Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Latent homeless risk profiles of a national sample of homeless veterans and their relation to program referral and admission patterns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, J. Author-Name: Kasprow, W.J. Author-Name: Rosenheck, R.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S239-S247 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301322 Abstract: Objectives. We identified risk and need profiles of homeless veterans and examined the relation between profiles and referrals and admissions to Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) homeless service programs. Methods. We examined data from the VA's new Homeless Operations Management and Evaluation System on 120 852 veterans from 142 sites nationally in 2011 and 2012 using latent class analyses based on 9 homeless risk factors. The final 4-class solution compared both referral and admission to VA homeless services. Results. We identified 4 latent classes: relatively few problems, dual diagnosis, poverty-substance abuse-incarceration, and disabling medical problems. Homeless veterans in the first group were more likely to be admitted to the VA's permanent supportive housing program, whereas those in the second group were more likely to be admitted to more restrictive VA residential treatment. Homeless veterans in the third group were more likely to be admitted to the VA's prisoner re-entry program, and those in the fourth group were more likely to be directed to VA medical services. Conclusions. The heterogeneous risk and need profiles of homeless veterans supported the diversity of VA homeless services and encouraged the development of specialized services to meet their diverse needs. Keywords: addiction; adult; article; female; government; health status; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental disease; mental health service; middle aged; organization and management; poverty; risk factor; social work; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; veteran; government; homelessness; Mental Disorders; poverty; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; veteran, Adult; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Poverty; Risk Factors; Social Work; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans, Adult; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Poverty; Risk Factors; Social Work; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301322_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanded HIV testing in the US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2009-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Czarnogorski, M. Author-Name: Halloran, J. Author-Name: Pedati, C. Author-Name: Dursa, E.K. Author-Name: Durfee, J. Author-Name: Martinello, R. Author-Name: Davey, V. Author-Name: Ross, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e40-e45 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301376 Abstract: Objectives. We measured HIV testing and seropositivity among veterans in Veterans Affairs (VA) care for calendar years 2009 through 2011 and analyzed 2011 results by patient demographics. Methods. We performed a repeated-measures cross-sectional study using standardized electronic data extraction from the VA electronic health records for all veterans with at least 1 outpatient visit during 2009 through 2011. We analyzed testing rates and seropositivity by demographic characteristics for 2011. Results. Of veterans with an outpatient visit, 20.0% had an HIV test in 2011, compared with 9.2% in 2009. Documented HIV testing rates were highest in women and Blacks. Of confirmed positive test results, 67.0% were in outpatients older than 50 years. Seropositivity was highest among men aged 30 to 49 years, women aged 50 to 69 years, and Black outpatients of both genders. Implementation of an electronic clinical reminder was associated with higher testing rates. Conclusions. The significant effect of an electronic clinical reminder suggests that such decision support tools can substantially increase testing rates. The frequency of positive test results in older individuals suggests the need for additionalwork to define optimum approaches to HIV testing in this population. Keywords: adult; aged; ancestry group; cross-sectional study; electronic medical record; female; government; HIV Seropositivity; human; male; mass screening; middle aged; outpatient; sex ratio; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization; article; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mass screening; race; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adult; Aged; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronic Health Records; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Outpatients; Sex Distribution; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Adult; Aged; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronic Health Records; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Outpatients; Sex Distribution; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301376_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ending homelessness - Then what? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Toole, T. Author-Name: Pape, L. Author-Name: Kane, V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S185-S187 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301730 Keywords: chronic disease; epidemiology; government; health care delivery; homelessness; human; mental health; organization and management; public health; risk factor; social work; United States; editorial; government; social work; United States, Chronic Disease; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; Mental Health; Public Health; Risk Factors; Social Work; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Chronic Disease; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; Mental Health; Public Health; Risk Factors; Social Work; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301730_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building trust for engagement of minorities in human subjects research: Is the glass half full, half empty, or the wrong size? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinn, S.C. Author-Name: Kass, N.E. Author-Name: Thomas, S.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2119-2121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301685 Keywords: editorial; human; human relation; minority group; psychological aspect; public health; research subject; trust; United States; human relation; psychology; research subject, Humans; Minority Groups; Public Health; Research Subjects; Researcher-Subject Relations; Trust; United States, Humans; Minority Groups; Public Health; Research Subjects; Researcher-Subject Relations; Trust; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301685_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical issues in conducting research with deaf populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McKee, M. Author-Name: Schlehofer, D. Author-Name: Thew, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2174-2178 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301343 Abstract: Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users represent a small population at risk for marginalization from research and surveillance activities resulting from cultural, language, and ethical challenges. The Deaf community's view of deafness as a cultural identity, rather than a disability, contradicts the medical community's perception of deafness as a disease or deficiency in need of correction or elimination. These differences continue to have significant cultural and social implications within the Deaf community, resulting in mistrust of research opportunities. Two particularly contentious ethical topics for the Deaf community are the absence of community representation in genetic research and the lack of accessible informed consents and research materials. This article outlines a series of innovative strategies and solutions to these issues, including the importance of community representation and collaboration with researchers studying deaf populations. Keywords: article; communication disorder; consumer; cultural factor; ethics; fear; genetic engineering; genetics; human; informed consent; patient; psychological aspect; trust; genetics; psychology; trust, Communication Barriers; Consumer Participation; Cultural Characteristics; Fear; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Research; Humans; Informed Consent; Persons With Hearing Impairments; Trust, Communication Barriers; Consumer Participation; Cultural Characteristics; Fear; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Research; Humans; Informed Consent; Persons With Hearing Impairments; Trust Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301343_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of rurality, broiler operations, and community socioeconomic factors on the risk of campylobacteriosis in Maryland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pasturel, B.Z. Author-Name: Cruz-Cano, R. Author-Name: Goldstein, R.E.R. Author-Name: Palmer, A. Author-Name: Blythe, D. Author-Name: Ryan, P. Author-Name: Hogan, B. Author-Name: Jung, C. Author-Name: Joseph, S.W. Author-Name: Wang, M.Q. Author-Name: Lee, M.-L.T. Author-Name: Puett, R. Author-Name: Sapkota, A.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2267-2275 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301338 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the combined impact of community-level environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of campylobacteriosis. Methods. We obtained Campylobacter case data (2002-2010; n = 3694) from the Maryland Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. We obtained community-level socioeconomic and environmental data from the 2000 US Census and the 2007 US Census of Agriculture. We linked data by zip code. We derived incidence rate ratios by Poisson regressions. We mapped a subset of zip code-level characteristics. Results. In zip codes that were 100% rural, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of campylobacteriosis were 6 times (IRR = 6.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.19, 11.97) greater than those in urban zip codes. In zip codes with broiler chicken operations, incidence rates were 1.45 times greater than those in zip codes without broilers (IRR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.34, 1.58). We also observed higher rates in zip codes whose populations were predominantly White and had high median incomes. Conclusions. The community and environment in which one lives may significantly influence the risk of campylobacteriosis. Keywords: adolescent; adult; animal; animal husbandry; Campylobacter Infections; chicken; child; factual database; female; health survey; human; incidence; infant; male; medical geography; middle aged; Poisson distribution; preschool child; risk assessment; rural population; social class; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult; animal husbandry; article; campylobacteriosis; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Chickens; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Female; Geography, Medical; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Maryland; Middle Aged; Poisson Distribution; Population Surveillance; Risk Assessment; Rural Population; Social Class; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Chickens; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Female; Geography, Medical; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Maryland; Middle Aged; Poisson Distribution; Population Surveillance; Risk Assessment; Rural Population; Social Class; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301338_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk factors for becoming homeless among a cohort of veterans who served in the era of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Metraux, S. Author-Name: Clegg, L.X. Author-Name: Daigh, J.D. Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Author-Name: Kane, V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S255-S261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301432 Abstract: Objectives. In this population-based cohort study, we assessed baseline risk factors for homelessness, including the role of service in the Iraq or Afghanistan conflicts, among a large cohort of recent veterans. Methods. Data for this study came from administrative records for 310 685 veterans who separated from active military duty from July 1, 2005, to September 30, 2006. We used survival analysis methods to determine incidence rates and risk factors for homelessness, based on baseline data for military factors, demographic characteristics, and diagnoses of behavioral health disorders and traumatic brain injury. Results. Service in Iraq or Afghanistan and, more specifically, posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans deployed there, were significant risk factors of modest magnitude for homelessness, and socioeconomic and behavioral health factors provided stronger indicators of risk. Gender was not a significant indicator of differential risk. Conclusions. Although service in Iraq and Afghanistan was significant, socioeconomic and behavioral health indicators show more promise in efforts to use administrative data to inform prevention efforts by identifying veterans who are at elevated risk for becoming homeless upon their return to civilian life. Keywords: Brain Injuries; cohort analysis; female; homelessness; human; incidence; male; Mental Disorders; posttraumatic stress disorder; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; veteran; war; article; brain injury; homelessness; mental disease; statistics; veteran, Afghan Campaign 2001-; Brain Injuries; Cohort Studies; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Incidence; Iraq War, 2003-2011; Male; Mental Disorders; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; United States; Veterans, Afghan Campaign 2001-; Brain Injuries; Cohort Studies; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Incidence; Iraq War, 2003-2011; Male; Mental Disorders; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; United States; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301432_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High utilizers of emergency health services in a population-based cohort of homeless adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chambers, C. Author-Name: Chiu, S. Author-Name: Katic, M. Author-Name: Kiss, A. Author-Name: Redelmeier, D.A. Author-Name: Levinson, W. Author-Name: Hwang, S.W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S302-S310 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301397 Abstract: Objectives. We identified predictors of emergency department (ED) use among a population-based prospective cohort of homeless adults in Toronto, Ontario. Methods. We assessed ED visit rates using administrative data from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (2005-2009). We then used logistic regression to identify predictors of ED use. Frequent users were defined as participants with rates in the top decile (≥ 4.7 visits per person-year). Results. Among 1165 homeless adults, 892 (77%) had at least 1 ED visit during the study. The average rate of ED visits was 2.0 visits per person-year, whereas frequent users averaged 12.1 visits per person-year. Frequent users accounted for 10% of the sample but contributed more than 60% of visits. Predictors of frequent use in adjusted analyses included birth in Canada, higher monthly income, lower health status, perceived unmet mental health needs, and perceived external health locus of control from powerful others; being accompanied by a partner or dependent children had a protective effect on frequent use. Conclusions. Among homeless adults with universal health insurance, a small subgroup accounted for the majority of visits to emergency services. Frequent use was driven by multiple predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Keywords: adult; age; Canada; emergency health service; epidemiology; female; health status; homelessness; human; male; mental health; middle aged; risk factor; sex difference; social support; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; utilization; article; Canada; emergency health service; homelessness; statistics; utilization review, Adult; Age Factors; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Ontario; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors, Adult; Age Factors; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Ontario; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301397_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: George Wolff (1886-1952): spreading the legacy of Alfred Grotjahn to the United States. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Willich, S.N. Author-Name: Berghöfer, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2202-2203 Keywords: article; Germany; history; medical genetics; social medicine; United States; medical genetics; social medicine, Eugenics; Germany; History, 20th Century; Social Medicine; United States, Eugenics; Germany; History, 20th Century; Social Medicine; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:12:2202-2203_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Katz et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, D.L. Author-Name: Sarrel, P.M. Author-Name: Njike, V.Y. Author-Name: Vinante, V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301617 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301617 Keywords: estrogen; estrogen, female; human; hysterectomy; mortality; note; hysterectomy; mortality, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301617_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Twenty-five years of child and family homelessness: Where are we now? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Author-Name: Gracy, D. Author-Name: Goldsmith, G. Author-Name: Shapiro, A. Author-Name: Redlener, I.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: e1-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301618 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301618 Abstract: Family homelessness emerged as a major social and public health problem in the United States during the 1980s. We reviewed the literature, including journal articles, news stories, and government reports, that described conditions associated with family homelessness, the scope of the problem, and the health and mental health of homeless children and families. Much of this literature was published during the 1980s and 1990s. This raises questions about its continued applicability for the public health community. We concluded that descriptions of the economic conditions and public policies associated with family homelessness are still relevant; however, the homeless family population has changed over time. Family homelessness has become more prevalent and pervasive among poor and low-income families. We provide public health recommendations for these homeless families. Keywords: child; diet; epidemiology; family; health status; homelessness; human; mental health; mental stress; poverty; prevalence; psychology; public health; statistics and numerical data; United States; vulnerable population; homelessness; mental stress; psychological aspect; review; statistics; United States, Child; Diet; Family; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Homeless Youth; Humans; Mental Health; Poverty; Prevalence; Public Health; Stress, Psychological; United States; Vulnerable Populations, Child; Diet; Family; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Homeless Youth; Humans; Mental Health; Poverty; Prevalence; Public Health; Stress, Psychological; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301618_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care for the homeless: What we have learned in the past 30 years and what's next Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zlotnick, C. Author-Name: Zerger, S. Author-Name: Wolfe, P.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S199-S205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586 Abstract: In the 1980s, the combined effects of deinstitutionalization from state mental hospitals and the economic recession increased the number and transformed the demographic profile of people experiencing homelessness in the United States. Specialized health care for the homeless (HCH) services were developed when it became clear that the mainstream health care system could not sufficiently address their health needs. The HCH program has grown consistently during that period; currently, 208 HCH sites are operating, and the program has become embedded in the federal health care system. We reflect on lessons learned from the HCH model and its applicability to the changing landscape of US health care. Keywords: article; board of trustees; case management; government; health care delivery; health disparity; homelessness; human; medical care; mental health service; organization and management; public health; public relations; United States; government; health care delivery, Case Management; Community-Institutional Relations; Governing Board; Government Programs; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Homeless Persons; Humans; Medical Assistance; Mental Health Services; Public Health; United States, Case Management; Community-Institutional Relations; Governing Board; Government Programs; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Homeless Persons; Humans; Medical Assistance; Mental Health Services; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scarcity of relevant data on traumatic brain injuries in youth sports Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bachynski, K.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301574 Keywords: brain injury; human; legal aspect; note; sport; sport injury; Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; legislation and jurisprudence; sport, Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; Humans; Sports, Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; Humans; Sports Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301574_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Navigating the boundaries of emergency department care: Addressing the medical and social needs of patients who are homeless Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doran, K.M. Author-Name: Vashi, A.A. Author-Name: Platis, S. Author-Name: Curry, L.A. Author-Name: Rowe, M. Author-Name: Gang, M. Author-Name: Vaca, F.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S355-S360 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301540 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301540 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to understand interpersonal and systems-level factors relevant to delivering health care to emergency department (ED) patients who are homeless. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with emergency medicine residents from 2 residency programs, 1 in New York City and 1 in a medium-sized northeastern city, from February to September 2012. A team of researchers reviewed transcripts independently and coded text segments using a grounded theory approach. They reconciled differences in code interpretations and generated themes inductively. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Results. From 23 interviews, 3 key themes emerged: (1) use of pattern recognition in identifying and treating patients who are homeless, (2) variations from standard ED care for patients who are homeless, and (3) tensions in navigating the boundaries of ED social care. Conclusions. Our study revealed practical and philosophical tensions in providing social care to patients in the ED who are homeless. Screening for homelessness in the ED and admission practices for patients who are homeless are important areas for future research and intervention with implications for health care costs and patient outcomes. Keywords: article; emergency health service; female; health personnel attitude; homelessness; hospital admission; human; interpersonal communication; interview; male; medical education; mental disease; organization and management; patient acuity; social work; United States; emergency health service; Mental Disorders; organization and management, Attitude of Health Personnel; Communication; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Internship and Residency; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mental Disorders; New York City; Patient Acuity; Patient Admission; Social Work, Attitude of Health Personnel; Communication; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Internship and Residency; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mental Disorders; New York City; Patient Acuity; Patient Admission; Social Work Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301540_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk, reward, and the double-edged sword: Perspectives on pharmacogenetic research and clinical testing among Alaska Native people Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaw, J.L. Author-Name: Robinson, R. Author-Name: Starks, H. Author-Name: Burke, W. Author-Name: Dillard, D.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2220-2225 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301596 Abstract: Objectives. Pharmacogenetic research and clinical testing raise important concerns for individuals and communities, especially where past medical research and practice has perpetrated harm and cultivated distrust of health care systems and clinicians. We investigated perceptions of pharmacogenetics among Alaska Native (AN) people. Methods. We held four focus groups for 32 ANs in south central Alaska to elicit views about pharmacogenetics in general and for treatment of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, depression, and nicotine addiction. We analyzed data for perceived risks and rewards of pharmacogenetics. Results. Potential risks of pharmacogenetics included health care rationing, misuse of information, and stigma to individuals and the AN community. Potential rewards included decreased care costs, improved outcomes, and community development. Participants also discussed 8 contingent conditions that could mitigate risks and increase pharmacogenetic acceptability. Conclusions. Alaska Natives perceive pharmacogenetics as potentially benefitting and harming individuals, communities, and health systems, depending on methods and oversight. Researchers, clinicians, and administrators, especially in community-based clinic and health care systems serving minority populations, must address this "double-edged sword" to effectively conduct pharmacogenetics. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; Eskimo; ethnology; female; genetic screening; genetics; human; information processing; male; medical research; pharmacogenetics; psychological aspect; qualitative research; reward; risk assessment; trust; United States; young adult; Inuit; psychology, Adolescent; Adult; Alaska; Biomedical Research; Female; Focus Groups; Genetic Testing; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Inuits; Male; Pharmacogenetics; Qualitative Research; Reward; Risk Assessment; Trust; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Alaska; Biomedical Research; Female; Focus Groups; Genetic Testing; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Inuits; Male; Pharmacogenetics; Qualitative Research; Reward; Risk Assessment; Trust; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301596_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New to care: Demands on a health system when homeless veterans are enrolled in a medical home model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Toole, T.P. Author-Name: Bourgault, C. Author-Name: Johnson, E.E. Author-Name: Redihan, S.G. Author-Name: Borgia, M. Author-Name: Aiello, R. Author-Name: Kane, V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S374-S379 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301632 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301632 Abstract: Objectives. We compared service use among homeless and nonhomeless veterans newly enrolled in a medical home model and identified patterns of use among homeless veterans associated with reductions in emergency department (ED) use. Methods. We used case-control matching with a nested cohort analysis to measure 6-month health services use, new diagnoses, and care use patterns in veterans at the Providence, Rhode Island, Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 2008 to 2011. Results. We followed 127 homeless and 106 nonhomeless veterans. Both groups had similar rates of chronic medical and mental health diagnoses; 25.4% of the homeless and 18.1% of the nonhomeless group reported active substance abuse. Homeless veterans used significantly more primary, mental health, substance abuse, and ED care during the first 6 months. Homeless veterans who accessed primary care at higher rates (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 1.92) or who used specialty and primary care (RRR = 10.95; 95% CI = 1.58, 75.78) had reduced ED usage. Homeless veterans in transitional housing or doubled-up at baseline (RRR = 3.41; 95% CI = 1.24, 9.42) had similar reductions in ED usage. Conclusions. Homeless adults had substantial health needs when presenting for care. High-intensity primary care and access to specialty care services could reduce ED use. Keywords: adult; article; chronic disease; emergency health service; female; government; health service; health status; homelessness; human; male; mental health; middle aged; organization and management; patient care; primary health care; statistics; United States; utilization review; veteran; health service; homelessness; organization and management; patient care; statistics and numerical data; utilization; veteran, Adult; Chronic Disease; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Services; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Patient-Centered Care; Primary Health Care; Rhode Island; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans, Adult; Chronic Disease; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Services; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Patient-Centered Care; Primary Health Care; Rhode Island; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301632_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Biomarker evidence of tobacco smoke exposure in children participating in lead screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Joseph, A. Author-Name: Spector, L. Author-Name: Wickham, K. Author-Name: Janis, G. Author-Name: Winickoff, J. Author-Name: Lindgren, B. Author-Name: Murphy, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e54-e59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301315 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed tobacco smoke exposure (TSE), defined according to detection of cotinine, in dried blood spots collected fromchildren for lead screening. Methods. Dried blood spots collected from a national sample of 1541 Black and White children and submitted to a commercial laboratory for lead analysis were analyzed for cotinine. We used an anonymous administrative data set including information on children's characteristics to conduct univariate and multivariate analyses. Results. Cotinine was detected in 61% of dried blood spots; 17% of samples had cotinine levels above 3 nanograms per gram. Median cotinine levels were significantly higher among Black than White children (0.66 ng/g vs 0.30 ng/g) and among Medicaid recipients (0.94 ng/g vs < 0.3 ng/g). In multivariate analyses, significant increases in cotinine levels were associated with Black (vs White) race, older age, Medicaid coverage, higher state smoking rate, and higher average winter temperature. Detectable cotinine levels were significantly associated with higher lead levels. Conclusions. TSE is highly prevalent among children undergoing lead screening, and exposure levels are greater among Black children and children on Medicaid. TSE may contribute to lead exposure. Concurrent lead screening and biological screening for TSE may be a feasible approach to increasing childhood TSE detection. Keywords: biological marker; cotinine; lead; passive smoking; cotinine; lead, analysis; Black person; blood; Caucasian; confidence interval; cross-sectional study; female; health survey; human; infant; male; mass screening; passive smoking; preschool child; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; Negro; passive smoking; statistics, African Continental Ancestry Group; Biological Markers; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Cotinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Infant; Lead; Male; Mass Screening; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States, African Continental Ancestry Group; Biological Markers; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Cotinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Infant; Lead; Male; Mass Screening; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301315_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving forward: Breaking the cycle of mistrust between American Indians and researchers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pacheco, C.M. Author-Name: Daley, S.M. Author-Name: Brown, T. Author-Name: Filippi, M. Author-Name: Greiner, K.A. Author-Name: Daley, C.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2152-2159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301480 Abstract: American Indians (AIs) have some of the poorest documented health outcomes of any racial/ethnic group. Research plays a vital role in addressing these health disparities. Historical and recent instances of unethical research, specifically the Havasupai diabetes project, have generated mistrust in AI communities. To address the concerns about unethical research held by some AIs in the Heartland (Midwest), the Center for American Indian Community Health (CAICH) has launched a series of efforts to inform AIs about research participants' rights. CAICH educates health researchers about the importance of learning and respecting a community's history, culture, values, and wishes when engaging in research with that community. Through community-based participatory research, CAICH is also empowering AIs to assert their rights as research participants. Keywords: American Indian; blood sampling; community care; diabetes mellitus; ethics; ethnology; genocide; history; human; legal aspect; minority health; research ethics; statistics and numerical data; trust; United States; article; diabetes mellitus; ethnology; statistics, Arizona; Blood Specimen Collection; Community Networks; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethics, Research; Genocide; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Indians, North American; Minority Health; Trust, Arizona; Blood Specimen Collection; Community Networks; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethics, Research; Genocide; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Indians, North American; Minority Health; Trust Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301480_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homelessness during the transition from foster care to adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dworsky, A. Author-Name: Napolitano, L. Author-Name: Courtney, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S318-S323 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301455 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the incidence of homelessness during the transition to adulthood and identified the risk and protective factors that predict homelessness during this transition. Methods. Using data from the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, a longitudinal study of youths aging out of foster care in 3 Midwestern states, and a bounds approach, we estimated the cumulative percentage of youths who become homeless during the transition to adulthood. We also estimated a discrete time hazard model that predicted first reported episode of homelessness. Results. Youths aging out of foster care are at high risk for becoming homeless during the transition to adulthood. Between 31% and 46% of our study participants had been homeless at least once by age 26 years. Running away while in foster care, greater placement instability, being male, having a history of physical abuse, engaging in more delinquent behaviors, and having symptoms of a mental health disorder were associated with an increase in the relative risk of becoming homeless. Conclusions. Policy and practice changes are needed to reduce the risk that youths in foster care will become homeless after aging out. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; foster care; homelessness; human; incidence; male; Mental Disorders; risk factor; sex difference; statistics and numerical data; violence; young adult; article; foster care; homelessness; mental disease; statistics, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Foster Home Care; Homeless Persons; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mental Disorders; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Violence; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Foster Home Care; Homeless Persons; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mental Disorders; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Violence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301455_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Substance-use disorders and poverty as prospective predictors of first-time homelessness in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson Jr., R.G. Author-Name: Wall, M.M. Author-Name: Greenstein, E. Author-Name: Grant, B.F. Author-Name: Hasin, D.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S282-S288 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301302 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether substance-use disorders and poverty predicted first-time homelessness over 3 years. Methods. We analyzed longitudinal data from waves 1 (2001-2002) and 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions to determine the main and interactive effects of wave 1 substance use disorders and poverty on first-time homelessness by wave 2, among those who were never homeless at wave 1 (n = 30 558). First-time homelessness was defined as having no regular place to live or having to live with others for 1 month or more as a result of having no place of one's own since wave 1. Results. Alcohol-use disorders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.34), drug-use disorders (AOR = 2.51), and poverty (AOR = 1.34) independently increased prospective risk for first-time homelessness, after adjustment for ecological variables. Substance-use disorders and poverty interacted to differentially influence risk for first-time homelessness (P < .05), before, but not after, adjustment for controls. Conclusions. This study reinforces the importance of both substance-use disorders and poverty in the risk for first-time homelessness, and can serve as a benchmark for future studies. Substance abuse treatment should address financial status and risk of future homelessness. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; alcoholism; article; female; health status; homelessness; human; longitudinal study; male; mental health; middle aged; poverty; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; young adult; homelessness; poverty; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Poverty; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Poverty; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301302_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical considerations for conducting health disparities research in community health centers: A social-ecological perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boutin-Foster, C. Author-Name: Scott, E. Author-Name: Melendez, J. Author-Name: Rodriguez, A. Author-Name: Ramos, R. Author-Name: Kanna, B. Author-Name: Michelen, W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2179-2184 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301599 Abstract: Community health centers (CHCs) provide optimal research settings. They serve a high-risk, medically under-served population in the greatest need of intervention. Low socioeconomic status renders this population particularly vulnerable to research misconduct. Traditional principles of research ethics are often applied to participants only. The social-ecological model offers a comprehensive framework for applying these principles across multiple levels (participants, providers, organizations, communities, and policy). Our experience with the Trial Using Motivational Interviewing, Positive Affect and Self-Affirmation in African-Americans with Hypertension, a randomized trial conducted in CHCs, led us to propose a new platform for discussing research ethics; examine the social, community, and political factors surrounding research conducted in CHCs; and recommend how future research should be conducted in such settings. Keywords: article; ethics; health center; health disparity; human; methodology; poverty; professional standard; research ethics; social environment; ethics; health center, Community Health Centers; Ethics Committees, Research; Ethics, Research; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Poverty Areas; Research Design; Social Environment, Community Health Centers; Ethics Committees, Research; Ethics, Research; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Poverty Areas; Research Design; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301599_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Harvey responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harvey, H.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301603 Keywords: Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; human; legislation and jurisprudence; sport; brain injury; legal aspect; note; sport; sport injury, Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; Humans; Sports, Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; Humans; Sports Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301603_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical community-engaged research: A literature review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mikesell, L. Author-Name: Bromley, E. Author-Name: Khodyakov, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e7-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301605 Abstract: Health research has relied on ethical principles, such as those of the Belmont Report, to protect the rights and well-being of research participants. Community-based participatory research (CBPR), however, must also consider the rights and wellbeing of communities. This requires additional ethical considerations that have been extensively discussed but not synthesized in the CBPR literature. We conducted a comprehensive thematic literature review and summarized empirically grounded discussions of ethics in CBPR, with a focus on the value of the Belmont principles in CBPR, additional essential components of ethical CBPR, the ethical challenges CBPR practitioners face, and strategies to ensure that CBPR meets ethical standards. Our study provides a foundation for developing a working definition and a conceptual model of ethical CBPR. Keywords: ethics; human; participatory research; public health; ethics; participatory research; review, Community-Based Participatory Research; Humans; Public Health, Community-Based Participatory Research; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301605_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women's health initiative view of estrogen avoidance and all-cause mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prentice, R.L. Author-Name: Manson, J.E. Author-Name: Anderson, G.L. Author-Name: LaCroix, A.Z. Author-Name: Shumaker, S.A. Author-Name: Chlebowski, R.T. Author-Name: Howard, B.V. Author-Name: Stefanick, M.L. Author-Name: Jackson, R.D. Author-Name: Wactawski-Wende, J. Author-Name: Rossouw, J.