviews of public health policy and practice priorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300630_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnic differences in mental illness and mental health service use among Black fathers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doyle, O. Author-Name: Joe, S. Author-Name: Caldwell, C.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S2 Pages: S222-S231 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300446 Abstract: Objectives: We have presented nationally representative data on the prevalence and correlates of mental illness and mental health service use among African American and Caribbean Black (US-born and foreign-born) fathers in the United States. Methods. We have reported national estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of mental illness, correlates, and service use among African American (n = 1254) and Caribbean Black (n = 633) fathers using data from the National Survey of American Life, a national household survey of Black Americans. We used bivariate cross-tabulations and Cox proportional hazards regression approaches and adjusted for the National Survey of American Life's complex sample design. Results. The prevalence of mental illness, sociodemographic correlates, and service use among Black fathers varied by ethnicity and nativity. US-born Caribbean Black fathers had alarmingly high rates of most disorders, including depression, anxiety, and substance disorders. Mental health service use was particularly low for African American and foreign-born Caribbean Black fathers. Conclusions. These results demonstrate the need for more research on the causes and consequences of mental illness and the help-seeking behavior of ethnically diverse Black fathers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300446_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status, neighborhood socioeconomic context, and premature mortality in the United States: The national institutes of health-AARP diet and health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doubeni, C.A. Author-Name: Schootman, M. Author-Name: Major, J.M. Author-Name: Torres Stone, R.A. Author-Name: Laiyemo, A.O. Author-Name: Park, Y. Author-Name: Lian, M. Author-Name: Messer, L. Author-Name: Graubard, B.I. Author-Name: Sinha, R. Author-Name: Hollenbeck, A.R. Author-Name: Schatzkin, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 680-688 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300158 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the risk of premature mortality associated with living in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods varies according to the health status of individuals. Methods. Community-dwelling adults (n=566402; age=50-71 years) in 6 US states and 2 metropolitan areas participated in the ongoing prospective National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study, which began in 1995. We used baseline data for 565679 participants on health behaviors, self-rated health status, and medical history, collected by mailed questionnaires. Participants were linked to 2000 census data for an index of census tract socioeconomic deprivation. The main outcome was all-cause mortality ascertained through 2006. Results. In adjusted survival analyses of persons in good-to-excellent health at baseline, risk of mortality increased with increasing levels of census tract socioeconomic deprivation. Neighborhood socioeconomic mortality disparities among persons in fair-to-poor health were not statistically significant after adjustment for demographic characteristics, educational achievement, lifestyle, and medical conditions. Conclusions. Neighborhood socioeconomic inequalities lead to large disparities in risk of premature mortality among healthy US adults but not among those in poor health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300158_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of history in America's scoliosis screening programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linker, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 606-616 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300531 Abstract: In 2004, the US Preventive Services Task Force called for an end to scoliosis screening in US public schools. However, screening endures, although most nations have ended their screening programs. Why? Explanations range from America's unique fee-forservice health care system and its encouragement of high-cost medical specialism to the nation's captivation with new surgeries and technologies. I highlight another, more historical, reason: the persistence of the belief that spinal curvature is a sign of a progressive disease or disability. Despite improved health and the mid-20th-century discovery of antibiotics and vaccines that all but eradicated the diseases historically associated with scoliosis (e.g., polio and tuberculosis), the health fears associated with spinal curvature never fully dissipated. Scoliosis is still seen as a "dangerous curve," although the exact nature of the health risk remains unclear. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300531_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of intensity and type of physical activity on mortality: Results from the whitehall II cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabia, S. Author-Name: Dugravot, A. Author-Name: Kivimaki, M. Author-Name: Brunner, E. Author-Name: Shipley, M.J. Author-Name: Singh-Manoux, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 698-704 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300257 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of intensity and type of physical activity with mortality. Methods. We assessed the duration of physical activity by intensity level and type in 7456 men and women from the Whitehall II Study by questionnaire in 1997-1999 (mean ±SD age=55.9 ±6.0 years) and 5 years later. All-cause mortality was assessed until April 2009. Results. A total of 317 participants died during the mean follow-up of 9.6 years (SD=2.7). Reporting at least 1 hour per week of moderate activity was associated with a 33% (95% confidence interval [CI]=14%, 45%) lower risk of mortality compared with less than 1 hour. For all physical activity types examined, except housework, a duration of physical activity greater than 0 (≥3.5 hours for walking) was associated with lower mortality in age-adjusted analyses, but only the associations with sports (hazard ratio [HR]=0.71; 95% CI=0.56, 0.91) and do-ityourself activity (HR=0.68; 95% CI=0.53, 0.98) remained in fully adjusted analyses. Conclusions. It is important to consider both intensity and type of physical activity when examining associations with mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300257_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between neighborhood characteristics and body size and physical activity in the california teachers study cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keegan, T.H.M. Author-Name: Hurley, S. Author-Name: Goldberg, D. Author-Name: Nelson, D.O. Author-Name: Reynolds, P. Author-Name: Bernstein, L. Author-Name: Horn-Ross, P.L. Author-Name: Gomez, S.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 689-697 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300150 Abstract: Objectives. We considered interactions between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) and neighborhood factors. Methods. We used recursive partitioning to identify predictors of low recreational physical activity (<2.5 hours/week) and overweight and obesity (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m 2) among 118 315 women in the California Teachers Study. Neighborhood characteristics were based on 2000 US Census data and Reference US business listings. Results. Low physical activity and being overweight or obese were associated with individual sociodemographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity and age. Among White women aged 36 to 75 years, living in neighborhoods with more household crowding was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (54% vs 45% to 51%). In less crowded neighborhoods where more people worked outside the home, the existence of fewer neighborhood amenities was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (51% vs 46%). Among non-African American middle-aged women, living in neighborhoods with a lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher probability of being overweight or obese (46% to 59% vs 38% in high-socioeconomic status neighborhoods). Conclusions. Associations between physical activity, overweight and obesity, and the built environment varied by sociodemographic characteristics in this educated population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300150_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intergenerational relationships between the smoking patterns of a population-representative sample of US mothers and the smoking trajectories of their children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weden, M.M. Author-Name: Miles, J.N.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 723-731 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300214 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed intergenerational transmission of smoking in motherchild dyads. Methods. We identified classes of youth smoking trajectories using mixture latent trajectory analyses with data from the Children and Young Adults of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (n=6349). We regressed class membership on prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal smoking, including social and behavioral variables, to control for selection. Results. Youth smoking trajectories entailed early-onset persistent smoking, early-onset experimental discontinued smoking, late-onset persistent smoking, and nonsmoking. The likelihood of early onset versus late onset and early onset versus nonsmoking were significantly higher among youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus either postnatally alone or unexposed. Controlling for selection, the increased likelihood of early onset versus nonsmoking remained significant for each exposure group versus unexposed, as did early onset versus late onset and late onset versus nonsmoking for youths exposed prenatally and postnatally versus unexposed. Experimental smoking was notable among youths whose mothers smoked but quit before the child's birth. Conclusions. Both physiological and social role-modeling mechanisms of intergenerational transmission are evident. Prioritization of tobacco control for pregnant women, mothers, and youths remains a critical, interrelated objective. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300214_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in risk perceptions and vaccination intentions: A longitudinal study of the first year of the H1N1 pandemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gidengil, C.A. Author-Name: Parker, A.M. Author-Name: Zikmund-Fisher, B.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 672-679 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300407 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to evaluate longitudinal trends in people's risk perceptions and vaccination intentions during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Methods. We used data from 10 waves of a US national survey focusing on the H1N1 pandemic (administered between May 2009 and January 2010) to conduct a longitudinal analysis of adult respondents' risk perceptions and vaccination intentions. Results. Self-reported perceived risk of becoming infected with H1N1 paralleled H1N1 activity throughout the pandemic's first year. However, intention to be vaccinated declined from 50% (May 2009) to 16% (January 2010) among those who remained unvaccinated (27% had been vaccinated by January 2010). Respondents who indicated that they had previously been vaccinated against seasonal influenza reported significantly higher H1N1 vaccination intentions than those who had not been vaccinated (67% vs 26%; P <.001). Conclusions. Reported intention to be vaccinated declined well before vaccine became available and decreased throughout the pandemic year. To the extent that prior vaccination for seasonal influenza vaccination is a strong correlate of H1N1 risk perceptions, encouraging seasonal influenza vaccination may benefit pandemic preparedness efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300407_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The common ground preparedness framework: A comprehensive description of public health emergency preparedness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibson, P.J. Author-Name: Theadore, F. Author-Name: Jellison, J.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 633-642 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300546 Abstract: Currently, public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) is not well defined. Discussions about public health preparedness often make little progress, for lack of a shared understanding of the topic. We present a concise yet comprehensive framework describing PHEP activities. The framework, which was refined for 3 years by state and local health departments, uses terms easily recognized by the public health workforce within an information flow consistent with the National Incident Management System. To assess the framework's completeness, strengths, and weaknesses, we compare it to 4 other frameworks: the RAND Corporation's PREPARE Pandemic Influenza Quality Improvement Toolkit, the National Response Framework's Public Health and Medical Services Functional Areas, the National Health Security Strategy Capabilities List, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's PHEP Capabilities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300546_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The tobacco innuendo Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300605 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300605_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of health systems and policies in promoting safe delivery in low-and middle-income countries: A multilevel analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kruk, M.E. Author-Name: Prescott, M.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 645-650 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300462 Abstract: We aimed to measure the contribution of national factors, particularly health system characteristics, to the individual likelihood of professionally attended delivery ("safe delivery") for women in low-and middle-income countries. Using Demographic and Health Survey data for 165 774 women in 31 countries, we estimated multilevel logistic regression models to measure the contribution of national economic and health system characteristics to likelihood of attended delivery. More health workers, higher national income, urbanization, and lower income inequality were associated with higher odds of attended delivery. Macrosocial factors increase utilization of attended delivery and may be more efficient in reducing maternal mortality than are interventions aimed at individual women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300462_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A model to translate evidence-based interventions into community practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Layde, P.M. Author-Name: Christiansen, A.L. Author-Name: Peterson, D.J. Author-Name: Guse, C.E. Author-Name: Maurana, C.A. Author-Name: Brandenburg, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 617-624 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300468 Abstract: There is a tension between 2 alternative approaches to implementing community-based interventions. The evidence-based public health movement emphasizes the scientific basis of prevention by disseminating rigorously evaluated interventions from academic and governmental agencies to local communities. Models used by local health departments to incorporate community input into their planning, such as the community health improvement process (CHIP), emphasize community leadership in identifying health problems and developing and implementing health improvement strategies. Each approach has limitations. Modifying CHIP to formally include consideration of evidence-based interventions in both the planning and evaluation phases leads to an evidence-driven community health improvement process that can serve as a useful framework for uniting the different approaches while emphasizing community ownership, priorities, and wisdom. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300468_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genetic, physiological, and lifestyle predictors of mortality in the general population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walter, S. Author-Name: MacKenbach, J. Author-Name: Vokó, Z. Author-Name: Lhachimi, S. Author-Name: Ikram, M.A. Author-Name: Uitterlinden, A.G. Author-Name: Newman, A.B. Author-Name: Murabito, J.M. Author-Name: Garcia, M.E. Author-Name: Gudnason, V. Author-Name: Tanaka, T. Author-Name: Tranah, G.J. Author-Name: Wallaschofski, H. Author-Name: Kocher, T. Author-Name: Launer, L.J. Author-Name: Franceschini, N. Author-Name: Schipper, M. Author-Name: Hofman, A. Author-Name: Tiemeier, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: e3-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the quality of 162 variables, focusing on the contribution of genetic markers, used solely or in combination with other characteristics, when predicting mortality. Methods. In 5974 participants from the Rotterdam Study, followed for a median of 15.1 years, 7 groups of factors including age and gender, genetics, socioeconomics, lifestyle, physiological characteristics, prevalent diseases, and indicators of general health were related to all-cause mortality. Genetic variables were identified from 8 genome-wide association scans (n = 19 033) and literature review. Results. We observed 3174 deaths during follow-up. The fully adjusted model (C-statistic for 15-year follow-up [C 15y] = 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75, 0.77) predicted mortality well. Most of the additional information apart from age and sex stemmed from physiological markers, prevalent diseases, and general health. Socioeconomic factors and lifestyle contributed meaningfully to mortality risk prediction with longer prediction horizon. Although specific genetic factors were independently associated with mortality, jointly they contributed little to mortality prediction (C 15y = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.57). Conclusions. Mortality can be predicted reasonably well over a long period. Genetic factors independently predict mortality, but only modestly more than other risk indicators. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trickett responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trickett, E.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 582-583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300540 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300540_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quid pro quo: Tobacco companies and the black press Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCandless, P.M. Author-Name: Yerger, V.B. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 739-750 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300180 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the relationship between tobacco companies and the Black press, which plays an important role in conveying information and opinions to Black communities. Methods. In this archival case study, we analyzed data from internal tobacco industry documents and archives of the National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), the trade association of the Black press. Results. In exchange for advertising dollars and other support, the tobacco industry expected and received support from Black newspapers for tobacco industry policy positions. Beginning in the 1990s, resistance from within the Black community and reduced advertising budgets created counterpressures. The tobacco industry, however, continued to sustain NNPA support. Conclusions. The quid pro quo between tobacco companies and the Black press violated journalistic standards and represented an unequal trade. Although numerous factors explain today's tobacco-related health disparities, the Black press's service to tobacco companies is problematic because of the trust that the community placed in such media. Understanding the relationship between the tobacco industry and the NNPA provides insight into strategies that the tobacco industry may use in other communities and countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300180_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Worrying about terrorism and other acute environmental health hazard events Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M. Author-Name: Babcock-Dunning, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 651-656 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300434 Abstract: Objectives. To better understand why some people worry more about terrorism compared with others, we measured how much US residents worried about a terrorist event in their area and examined the association of their fears with their concerns about acute and chronic hazards and other correlates. Methods. In 2008 (n = 600) and 2010 (n = 651), we performed a random-digit dialing national landline telephone survey. We asked about worries about terrorism and 5 other environmental health hazard issues. We also collected demographic and socioeconomic data. Results. Only 15% worried "a great deal" about a terrorist event in their area and 18% to 33% were greatly concerned about other environmental issues. Fear about acute hazard events was a stronger predictor of a great deal of concern about terrorism than were age, race/ethnicity, gender, educational achievement, and other correlates. Conclusions. Those who worried most about acute environmental health hazard events were most likely to worry about terrorism. Also, those who were older, poorer, Blacks, or Latinos, or who lived in populous urban areas felt they were most vulnerable to terrorist attacks. We recommend methods to involve US citizens as part of disaster planning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300434_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of smoking-related television advertising on smoking and intentions to quit among adults in the United States: 1999-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Emery, S. Author-Name: Kim, Y. Author-Name: Choi, Y.K. Author-Name: Szczypka, G. Author-Name: Wakefield, M. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 751-757 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300443 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether state-sponsored antitobacco advertisements are associated with reduced adult smoking, and interactions between smoking-related advertising types. Methods. We measured mean exposure to smoking-related advertisements with television ratings for the top-75 US media markets from 1999 to 2007. We combined these data with individual-level Current Population Surveys Tobacco Use Supplement data and state tobacco control policy data. Results. Higher exposure to state-sponsored, Legacy, and pharmaceutical advertisements was associated with less smoking; higher exposure to tobacco industry advertisements was associated with more smoking. Higher exposure to state-and Legacy-sponsored advertisements was positively associated with intentions to quit and having made a past-year quit attempt; higher exposure to ads for pharmaceutical cessation aids was negatively associated with having made a quit attempt. There was a significant negative interaction between stateand Legacy-sponsored advertisements. Conclusions. Exposure to state-sponsored advertisements was far below Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended best practices. The significant negative relationships between antismoking advertising and adult smoking provide strong evidence that tobacco-control media campaigns help reduce adult smoking. The significant negative interaction between state-and Legacy-sponsored advertising suggests that the campaigns reinforce one another. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300443_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in smoking among adults from 1980 to 2009: The Minnesota heart survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Filion, K.B. Author-Name: Steffen, L.M. Author-Name: Duval, S. Author-Name: Jacobs Jr., D.R. Author-Name: Blackburn, H. Author-Name: Luepker, R.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 705-713 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300162 Abstract: Objectives. We examined population-based smoking trends in Minnesota between 1980 and 2009. Methods. The Minnesota Heart Survey (MHS) is a population-based, serial, cross-sectional study of cardiovascular risk factor trends among Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan residents. The MHS recently completed its sixth survey (1980-1982 [n=3799], 1985-1987 [n=4641], 1990-1992 [n=5159], 1995-1997 [n=6690], 2000-2002 [n=3281], and 2007-2009 [n=3179]). We used MHS data to examine smoking trends among adults aged 25 to 74 years by means of ageadjusted generalized linear mixed models. Results. Between 1980 and 2009, the prevalence of current smoking decreased from 32.8% to 15.5% for men and from 32.7% to 12.2% for women (P<.001 for each). Greater decreases occurred among those with higher income and those with more education. Among currently smoking men, the number of cigarettes smoked per day decreased from 26.0 in the 1980-1982 survey to 16.0 in the 2007-2009 survey (P<.001). Similar trends were observed among women. Conclusions. Although the prevalence of smoking and cigarette consumption decreased from the 1980-1982 period to the 2007-2009 period, interventions specifically designed for those of lower socioeconomic status are needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300162_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The multisite translational community trial and community-based participatory research: A failure to communicate? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, D.L. Author-Name: Green, L.W. Author-Name: Murimi, M. Author-Name: Gonzalez, A. Author-Name: Njike, V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 581-582 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300490 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300490_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of arkansas master settlement spending on disparities in smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, H. Author-Name: Scharf, D. Author-Name: Engberg, J. Author-Name: Schultz, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 732-738 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300294 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effect of Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) spending on smoking disparities in Arkansas, which distinguished itself from other states by investing all of its MSA funds in health-related programs. Methods. In 1996-2009 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we specified multivariate logistic models to examine gender and racial/ethnic disparities in smoking rates within Arkansas (a pre-post analysis) and between Arkansas and its 6 neighboring states. Results. Before the MSA programs started in 2001, male Arkansans smoked more than did female Arkansans (P<.05). After the programs, smoking declined significantly among men (but not women), eliminating the gender disparity by 2009. Smoking among men in Arkansas also declined more than it did in neighboring states (P<.05). Hispanics showed a greater decline in smoking than did non-Hispanic Whites in Arkansas (but not in neighboring states). In 2001, Hispanic Arkansans smoked more than did non-Hispanic Whites (P<.05); by 2009, Hispanic Arkansans smoked significantly less than did non-Hispanic Whites (P<.05). Conclusions. MSA-funded programs were more effective in some segments of the Arkansas population than in others. Policymakers should consider targeting future MSA tobacco control programs to populations most resistant to change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300294_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The expert and the lay public: Reflections on influenza A (H1N1) and the risk society Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dupras, C. Author-Name: Williams-Jones, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 591-595 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300417 Abstract: Trust between the lay public and scientific experts is a key element to ensuring the efficient implementation of emergency public healthmeasures. In modern risk societies, the management and elimination of risk have become preeminent drivers of public policy. In this context, the protection of public trust is a complex task. Those actors involved in public health decision-making and implementation (e.g., mass vaccination for influenza A virus) are confronted with growing pressures and responsibility to act. However, they also need to accept the limits of their own expertise and recognize the ability of lay publics to understand and be responsible for public health. Such a shared responsibility forriskmanagement,ifgrounded in participative public debates, can arguably strengthen public trust in public health authorities and interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300417_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Religious climate and health risk behaviors in sexual minority youths: A population-based study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Pachankis, J.E. Author-Name: Wolff, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 657-663 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300517 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the health risk behaviors of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths are determined in part by the religious composition of the communities in which they live. Methods. Data were collected from 31 852 high school students, including 1413 LGB students, who participated in the Oregon Healthy Teens survey in 2006 through 2008. Supportive religious climate was operationalized according to the proportion of individuals (of the total number of religious adherents) who adhere to a religion supporting homosexuality. Comprehensive data on religious climate were derived from 85 denominational groups in 34 Oregon counties. Results. Among LGB youths, living in a county with a religious climate that was supportive of homosexuality was associated with significantly fewer alcohol abuse symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.40, 0.85) and fewer sexual partners (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.60, 0.99). The effect of religious climate on health behaviors was stronger among LGB than heterosexual youths. Results remained robust after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. Conclusions. The religious climate surrounding LGB youths may serve as a determinant of their health risk behaviors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300517_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Benefits and effectiveness of administering pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with seasonal influenza vaccine: An approach for policymakers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gilchrist, S.A.N. Author-Name: Nanni, A. Author-Name: Levine, O. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 596-605 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300512 Abstract: For the influenza pandemic of 2009-2010, countries responded to the direct threat of influenza but may have missed opportunities and strategies to limit secondary pneumococcal infections. Delivering both vaccines together can potentially increase pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) immunization rates and prevent additional hospitalizations and mortality in the elderly and other highrisk groups. We used PubMed to review the literature on the concomitant use of PPV23 with seasonal influenza vaccines. Eight of 9 clinical studies found that a concomitant program conferred clinical benefits. The 2 studies that compared the cost-effectiveness of different strategies found concomitant immunization to be more cost-effective than either vaccine given alone. Policymakers should consider a stepwise strategy to reduce the burden of secondary pneumococcal infections during seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300512_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social justice in pandemic preparedness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeBruin, D. Author-Name: Liaschenko, J. Author-Name: Marshall, M.F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 586-591 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300483 Abstract: Pandemic influenza planning in the United States violates the demands of social justice in 2 fundamental respects: it embraces the neutrality of procedural justice at the expense of more substantive concern with health disparities, thus perpetuating a predictable and preventable social injustice, and it fails to move beyond lament to practical planning for alleviating barriers to accessing care. A pragmatic social justice approach, addressing both health disparities and access barriers, should inform pandemic preparedness. Achieving social justice goals in pandemic response is challenging, but strategies are available to overcome the obstacles. The public engagement process of one state's pandemic ethics project influenced the development of these strategies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300483_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondhand tobacco smoke: A source of lead exposure in US children and adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Apostolou, A. Author-Name: Garcia-Esquinas, E. Author-Name: Fadrowski, J.J. Author-Name: McLain, P. Author-Name: Weaver, V.M. Author-Name: Navas-Acien, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 714-722 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300161 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and blood lead levels in US children and adolescents. Methods. We analyzed data from 6830 participants aged 3-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004) who were not active smokers and for whom SHS exposure information and blood lead measurements were available. Results. After multivariable adjustment, participants in the highest quartile of serum cotinine (≥0.44 μg/L) had 28% (95% confidence interval=21%, 36%) higher blood lead levels than had those in the lowest quartile (<0.03 lg/L). Similarly, blood lead levels were 14% and 24% higher in children who lived with 1 or with 2 or more smokers, respectively, than they were in children living with no smokers. Among participants for whom lead dust information was available, the associations between SHS and blood lead levels were similar before and after adjustment for lead dust concentrations. Conclusions. SHS may contribute to increased blood lead levels in US children. Lead dust does not appear to mediate this association, suggesting inhalation as a major pathway of exposure. Eliminating SHS exposure could reduce lead exposure in children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300161_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Jernigan responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jernigan, D.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300633 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300633_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public attitudes regarding banning of cigarettes and regulation of nicotine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Connolly, G.N. Author-Name: Behm, I. Author-Name: Healton, C.G. Author-Name: Alpert, H.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300583 Abstract: Knowledge of current public opinion is important as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) applies the best scientific evidence available to tobacco product regulation. Based on a nationally representative survey of the US adult population, we report 43% support for banning of cigarettes, 65% for reducing nicotine, and 77% for reducing nicotine if such an action could cause fewer children to become addicted to cigarettes. The FDA should consider protecting children by removing all but nonaddictive cigarettes from the marketplace. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300583_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exposure to natural cold and heat: Hypothermia and hyperthermia medicare claims, United States, 2004-2005 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Noe, R.S. Author-Name: Jin, J.O. Author-Name: Wolkin, A.F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: e11-e18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300557 Abstract: Objectives. We measured the burden of hypothermia-and hyperthermiarelated health care visits, identified risk factors, and determined the health care costs associated with environmental heat or cold exposure among Medicare beneficiaries. Methods. We obtained Medicare fee-for-service claims data of inpatient and outpatient health care visits for hypothermia and hyperthermia from 2004 to 2005. We examined the distribution and differences of visits by age, sex, race, geographic regions, and direct costs. We estimated rate ratios to determine risk factors. Results. Hyperthermia-related visits (n = 10 007) were more frequent than hypothermia-related visits (n = 8761) for both years. However, hypothermiarelated visits resulted in more deaths (359 vs 42), higher mortality rates (0.50 per 100 000 vs 0.06 per 100 000), higher inpatient rates (5.29 per 100 000 vs 1.76 per 100 000), longer hospital stays (median days = 4 vs 2), and higher total health care costs ($98 million vs $36 million). Conclusions. This study highlighted the magnitude of these preventable conditions among older adults and disabled persons and the burden on the Medicare system. These results can help target public education and preparedness activities for extreme weather events. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300557_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US cultural involvement and its association with suicidal behavior among youths in the dominican republic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peña, J.B. Author-Name: Zayas, L.H. Author-Name: Cabrera-Nguyen, P. Author-Name: Vega, W.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 664-671 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300344 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how US cultural involvement related to suicide attempts among youths in the Dominican Republic. Methods. We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of youths attending high school in the Dominican Republic (n=8446). The outcome of interest was a suicide attempt during the past year. The US cultural involvement indicators included time spent living in the United States, number of friends who had lived in the United States, English proficiency, and use of US electronic media and language. Results. Time lived in the United States, US electronic media and language, and number of friends who had lived in the United States had robust positive relationships with suicide attempts among youths residing in the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. Our results are consistent with previous research that found increased risk for suicide or suicide attempts among Latino youths with greater US cultural involvement. Our study adds to this research by finding similar results in a nonimmigrant Latin American sample. Our results also indicate that suicide attempts are a major public health problem among youths in the Dominican Republic. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300344_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal perceptions of help from home visits by nurse-community health worker teams Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roman, L.A. Author-Name: Raffo, J.E. Author-Name: Meghea, C.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 643-645 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300455 Abstract: We used data from a home visiting trial to examine low-income women's perceptions of services received from nurses (the community care [CC] group) and from a nurse-community health worker (CHW) team. More mothers in the nurse-CHW group than in the CC group reported receiving help in all of the categories assessed. For both groups, assistance with health education ranked highest among the types of assistance received. A higher percentage of women in the nurse-CHW group than the CC group reported that they received psychosocial help. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300455_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rapid HIV testing in dental practices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegel, K. Author-Name: Abel, S.N. Author-Name: Pereyra, M. Author-Name: Liguori, T. Author-Name: Pollack, H.A. Author-Name: Metsch, L.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 625-632 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300509 Abstract: Despite increasing discussion about the dental care setting as a logical, potentially fruitful venue for rapid HIV testing, dentists' willingness to take on this task is unclear. Semistructured interviews with 40 private practice dentists revealed their principal concerns regarding offering patients HIV testing were false results, offending patients, viewing HIV testing as outside the scope of licensure, anticipating low patient acceptance of HIV testing in a dental setting, expecting inadequate reimbursement, and potential negative impact on the practice. Dentists were typically not concerned about transmission risks, staff opposition to testing, or making referrals for follow-up after a positive result. A larger cultural change may be required to engage dentists more actively in primary prevention and population-based HIV screening. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300509_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Effects of alcohol tax increases on alcohol-related disease mortality in Alaska: Time-series analyses from 1976 to 2004 (American Journal of Public Health (2009) 99:8 (1464-1470) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Author-Name: Maldonado-Molina, M.M. Author-Name: Wagenaar, B.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2007.131326e_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: A 2-phase labeling and choice architecture intervention to improve healthy food and beverage choices (American Journal of Public Health (2012) 102:3 (527-533) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thorndike, A.N. Author-Name: Sonnenberg, L. Author-Name: Riis, J. Author-Name: Barraclough, S. Author-Name: Levy, D.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391e_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Edelstein responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Edelstein, B.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300538 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300538_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Synergism of science and social justice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khan, O.A. Author-Name: Liu, K. Author-Name: Lichtveld, M. Author-Name: Bancroft, E.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 388-389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300533 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300533_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementation and early utilization of a suicide hotline for veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Author-Name: Kemp, J. Author-Name: McKeon, R. Author-Name: Katz, I.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S29-S32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300301 Abstract: Suicide crisis lines have a respected history as a strategy for reducing deaths from suicide and suicidal behaviors. Until recently, however, evidence of the effectiveness of these crisis lines has been sparse. Studies published during the past decade suggest that crisis lines offer an alternative to populations who may not be willing to engage in treatment through traditional mental health settings. Given this promising evidence, in 2007, the Department of Veterans Affairs in collaboration with the Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration implemented a National Suicide Hotline that is staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, by Veterans Affairs clinical staff. We report here on the implementation of this suicide hotline and our early observations of its utilization in a largely male population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300301_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide incidence and risk factors in an active duty US military population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hyman, J. Author-Name: Ireland, R. Author-Name: Frost, L. Author-Name: Cottrell, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S138-S146 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300484 Abstract: Objectives: The goal of this study was to investigate and identify risk factors for suicide among all active duty members of the US military during 2005 or 2007. Methods. The study used a cross-sectional design and included the entire active duty military population. Study sample sizes were 2 064 183 for 2005 and 1 981 810 for 2007. Logistic regression models were used. Results: Suicide rates for all services increased during this period. Mental health diagnoses, mental health visits, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sleep prescriptions, reduction in rank, enlisted rank, and separation or divorce were associated with suicides. Deployments to Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom were also associated with elevated odds ratios for all services in the 2007 population and for the Army in 2005. Conclusions: Additional research needs to address the increasing rates of suicide in active duty personnel. This should include careful evaluation of suicide prevention programs and the possible increase in risk associated with SSRIs and other mental health drugs, as well as the possible impact of shorter deployments, age, mental health diagnoses, and relationship problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300484_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide prevention is a winnable battle. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S1-6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300592 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300592_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Precedence for integration of clinical services in public health initiatives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conner, K.R. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S10-S11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300575 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300575_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding barriers to and facilitators of diabetes control and prevention in the New York City Bangladeshi community: A mixed-methods approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Islam, N.S. Author-Name: Tandon, D. Author-Name: Mukherji, R. Author-Name: Tanner, M. Author-Name: Ghosh, K. Author-Name: Alam, G. Author-Name: Haq, M. Author-Name: Rey, M.J. Author-Name: Trinh-Shevrin, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 486-490 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300381 Abstract: We have reported results from the formative stage of a community health worker intervention designed to improve diabetes management among Bangladeshi patients in New York City. Trained community health workers conducted focus groups (n=47) and surveys (n=169) with Bangladeshi individuals recruited from community locations. Results indicated that participants faced numerous barriers to care, had high rates of limited English proficiency, and had low levels of knowledge about diabetes. Most participants expressed interest in participating in a community health worker intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300381_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical preventive services for older adults: The interface between personal health care and public health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ogden, L.L. Author-Name: Richards, C.L. Author-Name: Shenson, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 419-425 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300353 Abstract: Healthy aging must become a priority objective for both population and personal health services, and will require innovative prevention programming to span those systems. Uptake of essential clinical preventive services is currently suboptimal among adults, owing to a number of system- and office-based care barriers. To achieve maximum health results, prevention must be integrated across community and clinical settings. Many preventive services are portable, deliverable in either clinical or community settings. Capitalizing on that flexibility can improve uptake and health outcomes. Significant reductions in health disparities, mortality, and morbidity, along with decreases in health spending, are achievable through improved collaboration and synergy between population health and personal health systems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300353_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interaction of occupational and personal risk factors in workforce health and safety Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schulte, P.A. Author-Name: Pandalai, S. Author-Name: Wulsin, V. Author-Name: Chun, H.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 434-448 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300249 Abstract: Most diseases, injuries, and other health conditions experienced by working people are multifactorial, especially as the workforce ages. Evidence supporting the role of work and personal risk factors in the health of working people is frequently underused in developing interventions. Achieving a longer, healthy working life requires a comprehensive preventive approach. To help develop such an approach, we evaluated the influence of both occupational and personal risk factors on workforce health. We present 32 examples illustrating 4 combinatorial models of occupational hazards and personal risk factors (genetics, age, gender, chronic disease, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, prescription drug use). Models that address occupational and personal risk factors and their interactions can improve our understanding of health hazards and guide research and interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300249_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of pain, functioning, and mental health in suicidality among veterans affairs primary care patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Magruder, K.M. Author-Name: Yeager, D. Author-Name: Brawman-Mintzer, O. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S118-S124 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300451 Abstract: Objectives: We examined suicidality, pain, functioning, and psychiatric disorders among veterans in primary care by using both self-report and clinical measures of pain and mental health to determine correlates that might be clinically useful in primary care settings. Methods: Data were from 884 Veterans Affairs patients enrolled in a regional 4- site cross-sectional study. Patients were administered measures that assessed functioning (including pain) and psychiatric disorders. Data were merged with medical records for clinical pain indicators. Results: Overall, 9.1% (74 of 816) of patients indicated suicidal ideation, with those who were middle-aged, unemployed because of disability, had less than college education, and served in a warzone most likely to consider suicidality. Suicidal patients had worse functioning (measured by the Short Form-36) than did nonsuicidal patients in every domain, including bodily pain, and were more likely to meet criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis. However, when pain and mental health were jointly considered, only mental health (both psychiatric diagnosis and mental health functioning) was related to suicidality. Conclusions: Although providers should be alert to the possibility of suicidality in patients with pain, they should be vigilant when patients have a psychiatric disorder or poor mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300451_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feeding a family in a recession: Food insecurity among Minnesota parents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bruening, M. Author-Name: MacLehose, R. Author-Name: Loth, K. Author-Name: Story, M. Author-Name: Neumark-Sztainer, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 520-526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300390 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed current levels of food insecurity among a large, diverse sample of parents and examined associations between food insecurity and parental weight status, eating patterns, and the home food environment. Methods: Project F-EAT (Families and Eating and Activity Among Teens) examined the home food environments of adolescents. Parents and caregivers (n=2095) living with adolescents from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota school districts completed mailed surveys during a 12-month period in 2009-2010. We performed our assessments using multivariate regressions. Results: Almost 39% of the parents and caregivers experienced household food insecurity, whereas 13% experienced very low food security. Food insecurity was significantly associated with poorer nutrition-related variables such as higher rates of parental overweight and obesity, less healthy foods served at meals, and higher rates of binge eating. Food-insecure parents were 2 to 4 times more likely to report barriers to accessing fruits and vegetables. Conclusions: Food insecurity was highly prevalent. Environmental interventions are needed to protect vulnerable families against food insecurity and to improve access to affordable, healthy foods. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300390_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of suicides among US Army active duty personnel in 17 US states from 2005 to 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Logan, J. Author-Name: Skopp, N.A. Author-Name: Karch, D. Author-Name: Reger, M.A. Author-Name: Gahm, G.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S40-S44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300481 Abstract: Suicides are increasing among active duty US Army soldiers. To help focus prevention strategies, we characterized 56 US Army suicides that occurred from 2005 to 2007 in 17 US states using 2 large-scale surveillance systems. We found that intimate partner problems and military-related stress, particularly job stress, were common among decedents. Many decedents were also identified as having suicidal ideation, a sad or depressed mood, or a recent crisis before death. Focusing efforts to prevent these forms of stress might reduce suicides among soldiers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300481_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aging and health in America: a tale from two boomers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Author-Name: Anderson, L.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300647 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300647_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Surveillance of Suicide and Suicide Attempts among Veterans: Addressing a National Imperative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kemp, J. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300652 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300652_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide among veterans in 16 states, 2005 to 2008: Comparisons between utilizers and nonutilizers of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services based on data from the National Death Index, the National Violent Death Reporting System, and VHA administrative records Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, I.R. Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Author-Name: Ignacio, R.V. Author-Name: Kemp, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S105-S110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300503 Abstract: Objectives: We sought to compare suicide rates among veterans utilizing Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services versus those who did not. Methods: Suicide rates from 2005 to 2008 were estimated for veterans in the 16 states that fully participated in the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), using data from the National Death Index, NVDRS, and VHA records. Results: Between 2005 and 2008, veteran suicide rates differed by age and VHA utilization status. Among men aged 30 years and older, suicide rates were consistently higher among VHA utilizers. However, among men younger than 30 years, rates declined significantly among VHA utilizers while increasing among nonutilizers. Over these years, an increasing proportion of male veterans younger than 30 years received VHA services, and these individuals had a rising prevalence of diagnosed mental health conditions. Conclusions. The higher rates of suicide for utilizers of VHA among veteran men aged 30 and older were consistent with previous reports about which veterans utilize VHA services. The increasing rates of mental health conditions in utilizers younger than 30 years suggested that the decreasing relative rates in this group were related to the care provided, rather than to selective enrollment of those at lower risk for suicide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300503_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of collaboration and network research in the public affairs literature: Implications for public health practice and research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Varda, D. Author-Name: Shoup, J.A. Author-Name: Miller, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 564-571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300286 Abstract: Objectives: We explored and analyzed how findings from public affairs research can inform public health research and practice, specifically in the area of interorganizational collaboration, one of the most promising practice-based approaches in the public health field. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the public affairs literature by following a grounded theory approach. We coded 151 articles for demographics and empirical findings (n=258). Results: Three primary findings stand out in the public affairs literature: network structure affects governance, management strategies exist for administrators, and collaboration can be linked to outcomes. These findings are linked to priorities in public health practice. Conclusions: Overall, we found that public affairs has a long and rich history of research in collaborations that offers unique organizational theory and management tools to public health practitioners. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300286_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental therapists are a positive innovation. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 390-391 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:3:390-391_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental therapists are a positive innovation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, J.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 390-391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300535 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300535_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Facilitating treatment engagement during high-risk transition periods: A potential suicide prevention strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brenner, L.A. Author-Name: Barnes, S.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S12-S14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300581 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300581_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enumeration and composition of the public health workforce: Challenges and strategies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sumaya, C.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 469-474 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300388 Abstract: The field of public health needs a comprehensive classification data system that provides a better assessment of the size and composition of its workforce. Such a data system is necessary for understanding the capacity, trend projections, and policy development critical to the future workforce. Previous enumeration and composition studies on the public health workforce have been helpful, but the methodology used needs further improvements in standardization, specificity, data storage, and data availability. Resolving this issue should follow a consensus-based course of action that includes public and private stakeholders at the national, state, and local level. This prime issue should be addressed now, particularly in the current environment of comprehensive health care reform. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300388_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Camargo responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Camargo Jr., K.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300534 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300534_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maine and Hurlburt respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maine, D. Author-Name: Hurlburt, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300492 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300492_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons learned from mental health enhancement and suicide prevention activities in the veterans health administration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S14-S16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300582 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300582_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing suicide by preventing lethal injury: The need to act on what we already know Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: e1-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300662 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300662_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life course outcomes on mental and physical health: The impact of foster care on adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zlotnick, C. Author-Name: Tam, T.W. Author-Name: Soman, L.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 534-540 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300285 Abstract: Objective: We compared the prevalence rates of mental health and physical health problems between adults with histories of childhood foster care and those without. Methods: We used 2003-2005 California Health Interview Survey data (n=70456) to test our hypothesis that adults with childhood histories of foster care will report higher rates of mental and physical health concerns, including those that affect the ability to work, than will those without. Results: Adults with a history of childhood foster care had more than twice the odds of receiving Social Security Disability Insurance because they were unable to work owing to mental or physical health problems for the past year, even after stratifying by age and adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Conclusions: Childhood foster care may be a sentinel event, signaling the increased risk of adulthood mental and physical health problems. A mental and physical health care delivery program that includes screening and treatment and ensures follow-up for children and youths who have had contact with the foster care system may decrease these individuals' disproportionately high prevalence of poor outcomes throughout their adulthood. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300285_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is the rate of suicide among veterans elevated? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibbons, R.D. Author-Name: Brown, C.H. Author-Name: Hur, K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S17-S19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300491 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300491_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Project-based Housing First for chronically homeless individuals with alcohol problems: Within-subjects analyses of 2-year alcohol trajectories Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Collins, S.E. Author-Name: Malone, D.K. Author-Name: Clifasefi, S.L. Author-Name: Ginzler, J.A. Author-Name: Garner, M.D. Author-Name: Burlingham, B. Author-Name: Lonczak, H.S. Author-Name: Dana, E.A. Author-Name: Kirouac, M. Author-Name: Tanzer, K. Author-Name: Hobson, W.G. Author-Name: Marlatt, G.A. Author-Name: Larimer, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 511-519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300403 Abstract: Objectives: Two-year alcohol use trajectories were documented among residents in a project-based Housing First program. Project-based Housing First provides immediate, low-barrier, nonabstinence-based, permanent supportive housing to chronically homeless individuals within a single housing project. The study aim was to address concerns that nonabstinence-based housing may enable alcohol use. Methods: A 2-year, within-subjects analysis was conducted among 95 chronically homeless individuals with alcohol problems who were allocated to projectbased Housing First. Alcohol variables were assessed through self-report. Data on intervention exposure were extracted from agency records. Results: Multilevel growth models indicated significant within-subjects decreases across alcohol use outcomes over the study period. Intervention exposure, represented by months spent in housing, consistently predicted additional decreases in alcohol use outcomes. Conclusions: Findings did not support the enabling hypothesis. Although the project-based Housing First program did not require abstinence or treatment attendance, participants decreased their alcohol use and alcohol-related problems as a function of time and intervention exposure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300403_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of dwell time on the mental health of US military personnel with multiple combat tours Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacGregor, A.J. Author-Name: Han, P.P. Author-Name: Dougherty, A.L. Author-Name: Galarneau, M.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S55-S59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300341 Abstract: Objective: We investigated the association of the length of time spent at home between deployments, or dwell time, with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health disorders. Methods: We included US Marine Corps personnel identified from military deployment records who deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom once (n = 49 328) or twice (n = 16 376). New-onset mental health diagnoses from military medical databases were included. We calculated the ratio of dwell-to-deployment time (DDR) as the length of time between deployments divided by the length of the first deployment. Results: Marines with 2 deployments had higher rates of PTSD than did those with 1 deployment (2.1% versus 1.2%; P < .001). A DDR representing longer dwell times at home relative to first deployment length was associated with reduced odds of PTSD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32, 0.70), PTSD with other mental health disorder (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.33, 0.94), and other mental health disorders (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.51, 0.75). Conclusions: Longer dwell times may reduce postdeployment risk of PTSD and other mental health disorders. Future research should focus on the role of dwell time in adverse health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300341_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population burden of betel quid abuse and its relation to oral premalignant disorders in South, Southeast, and East Asia: An Asian Betel-Quid Consortium study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, C.-H. Author-Name: Ko, A.M.-S. Author-Name: Warnakulasuriya, S. Author-Name: Ling, T.-Y. Author-Name: Sunarjo Author-Name: Rajapakse, P.S. Author-Name: Zain, R.B. Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.O. Author-Name: Zhang, S.-S. Author-Name: Wu, H.-J. Author-Name: Liu, L. Author-Name: Kuntoro Author-Name: Utomo, B. Author-Name: Warusavithana, S.A. Author-Name: Razak, I.A. Author-Name: Abdullah, N. Author-Name: Shrestha, P. Author-Name: Shieh, T.-Y. Author-Name: Yen, C.-F. Author-Name: Ko, Y.-C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: e17-e24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300521 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the population burden of betel quid abuse and its related impact on oral premalignant disorders (OPDs) in South, Southeast, and East Asia. Methods: The Asian Betel-Quid Consortium conducted a multistage sampling of 8922 representative participants from Taiwan, Mainland China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Participants received an interviewer-administered survey and were examined for oral mucosal disorders. Results: The prevalence of betel quid abuse was 0.8% to 46.3% across 6 Asian populations. The abuse frequency was over 40.5% for current chewers, with the highest proportion in Nepalese and Southeast Asian chewers (76.9%-99.6%). Tobacco-added betel quid conferred higher abuse rates (74.4%-99.6%) among Malaysian, Indonesian, and Sri Lankan men than did tobacco-free betel quid (21.8%-89.1%). Gender, lower education level, younger age at chewing initiation, and clustering of familial betel quid use significantly contributed to higher abuse rates. Indonesian betel quid abusers showed the highest prevalence of OPDs and had a greater risk of OPDs than did nonabusers. Conclusions: Betel quid abuse is high in regions of Asia where it is customarily practiced, and such abuse correlates highly with OPDs. By recognizing abuse-associated factors, health policies and preventive frameworks can be effectively constructed to combat these oral preneoplasms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300521_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Burden of oral disease among older adults and implications for public health priorities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Griffin, S.O. Author-Name: Jones, J.A. Author-Name: Brunson, D. Author-Name: Griffin, P.M. Author-Name: Bailey, W.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 411-418 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300362 Abstract: Dental disease is largely preventable. Many older adults, however, experience poor oral health. National data for older adults show racial/ethnic and income disparities in untreated dental disease and oral health-related quality of life. Persons reporting poor versus good health also report lower oral health-related quality of life. On the basis of these findings, suggested public health priorities include better integrating oral health into medical care, implementing community programs to promote healthy behaviors and improve access to preventive services, developing a comprehensive strategy to address the oral health needs of the homebound and long-term-care residents, and assessing the feasibility of ensuring a safety net that covers preventive and basic restorative services to eliminate pain and infection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300362_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of Iraq/Afghanistan deployments on major depression and substance use disorder: Analysis of active duty personnel in the US military Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shen, Y.-C. Author-Name: Arkes, J. Author-Name: Williams, T.V. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S80-S87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300425 Abstract: Objectives: Our objective was to analyze the association between deployment characteristics and diagnostic rates for major depression and substance use disorder among active duty personnel. Methods: Using active duty personnel serving between 2001 and 2006 (n= 678382) and deployment information from the Contingent Tracking System, we identified individuals diagnosed with substance use disorders and major depression from TRICARE health records. We performed logistic regression analysis to assess the effect of deployment location and length on these diagnostic rates. Results: Increased odds of diagnosis with both conditions were associated with deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan compared with nondeployed personnel and with Army and Marine Corps personnel compared with Navy and Air Force personnel. Increases in the likelihood of either diagnosis with deployment length were only observed among Army personnel. Conclusions: There were increased substance use disorders and major depression across services associated with combat conditions. It would be important to assess whether the public health system has adequate resources to handle the increasing need of mental health services in this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300425_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strategies for managing the dual risk of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy among Puerto Rican and African American young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carter, M.W. Author-Name: Hock-Long, L. Author-Name: Kraft, J.M. Author-Name: Henry-Moss, D. Author-Name: Hatfield-Timajchy, K. Author-Name: Singer, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 449-456 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300461 Abstract: Although young adults in the United States are at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancy, they do not report high rates of dual-method use (condoms plus other contraception) for prevention. We used prospective qualitative data from 69 urban Puerto Rican and African American individuals aged 18 to 25 years to determine how they managed these risks in their heterosexual relationships during a 4- to 8-week period. Hormonal or long-acting contraceptive use, condoms, and withdrawal were the most common unintended pregnancy prevention strategies; condoms, STI testing, and perceived fidelity were dominant among STI prevention strategies. We need to shift the focus from dual-method use toward a broader concept of dual protection to be more responsive to young adults' concerns, perceptions, and priorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300461_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing suicide is a national imperative. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Power, A.K. Author-Name: McKeon, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300648 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300648_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health behavior change: Can genomics improve behavioral adherence? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McBride, C.M. Author-Name: Bryan, A.D. Author-Name: Bray, M.S. Author-Name: Swan, G.E. Author-Name: Green, E.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 401-405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300513 Abstract: The National Human Genome Research Institute recommends pursuing "genomic information to improve behavior change interventions" as part of its strategic vision for genomics. The limited effectiveness of current behavior change strategies may be explained, in part, by their insensitivity to individual variation in adherence responses. The first step in evaluating whether genomics can inform customization of behavioral recommendations is evidence reviews to identify adherence macrophenotypes common across behaviors and individuals that have genetic underpinnings. Conceptual models of how biological, psychological, and environmental factors influence adherence also are needed. Researchers could routinely collect biospecimens and standardized adherence measurements of intervention participants to enable understanding of genetic and environmental influences on adherence, to guide intervention customization and prospective comparative effectiveness studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300513_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Current considerations about the elderly and firearms Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mertens, B. Author-Name: Sorenson, S.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 396-400 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300404 Abstract: In the United States, more than 17 million people aged 65 years or older own a firearm. They have the highest rate of suicide by a firearm, and recent data suggest that a disproportionate number apply to carry a concealed weapon. At least one new handgun has been designed and marketed for older people. Memory, thinking, and judgment as well as physical and behavioral competence issues related to an elderly person's safe operation of a motor vehicle apply to firearms, too. Gun availability can pose a particular risk to those with dementia and to their caretakers. The elderly constitute a substantial and rapidly growing population and market segment for whom the public health implications of firearm production, promotion, access, ownership, and use merit consideration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300404_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic disparities in community-based treatment of tobacco dependence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sheffer, C.E. Author-Name: Stitzer, M. Author-Name: Landes, R. Author-Name: Brackman, S.L. Author-Name: Munn, T. Author-Name: Moore, P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: e8-e16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300519 Abstract: Objectives: We examined socioeconomic disparities in a community-based tobacco dependence treatment program. Methods: We provided cognitive-behavioral treatment and nicotine patches to 2739 smokers. We examined treatment use, clinical and environmental, and treatment outcome differences by socioeconomic status (SES). We used logistic regressions to model end-of-treatment and 3- and 6-month treatment outcomes. Results: The probability of abstinence 3 months after treatment was 55% greater for the highest-SES than for the lowest-SES (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03, 2.33) smokers and increased to 2.5 times greater for the highest-SES than for the lowest-SES smokers 6 months after treatment (AOR=2.47; 95% CI=1.62, 3.77). Lower-SES participants received less treatment content and had fewer resources and environmental supports to manage a greater number of clinical and environmental challenges to abstinence. Conclusions: Targets for enhancing therapeutic approaches for lower socioeconomic groups should include efforts to ensure that lower-SES groups receive more treatment content, strategies to address specific clinical and environmental challenges associated with treatment outcomes for lower-SES smokers (i.e., higher dependence and stress levels and exposure to other smokers), and strategies to provide longer-term support. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300519_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide risk and precipitating circumstances among young, middle-aged, and older male veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, M.S. Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Author-Name: Huguet, N. Author-Name: Valenstein, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S131-S137 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300445 Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of suicide among veteran men relative to nonveteran men by age and to examine the prevalence of suicide circumstances among male veterans in different age groups (18-34, 35- 44, 45-64, and ≥ 65 years). Methods: Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (2003-2008) were used to calculate age-specific suicide rates for veterans (n = 8440) and nonveterans (n = 21 668) and to calculate the age-stratified mortality ratio for veterans. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare health status, stressful life events preceding suicide, and means of death among young, middle-aged, and older veterans. Results. Veterans were at higher risk for suicide compared with nonveterans in all age groups except the oldest. Mental health, substance abuse, and financial and relationship problems were more common in younger than in older veteran suicide decedents, whereas health problems were more prevalent in the older veterans. Most male veterans used firearms for suicide, and nearly all elderly veterans did so. Conclusions: Our study highlighted heightened risk of suicide in male veterans compared with nonveterans. Within the veteran population, suicide might be influenced by different precipitating factors at various stages of life. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300445_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call to link data to answer pressing questions about suicide risk among veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Azrael, D. Author-Name: Barber, C. Author-Name: Mukamal, K. Author-Name: Lawler, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S20-S22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300572 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300572_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide among patients in the Veterans Affairs health system: Rural-urban differences in rates, risks, and methods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Author-Name: Blow, F.C. Author-Name: Ignacio, R.V. Author-Name: Ilgen, M.A. Author-Name: Austin, K.L. Author-Name: Valenstein, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S111-S117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300463 Abstract: Objectives: Using national patient cohorts, we assessed rural-urban differences in suicide rates, risks, and methods in veterans. Methods: We identified all Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients in fiscal years 2003 to 2004 (FY03-04) alive at the start of FY04 (n = 5 447 257) and all patients in FY06-07 alive at the start of FY07 (n = 5 709 077). Mortality (FY04-05 and FY07-08) was assessed from National Death Index searches. Census criteria defined rurality. We used proportional hazards regressions to calculate rural- urban differences in risks, controlling for age, gender, psychiatric diagnoses, VA mental health services accessibility, and regional administrative network. Suicide method was categorized as firearms, poisoning, strangulation, or other. Results: Rural patients had higher suicide rates (38.8 vs 31.4/100 000 personyears in FY04-05; 39.6 vs 32.4/100 000 in FY07-08). Rural residence was associated with greater suicide risks (20% greater, FY04-05; 22% greater, FY07-08). Firearm deaths were more common in rural suicides (76.8% vs 61.5% in FY07-08). Conclusions: Rural residence is a suicide risk factor, even after controlling for mental health accessibility. Public health and health system suicide prevention should address risks in rural areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300463_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicidal ideation among sexual minority veterans: Results from the 2005-2010 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Author-Name: Silenzio, V.M.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S44-S47 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300565 Abstract: Suicide is a public health problem disproportionately associated with some demographic characteristics (e.g., sexual orientation, veteran status). Analyses of the Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey data revealed that more lesbian, gay, and bisexual (i.e., sexual minority) veterans reported suicidal ideation compared with heterosexual veterans. Decreased social and emotional support contributed to explaining the association between sexual minority status and suicidal ideation. More research is needed about suicide risk among sexual minority veterans; they might be a population for outreach and intervention by the Veterans Health Administration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300565_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of treatment utilization before suicide among male veterans with substance use disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ilgen, M.A. Author-Name: Conner, K.R. Author-Name: Roeder, K.M. Author-Name: Blow, F.C. Author-Name: Austin, K. Author-Name: Valenstein, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S88-S92 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300392 Abstract: Objectives: We sought to describe the extent and nature of contact with the health care system before suicide among veterans with substance use disorders (SUDs). Methods. We examined all male Veterans Health Administration patients who died by suicide between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2007, and who had a documented SUD diagnosis during the 2 years before death (n=3132). Results: Over half (55.5%; n=1740) of the male patients were seen during the month before suicide, and 25.4% (n=796) were seen during the week before suicide. In examining those with a medical visit in the year before suicide (n= 2964), most of the last visits before suicide (56.6%; n=1679) were in a general medical setting, 32.8% (n=973) were in a specialty mental health setting, and 10.5% (n=312) were in SUD treatment. Conclusions: Men with SUDs who died from suicide were frequently seen in the month before their death. Most were last seen in general medical settings, although a substantial minority of those with SUDs was seen in specialty mental health settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300392_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimates of smoking-related property costs in California multiunit housing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ong, M.K. Author-Name: Diamant, A.L. Author-Name: Zhou, Q. Author-Name: Park, H.-Y. Author-Name: Kaplan, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 490-493 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300170 Abstract: We systematically evaluated smoking-related costs in multiunit housing. From 2008 to 2009, we surveyed California multiunit housing owners or managers on their past-year smoking-related costs and smoke-free policies. A total of 27.1% of respondents had incurred smoking-related costs (mean $4935), and 33.5% reported complete smoke-free policies, which lowered the likelihood of incurring smoking-related costs. Implementing statewide complete smoke-free policies may save multiunit housing property owners $18094254 annually. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300170_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental and physical health status and alcohol and drug use following return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisen, S.V. Author-Name: Schultz, M.R. Author-Name: Vogt, D. Author-Name: Glickman, M.E. Author-Name: Elwy, A.R. Author-Name: Drainoni, M.-L. Author-Name: Osei-Bonsu, P.E. Author-Name: Martin, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S66-S73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300609 Abstract: Objectives: We examined (1) mental and physical health symptoms and functioning in US veterans within 1 year of returning from deployment, and (2) differences by gender, service component (Active, National Guard, other Reserve), service branch (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines), and deployment operation (Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom [OEF/OIF]). Methods: We surveyed a national sample of 596 OEF/OIF veterans, over-sampling women to make up 50% of the total, and National Guard and Reserve components to each make up 25%. Weights were applied to account for stratification and nonresponse bias. Results: Mental health functioning was significantly worse compared with the general population; 13.9% screened positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder, 39% for probable alcohol abuse, and 3% for probable drug abuse. Men reported more alcohol and drug use than did women, but there were no gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder or other mental health domains. OIF veterans reported more depression or functioning problems and alcohol and drug use than did OEF veterans. Army and Marine veterans reported worse mental and physical health than did Air Force or Navy veterans. Conclusions: Continuing identification of veterans at risk for mental health and substance use problems is important for evidence-based interventions intended to increase resilience and enhance treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300609_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stress and mental health among midlife and older gay-identified men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wight, R.G. Author-Name: LeBlanc, A.J. Author-Name: De Vries, B. Author-Name: Detels, R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 503-510 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300384 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated associations between stress and mental health (positive affect, depressive symptoms) among HIV-negative and HIV-positive midlife and older gay-identified men, along with the mediating and moderating effects of mastery and emotional support. We also studied the mental health effects of same-sex marriage. Methods: We obtained data from self-administered questionnaires completed in 2009 or 2010 by a subsample (n=202; average age=56.91 years; age range=44-75 years) of participants in the University of California, Los Angeles component of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, one of the largest and longestrunning natural-history studies of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Results: Both sexual minority stress (perceived gay-related stigma, excessive HIV bereavements) and aging-related stress (independence and fiscal concerns) appeared to have been detrimental to mental health. Sense of mastery partially mediated these associations. Being legally married was significantly protective net of all covariates, including having a domestic partner but not being married. Education, HIV status, and race/ethnicity had no significant effects. Conclusions: Sexual minority and aging-related stress significantly affected the emotional lives of these men. Personal sense of mastery may help to sustain them as they age. We observed specific mental health benefits of samesex legal marriage. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300384_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health surveillance and meaningful use regulations: A crisis of opportunity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lenert, L. Author-Name: Sundwall, D.N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: e1-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300542 Abstract: The Health Information Technology for Economicand Clinical Health Act is intended to enhance reimbursement of health care providers for meaningful use of electronic health records systems. This presents both opportunities and challenges for public health departments. To earn incentive payments, clinical providers must exchange specified types of data with the public health system, such as immunization and syndromic surveillance data and notifiable disease reporting. However, a crisis looms because public health's information technology systems largely lack the capabilities to accept the types of data proposed for exchange. Cloud computing may be a solution for public health information systems. Through shared computing resources, public health departments could reap the benefits of electronic reporting within federal funding constraints. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300542_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide prevention for veterans and active duty personnel Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S8-S9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300593 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300593_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An emergency department-based brief intervention for veterans at risk for suicide (SAFE VET) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Author-Name: Stanley, B. Author-Name: Currier, G.W. Author-Name: Brenner, L. Author-Name: Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M. Author-Name: Brown, G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S33-S37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300501 Abstract: Reducing deaths from veteran suicide is a public health priority for veterans who receive their care from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and those who receive services in community settings. Emergency departments frequently function as the primary or sole point of contact with the health care system for suicidal individuals; therefore, they represent an important venue in which to identify and treat veterans who are at risk for suicide. We describe the design, implementation and initial evaluation of a brief behavioral intervention for suicidal veterans seeking care at VA emergency departments. Initial findings of the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention suggest it may be transferable to diverse VA and non-VA settings, including community emergency departments and urgent care centers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300501_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing the surveillance goal in the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: The Department of Defense Suicide Event Report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gahm, G.A. Author-Name: Reger, M.A. Author-Name: Kinn, J.T. Author-Name: Luxton, D.D. Author-Name: Skopp, N.A. Author-Name: Bush, N.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S24-S28 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300574 Abstract: The US National Strategy for Suicide Prevention (National Strategy)described 11 goals across multiple areas, including suicide surveillance. Consistent with these goals, the Department of Defense (DoD) has engaged aggressively in the area of suicide surveillance. The DoD's population-based surveillance system, the DoD Suicide Event Report (DoDSER) collects information on suicides and suicide attempts for all branches of the military. Data collected includes suicide event details, treatment history, military and psychosocial history, and psychosocial stressors at the time of the event. Lessons learned from the DoDSER program are shared to assist other public health professionals working to address the National Strategy objectives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300574_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent harassment based on discriminatory bias Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, S.T. Author-Name: Sinclair, K.O. Author-Name: Poteat, P.V. Author-Name: Koenig, B.W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 493-495 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300430 Abstract: Is harassment based on personal characteristics such as race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or disability more detrimental than general harassment? In 2 large population-based studies of adolescents, more than one third of those harassed reported biasbased school harassment. Both studies show that bias-based harassment is more strongly associated with compromised health than general harassment. Research on harassment among youths rarely examines the underlying cause. Attention to bias or prejudice in harassment and bullying should be incorporated into programs and policies for young people. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300430_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Human papillomavirus vaccine inaccuracies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsu, V.D. Author-Name: LaMontagne, D.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 389-390 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300474 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300474_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sleep disturbance preceding suicide among veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pigeon, W.R. Author-Name: Britton, P.C. Author-Name: Ilgen, M.A. Author-Name: Chapman, B. Author-Name: Conner, K.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S93-S97 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300470 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the role of sleep disturbance in time to suicide since the last treatment visit among veterans receiving Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services. Methods: Among 423 veteran suicide decedents from 2 geographic areas, systematic chart reviews were conducted on the 381 (90.1%) who had a VHA visit in the last year of life. Veteran suicides with a documented sleep disturbance (45.4%) were compared with those without sleep disturbance (54.6%) on time to death since their last VHA visit using an accelerated failure time model. Results: Veterans with sleep disturbance died sooner after their last visit than did those without sleep disturbance, after we adjusted for the presence of mental health or substance use symptoms, age, and region. Conclusions: Findings indicated that sleep disturbance was associated with time to suicide in this sample of veterans who died by suicide. The findings had implications for using the presence of sleep disturbance to detect near-term risk for suicide and suggested that sleep disturbance might provide an important intervention target for a subgroup of at-risk veterans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300470_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence and characteristics of suicide ideation and attempts among active military and veteran participants in a national health survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Author-Name: Piegari, R. Author-Name: Altieri, J. Author-Name: Kemp, J. Author-Name: Katz, I.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S38-S40 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300487 Abstract: The relationships between military service and suicide are not clear, and comparatively little is known about the characteristics and correlates of suicide ideation and attempts among those with history of military service. We used data from a national health survey to estimate the prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviors among veterans and service members in 2 states. The prevalence of suicidal behaviors among Veterans was similar to previous estimates of ideation and attempts among adults in the US general population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300487_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of returning to work with better health in working-aged adults: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rueda, S. Author-Name: Chambers, L. Author-Name: Wilson, M. Author-Name: Mustard, C. Author-Name: Rourke, S.B. Author-Name: Bayoumi, A. Author-Name: Raboud, J. Author-Name: Lavis, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 541-556 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300401 Abstract: Objectives: We systematically reviewed the literature on the impact of returning to work on health among working-aged adults. Methods: We searched 6 electronic databases in 2005. We selected longitudinal studies that documented a transition from unemployment to employment and included a comparison group. Two reviewers independently appraised the retrieved literature for potential relevance and methodological quality. Results: Eighteen studies met our inclusion criteria, including 1 randomized controlled trial. Fifteen studies revealed a beneficial effect of returning to work on health, either demonstrating a significant improvement in health after reemployment or a significant decline in health attributed to continued unemployment. We also found evidence for health selection, suggesting that poor health interferes with people's ability to go back to work. Some evidence suggested that earlier reemployment may be associated with better health. Conclusions: Beneficial health effects of returning to work have been documented in a variety of populations, times, and settings. Return-to-work programs may improve not only financial situations but also health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300401_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health-related quality of life among older adults with and without functional limitations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, W.W. Author-Name: Zack, M.M. Author-Name: Krahn, G.L. Author-Name: Andresen, E.M. Author-Name: Barile, J.P. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 496-502 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500 Abstract: Objectives: We examined factors that influence health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among individuals aged 50 years and older with and without functional limitations. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess associations among demographic characteristics, health care access and utilization indicators, modifiable health behaviors, and HRQOL characterized by recent physically and mentally unhealthy days in those with and those without functional limitations. We defined functional limitations as activity limitations owing to physical, mental, or emotional health or as the need for special equipment because of health. Results: Age, medical care costs, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking were strongly associated with both physically and mentally unhealthy days among those with functional limitations. Among those without functional limitations, the direction of the effects was similar, but the size of the effects was substantially smaller. Conclusions: The availability of lower cost medical care, increasing leisuretime physical activity, and reducing rates of cigarette smoking will improve population HRQOL among older adults with and without functional limitations. These factors provide valuable information for determining future public health priorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A 2-phase labeling and choice architecture intervention to improve healthy food and beverage choices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thorndike, A.N. Author-Name: Sonnenberg, L. Author-Name: Riis, J. Author-Name: Barraclough, S. Author-Name: Levy, D.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 527-533 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed whether a 2-phase labeling and choice architecture intervention would increase sales of healthy food and beverages in a large hospital cafeteria. Methods: Phase 1 was a 3-month color-coded labeling intervention (red=unhealthy, yellow=less healthy, green=healthy). Phase 2 added a 3-month choice architecture intervention that increased the visibility and convenience of some green items. We compared relative changes in 3-month sales from baseline to phase 1 and from phase 1 to phase 2. Results: At baseline (977793 items, including 199513 beverages), 24.9% of sales were red and 42.2% were green. Sales of red items decreased in both phases (P<.001), and green items increased in phase 1 (P<.001). The largest changes occurred among beverages. Red beverages decreased 16.5% during phase 1 (P<.001) and further decreased 11.4% in phase 2 (P<.001). Green beverages increased 9.6% in phase 1 (P<.001) and further increased 4.0% in phase 2 (P<.001). Bottled water increased 25.8% during phase 2 (P<.001) but did not increase at 2 on-site comparison cafeterias (P<.001). Conclusions: A color-coded labeling intervention improved sales of healthy items and was enhanced by a choice architecture intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aging in the United States: Opportunities and challenges for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anderson, L.A. Author-Name: Goodman, R.A. Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Author-Name: Posner, S.F. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 393-395 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300617 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300617_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a family-centered prevention intervention for military children and families facing wartime deployments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lester, P. Author-Name: Saltzman, W.R. Author-Name: Woodward, K. Author-Name: Glover, D. Author-Name: Leskin, G.A. Author-Name: Bursch, B. Author-Name: Pynoos, R. Author-Name: Beardslee, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S48-S54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300088 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the Families OverComing Under Stress program, which provides resiliency training designed to enhance family psychological health in US military families affected by combat- and deployment-related stress. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of Families OverComing Under Stress program evaluation data that was collected between July 2008 and February 2010 at 11 military installations in the United States and Japan. We present data at baseline for 488 unique families (742 parents and 873 children) and pre-post outcomes for 331 families. Results: Family members reported high levels of satisfaction with the program and positive impact on parent-child indicators. Psychological distress levels were elevated for service members, civilian parents, and children at program entry compared with community norms. Change scores showed significant improvements across all measures for service member and civilian parents and their children (P<.001). Conclusions: Evaluation data provided preliminary support for a strength-based, trauma-informed military family prevention program to promote resiliency and mitigate the impact of wartime deployment stress. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300088_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating the risk of suicide among US veterans: How should we proceed from here? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, M.S. Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Author-Name: Huguet, N. Author-Name: Newsom, J.T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S21-S23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300611 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300611_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicidal behavior in a national sample of older homeless veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schinka, J.A. Author-Name: Schinka, K.C. Author-Name: Casey, R.J. Author-Name: Kasprow, W. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S147-S153 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300436 Abstract: Objectives: We examined self-reported suicidal behavior of older homeless veterans to establish frequencies and predictors of recent suicidal behaviors, and their impact on transitional housing interventions. Methods: We analyzed the records of a national sample of 10 111 veterans who participated in a transition housing program over a 6-year period, ending in 2008. Results: Approximately 12% of homeless veterans reported suicidal ideation before program admission; 3% reported a suicide attempt in the 30 days before program admission. Older homeless veterans exhibiting suicidal behavior had histories of high rates of psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Regression analyses showed that self-report of depression was the primary correlate of suicidal behavior. Suicidal behavior before program entry did not predict intervention outcomes, such as program completion, housing outcome, and employment. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior was prevalent in older homeless veterans and was associated with a history of psychiatric disorder and substance abuse. Selfreported depression was associated with these behaviors at the time of housing intervention. Despite the association with poor mental health history, suicidal behavior in older homeless veterans did not impact outcomes of transitional housing interventions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300436_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local board of health authority to address obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schneider, E. Author-Name: Fallon, M.M. Author-Name: Valasek, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300464 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300464_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide prevention is a winnable battle Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S4-S6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300592 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300592_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of timing and level of degree attained on depressive symptoms and self-rated health at midlife Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walsemann, K.M. Author-Name: Bell, B.A. Author-Name: Hummer, R.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 557-563 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300216 Abstract: Objectives: We examined whether attaining a higher educational degree after 25 years of age was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better self-rated health at midlife than was not attaining a higher educational degree. Methods: We analyzed data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, restricting our sample to respondents who had not attained a bachelor's degree by 25 years of age (n=7179). We stratified all regression models by highest degree attained by 25 years of age. Results: Among respondents with no degree, a high school diploma, or a post-high school certificate at 25 years of age, attaining at least a bachelor's degree by midlife was associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better self-rated health at midlife compared with respondents who did not attain a higher degree by midlife. Those with an associate's degree at 25 years of age who later attained a bachelor's degree or higher reported better health at midlife. Conclusions: Attaining at least a bachelor's degree after 25 years of age is associated with better midlife health. Other specifications of educational timing and its health effects across the life course should be studied. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300216_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community epidemiology of risk and adolescent substance use: Practical questions for enhancing prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feinberg, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 457-468 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300496 Abstract: To promote an effective approach to prevention, the community diagnosis model helps communities systematically assess and prioritize risk factors to guide the selection of preventive interventions. This increasingly widely used model relies primarily on individual-level research that links risk and protective factors to substance use outcomes. I discuss common assumptions in the translation of such research concerning the definition of risk factor elevation; the equivalence, independence, and stability of relations between risk factors and problem behaviors; and community differences in risk factors and risk factor-problem behavior relations. Exploring these assumptions could improve understanding of the relations of risk factors and substance use within and across communities and enhance the efficacy of the community diagnosis model. This approach can also be applied to other areas of public health where individual and community levels of risk and outcomes intersect. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300496_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Veterans and suicide: A reexamination of the National Death Index-linked National Health Interview Survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Barber, C. Author-Name: Young, M. Author-Name: Azrael, D. Author-Name: Mukamal, K. Author-Name: Lawler, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S154-S159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300409 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the risk of suicide among veterans compared with nonveterans. Methods: Cox proportional hazards models estimated the relative risk of suicide, by self-reported veteran status, among 500 822 adult male participants in the National Death Index (NDI)-linked National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative cohort study. Results. A total of 482 male veterans died by suicide during 1 837 886 personyears of follow-up (76% by firearm); 835 male nonveterans died by suicide during 4 438 515 person-years of follow-up (62% by firearm). Crude suicide rates for veterans and nonveterans were, respectively, 26.2 and 18.8 per 100 000 person-years. The risk of suicide was not significantly higher among veterans, compared with nonveterans, after adjustment for differences in age, race, and survey year (hazard ratio = 1.11; 95% confidence interval = 0.96, 1.29). Conclusions: Consistent with most studies of suicide risk among veterans of conflicts before Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom, but in contrast to a previous study using the NDI-linked NHIS data, we found that male veterans responding to the NHIS were modestly, but not significantly, at higher risk for suicide compared with male nonveterans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300409_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dual loyalty in prison health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pont, J. Author-Name: Stöver, H. Author-Name: Wolff, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 475-480 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300374 Abstract: Despite the dissemination of principles of medical ethics in prisons, formulated and advocated by numerous international organizations, health care professionals in prisons all over the world continue to infringe these principles because of perceived or real dual loyalty to patients and prison authorities. Health care professionals and nonmedical prison staff need greater awareness of and training in medical ethics and prisoner human rights. All parties should accept integration of prison health services with public health services. Health care workers in prison should act exclusively as caregivers, and medical tasks required by the prosecution, court, or security system should be carried out by medical professionals not involved in the care of prisoners. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300374_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Knowledgeable neighbors: A mobile clinic model for disease prevention and screening in underserved communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hill, C. Author-Name: Zurakowski, D. Author-Name: Bennet, J. Author-Name: Walker-White, R. Author-Name: Osman, J.L. Author-Name: Quarles, A. Author-Name: Oriol, N. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 406-410 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300472 Abstract: The Family Van mobile health clinic uses a "Knowledgeable Neighbor" model to deliver cost-effective screening and prevention activities in underserved neighborhoods in Boston, MA. We have described the Knowledgeable Neighbor model and used operational data collected from 2006 to 2009 to evaluate the service. The Family Van successfully reached mainly minority low-income men and women. Of the clients screened, 60% had previously undetected elevated blood pressure, 14% had previously undetected elevated blood glucose, and 38% had previously undetected elevated total cholesterol. This represents an important model for reaching underserved communities to deliver proven cost-effective prevention activities, both to help control health care costs and to reduce health disparities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300472_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduced mortality among Department of Veterans Affairs patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder lost to follow-up and engaged in active outreach to return for care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, C.L. Author-Name: Kilbourne, A.M. Author-Name: Blow, F.C. Author-Name: Pierce, J.R. Author-Name: Winkel, B.M. Author-Name: Huycke, E. Author-Name: Langberg, R. Author-Name: Lyle, D. Author-Name: Phillips, Y. Author-Name: Visnic, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S74-S79 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300502 Abstract: Objectives: We determined whether contacting Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders (serious mental illness [SMI]) who had dropped out of care for prolonged periods resulted in reengagement with VA services and decreased mortality. Methods: We developed a list of patients with SMI who were last treated in fiscal years 2005 to 2006, and were lost to follow-up care for at least 1 year. VA medical centers used our list to contact patients and schedule appointments. Additional VA administrative data on patient utilization and mortality through May 2009 were analyzed. Results: About 72% (2375 of 3306) of the patients who VA staff attempted to contact returned for VA care. The mortality rate of returning patients was significantly lower than that for patients not returning (0.5% vs 3.9%; adjusted odds ratio = 5.8; P < .001), after demographic and clinical factors were controlled. Conclusions: The mortality rate for returning patients with SMI was almost 6 times less than for those who did not return for medical care. Proactive outreach might result in patients returning to care and should be implemented to reengage this vulnerable group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300502_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Informed consent and cluster-randomized trials Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sim, J. Author-Name: Dawson, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 480-485 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300389 Abstract: We argue that cluster-randomized trials are an important methodology, essential to the evaluation of many public health interventions. However, in the case of at least some cluster-randomized trials, it is not possible, or is incompatible with the aims of the study, to obtain individual informed consent. This should not necessarily be seen as an impediment to ethical approval, providing that sufficient justification is given for this omission. Wefurtherarguethat itshould be the institutional review board's task to evaluatewhether the protocol is sufficiently justified to proceed without consent and that this is preferable to any reliance on community consent or other means of proxy consent. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300389_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of the Air Force Post-Deployment Health Reassessment for the identification of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: Public health implications for suicide prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCarthy, M.D. Author-Name: Thompson, S.J. Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S60-S65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300580 Abstract: Objectives: Military members are required to complete the Post-Deployment Health Assessment on return from deployment and the Post-Deployment Health Reassessment (PHDRA) 90 to 180 days later, and we assessed the PDHRA's sensitivity and specificity in identifying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression after a military deployment among US Air Force personnel. Methods: We computed the PDHRA's sensitivity and specificity for depression and PTSD and developed a structural model to suggest possible improvements to it. Results: For depression, sensitivity and specificity were 0.704 and 0.651, respectively; for PTSD, they were 0.774 and 0.650, respectively. Several variables produced significant direct effects on depression and trauma, suggesting that modifications could increase its sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: The PDHRA was moderately effective in identifying airmen with depression and PTSD. It identified behavioral health concerns in many airmen who did not develop a diagnostic mental health condition. Its low level of specificity may result in reduced barriers to care and increased support services, key components of a public health approach to suicide prevention, for airmen experiencing subacute levels of distress after deployment, which may, in part, account for lower suicide rates among airmen after deployment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300580_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pomeranz responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300467 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300467_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differences between veteran suicides with and without psychiatric symptoms Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Britton, P.C. Author-Name: Ilgen, M.A. Author-Name: Valenstein, M. Author-Name: Knox, K. Author-Name: Claassen, C.A. Author-Name: Conner, K.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S125-S130 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300415 Abstract: Objectives: Our objective was to examine all suicides (n = 423) in 2 geographic areas of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) over a 7-year period and to perform detailed chart reviews on the subsample that had a VHA visit in the last year of life (n = 381). Methods: Within this sample, we compared a group with 1 or more documented psychiatric symptoms (68.5%) to a group with no such symptoms (31.5%). The groups were compared on suicidal thoughts and behaviors, somatic symptoms, and stressors using the χ 2 test and on time to death after the last visit using survival analyses. Results: Veterans with documented psychiatric symptoms were more likely to receive a suicide risk assessment, and have suicidal ideation and a suicide plan, sleep problems, pain, and several stressors. These veterans were also more likely to die in the 60 days after their last visit. Conclusions: Findings indicated presence of 2 large and distinct groups of veterans at risk for suicide in the VHA, underscoring the value of tailored prevention strategies, including approaches suitable for those without identified psychiatric symptoms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300415_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide mortality among patients treated by the Veterans Health Administration from 2000 to 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blow, F.C. Author-Name: Bohnert, A.S.B. Author-Name: Ilgen, M.A. Author-Name: Ignacio, R. Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Author-Name: Valenstein, M.M. Author-Name: Knox, K.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: S1 Pages: S98-S104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300441 Abstract: Objectives: We sought to examine rates of suicide among individuals receiving health care services in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities over an 8-year period. Methods: We included annual cohorts of all individuals who received VHA health care services from fiscal year (FY) 2000 through FY 2007 (October 1, 1999- September 30, 2007; N = 8 855 655). Vital status and cause of death were obtained from the National Death Index. Results: Suicide was more common among VHA patients than members of the general US population. The overall rates of suicide among VHA patients decreased slightly but significantly from 2000 to 2007 (P < .001). Male veterans between the ages of 30 and 64 years were at the highest risk of suicide. Conclusions: VHA health care system patients are at elevated risk for suicide and are appropriate for suicide reduction services, although the rate of suicide has decreased in recent years for this group. Comprehensive approaches to suicide prevention in the VHA focus not only on recent returnees from Iraq and Afghanistan but also on middle-aged and older Veterans. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300441_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health approach to addressing arthritis in older adults: The most common cause of disability Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hootman, J.M. Author-Name: Helmick, C.G. Author-Name: Brady, T.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 3 Pages: 426-433 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300423 Abstract: Arthritis is highly prevalent and is the leading cause of disability among older adults in the United States owing to the aging of the population and increases in the prevalence of risk factors (e.g., obesity). Arthritis will play a large role in the health-related quality of life, functional independence, and disability of older adults in the upcoming decades. We have emphasized the role of the public health system in reducing the impact of this large and growing public health problem, and we have presented priority public health actions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300423_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction in purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages among low-income black adolescents after exposure to caloric information Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bleich, S.N. Author-Name: Herring, B.J. Author-Name: Flagg, D.D. Author-Name: Gary-Webb, T.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 329-335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300350 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect of an intervention to provide caloric information about sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on the number of SSB purchases. Methods. We used a case-crossover design with 4 corner stores located in lowincome, predominately Black neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. The intervention randomly posted 1 of 3 signs with the following caloric information: (1) absolute caloric count, (2) percentage of total recommended daily intake, and (3) physical activity equivalent. We collected data for 1600 beverage sales by Black adolescents, aged 12-18 years, including 400 during a baseline period and 400 for each of the 3 caloric condition interventions. Results. Providing Black adolescents with any caloric information significantly reduced the odds of SSB purchases relative to the baseline (odds ratio [OR]= 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.36, 0.89). When examining the 3 caloric conditions separately, the significant effect was observed when caloric information was provided as a physical activity equivalent (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.31, 0.85). Conclusions. Providing easily understandable caloric information-particularly a physical activity equivalent-may reduce calorie intake from SSBs among low-income, Black adolescents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300350_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of introducing the pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines into the routine immunization program in Niger Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, B.Y. Author-Name: Assi, T.-M. Author-Name: Rajgopal, J. Author-Name: Norman, B.A. Author-Name: Chen, S.-I. Author-Name: Brown, S.T. Author-Name: Slayton, R.B. Author-Name: Kone, S. Author-Name: Kenea, H. Author-Name: Welling, J.S. Author-Name: Connor, D.L. Author-Name: Wateska, A.R. Author-Name: Jana, A. Author-Name: Wiringa, A.E. Author-Name: Van Panhuis, W.G. Author-Name: Burke, D.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 269-276 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300218 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether introducing the rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines, which are greatly needed in West Africa, would overwhelm existing Schains (i.e., the series of steps required to get a vaccine from the manufacturers to the target population) in Niger. Methods. As part of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-funded Vaccine Modeling Initiative, we developed a computational model to determine the impact of introducing these new vaccines to Niger's Expanded Program on Immunization vaccine Schain. Results. Introducing either the rotavirus vaccine or the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine could overwhelm available storage and transport refrigerator space, creating bottlenecks that would prevent the flow of vaccines down to the clinics. As a result, the availability of all World Health Organization Expanded Program on Immunization vaccines to patients might decrease from an average of 69% to 28.2% (range=10%-51%). Addition of refrigerator and transport capacity could alleviate this bottleneck. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the effects on the vaccine Schain should be considered when introducing a new vaccine and that computational models can help assess evolving needs and prevent problems with vaccine delivery. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300218_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A curriculum for the new dental practitioner: Preparing dentists for a prospective oral health care environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Polverini, P.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: e1-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300505 Abstract: The emerging concept of prospective health care would shift the focus of health care from disease management to disease prevention and health management. Dentistry has a unique opportunity to embrace this model of prospective and collaborative care and focus on the management of oral health. Academic dentistry must better prepare future dentists to succeed in this new health care environment by providing themwith the scientific and technical knowledge required tounderstand and assess risk and practice disease prevention. Dental schoolsmust consider creating career pathways for enabling future graduates to assume important leadership roles that will advance a prospective oral health care system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300505_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychosocial factors associated with mouth and throat cancer examinations in rural Florida Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riley III, J.L. Author-Name: Dodd, V.J. Author-Name: Muller, K.E. Author-Name: Logan, H.L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: e7-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300504 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the knowledge and prevalence of mouth and throat cancer examinations in a sample drawn from rural populations in north Florida. Methods. Telephone interviews were conducted across rural census tracts throughout north Florida in 2009 and 2010, in a survey that had been adapted for cultural appropriateness using cognitive interviews. The sample consisted of 2526 respondents (1132 men and 1394 women; 1797 Whites and 729 African Americans). Results. Awareness of mouth and throat cancer examination (46%) and lifetime receipt (46%) were higher than reported in statewide studies performed over the past 15 years. Only 19% of the respondents were aware of their examination, whereas an additional 27% reported having the examination when a description was provided, suggesting a lack of communication between many caregivers and rural patients. Surprisingly, anticipated racial/ethnic differences were diminished when adjustments were made for health literacy and several measures of socioeconomic status. Conclusions. These findings support the notion that health disparities are multifactorial and include characteristics such as low health literacy, lack of access to care, and poor communication between patient and provider. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300504_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual participant data meta-analysis of mechanical workplace risk factors and low back pain Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Griffith, L.E. Author-Name: Shannon, H.S. Author-Name: Wells, R.P. Author-Name: Walter, S.D. Author-Name: Cole, D.C. Author-Name: Côté, P. Author-Name: Frank, J. Author-Name: Hogg-Johnson, S. Author-Name: Langlois, L.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 309-318 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300343 Abstract: Objectives. We used individual participant data from multiple studies to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of mechanical exposures in the workplace and low back pain. Methods. We conducted a systematic literature search and contacted an author of each study to request their individual participant data. Because outcome definitions and exposure measures were not uniform across studies, we conducted 2 substudies: (1) to identify sets of outcome definitions that could be combined in a meta-analysis and (2) to develop methods to translate mechanical exposure onto a common metric. We used generalized estimating equation regression to analyze the data. Results. The odds ratios (ORs) for posture exposures ranged from 1.1 to 2.0. Force exposure ORs ranged from 1.4 to 2.1. The magnitudes of the ORs differed according to the definition of low back pain, and heterogeneity was associated with both study-level and individual-level characteristics. Conclusions. We found small to moderate ORs for the association of mechanical exposures and low back pain, although the relationships were complex. The presence of individual-level OR modifiers in such an area can be best understood by conducting a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300343_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Text4health: Impact of text message reminder-recalls for pediatric and adolescent immunizations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Author-Name: Kharbanda, E.O. Author-Name: Martinez, R.A. Author-Name: Lara, M. Author-Name: Vawdrey, D. Author-Name: Natarajan, K. Author-Name: Rickert, V.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: e15-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300331 Abstract: We conducted 2 studies to determine the impact of text message immunization reminder-recalls in an urban, low-income population. Methods. In 1 study, text message immunization reminders were sent to a random sample of parents (n=195) whose children aged 11 to 18 years needed either or both meningococcal (MCV4) and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunizations. We compared receipt of MCV4 or Tdap at 4, 12, and 24 weeks with age- and gender-matched controls. In the other study, we compared attendance at a postshortage Haemophilus influenzae B (Hib) immunization recall session between parents who received text message and paper-mailed reminders (n=87) and those who only received paper-mailed reminders (n=87). Results. Significantly more adolescents with intervention parents received either or both MCV4 and Tdap at weeks 4 (15.4% vs 4.2%; P<.001), 12 (26.7% vs 13.9%; P<.005), and 24 (36.4% vs 18.1%; P<.001). Significantly more parents who received both Hib reminders attended a recall session compared with parents who only received a mailed reminder (21.8% vs 9.2%; P<.05). After controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and language, text messaging was still significantly associated with both studies' outcomes. Conclusions. Text messaging for reminder-recalls improved immunization coverage in a low-income, urban population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300331_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of the targeted hepatitis B vaccination program in Greenland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Børresen, M.L. Author-Name: Koch, A. Author-Name: Biggar, R.J. Author-Name: Ladefoged, K. Author-Name: Melbye, M. Author-Name: Wohlfahrt, J. Author-Name: Krause, T.G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 277-284 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300239 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination program in Greenland, which targets children born to mothers who are positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), we determined vaccination coverage, levels of postvaccination antibodies, and frequency of breakthrough infections in at-risk children. Methods. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study with data from nationwide registries. We identified all children born to HBsAgpositive mothers from 1992 to 2007 and collected data on their HBV vaccination status. In 2008 to 2010, we tested the children for HBV core antibody, HBsAg, and anti-HBsAg antibody (HBsAb). Results. Of 4050 pregnant women, 3.2% were HBsAg positive. Of 207 children born to these women, 20% received no vaccinations, and only 58% received at least 3 vaccinations. At follow-up, HBsAb levels in vaccinated children were much lower than expected, and 8 (6%) of 140 at-risk children had breakthrough infections, with 4 chronically infected (persistently HBsAg positive). Conclusions. The prevention program targeting children at risk for HBV in Greenland is ineffective. HBV vaccination should be included in the universal childhood vaccination program, and postvaccination HBsAb levels should be monitored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300239_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health department accreditation implementation: Transforming public health department performance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riley, W.J. Author-Name: Bender, K. Author-Name: Lownik, E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 237-242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300375 Abstract: In response to a call for improved quality and consistency in public health departments, the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) is leading a voluntary public health accreditation initiative in the United States. The public health department accreditation system will implement a comprehensive set of standards that set uniform performance expectations for health departments to provide the services necessary to keepcommunities healthy. Continuous quality improvement is a major component of PHAB accreditation, demonstrating a commitment to empower and encourage public health departments to continuously improve their performance. The accreditation processwas tested in 30 health departments around the country in 2009 and 2010, and was launched on a national level in September 2011 at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300375_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of same-sex marriage laws on health care use and expenditures in sexual minority men: A quasi-natural experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: O'Cleirigh, C. Author-Name: Grasso, C. Author-Name: Mayer, K. Author-Name: Safren, S. Author-Name: Bradford, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 285-291 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300382 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether health care use and expenditures among gay and bisexual men were reduced following the enactment of samesex marriage laws in Massachusetts in 2003. Methods. We used quasi-experimental, prospective data from 1211 sexual minority male patients in a community-based health center in Massachusetts. Results. In the 12 months after the legalization of same-sex marriage, sexual minority men had a statistically significant decrease in medical care visits (mean= 5.00 vs mean=4.67; P=.05; Cohen's d=0.17), mental health care visits (mean= 24.72 vs mean= 22.20; P=.03; Cohen's d=0.35), and mental health care costs (mean= $2442.28 vs mean= $2137.38; P= .01; Cohen's d=0.41), compared with the 12 months before the law change. These effects were not modified by partnership status, indicating that the health effect of same-sex marriage laws was similar for partnered and nonpartnered men. Conclusions. Policies that confer protections to same-sex couples may be effective in reducing health care use and costs among sexual minority men. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300382_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rapid increases in overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: Comparison of data from the South African national youth risk behaviour survey in 2002 and 2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reddy, S.P. Author-Name: Resnicow, K. Author-Name: James, S. Author-Name: Funani, I.N. Author-Name: Kambaran, N.S. Author-Name: Omardien, R.G. Author-Name: Masuka, P. Author-Name: Sewpaul, R. Author-Name: Vaughan, R.D. Author-Name: Mbewu, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 262-268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300222 Abstract: Objectives. To aid future policy and intervention initiatives, we studied the prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among participants in the South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey in 2002 and 2008. Methods. The survey collected data from nationally representative crosssectional samples of students in grades 8 through 11 (n=9491 in 2002 and 9442 in 2008) by questionnaire and measurement of height and weight. We stratified data on overweight and obesity rates by age, socioeconomic status, and race/ ethnicity. Results. Among male adolescents, overweight rates increased from 6.3% in 2002 to 11.0% in 2008 (P<.01); among female adolescents, overweight rates increased from 24.3% in 2002 to 29.0% in 2008 (P<.01). Obesity rates more than doubled among male adolescents from 1.6% in 2002 to 3.3% in 2008 (P<.01) and rose from 5.0% to 7.5% among female adolescents (P<.01). We observed a dose- response relationship in overweight and obesity rates across socioeconomic categories. Rates of overweight and obesity were significantly higher among urban youths than among rural youths (P<.01). Conclusions. South Africa is experiencing a chronic disease risk transition. Further research is needed to better understand and effectively address this rapid change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300222_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social norms, collective efficacy, and smoking cessation in urban neighborhoods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karasek, D. Author-Name: Ahern, J. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 343-351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300364 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the separate and combined relations of neighborhood- level social norms and collective efficacy with individuals' cigarette smoking cessation. Methods. We modeled the hazard of quitting over a 5-year period among 863 smokers who participated in the 2005 New York Social Environment Study. Results. In adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, prohibitive neighborhood smoking norms were significantly associated with higher rates of smoking cessation (second quartile hazard ratio [HR]=1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.59, 2.32; third quartile HR=2.37; 95% CI=1.17, 4.78; fourth quartile HR=1.80; 95% CI=0.85, 3.81). We did not find a significant association between neighborhood collective efficacy and cessation or significant evidence of a joint relation of collective efficacy and smoking norms with cessation. Conclusions. Neighborhood social norms may be more relevant than is collective efficacy to smoking cessation. The normative environmentmay shape health behavior and should be considered as part of public health intervention efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300364_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The costs of treating American Indian adults with diabetes within the Indian health service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Connell, J.M. Author-Name: Wilson, C. Author-Name: Manson, S.M. Author-Name: Acton, K.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 301-308 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300332 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the costs of treating American Indian adults with diabetes within the Indian Health Service (IHS). Methods. We extracted demographic and health service utilization data from the IHS electronic medical reporting system for 32052 American Indian adults in central Arizona in 2004 and 2005. We derived treatment cost estimates from an IHS facility-specific cost report. We examined chronic condition prevalence, medical service utilization, and treatment costs for American Indians with and without diabetes. Results. IHS treatment costs for the 10.9% of American Indian adults with diabetes accounted for 37.0% of all adult treatment costs. Persons with diabetes accounted for nearly half of all hospital days (excluding days for obstetrical care). Hospital inpatient service costs for those with diabetes accounted for 32.2% of all costs. Conclusions. In this first study of treatment costs within the IHS, costs for American Indians with diabetes were found to consume a significant proportion of IHS resources. The findings give federal agencies and tribes critical information for resource allocation and policy formulation to reduce and eventually eliminate diabetes-related disparities between American Indians and Alaska Natives and other racial/ethnic populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300332_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement: A 2-year longitudinal investigation of australian elementary school children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Telford, R.D. Author-Name: Cunningham, R.B. Author-Name: Fitzgerald, R. Author-Name: Olive, L.S. Author-Name: Prosser, L. Author-Name: Jiang, X. Author-Name: Telford, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 368-374 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300220 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether physical education (PE) taught by specialists contributed to academic development and prevention of obesity in elementary school children. Methods. Our 2-year longitudinal study involved 620 boys and girls initially in grade 3 in Australia, all receiving 150 minutes per week of PE. One group (specialist-taught PE; n=312) included 90 minutes per week of PE from visiting specialists; the other (common-practice PE; n=308) received all PE from generalist classroom teachers. Measurements included percentage of body fat (measured by dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry) and writing, numeracy, and reading proficiency (by government tests). Results. Compared with common-practice PE, specialist-taught PE was associated with a smaller increase in age-related percentage of body fat (P=.02). Specialist-taught PE was also associated with greater improvements in numeracy (P<.03) and writing (P=.13) scores. There was no evidence of a reading effect. Conclusions. The attenuated age-related increases in percentage of body fat and enhanced numeracy development among elementary school children receiving PE from specialists provides support for the role of PE in both preventive medicine and academic development. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300220_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policy instruments used by states seeking to improve school food environments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shroff, M.R. Author-Name: Jones, S.J. Author-Name: Frongillo, E.A. Author-Name: Howlett, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 222-229 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300338 Abstract: US legislatures and program administrators have sought to control the sale of foods offered outside of federally funded meal programs in schools, but little is known about which policies, if any, will prevent obesity in children. We used a theoretical policy science typology to understand the types of policy instruments used by US state governments from 2001 to 2006. We coded 126 enacted bills and observed several types of instruments prescribed by state legislatures to influence the foods sold in schools and improve the school food environment. Our study helps to better understand the various instruments used by policymakers and sets the stage to examine the effectiveness of the policy instruments used to prevent obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300338_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial and ethnic disparities in depression care in community-dwelling elderly in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Akincigil, A. Author-Name: Olfson, M. Author-Name: Siegel, M. Author-Name: Zurlo, K.A. Author-Name: Walkup, J.T. Author-Name: Crystal, S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 319-328 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300349 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated racial/ethnic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of depression among community-dwelling elderly. Methods. We performed a secondary analysis of Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data (n=33708) for 2001 through 2005. We estimated logistic regression models to assess the association of race/ethnicity with the probability of being diagnosed and treated for depression with either antidepressant medication or psychotherapy. Results. Depression diagnosis rates were 6.4% for non-Hispanic Whites, 4.2% for African Americans, 7.2% for Hispanics, and 3.8% for others. After we adjusted for a range of covariates including a 2-item depression screener, we found that African Americans were significantly less likely to receive a depression diagnosis from a health care provider (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.41, 0.69) than were non-Hispanic Whites; those diagnosed were less likely to be treated for depression (AOR=0.45; 95% CI=0.30, 0.66). Conclusions. Among elderly Medicare beneficiaries, significant racial/ethnic differences exist in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. Vigorous clinical and public health initiatives are needed to address this persisting disparity in care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300349_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cross-cultural effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on skin color Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitehead, R.D. Author-Name: Coetzee, V. Author-Name: Ozakinci, G. Author-Name: Perrett, D.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 212-213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300495 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300495_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community social norms as social determinants of violence againstwomen Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linos, N. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 199-200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300410 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300410_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women at heightened risk or health disparities (Am J Public Health. (2011) 102: 1 (e9-e15) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, H.J. Author-Name: Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378e_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peterman etal. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peterman, A. Author-Name: Palermo, T. Author-Name: Bredenkamp, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300439 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300439_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexuality and homelessness in Los Angeles public schools. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, E. Author-Name: Fulginiti, A. Author-Name: Winetrobe, H. Author-Name: Montoya, J. Author-Name: Plant, A. Author-Name: Kordic, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 200-201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300439 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300439_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adult health behaviors over the life course by sexual orientation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boehmer, U. Author-Name: Miao, X. Author-Name: Linkletter, C. Author-Name: Clark, M.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 292-300 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300334 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated differences in health behaviors among adults by sexual orientation. Methods. We pooled 4 years of data (2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007) from the California Health Interview Survey. We estimated the frequency of smoking, alcohol use, healthy dietary behaviors, physical activity, and health care utilization, and we used logistic regression modeling to determine the odds of each behavior with increasing age and for 2 age groups: younger than 50 years and 50 years old or older. Results. At any adult age, lesbians had greater odds of smoking and binge drinking than did heterosexual women, and gay and bisexual men had greater health care utilization than did heterosexual men. Other risk behaviors differed with age. Conclusions. Some behavioral change interventions should target lesbians, gays, and bisexuals at all ages, whereas other interventions should specifically target individuals at younger ages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300334_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying unaddressed systemic health conditions at dental visits: Patients who visited dental practices but not general health care providers in 2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strauss, S.M. Author-Name: Alfano, M.C. Author-Name: Shelley, D. Author-Name: Fulmer, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 253-255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300420 Abstract: We assessed the proportion and characteristics of patientswho do not regularly visit general health care providers but do visit dentists and whose unaddressed systemic health conditions could therefore be identified by their dentist. Of the 26.0% of children and 24.1% of adults that did not access general outpatient health care in 2008, 34.7% and 23.1%, respectively, visited a dentist. They varied by census region, family income, and sociodemographics. Dental practices can serve as alternate sites of opportunity to identify health concerns among diverse groups of US patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300420_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Appealing to vanity: Could potential appearance improvement motivate fruit and vegetable consumption? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitehead, R.D. Author-Name: Ozakinci, G. Author-Name: Stephen, I.D. Author-Name: Perrett, D.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 207-211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300405 Abstract: Fruit and vegetable consumption is inadequate among adults in the United States; this contributes to preventable morbidity and mortality. More effective dietary intervention strategies are needed. Recently, interventions that advertise the consequences of behavior for appearance have been successful inmodifying sun-exposure habits and tobacco use. Such an approach might also facilitate dietary improvement. Consumption of carotenoid- rich fruit and vegetables positively affects skin color, which influences perceptionsofhealthandattractiveness, andpromotingsuchan effect may motivate target audiences to increase consumption of this important food group. This approach represents a novel direction for the field and is potentially suitable for cost-effective, population-level dissemination through the visual media. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300405_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexuality and homelessness in los Angeles public schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, E. Author-Name: Fulginiti, A. Author-Name: Winetrobe, H. Author-Name: Montoya, J. Author-Name: Plant, A. Author-Name: Kordic, T. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 200-201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300411 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300411_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In the wake of Guatemala: The case for voluntary compensation and remediation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, I.G. Author-Name: Adashi, E.Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: e4-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300543 Abstract: Recently unearthed records reveal that between 1946 and 1948, researchers with the US Public Health Service engaged in nonconsensual inoculation of vulnerable Guatemalan populations with syphilis, gonorrhea, or chancroid. The US government has issued formal public apologies to the Guatemalan government and its people, and the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues has been tasked with reviewing the historical record and the adequacy of protection of human research participants. We argue that the US response is insufficient and call for a restitution program directed at the aggrieved parties. We review the lessons of two earlier analogous cases and propose guiding principles upon whichsucha restitutionprogram could be crafted with the Guatemalan people in mind. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300543_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of the individual mandate and internal revenue service form 990 schedule h on community benefits from nonprofit hospitals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Principe, K. Author-Name: Adams, K. Author-Name: Maynard, J. Author-Name: Becker, E.