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301604 Keywords: estrogen; estrogen, female; human; hysterectomy; mortality; hysterectomy; mortality; note, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301604_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing instability and mental distress among US veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Piegari, R.I. Author-Name: Hill, L.L. Author-Name: Kane, V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S213-S216 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301277 Abstract: Evidence has suggested increased risk for homelessness and suicide among US veterans, but little is known about the associations between housing instability and psychological distress (including suicidal ideation). We examined frequent mental distress (FMD) and suicidal ideation among a probability-based sample of 1767 Nebraska veterans who participated in the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey who had and had not experienced housing instability in the past 12 months. Veterans experiencing housing instability had increased odds of FMD and suicidal ideation. Keywords: adolescent; adult; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; epidemiology; female; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental stress; middle aged; psychology; statistics and numerical data; suicidal ideation; United States; veteran; young adult; article; homelessness; mental stress; psychological aspect; statistics; United States; veteran, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nebraska; Stress, Psychological; Suicidal Ideation; United States; Veterans; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nebraska; Stress, Psychological; Suicidal Ideation; United States; Veterans; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301277_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paradigm shifts in disability and health: Toward more ethical public health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDonald, K.E. Author-Name: Raymaker, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2165-2173 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301286 Abstract: Disability is often considered a health outcome disproportionately experienced byminority groups. It is also possible to view people with disabilities as a minority group that itself experiences health disparities. Calls to reduce these disparities necessitate the inclusion of people with developmental disabilities in research, although resulting ethical issues can thwart scientific progress. Using disability rights principles can help address ethical challenges and promote safe, respectful public health research. Examples include applying human rights frameworks, providing accommodations, attending to power, countering legacies of deficits-based models of disability, and transforming access to science more broadly. Collectively, these strategies can encourage broader engagement in safe, respectful, inclusive public health research aimed at promoting the health and well-being of people with developmental disabilities. Keywords: article; disabled person; ethics; human; human rights; persuasive communication; public health; research ethics; United States; ethics; public health, Coercion; Disabled Persons; Ethics, Research; Human Rights; Humans; Public Health; United States, Coercion; Disabled Persons; Ethics, Research; Human Rights; Humans; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301286_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health or private profit? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Allina, A. Author-Name: Ryan, K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301592 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301592 Keywords: estrogen; estrogen, female; human; hysterectomy; mortality; hysterectomy; mortality; note, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301592_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social cohesion and mortality: A survival analysis of older adults in Japan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Inoue, S. Author-Name: Yorifuji, T. Author-Name: Takao, S. Author-Name: Doi, H. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e60-e66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301311 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between social cohesion and mortality in a sample of older adults in Japan. Methods. Data were derived from a cohort study of elderly individuals (65-84 years) in Shizuoka Prefecture; 14 001 participants were enrolled at baseline (1999) and followed up in 2002, 2006, and 2009. Among the 11 092 participants for whom we had complete data, 1427 had died during follow-up. We examined the association between social cohesion (assessed at both the community and individual levels) and subsequent mortality after control for baseline and timevarying covariates. We used clustered proportional hazard regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Results. After control for individual characteristics, individual perceptions of community cohesion were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.73, 0.84) as well as mortality from cardiovascular disease (HR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.67, 0.84), pulmonary disease (HR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.58, 0.75), and all other causes (HR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.66, 0.89). However, no statistically significant relationship was found between community cohesion and mortality risk. Conclusions. Among the elderly in Japan, more positive individual perceptions of community cohesion are associated with reduced risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Keywords: aged; cause of death; confidence interval; epidemiology; female; friend; health status; human; Japan; male; mortality; proportional hazards model; social environment; survival; trends; very elderly; article; Japan; mortality, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Confidence Intervals; Female; Friends; Health Status; Humans; Japan; Male; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Social Environment; Survival Analysis, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Confidence Intervals; Female; Friends; Health Status; Humans; Japan; Male; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Social Environment; Survival Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301311_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrant home attendants: Regulation and practice in 7 countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen-Mansfield, J. Author-Name: Garms-Homolová, V. Author-Name: Bentwich, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e30-e39 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301622 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301622 Abstract: We compared regulation and working and living conditions of foreign home attendants in 7 countries (Canada, Germany, Israel, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, United States).We conducted a literature search in the PSYCinfo, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for 2002 to 2012. We found substantial between-countrydifferences in the legal status of migrant caregivers and regulations regardingworkingandliving conditions and drew 3 conclusions. Improvingregulations will likely improve not only the well-being of foreign home attendants but also the care they provide. Countries in which many foreign home attendants work without specific legal entry programs should rethink their policies. Finally, requiring an employer's recommendation to obtain permanent residencymay constrain foreign workers from registering complaints or leaving suboptimal employment situations. Keywords: Canada; developed country; Germany; government regulation; health care personnel; human; Israel; migration; occupational health; review; Singapore; Spain; United Kingdom; United States; migrant, Canada; Developed Countries; Emigrants and Immigrants; Germany; Government Regulation; Great Britain; Home Health Aides; Humans; Israel; Occupational Health; Singapore; Spain; United States, Canada; Developed Countries; Emigrants and Immigrants; Germany; Government Regulation; Great Britain; Home Health Aides; Humans; Israel; Occupational Health; Singapore; Spain; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301622_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparing homeless smokers to economically disadvantaged domiciled smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Businelle, M.S. Author-Name: Cuate, E.L. Author-Name: Kesh, A. Author-Name: Poonawalla, I.B. Author-Name: Kendzor, D.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S218-S221 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301336 Abstract: We compared characteristics of homeless smokers and economically disadvantaged domiciled smokers (Dallas, TX; August 2011-November 2012). Although findings indicated similar smoking characteristics across samples, homeless smokers (n = 57) were exposed to more smokers and reported lower motivation to quit, lower self-efficacy for quitting, more days with mental health problems, and greater exposure to numerous stressors than domiciled smokers (n = 110). The sample groups reported similar scores on measures of affect, perceived stress, and interpersonal resources. Results may inform novel cessation interventions for homeless smokers. Keywords: adult; article; comparative study; female; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental disease; mental stress; middle aged; motivation; poverty; psychological aspect; self concept; smoking; smoking cessation; social support; statistics; United States; homelessness; housing; Mental Disorders; mental stress; poverty; psychology; smoking; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adult; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Motivation; Poverty; Self Efficacy; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Social Support; Stress, Psychological; Texas, Adult; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Motivation; Poverty; Self Efficacy; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Social Support; Stress, Psychological; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301336_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social pathology as a medical science Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolff, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2200-2203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301365 Keywords: article; history; social medicine; social status, History, 20th Century; Social Conditions; Social Medicine Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301365_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and homelessness and the impact of Axis I and II disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roos, L.E. Author-Name: Mota, N. Author-Name: Afifi, T.O. Author-Name: Katz, L.Y. Author-Name: Distasio, J. Author-Name: Sareen, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S275-S281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301323 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the links between homelessness associated with serious mental and physical healthy disparities and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in nationally representative data, with Axis I and II disorders as potential mediators. Methods. We examined data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005, and included 34 653 participants representative of the noninstitutionalized US population who were 20 years old or older. We studied the variables related to 4 classes of Axis I disorders, all 10 Axis II personality disorders, a wide range of ACEs, and a lifetime history of homelessness. Results. Analyses revealed high prevalences of each ACE in individuals experiencing lifetime homelessness (17%-60%). A mediation model with Axis I and II disorders determined that childhood adversities were significantly related to homelessness through direct effects (adjusted odd ratios = 2.04, 4.24) and indirect effects, indicating partial mediation. Population attributable fractions were also reported. Conclusions. Although Axis I and II disorders partially mediated the relationship between ACEs and homelessness, a strong direct association remained. This novel finding has implications for interventions and policy. Additional research is needed to understand relevant causal pathways. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; family relation; female; health status; homelessness; human; male; mental health; middle aged; personality disorder; risk assessment; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; violence; homelessness; Personality Disorders; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Family Relations; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Personality Disorders; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Violence, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Family Relations; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Personality Disorders; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301323_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Elderly homeless veterans in Los Angeles: Chronicity and precipitants of homelessness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Den Berk-Clark, C. Author-Name: McGuire, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S232-S238 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301309 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the characteristics of chronically homeless and acutely homeless elderly veterans to better understand precipitants of homelessness. Methods. We conducted interviews with 33 chronically and 26 acutely homeless veterans aged 65 years and older receiving transitional housing services in Los Angeles, California, between 2003 and 2005. We asked questions regarding their sociodemographic characteristics and other social status measures. Other precipitants of homelessness were acquired via observation and open-ended and structured questions. Results. Both veterans groups weremore similar than different, with substantial levels of physical, psychiatric, and social impairment. They differed significantly in homelessness history, with chronically homeless veterans having more homelessness episodes and more total time homeless. They were also less educated and had smaller social networks. In response to open-ended questioning, elderly homeless veterans revealed how health and substance use issues interacted with loss of social support and eviction to exacerbate homelessness. Conclusions. Assessment of a range of factors is needed to address risk factors and events leading to homelessness. Further research with larger samples is needed to confirm the characteristics and needs of the elderly homeless veteran population. Keywords: aged; health status; homelessness; housing; human; interview; Mental Disorders; social support; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; time; United States; veteran; article; homelessness; housing; mental disease; statistics; United States; veteran, Aged; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Los Angeles; Mental Disorders; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Veterans, Aged; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Los Angeles; Mental Disorders; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301309_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in antiretroviral treatment among HIV-infected pregnant medicaid enrollees, 2005-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, S. Author-Name: Senteio, C. Author-Name: Felizzola, J. Author-Name: Rust, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e46-e53 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301328 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic differences in prenatal antiretroviral (ARV) treatment among 3259 HIV-infected pregnant Medicaid enrollees. Methods. We analyzed 2005-2007 Medicaid claims data from 14 southern states, comparing rates of not receiving ARVs and suboptimal versus optimal ARV therapy. Results. More than one third (37.3%) had zero claims for ARV drugs. Three quarters (73.4%) of 346 Hispanic women received no prenatal ARVs. After we adjusted for covariates, Hispanic women had 3.89 (95% confidence interval = 2.58, 5.87) times the risk of not receiving ARVs compared with Whites. Hispanic women often had only 1 or 2 months of Medicaid eligibility, perhaps associated with barriers for immigrants. Less than 3 months of eligibility was strongly associated with nontreatment (adjusted odds ratio = 29.0; 95% confidence interval = 13.4, 62.7). Conclusions. Optimal HIV treatment rates in pregnancyareapublichealthpriority, especially for preventing transmission to infants. Medicaid has the surveillance and drug coverage to ensure that all HIV-infected pregnant women are offered treatment. States that offer emergency Medicaid coverage for only delivery services to pregnant immigrants are missing an opportunity to screen, diagnose, and treat pregnant women with HIV, and to prevent HIV in children. Keywords: anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent, adult; African American; article; Caucasian; confidence interval; ethnology; factual database; female; health care disparity; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medicaid; pregnancy; retrospective study; risk; United States; young adult; ethnology; health care disparity; HIV Seropositivity; United States, Adult; African Americans; Anti-HIV Agents; Confidence Intervals; Databases, Factual; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Medicaid; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; United States; Young Adult, Adult; African Americans; Anti-HIV Agents; Confidence Intervals; Databases, Factual; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Medicaid; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301328_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care utilization patterns of homeless individuals in Boston: Preparing for Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bharel, M. Author-Name: Lin, W.-C. Author-Name: Zhang, J. Author-Name: O'Connell, E. Author-Name: Taube, R. Author-Name: Clark, R.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S311-S317 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301421 Abstract: Objectives. We studied 6494 Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) patients to understand the disease burden and health care utilization patterns for a group of insured homeless individuals. Methods. We studied merged BHCHP data and MassHealth eligibility, claims, and encounter data from 2010. MassHealth claims and encounter data provided a comprehensive history of health care utilization and expenditures, as well as associated diagnoses, in both general medical and behavioral health services sectors and across a broad range of health care settings. Results. The burden of disease was high, with the majority of patients experiencing mental illness, substance use disorders, and a number of medical diseases. Hospitalization and emergency room use were frequent and total expenditures were 3.8 times the rate of an average Medicaid recipient. Conclusions. The Affordable Care Act provides a framework for reforming the health care system to improve the coordination of care and outcomes for vulnerable populations. However, improved health care coverage alone may not be enough. Health care must be integrated with other resources to address the complex challenges presented by inadequate housing, hunger, and unsafe environments. Keywords: adult; ambulatory care; economics; emergency health service; female; health care cost; health care policy; health service; health status; homelessness; hospitalization; human; insurance; legislation and jurisprudence; length of stay; male; medicaid; Mental Disorders; middle aged; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization; article; health care policy; health service; homelessness; legal aspect; medicaid; mental disease; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adult; Ambulatory Care; Boston; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Expenditures; Health Services; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Length of Stay; Male; Medicaid; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States, Adult; Ambulatory Care; Boston; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Expenditures; Health Services; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Length of Stay; Male; Medicaid; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301421_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The challenge of promoting interventions to prevent disease in impoverished populations in rural western Kenya Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schilling, K. Author-Name: Person, B. Author-Name: Faith, S.H. Author-Name: Otieno, R. Author-Name: Quick, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2131-2135 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301459 Abstract: Poverty is a critical social determinant of health. A particular approach toward mitigating inequitable access to health services in Kenya has been through a community-based distribution program implemented by the Safe Water and AIDS Project (SWAP) that has achieved modest uptake of public health interventions. To explore reasons for modest uptake, we asked program participants about child health problems, daily tasks, household expenditures, and services needed by their communities. Respondents identified child health problems consistent with health data and reported daily tasks, expenses, and needed services that were more related to basic needs of life other than health. These findings highlight the challenges of implementing potentially self-sustaining preventive interventions at scale in poor populations in the developing world. Keywords: child; child welfare; community care; controlled study; economics; health care delivery; health care disparity; health promotion; human; Kenya; longitudinal study; organization and management; poverty; preschool child; primary prevention; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; rural population; statistics and numerical data; article; controlled clinical trial; statistics, Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Community Networks; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Poverty Areas; Primary Prevention; Questionnaires; Rural Population, Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Community Networks; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Poverty Areas; Primary Prevention; Questionnaires; Rural Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301459_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missed opportunities for hepatitis C testing and other opportunistic health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Islam, M.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301611 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301611 Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, drug dependence treatment; health care delivery; hepatitis C; human; statistics and numerical data; substance abuse; therapy; drug dependence treatment; health care delivery; hepatitis C; note; statistics; substance abuse, Analgesics, Opioid; Health Services Accessibility; Hepatitis C; Humans; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Analgesics, Opioid; Health Services Accessibility; Hepatitis C; Humans; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301611_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparing homeless persons' care experiences in tailored versus nontailored primary care programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kertesz, S.G. Author-Name: Holt, C.L. Author-Name: Steward, J.L. Author-Name: Jones, R.N. Author-Name: Roth, D.L. Author-Name: Stringfellow, E. Author-Name: Gordon, A.J. Author-Name: Kim, T.W. Author-Name: Austin, E.L. Author-Name: Henry, S.R. Author-Name: Johnson, N.K. Author-Name: Granstaff, U.S. Author-Name: O'Connell, J.J. Author-Name: Golden, J.F. Author-Name: Young, A.S. Author-Name: Davis, L.L. Author-Name: Pollio, D.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S331-S339 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301481 Abstract: Objectives. We compared homeless patients' experiences of care in health care organizations that differed in their degree of primary care design service tailoring. Methods. We surveyed homeless-experienced patients (either recently or currently homeless) at 3 Veterans Affairs (VA) mainstream primary care settings in Pennsylvania and Alabama, a homeless-tailored VA clinic in California, and a highly tailored non-VA Health Care for the Homeless Program in Massachusetts (January 2011-March 2012). We developed a survey, the "Primary Care Quality- Homeless Survey," to reflect the concerns and aspirations of homeless patients. Results. Mean scores at the tailored non-VA site were superior to those from the 3 mainstream VA sites (P < .001). Adjusting for patient characteristics, these differences remained significant for subscales assessing the patient-clinician relationship (P < .001) and perceptions of cooperation among providers (P = .004). There were 1.5- to 3-fold increased odds of an unfavorable experience in the domains of the patient-clinician relationship, cooperation, and access or coordination for the mainstream VA sites compared with the tailored non-VA site; the tailored VA site attained intermediate results. Conclusions. Tailored primary care service design was associated with a superior service experience for patients who experienced homelessness. Keywords: adult; female; government; health care delivery; health care quality; health status; homelessness; human; male; mental health service; middle aged; organization and management; patient satisfaction; primary health care; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; government; health care quality; homelessness; primary health care; statistics, Adult; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Primary Health Care; Quality of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Adult; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Primary Health Care; Quality of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301481_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Creating research capacity through a tribally based institutional review board Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morton, D.J. Author-Name: Proudfit, J. Author-Name: Calac, D. Author-Name: Portillo, M. Author-Name: Lofton-Fitzsimmons, G. Author-Name: Molina, T. Author-Name: Flores, R. Author-Name: Lawson-Risso, B. Author-Name: Majel-McCauley, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2160-2164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301473 Abstract: Tribal groups work tirelessly to maintain sovereignty rights, preserving and upholding tribal authority and protection over their land, people, businesses, and health. Moreover, the conduct of health science research by outsiders has had its share of an unethical, misguided, and abusive past. Tribally based institutional review boards (IRBs) are addressing these issues in an effort to control new health science research, set their own research agenda, and protect their people in the same spirit as has been accomplished through the perpetuation of sovereignty rights. We describe the success of a tribally based IRB at creating new capacity for health research and enhanced levels of trust, including bidirectional cultural education between academic researchers and tribal IRB committee members. Keywords: American Indian; article; Canada; capacity building; community care; cultural competence; ethics; human; medical research; methodology; organization and management; professional standard; United States; capacity building; procedures, Biomedical Research; Canada; Capacity Building; Community Networks; Cultural Competency; Ethics Committees, Research; Humans; Indians, North American; United States, Biomedical Research; Canada; Capacity Building; Community Networks; Cultural Competency; Ethics Committees, Research; Humans; Indians, North American; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301473_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homelessness and money mismanagement in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elbogen, E.B. Author-Name: Sullivan, C.P. Author-Name: Wolfe, J. Author-Name: Wagner, H.R. Author-Name: Beckham, J.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S248-S254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301335 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the empirical link between money mismanagement and subsequent homelessness among veterans. Methods. We used a random sample of Iraq and Afghanistan War era veterans from the National Post-Deployment Adjustment Survey in 2009-2011. Results. Veterans were randomly selected from a roster of all US military service members in Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom who were separated from active duty or in the Reserves/National Guard. Veterans (n = 1090) from 50 states and all military branches completed 2 waves of data collection 1 year apart (79% retention rate). Thirty percent reported money mismanagement (e.g., bouncing or forging a check, going over one's credit limit, falling victim to amoney scamin the past year). Multivariate analysis revealed moneymismanagement (odds ratio [OR] = 4.09, 95% CI = 1.87, 8.94) was associated with homelessness in the next year, as were arrest history (OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.33, 5.29), mental health diagnosis (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.26, 5.33), and income (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.71). Conclusions. Money mismanagement, reported by a substantial number of veterans, was related to a higher rate of subsequent homelessness. The findings have implications for policymakers and clinicians, suggesting that financial education programs offered by the US Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs may be targeted to effectively address veteran homelessness. Keywords: adult; age; female; homelessness; human; male; Mental Disorders; mental health; prison; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; veteran; war; article; homelessness; mental disease; statistics; United States; veteran, Adult; Afghan Campaign 2001-; Age Factors; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Iraq War, 2003-2011; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Prisons; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Veterans, Adult; Afghan Campaign 2001-; Age Factors; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Iraq War, 2003-2011; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Prisons; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301335_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social pathology as a medical science. 1952 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolff, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2200-2202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.103122200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.103122200 Keywords: history; social medicine; social status, History, 20th Century; Social Conditions; Social Medicine Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.103122200_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Randomized trial of intensive housing placement and community transition services for episodic and recidivist homeless families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levitt, A.J. Author-Name: Mitchell, K. Author-Name: Pareti, L. Author-Name: DeGenova, J. Author-Name: Heller, A. Author-Name: Hannigan, A. Author-Name: Gholston, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S348-S354 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301521 Abstract: Objectives. We compared Home to Stay, a pilot of intensive housing placement and community transition services for episodic and recidivist homeless families, with a standard services approach. Methods. Using intention-to-treat analyses, we conducted a modified randomized trial of 138 Home to Stay client families and a control group of 192 client families receiving standard shelter services. Results. Home to Stay clients exited shelter more quickly than clients in the control group (Cox regression, P < .001), more commonly exited shelter with housing subsidies (75% vs 56%), stayed out of shelter longer (Cox regression, P = .011), and spent fewer total days in shelter (376 days vs 449 days). Home to Stay performed best with clients who entered shelter within 180 days of the pilot's start date and had less impact on clients entering shelter before that time. Conclusions. Relative to standard services, Home to Stay services can accelerate exit from shelter and reduce return to shelter and total sheltered days for episodic and recidivist homeless families. Standard shelter services may be able to narrow this performance gap by incentivizing work with all episodic and recidivist homeless families. Keywords: article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; employment; family; homelessness; housing; human; randomized controlled trial; social welfare; statistics; time; United States; homelessness; housing; social welfare; statistics and numerical data, Employment; Family; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; New York City; Social Welfare; Time Factors, Employment; Family; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; New York City; Social Welfare; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301521_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Permanent supportive housing: Addressing homelessness and health disparities? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henwood, B.F. Author-Name: Cabassa, L.J. Author-Name: Craig, C.M. Author-Name: Padgett, D.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S188-S192 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301490 Abstract: Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is an intervention to address long-term homelessness. Evidence has resulted in a shift in US policy toward using PSH rather than shelters and transitional housing. Despite recognizing that individuals transitioning from homelessness to PSH experience a high burden of disease and health disparities, public health research has not considered whether and how PSH improves physical health outcomes. Based on diverse areas of research, we argue that in addition to improved access to quality health care, social determinants of health (including housing itself, neighborhood characteristics, and built environment) affect health outcomes. We identify implications for practice and research, and conclude that federal and local efforts to end long-term homelessness can interact with concurrent efforts to build healthy communities. Keywords: article; demography; environment; health care delivery; health care quality; health disparity; health promotion; homelessness; housing; human; mental health service; organization and management; policy; primary health care; public health; social determinants of health; time; United States; epidemiology; health care delivery; health care quality; United States, Environment; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Mental Health Services; Policy; Primary Health Care; Public Health; Quality of Health Care; Residence Characteristics; Social Determinants of Health; Time Factors; United States, Environment; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Mental Health Services; Policy; Primary Health Care; Public Health; Quality of Health Care; Residence Characteristics; Social Determinants of Health; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301490_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparative effectiveness of a faith-based HIV intervention for African American women: Importance of enhancing religious social capital Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wingood, G.M. Author-Name: Robinson, L.R. Author-Name: Braxton, N.D. Author-Name: Er, D.L. Author-Name: Conner, A.C. Author-Name: Renfro, T.L. Author-Name: Rubtsova, A.A. Author-Name: Hardin, J.W. Author-Name: DiClemente, R.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2226-2233 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301386 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of P4 for Women, a faith-based HIV intervention. Methods. We used a 2-arm comparative effectiveness trial involving 134 African American women aged 18 to 34 years to compare the effectiveness of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined evidence-based Sisters Informing Sisters about Topics on AIDS (SISTA) HIV intervention with P4 for Women, an adapted faith-based version of SISTA. Participants were recruited from a large black church in Atlanta, Georgia, and completed assessments at baseline and follow-up. Results. Both SISTA and P4 forWomen had statistically significant effects on this study's primary outcome-consistent condom use in the past 90 days-as well as other sexual behaviors. However, P4 for Women also had statistically significant effects on the number of weeks women were abstinent, on all psychosocial mediators, and most noteworthy, on all measures of religious social capital. Results were achieved by enhancing structural social capital through ministry participation, religious values and norms, linking trust and by reducing negative religious coping. High intervention attendance may indicate the feasibility of conducting faith-based HIV prevention research for African American women. Conclusions. P4 for Women enhanced abstinence and safer sex practices as well as religious social capital, and was more acceptable than SISTA. Such efforts may assist faith leaders in responding to the HIV epidemic in African American women. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; article; comparative effectiveness; condom; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; religion; safe sex; social support; United States; utilization review; young adult; African American; Georgia; health promotion; HIV Infections; procedures; psychology; utilization, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Comparative Effectiveness Research; Condoms; Female; Georgia; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Religion; Safe Sex; Social Support; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Comparative Effectiveness Research; Condoms; Female; Georgia; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Religion; Safe Sex; Social Support; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301386_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The unique impact of abolition of Jim Crow Laws on reducing inequities in infant death rates and implications for choice of comparison groups in analyzing societal determinants of health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Author-Name: Chen, J.T. Author-Name: Coull, B. Author-Name: Waterman, P.D. Author-Name: Beckfield, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2234-2244 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301350 Abstract: Objectives. We explored associations between the abolition of Jim Crow laws (i.e., state laws legalizing racial discrimination overturned by the 1964 US Civil Rights Act) and birth cohort trends in infant death rates. Methods. We analyzed 1959 to 2006 US Black and White infant death rates within and across sets of states (polities) with and without Jim Crow laws. Results. Between 1965 and 1969, a unique convergence of Black infant death rates occurred across polities; in 1960 to 1964, the Black infant death rate was 1.19 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 1.20) in the Jim Crow polity than in the non-Jim Crow polity, whereas in 1970 to 1974 the rate ratio shrank to and remained at approximately 1 (with the 95% CI including 1) until 2000, when it rose to 1.10 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.12). No such convergence occurred for Black-White differences in infant death rates or for White infants. Conclusions. Our results suggest that abolition of Jim Crow laws affected US Black infant death rates and that valid analysis of societal determinants of health requires appropriate comparison groups. Keywords: African American; article; Caucasian; civil rights; cohort analysis; comparative study; confidence interval; human; infant mortality; jurisprudence; legal aspect; newborn; population research; racism; United States; civil rights; infant mortality; legislation and jurisprudence; racism; trends, African Americans; Censuses; Civil Rights; Cohort Studies; Confidence Intervals; European Continental Ancestry Group; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Racism; Supreme Court Decisions; United States, African Americans; Censuses; Civil Rights; Cohort Studies; Confidence Intervals; European Continental Ancestry Group; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Racism; Supreme Court Decisions; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301350_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of the minimum legal drinking age on alcohol-related health service use in hospital settings in Ontario: A regression-discontinuity approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Callaghan, R.C. Author-Name: Sanches, M. Author-Name: Gatley, J.M. Author-Name: Cunningham, J.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2284-2291 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301320 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) on hospital-based treatment for alcohol-related conditions or events in Ontario, Canada. Methods. We conducted regression-discontinuity analyses to examine MLDA effects with respect to diagnosed alcohol-related conditions. Data were derived from administrative records detailing inpatient and emergency department events in Ontario from April 2002 to March 2007. Results. Relative to youths slightly younger than the MLDA, youths just older than the MLDA exhibited increases in inpatient and emergency department events associated with alcohol-use disorders (10.8%; P = .048), assaults (7.9%; P < .001), and suicides related to alcohol (51.8%; P = .01). Among young men who had recently crossed the MLDA threshold, there was a 2.0% increase (P = .01) in hospitalizations for injuries. Conclusions. Young adults gaining legal access to alcohol incur increases in hospital-based care for a range of serious alcohol-related conditions. Our regression-discontinuity approach can be used in future studies to assess the effects of the MLDA across different settings, and our estimates can be used to inform cost-benefit analyses across MLDA scenarios. Keywords: adolescent; age; Alcohol-Induced Disorders; Canada; classification; complication; drinking behavior; emergency health service; female; human; injury; male; medical record; utilization; young adult; alcoholism; article; drinking behavior; emergency health service; legal aspect; utilization review, Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol-Induced Disorders; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Records; Ontario; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult, Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol-Induced Disorders; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Records; Ontario; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301320_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crossing the chasm of mistrust: Collaborating with immigrant populations through community organizations and academic partners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pirie, A. Author-Name: Gute, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2126-2130 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301517 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301517 Abstract: As a community partner and an academic researcher, we experienced the direct and extended benefits of a relatively small-scale, community engaged informed consent process that developed in an immigrant occupational health study, Assessing and Controlling Occupational Health Risks for Immigrant Populations in Somerville, Massachusetts. The practice of human participants research played a positive role in the community, and both community partners and researchers, as well as the larger academic community, reaped unexpected benefits during the five-year project (2005-2010), which continue into the present. Lessons learned from our experience may be helpful for wider application. Keywords: community care; cooperation; health services research; Hispanic; human; migrant; occupational health; participatory research; public health; trust; United States; university hospital; article; migration, Academic Medical Centers; Community Networks; Community-Based Participatory Research; Cooperative Behavior; Emigrants and Immigrants; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Massachusetts; Occupational Health; Organizational Case Studies; Public Health; Trust, Academic Medical Centers; Community Networks; Community-Based Participatory Research; Cooperative Behavior; Emigrants and Immigrants; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Massachusetts; Occupational Health; Organizational Case Studies; Public Health; Trust Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301517_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predictors of medical or surgical and psychiatric hospitalizations among a population-based cohort of homeless adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chambers, C. Author-Name: Katic, M. Author-Name: Chiu, S. Author-Name: Redelmeier, D.A. Author-Name: Levinson, W. Author-Name: Kiss, A. Author-Name: Hwang, S.W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S380-S388 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301646 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301646 Abstract: Objectives. We identified factors associated with inpatient hospitalizations among a population-based cohort of homeless adults in Toronto, Ontario. Methods. We recruited participants from shelters and meal programs. We then linked them to administrative databases to capture hospital admissions during the study (2005-2009). We used logistic regression to identify predictors of medical or surgical and psychiatric hospitalizations. Results. Among 1165 homeless adults, 20% had a medical or surgical hospitalization, and 12% had a psychiatric hospitalization during the study. These individuals had a total of 921 hospitalizations, of which 548 were medical or surgical and 373 were psychiatric. Independent predictors of medical or surgical hospitalization included birth in Canada, having a primary care provider, higher perceived external health locus of control, and lower health status. Independent predictors of psychiatric hospitalization included being a current smoker, having a recent mental health problem, and having a lower perceived internal health locus of control. Being accompanied by a partner or dependent children was protective for hospitalization. Conclusions. Health care need was a strong predictor of medical or surgical and psychiatric hospitalizations. Some hospitalizations among homeless adults were potentially avoidable, whereas others represented an unavoidable use of health services. Keywords: addiction; article; Canada; cohort analysis; female; health status; homelessness; hospitalization; human; male; mental health; mental hospital; risk factor; social support; socioeconomics; statistics; Canada; homelessness; hospitalization; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders, Cohort Studies; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Ontario; Risk Factors; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders, Cohort Studies; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Ontario; Risk Factors; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301646_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comprehensive assessment of health care utilization among homeless adults under a system of universal health insurance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hwang, S.W. Author-Name: Chambers, C. Author-Name: Chiu, S. Author-Name: Katic, M. Author-Name: Kiss, A. Author-Name: Redelmeier, D.A. Author-Name: Levinson, W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S294-S301 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301369 Abstract: Objectives. We comprehensively assessed health care utilization in a population-based sample of homeless adults and matched controls under a universal health insurance system. Methods.We assessed health care utilization by 1165 homeless singlemen and women and adults in families and their age- and gender-matched low-income controls in Toronto, Ontario, from 2005 to 2009, using repeated-measures general linear models to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Homeless participants had mean rates of 9.1 ambulatory care encounters (maximum = 141.1), 2.0 emergency department (ED) encounters (maximum = 104.9), 0.2 medical-surgical hospitalizations (maximum = 14.9), and 0.1 psychiatric hospitalizations per person-year (maximum = 4.8). Rate ratios for homeless participants compared with matched controls were 1.76 (95% CI = 1.58, 1.96) for ambulatory care encounters, 8.48 (95% CI = 6.72, 10.70) for ED encounters, 4.22 (95% CI = 2.99, 5.94) for medical-surgical hospitalizations, and 9.27 (95% CI = 4.42, 19.43) for psychiatric hospitalizations. Conclusions. In a universal health insurance system, homeless people had substantially higher rates of ED and hospital use than general population controls; these rates were largely driven by a subset of homeless persons with extremely high-intensity usage of health services. Keywords: adult; ambulatory care; article; Canada; cohort analysis; emergency health service; female; health service; homelessness; hospitalization; human; insurance; male; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; utilization review; Canada; epidemiology; health service; homelessness; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization, Adult; Ambulatory Care; Canada; Cohort Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Services; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Universal Coverage, Adult; Ambulatory Care; Canada; Cohort Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Services; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Universal Coverage Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301369_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Application of implementation science for homeless interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Casey, R. Author-Name: Clark, C. Author-Name: Smits, P. Author-Name: Peters, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S183-S185 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301729 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301729 Keywords: cost benefit analysis; economics; homelessness; human; information dissemination; organization and management; research; social work; United States; editorial; organization and management; research; social work, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Homeless Persons; Humans; Information Dissemination; Research; Social Work; United States, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Homeless Persons; Humans; Information Dissemination; Research; Social Work; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301729_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: First, do no harm: The US sexually transmitted disease experiments in Guatemala Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rodriguez, M.A. Author-Name: García, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2122-2126 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301520 Abstract: Beginning in 1946, the United States government immorally and unethically-and, arguably, illegally-engaged in research experiments in which more than 5000 uninformed and unconsenting Guatemalan people were intentionally infected with bacteria that cause sexually transmitted diseases.Many have been left untreated to the present day. Although US President Barack Obama apologized in 2010, and although the US Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues found the Guatemalan experiments morally wrong, little if anything has been done to compensate the victims and their families. We explore the backdrop for this unethical medical research and violation of human rights and call for steps the United States should take to provide relief and compensation to Guatemala and its people. Keywords: article; disease transmission; ethics; female; Guatemala; human; human experiment; human rights abuse; legal aspect; male; patient safety; sexually transmitted disease; United States; ethics; human experiment; human rights abuse; legislation and jurisprudence; sexually transmitted disease; transmission, Female; Guatemala; Human Rights Abuses; Humans; Male; Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; Patient Safety; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States, Female; Guatemala; Human Rights Abuses; Humans; Male; Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; Patient Safety; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301520_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Refining the notion of maturing out: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vergés, A. Author-Name: Haeny, A.M. Author-Name: Jackson, K.M. Author-Name: Bucholz, K.K. Author-Name: Grant, J.D. Author-Name: Trull, T.J. Author-Name: Wood, P.K. Author-Name: Sher, K.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e67-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301358 Abstract: Objectives. Our aim was to determine if the decrease in drug use disorders with age is attributable to changes in persistence, as implied by the notion of maturing out. Also, we examined the association between role transitions and persistence, recurrence, and new onset of drug use disorders. Methods. We performed secondary analysis of the 2 waves of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions data (baseline assessment 2001-2002, follow-up conducted 2004-2005). We conducted logistic regressions and multinomial logistic regression to determine the effect of age on wave 2 diagnosis status, as well as the interaction between age and role transitions. Results. Rates of persistence were stable over the life span, whereas rates of new onset and recurrence decreased with age. Changes in parenthood, marital, and employment status were associated with persistence, new onset, and recurrence. We found an interaction between marital status and age. Conclusions. Our findings challenge commonly held notions that the age-related decrease in drug use disorders is attributable to an increase in persistence, and that the effects of role transitions are stronger during young, compared with middle and older, adulthood. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; age; aging; article; confidence interval; health survey; human; longitudinal study; middle aged; psychological aspect; recurrent disease; risk; statistical model; United States; young adult; psychology; Substance-Related Disorders; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aging; Confidence Intervals; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Recurrence; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aging; Confidence Intervals; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Recurrence; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301358_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homelessness research: Shaping policy and practice, now and into the future Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Author-Name: Kane, V. Author-Name: Johnston, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S181-S183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301728 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301728 Keywords: editorial; government; health care policy; homelessness; housing; human; legal aspect; organization and management; policy; psychological aspect; research; statistics; United States; government; homelessness; legislation and jurisprudence; organization and management; psychology; research; statistics and numerical data, Government Programs; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Policy; Research; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Government Programs; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Policy; Research; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301728_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: We can have it all: Improved surveillance outcomes and decreased personnel costs associated with electronic reportable disease surveillance, North Carolina, 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samoff, E. Author-Name: DiBiase, L. Author-Name: Fangman, M.T. Author-Name: Fleischauer, A.T. Author-Name: Waller, A.E. Author-Name: MacDonald, P.D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2292-2297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301353 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the timeliness, accuracy, and cost of a new electronic disease surveillance system at the local health department level. We describe practices associated with lower cost and better surveillance timeliness and accuracy. Methods. Interviews conducted May through August 2010 with local health department (LHD) staff at a simple random sample of 30 of 100 North Carolina counties provided information on surveillance practices and costs; we used surveillance system data to calculate timeliness and accuracy. We identified LHDs with best timeliness and accuracy and used these categories to compare surveillance practices and costs. Results. Local health departments in the top tertiles for surveillance timeliness and accuracy had a lower cost per case reported than LHDs with lower timeliness and accuracy ($71 and $124 per case reported, respectively; P = .03). Best surveillance practices fell into 2 domains: efficient use of the electronic surveillance system and use of surveillance data for local evaluation and program management. Conclusions. Timely and accurate surveillance can be achieved in the setting of restricted funding experienced by many LHDs. Adopting best surveillance practices may improve both efficiency and public health outcomes. Keywords: article; automation; cost control; economics; epidemic; government; health survey; human; infection control; laboratory; methodology; qualitative research; questionnaire; United States; cost control; economics; health survey; infection control; procedures, Automation; Cost Savings; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Laboratories; Local Government; North Carolina; Public Health Surveillance; Qualitative Research; Questionnaires, Automation; Cost Savings; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Laboratories; Local Government; North Carolina; Public Health Surveillance; Qualitative Research; Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301353_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying US veterans who access services from Health Care for the Homeless clinics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knopf-Amelung, S.M. Author-Name: Jenkins, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S216-S218 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301308 Abstract: Research on veterans experiencing homelessness is predominantly focused on the US Department of Veterans Affairs setting, despite the fact that substantial numbers receive services from Health Care for the Homeless (HCH) clinics. We explored how HCH clinics identified veteran patients through a survey of administrators (49% response rate). The majority (98%) identified veterans but used varied language and approaches. Implementing a streamlined, culturally competent identification process is vital to collecting accurate data, connecting veterans with benefits, and informing treatment plans. Keywords: epidemiology; government; health care delivery; homelessness; human; organization and management; outpatient department; statistics and numerical data; United States; veteran; article; health care delivery; homelessness; outpatient department; statistics; United States; veteran, Ambulatory Care Facilities; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans, Ambulatory Care Facilities; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301308_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship among adverse childhood experiences, history of active military service, and adult outcomes: Homelessness, mental health, and physical health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montgomery, A.E. Author-Name: Cutuli, J.J. Author-Name: Evans-Chase, M. Author-Name: Treglia, D. Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S262-S268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301474 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether a report of adverse childhood experiences predicts adult outcomes related to homelessness, mental health, and physical health and whether participation in active military service influences the relationship between childhood and adult adversity. Methods. Using data from the 2010 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we tested by means of logistic regression the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and 3 adult outcomes - homelessness, mental health, and physical health - as well as differences among those with a history of active military service. Results. Adverse childhood experiences separately predicted increased odds of experiencing homelessness as an adult and mental health and physical health problems. Childhood adversity increased the likelihood of adult homelessness and poor physical health among individuals with no history of active military service and the likelihood of mental health problems among individuals with a history of active military service. Conclusions. The relationship between childhood adversity and adult adversity changes in degree when history of active military service is controlled, which has implications for Armed Forces recruitment strategies and postmilitary service risk assessment. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; family relation; female; health status; homelessness; human; male; mental health; middle aged; risk assessment; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; veteran; violence; epidemiology; homelessness; statistics and numerical data; United States; veteran, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Family Relations; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Veterans; Violence; Washington, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Family Relations; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Veterans; Violence; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301474_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating the impact of dental care on housing intervention program outcomes among homeless veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nunez, E. Author-Name: Gibson, G. Author-Name: Jones, J.A. Author-Name: Schinka, J.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S368-S373 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301064 Abstract: Objectives. In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study, we examined the impact of dental care on outcomes among homeless veterans discharged from a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) transitional housing intervention program. Methods. Our sample consisted of 9870 veterans who were admitted into a VA homeless intervention program during 2008 and 2009, 4482 of whom received dental care during treatment and 5388 of whom did not. Primary outcomes of interest were program completion, employment or stable financial status on discharge, and transition to permanent housing. We calculated descriptive statistics and compared the 2 study groups with respect to demographic characteristics, medical and psychiatric history (including alcohol and substance use), work and financial support, and treatment outcomes. Results. Veterans who received dental care were 30% more likely than those who did not to complete the program, 14% more likely to be employed or financially stable, and 15% more likely to have obtained residential housing. Conclusions. Provision of dental care has a substantial positive impact on outcomes among homeless veterans participating in housing intervention programs. This suggests that homeless programs need to weigh the benefits and cost of dental care in program planning and implementation. Keywords: adult; dental procedure; female; government; health status; homelessness; housing; human; longitudinal study; male; mental health; middle aged; organization and management; retrospective study; United States; veteran; article; dental procedure; organization and management, Adult; Dental Care; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans, Adult; Dental Care; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301064_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Launching native health leaders: reducing mistrust of research through student peer mentorship. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, R.D. Author-Name: McGlone West, K. Author-Name: Madrid, T.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2215-2219 Abstract: We assessed the impact of Launching Native Health Leaders (LNHL), a peer-mentoring and networking program that introduced American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) undergraduates to health and research careers and concepts of community-based participatory research (CBPR). We conducted 15 interviews and 1 focus group with students who had attended 1 or more LNHL meetings, which took place during 9 professional health research conferences in 2006 to 2009. We completed data collection in 2010, within 1 to 4 years of LNHL participant engagement in program activities. Participants described identity and cultural challenges they encountered in academic institutions and how their views shifted from perceiving research as an enterprise conducted by community outsiders who were not to be trusted toward an understanding of CBPR as contributing to AI/AN health. LNHL provided a safe environment for AI/AN students to openly explore their place in the health and research arenas. Programs such as LNHL support AI/AN student development as leaders in building trust for academic-tribal partnerships. Keywords: American Indian; article; attitude to health; evaluation study; health promotion; human; information processing; leadership; participatory research; peer group; program development; qualitative research; student; teacher; trust; university, Community-Based Participatory Research; Focus Groups; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Indians, North American; Leadership; Mentors; Peer Group; Program Development; Qualitative Research; Students; Trust; Universities, Community-Based Participatory Research; Focus Groups; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Indians, North American; Leadership; Mentors; Peer Group; Program Development; Qualitative Research; Students; Trust; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:12:2215-2219_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing retention in single-site Housing First for chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Collins, S.E. Author-Name: Malone, D.K. Author-Name: Clifasefi, S.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S269-S274 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301312 Abstract: Objectives. We studied housing retention and its predictors in the single-site Housing First model. Methods. Participants (n = 111) were chronically homeless people with severe alcohol problems who lived in a single-site Housing First program and participated in a larger nonrandomized controlled trial (2005-2008) conducted in Seattle, Washington. At baseline, participants responded to self-report questionnaires assessing demographic, illness burden, alcohol and other drug use, and psychiatric variables. Housing status was recorded over 2 years. Results. Participants were interested in housing, although a sizable minority did not believe they would be able to maintain abstinence-based housing. Only 23% of participants returned to homelessness during the 2-year follow-up. Commonly cited risk factors - alcohol and other drug use, illness burden, psychiatric symptoms, and homelessness history - did not predict resumed homelessness. Active drinkers were more likely to stay in this housing project than nondrinkers. Conclusions. We found that single-site Housing First programming fills a gap in housing options for chronically homeless people with severe alcohol problems. Keywords: adult; age; alcoholism; female; health status; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental health; middle aged; psychology; risk factor; sex; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; time; addiction; alcoholism; article; homelessness; housing; psychological aspect; statistics, Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors, Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sex; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301312_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cooking, Healthy Eating, Fitness and Fun (CHEFFs): Qualitative evaluation of a nutrition education program for children living at urban family homeless shelters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rodriguez, J. Author-Name: Applebaum, J. Author-Name: Stephenson-Hunter, C. Author-Name: Tinio, A. Author-Name: Shapiro, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S361-S367 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301558 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301558 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the feasibility of a 15-week nutrition education, physical activity, and media literacy program for children living in urban family homeless shelters. Methods. We developed a qualitative monitoring tool to evaluate program process and impact at 2 shelter sites in the Bronx, New York, from 2009 to 2012. Facilitators recorded indications of participants' understanding of intended messages and demonstrations of changes in attitudes and behaviors. Comments, insights, and actions were recorded as they occurred. Facilitators also documented barriers to delivery of content and activities as intended. We used content analysis to examine data for patterns and identify themes. Results. A total of 162 children participated at the 2 shelter sites. Analysis of qualitative data yielded 3 themes: (1) children's knowledge and understanding of content, (2) children's shift in attitudes or intentions, and (3) interpretations through children's life experience. Food insecurity as well as shelter food service and policies were important influences on children's choices, hunger, and sense of well-being. Conclusions. Children's experiences highlighted the need to advocate for shelter policies that adequately provide for children's nutritional and physical activity requirements and foster academic development. Keywords: adolescent; article; attitude to health; child; cooking; diet; female; fitness; health education; homelessness; housing; human; male; organization and management; preschool child; United States; urban population; health education; organization and management, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cooking; Diet; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; New York City; Physical Fitness; Urban Population, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cooking; Diet; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; New York City; Physical Fitness; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301558_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficient targeting of homelessness prevention services for families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shinn, M. Author-Name: Greer, A.L. Author-Name: Bainbridge, J. Author-Name: Kwon, J. Author-Name: Zuiderveen, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S324-S330 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301468 Abstract: Objectives. We developed and evaluated a model to target homelessness prevention services to families more efficiently. Methods. We followed 11 105 families who applied for community-based services to prevent homelessness in New York City from October 1, 2004, to June 30, 2008, through administrative records, using Cox regression to predict shelter entry. Results. Over 3 years, 12.8% of applicants entered shelter. Both the complete Cox regression and a short screening model based on 15 risk factors derived from it were superior to worker judgments, with substantially higher hit rates at the same level of false alarms. We found no evidence that some families were too risky to be helped or that specific risk factors were particularly amenable to amelioration. Conclusions. Despite some limitations, an empirical risk model can increase the efficiency of homelessness prevention services. Serving the same proportion of applicants but selecting those at highest risk according to the model would have increased correct targeting of families entering shelter by 26% and reduced misses by almost two thirds. Parallel models could be developed elsewhere. Keywords: adult; article; family; female; health status; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental health; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; time; United States; violence; epidemiology; homelessness; housing; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adult; Family; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Health; New York City; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Violence, Adult; Family; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Health; New York City; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301468_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Redressing past wrongs: Changing the common rule to increase minority voices in research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rencher, W.C. Author-Name: Wolf, L.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2136-2140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301356 Abstract: Numerous diseases disproportionately affect African Americans across socioeconomic, age, gender, and geographic groups. Despite the need for research into these disparities, African Americans are often underrepresented in research. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study receives much of the blame for this problem, but other contributing factors have also been identified. To date, government policies seeking to increase African American participation have had limited success, and recently proposed changes to the Common Rule do not address this problem. Therefore, we have proposed 3 changes: Treating racial minorities as vulnerable, requiring community consultation in minority research, and increasing minority representation on institutional review boards. Coupled with other efforts, these changes could help increase minority representation in researching health disparities. Keywords: African American; article; community care; human; medical research; organization and management; patient selection; professional standard; psychological aspect; trust; United States; vulnerable population; African American; psychology, African Americans; Biomedical Research; Community Networks; Ethics Committees, Research; Humans; Patient Selection; Trust; United States; Vulnerable Populations, African Americans; Biomedical Research; Community Networks; Ethics Committees, Research; Humans; Patient Selection; Trust; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301356_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-level characteristics associated with variation in rates of homelessness among families and single adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fargo, J.D. Author-Name: Munley, E.A. Author-Name: Byrne, T.H. Author-Name: Montgomery, A.E. Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S340-S347 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301619 Abstract: Objectives. We modeled rates of family and single-adult homelessness in the United States in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions and as a function of community-level demographic, behavioral, health, economic, and safety net characteristics. Methods. We entered community-level characteristics and US Department of Housing and Urban Development point-in-time counts for a single night in January 2009 into separate mixed-effects statistical analyses that modeled homelessness rates for 4 subpopulations: families and single adults inmetropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions. Results. Community-level factors accounted for 25% to 50% of the variance in homelessness rates across models. In metropolitan regions, alcohol consumption, social support, and several economic indicators were uniquely associated with family homelessness, and drug use and homicidewere uniquely associatedwith single-adult homelessness. In nonmetropolitan regions, life expectancy, religious adherence, unemployment, and rent burden were uniquely associated with family homelessness, and health care access, crime, several economic indicators, and receipt of Supplemental Security Income were uniquely associated with single-adult homelessness. Conclusions. Considering homeless families and single adults separately enabled more precise modeling of associations between homelessness rates and community-level characteristics, indicating targets for interventions to reduce homelessness among these subpopulations. Keywords: alcoholism; crime; demography; economics; family; health care delivery; homelessness; human; social care; social support; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; addiction; article; demography; homelessness; statistics, Alcoholism; Crime; Economics; Family; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; Public Assistance; Residence Characteristics; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States, Alcoholism; Crime; Economics; Family; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; Public Assistance; Residence Characteristics; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301619_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adapting western research methods to indigenous ways of knowing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simonds, V.W. Author-Name: Christopher, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2185-2192 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301157 Abstract: Indigenous communities have long experienced exploitation by researchers and increasingly require participatory and decolonizing research processes. We present a case study of an intervention research project to exemplify a clash between Western research methodologies and Indigenous methodologies and how we attempted reconciliation. We then provide implications for future research based on lessons learned from Native American community partners who voiced concern over methods of Western deductive qualitative analysis. Decolonizing research requires constant reflective attention and action, and there is an absence of published guidance for this process. Continued exploration is needed for implementing Indigenous methods alone or in conjunction with appropriate Western methods when conducting research in Indigenous communities. Currently, examples of Indigenous methods and theories are not widely available in academic texts or published articles, and are often not perceived as valid. Keywords: American Indian; cultural anthropology; ethics; human; methodology; participatory research; procedures; United States; article; participatory research, Community-Based Participatory Research; Humans; Indians, North American; Research Design; United States; Western World, Community-Based Participatory Research; Humans; Indians, North American; Research Design; United States; Western World Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301157_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical research and minorities. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothstein, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2118 Keywords: editorial; human; minority group; research ethics; United States, Ethics, Research; Humans; Minority Groups; United States, Ethics, Research; Humans; Minority Groups; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:12:2118_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "You're an open target to be abused": A qualitative study of stigma and HIV self-disclosure among black men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bird, J.D.P. Author-Name: Voisin, D.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2193-2199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301437 Abstract: The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a health crisis among Black men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV-related stigma presents a primary barrier to sexual communication and effective HIV prevention. Using in-depth, qualitative interviews conducted with 20 HIV-positive Black MSM between 2007 and 2008 in Chicago, Illinois, we explored the themes related to HIV-related stigma and the underlying messages HIV-positive Black MSM receive regarding their status. Stigmatizing messages stem from family, churches, and the gay community and from negative, internalized, beliefs HIV-positive Black MSM held about infected individuals before their own infection. HIV stigma influences sexual silence around HIV disclosure, especially to sexual partners. Keywords: adult; African American; clergy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; psychology; qualitative research; sexual behavior; social stigma; United States; young adult; African American; article; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male homosexuality; psychological aspect, Adult; African Americans; Chicago; Clergy; HIV Seropositivity; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; Sexual Behavior; Social Stigma; Truth Disclosure; Young Adult, Adult; African Americans; Chicago; Clergy; HIV Seropositivity; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; Sexual Behavior; Social Stigma; Truth Disclosure; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301437_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Katz et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, D.L. Author-Name: Sarrel, P.M. Author-Name: Njike, V.Y. Author-Name: Vinante, V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301615 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301615 Keywords: estrogen; estrogen, female; human; hysterectomy; mortality; hysterectomy; mortality; note, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301615_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universal screening for homelessness and risk for homelessness in the Veterans Health Administration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montgomery, A.E. Author-Name: Fargo, J.D. Author-Name: Byrne, T.H. Author-Name: Kane, V. Author-Name: Culhane, D.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S210-S211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301398 Abstract: We examined data for all veterans who completed the Veterans Health Administration's national homelessness screening instrument between October 1, 2012, and January 10, 2013. Among veterans who were not engaged with the US Department of Veterans Affairs homeless system and presented for primary care services, the prevalence of recent housing instability or homelessness was 0.9% and homelessness risk was 1.2%. Future research will refine outreach strategies, targeting of prevention resources, and development of novel interventions. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; female; government; homelessness; housing; human; male; mass screening; Mental Disorders; middle aged; organization and management; prevalence; risk factor; social care; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult; article; government; homelessness; housing; mass screening; mental disease; organization and management; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Public Assistance; Risk Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Public Assistance; Risk Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301398_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Admission decisions and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in the homeless population: A review of 172 patients in an urban setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, B. Author-Name: Gundlapalli, A.V. Author-Name: Jones, J.P. Author-Name: Brown, S.M. Author-Name: Dean, N.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S289-S293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301342 Abstract: Objectives. We compared admission rates, outcomes, and performance of the CURB-65 mortality prediction score of homeless patients and nonhomeless patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods. We compared homeless (n = 172) and nonhomeless (n = 1897) patients presenting to a Salt Lake City, Utah, emergency department with CAP from 1996 to 2006. In the homeless cohort, we measured referral from and follow-up with the local homeless health care clinic and arrangement of medical housing. Results. Homeless patients were younger (44 vs 59 years; P < .001) and had lower CURB-65 scores and higher hospitalization risk (severity-adjusted odds ratio = 1.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.33, 2.69) than did nonhomeless patients, with a similar length of stay, median inpatient cost, and median outpatient cost, even after severity adjustment. Of homeless patients, 22% were referred from the homeless health care clinic to the emergency department; 54% of outpatients and 51% of hospital patients were referred back to the clinic, and medical housing was arranged for 23%. Conclusions. A large cohort of homeless patientswith CAP demonstrated higher hospitalization risk than but similar length of stay and costs as nonhomeless patients. The strong relationship between the hospital and homeless health care clinic may have contributed to this finding. Keywords: adult; article; cohort analysis; comorbidity; economics; emergency health service; female; health care cost; homelessness; hospital admission; human; length of stay; male; middle aged; mortality; pneumonia; severity of illness index; statistics; United States; urban population; emergency health service; homelessness; hospital admission; pneumonia; statistics and numerical data; United States; urban population, Adult; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Expenditures; Homeless Persons; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Admission; Pneumonia; Severity of Illness Index; Urban Population; Utah, Adult; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Expenditures; Homeless Persons; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Admission; Pneumonia; Severity of Illness Index; Urban Population; Utah Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301342_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strengthening the network of mentored, underrepresented minority scientists and leaders to reduce HIV-related health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sutton, M.Y. Author-Name: Lanier, Y.A. Author-Name: Willis, L.A. Author-Name: Castellanos, T. Author-Name: Dominguez, K. Author-Name: Fitzpatrick, L. Author-Name: Miller, K.