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 229-237 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300339 Abstract: In response to a growing concern that nonprofit hospitals are not providing sufficient benefit to their communities in return for their tax-exempt status, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) now requires nonprofit hospitals to formally document the extent of their community contributions. While the IRS is increasing financial scrutiny of nonprofit hospitals, many provisions in the recently passed historical health reform legislation will also have a significant impact on the provision of uncompensated care and other community benefits. We argue that health reform does not render the nonprofit organizational form obsolete. Rather, health reform should strengthen the nonprofit hospitals' ability to fulfill their missions by better targeting subsidies for uncompensated care and potentially increasing subsidized health services provision, many of which affect the public's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300339_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of and disparities in reproductive health service use among adolescent and young adult women in the United States, 2002-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hall, K.S. Author-Name: Moreau, C. Author-Name: Trussell, J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 359-367 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300380 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated determinants of and disparities in reproductive health service use among young women in the United States from 2002 to 2008. Methods. Using data on 4421 US women aged 15 to 24 years from the National Survey of Family Growth (2002, n=2157; 2006-2008, n=2264), we employed descriptive and univariate statistics and multivariate regression models to examine service use across women's sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and to investigate potential disparate changes in service use over time. Results. More than half the sample (59%) had used services in the past year. In regression models, predictors of service use included age, education, birthplace, insurance, religious participation, mother's education, childhood family situation, age at menarche, sexual intercourse experience, recent number of partners, and previous gynecological diagnosis. Although service use decreased by 8% overall from 2002 to 2006-2008 (P<.001), the magnitude of decline was similar across demographic and socioeconomic groups. Conclusions. Inequalities in reproductive health service use exist among women in the United States, particularly among the youngest and socially disadvantaged women, which may translate to poor and disparate reproductive outcomes. Public health and policy strategies are needed to eliminate inequities in reproductive health service. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300380_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protecting young people from junk food advertising: Implications of psychological research for first amendment law Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris, J.L. Author-Name: Graff, S.K. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 214-222 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300328 Abstract: In the United States, one third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese, yet food and beverage companies continue to target them with advertising for products that contribute to this obesity crisis. When government restrictions on such advertising are proposed, the constitutional commercial speech doctrine is often invoked as a barrier to action. We explore incongruities between the legal justifications for the commercial speech doctrine and the psychological research on how food advertising affects young people. A proper interpretation of the First Amendment should leave room for regulations to protect young people from advertising featuring caloriedense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300328_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Conflicts of quarantine: The case of Jewish immigrants to the Jewish state Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seidelman, R.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 243-252 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300476 Abstract: Shaar Haaliya-Israel's Ellis Island during the mass immigration of the 1950s-is a case study that challenges the historian's understanding of the concept of quarantine. It was isolated and fenced off for declared health purposes and was widely referred to as a quarantine, but archival and historiographical documentation suggest that Israeli public health policy did not define it as such. I track the discussion and conflict surrounding Shaar Haaliya's function and perception as a quarantine. This is a story that illuminates the way fear of disease converged with fear of immigration as well as the way defiance of public health institutions took shape in a unique framework of citizenship and during a unique wave of migration. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300476_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Program, policy, and price interventions for tobacco control: Quantifying the return on investment of a state tobacco control program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dilley, J.A. Author-Name: Harris, J.R. Author-Name: Boysun, M.J. Author-Name: Reid, T.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: e22-e28 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300506 Abstract: Objectives. We examined health effects associated with 3 tobacco control interventions in Washington State: a comprehensive state program, a state policy banning smoking in public places, and price increases. Methods. We used linear regression models to predict changes in smoking prevalence and specific tobacco-related health conditions associated with the interventions. We estimated dollars saved over 10 years (2000-2009) by the value of hospitalizations prevented, discounting for national trends. Results. Smoking declines in the state exceeded declines in the nation. Of the interventions, the state program had the most consistent and largest effect on trends for heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. Over 10 years, implementation of the program was associated with prevention of nearly 36000 hospitalizations, at a value of about $1.5 billion. The return on investment for the state program was more than $5 to $1. Conclusions. The combined program, policy, and price interventions resulted in reductions in smoking and related health effects, while saving money. Public health and other leaders should continue to invest in tobacco control, including comprehensive programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300506_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Framing water, sanitation, and hygiene needs among female-headed households in Periurban Maputo, Mozambique Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carolini, G.Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 256-261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300399 Abstract: Objectives. Water, sanitation, and hygiene challenges in the global south require analyses that capture more than urban-rural differences. A new taxonomy is required to help systematize and respond to basic sanitary needs. My aim was to test a new framework for understanding these concerns in periurban spaces. Methods. I conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with a randomized sample, stratified by settlement density, of mostly female-headed households in KaTembe, the largest municipal district of Maputo, Mozambique. The survey included questions on the adequacy, accessibility, and affordability of water, sanitation facilities, and waste management as well as awareness of illnesses and safe hygiene practices. Results. Despite being part of a capital city, KaTembe residents face a diverse mixture of sanitary challenges, as revealed through an analysis of adequacy, accessibility, affordability, and awareness issues. The interaction of these 4 lenses provides insight into residents' behaviors and the obstacles they face in securing adequate provisions. Conclusions. International water, sanitation, and hygiene studies continue to depend on urban-rural distinctions. However, an adequacy, accessibility, affordability, and awareness framework can improve the utility of their data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300399_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Yogi Berra, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, and millennium development goal 7 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300625 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300625_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sanitation and public health: A heritage to remember and continue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 204-206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300419 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300419_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Corliss etal. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Goodenow, C.S. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300437 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300437_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outcomes of a latino community-based intervention for the prevention of diabetes: The Lawrence latino diabetes prevention project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ockene, I.S. Author-Name: Tellez, T.L. Author-Name: Rosal, M.C. Author-Name: Reed, G.W. Author-Name: Mordes, J. Author-Name: Merriam, P.A. Author-Name: Olendzki, B.C. Author-Name: Handelman, G. Author-Name: Nicolosi, R. Author-Name: Ma, Y. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 336-342 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300357 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the effectiveness of a community-based, literacysensitive, and culturally tailored lifestyle intervention on weight loss and diabetes risk reduction among low-income, Spanish-speaking Latinos at increased diabetes risk. Methods. Three hundred twelve participants from Lawrence, Massachusetts, were randomly assigned to lifestyle intervention care (IC) or usual care (UC) between 2004 and 2007. The intervention was implemented by trained Spanishspeaking individuals from the community. Each participant was followed for 1 year. Results. The participants' mean age was 52 years; 59% had less than a high school education. The 1-year retention rate was 94%. Compared with the UC group, the IC group had a modest but significant weight reduction (-2.5 vs 0.63 lb; P=.04) and a clinically meaningful reduction in hemoglobin A1c (-0.10% vs -0.04%; P=.009). Likewise, insulin resistance improved significantly in the IC compared with the UC group. The IC group also had greater reductions in percentage of calories from total and saturated fat. Conclusions. We developed an inexpensive, culturally sensitive diabetes prevention program that resulted in weight loss, improved HbA1c, and improved insulin resistance in a high-risk Latino population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300357_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of changes in job strain and its components on the risk of depression Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, P.M. Author-Name: Bielecky, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 2 Pages: 352-358 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300376 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of changes in dimensions of the psychosocial work environment on risk of depression in a longitudinal cohort of Canadian workers who were free of depression when work conditions were initially reported. Methods. Using a sample (n=3735) from the Canadian National Population Health Survey, we examined the effects of changes in job control, psychological demands, and social support over a 2-year period on subsequent depression. We adjusted models for a number of covariates, including personal history of depression. Results. Respondents with increased psychological demands were more likely to have depression over the following 2 years (odds ratio=2.36; 95% confidence interval=1.14, 4.88). This risk remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, gender, marital status, presence of children, level of education, chronic health conditions, subclinical depression when work conditions were initially assessed, family history of depression, and personal history of depression. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that changes in psychological demands have a stronger influence than changes in job control on the onset of depression, highlighting the importance of not assuming an interaction between these 2 components of job strain when assessing health outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300376_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women at heightened risk or health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, H.-J. Author-Name: Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: e9-e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether elevated risks of health disparities exist in Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women aged 18 years and older compared with non-Hispanic White lesbians and bisexual women and Hispanic heterosexual women. Methods. We analyzed population-based data from the Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2003-2009) using adjusted logistic regressions. Results. Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women, compared with Hispanic heterosexual women, were at elevated risk for disparities in smoking, asthma, and disability. Hispanic bisexual women also showed higher odds of arthritis, acute drinking, poor general health, and frequent mental distress compared with Hispanic heterosexual women. In addition, Hispanic bisexual women were more likely to report frequent mental distress than were non-Hispanic White bisexual women. Hispanic lesbians were more likely to report asthma than were non- Hispanic White lesbians. Conclusions. The elevated risk of health disparities in Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women are primarily associated with sexual orientation. Yet, the elevated prevalence of mental distress for Hispanic bisexual women and asthma for Hispanic lesbians appears to result from the cumulative risk of doubly disadvantaged statuses. Efforts are needed to address unique health concerns of diverse lesbians and bisexual women. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health reform and healthy people initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Author-Name: Teutsch, S. Author-Name: Koh, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-33 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300312 Abstract: The passage of the Affordable Care Act builds on and strengthens the foundation for prevention and wellness that Healthy People-the nation's health promotion and disease prevention aspirations for a healthier nation-established. The Affordable Care Act reaffirms the themes of Healthy People by promoting population-based prevention and sets the stage for Healthy People 2020. The heart of Healthy People 2010 lies in its leading health indicators, reflecting high-priority health issues for thenation.Nationalprogress requires broad application of the ecological health model. We reviewed the status of each Healthy People 2010 indicator and noted how the Affordable Care Act drives future positive health outcomes using the ecological model of health as a prism for viewing health improvement. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300312_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Joe camel in a bottle: Diageo, the Smirnoff brand, and the transformation of the youth alcohol market Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mosher, J.F. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 56-63 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300387 Abstract: I have documented the shift in youth alcoholic beverage preference from beer to distilled spirits between 2001 and 2009. I have assessed the role of distilledspirits industrymarketing strategies to promote this shift using the Smirnoff brand marketing campaign as a case example. I conclude with a discussion of the similarities in corporate tactics across consumer products with adverse public health impacts, the importance of studying corporate marketing and public relations practices, and the implications of those practices for public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300387_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hruschka etal. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hruschka, D.J. Author-Name: Brewis, A.A. Author-Name: Wutich, A. Author-Name: Morin, B. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300438 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300438_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transgender health in massachusetts: Results from a household probability sample of adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conron, K.J. Author-Name: Scott, G. Author-Name: Stowell, G.S. Author-Name: Landers, S.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 118-122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300315 Abstract: Despite higher rates of unemployment and poverty among transgender adults (n=131; 0.5% weighted) than among nontransgender adults (n=28045) in our population-based Massachusetts household sample, few health differences were observed between transgender and nontransgender adults. Transgender adults who are stably housed and participated in a telephone health survey may represent the healthiest segment of the transgender population. Our findings demonstrate a need for diverse sampling approaches to monitor transgender health, including adding transgendermeasures to population-based surveys, and further highlight economic inequities that warrant intervention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300315_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in fluoroquinolone use for gonorrhea following publication of revised treatment guidelines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dowell, D. Author-Name: Tian, L.H. Author-Name: Stover, J.A. Author-Name: Donnelly, J.A. Author-Name: Martins, S. Author-Name: Erbelding, E.J. Author-Name: Pino, R. Author-Name: Weinstock, H. Author-Name: Newman, L.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 148-155 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300283 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of revised national treatment recommendations on fluoroquinolone use for gonorrhea in selected states. Methods. We evaluated gonorrhea cases reported through the Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network as treated between July 1, 2006 and May 31, 2008, using interrupted time series analysis. Outcomes were fluoroquinolone treatment overall, by area, and by practice setting. Results. Of 16126 cases with treatment dates in this period, 15669 noted the medication used. After revised recommendations were released, fluoroquinolone use decreased abruptly overall (21.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=15.9%, 27.2%), in most geographic areas evaluated, and in sexually transmitted disease clinics (28.5%; 95% CI=19.0%, 37.9%). More gradual decreases were seen in primary care (8.6%; 95% CI=2.6%, 14.6%), and in emergency departments, urgent care, and hospitals (2.7%; 95% CI=1.7%, 3.7%). Conclusions. Fluoroquinolone use decreased after the publication of revised national guidelines, particularly in sexually transmitted disease clinics. Additional mechanisms are needed to increase the speed and magnitude of changes in prescribing in primary care, emergency departments, urgent care, and hospitals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300283_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wellness incentives, equity, and the 5 groups problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schmidt, H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 49-54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300348 Abstract: Wellness incentives are an increasingly popular means of encouraging participation in prevention programs, but they may not benefit all groups equally. To assist those planning, conducting, and evaluating incentive programs, I describe the impact of incentives on 5 groups: the "lucky ones," the "yes-I-can" group, the "I'lldo- it-tomorrow" group, the "unlucky ones," and the "leave-me-alone" group. The 5 groups problem concerns the question of when disparities in the capacity to use incentive programs constitute unfairness and how policymakers ought to respond. I outline 4 policy options: to continue to offer incentives universally, to offer them universally but with modifications, to offer targeted rather than universal programs, and to abandon incentive programs altogether. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300348_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Position-specific HIV risk in a large network of homeless youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, E. Author-Name: Barman-Adhikari, A. Author-Name: Milburn, N.G. Author-Name: Monro, W. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 141-147 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300295 Abstract: We examined interconnections among runaway and homeless youths (RHYs) and how aggregated network structure position was associated with HIV risk in this population. Methods. We collected individual and social network data from 136 RHYs.On the basis of these data, we generated a sociomatrix, accomplished network visualization with a "spring embedder," and examined k-cores. We used multivariate logistic regression models to assess associations between peripheral and nonperipheral network position and recent unprotected sexual intercourse. Results. Small numbers of nominations at the individual level aggregated into a large social network with a visible core, periphery, and small clusters. Female youths were more likely to be in the core, as were youths who had been homeless for 2 years or more. Youths at the periphery were less likely to report unprotected intercourse and had been homeless for a shorter duration. Conclusions. HIV riskwas a function of risk-taking youths' connectionswith one another and was associated with position in the overall network structure. Social network-based prevention programs, young women's housing and health programs, and housing-first programs for peripheral youths could be effective strategies for preventing HIV among this population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300295_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chronically homeless persons With co-occuring disorders in Washington, DC Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsemberis, S. Author-Name: Kent, D. Author-Name: Respress, C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300320 Abstract: Pathways Housing First provides access to housing, support, and treatment services to clients having the most complex needs-persons who have been homeless for at least 5 years and have both a psychiatric disability and substance dependency. In a 2-year Housing and Urban Development-funded demonstration project in Washington, DC, in 2007 and 2008, we observed promising outcomes in housing retention and reductions in psychiatric symptoms, alcohol use, and demand for intensive support services. The program is designed to be fiscally self-sustaining through extant public disability benefits for housing, treatment, and support services. This approach shows strong support for first providing a permanently supported housing solution for chronically homeless and severely disabled individuals in need of housing and treatment of co-occurring disorders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300320_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hemoglobin a1c as a diagnostic tool: Public health implications from an actor-network perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Degeling, C. Author-Name: Rock, M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 99-106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300329 Abstract: Public health arguments for collecting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data, particularly in clinical settings, should be reframed to place more emphasis on nonmedical determinants of population health. We compare individual- with population-level interpretations of HbA1c titers. This comparison reveals that public health researchers need to pay close attention to diagnostic tests and their uses, including rhetorical uses. We also synthesize historical and current evidence to map out 2 possible scenarios for the future. In the first scenario, prevention efforts emphasize primary care and focus almost entirely downstream. The second scenario anticipates downstream interventions but also upstream interventions targeting environments. Our analysis adapts actor- network theory to strategic planning and forecasting in public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300329_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Household food insufficiency, financial strain, work-family spillover, and depressive symptoms in the working class: The work, family, and health network study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Okechukwu, C.A. Author-Name: Ayadi, A.M.E. Author-Name: Tamers, S.L. Author-Name: Sabbath, E.L. Author-Name: Berkman, L. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 126-133 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300323 Abstract: We evaluated the association of household-level stressors with depressive symptoms among low-wage nursing home employees. Methods. Data were collected in 2006 and 2007 from 452 multiethnic primary and nonprimary wage earners in 4 facilities in Massachusetts. We used logistic regression to estimate the association of depressive symptoms with household financial strain, food insufficiency, and work-family spillover (preoccupation with work-related concerns while at home and vice versa). Results. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with household financial strain (odds ratio [OR]=1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03, 3.21) and food insufficiency (OR=2.10; 95% CI=1.10, 4.18). Among primary earners, stratified analyses showed that food insufficiency was associated with depressive symptoms (OR=3.60; 95% CI=1.42, 9.11) but financial strain was not. Among nonprimary wage earners, depressive symptoms correlated with financial strain (OR=3.65; 95% CI=1.48, 9.01) and work-family spillover (OR=3.22; 95% CI=1.11, 9.35). Conclusions. Household financial strain, food insufficiency, and work-family spillover are pervasive problems for working populations, but associations vary by primary wage earner status. The prevalence of food insufficiency among fulltime employees was striking and might have a detrimental influence on depressive symptoms and the health of working-class families. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300323_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The disabling effect of diseases: A study on trends in diseases, activity limitations, and their interrelationships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hoeymans, N. Author-Name: Wong, A. Author-Name: Van Gool, C.H. Author-Name: Deeg, D.J.H. Author-Name: Nusselder, W.J. Author-Name: De Klerk, M.M.Y. Author-Name: Van Boxtel, M.P.J. Author-Name: Picavet, H.S.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 163-170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300296 Abstract: Objectives. Data from the Netherlands indicate a recent increase in prevalence of chronic diseases and a stable prevalence of disability, suggesting that diseases have become less disabling. We studied the association between chronic diseases and activity limitations in the Netherlands from 1990 to 2008. Methods. Five surveys among noninstitutionalized persons aged 55 to 84 years (n=54847) obtained self-reported data on chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, stroke, lung disease, joint disease, back problems, and cancer) and activity limitations (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] long-term disability questionnaire or 36- item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]). Results. Prevalence rates of chronic diseases increased over time, whereas prevalence rates of activity limitations were stable (OECD) or slightly decreased (SF-36). Associations between chronic diseases and activity limitations were also stable (OECD) or slightly decreased (SF-36). Surveys varied widely with regard to disease and limitation prevalence rates and the associations between them. Conclusions. The hypothesis that diseases became less disabling from 1990 to 2008 was only supported by results based on activity limitation data as assessed with the SF-36. Further research on how diseases and disability are associated over time is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300296_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual Satisfaction and Health Are Positively Associated With Penile-Vaginal Intercourse but Not Other Sexual Activities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brody, S. Author-Name: Costa, R.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 6-7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300428 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300428_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting transparency in pharmaceutical industry-sponsored research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ross, J.S. Author-Name: Gross, C.P. Author-Name: Krumholz, H.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 72-80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300187 Abstract: Strong, evidence-based practice requires that objective, unbiased research be available to inform individual clinical decisions, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and expert guideline recommendations. Industry has used seeding trials, publication planning, messaging,ghostwriting,and selective publication and reporting of trial outcomes to distort the medical literature and undermine clinical trial research by obscuring information relevant to patients and physicians. Policies that promote transparency in the clinical trial research process, through improved and expanded disclosure of investigator contributions and funding, comprehensive publicly available trial registration, and independent analysis of clinical trial data analysis may address these subversive practices by improving accountability among industry and investigators. Minimizing marketing's impact on clinical trial research and strengthening the science will protect medical literature's integrity and the public's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300187_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Repeat syphilis among men who have sex with men in California 2002-2006: Implications for syphilis elimination efforts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, S.E. Author-Name: Ng, R.A.C. Author-Name: Katz, K.A. Author-Name: Bernstein, K.T. Author-Name: Samuel, M.C. Author-Name: Kerndt, P.R. Author-Name: Bolan, G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: e1-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300383 Abstract: Objectives. We examined rates of and risk factors for repeat syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in California. Methods. We analyzed 2002 to 2006 California syphilis surveillance system data. Results. During the study period, a mean of 5.9% (range: 4.9%-7.1% per year) of MSM had a repeat primary or secondary (PS) syphilis infection within 2 years of an initial infection. There was no significant increase in the annual proportion of MSM with a repeat syphilis infection (P=.42). In a multivariable model, factors associated with repeat syphilis infection were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR]= 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.14, 2.37), Black race (OR=1.84; 95% CI=1.12, 3.04), and 10 or more recent sex partners (OR=1.99; 95% CI=1.12, 3.50). Conclusions. Approximately 6% ofMSMin California have a repeat PS syphilis infection within 2 years of an initial infection. HIV infection, Black race, and having multiple sex partners are associated with increased odds of repeat infection. Syphilis elimination efforts should include messages about the risk for repeat infection and the importance of follow-up testing. Public health attention to individuals repeatedly infected with syphilis may help reduce local disease burdens. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300383_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global alcohol producers, science, and policy: The case of the international center for alcohol policies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jernigan, D.H. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 80-89 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300269 Abstract: In this article, I document strategies used by alcohol producers to influence national and global science and policy. Their strategies include producingscholarlypublications with incomplete, distorted views of the science underlying alcohol policies; pressuring national and internationalgovernmental institutions; and encouraging collaboration ofpublic health researchers with alcohol industry- funded organizations and researchers. I concludewith a call for an enhanced research agenda drawing on sources seldom used by public health research, morefocusedresourcing of global public health bodies such as the World Health Organization to counterbalance industry initiatives, development of technical assistanceandother materials to assistcountrieswitheffective alcohol-control strategies, and further development of an ethical stance regarding collaborationwithindustries that profit from unhealthy consumption of their products. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300269_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Against the very idea of the politicization of public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldberg, D.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300325 Abstract: I criticize the concern over the politicization of public health policy as a justification for preferring a narrow to a broad model of public health. My critique proceeds along 2 lines. First, the fact that administrative structures and actors are primary sources of public health policy demonstrates its inescapably political and politicized nature. Second, historical evidence shows that public health in Great Britain and the United States has from its very inception been political and politicized. I conclude by noting legitimate ethical concerns regarding the political nature of public health policy and argue that open deliberation in a democratic social order is best served by acknowledging the constraints of the inescapably politicized process of public health policymaking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300325_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who will deliver on the promise? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Healton, C.G. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 17-21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300395 Abstract: The Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) Core CompetencyModel aspires to rigorously train future leaders of public health practice to direct and advance societal efforts that address socially rooted causes of health and illness. Although there is no proven formula for success, 3 principles derived from practice may guide the way forward: (1) institutionalize mutual learning and reciprocity between schools of public health and public health agencies and organizations, (2) capitalize on the full resources of the larger university to enrich the educational experiences of DrPH candidates and public health leaders, and (3) globalize the search for model DrPH programs that may be adapted for US schools. Schools of public health must ensure that DrPH programs gain the status and resources needed to fulfill their societal mandate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300395_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of workplace policies and other social factors on self-reported influenza-like illness incidence during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kumar, S. Author-Name: Quinn, S.C. Author-Name: Kim, K.H. Author-Name: Daniel, L.H. Author-Name: Freimuth, V.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 134-140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300307 Abstract: We assessed the impact of social determinants of potential exposure to H1N1-which are unequally distributed by race/ethnicity in the United States-on incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Methods. In January 2010 we surveyed a nationally representative sample (n=2079) of US adults from the Knowledge Networks online research panel, with Hispanic and African American oversamples. The completion rate was 56%. Results. Path analysis examining ILI incidence, race, and social determinants of potential exposure to H1N1 demonstrated that higher ILI incidence was related to workplace policies, such as lack of access to sick leave, and structural factors, such as number of children in the household. Hispanic ethnicity was related to a greater risk of ILI attributable to these social determinants, even after we controlled for income and education. Conclusions. The absence of certain workplace policies, such as paid sick leave, confers a population-attributable risk of 5 million additional cases of ILI in the general population and 1.2 million cases among Hispanics. Federal mandates for sick leave could have significant health impacts by reducing morbidity from ILI, especially in Hispanics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300307_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consequences of industry relationships for public health and medicine. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothman, D.J. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 55 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:1:55_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sugar-sweetened beverage Taxes in Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Claro, R.M. Author-Name: Levy, R.B. Author-Name: Popkin, B.M. Author-Name: Monteiro, C.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 178-183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300313 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) would improve the diets of households in Brazil. Methods. We used household food consumption data that the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics collected in 2002-2003 from a nationally representative sample of 48470 Brazilian households. The consumption of SSBs is expressed as the total SSB calories consumed and as the SSB percentage of the total calories purchased. We investigated price elasticity with regression models, controlling for demographic variables, income, and prices of all other foods and drinks. Results. Increases in the price of SSBs led to reductions in consumption. A 1.00% increase in the price of SSBs led to a 0.85% reduction of SSB calories consumed (1.03% reduction for the poor and 0.63% for the nonpoor). Increased income had a positive effect on SSB consumption, but the effect was less than half the size of the price elasticity (0.41% increase in SSB calories consumed for every 1.00% increase in income). Conclusions. High SSB price elasticity in Brazil indicates that a tax on purchased weight or volume would lead to reductions in SSB consumption. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300313_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's choice: We are the 99 percent Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 4 Pages: 585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300691 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300691_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using ART to AMPLIFY youth voices on housing insecurity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cannuscio, C. Author-Name: Bugos, E. Author-Name: Hersh, S. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Author-Name: Weiss, E.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 10-12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300494 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300494_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond base pairs to bedside: A population perspective on how genomics can improve health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khoury, M.J. Author-Name: Gwinn, M. Author-Name: Bowen, M.S. Author-Name: Dotson, W.D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 34-37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300299 Abstract: A decade after the sequencing of the human genome, the National Human Genome Research Institute announced a strategic plan forgenomicmedicine. Itcalls for evaluating the structure andbiology ofgenomes, understanding the biology of disease, advancing the science of medicine, and improving the effectiveness of health care. Fulfilling the promise of genomics urgently requires a population perspective to complement the bench-tobedside model of translation. A population approach should assess the contribution of genomics to health in the context of social and environmental determinants of disease; evaluategenomic applications that may improve health care; design strategies for integrating genomicsintopractice; address ethical, legal, and social issues; and measure the population health impact of new technologies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300299_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Core competencies for doctoral education in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Calhoun, J.G. Author-Name: Mcelligott, J.E. Author-Name: Weist, E.M. Author-Name: Raczynski, J.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 22-29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300469 Abstract: The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) released the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) Core CompetencyModelin2009. Between 2007 and 2009, a national expert panel with members of the academic and practice communities guided by the ASPH Education Committee developed its 7 performance domains, including 54 competencies. We provide an overview and analysis of the challenges and issues associated with the variability in DrPH degree offerings, reflect on the model development process and related outcomes, and discuss the significance of the model, future applications, and challenges for integration across educational settings. Withthemodel,ASPHaims to stimulate national discussion on the competencies needed by DrPH graduates with the new challenges of 21st-century public health practice and to better define the DrPH degree. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300469_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual compulsivity, co-occurring psychosocial health problems, and HIV risk among gay and bisexual men: Further evidence of a syndemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parsons, J.T. Author-Name: Grov, C. Author-Name: Golub, S.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 156-162 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300284 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated whether sexual compulsivity fits into a syndemic framework, in which sexual compulsivity is one of a number of co-occurring psychosocial health problems that increase HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. In 2003 and 2004, we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey of MSM in New York City (n=669) by approaching attendees at gay, lesbian, and bisexual community events. We analyzed data by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results. We found strong positive interrelationships among syndemic factors including sexual compulsivity, depression, childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and polydrug use. In bivariate analyses, all syndemic health problems except for childhood sexual abuse were positively related to HIV seropositivity and high-risk sexual behavior. Our multivariate models revealed an array of interrelationships among psychosocial health problems. We found amplified effects of these problems on HIV seropositivity and on the likelihood of engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. Conclusions. Our findings support the conclusion that sexual compulsivity is a component of a syndemic framework for HIV risk among MSM. HIV prevention interventions should consider the overlapping and compounding effects of psychosocial problems, including sexual compulsivity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300284_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The future of public health ethics. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothstein, M.A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 9 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2012:102:1:9_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inventing conflicts of interest: A history of Tobacco industry tactics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brandt, A.M. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-71 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292 Abstract: Confronted by compelling peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the harms of smoking, the tobacco industry, beginning in the 1950s, used sophisticated public relations approachestoundermineand distort the emerging science. The industry campaign worked to create a scientific controversy through a program that depended on the creationofindustry-academic conflicts of interest. This strategy of producing scientific uncertainty undercut public health efforts and regulatory interventions designed to reduce the harmsof smoking. A number of industries have subsequently followed this approach to disrupting normativescience.Claimsof scientific uncertainty and lack of proof also lead to the assertion of individual responsibilityforindustrially produced health risks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical justification for conducting public health surveillance without patient consent Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, L.M. Author-Name: Heilig, C.M. Author-Name: White, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 38-44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300297 Abstract: Public health surveillance by necessity occurs without explicit patient consent. There is strong legal and scientific support for maintaining name-based reporting of infectious diseases and other types of public health surveillance. We present conditions under which surveillance without explicit patient consent is ethically justifiable using principles ofcontemporaryclinical and public health ethics. Overriding individual autonomy must be justified in terms of the obligation of public health to improve population health, reduce inequities, attend to the health of vulnerable and systematically disadvantaged persons, and prevent harm. In addition, data elements collected without consent must represent the minimal necessary interference, lead to effective public health action, and be maintained securely. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300297_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schneider, S.K. Author-Name: O'donnell, L. Author-Name: Stueve, A. Author-Name: Coulter, R.W.S. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 171-177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300308 Abstract: Objectives. Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. Methods. In the fall of 2008, 20406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. Results. A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. Conclusions. Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300308_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disability among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: Disparities in prevalence and risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. Author-Name: Kim, H.-J. Author-Name: Barkan, S.E. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: e16-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300379 Abstract: Objectives. We used population-based data to comprehensively examine disability among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Methods. We estimated prevalence of disability and its covariates and compared by sexual orientation by utilizing data from the Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n=82531) collected in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between disability and sexual orientation, after we controlled for covariates of disability. Results. Findings indicated that the prevalence of disability is higher among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with their heterosexual counterparts; lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults with disabilities are significantly younger than heterosexual adults with disabilities. Higher disability prevalence among lesbians and among bisexual women and men remained significant after we controlled for covariates of disability. Conclusions. Higher rates of disability among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults are of major concern. Efforts are needed to prevent, delay, and reduce disabilities as well as to improve the quality of life for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults with disabilities. Future prevention and intervention efforts need to address the unique concerns of these groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300379_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing perceptions of pandemic influenza and public health responses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kamradt-Scott, A. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 90-98 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300330 Abstract: According to the latest World Bank estimates, over the past decade some US $4.3 billion has been pledged by governments to combat the threat of pandemic influenza. Presidents, prime ministers, and even dictators the world over have been keen to demonstrate their commitment to tackling this disease, but this has not always been the case. Indeed, government-led intervention in responding to the threat of pandemic influenza is a relatively recent phenomenon. I explore how human understandings of influenza have altered over the past 500 years and how public policy responses have shifted accordingly. I trace the progress in human understanding of causation from meteorological conditions to the microscopic, and how this has prompted changes in public policy to mitigate the disease's impact. I also examine the latest trend of viewing pandemic influenza as a security threat and how this has changed contemporary governance structures and power dynamics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300330_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A decade of spore-forming bacterial infections among european injecting drug users: Pronounced regional variation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hope, V.D. Author-Name: Palmateer, N. Author-Name: Wiessing, L. Author-Name: Marongiu, A. Author-Name: White, J. Author-Name: Ncube, F. Author-Name: Goldberg, D. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 122-125 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300314 Abstract: The recent anthrax outbreak among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Europe has highlighted an ongoing problem with severe illness resulting from spore-forming bacteria in IDUs. We collated the numbers of cases of 4 bacterial illnesses (botulism, tetanus, Clostridium novyi, and anthrax) in European IDUs for 2000 to 2009 and calculated population rates. Six countries reported 367 cases; rates varied from 0.03 to 7.54 permillion people.Most cases (92%) were reported from 3 neighboring countries: Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom. This geographic variation needs investigation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300314_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social gradients in the health of indigenous australians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shepherd, C.C.J. Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Zubrick, S.R. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 107-117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300354 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300354 Abstract: The pattern of association between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes has primarily depicted better health for those who are higher in the social hierarchy. Although this is a ubiquitous finding in the health literature, little is known about the interplay between these factors among indigenous populations. We begin to bridge this knowledge gap by assessing evidence on social gradients in indigenous health in Australia. We reveal a less universal and less consistent socioeconomic status patterning in health among Indigenous Australians, and discuss the plausibility of unique historical circumstances and social and cultural characteristics in explaining these patterns. A more robust evidence base in this field is fundamental to processes that aim to reduce the pervasive disparities between indigenous and nonindigenous population health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300354_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is social clustering of obesity due to social contagion or genetic transmission? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bartle, N.C. Year: 2012 Volume: 102 Issue: 1 Pages: 7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300499 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300499_2