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2207-2214 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301345 Abstract: Objectives. We reviewed data for the Minority HIV/AIDS Research Initiative (MARI), which was established in 2003 to support under represented minority scientists performing HIV prevention research in highly affected communities. Methods. MARI was established at the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control as a program of competitively awarded, mentored grants for early career researchers conducting HIV prevention research in highly affected racial/ethnic and sexual minority communities.We have described progress from 2003 to 2013. Results. To date, MARI has mentored 27 scientist leaders using low-cost strategies to enhance the development of effective HIV prevention interventions. These scientists have (1) developed research programs in disproportionately affected communities of color, (2) produced first-authored peer-reviewed scientific and programmatic products (including articles and community-level interventions), and (3) obtained larger, subsequent funding awards for research and programmatic work related to HIV prevention and health disparities work. Conclusions. The MARI program demonstrates how to effectively engage minority scientists to conduct HIV prevention research and reduce racial/ ethnic investigator disparities and serves as a model for programs to reduce disparities in other public health areas in which communities of color are disproportionately affected. Keywords: article; community care; economics; ethnology; evaluation study; female; financial management; health disparity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; leadership; male; minority group; personnel; program development; program evaluation; public health service; teacher; United States; ethnology; HIV Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Community Networks; Female; Financing, Government; Health Status Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Leadership; Male; Mentors; Minority Groups; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Research Personnel; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Community Networks; Female; Financing, Government; Health Status Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Leadership; Male; Mentors; Minority Groups; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Research Personnel; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301345_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Achieving public health goals through Medicaid expansion: Opportunities in criminal justice, homelessness, and behavioral health with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DiPietro, B. Author-Name: Klingenmaier, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: e25-e29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301497 Abstract: States are currently discussinghow( orwhether) toimplement the Medicaid expansion to nondisabled adults earning less than 133% of the federal poverty level, a key aspect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Those experiencing homelessness and those involved with the criminal justice system - particularly when they struggle with behavioral health diagnoses - are subpopulations that are currently uninsured at high rates and have significant health care needs but will become Medicaid eligible starting in 2014. We outline the connection between these groups, assert outcomes possible from greater collaboration between multiple systems, provide a summary of Medicaid eligibility and its ramifications for individuals in the criminal justice system, and explore opportunities to improve overall public health through Medicaid outreach, enrollment, and engagement in needed health care. Keywords: article; criminal law; health care delivery; health care policy; homelessness; human; legal aspect; medicaid; medically uninsured; mental health; organization and management; public health; statistics; United States; criminal law; health care policy; legislation and jurisprudence; medicaid; organization and management; statistics and numerical data, Criminal Law; Eligibility Determination; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Mental Health; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Public Health; United States, Criminal Law; Eligibility Determination; Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Humans; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Mental Health; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301497_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Programmatic impact of 5 years of mortality surveillance of New York City homeless populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gambatese, M. Author-Name: Marder, D. Author-Name: Begier, E. Author-Name: Gutkovich, A. Author-Name: Mos, R. Author-Name: Griffin, A. Author-Name: Zimmerman, R. Author-Name: Madsen, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S193-S198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301196 Abstract: A homeless mortality surveillance system identifies emerging trends in the health of the homeless population and provides this information to key stakeholders in a timely and ongoing manner to effect evidence-based, programmatic change. We describe the first 5 years of the New York City homeless mortality surveillance system and, for the first time in peer-reviewed literature, illustrate the impact of key elementsof sustained surveillance (i.e., timely dissemination of aggregate mortality data and real-time sharing of information on individual homeless decedents) on the programs of New York City's Department of Homeless Services. These key elements had a positive impact on the department's programs that target sleep-related infant deaths and hypothermia, drug overdose, and alcohol-related deaths among homeless persons. Keywords: alcoholism; article; drug overdose; health status; homelessness; human; hypothermia; infant; infant mortality; mortality; premature mortality; retrospective study; risk factor; sentinel surveillance; statistics; United States; epidemiology; homelessness; mortality; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Alcoholism; Drug Overdose; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Hypothermia; Infant; Infant Mortality; Mortality; Mortality, Premature; New York City; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sentinel Surveillance, Alcoholism; Drug Overdose; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Hypothermia; Infant; Infant Mortality; Mortality; Mortality, Premature; New York City; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sentinel Surveillance Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301196_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing First improves residential stability in homeless adults with concurrent substance dependence and mental disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Palepu, A. Author-Name: Patterson, M.L. Author-Name: Moniruzzaman, A. Author-Name: Frankish, C.J. Author-Name: Somers, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: e30-e36 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301628 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301628 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between substance dependence and residential stability in homeless adults with current mental disorders 12 months after randomization to Housing First programs or treatment as usual (no housing or support through the study). Methods. The Vancouver At Home study in Canada included 2 randomized controlled trials of Housing First interventions. Eligible participants met the criteria for homelessness or precarious housing, as well as a current mental disorder. Residential stability was defined as the number of days in stable residences 12 months after randomization. We used negative binomial regression modeling to examine the independent association between residential stability and substance dependence. Results. We recruited 497 participants, and 58% (n = 288) met the criteria for substance dependence. We found no significant association between substance dependence and residential stability (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.97; 95% confidence interval = 0.69, 1.35) after adjusting for housing intervention, employment, sociodemographics, chronic health conditions, mental disorder severity, psychiatric symptoms, and lifetime duration of homelessness. Conclusions. People with mental disorders might achieve similar levels of housing stability from Housing First regardless of whether they experience concurrent substance dependence. Keywords: adult; Canada; chronic disease; controlled study; female; homelessness; housing; human; male; Mental Disorders; middle aged; psychology; randomized controlled trial; severity of illness index; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; addiction; article; Canada; controlled clinical trial; homelessness; housing; mental disease; psychological aspect; statistics, Adult; Canada; Chronic Disease; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders, Adult; Canada; Chronic Disease; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301628_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide mortality following nursing home discharge in the Department of Veterans Affairs health system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Author-Name: Szymanski, B.R. Author-Name: Karlin, B.E. Author-Name: Katz, I.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2261-2266 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301292 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301292 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed suicide rates up to 6 months following discharge from US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes. Methods. In VA Minimum Data Set (MDS) records, we identified 281 066 live discharges from the 137 VA nursing homes during fiscal years 2002 to 2008. We used MDS and administrative data to assess resident age, gender, behaviors, pain, and indications of psychoses, bipolar disorder, dementia, and depression. We identified vital status and suicide mortality within 6 months of discharge through National Death Index searches. Results. Suicide rates within 6 months of discharge were 88.0 per 100 000 person-years for men and 89.4 overall. Standardized mortality ratios relative to age- And gender-matched individuals in the VA patient population were 2.3 for men (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9, 2.8) and 2.4 overall (95% CI = 2.0, 2.9). In multivariable proportional hazards regression analyses, resident characteristics, diagnoses, behaviors, and pain were not significantly associated with suicide risk. Conclusions. Suicide risk was elevated following nursing home discharge. This underscores the importance of ongoing VA efforts to enhance discharge planning and timely postdischarge follow-up. Keywords: adult; aged; article; confidence interval; factual database; government; hospital discharge; human; male; middle aged; nursing home; psychological aspect; risk; suicide; United States; very elderly; veteran; young adult; epidemiology; psychology; suicide; trends; United States, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Confidence Intervals; Databases, Factual; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nursing Homes; Odds Ratio; Patient Discharge; Suicide; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans; Young Adult, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Confidence Intervals; Databases, Factual; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nursing Homes; Odds Ratio; Patient Discharge; Suicide; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301292_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking the vulnerability of minority populations in research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rogers, W. Author-Name: Lange, M.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2141-2146 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301200 Abstract: The Belmont Report, produced in 1979 by a United States government commission, includes minority populations among its list of vulnerable research participants. In this article, we consider some previous attempts to understand the vulnerability of minorities in research, and then provide our own account. First we examine the question of the representation of minorities in research. Then we argue that the best understanding of minorities, vulnerability, and research will begin with a broad understanding of the risk of individual members of minority groups to poor health outcomes.We offer a typology of vulnerability to help with this task. Finally, we show how researchers should be guided by this broad analysis in the design and execution of their research. Keywords: article; ethics; human; human experiment; medical research; minority group; practice guideline; United States; vulnerable population, Biomedical Research; Guidelines as Topic; Human Experimentation; Humans; Minority Groups; United States; Vulnerable Populations, Biomedical Research; Guidelines as Topic; Human Experimentation; Humans; Minority Groups; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301200_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shared decision-making for cancer care among racial and ethnic minorities: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mead, E.L. Author-Name: Doorenbos, A.Z. Author-Name: Javid, S.H. Author-Name: Haozous, E.A. Author-Name: Alvord, L.A. Author-Name: Flum, D.R. Author-Name: Morris, A.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: e15-e29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301631 Abstract: To assess decision-making for cancer treatment among racial/ethnic minority patients, we systematically reviewed and synthesized evidence from studies of"shareddecision-making," "cancer," and "minority groups,"usingPubMed,PsycInfo, CINAHL, and EMBASE. We identified significant themes that we compared across studies, refined, and organized into a conceptual model. Five major themes emerged: Treatment decision-making, patient factors, family and important others, community, and provider factors. Thematic data overlapped categories, indicating that individuals' preferences for medical decision-making cannot be authentically examined outside the context of family and community. The shared decision-making model should be expanded beyond the traditional patient-physiciandyad to include other important stakeholders in the cancer treatment decision process, such as family or community leaders. Keywords: ancestry group; bibliometrics; decision making; ethnology; family; female; human; male; minority group; Neoplasms; patient participation; ethnology; neoplasm; race; review, Bibliometrics; Continental Population Groups; Decision Making; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Neoplasms; Patient Participation, Bibliometrics; Continental Population Groups; Decision Making; Family; Female; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Neoplasms; Patient Participation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301631_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Revisiting the role of the urban environment in substance use: The case of analgesic overdose fatalities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cerdá, M. Author-Name: Ransome, Y. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Koenen, K.C. Author-Name: Tardiff, K. Author-Name: Vlahov, D. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2252-2260 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301347 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether neighborhood social characteristics (income distribution and family fragmentation) and physical characteristics (clean sidewalks and dilapidated housing) were associated with the risk of fatalities caused by analgesic overdose. Methods. In a case-control study, we compared 447 unintentional analgesic opioid overdose fatalities (cases) with 3436 unintentional nonoverdose fatalities and 2530 heroin overdose fatalities (controls) occurring in 59 New York City neighborhoods between 2000 and 2006. Results. Analgesic overdose fatalities were less likely than nonoverdose unintentional fatalities to have occurred in higher-income neighborhoods (odds ratio [OR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70, 0.96) and more likely to have occurred in fragmented neighborhoods (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.72). They were more likely than heroin overdose fatalities to have occurred in higherincome (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.54) and less fragmented (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.55, 0.92) neighborhoods. Conclusions. Analgesic overdose fatalities exhibit spatial patterns that are distinct from those of heroin and nonoverdose unintentional fatalities. Whereas analgesic fatalities typically occur in lower-income, more fragmented neighborhoods than nonoverdose fatalities, they tend to occur in higher-income, less unequal, and less fragmented neighborhoods than heroin fatalities. Keywords: analgesic agent; analgesic agent, adolescent; adult; confidence interval; demography; drug overdose; epidemiology; female; heroin dependence; human; male; middle aged; mortality; risk; statistics and numerical data; United States; urban population; young adult; article; demography; drug overdose; mortality; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics; Confidence Intervals; Drug Overdose; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Odds Ratio; Residence Characteristics; Urban Population; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics; Confidence Intervals; Drug Overdose; Female; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Odds Ratio; Residence Characteristics; Urban Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301347_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social resistance framework for understanding high-risk behavior among nondominant minorities: Preliminary evidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Factor, R. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2245-2251 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301212 Abstract: Objectives. The recently developed social resistance framework addresses a widespread pattern in which members of some nondominant minorities tend to engage in various risky and unhealthy behaviors more than the majority group. This pilot study tested the core hypotheses derived from this innovative framework. Methods. We conducted in 2011 a nationally representative Web-based survey of 200 members of a nondominant minority group (African Americans) and 200 members of a majority group (Whites). Results. The preliminary findings supported the main premises of the framework and suggested that nondominant minorities who felt discriminated and alienated from society tended also to have higher levels of social resistance. Those with higher levels of social resistance also engaged more in risky and unhealthy behaviors-smoking, drinking, and nonuse of seat belts-than did those with lower levels of social resistance. These associations were not found in the majority group. Conclusions. These preliminary results supported the framework and suggested that social resistance might play a meaningful role in risky and unhealthy behaviors of nondominant minorities, and should be taken into account when trying to reduce health disparities. Keywords: adult; African American; aged; article; Caucasian; female; health behavior; high risk behavior; human; male; middle aged; pilot study; Poisson distribution; questionnaire; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adult; African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Poisson Distribution; Questionnaires; Risk-Taking; United States; Young Adult, Adult; African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Poisson Distribution; Questionnaires; Risk-Taking; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301212_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homelessness is a public health issue. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Donovan, S. Author-Name: Shinseki, E.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S180 Keywords: editorial; government; health care delivery; homelessness; housing; human; organization and management; psychological aspect; public health; social work; statistics; United States; epidemiology; government; homelessness; housing; psychology; statistics and numerical data; United States, Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Public Health; Social Work; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Services Accessibility; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Public Health; Social Work; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:S2:S180_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When health insurance is not a factor: National comparison of homeless and nonhomeless US veterans who use veterans affairs emergency departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, J. Author-Name: Doran, K.M. Author-Name: Rosenheck, R.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S225-S231 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301307 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the proportion of homeless veterans among users of Veterans Affairs (VA) emergency departments (EDs) and compared sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of homeless and nonhomeless VA emergency department users nationally. Methods. We used national VA administrative data from fiscal year 2010 for a cross-sectional study comparing homeless (n = 64 091) and nonhomeless (n = 866 621) ED users on sociodemographics, medical and psychiatric diagnoses, and other clinical characteristics. Results. Homeless veterans had 4 times the odds of using EDs than nonhomeless veterans. Multivariate analyses found few differences between homeless and nonhomeless ED users on the medical conditions examined, but homeless ED users were more likely to have been diagnosed with a drug use disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 4.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.97, 4.27), alcohol use disorder (OR = 3.67; 95% CI = 3.55, 3.79), or schizophrenia (OR = 3.44; 95% CI = 3.25, 3.64) in the past year. Conclusions. In a national integrated health care system with no specific requirements for health insurance, the major differences found between homeless and nonhomeless ED users were high rates of psychiatric and substance abuse diagnoses. EDs may be an important location for specialized homeless outreach (or "in" reach) services to address mental health and addictive disorders. Keywords: adult; article; cross-sectional study; emergency health service; female; government; health care delivery; health insurance; health status; homelessness; human; insurance; male; mental disease; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; veteran; emergency health service; government; health insurance; homelessness; insurance; Mental Disorders; statistics and numerical data; United States; veteran, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301307_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effectiveness of cigarette price and smoke-free homes on low-income smokers in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vijayaraghavan, M. Author-Name: Messer, K. Author-Name: White, M.M. Author-Name: Pierce, J.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2276-2283 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301300 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effectiveness of state cigarette price and smokefree homes on smoking behaviors of low-income and high-income populations in the United States. Methods. We used the 2006-2007 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. The primary outcomes were average daily cigarette consumption and successful quitting. We used multivariable regression to examine the association of cigarette price and smoke-free home policies on these outcomes. Results. High state cigarette price (pack price $4.50) was associated with lower consumption across all income levels. Although low-income individuals were least likely to adopt smoke-free homes, those who adopted them had consumption levels and successful quit rates that were similar to those among higher-income individuals. In multivariable analysis, both policies were independently associated with lower consumption, but only smoke-free homes were associated with sustained cessation at 90 days. Conclusions. High cigarette prices and especially smoke-free homes have the potential to reduce smoking behaviors among low-income individuals. Interventions are needed to increase adoption of smoke-free homes among low-income populations to increase cessation rates and prevent relapse. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; economics; evaluation study; female; health survey; housing; human; male; middle aged; multivariate analysis; passive smoking; poverty; smoking; tobacco; United States; young adult; economics; epidemiology; passive smoking; prevention and control; smoking; tobacco; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Health Surveys; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Poverty Areas; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Young Adult, passive smoking, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Health Surveys; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Poverty Areas; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301300_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Resource-limited, collaborative pilot intervention for chronically homeless, alcohol-dependent frequent emergency department users Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCormack, R.P. Author-Name: Hoffman, L.F. Author-Name: Wall, S.P. Author-Name: Goldfrank, L.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S221-S224 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301373 Abstract: We introduced case management and homeless outreach to chronically homeless, alcohol-dependent, frequent emergency department (ED) visitors using existing resources. We assessed the difference in differences of ED visits 6 months preand postintervention using a prospective, nonequivalent control group trial. Secondary outcomes included changes in hospitalizations and housing. The differences in differences between intervention and prospective patients and retrospective controls were -12.1 (95% CI = -22.1, -2.0) and -12.8 (95% CI = -26.1, 0.6) for ED visits and -8.5 (95% CI = -22.8, 5.8) and -19.0 (95% CI = -34.3, -3.6) for inpatient days, respectively. Eighteen participants accepted shelter; no controls were housed. Through intervention, ED use decreased and housing was achieved. Keywords: adult; alcoholism; article; case management; cooperation; emergency health service; female; homelessness; hospitalization; housing; human; male; middle aged; mortality; pilot study; statistics; United States; alcoholism; case management; emergency health service; homelessness; housing; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adult; Alcoholism; Case Management; Cooperative Behavior; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Pilot Projects, Adult; Alcoholism; Case Management; Cooperative Behavior; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Pilot Projects Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301373_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing Housing First in rural areas: Pathways Vermont Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stefancic, A. Author-Name: Henwood, B.F. Author-Name: Melton, H. Author-Name: Shin, S.-M. Author-Name: Lawrence-Gomez, R. Author-Name: Tsemberis, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S206-S209 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301606 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301606 Abstract: The benefits of Pathways Housing First in addressing chronic homelessness for persons with severe mental illness have been well established. However, the implementation and effectiveness of such programs in rural areas has yet to be examined. We described the model's adaptations in Vermont, including the use of hybrid assertive community treatment-intensive case management teams, which consisted of service coordinators with geographically based caseloads (staff/client ratio of 1:20) and regional multidisciplinary specialists. The program's innovative and widespread inclusion of technology into operations facilitated efficiency and responsiveness, and a pilot telehealth initiative supplemented in-person client visits. The program achieved a housing retention rate of 85% over approximately 3 years, and consumers reported decreased time spent homeless, demonstrating that program adaptations and technological enhancements were successful. Keywords: adolescent; adult; case management; female; homelessness; housing; human; male; medicine; Mental Disorders; middle aged; organization and management; patient care; rural population; telemedicine; United States; young adult; article; mental disease; telemedicine, Adolescent; Adult; Case Management; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Medicine; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Care Team; Rural Population; Telemedicine; Vermont; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Case Management; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Medicine; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Care Team; Rural Population; Telemedicine; Vermont; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301606_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenges associated with screening for traumatic brain injury among US veterans seeking homeless services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, L.M. Author-Name: Devore, M.D. Author-Name: Barnes, S.M. Author-Name: Forster, J.E. Author-Name: Hostetter, T.A. Author-Name: Montgomery, A.E. Author-Name: Casey, R. Author-Name: Kane, V. Author-Name: Brenner, L.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: S211-S213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301485 Abstract: We identified the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among homeless veterans and assessed the TBI-4, a screening tool created to identify TBI history. Between May 2010 and October 2011, 800 US veterans from 2 hospitals, one eastern (n = 122) and one western (n = 678) completed some or all measures. Findings suggested that 47% of veterans seeking homeless services had a probable history of TBI (data for prevalence obtained only at the western hospital). However, psychometric results from the screening measure suggested that this may be an underestimate and supported comprehensive assessment of TBI in this population. Keywords: adult; article; brain injury; female; homelessness; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; psychometry; statistics; United States; veteran; Brain Injuries; homelessness; statistics and numerical data; United States; veteran, Adult; Brain Injuries; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Psychometrics; United States; Veterans, Adult; Brain Injuries; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Psychometrics; United States; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301485_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research ethics and indigenous communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelley, A. Author-Name: Belcourt-Dittloff, A. Author-Name: Belcourt, C. Author-Name: Belcourt, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2146-2152 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301522 Abstract: Institutional review boards (IRBs) function to regulate research for the protection of human participants. We share lessons learned from the development of an intertribal IRB in the Rocky Mountain/Great Plains Tribal region of the United States. We describe the process through which a consortium of Tribes collaboratively developed an intertribal board to promote community-level protection and participation in the research process. In addition, we examine the challenges of research regulation from a Tribal perspective and explore the future of Tribally regulated research that honors indigenous knowledge and promotes community accountability and transparency. We offer recommendations for researchers, funding agencies, and Tribal communities to consider in the review and regulation of research. Keywords: American Indian; consumer; demography; human; professional standard; research ethics; United States; article, Alaska; Consumer Participation; Ethics Committees, Research; Ethics, Research; Humans; Indians, North American; Northwestern United States; Residence Characteristics; United States, Alaska; Consumer Participation; Ethics Committees, Research; Ethics, Research; Humans; Indians, North American; Northwestern United States; Residence Characteristics; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301522_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Opportunities for engaging low-income, vulnerable populations in health care: A systematic review of homeless persons' access to and use of information technologies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McInnes, D.K. Author-Name: Li, A.E. Author-Name: Hogan, T.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S2 Pages: e11-e24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301623 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301623 Abstract: We systematically reviewed the health and social science literature on access to and use of information technologies by homeless persons by searching 5 bibliographic databases. Articles were included if they were in English, represented original research, appeared in peer-reviewed publications, and addressed our research questions. Sixteen articles met our inclusion criteria. We found that mobile phone ownership ranged from 44% to 62%; computer ownership, from 24% to 40%; computer access and use, from47%to 55%; and Internet use, from 19% to 84%. Homeless persons used technologies for a range of purposes, some of whichwere health related. Many homeless persons had access to information technologies, suggesting possible health benefits to developing programs that link homeless persons to health care through mobile phones and the Internet. Keywords: computer; health care delivery; health status; homelessness; human; Internet; mobile phone; poverty; review; statistics; United States; vulnerable population; computer; homelessness; mobile phone; poverty; statistics and numerical data; vulnerable population, Cellular Phone; Computers; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Internet; Poverty; United States; Vulnerable Populations, Cell Phones; Computers; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Internet; Poverty; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301623_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Museums as a venue for public health intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ickovics, J.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 12 Pages: 2204-2206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301462 Keywords: article; feeding behavior; health promotion; human; information center; public health, Food Habits; Health Promotion; Humans; Museums; Public Health, Food Habits; Health Promotion; Humans; Museums; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301462_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction in male suicide mortality following the 2006 Russian alcohol policy: An Interrupted time series analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pridemore, W.A. Author-Name: Chamlin, M.B. Author-Name: Andreev, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2021-2026 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301405 Abstract: Objectives. We took advantage of a natural experiment to assess the impact on suicide mortality of a suite of Russian alcohol policies. Methods. We obtained suicide counts from anonymous death records collected by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service. We used autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) interrupted time series techniques to model the effect of the alcohol policy (implemented in January 2006) on monthly male and female suicide counts between January 2000 and December 2010. Results. Monthly male and female suicide counts decreased during the period under study. Although the ARIMA analysis showed no impact of the policy on female suicide mortality, the results revealed an immediate and permanent reduction of about 9% in male suicides (Ln x0 = -0.096; P = .01). Conclusions. Despite a recent decrease in mortality, rates of alcohol consumption and suicide in Russia remain among the highest in the world. Our analysis revealed that the 2006 alcohol policy in Russia led to a 9% reduction in male suicide mortality, meaning the policy was responsible for saving 4000 male lives annually that would otherwise have been lost to suicide. Together with recent similar findings elsewhere, our results suggest an important role for public health and other population level interventions, including alcohol policy, in reducing alcohol-related harm. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; alcoholic beverage; article; death certificate; drinking behavior; economics; female; health care policy; human; legal aspect; male; middle aged; Russian Federation; sex difference; statistics; suicide; tax; very elderly; young adult; alcoholic beverage; drinking behavior; economics; epidemiology; health care policy; legislation and jurisprudence; Russian Federation; statistics and numerical data; suicide, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Death Certificates; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Russia; Sex Factors; Suicide; Taxes; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Death Certificates; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Russia; Sex Factors; Suicide; Taxes; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301405_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceptions of relative risk of snus and cigarettes among US smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Popova, L. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e21-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301547 Abstract: In a survey of 1836 adult US smokers, when using a direct comparison measure, 22.1% reported snus was less harmful than were cigarettes. When asked indirectly (estimating the health risk of snus and cigarettes in 2 separate questions and comparing the answers to each other), 51.6% rated snus as less risky. The Food and Drug Administration should consider both direct and indirect measures when perceived risk data are presented as evidence for tobacco regulation. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; attitude to health; comparative study; cross-sectional study; epidemiology; human; psychology; risk; smokeless tobacco; smoking; tobacco dependence; United States; article; psychological aspect; smokeless tobacco; smoking; tobacco dependence; United States, Adult; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Risk; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder; Tobacco, Smokeless; United States, Adult; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Risk; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder; Tobacco, Smokeless; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301547_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Population disparities in mental health: Insights from cultural neuroscience (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103 (S122-S132) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chiao, J.Y. Author-Name: Blizinsky, K.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440e_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Creating a transdisciplinary research center to reduce cardiovascular health disparities in Baltimore, Maryland: Lessons learned Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, L.A. Author-Name: Boulware, L.E. Author-Name: Miller III, E.R. Author-Name: Golden, S.H. Author-Name: Carson, K.A. Author-Name: Noronha, G. Author-Name: Huizinga, M.M. Author-Name: Roter, D.L. Author-Name: Yeh, H.-C. Author-Name: Bone, L.R. Author-Name: Levine, D.M. Author-Name: Hill-Briggs, F. Author-Name: Charleston, J. Author-Name: Kim, M. Author-Name: Wang, N.-Y. Author-Name: Aboumatar, H. Author-Name: Halbert, J.P. Author-Name: Ephraim, P.L. Author-Name: Brancati, F.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e26-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301297 Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) disparities continue to have a negative impact on African Americans in the United States, largely because of uncontrolled hypertension. Despite the availability of evidence-based interventions, their use has not been translated into clinical and public health practice. The Johns Hopkins Center to Eliminate Cardiovascular Health Disparities is a new transdisciplinary research program with a stated goal to lower the impact of CVD disparities on vulnerable populations in Baltimore, Maryland. By targeting multiple levels of influence on the core problem of disparities in Baltimore, the center leverages academic, community, and national partnerships and a novel structure to support 3 research studies and to train the next generation of CVD researchers. We also share the early lessons learned in the center's design. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: African American; Cardiovascular Diseases; cooperation; education; health disparity; health promotion; human; hypertension; information dissemination; medical research; organization and management; participatory research; procedures; public-private partnership; standards; United States; article; cardiovascular disease; health promotion; medical research; methodology; organization and management; standard, African Americans; Baltimore; Biomedical Research; Cardiovascular Diseases; Community-Based Participatory Research; Cooperative Behavior; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Hypertension; Information Dissemination; Public-Private Sector Partnerships, African Americans; Baltimore; Biomedical Research; Cardiovascular Diseases; Community-Based Participatory Research; Cooperative Behavior; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Hypertension; Information Dissemination; Public-Private Sector Partnerships Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301297_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcoming legal liability concerns for school-based physical activity promotion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zimmerman, S. Author-Name: Kramer, K. Author-Name: Trowbridge, M.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1962-1968 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301319 Abstract: Schools have been identified as a priority environment for physical activity promotion as a component of efforts to help prevent childhood obesity. A variety of school-based environmental and programmatic strategies have been proven effective in promoting physical activity both on-site and in the surrounding community. However,many schools are deterred by fears of increased risk of legal liability for personal injuries. We examine 3 schoolbased strategies for promoting physical activity-Safe Routes to School programs, joint use agreements, and playground enhancement- from a tort liability perspective, and describe how schools can substantially minimize any associated liability risk through injury prevention and other strategies. We also recommend approaches to help schools overcome their liability concerns and adopt these critically needed healthy school policies. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; exercise; health promotion; human; injury; insurance; legal aspect; legal liability; methodology; public-private partnership; school; health promotion; legislation and jurisprudence; procedures; Wounds and Injuries, Exercise; Health Promotion; Humans; Insurance, Liability; Liability, Legal; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Schools; Wounds and Injuries, Exercise; Health Promotion; Humans; Insurance, Liability; Liability, Legal; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Schools; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301319_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of the 2004 tsunami on self-reported physical health in Thailand for the subsequent 2 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Isaranuwatchai, W. Author-Name: Coyte, P.C. Author-Name: McKenzie, K. Author-Name: Noh, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2063-2070 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301248 Abstract: Objectives. We examined self-reported physical health during the first 2 years following the 2004 tsunami in Thailand. Methods. We assessed physical health with the revised Short Form Health Survey. We evaluated 6 types of tsunami exposure: personal injury, personal loss of home, personal loss of business, loss of family member, family member's injury, and family's loss of business.We examined the relationship between tsunami exposure and physical health with multivariate linear regression. Results. One year post-tsunami, we interviewed 1931 participants (97.2% response rate), and followed up with 1855 participants 2 years after the tsunami (96.1% follow-up rate). Participants with personal injury or loss of business reported poorer physical health than those unaffected (P < .001), and greater health impacts were found for women and older individuals. Conclusions. Exposure to the tsunami disaster adversely affected physical health, and its impact may last for longer than 1 year, which is the typical time when most public and private relief programs withdraw. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; commercial phenomena; comparative study; disaster; economics; female; follow up; health status; health survey; human; injury; male; middle aged; pathophysiology; self report; statistics and numerical data; Thailand; tsunami; young adult; article; commercial phenomena; disaster; economics; statistics; tsunami, Adult; Commerce; Disasters; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Thailand; Tsunamis; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult, Adult; Commerce; Disasters; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Thailand; Tsunamis; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301248_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of the framework convention on tobacco control and voluntary industry health warning labels on passage of mandated cigarette warning labels from 1965 to 2012: Transition probability and event history analyses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanders-Jackson, A.N. Author-Name: Song, A.V. Author-Name: Hiilamo, H. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2041-2047 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301324 Abstract: Objectives. We quantified the pattern and passage rate of cigarette package health warning labels (HWLs), including the effect of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and HWLs voluntarily implemented by tobacco companies. Methods. We used transition probability matrices to describe the pattern of HWL passage and change rate in 4 periods. We used event history analysis to estimate the effect of the FCTC on adoption and to compare that effect between countries with voluntary and mandatory HWLs. Results. The number of HWLs passed during each period accelerated, from a transition rate among countries that changed from 2.42 per year in 1965-1977 to 6.71 in 1977-1984, 8.42 in 1984-2003, and 22.33 in 2003-2012. The FCTC significantly accelerated passage of FCTC-compliant HWLs for countries with initially mandatory policies with a hazard of 1.27 per year (95% confidence interval = 1.11, 1.45), but only marginally increased the hazard for countries that had an industry voluntary HWL of 1.68 per year (95% confidence interval = 0.95, 2.97). Conclusions. Passage of HWLs is accelerating, and the FCTC is associated with further acceleration. Industry voluntary HWLs slowed mandated HWLs. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: compliance (physical); health care policy; human; legislation and jurisprudence; life event; packaging; prevention and control; smoking; statistics and numerical data; tobacco; tobacco industry; world health organization; article; legal aspect; packaging; smoking; statistics; tobacco; tobacco industry, Compliance; Health Policy; Humans; Life Change Events; Product Labeling; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products; World Health Organization, Compliance; Health Policy; Humans; Life Change Events; Product Labeling; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301324_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The irony of prisoner health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Viola, D. Author-Name: Maschi, T. Author-Name: Shi, Q. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301552 Keywords: community care; community integration; health disparity; human; male; note; organization and management; patient care; preventive health service; prisoner; community care; organization and management; patient care; preventive health service, Community Health Services; Community Integration; Continuity of Patient Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Prisoners, Community Health Services; Community Integration; Continuity of Patient Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Prisoners Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301552_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid expansion initiative in Massachusetts: Enrollment among substance-abusing homeless adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zur, J. Author-Name: Mojtabai, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2007-2013 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301283 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301283 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether homeless adults entering substance abuse treatment in Massachusetts were less likely than others to enroll in Medicaid after implementation of the MassHealth Medicaid expansion program in 1997. Methods. We used interrupted time-series analysis in data on substance abuse treatment admissions from the Treatment Episode Data Set (1992-2009) to evaluate Medicaid coverage rates in Massachusetts and to identify whether trends differed between homeless and housed participants. We also compared Massachusetts data with data from 17 other states and the District of Columbia combined. Results. The percentage of both homeless and housed people entering treatment with Medicaid increased approximately 21% after expansion (P = .01), with an average increase of 5.4% per year over 12 years (P = .01). The increase in coverage was specific to Massachusetts, providing evidence that the MassHealth policy was the cause of this increase. Conclusions. Findings provide evidence in favor of state participation in the Medicaid expansion in January 2014 under the Affordable Care Act and suggest that hard-to-reach vulnerable groups such as substance-abusing homeless adults are as likely as other population groups to benefit from this policy. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; comparative study; drug dependence treatment; health care policy; homelessness; hospital admission; human; medicaid; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; young adult; article; drug dependence treatment; homelessness; hospital admission; medicaid; statistics, Adolescent; Adult; Health Policy; Homeless Persons; Humans; Massachusetts; Medicaid; Patient Admission; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; United States; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Health Policy; Homeless Persons; Humans; Massachusetts; Medicaid; Patient Admission; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301283_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Purtle responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Purtle, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e6-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301561 Keywords: African American; human; male; note; politics; prejudice; prisoner; social justice; statistics; African American; prisoner; statistics and numerical data, African Americans; Humans; Male; Politics; Prejudice; Prisoners; Social Justice, African Americans; Humans; Male; Politics; Prejudice; Prisoners; Social Justice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301561_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attitudes toward mental illness in adults by mental illness-related factors and chronic disease status: 2007 and 2009 behavioral risk factor surveillance system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kobau, R. Author-Name: Zack, M.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2078-2089 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301321 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how attitudes toward mental illness treatment and its course differ by serious psychological distress, mental illness treatment, chronic disease, and sociodemographic factors using representative state-based data. Methods. Using data from jurisdictions supporting the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's Mental Illness and Stigma Module (35 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico), we compared adjusted proportions of adults agreeing that "Treatment can help people with mental illness lead normal lives" (treatment effectiveness) and that "People are generally caring and sympathetic to people with mental illness" (supportive environment), by demographic characteristics, serious psychological distress, chronic disease status, andmental illness treatment. Results. Attitudes regarding treatment effectiveness and a supportive environment for peoplewithmental illness variedwithin and between groups.Most adults receiving mental illness treatment agreed that treatment is effective. Fewer adults with serious psychological distress than those without such distress agreed that treatment is effective. Fewer of those receiving treatment, thosewith psychological distress, and those with chronic disease perceived the environment as supportive. Conclusions. These data can be used to target interventions for population subgroups with less favorable attitudes and for surveillance. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; chronic disease; comparative study; ethnology; female; human; male; mental disease; mental stress; middle aged; psychological aspect; social support; socioeconomics; treatment outcome; United States; young adult; Mental Disorders; mental stress; psychology, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Chronic Disease; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Treatment Outcome; United States; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Chronic Disease; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Treatment Outcome; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301321_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Greene et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greene, J. Author-Name: Ashburn, S.M. Author-Name: Razzouk, L. Author-Name: Smith, D.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301551 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301551 Keywords: fish oil; fish oil, Coronary Disease; environment; human; coronary artery disease; note, Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans, Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301551_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of school beverage environment on the association of beverage consumption with physical education participation among US adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, H.-J. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e63-e70 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301555 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301555 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of adolescents' beverage consumption with physical activity and studied how their school beverage environment influences the association. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2007 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (n = 8850). We examined nonlinear associations of eighth graders' self-report of beverage consumption (milk, 100% juices, soft drinks) with moderate to vigorous physical activity and physical education (PE) participation using piecewise linear regression models. Results. We found a nonlinear association of participation in PE class with beverage consumption, especially in schools with vending machines and those selling soft drinks. For students participating in PE less than 3 days per week, beverage consumption was not significantly associated with participation in PE class frequency. For students participating in PE 3 to 5 days per week, 1 more day of participation in PE class was associated with 0.43 (SE = 0.14; P = .002) more times per week of soft drink consumption and 0.41 (SE = 0.17; P = .021) fewer glasses per week of milk consumption. Conclusions. The more soft drink and less milk consumption related to high participation in PE class might be prevented by improving the beverage environment in schools. Systematic environmental interventions are needed to prevent such potential unintended consequences of promoting physical activity. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; animal; beverage; carbonated beverage; cohort analysis; cross-sectional study; drinking behavior; exercise; female; human; male; milk; physical education; physiology; questionnaire; school; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; Sand distribution; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Animals; Beverages; Carbonated Beverages; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drinking Behavior; Exercise; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Milk; Physical Education and Training; Questionnaires; Schools; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301555_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The modifying influence of country development on the effect of individual educational attainment on self-rated health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Der Kooi, A.L.F. Author-Name: Stronks, K. Author-Name: Thompson, C.A. Author-Name: DerSarkissian, M. Author-Name: Arah, O.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e49-e54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301593 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated how much the Human Development Index (HDI), a global measure of development, modifies the effect of education on selfreported health. Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional World Health Survey data on 217 642 individuals from 49 countries, collected in 2002 to 2005, with random-intercept multilevel linear regression models. Results. We observed greater positive associations between educational levels and self-reported good health with increasing HDI. The magnitude of this effect modification of the education-health relation tended to increase with educational attainment. For example, before adjustment for effectmodification, at comparable HDI, on average, finishing primary school was associated with better general health (b = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 1.80). With adjustment for effect modification by HDI, the impact became 4.63 (95% CI = 3.63, 5.62) for every 0.1 increase in HDI. Among those who completed high school, these associations were, respectively, 5.59 (95% CI = 5.20, 5.98) and 9.95 (95% CI = 8.89, 11.00). Conclusions. The health benefits of educational attainment are greater in countries with greater human development. Health inequalities attributable to education are, therefore, larger in more developed countries. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; aged; cross-sectional study; developed country; developing country; educational status; female; health disparity; health status; health survey; human; male; middle aged; self report; statistics and numerical data; young adult; article; developed country; developing country; statistics, Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Educational Status; Female; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Young Adult, Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Educational Status; Female; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301593_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Health-related quality of life among older adults with and without functional limitations (American Journal of Public Health (2012) 102:3 (496-502) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, W.W. Author-Name: Zack, M.M. Author-Name: Krahn, G.L. Author-Name: Andresen, E.M. Author-Name: Barile, J.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300500e_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship of soft drink consumption to global overweight, obesity, and diabetes: A cross-national analysis of 75 countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Basu, S. Author-Name: McKee, M. Author-Name: Galea, G. Author-Name: Stuckler, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2071-2077 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300974 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the relationship between soft drink consumption and obesity and diabetes worldwide. Methods. We used multivariate linear regression to estimate the association between soft drink consumption and overweight, obesity, and diabetes prevalence in 75 countries, controlling for other foods (cereals, meats, fruits and vegetables, oils, and total calories), income, urbanization, and aging. Data were obtained from the Euromonitor Global Market Information Database, the World Health Organization, and the International Diabetes Federation. Bottled water consumption, which increased with per-capita income in parallel to soft drink consumption, served as a natural control group. Results. Soft drink consumption increased globally from 9.5 gallons per person per year in 1997 to 11.4 gallons in 2010. A 1% rise in soft drink consumption was associated with an additional 4.8 overweight adults per 100 (adjusted B; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1, 6.5), 2.3 obese adults per 100 (95% CI = 1.1, 3.5), and 0.3 adults with diabetes per 100 (95% CI = 0.1, 0.8). These findings remained robust in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions. Soft drink consumption is significantly linked to overweight, obesity, and diabetes worldwide, including in low- and middle-income countries. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; aged; article; carbonated beverage; developed country; developing country; diabetes mellitus; drinking; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; obesity; prevalence; statistics; very elderly; world health organization; young adult; carbonated beverage; developed country; developing country; diabetes mellitus; obesity; Overweight; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carbonated Beverages; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Diabetes Mellitus; Drinking; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; World Health Organization; Young Adult, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carbonated Beverages; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Diabetes Mellitus; Drinking; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; World Health Organization; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300974_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking research to global health equity: The contribution of product development partnerships to access to medicines and research capacity building Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pratt, B. Author-Name: Loff, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1968-1978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301341 Abstract: Certain product development partnerships (PDPs) recognize that to promote the reduction of global health disparities they must create access to their products and strengthen research capacity in developing countries. We evaluated the contribution of 3 PDPs-Medicines for Malaria Venture, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, and Institute for One World Health-according to Frost and Reich's access framework. We also evaluated PDPs' capacity building in low- and middle-income countries at the individual, institutional, and system levels. We found that these PDPs advance public health by ensuring their products' registration, distribution, and adoption into national treatment policies in disease-endemic countries. Nonetheless, ensuring broad, equitable access for these populations- high distribution coverage; affordability, particularly for the poor; and adoption at provider and end-user levels- remains a challenge. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: drug; drug, capacity building; developing country; economics; health; health care delivery; health care disparity; human; malaria; Neglected Diseases; public-private partnership; research; Sand distribution; article; neglected disease, Capacity Building; Developing Countries; Global Health; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Malaria; Neglected Diseases; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Research, Capacity Building; Developing Countries; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Malaria; Neglected Diseases; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Research; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301341_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Job strain and health-related lifestyle: Findings from an individual-participant meta-analysis of 118 000 working adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heikkilä, K. Author-Name: Fransson, E.I. Author-Name: Nyberg, S.T. Author-Name: Zins, M. Author-Name: Westerlund, H. Author-Name: Westerholm, P. Author-Name: Virtanen, M. Author-Name: Vahtera, J. Author-Name: Suominen, S. Author-Name: Steptoe, A. Author-Name: Salo, P. Author-Name: Pentti, J. Author-Name: Oksanen, T. Author-Name: Nordin, M. Author-Name: Marmot, M.G. Author-Name: Lunau, T. Author-Name: Ladwig, K.-H. Author-Name: Koskenvuo, M. Author-Name: Knutsson, A. Author-Name: Kittel, F. Author-Name: Jöckel, K.-H. Author-Name: Goldberg, M. Author-Name: Erbel, R. Author-Name: Dragano, N. Author-Name: DeBacquer, D. Author-Name: Clays, E. Author-Name: Casini, A. Author-Name: Alfredsson, L. Author-Name: Ferrie, J.E. Author-Name: Singh-Manoux, A. Author-Name: Batty, G.D. Author-Name: Kivimäki, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2090-2097 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301090 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations of job strain, an indicator of work-related stress, with overall unhealthy and healthy lifestyles. Methods. We conducted a meta-analysis of individual-level data from 11 European studies (cross-sectional data: n = 118 701; longitudinal data: n = 43 971). We analyzed job strain as a set of binary (job strain vs no job strain) and categorical (high job strain, active job, passive job, and low job strain) variables. Factors used to define healthy and unhealthy lifestyles were body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, and leisure-time physical activity. Results. Individuals with job strain were more likely than those with no job strain to have 4 unhealthy lifestyle factors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 1.39) and less likely to have 4 healthy lifestyle factors (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.80, 0.99). The odds of adopting a healthy lifestyle during study follow-up were lower among individuals with high job strain than among those with low job strain (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.81, 0.96). Conclusions. Work-related stress is associated with unhealthy lifestyles and the absence of stress is associated with healthy lifestyles, but longitudinal analyses suggest no straightforward cause-effect relationship between workrelated stress and lifestyle. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; cohort analysis; complication; cross-sectional study; Europe; female; health behavior; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; male; mental stress; meta analysis; middle aged; occupational disease; prospective study; article; mental stress; occupational disease, Adult; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Europe; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Prospective Studies; Stress, Psychological, Adult; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Europe; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Prospective Studies; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301090_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Teri Mills: Champion for America's nurse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilmont, S.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1938-1941 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301610 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301610 Keywords: article; history; history of medicine; human; leadership; legal aspect; nurse administrator; public health service; United States; legislation and jurisprudence; nurse administrator; public health service, History of Nursing; History, 21st Century; Humans; Leadership; Nurse Administrators; United States; United States Public Health Service, History of Nursing; History, 21st Century; Humans; Leadership; Nurse Administrators; United States; United States Public Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301610_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries: "Do-it-yourself" transitions in transgender communities in Ontario, Canada (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103:10 (1830-1836) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rotondi, N.K. Author-Name: Bauer, G.R. Author-Name: Scanlon, K. Author-Name: Kaay, M. Author-Name: Travers, R. Author-Name: Travers, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348e_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of a tobacco control intervention for teachers in India: Results of the Bihar school teachers study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sorensen, G. Author-Name: Pednekar, M.S. Author-Name: Sinha, D.N. Author-Name: Stoddard, A.M. Author-Name: Nagler, E. Author-Name: Aghi, M.B. Author-Name: Lando, H.A. Author-Name: Viswanath, K. Author-Name: Pawar, P. Author-Name: Gupta, P.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2035-2040 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301303 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed a school-based intervention designed to promote tobacco control among teachers in the Indian state of Bihar. Methods. We used a cluster-randomized design to test the intervention, which comprised educational efforts, tobacco control policies, and cessation support and was tailored to the local social context. In 2009 to 2011, we randomly selected 72 schools from participating school districts and randomly assigned them in blocks (rural or urban) to intervention or delayed-intervention control conditions. Results. Immediately after the intervention, the 30-day quit rate was 50% in the intervention and 15% in the control group (P = .001). At the 9-month postintervention survey, the adjusted 6-month quit rate was 19% in the intervention and 7% in the control group (P = .06). Among teachers employed for the entire academic year of the intervention, the adjusted 6-month abstinence rates were 20% and 5%, respectively, for the intervention and control groups (P = .04). Conclusions. These findings demonstrate the potent impact of an intervention that took advantage of social resources among teachers, who can serve as role models for tobacco control in their communities. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; controlled study; epidemiology; feasibility study; female; health promotion; health survey; human; India; male; middle aged; prevalence; prevention and control; procedures; program evaluation; randomized controlled trial; rural population; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics and numerical data; university; urban population, Adult; Faculty; Feasibility Studies; Female; Health Promotion; Health Surveys; Humans; India; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301303_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived discrimination and racial/ethnic disparities in youth problem behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nathan, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301525 Keywords: Black person; Caucasian; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; male; mental disease; social discrimination; statistics and numerical data; Caucasian; ethnology; Hispanic; mental disease; Negro; note; social discrimination; statistics, African Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Social Discrimination, African Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Social Discrimination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301525_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reported racial discrimination, trust in physicians, and medication adherence among inner-city African Americans with hypertension Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cuffee, Y.L. Author-Name: Hargraves, J.L. Author-Name: Rosal, M. Author-Name: Briesacher, B.A. Author-Name: Schoenthaler, A. Author-Name: Person, S. Author-Name: Hullett, S. Author-Name: Allison, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e55-e62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301554 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301554 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine if reported racial discrimination was associated with medication nonadherence among African Americans with hypertension and if distrust of physicians was a contributing factor. Methods. Data were obtained from the TRUST project conducted in Birmingham, Alabama, 2006 to 2008. All participants were African Americans diagnosed with hypertension and receiving care at an inner city, safety net setting. Three categories of increasing adherence were defined based on the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Trust in physicians was measured with the Hall General Trust Scale, and discrimination was measured with the Experiences of Discrimination Scale. Associations were quantified by ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for gender, age, education, and income. Results. The analytic sample consisted of 227 African American men and 553 African American women, with a mean age of 53.7 69.9 years. Mean discrimination scores decreased monotonically across increasing category of medication adherence (4.1, 3.6, 2.9; P = .025), though the opposite was found for trust scores (36.5, 38.5, 40.8; P < .001). Trust mediated 39% (95% confidence interval = 17%, 100%) of the association between discrimination and medication adherence. Conclusions. Within our sample of inner city African Americans with hypertension, racial discrimination was associated with lower medication adherence, and this association was partially mediated by trust in physicians. Patient, physician and system approaches to increase "earned" trust may enhance existing interventions for promoting medication adherence. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; African American; doctor patient relation; female; health survey; human; hypertension; male; medication compliance; middle aged; racism; self report; sensitivity and specificity; trust; United States; urban population; article; hypertension, Adult; African Americans; Alabama; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Physician-Patient Relations; Racism; Self Report; Sensitivity and Specificity; Trust; Urban Population, Adult; African Americans; Alabama; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Physician-Patient Relations; Racism; Self Report; Sensitivity and Specificity; Trust; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301554_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Networks to strengthen health systems for chronic disease prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Willis, C.D. Author-Name: Riley, B.L. Author-Name: Herbert, C.P. Author-Name: Best, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e39-e48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301249 Abstract: Interorganizational networks that harness the priorities, capacities, and skills of various agencies and individuals have emerged as useful approaches for strengthening preventive services in public health systems. We use examples from the Canadian Heart Health Initiative and Alberta's Primary Care Networks to illustrate characteristics of networks, describe the limitations of existing frameworks for assessing the performance of prevention-oriented networks, and propose a research agenda for guiding future efforts to improve the performance of these initiatives. Prevention-specific assessment strategies that capture relevant aspects of network performance need to be identified, and feedback mechanisms are needed that make better use of these data to drive change in network activities. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: Canada; chronic disease; community care; health care delivery; health promotion; human; organization and management; outcome assessment; preventive health service; article; chronic disease; community care; organization and management; preventive health service, Alberta; Chronic Disease; Community Networks; Delivery of Health Care; Health Promotion; Humans; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Preventive Health Services, Alberta; Chronic Disease; Community Networks; Delivery of Health Care; Health Promotion; Humans; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Preventive Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301249_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impaired-driving prevalence among US high school students: Associations with substance use and risky driving behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, K. Author-Name: Simons-Morton, B.G. Author-Name: Hingson, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e71-e77 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301296 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prevalence of impaired driving among US high school students and associations with substance use and risky driving behavior. Methods. We assessed driving while alcohol or drug impaired (DWI) and riding with alcohol- or drug-impaired drivers (RWI) in a nationally representative sample of 11th-grade US high school students (n = 2431). We examined associations with drinking and binge drinking, illicit drug use, risky driving, and demographic factors using multivariate sequential logistic regression analysis. Results. Thirteen percent of 11th-grade students reported DWI at least 1 of the past 30 days, and 24% reported RWI at least once in the past year. Risky driving was positively associated with DWI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; P < .001) and RWI (OR = 1.09; P < .05), controlling for binge drinking (DWI: OR = 3.17; P < .01; RWI: OR = 6.12; P < .001) and illicit drug use (DWI: OR = 5.91; P < .001; RWI: OR = 2.29; P = .05). DWI was higher for adolescents who drove after midnight (OR = 15.7), drove while sleepy or drowsy (OR = 8.6), read text messages (OR = 11.8), sent text messages (OR = 5.0), and made cell phone calls (OR = 3.2) while driving. Conclusions. Our findings suggest the need for comprehensive approaches to the prevention of DWI, RWI, and other risky driving behavior. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; binge drinking; car driving; cohort analysis; drinking behavior; ethnology; female; health survey; high risk behavior; human; longitudinal study; male; prevalence; school; sex difference; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; student; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; addiction; article; binge drinking; car driving; drinking behavior; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Binge Drinking; Cohort Studies; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Schools; Sex Factors; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Binge Drinking; Cohort Studies; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Schools; Sex Factors; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301296_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bogart et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bogart, L.M. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Kanouse, D.E. Author-Name: Klein, D.J. Author-Name: Davies, S.L. Author-Name: Cuccaro, P.M. Author-Name: Banspach, S.W. Author-Name: Peskin, M.F. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301570 Keywords: Caucasian; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; male; mental disease; Negro; note; social discrimination; statistics; Black person; Caucasian; ethnology; Hispanic; mental disease; social discrimination; statistics and numerical data, African Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Social Discrimination, African Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Social Discrimination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301570_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Excess infant mortality among Native Hawaiians: Identifying determinants for preventive action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hirai, A.H. Author-Name: Hayes, D.K. Author-Name: Taualii, M.M. Author-Name: Singh, G.K. Author-Name: Fuddy, L.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e88-e95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301294 Abstract: Objectives. We identified potential determinants and cause-specific sources of excess infant mortality among Native Hawaiians. Methods. We compared infant mortality rates among Native Hawaiians and Whites by using data from the 2002 to 2009 Hawai'i State Linked Birth/Infant Death Cohort File. We evaluated the components of excess infant mortality by age and underlying cause of death as well as maternal sociodemographic, behavioral, and chronic condition disparities. Results. The Native Hawaiian infant mortality rate was more than twice that for Whites (7.9 vs 3.5/1000 live births). Excess Native Hawaiian infant mortality was equally apportioned to neonatal and postneonatal deaths. Preterm-related causes of death accounted for 43.9% of the infant mortality disparity, followed by sudden unexpected infant death (21.6%) and injury (5.6%). In multivariable models, maternal educational inequality accounted for the largest portion of the neonatal mortality disparity (20.9%); younger maternal age (12.2%) and smoking (9.5%) were the only significant contributors to the postneonatal mortality disparity. Conclusions. Addressing educational inequalities, promoting safe sleep practices, and reducing smoking among Native Hawaiian mothers would help to eliminate excess infant mortality. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: Aborigine; article; birth certificate; Caucasian; cause of death; cohort analysis; comparative study; educational status; ethnology; health disparity; human; infant; infant mortality; low birth weight; newborn; prematurity; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; Caucasian; epidemiology; ethnology; infant mortality; Oceanic ancestry group; statistics and numerical data; United States, Birth Certificates; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Educational Status; European Continental Ancestry Group; Hawaii; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Premature Birth; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors, Birth Certificates; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Educational Status; European Continental Ancestry Group; Hawaii; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Premature Birth; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301294_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social isolation: A predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pantell, M. Author-Name: Rehkopf, D. Author-Name: Jutte, D. Author-Name: Syme, S.L. Author-Name: Balmes, J. Author-Name: Adler, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2056-2062 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301261 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the relationship between social isolation and mortality in a nationally representative US sample and compared the predictive power of social isolation with that of traditional clinical risk factors. Methods. We used data on 16 849 adults from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Death Index. Predictor variables were 4 social isolation factors and a composite index. Comparison predictors included smoking, obesity, elevated blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier tables and Cox proportional hazards regression models controlling for sociodemographic characteristics were used to predict mortality. Results. Socially isolated men and women had worse unadjusted survival curves than less socially isolated individuals. Cox models revealed that social isolation predicted mortality for both genders, as did smoking and high blood pressure. Among men, individual social predictors included being unmarried, participating infrequently in religious activities, and lacking club or organization affiliations; among women, significant predictors were being unmarried, infrequent social contact, and participating infrequently in religious activities. Conclusions. The strength of social isolation as a predictor of mortality is similar to that of well-documented clinical risk factors. Our results suggest the importance of assessing patients' level of social isolation. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; comparative study; death certificate; female; human; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; male; middle aged; mortality; nutrition; obesity; prevalence; proportional hazards model; risk factor; self report; smoking; social isolation; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Death Certificates; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Prevalence; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Self Report; Smoking; Social Isolation; United States; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Death Certificates; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Prevalence; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Self Report; Smoking; Social Isolation; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301261_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Modern cholera in the Americas: An opportunistic societal infection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cerda, R. Author-Name: Lee, P.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1934-1937 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301567 Abstract: In the Americas, the only twocholera epidemicsof the past century have occurred in the past 25 years. Lessons from the 1991 Peruvian cholera epidemic can help to focus and refine the response to the current Haitian epidemic. After three years of acute epidemic response, we have an opportunity to refocus on the chronic conditions that make societies vulnerable to cholera. More importantly, even as international attention wanes in the aftermath of the earthquake and acute epidemic, we are faced with a need for continued and coordinated investment in improving Haiti's structural defenses againstcholera,inparticular access to improved water and sanitation. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; cholera; chronic disease; economics; epidemic; Haiti; human; organization and management; Peru; relief work; sanitation; standard; water supply; cholera; Epidemics; Haiti; organization and management; Peru; relief work; standards, Cholera; Chronic Disease; Epidemics; Haiti; Humans; Peru; Relief Work; Sanitation; Water Supply, Cholera; Chronic Disease; Epidemics; Haiti; Humans; Peru; Relief Work; Sanitation; Water Supply Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301567_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fish oils, misconceptions and the environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Turchini, G.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301510 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301510 Keywords: fish oil, Coronary Disease; environment; human, Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301510_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Framing the consequences of childhood obesity to increase public support for obesity prevention policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Author-Name: Niederdeppe, J. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e96-e102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301271 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of messages describing consequences of childhood obesity on public attitudes about obesity prevention policy. Methods. We collected data from 2 nationally representative Internet-based surveys. First, respondents (n = 444) evaluated the strength of 11 messages about obesity's consequences as reasons for government action. Second, we randomly assigned respondents (n = 2494) to a control group or to treatment groups shown messages about obesity consequences. We compared groups' attitudes toward obesity prevention, stratified by political ideology. Results. Respondents perceived a message about the health consequences of childhood obesity as the strongest rationale for government action; messages about military readiness, bullying, and health care costs were rated particularly strong by conservatives, moderates, and liberals, respectively. A message identifying the consequences of obesity on military readiness increased conservatives' perceptions of seriousness, endorsement of responsibility beyond the individual, and policy support, compared with a control condition. Conclusions. The public considers several consequences of childhood obesity as strong justification for obesity prevention policy. Activating new or unexpected values in framing a health message could raise the health issue's salience for particular subgroups of the public. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; attitude to health; childhood obesity; comparative study; complication; health care policy; health promotion; health survey; human; medical information; middle aged; obesity; politics; procedures; public opinion; young adult; article; attitude to health; childhood obesity; health promotion; medical information; methodology; obesity, Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Health Communication; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Health Surveys; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pediatric Obesity; Politics; Public Opinion; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Health Communication; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Health Surveys; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Pediatric Obesity; Politics; Public Opinion; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301271_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minimum alcohol prices and outlet densities in British Columbia, Canada: Estimated impacts on alcohol-attributable hospital admissions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stockwell, T. Author-Name: Zhao, J. Author-Name: Martin, G. Author-Name: Macdonald, S. Author-Name: Vallance, K. Author-Name: Treno, A. Author-Name: Ponicki, W. Author-Name: Tu, A. Author-Name: Buxton, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2014-2020 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301289 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301289 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether periodic increases in minimum alcohol prices were associated with reduced alcohol-attributable hospital admissions in British Columbia. Methods. The longitudinal panel study (2002-2009) incorporated minimum alcohol prices, density of alcohol outlets, and age- and gender-standardized rates of acute, chronic, and 100% alcohol-attributable admissions. We applied mixed-method regression models to data from 89 geographic areas of British Columbia across 32 time periods, adjusting for spatial and temporal autocorrelation, moving average effects, season, and a range of economic and social variables. Results. A 10% increase in the average minimum price of all alcoholic beverages was associated with an 8.95% decrease in acute alcohol-attributable admissions and a 9.22% reduction in chronic alcohol-attributable admissions 2 years later. A Can $ 0.10 increase in average minimum price would prevent 166 acute admissions in the 1st year and 275 chronic admissions 2 years later. We also estimated significant, though smaller, adverse impacts of increased private liquor store density on hospital admission rates for all types of alcoholattributable admissions. Conclusions. Significant health benefits were observed when minimum alcohol prices in British Columbia were increased. By contrast, adverse health outcomes were associated with an expansion of private liquor stores. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; Alcohol-Related Disorders; alcoholic beverage; Canada; commercial phenomena; cross-sectional study; economics; hospitalization; human; longitudinal study; middle aged; regression analysis; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Sand distribution; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Alcoholic Beverages; British Columbia; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hospitalization; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301289_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US trends in quality-adjusted life expectancy from 1987 to 2008: Combining national surveys to more broadly track the health of the nation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stewart, S.T. Author-Name: Cutler, D.M. Author-Name: Rosen, A.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e78-e87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301250 Abstract: Objectives. We used data from multiple national health surveys to systematically track the health of the US adult population. Methods. We estimated trends in quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) from 1987 to 2008 by using national mortality data combined with data on symptoms and impairments from the National Medical Expenditure Survey (1987), National Health Interview Survey (1987, 1994-1995, 1996), Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (1992, 1996, 2000-2008), National Nursing Home Survey (1985, 1995, and 1999), and Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1992, 1994-2008). We decomposed QALE into changes in life expectancy, impairments, symptoms, and smoking and body mass index. Results. Years of QALE increased overall and for all demographic groups-men, women, Whites, and Blacks-despite being slowed by increases in obesity and a rising prevalence of some symptoms and impairments. Overall QALE gains were large: 2.4 years at age 25 years and 1.7 years at age 65 years. Conclusions. Understanding and consistently tracking the drivers of QALE change is central to informed policymaking. Harmonizing data from multiple national surveys is an important step in building this infrastructure. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; aged; article; Caucasian; ethnology; female; human; life expectancy; male; Negro; obesity; quality adjusted life year; smoking; United States; Black person; life expectancy; smoking; trends; United States, Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Life Expectancy; Male; Obesity; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Smoking; United States, Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Life Expectancy; Male; Obesity; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301250_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental public health and recommendations for fish oil and seafood intake Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fry, J.P. Author-Name: Love, D.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301434 Keywords: fish oil; fish oil, Coronary Disease; environment; human; coronary artery disease; note, Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans, Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301434_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding price elasticities to inform public health research and intervention studies: Key issues Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nghiem, N. Author-Name: Wilson, N. Author-Name: Genç, M. Author-Name: Blakely, T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1954-1961 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301337 Abstract: Pricing policies such as taxes and subsidies are important tools in preventing and controlling a range of threats to public health. This is particularly so in tobacco and alcohol control efforts and efforts to change dietary patterns and physical activity levels as a means of addressing increases in noncommunicable diseases. To understand the potential impact of pricing policies, it is critical to understand the nature of price elasticities for consumer products. For example, price elasticities are key parameters in models of any food tax or subsidy that aims to quantify health impacts and cost-effectiveness. We detail relevant terms and discuss key issues surrounding price elasticities to informpublic healthresearch and intervention studies. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; commercial phenomena; economics; health promotion; human; medical research; methodology; public health; statistical model; commercial phenomena; health promotion; medical research; procedures, Biomedical Research; Commerce; Economics; Health Promotion; Humans; Models, Econometric; Public Health, Biomedical Research; Commerce; Economics; Health Promotion; Humans; Models, Econometric; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301337_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: OxyContin use on a rural midwest American Indian reservation: Demographic correlates and reasons for using Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Momper, S.L. Author-Name: Delva, J. Author-Name: Tauiliili, D. Author-Name: Mueller-Williams, A.C. Author-Name: Goral, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1997-1999 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301372 Abstract: In 2009 we surveyed 400 tribal members of a midwestern American Indian reservation to assess the prevalence of OxyContin use. Thirty percent of tribal participants reported nonmedical use of Oxy- Contin ever, 18.9% in the past year, and 13.4% in the past month. Participants aged 18 to 25 years were most likely to have used OxyContin. Reasons given for use of the drug included pain relief (59.3%) and getting high (52.2%), indicating a need for opioid treatment programs. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent; oxycodone, addiction; adolescent; adult; age; American Indian; epidemiology; ethnology; female; human; male; middle aged; off label drug use; prevalence; questionnaire; rural population; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult; addiction; American Indian; article; ethnology; off label drug use; rural population; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; Midwestern United States; Off-Label Use; Oxycodone; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; Midwestern United States; Off-Label Use; Oxycodone; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301372_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Traditional christian values and women's reproductive rights in modern Russia-is a consensus ever possible? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Erofeeva, L.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1931-1934 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301329 Abstract: Recently in Russia, abortion rights have been attacked. For decades, Russian women could have an elective abortion up to week 12 of pregnancy; between 12 and 22 weeks, medical or social grounds were required for an abortion. In mid 2011, a group of Parliamentarians teamed up with Russian Orthodox Church activists and announced their desire to ban abortions, and the new version of the health law with restricting amendments was introduced: a mandatory waiting period, physicians' conscientious objection, and limiting the social indications for late-term abortion. Evidence indicates that restricting legislative changes based on "traditional" values could significantly limit women's reproductive choices (e.g., access to abortion), a setback to women's rights to exert control over their bodies and their lives. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; birth rate; female; fertility; human; induced abortion; legal aspect; pregnancy; religion; reproductive rights; Russian Federation; women's rights; Eastern Orthodoxy; legislation and jurisprudence; reproductive rights; trends; women's rights, Abortion, Induced; Birth Rate; Eastern Orthodoxy; Female; Fertility; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights; Russia; Women's Rights, Abortion, Induced; Birth Rate; Eastern Orthodoxy; Female; Fertility; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights; Russia; Women's Rights Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301329_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Critical opportunities for public health law: A call for action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mello, M.M. Author-Name: Wood, J. Author-Name: Burris, S. Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Author-Name: Ibrahim, J.K. Author-Name: Swanson, J.W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1979-1988 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301281 Abstract: Although legal interventions are responsible for many sentinel public health achievements, law is underutilized as a tool for advancing population health. Our purpose was to identify critical opportunities for public health lawmaking. We articulated key criteria and illustrated their use with 5 examples. These opportunities involve significant health problems that are potentially amenable to change through law and for which an effective legal intervention is available: optimizing graduated driver licensing laws, increasing tax rates on alcoholic beverages, regulating sodium in foods, enacting laws to facilitate reversal of opioid overdoses, and improving mental health interventions in the college setting. We call for a national conversation about critical opportunities for public health law to advance evidence-based policymaking. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: narcotic antagonist; salt intake, alcoholic beverage; article; car driving; drug legislation; economics; health care policy; health promotion; human; law; legal aspect; mental health; methodology; public health; salt intake; tax; university; health promotion; legislation and jurisprudence; procedures; public health, Alcoholic Beverages; Automobile Driving; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Legislation, Food; Mental Health; Narcotic Antagonists; Public Health; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Taxes; Universities, Alcoholic Beverages; Automobile Driving; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Legislation, Food; Mental Health; Narcotic Antagonists; Public Health; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Taxes; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301281_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fish oils, misconceptions and the environment. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Turchini, G.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e4 Keywords: fish oil, coronary artery disease; environment; human; note, Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:11:e4_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minimal clinically important difference (MCID)-Adding meaning to statistical inference Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chan, L.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e24-e25 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301580 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301580 Keywords: article; clinical trial (topic); confidence interval; decision making; experimental therapy; human; statistical analysis; treatment outcome, Clinical Trials as Topic; Confidence Intervals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Decision Making; Humans; Therapies, Investigational; Treatment Outcome, Clinical Trials as Topic; Confidence Intervals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Decision Making; Humans; Therapies, Investigational; Treatment Outcome Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301580_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Woods and Gordon respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woods, L.N. Author-Name: Gordon, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e9-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301595 Keywords: community care; community integration; health disparity; human; male; note; organization and management; patient care; preventive health service; prisoner; community care; organization and management; patient care; preventive health service, Community Health Services; Community Integration; Continuity of Patient Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Prisoners, Community Health Services; Community Integration; Continuity of Patient Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Prisoners Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301595_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Mesoamerica: A call for interdisciplinary research and action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wesseling, C. Author-Name: Crowe, J. Author-Name: Hogstedt, C. Author-Name: Jakobsson, K. Author-Name: Lucas, R. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1927-1930 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301594 Keywords: nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent, Central America; complication; consensus development; cooperation; dehydration; human; interdisciplinary communication; medical research; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Central America; chronic kidney failure; dehydration; editorial, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biomedical Research; Central America; Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Cooperative Behavior; Dehydration; Humans; Interdisciplinary Communication; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biomedical Research; Central America; Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Cooperative Behavior; Dehydration; Humans; Interdisciplinary Communication; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301594_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegel, M. Author-Name: Ross, C.S. Author-Name: King III, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2098-2105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between levels of household firearm ownership, as measured directly and by a proxy-the percentage of suicides committed with a firearm-and age-adjusted firearm homicide rates at the state level. Methods. We conducted a negative binomial regression analysis of panel data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting Systems database on gun ownership and firearm homicide rates across all 50 states during 1981 to 2010. We determined fixed effects for year, accounted for clustering within states with generalized estimating equations, and controlled for potential state-level confounders. Results. Gun ownership was a significant predictor of firearm homicide rates (incidence rate ratio = 1.009; 95% confidence interval = 1.004, 1.014). This model indicated that for each percentage point increase in gun ownership, the firearm homicide rate increased by 0.9%. Conclusions. We observed a robust correlation between higher levels of gun ownership and higher firearm homicide rates. Although we could not determine causation, we found that states with higher rates of gun ownership had disproportionately large numbers of deaths from firearm-related homicides. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cluster analysis; female; firearm; homicide; human; incidence; male; organization and management; regression analysis; statistics; United States; young adult; firearm; homicide; organization and management; statistics and numerical data, Adolescent; Adult; Cluster Analysis; Female; Firearms; Homicide; Humans; Incidence; Male; Ownership; Regression Analysis; United States; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Cluster Analysis; Female; Firearms; Homicide; Humans; Incidence; Male; Ownership; Regression Analysis; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work-related injury surveillance in Vietnam: A national reporting system model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marucci-Wellman, H. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Author-Name: Leamon, T.B. Author-Name: Binh, T.T.T. Author-Name: Diep, N.B. Author-Name: Kriebel, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1989-1996 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301304 Abstract: Developing nations bear a substantial portion of the global burden of injury. Public health surveillance models in developing countries should recognize injury risks for all levels of society and all causes and should incorporate various groups of workers and industries, including subsistence agriculture. However, many developing nations do not have an injury registration system; current data collection methods result in gross national undercounts of injuries, failing to distinguish injuries that occur during work. In 2006, we established an active surveillance system in Vietnam's Xuan Tien commune and investigated potential methods for surveillance of work-related injuries. On the basis of our findings, we recommend a national model for work-related injury surveillance in Vietnam that builds on the existing health surveillance system. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; feasibility study; female; health survey; human; incidence; information processing; male; mandatory reporting; methodology; middle aged; occupational accident; sensitivity and specificity; standard; theoretical model; Viet Nam; young adult; health survey; information processing; Occupational Injuries; procedures; standards; Viet Nam, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Data Collection; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mandatory Reporting; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Occupational Injuries; Population Surveillance; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vietnam; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Data Collection; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mandatory Reporting; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Occupational Injuries; Population Surveillance; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vietnam; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301304_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Thinking locally, acting globally? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tarantola, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1926 Keywords: article; community care; health; health service; human; primary health care, Community Health Services; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Primary Health Care; World Health, Community Health Services; Global Health; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Primary Health Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:11:1926_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Families Matter! Presexual risk prevention intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, K.S. Author-Name: Lasswell, S.M. Author-Name: Riley, D.B. Author-Name: Poulsen, M.N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e16-e20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301417 Abstract: Parent-based HIV prevention programming may play an important role in reaching youths early to help establish lifelong patterns of safe and healthy sexual behaviors. Families Matter! is a 5-session, evidence-based behavioral intervention designed for primary caregivers of children aged 9 to 12 years to promote positive parenting and effective parent-child communication about sexuality and sexual risk reduction. The program's 5-step capacity-building model was implemented with local government, community, and faith-based partners in 8 sub-Saharan African countries with good intervention fidelity and high levels of participant retention. Families Matter! may be useful in other resource-constrained settings. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: Africa south of the Sahara; article; capacity building; child; child parent relation; cognitive therapy; family health; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; nonbiological model; program evaluation; risk reduction; sexual behavior; cognitive therapy; health promotion; HIV Infections; procedures, Africa South of the Sahara; Capacity Building; Child; Cognitive Therapy; Family Health; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Models, Organizational; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Program Evaluation; Risk Reduction Behavior; Sexual Behavior, Africa South of the Sahara; Capacity Building; Child; Cognitive Therapy; Family Health; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Models, Organizational; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Program Evaluation; Risk Reduction Behavior; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301417_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondhand smoke exposure and smoking behavior among young adult bar patrons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kalkhoran, S. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2048-2055 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301287 Abstract: Objectives. We described frequency of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among young adults patronizing bars and associations between SHS exposure, attitudes, and smoking behavior. Methods. We collected cross-sectional surveys from randomized time-location samples of bar patrons aged 18 to 26 years in San Diego, California, and Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 2010 to 2011. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated associations between SHS exposure, attitudes about dangers of SHS, susceptibility to smoking initiation among nonsmokers, and quit attempts among current smokers. Results. More than 80% of respondents reported past 7-day exposure to any SHS, and more than 70% reported exposure at a bar. Current smokers reported more SHS exposure in cars and their own homes than did nonsmokers. Among nonsmokers, SHS exposure was associated with susceptibility to initiation, but those who believed that SHS exposure is harmful were less susceptible. Belief that SHS is dangerous was associated with quit attempts among smokers. Conclusions. Smoke-free environments and education about the harms of SHS may decrease tobacco use among young adults who frequent bars, where they are heavily exposed to SHS. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: passive smoking, adolescent; adult; attitude to health; car; catering service; cross-sectional study; environmental exposure; epidemiology; female; housing; human; male; passive smoking; psychology; questionnaire; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult; article; environmental exposure; passive smoking; psychological aspect; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Automobiles; California; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Housing; Humans; Male; Oklahoma; Questionnaires; Restaurants; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Young Adult, Adolescent; Adult; Automobiles; California; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Housing; Humans; Male; Oklahoma; Questionnaires; Restaurants; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301287_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting civic engagement post-release from correctional facilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lavoie, M. Author-Name: Rey, E. Author-Name: Brooks, A. Author-Name: Wang, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301541 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301541 Keywords: African American; human; male; politics; prejudice; prisoner; social justice; statistics and numerical data; African American; note; prisoner; statistics, African Americans; Humans; Male; Politics; Prejudice; Prisoners; Social Justice, African Americans; Humans; Male; Politics; Prejudice; Prisoners; Social Justice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301541_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The combined effects of the expansion of primary health care and conditional cash transfers on infant mortality in Brazil, 1998-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guanais, F.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2000-2006 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301452 Abstract: Objectives. I examined the combined effects of access to primary care through the Family Health Program (FHP) and conditional cash transfers from the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP) on postneonatal infant mortality (PNIM) in Brazil. Methods. I employed longitudinal ecological analysis using panel data from 4583 Brazilian municipalities from 1998 to 2010, totaling 54 253 observations. I estimated fixed-effects ordinary least squares regressions models with PNIM rate as the dependent variable and FHP, BFP, and their interactions as the main independent variables of interest. Results. The association of higher FHP coverage with lower PNIM became stronger as BFP coverage increased. At the means of all other variables, when BFP coverage was 25%, predicted PNIM was 5.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.95, 5.53) for FHP coverage = 0% and 3.54 (95% CI = 2.77, 4.31) for FHP coverage = 100%. When BFP coverage was 60%, predicted PNIM was 4.65 (95% CI = 4.36, 4.94) when FHP coverage = 0% and 1.38 (95% CI = 0.88, 1.89) when FHP coverage = 100%. Conclusions. The effect of the FHP depends on the expansion of the BFP. For impoverished, underserved populations, combining supply- and demand-side interventions may be necessary to improve health outcomes. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; Brazil; city; economics; health care delivery; health promotion; human; infant; infant mortality; longitudinal study; methodology; newborn; primary health care; reimbursement; statistical model; statistics; Brazil; economics; epidemiology; health care delivery; health promotion; infant mortality; primary health care; procedures; reimbursement; statistics and numerical data; trends, Brazil; Cities; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; Longitudinal Studies; Models, Statistical; Primary Health Care, Brazil; Cities; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; Longitudinal Studies; Models, Statistical; Primary Health Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301452_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Taxing junk food to counter obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Franck, C. Author-Name: Grandi, S.M. Author-Name: Eisenberg, M.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1949-1953 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301279 Abstract: We examined the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a junk food tax as an intervention to counter increasing obesity in North America. Small excise taxes are likely to yield substantial revenue but are unlikely to affect obesity rates. High excise taxes are likely to have a direct impact on weight in at-risk populations but are less likely to be politically palatable or sustainable. Ultimately, the effectiveness of earmarked health programs and subsidies is likelytobeakeydeterminant of tax success in the fight against obesity. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: beverage; economics; fast food; health care policy; health promotion; human; legislation and jurisprudence; North America; obesity; procedures; public opinion; tax; article; fast food; health promotion; legal aspect; methodology; North America; obesity; tax, Beverages; Fast Foods; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; North America; Obesity; Public Opinion; Taxes, Beverages; Fast Foods; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; North America; Obesity; Public Opinion; Taxes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301279_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local tobacco control: Application of the essential public health services model in a county health department's efforts to put it out Rockland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lieberman, L. Author-Name: Diffley, U. Author-Name: King, S. Author-Name: Chanler, S. Author-Name: Ferrara, M. Author-Name: Alleyne, O. Author-Name: Facelle, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 1942-1948 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301284 Abstract: In 2000, Rockland County, a small suburban county north of New York City, dedicated $1 million of its Master Settlement Agreement funds to a comprehensive tobacco control program, Put It Out Rockland. Developed and implemented by the county health department, this program used an essential public health services model and an ongoing financial investment, within the context of strong statewide tobacco control efforts, to lower adult smoking rates to 9.7% and to reduce both smoking among youths and exposure to secondhand smoke over the ensuing decade. By combining state funds and local dollars for a total of $6.75 cost per capita, this comprehensive effort yielded 11 000 fewer smokers and translated to a potential savings of more than $24 million for the county. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: passive smoking, adolescent; adult; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; community care; economics; epidemiology; health promotion; human; passive smoking; preschool child; prevention and control; procedures; program evaluation; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; community care; economics; health promotion; methodology; passive smoking; smoking; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Health Promotion; Humans; New York; Program Evaluation; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Health Promotion; Humans; New York; Program Evaluation; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301284_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Driving after drug or alcohol use by US high school seniors, 2001-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Malley, P.M. Author-Name: Johnston, L.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 11 Pages: 2027-2034 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301246 Abstract: Objectives. We examined prevalence, trends, and correlates of driving or riding after use of drugs or alcohol among US high school seniors from 2001 to 2011. Methods. Data come from Monitoring the Future, an annual survey of nationally representative samples of high school seniors. We used logistic regressions with data from more than 22 000 respondents to examine multivariate associations with demographic and lifestyle factors. Results. Large numbers of US high school seniors put themselves and others at great risk of harm by driving after using marijuana or other illicit drugs or drinking alcohol or by riding in a vehicle whose driver had used marijuana, other illicit drugs, or alcohol. Driving after drinking has declined in recent years, but driving after use of marijuana has increased. A higher percentage of students reported driving after using marijuana than after having 5 or more alcoholic drinks. Risky driving and riding behaviors differed little between demographic subgroups but considerably according to lifestyle factors. Conclusions. Stronger efforts are needed to combat adolescent driving under the influence of illicit drugs. Copyright © 2013 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; cannabis smoking; car driving; cross-sectional study; drinking behavior; female; health survey; high risk behavior; human; lifestyle; male; prevalence; questionnaire; school; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; student; Substance-Related Disorders; traffic accident; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Life Style; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk-Taking; Schools; Socioeconomic Factors; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301246_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How genes and the social environment moderate each other Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reiss, D. Author-Name: Leve, L.D. Author-Name: Neiderhiser, J.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S111-S121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301408 Abstract: Recent research has suggested that the social environment can moderate the expression of genetic influences on health and that genetic influences can shape an individual's sensitivity to the social environment. Evidence supports 4 major mechanisms: genes can influence an individual's response to environmental stress, genes may enhance an individual's sensitivity to both favorable and adverse environments, inherited characteristics may better fit with some environments than with others, and inherited capabilitiesmay only become manifest in challenging or responsive environments. Further progress depends on better recognition of patterns of gene-environment interaction, improved methods of assessing the environment and its impact on geneticmechanisms, the use of appropriately designed laboratory studies, identification of heritable differences in an individual before environmental moderation occurs, and clarification of the timing of the impact of social and genetic moderation. Keywords: article; gene; genetic predisposition; genetic variability; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; methodology; social environment, Gene-Environment Interaction; Genes; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Research; Genetic Variation; Humans; Research Design; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301408_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social impact analysis of the effects of a telemedicine intervention to improve diabetes outcomes in an ethnically diverse, medically underserved population: Findings from the IDEATel study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shea, S. Author-Name: Kothari, D. Author-Name: Teresi, J.A. Author-Name: Kong, J. Author-Name: Eimicke, J.P. Author-Name: Lantigua, R.A. Author-Name: Palmas, W. Author-Name: Weinstock, R.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1888-1894 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300909 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the social impact of the telemedicine intervention effects in lower- and higher-socioeconomic status (SES) participants in the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine (IDEATel) study. Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care, with blinded outcome evaluation, in 1665 Medicare recipients with diabetes, aged 55 years or older, residing in federally designated medically underserved areas of New York State. The primary trial endpoints were hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure levels. Results. HbA1c was higher in lower-income participants at the baseline examination. However, we found no evidence that the intervention increased disparities. A significant moderator effect was seen for HbA1c (P = .004) and systolic blood pressure (P = .023), with the lowest-income group showing greater intervention effects. Conclusions. Lower-SES participants in the IDEATel study benefited at least as much as higher-SES participants from telemedicine nurse case management for diabetes. Tailoring the intensity of the intervention based on clinical need may have led to greater improvements among those not at goal for diabetes control, a group that also had lower income, thereby avoiding the potential for an innovative intervention to widen socioeconomic disparities. Keywords: aged; article; bioassay; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care planning; human; male; middle aged; randomized controlled trial; social class; telemedicine; total quality management; treatment outcome; United States, Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Endpoint Determination; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Male; Medically Underserved Area; Middle Aged; New York; Quality Improvement; Social Class; Telemedicine; Treatment Outcome Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300909_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Grassroots movement building and preemption in the campaign for residential fire sprinklers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pertschuk, M. Author-Name: Hobart, R. Author-Name: Paloma, M. Author-Name: Larkin, M.A. Author-Name: Balbach, E.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1780-1787 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301317 Abstract: Home fires account for 85% of fire deaths in the United States, the majority in 1- or 2-family homes lacking fire sprinklers. Since 1978, however, a grassroots movement has successfully promoted more than 360 local ordinances mandating sprinklers in all new residential construction, including 1- and 2-family homes. The homebuilding industry has responded by seeking state preemption of local authority, a strategy previously used by other industries concerned about protecting their profits. From 2009 through 2011, 13 states adopted laws eliminating or limiting local authority over residential fire sprinklers. This study of the residential sprinkler movement adds to our understanding of grassroots public health movements and provides additional evidence that preemption can have a negative impact on public health and safety. Keywords: article; community care; construction work and architectural phenomena; fire; fire protection; government regulation; health services research; housing; legal aspect; politics; public health; United States, Building Codes; Colorado; Community Networks; Fire Extinguishing Systems; Fires; Government Regulation; Housing; Lobbying; Organizational Case Studies; Politics; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301317_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of gender identity disorder and suicide risk among transgender veterans utilizing veterans health administration care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Brown, G.R. Author-Name: Shipherd, J.C. Author-Name: Kauth, M. Author-Name: Piegari, R.I. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e27-e32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301507 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of gender identity disorder (GID) diagnoses among veterans in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health care system and examined suicide risk among veterans with a GID diagnosis. Methods. We examined VHA electronic medical records from 2000 through 2011 for 2 official ICD-9 diagnosis codes that indicate transgender status. We generated annual period prevalence estimates and calculated incidence using the prevalence of GID at 2000 as the baseline year. We cross-referenced GID cases with available data (2009-2011) of suicide-related events among all VHA users to examine suicide risk. Results. GID prevalence in the VHA is higher (22.9/100 000 persons) than are previous estimates of GID in the general US population (4.3/100 000 persons). The rate of suicide-related events among GID-diagnosed VHA veterans was more than 20 times higher than were rates for the general VHA population. Conclusions. The prevalence of GID diagnosis nearly doubled over 10 years among VHA veterans. Research is needed to examine suicide risk among transgender veterans and how their VHA utilization may be enhanced by new VA initiatives on transgender care. Keywords: article; confidence interval; electronic medical record; female; gender identity; government; human; male; prevalence; psychological aspect; public hospital; risk assessment; statistics; suicide; transsexualism; United States; veteran, Confidence Intervals; Electronic Health Records; Female; Gender Identity; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Suicide; Transsexualism; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301507_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Niccolai et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Niccolai, L.M. Author-Name: Julian, P.J. Author-Name: Meek, J.I. Author-Name: Hadler, J.L. Author-Name: Sosa, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301489 Keywords: adenocarcinoma; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care disparity; human; note; poverty; precancer; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ; uterine cervix tumor, Adenocarcinoma; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Ethnic Groups; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Poverty; Precancerous Conditions; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301489_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fraction of gestational diabetes mellitus attributable to overweight and obesity by race/ethnicity, California, 2007-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, S.Y. Author-Name: Saraiva, C. Author-Name: Curtis, M. Author-Name: Wilson, H.G. Author-Name: Troyan, J. Author-Name: England, L. Author-Name: Sharma, A.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e65-e72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301469 Abstract: Objectives. We calculated the racial/ethnic-specific percentages of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) attributable to overweight and obesity. Methods. We analyzed 1 228 265 records of women aged 20 years or older with a live, singleton birth in California during 2007 to 2009. Using logistic regression, we estimated the magnitude of the association between prepregnancy body mass index and GDM and calculated the percentages of GDM attributable to overweight and obesity overall and by race/ethnicity. Results. The overall estimated GDM prevalence ranged from 5.4% among White women to 11.9% among Asian/Pacific Islander women. The adjusted percentages of GDM deliveries attributable to overweight and obesity were 17.8% among Asians/Pacific Islander, 41.2% among White, 44.2% among Hispanic, 51.2% among Black, and 57.8% among American Indian women. Select Asian subgroups, such as Vietnamese (13.0%), Asian Indian (14.0%), and Filipino (14.2%), had the highest GDM prevalence, but the lowest percentage attributable to obesity. Conclusions. Elevated prepregnancy body mass index contributed to GDM in all racial/ethnic groups, which suggests that decreasing overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age could reduce GDM, associated delivery complications, and future risk of diabetes in both the mother and offspring. Keywords: adult; article; body mass; confidence interval; ethnology; female; human; obesity; pregnancy; pregnancy diabetes mellitus; prevalence; race; risk; statistical model; United States, Adult; Body Mass Index; California; Confidence Intervals; Continental Population Groups; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Obesity; Overweight; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Risk; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301469_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using genetically informed, randomized prevention trials to test etiological hypotheses about child and adolescent drug use and psychopathology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brody, G.H. Author-Name: Beach, S.R.H. Author-Name: Hill, K.G. Author-Name: Howe, G.W. Author-Name: Prado, G. Author-Name: Fullerton, S.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S19-S24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301080 Abstract: In this essay, we describe a new era of public health research in which prevention science principles are combined with genomic science to produce gene × intervention (G×I) research. We note the roles of behavioral and molecular genetics in risk and protective mechanisms for drug use and psychopathology among children and adolescents, and the results of first-generation genetically informed prevention trials are reviewed. We also consider the need for secondgeneration research that focuses on G·I effects on mediators or intermediate processes. This research can be used to further understanding of etiological processes, to identify individual differences in children's and adolescents' responses to risk, and to increase the precision of prevention programs. We note the caveats about using genetic data to select intervention participants. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; article; behavior genetics; child; genotype environment interaction; human; mental disease; methodology; molecular biology; randomized controlled trial (topic); risk factor; utilization review, Adolescent; Child; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Molecular Biology; Psychopathology; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301080_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integration of behavioral, social science and genetics research: Exploring public health significance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spittel, M.L. Author-Name: Spotts, E.L. Author-Name: Deeds, B.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S5-S7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301539 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301539 Keywords: behavioral science; editorial; genetics; human; integrative medicine; public health; sociology, Behavioral Sciences; Genetic Research; Humans; Integrative Medicine; Public Health; Social Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301539_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing scientific inquiry by blurring research boundaries. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, R.M. Author-Name: Spittel, M.L. Author-Name: Spotts, E.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: S1 Pages: S4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301589 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301589 Keywords: editorial; human; integrated health care system; interdisciplinary communication; medical research; organization and management, Biomedical Research; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; Interdisciplinary Communication Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301589_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries: "do-it-yourself" transitions in transgender communities in Ontario, Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rotondi, N.K. Author-Name: Bauer, G.R. Author-Name: Scanlon, K. Author-Name: Kaay, M. Author-Name: Travers, R. Author-Name: Travers, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1830-1836 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the extent of nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries among transgender or transsexual (trans) people in Ontario, Canada. Methods. We present original survey research from the Trans PULSE Project. A total of 433 participants were recruited from 2009 to 2010 through respondentdriven sampling. We used a case series design to characterize those currently taking nonprescribed hormones and participants who had ever self-performed sex-reassignment surgeries. Results. An estimated 43.0% (95% confidence interval = 34.9, 51.5) of trans Ontarians were currently using hormones; of these, a quarter had ever obtained hormones from nonmedical sources (e.g., friend or relative, street or strangers, Internet pharmacy, herbals or supplements). Fourteen participants (6.4%; 95% confidence interval = 0.8, 9.0) reported currently taking nonprescribed hormones. Five indicated having performed or attempted surgical procedures on themselves (orchiectomy or mastectomy). Conclusions. Past negative experiences with providers, along with limited financial resources and a lack of access to transition-related services, may contribute to nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries. Promoting training initiatives for health care providers and jurisdictional support for more accessible services may help to address trans people's specific needs. Keywords: antiandrogen; estradiol; sex hormone, adolescent; adult; aged; article; automutilation; Canada; confidence interval; drug misuse; female; human; male; mastectomy; middle aged; orchiectomy; psychological aspect; sex reassignment; social behavior; transsexuality, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Androgen Antagonists; Confidence Intervals; Estradiol; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Male; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Ontario; Orchiectomy; Prescription Drug Misuse; Self Mutilation; Sex Reassignment Surgery; Social Identification; Transgendered Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in abortion rates: A public health approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dehlendorf, C. Author-Name: Harris, L.H. Author-Name: Weitz, T.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1772-1779 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301339 Abstract: Women of lower socioeconomic status and women of color in the United States have higher rates of abortion than women of higher socioeconomic status and White women. Opponents of abortion use these statistics to argue that abortion providers are exploiting women of color and low socioeconomic status, and thus, regulations are needed to protect women. This argument ignores the underlying causes of the disparities. As efforts to restrict abortion will have no effect on these underlying factors, and instead will only result in more women experiencing later abortions or having an unintended childbirth, they are likely to result in worsening health disparities. We provide a review of the causes of abortion disparities and argue for a multifaceted public health approach to address them. Keywords: article; female; health care disparity; health disparity; health promotion; human; induced abortion; methodology; pregnancy; public health; sexual behavior; social class; United States; unplanned pregnancy; utilization review, Abortion, Induced; Female; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Public Health; Sexual Behavior; Social Class; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301339_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An empirical evaluation of the US beer institute's self-regulation code governing the content of beer advertising Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Babor, T.F. Author-Name: Xuan, Z. Author-Name: Damon, D. Author-Name: Noel, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e45-e51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301487 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated advertising code violations using the US Beer Institute guidelines for responsible advertising. Methods. We applied the Delphi rating technique to all beer ads (n = 289) broadcast in national markets between 1999 and 2008 during the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball tournament games. Fifteen public health professionals completed ratings using quantitative scales measuring the content of alcohol advertisements (e.g., perceived actor age, portrayal of excessive drinking) according to 1997 and 2006 versions of the Beer Institute Code. Results. Depending on the code version, exclusion criteria, and scoring method, expert raters found that between 35% and 74% of the ads had code violations. There were significant differences among producers in the frequency with which ads with violations were broadcast, but not in the proportions of unique ads with violations. Guidelines most likely to be violated included the association of beer drinking with social success and the use of content appealing to persons younger than 21 years. Conclusions. The alcohol industry's current self-regulatory framework is ineffective at preventing content violations but could be improved by the use of new rating procedures designed to better detect content code violations. Keywords: adult; advertizing; article; beer; Delphi study; drinking behavior; empirical research; female; human; male; organization; practice guideline; standard; United States, Academies and Institutes; Adult; Advertising as Topic; Alcohol Drinking; Beer; Delphi Technique; Empirical Research; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Male; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301487_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gene-environment correlation: Difficulties and a natural experiment-based strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagner, B. Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Liu, H. Author-Name: Guo, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S167-S173 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301415 Abstract: Objectives. We explored how gene-environment correlations can result in endogenous models, how natural experiments can protect against this threat, and if unbiased estimates from natural experiments are generalizable to other contexts. Methods. We compared a natural experiment, the College Roommate Study, which measured genes and behaviors of college students and their randomly assigned roommates in a southern public university, with observational data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in 2008. We predicted exposure to exercising peers using genetic markers and estimated environmental effects on alcohol consumption. A mixed-linear model estimated an alcohol consumption variance that was attributable to genetic markers and across peer environments. Results. Peer exercise environment was associated with respondent genotype in observational data, but not in the natural experiment. The effects of peer drinking and presence of a general gene-environment interaction were similar between data sets. Conclusions. Natural experiments, like random roommate assignment, could protect against potential bias introduced by gene-environment correlations. When combined with representative observational data, unbiased and generalizable causal effects could be estimated. Keywords: adolescent; article; biological model; comparative study; drinking behavior; exercise; female; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; longitudinal study; male; medical research; methodology; observation; peer group; physiology; single nucleotide polymorphism; student; university, Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Biomedical Research; Exercise; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Models, Biological; Observation; Peer Group; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Research Design; Students; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301415_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contribution of maternal age to preterm birth rates in Denmark and Quebec, 1981-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Auger, N. Author-Name: Hansen, A.V. Author-Name: Mortensen, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e33-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301523 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301523 Abstract: Objectives. We sought evidence to support the hypothesis that advancing maternal age is potentially causing a rise in preterm birth (PTB) rates in high-income countries. Methods. We assessed maternal age-specific trends in PTB using all singleton live births in Denmark (n = 1 674 308) and Quebec (n = 2 291 253) from 1981 to 2008. We decomposed the country-specific contributions of age-specific PTB rates and maternal age distribution to overall PTB rates over time. Results. PTB rates increased from 4.4% to 5.0% in Denmark and from 5.1% to 6.0% in Quebec. Rates increased the most in women aged 20 to 29 years, whereas rates decreased or remained stable in women aged 35 years and older. The overall increase over time was driven by age-specific PTB rates, although the contribution of younger women was countered by fewer births at this age in both Denmark and Quebec. Conclusions. PTB rates increased among women aged 20 to 29 years, but their contribution to the overall PTB rates was offset by older maternal age over time. Women aged 20 to 29 years should be targeted to reduce PTB rates, as potential for prevention may be greater in this age group. Keywords: adult; age; article; Canada; Denmark; female; human; maternal age; newborn; prematurity, Adult; Age Factors; Denmark; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Age; Premature Birth; Quebec; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301523_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of obesity on US mortality levels: The importance of age and cohort factors in population estimates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Masters, R.K. Author-Name: Reither, E.N. Author-Name: Powers, D.A. Author-Name: Yang, Y.C. Author-Name: Burger, A.E. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1895-1901 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate the percentage of excess death for US Black and White men and women associated with high body mass, we examined the combined effects of age variation in the obesity-mortality relationship and cohort variation in age-specific obesity prevalence. Methods. We examined 19 National Health Interview Survey waves linked to individual National Death Index mortality records, 1986-2006, for age and cohort patterns in the population-level association between obesity and US adult mortality. Results. The estimated percentage of adult deaths between 1986 and 2006 associated with overweight and obesity was 5.0% and 15.6% for Black and White men, and 26.8% and 21.7% for Black and White women, respectively. We found a substantially stronger association than previous research between obesity and mortality risk at older ages, and an increasing percentage of mortality attributable to obesity across birth cohorts. Conclusions. Previous research has likely underestimated obesity's impact on US mortality. Methods attentive to cohort variation in obesity prevalence and age variation in obesity's effect on mortality risk suggest that obesity significantly shapes US mortality levels, placing it at the forefront of concern for public health action. Keywords: adult; African American; age; aged; article; body mass; Caucasian; cohort analysis; confidence interval; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; mortality; obesity; proportional hazards model; United States; very elderly, Adult; African Americans; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Confidence Intervals; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Obesity; Proportional Hazards Models; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cycle track safety remains unproven Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schimek, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301476 Keywords: bicycle; environmental planning; human; note; practice guideline; standard; statistics; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Bicycling; Environment Design; Guidelines as Topic; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301476_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An ongoing lack of knowledge about lead poisoning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Newman, N. Author-Name: Lowry, J. Author-Name: Mall, J. Author-Name: Berger, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e9-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301499 Keywords: educational status; female; human; lead poisoning; male; note, Educational Status; Female; Humans; Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301499_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genetic differential sensitivity to social environments: Implications for research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mitchell, C. Author-Name: McLanahan, S. Author-Name: Brooks-Gunn, J. Author-Name: Garfinkel, I. Author-Name: Hobcraft, J. Author-Name: Notterman, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S102-S110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301382 Abstract: Researchers have proposed a genetic differential sensitivity to social environmental (GDSE) model positing that individuals with certain genetic makeups are more sensitive to favorable and unfavorable environmental influences than those without these genetic makeups. We discuss several issues facing researchers who want to use GDSE to examine health: (1) the need for greater theorizing about the social environment to properly understand the size and direction of environmental influences; (2) the potential for combining multiple genetic markers to measure an individual's genetic sensitivity to environmental influence; (3) how this model and exogenous shocks deal with gene-environment correlations; (4) implications of this model for public health and prevention; and (5) how life course and developmental theories may be used to inform GDSE research. Keywords: article; biological model; genetic marker; genetic predisposition; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; primary prevention; social environment, Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Markers; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Research; Humans; Models, Biological; Primary Prevention; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301382_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experiences of transgender-related discrimination and implications for health: Results from the Virginia transgender health initiative study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bradford, J. Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Honnold, J.A. Author-Name: Xavier, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1820-1829 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796 Abstract: Objectives. We examined relationships between social determinants of health and experiences of transgender-related discrimination reported by transgender people in Virginia. Methods. In 2005 through 2006, 387 self-identified transgender people completed a statewide health needs assessment; 350 who completed eligibility questions were included in this examination of factors associated with experiences of discrimination in health care, employment, or housing. We fit multivariate logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations to adjust for survey modality (online vs paper). Results. Of participants, 41% (n = 143) reported experiences of transgenderrelated discrimination. Factors associatedwith transgender-related discrimination were geographic context, gender (female-to male spectrum vs male-to-female spectrum), low socioeconomic status, being a racial/ethnic minority, not having health insurance, gender transition indicators (younger age at first transgender awareness), health care needed but unable to be obtained (hormone therapy and mental health services), history of violence (sexual and physical), substance use health behaviors (tobacco and alcohol), and interpersonal factors (family support and community connectedness). Conclusions. Findings suggest that transgender Virginians experience widespread discrimination in health care, employment, and housing. Multilevel interventions are needed for transgender populations, including legal protections and training for health care providers. Keywords: adult; article; confidence interval; cross-sectional study; female; health behavior; health care delivery; health status; human; male; middle aged; needs assessment; risk; social discrimination; statistical model; statistics; transsexuality; United States, Adult; Confidence Intervals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Behavior; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; Odds Ratio; Social Discrimination; Transgendered Persons; Virginia; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a population-based study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. Author-Name: Kim, H.-J. Author-Name: Barkan, S.E. Author-Name: Muraco, A. Author-Name: Hoy-Ellis, C.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1802-1809 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 50 years and older. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2003-2010 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 96 992) on health outcomes, chronic conditions, access to care, behaviors, and screening by gender and sexual orientation with adjusted logistic regressions. Results. LGB older adults had higher risk of disability, poor mental health, smoking, and excessive drinking than did heterosexuals. Lesbians and bisexual women had higher risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity, and gay and bisexual men had higher risk of poor physical health and living alone than did heterosexuals. Lesbians reported a higher rate of excessive drinking than did bisexual women; bisexual men reported a higher rate of diabetes and a lower rate of being tested for HIV than did gay men. Conclusions. Tailored interventions are needed to address the health disparities and unique health needs of LGB older adults. Research across the life course is needed to better understand health disparities by sexual orientation and age, and to assess subgroup differences within these communities. Keywords: article; bisexuality; chronic disease; confidence interval; female; health behavior; health care delivery; health disparity; health survey; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; mass screening; middle aged; risk; statistical model; United States, Bisexuality; Chronic Disease; Confidence Intervals; Female; Health Behavior; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why it is hard to find genes associated with social science traits: Theoretical and empirical considerations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chabris, C.F. Author-Name: Lee, J.J. Author-Name: Benjamin, D.J. Author-Name: Beauchamp, J.P. Author-Name: Glaeser, E.L. Author-Name: Borst, G. Author-Name: Pinker, S. Author-Name: Laibson, D.I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S152-S166 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301327 Abstract: Objectives. We explain why traits of interest to behavioral scientists may have a genetic architecture featuring hundreds or thousands of loci with tiny individual effects rather than a few with large effects and why such an architecture makes it difficult to find robust associations between traits and genes. Methods. We conducted a genome-wide association study at 2 sites, Harvard University and Union College, measuring more than 100 physical and behavioral traits with a sample size typical of candidate gene studies. We evaluated predictions that alleles with large effect sizes would be rare and most traits of interest to social science are likely characterized by a lack of strong directional selection. We also carried out a theoretical analysis of the genetic architecture of traits based on R.A. Fisher's geometric model of natural selection and empirical analyses of the effects of selection bias and phenotype measurement stability on the results of genetic association studies. Results. Although we replicated several known genetic associations with physical traits, we found only 2 associations with behavioral traits that met the nominal genome-wide significance threshold, indicating that physical and behavioral traits are mainly affected by numerous genes with small effects. Conclusions. The challenge for social science genomics is the likelihood that genes are connected to behavioral variation by lengthy, nonlinear, interactive causal chains, and unraveling these chains requires allying with personal genomics to take advantage of the potential for large sample sizes as well as continuing with traditional epidemiological studies. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; behavior; cellular, subcellular and molecular biological phenomena and functions; eye color; female; gene; genetic association; genetic selection; genetics; hair color; human; male; personality; questionnaire; single nucleotide polymorphism; sociology, Adolescent; Adult; Behavior; Biological Phenomena; Eye Color; Female; Genes; Genetic Research; Genome-Wide Association Study; Hair Color; Humans; Male; Personality; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Questionnaires; Selection, Genetic; Social Sciences; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301327_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Deep integration: Letting the epigenome out of the bottle without losing sight of the structural origins of population health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geronimus, A.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S56-S63 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301380 Abstract: Advances in stress physiology and molecular dynamics can illuminate population health inequality. The "weathering" hypothesis posits that socially structured, repeated stress process activation can accumulate and increase disease vulnerability across the life course in marginalized groups. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis focuses on youthful programming for later life disease via epigenetic modifications to limiting uterine or early environments. Weathering and DOHaD are overlapping biopsychosocial models; yet, their emphases and implications vary. Evidence for the primacy of early development over experiences in young through middle adulthood for explaining population health inequality is lacking. By considering weathering and DOHaD together, we call for biomedical researchers to be more cautious in their claims about the social world and for a broader range of social researchers - including qualitative ones - to collaborate with them. Keywords: animal; article; female; fetus development; genetic epigenesis; genetic heterogeneity; genetics; health disparity; health promotion; human; pregnancy; prenatal exposure; socioeconomics, Animals; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Fetal Development; Genetic Heterogeneity; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301380_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An assessment of the performance of self-reported vaccination status for Hepatitis B, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Denniston, M.M. Author-Name: Byrd, K.K. Author-Name: Klevens, R.M. Author-Name: Drobeniuc, J. Author-Name: Kamili, S. Author-Name: Jiles, R.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1865-1873 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301313 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess the performance of self-reported vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) compared with serological status for hepatitis B markers in the general US civilian population. Methods. Using 1999 through 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we calculated 3 measures of agreement between self-reported HepB vaccination status and serological status: percent concordance, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of self-report. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with agreement between self-report and serological status. Results. Overall agreement was 83% (95% CI = 82.3, 83.7), NPV of self-report was high (0.95; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.95) and PPV was low (0.53; 95% CI = 0.51, 0.54). Birth year relative to the 1991 recommendation for universal infant HepB vaccination had a strong association with agreement, however, the association was positive for those who reported receiving at least 3 doses and negative for those who reported receiving no doses. Conclusions. Although the low PPV in our study could be attributable in part to waning of vaccine-induced anti-HBs over time, national adult HepB vaccination coverage may be lower than previously estimated because national estimates usually depend on self-report of vaccine receipt. Keywords: hepatitis B antibody; hepatitis B vaccine, adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood; child; confidence interval; female; health survey; hepatitis B; human; immunization; immunology; male; middle aged; practice guideline; preschool child; self report; statistical model, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Female; Guideline Adherence; Health Surveys; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Antibodies; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301313_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social, behavioral, and genetic linkages from adolescence into adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris, K.M. Author-Name: Halpern, C.T. Author-Name: Hussey, J. Author-Name: Whitsel, E.A. Author-Name: Killeya-Jones, L. Author-Name: Tabor, J. Author-Name: Elder, G. Author-Name: Hewitt, J. Author-Name: Shanahan, M. Author-Name: Williams, R. Author-Name: Siegler, I. Author-Name: Smolen, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S25-S32 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301181 Abstract: The influence of genetic factors on health and behavior is conditioned by social, cultural, institutional, and physical environments in which individuals live, work, and play. We encourage studies supporting multilevel integrative approaches to understanding these contributions to health, and describe the Add Health study as an exemplar. Add Health is a large sample of US adolescents in grades 7 to 12 in 1994- 1995 followed into adulthood with 4 in-home interviews and biomarker collections, including DNA. In addition to sampling multiple environments and measuring diverse social and health behavior, Add Health features a fully articulated behavioral genetic sample (3000 pairs) and ongoing genotyping of 12 000 archived samples. We illustrate approaches to understanding health through investigation of the interplay among biological, psychosocial, and physical, contextual, or cultural experiences. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; article; behavior; child; female; genetic linkage; genotype; genotype environment interaction; high risk behavior; human; interview; longitudinal study; male; phenotype; prospective study; questionnaire; social environment, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Behavior; Child; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Linkage; Genotype; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Phenotype; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Risk-Taking; Social Environment; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301181_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genes can point to environments that matter to advance public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bearman, P.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S11-S13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301550 Keywords: editorial; environment; gene; human; public health; social environment, Environment; Genes; Humans; Public Health; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301550_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population disparities in mental health: Insights from cultural neuroscience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chiao, J.Y. Author-Name: Blizinsky, K.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S122-S132 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440 Abstract: By 2050, nearly 1 in 5 Americans (19%) will be an immigrant, including Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians, compared to the 1 in 8 (12%) in 2005. They will vary in the extent to which they are at risk for mental health disorders. Given this increase in cultural diversity within the United States and costly population health disparities across cultural groups, it is essential to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how culture affects basic psychological and biological mechanisms. We examine these basic mechanisms that underlie population disparities in mental health through cultural neuroscience. We discuss the challenges to and opportunities for cultural neuroscience research to determine sociocultural and biological factors that confer risk for and resilience to mental health disorders across the globe. Keywords: cultural anthropology; forecasting; health disparity; human; human genome; medical research; mental health; neuroscience; review; social environment, Biomedical Research; Culture; Forecasting; Genome, Human; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Mental Health; Neurosciences; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301440_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating social science and behavioral genetics: Testing the origin of socioeconomic disparities in depression using a genetically informed design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mezuk, B. Author-Name: Myers, J.M. Author-Name: Kendler, K.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S145-S151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301247 Abstract: Objectives. We tested 3 hypotheses - social causation, social drift, and common cause - regarding the origin of socioeconomic disparities in major depression and determined whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and major depression varied by genetic liability for major depression. Methods. Data were from a sample of female twins in the baseline Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders interviewed between 1987 and 1989 (n = 2153). We used logistic regression and structural equation twin models to evaluate these 3 hypotheses. Results. Consistent with the social causation hypothesis, education (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66, 0.93; P < .01) and income (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.98; P < .01) were significantly related to past-year major depression. Upward social mobility was associated with lower risk of depression. There was no evidence that childhood SES was related to development of major depression (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.09; P > .1). Consistent with a common genetic cause, there was a negative correlation between the genetic components of major depression and education (r2 = -0.22). Co-twin control analyses indicated a protective effect of education and income on major depression even after accounting for genetic liability. Conclusions. This study utilized a genetically informed design to address how social position relates to major depression. Results generally supported the social causation model. Keywords: adult; article; behavior genetics; economics; educational status; female; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; income; major depression; methodology; monozygotic twins; questionnaire; risk factor; social class; socioeconomics; sociology; twins, Adult; Depressive Disorder, Major; Educational Status; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Research; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Income; Questionnaires; Research Design; Risk Factors; Social Mobility; Social Sciences; Socioeconomic Factors; Twins, Monozygotic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301247_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the New York City breakfast in the classroom program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Wye, G. Author-Name: Seoh, H. Author-Name: Adjoian, T. Author-Name: Dowell, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e59-e64 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301470 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the impact of Breakfast in the Classroom (BIC) on the percentage of children going without morning food, number of locations where food was consumed, and estimated calories consumed per child. Methods. We used a cross-sectional survey of morning food consumed among elementary school students offered BIC and not offered BIC in geographically matched high-poverty-neighborhood elementary schools. Results. Students offered BIC (n = 1044) were less likely to report not eating in the morning (8.7%) than were students not offered BIC (n = 1245; 15.0%) and were more likely to report eating in 2 or more locations during the morning (51.1% vs 30%). Overall, students offered BIC reported consuming an estimated 95 more calories per morning than did students not offered BIC. Conclusions. For every student for whom BIC resolved the problem of starting school with nothing to eat, more than 3 students ate in more than 1 location. Offering BIC reduced the percentage of students not eating in the morning but may contribute to excess calorie intake. More evaluation of BIC's impact on overweight and obesity is needed before more widespread implementation. Keywords: article; caloric intake; catering service; child; cross-sectional study; evaluation; female; health care quality; human; male; meal; poverty; school; statistics; United States, Breakfast; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Intake; Female; Food Services; Humans; Male; New York City; Poverty Areas; Program Evaluation; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301470_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clark and Lachance respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clark, N.M. Author-Name: Lachance, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301535 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301535 Keywords: asthma; female; health care delivery; health care organization; health promotion; human; male; note; outcome assessment; poverty; utilization review, Asthma; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Health Care Coalitions; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Poverty Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301535_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation-related differences in tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure among US adults aged 20 to 59 years: 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cochran, S.D. Author-Name: Bandiera, F.C. Author-Name: Mays, V.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1837-1844 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301423 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated sexual orientation-related differences in tobacco use and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods. The 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys assessed 11 744 individuals aged 20 to 59 years for sexual orientation, tobacco use, and SHS exposure (cotinine levels 0.05 ng/mL in a nonsmoker). We used multivariate methods to compare tobacco use prevalence and SHS exposure among gay or lesbian (n = 180), bisexual (n = 273), homosexually experienced (n = 388), and exclusively heterosexual (n = 10 903) individuals, with adjustment for demographic confounding. Results. Lesbian and bisexual women evidenced higher rates of tobacco use than heterosexual women. Among nonsmokers, SHS exposure was more prevalent among lesbian and homosexually experienced women than among heterosexual women. Nonsmoking lesbians reported greater workplace exposure and bisexual women greater household exposure than heterosexual women did. Identical comparisons among men were not significant except for lower workplace exposure among nonsmoking gay men than among heterosexual men. Conclusions. Nonsmoking sexual-minority women aremore likely to be exposed to SHS than nonsmoking heterosexual women. Public health efforts to reduce SHS exposure in this vulnerable population are needed. Keywords: adult; article; comparative study; confidence interval; environmental exposure; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; passive smoking; prevalence; risk; sexuality; smoking; statistics; United States, Adult; Confidence Intervals; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Sexuality; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301423_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A randomized trial of a hepatitis care coordination model in methadone maintenance treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Masson, C.L. Author-Name: Delucchi, K.L. Author-Name: McKnight, C. Author-Name: Hettema, J. Author-Name: Khalili, M. Author-Name: Min, A. Author-Name: Jordan, A.E. Author-Name: Pepper, N. Author-Name: Hall, J. Author-Name: Hengl, N.S. Author-Name: Young, C. Author-Name: Shopshire, M.S. Author-Name: Manuel, J.K. Author-Name: Coffin, L. Author-Name: Hammer, H. Author-Name: Shapiro, B. Author-Name: Seewald, R.M. Author-Name: Bodenheimer Jr., H.C. Author-Name: Sorensen, J.L. Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Perlman, D.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e81-e88 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301458 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a hepatitis care coordination intervention to improve linkage to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination and clinical evaluation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among methadone maintenance patients. Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 489 participants from methadone maintenance treatment programs in San Francisco, California, and New York City from February 2008 through June 2011. We randomized participants to a control arm (n = 245) and an intervention arm (n = 244), which included on-site screening, motivational-enhanced education and counseling, on-site vaccination, and case management services. Results. Compared with the control group, intervention group participants were significantly more likely (odds ratio [OR] = 41.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.4, 90.0) to receive their first vaccine dose within 30 days and to receive an HCV evaluation within 6 months (OR = 4.10; 95% CI = 2.35, 7.17). A combined intervention adherence outcome that measured adherence to HAV-HBV vaccination, HCV evaluation, or both strongly favored the intervention group (OR = 8.70; 95% CI = 5.56, 13.61). Conclusions. Hepatitis care coordination was efficacious in increasing adherence to HAV-HBV vaccination and HCV clinical evaluation among methadone patients. Keywords: methadone, adult; article; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; human; male; middle aged; opiate substitution treatment; outcome assessment; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial; statistics; United States; vaccination, Adult; Confidence Intervals; Female; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Humans; Male; Methadone; Middle Aged; New York City; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Patient Compliance; San Francisco; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301458_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Only your calamity": The beginnings of activism by and for people with AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wright, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1788-1798 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301381 Abstract: The invention of AIDS activism came soon after the AIDS epidemic emerged in gay communities in the United States in the early 1980s. AIDS activism by and for people with AIDS, distinct from gay activism responding to the threat of AIDS on the behalf of the whole community, started as a way of resisting the phenomenon of social death. Social death, in which people are considered "as good as dead" and denied roles in community life, posed a unique threat to people with AIDS. An organized political response to AIDS began among gay men with AIDS in San Francisco, California, and New York, New York, formalized in a foundational document later called the Denver Principles. The ideas and language of these first people with AIDS influenced later AIDS activism movements. They also help to illustrate the importance of considering an epidemic from the point of view of people with the disease. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; history; human; human rights; male; patient advocacy; social discrimination; United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; History, 20th Century; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Patient Advocacy; Social Discrimination; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301381_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and lung cancer: Unraveling the contribution of genetic admixture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aldrich, M.C. Author-Name: Selvin, S. Author-Name: Wrensch, M.R. Author-Name: Sison, J.D. Author-Name: Hansen, H.M. Author-Name: Quesenberry Jr., C.P. Author-Name: Seldin, M.F. Author-Name: Barcellos, L.F. Author-Name: Buffler, P.A. Author-Name: Wiencke, J.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e73-e80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301370 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between genetic ancestry, socioeconomic status (SES), and lung cancer among African Americans and Latinos. Methods. We evaluated SES and genetic ancestry in a Northern California lung cancer case-control study (1998-2003) of African Americans and Latinos. Lung cancer case and control participants were frequency matched on age, gender, and race/ethnicity. We assessed case-control differences in individual admixture proportions using the 2-sample t test and analysis of covariance. Logistic regression models examined associations among genetic ancestry, socioeconomic characteristics, and lung cancer. Results. Decreased Amerindian ancestry was associated with higher education among Latino control participants and greater African ancestry was associated with decreased education among African lung cancer case participants. Education was associated with lung cancer among both Latinos and African Americans, independent of smoking, ancestry, age, and gender. Genetic ancestry was not associated with lung cancer among African Americans. Conclusions. Findings suggest that socioeconomic factors may have a greater impact than genetic ancestry on lung cancer among African Americans. The genetic heterogeneity and recent dynamic migration and acculturation of Latinos complicate recruitment; thus, epidemiological analyses and findings should be interpreted cautiously. Keywords: adult; African American; aged; article; confidence interval; ethnology; female; genetic predisposition; genetics; genotyping technique; Hispanic; human; lung tumor; male; middle aged; risk; smoking; social class; statistical model; United States, Adult; African Americans; Aged; California; Confidence Intervals; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genotyping Techniques; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Logistic Models; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Smoking; Social Class Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301370_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Future directions in research on institutional and interpersonal discrimination and children's health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Acevedo-Garcia, D. Author-Name: Rosenfeld, L.E. Author-Name: Hardy, E. Author-Name: McArdle, N. Author-Name: Osypuk, T.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1754-1763 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300986 Abstract: Research evidence indicates that 2 forms of racial discrimination - perceived interpersonal discrimination and racial/ethnic residential segregation (a form of institutional discrimination) - may influence children's health and disparities. Although research on these 2 forms of discrimination and health has primarily focused on adults, smaller bodies of work have documented that perceived interpersonal discrimination and segregation have a negative effect on infants' health, and that perceived interpersonal discrimination may negatively affect children's mental health. Three directions for research are (1) incorporating a life-course perspective into studies of discrimination and children's health, (2) linking residential segregation with geographyof- opportunity conceptual frameworks and measures, and (3) considering residential segregation along with segregation in other contexts that influence children's health (e.g., schools). Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; forecasting; health disparity; human; infant; mental health; preschool child; racism; research; school; social psychology; United States, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Forecasting; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Mental Health; Prejudice; Racism; Research; Schools; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300986_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kaminski et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaminski, J.W. Author-Name: Perou, R. Author-Name: Visser, S.N. Author-Name: Scott, K.G. Author-Name: Beckwith, L. Author-Name: Howard, J. Author-Name: Smith, D.C. Author-Name: Danielson, M.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301528 Keywords: behavior disorder; child welfare; health care quality; health promotion; human; methodology; note; poverty; social adaptation, Child Behavior Disorders; Child Welfare; Health Promotion; Humans; Poverty; Program Evaluation; Social Adjustment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301528_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early hits and long-term consequences: Tracking the lasting impact of prenatal smoke exposure on telomere length in children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theall, K.P. Author-Name: McKasson, S. Author-Name: Mabile, E. Author-Name: Dunaway, L.F. Author-Name: Drury, S.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S133-S135 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301208 Abstract: We examined the association between telomere length and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) in 104 children aged 4 to 14 years. Salivary telomere length (STL) was determined from salivary DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Of the children, 18% had maternal reported PTE. Mean STL was significantly lower among children with PTE (6.4 vs 7.5, P < .05). Findings extend the literature demonstrating the negative long-term effects of PTE to include a cellular marker of aging linked to multiple negative health outcomes. Keywords: adolescent; African American; article; child; environmental exposure; female; human; male; passive smoking; pregnancy; prenatal exposure; preschool child; questionnaire; real time polymerase chain reaction; retrospective study; telomere; ultrastructure; United States, Adolescent; African Americans; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Maternal Exposure; New Orleans; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Questionnaires; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Retrospective Studies; Telomere; Tobacco Smoke Pollution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301208_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based gay-affirmative interventions: First amendment and ethical concerns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Author-Name: Bayer, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1764-1771 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301385 Abstract: Public health professionals and educators have developed effective schoolbased interventions to reduce prejudice and stigma against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students. Such interventions can reduce the harm caused to sexual minority youths by stigma and can improve health outcomes. However, critics have warned that these interventions attempt to control speech and religious beliefs protected by the First Amendment. We review this critique and assess the legal and ethical arguments. We conclude that, both legally and ethically, there is great leeway for schools to implement LGBT-affirmative interventions. Still, we recommend that interventionists attend critics' concerns using principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Using CBPR approaches, interventionists can achieve better community acceptance and cooperation and more successful interventions. Keywords: article; bioethics; civil rights; curriculum; education; ethics; female; human; male; organization and management; participatory research; religion; school; sexuality, Bioethical Issues; Civil Rights; Community-Based Participatory Research; Constitution and Bylaws; Curriculum; Female; Humans; Male; Religion; Schools; Sexuality Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301385_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: To promote adoption of household health technologies, think beyond health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thurber, M.C. Author-Name: Warner, C. Author-Name: Platt, L. Author-Name: Slaski, A. Author-Name: Gupta, R. Author-Name: Miller, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1736-1740 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301367 Abstract: Health risks from poor malaria control, unsafe water, and indoor air pollution are responsible for an important share of the global disease burden - and they can be addressed by efficacious household health technologies that have existed for decades. However, coverage rates of these products among populations at risk remain disappointingly low. We conducted a review of the medical and public health literatures and found that health considerations alone are rarely sufficient motivation for households to adopt and use these technologies. In light of these findings, we argue that health education and persuasion campaigns by themselves are unlikely to be adequate. Instead, health policymakers and professionals must understand what users value beyond health and possibly reengineer health technologies with these concerns in mind. Keywords: attitude; environmental health; health; health promotion; housing; human; poverty; review; risk; technology, Attitude; Environmental Health; Health Promotion; Housing; Humans; Poverty Areas; Risk; Technology; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301367_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse on contraceptive method selection and discontinuation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Allsworth, J.E. Author-Name: Secura, G.M. Author-Name: Zhao, Q. Author-Name: Madden, T. Author-Name: Peipert, J.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1857-1864 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301371 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of exposure to emotional, physical, or sexual abuse on contraceptive method selection and discontinuation. Methods. We performed a secondary analysis of 7170 women enrolled in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project in St. Louis, Missouri, a prospective cohort study in which 9256 women were provided their preferred method of contraception at no cost from 2007 to 2011. We defined contraceptive discontinuation as device removal or nonuse for at least 4 weeks within the first 12 months after initiation. Results. One third of women experienced some abuse in their lifetimes. Women with an abuse history were as likely as those without to select a longacting reversible contraceptive method and more likely to choose a contraceptive injection, the patch, or the ring. When we compared women who were abused to those who were not, rates of discontinuation at 12 months were higher among women who selected long-acting reversible contraception (17% vs 14%; P = .04) and significantly higher among women who selected non-long-acting methods (56% vs 47%; P < .001). Type of abuse did not alter the association between abuse and contraceptive continuation. Conclusions. Previous experiences of abuse are associated with both contraceptive method selection and continuation. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; contraception; domestic violence; female; human; male; methodology; middle aged; prospective study; psychological aspect; sexual crime; United States; unsafe sex; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Contraception; Domestic Violence; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Missouri; Prospective Studies; Sex Offenses; Unsafe Sex; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301371_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A successful asthma treatment program in Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Segundo, G.R.S. Author-Name: Ribeiro, J.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301466 Keywords: asthma; female; health care delivery; health care organization; health promotion; human; male; note; outcome assessment; poverty; utilization review, Asthma; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Health Care Coalitions; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Poverty Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301466_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between client characteristics and recovery in California's comprehensive community mental health programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yoon, J. Author-Name: Bruckner, T.A. Author-Name: Brown, T.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e89-e95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301233 Abstract: Objectives. In November 2004, California voters passed the Mental Health Services Act, which allocated more than $3 billion for comprehensive community mental health programs. We examined whether these county-level programs, known as "full service partnerships," promoted independent living arrangements (i.e., recovery) among their clients. Methods. We used Markov chain models to identify probabilities of residential transitions among 8 living arrangements (n = 9208 adults followed up to 4 years). We modeled these transitions on the basis of patterns of program participation and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Results. Interrupted program participation and substance abuse were significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of independent living and a greater probability of homelessness and incarceration. Persons with schizophrenia were the least likely to live independently, followed by persons with bipolar disorder. Compared with Whites, non-Whites were more frequently found to be homeless or in jail. Conclusions. Clients with sustained enrollment in California's comprehensive community mental health programs appear most likely to transition to independent living. The likelihood of this transition, however, shows a disparity in that ethnic minority clients appear least likely to transition to independent living. Keywords: adult; article; ethnology; factual database; female; human; independent living; legal aspect; male; mental disease; mental health service; minority group; patient compliance; probability; psychological aspect; social adaptation; statistics; United States, Adult; California; Community Mental Health Services; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Independent Living; Male; Markov Chains; Mental Disorders; Minority Groups; Patient Compliance; Social Adjustment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301233_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons learned from use of social network strategy in HIV testing programs targeting African American men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCree, D.H. Author-Name: Millett, G. Author-Name: Baytop, C. Author-Name: Royal, S. Author-Name: Ellen, J. Author-Name: Halkitis, P.N. Author-Name: Kupprat, S.A. Author-Name: Gillen, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1851-1856 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301260 Abstract: Objectives. We report lessons derived from implementation of the Social Network Strategy (SNS) into existing HIV counseling, testing, and referral services targeting 18- to 64-year-old Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. The SNS procedures used in this study were adapted from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded, 2-year demonstration project involving 9 community-based organizations (CBOs) in 7 cities. Under the SNS, HIV-positive and HIV-negative men at high risk for HIV (recruiters) were enlisted to identify and recruit persons from their social, sexual, or drug-using networks (network associates) for HIV testing. Sites maintained records of modified study protocols for ascertaining lessons learned. The study was conducted between April 2008 and May 2010 at CBOs in Washington, DC, and New York, New York, and at a health department in Baltimore, Maryland. Results. Several common lessons regarding development of the plan, staffing, training, and use of incentives were identified across the sites. Collectively, these lessons indicate use of SNS is resource-intensive, requiring a detailed plan, dedicated staff, and continual input from clients and staff for successful implementation. Conclusions. SNS may provide a strategy for identifying and targeting clusters of high-risk Black MSM for HIV testing. Given the resources needed to implement the strategy, additional studies using an experimental design are needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of SNS compared with other testing strategies. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; article; ethnology; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; male homosexuality; mass screening; methodology; middle aged; social network; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Baltimore; District of Columbia; Health Promotion; HIV Seropositivity; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; New York City; Social Networking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301260_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genetics in population health science: Strategies and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Belsky, D.W. Author-Name: Moffitt, T.E. Author-Name: Caspi, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S73-S83 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301139 Abstract: Translational research is needed to leverage discoveries from the frontiers of genome science to improve public health. So far, public health researchers have largely ignored genetic discoveries, and geneticists have ignored important aspects of population health science. This mutual neglect should end. In this article, we discuss 3 areas where public health researchers can help to advance translation: (1) risk assessment: investigate genetic profiles as components in composite risk assessments; (2) targeted intervention: conduct life-course longitudinal studies to understand when genetic risks manifest in development and whether intervention during sensitive periods can have lasting effects; and (3) improved understanding of environmental causation: collaborate with geneticists on gene-environment interaction research. We illustrate with examples from our own research on obesity and smoking. Keywords: article; genetic engineering; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; methodology; obesity; public health; risk assessment; smoking; translational research, Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Research; Humans; Obesity; Public Health; Risk Assessment; Smoking; Translational Medical Research Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301139_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sex, gender, genetics, and health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Short, S.E. Author-Name: Yang, Y.C. Author-Name: Jenkins, T.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S93-S101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301229 Abstract: This article addresses 2 questions. First, to what extent are sex and gender incorporated into research on genetics and health? Second, how might social science understandings of sex and gender, and gender differences in health, become more integrated into scholarship in this area? We review articles on genetics and health published in selected peer-reviewed journals. Although sex is included frequently as a control or stratifying variable, few articles articulate a conceptual frame or methodological justification for conducting research in this way, and most are not motivated by sex or gender differences in health. Gender differences in health are persistent, unexplained, and shaped by multilevel social factors. Future scholarship on genetics and health needs to incorporate more systematic attention to sex and gender, gender as an environment, and the intertwining of social and biological variation over the life course. Such integration will advance understandings of gender differences in health, and may yield insight regarding the processes and circumstances that make genomic variation relevant for health and well-being. Keywords: female; gender identity; genetics; human; male; psychology; review; sex difference; sexual development, Female; Gender Identity; Genetics; Humans; Male; Psychology; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301229_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of increased asthma education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Minutelli, D.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301536 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301536 Keywords: asthma; hospitalization; human; letter; medication compliance; nurse attitude; nursing; patient education; United States, Asthma; Florida; Hospitalization; Humans; Medication Adherence; Nurse's Role; Patient Education as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301536_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lusk et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lusk, A.C. Author-Name: Morency, P. Author-Name: Miranda-Moreno, L.F. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Dennerlein, J.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301531 Keywords: bicycle; environmental planning; human; note; practice guideline; standard; statistics; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Bicycling; Environment Design; Guidelines as Topic; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301531_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genomics and the nature of behavioral and social risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGue, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S7-S9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301527 Keywords: behavior; diseases; editorial; environment; genetics; genomics; human; personalized medicine; psychological aspect; psychology; risk factor, Behavior; Disease; Environment; Genomics; Humans; Individualized Medicine; Psychology; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301527_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of case management for homeless persons: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Vet, R. Author-Name: Van Luijtelaar, M.J.A. Author-Name: Brilleslijper-Kater, S.N. Author-Name: Vanderplasschen, W. Author-Name: Beijersbergen, M.D. Author-Name: Wolf, J.R.L.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e13-e26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301491 Abstract: We reviewed the literature on standard case management (SCM), intensive case management (ICM), assertive community treatment (ACT), and critical time intervention (CTI) for homeless adults. We searched databases for peer-reviewed English articles published from 1985 to 2011 and found 21 randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies comparing case management to other services. We found little evidence for the effectiveness of ICM. SCM improved housing stability, reduced substance use, and removed employment barriers for substance users. ACT improved housing stability and was costeffective for mentally ill and dually diagnosed persons. CTI showed promise for housing, psychopathology, and substance use and was cost-effective formentally ill persons. More research is needed on how case management canmost effectively support rapid-rehousing approaches to homelessness. Keywords: adolescent; adult; case management; economics; female; health care quality; homelessness; human; male; middle aged; randomized controlled trial (topic); review; standard; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Case Management; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Program Evaluation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301491_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The stigma of HIV. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1747 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301414 Keywords: article; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; painting; psychological aspect; social psychology, HIV Infections; Humans; Paintings; Stereotyping Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301414_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk of fatal injury in young children following abuse allegations: Evidence from a prospective, population-based study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Putnam-Hornstein, E. Author-Name: Cleves, M.A. Author-Name: Licht, R. Author-Name: Needell, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e39-e44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301516 Abstract: Objectives. We examined variations in children's risk of an unintentional or intentional fatal injury following an allegation of physical abuse, neglect, or other maltreatment. Methods. We linked records of 514 232 children born in California from 1999 to 2006 and referred to child protective services for maltreatment to vital birth and death data. We used multivariable Cox regression models to estimate variations in risk of fatal injury before age 5 years and modeled maltreatment allegations as time-varying covariates. Results. Children with a previous allegation of physical abuse sustained fatal injuries at 1.7 times the rate of children referred for neglect. Stratification by manner of injury showed that children with an allegation of physical abuse died from intentional injuries at a rate 5 times as high as that for children with an allegation of neglect, yet faced a significantly lower risk of unintentional fatal injury. Conclusions. These data suggest conceptual differences between physical abuse and neglect. Findings indicate that interventions consistent with the form of alleged maltreatment may be appropriate, and heightened monitoring of young children referred for physical abuse may advance child protection. Keywords: adult; article; child abuse; confidence interval; factual database; female; human; injury; male; mortality; preschool child; proportional hazards model; prospective study; risk assessment; statistics; United States, Adult; California; Child Abuse; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Male; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301516_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking our public health genetics research paradigm Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: El-Sayed, A.M. Author-Name: Koenen, K.C. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S14-S18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301127 Abstract: Since the sequencing of the human genome, tremendous resources have been dedicated to understanding how genetic determinants may drive the production of disease. Despite some successes, the promise of genetics research in these areas remains largely unrealized. The focus on isolating individual (or clusters of) genes that may be associated with narrowly defined phenotypes in large part explains this discrepancy. In particular, efforts to identify genotypes associated with narrow phenotypes force the field to use study designs that capitalize on homogeneous samples to minimize the potential for competing influences or confounders, which imposes important limitations on understanding the role of genes in human health. We argue that a population health genetics that incorporates genetics into large, multiwave, multilevel cohorts has the best potential to clarify how genes, in combination and with the environment, jointly influence population health. Keywords: article; genetics; genotype; human; methodology; phenotype; population genetics; public health, Genetic Research; Genetics, Population; Genotype; Humans; Phenotype; Public Health; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301127_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent sexually transmitted infections and risk for subsequent HIV Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Newbern, E.C. Author-Name: Anschuetz, G.L. Author-Name: Eberhart, M.G. Author-Name: Salmon, M.E. Author-Name: Brady, K.A. Author-Name: De Los Reyes, A. Author-Name: Baker, J.M. Author-Name: Asbel, L.E. Author-Name: Johnson, C.C. Author-Name: Schwarz, D.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1874-1881 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301463 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the risk of HIV associated with sexually transmitted infection (STI) history during adolescence. Methods. We retrospectively studied a cohort of adolescents (n = 75 273, born in 1985-1993) who participated in the Philadelphia High School STD Screening Program between 2003 and 2010. We matched the cohort to STI and HIV surveillance data sets and death certificates and performed Poisson regression to estimate the association between adolescent STI exposures and subsequent HIV diagnosis. Results. Compared with individuals reporting no STIs during adolescence, adolescents with STIs had an increased risk for subsequent HIV infection (incidence rate ratio [IRR] for adolescent girls = 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 4.7; IRR for adolescent boys = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.7, 3.1). Risk increased with number of STIs. The risk of subsequent HIV infection was more than 3 times as high among those with multiple gonococcal infections during adolescence as among those with none. Conclusions. Effective interventions that reduce adolescent STIs are needed to avert future STI and HIV acquisition. Focusing on adolescents with gonococcal infections or multiple STIs might have the greatest impact on future HIV risk. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; death certificate; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; Poisson distribution; retrospective study; risk assessment; sex ratio; sexually transmitted disease; United States; unsafe sex; urine, Adolescent; Child; Death Certificates; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Philadelphia; Poisson Distribution; Population Surveillance; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Sex Distribution; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Unsafe Sex; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301463_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bridging the gap between implementation science and parenting intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fraser, J.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e11-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301500 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301500 Keywords: behavior disorder; child welfare; health care quality; health promotion; human; methodology; note; poverty; social adaptation, Child Behavior Disorders; Child Welfare; Health Promotion; Humans; Poverty; Program Evaluation; Social Adjustment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301500_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Critical need for family-based, quasi-experimental designs in integrating genetic and social science research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: D'Onofrio, B.M. Author-Name: Lahey, B.B. Author-Name: Turkheimer, E. Author-Name: Lichtenstein, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S46-S55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301252 Abstract: Researchers have identified environmental risks that predict subsequent psychological and medical problems. Based on these correlational findings, researchers have developed and tested complex developmental models and have examined biological moderating factors (e.g., gene- environment interactions). In this context, we stress the critical need for researchers to use familybased, quasi-experimental designs when trying to integrate genetic and social science research involving environmental variables because these designs rigorously examine causal inferences by testing competing hypotheses. We argue that sibling comparison, offspring of twins or siblings, in vitro fertilization designs, and other genetically informed approaches play a unique role in bridging gaps between basic biological and social science research. We use studies on maternal smoking during pregnancy to exemplify these principles. Keywords: article; behavioral research; environmental exposure; epidemiology; family health; female; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; methodology; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; psychological aspect; risk factor; smoking; sociology, Behavioral Research; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Environmental Exposure; Family Health; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Research; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Research Design; Risk Factors; Smoking; Social Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301252_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and safety of child care centers: An analysis of licensing specialists' reports of routine, unannounced inspections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crowley, A.A. Author-Name: Jeon, S. Author-Name: Rosenthal, M.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e52-e58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301298 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of regulatory noncompliance of licensed child care centers and identified factors associated with improved compliance. Methods. We analyzed 676 routine, unannounced reports of child care centers collected by the Connecticut Department of Public Health licensing specialists over a 2-year time period, included characteristics of centers, and created categories of regulations. Results. The sample included 41% of licensed child care centers. Of the 13 categories of regulations in the analyses, 7 categories (outdoor safety, indoor safety, indoor health, child and staff documentation, emergency preparedness, infant-toddler indoor health, and infant-toddler indoor safety) had regulations with center noncompliance greater than 10%. Playground hazard-free was the regulation with the highest frequency (48.4%) of noncompliance. Compliance with the regulation for 20 hours of continuing education per year for child care providers was the characteristic most frequently associated with regulations compliance. Conclusions. Efforts to support continuing education of child care providers are essential to improve and sustain healthy and safe early-care and education programs. Analyses of state child care licensing inspection reports provide valuable data and findings for strategic planning efforts. Keywords: article; confidence interval; day care; human; legal aspect; licensing; practice guideline; preschool child; research; safety; specialization; standard; United States, Child Day Care Centers; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Connecticut; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Licensure; Research Report; Safety Management; Specialization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301298_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The dialogue between social environments and the genome Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Szyf, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S9-S11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301533 Keywords: editorial; epigenetics; genome; genotype; human; phenotype; public health; social environment; sociology, Epigenomics; Genome; Genotype; Humans; Phenotype; Public Health; Social Environment; Social Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301533_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peer victimization and sexual risk differences between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning and nontransgender heterosexual youths in grades 7-12 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robinson, J.P. Author-Name: Espelage, D.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1810-1819 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301387 Abstract: Objectives. Before and after accounting for peer victimization, we estimated sexual risk disparities between students who self-identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning (LGBTQ) and students who self-identified as nontransgender heterosexual. Methods. Students in grades 7 through 12 in Dane County, Wisconsin, were given the Web-administered Dane County Youth Assessment. One set of analyses was based on a sample that included 11 337 students. Subsequent analyses were based on a sample from which we screened out students whomay not have been responding to survey items truthfully. Various multilevel-modeling and propensity- score-matching strategies ensured robustness of the results, examined disparities at lower and higher victimization rates, and explored heterogeneity among LGBTQ-identified youths. Finally, propensity-score-matching strategies estimated LGBTQ-heterosexual disparities in 2 matched samples: a sample that reported higher victimization and one that reported lower victimization. Results. Across 7 sexual risk outcomes, and in middle and high school, LGBTQidentified youths reported engaging in riskier behavior than did heterosexualidentified youths after we accounted for peer victimization. Risk differentials were present in middle and high school. The LGBTQ group was heterogeneous, with lesbian/gay- and bisexual-identified youths generally appearing most risky, and questioning-identified youths least risky. In the matched sample with lower average victimization rates, LGBTQ-identified youths perceived a greater risk of sexually transmitted infections despite not engaging in sexually risky behavior at significantly higher rates; in the matched sample with higher average victimization rates, all outcomes were significantly different. Conclusions. Demonstrated LGBTQ-heterosexual risk differentials in grades 7 through 8 suggest that interventions need to be implemented during middle school. These interventions should also be differentiated to address the unique risk patterns among LGBTQ subgroups. Finally, models of sexual risk disparities must expand beyond peer victimization. Keywords: adolescent; article; bisexuality; bullying; comparative study; female; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; peer group; questionnaire; risk; theoretical model; transsexuality; United States; unsafe sex, Adolescent; Bisexuality; Bullying; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Odds Ratio; Peer Group; Questionnaires; Transgendered Persons; Unsafe Sex; Wisconsin Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301387_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Conceptual shifts needed to understand the dynamic interactions of genes, environment, epigenetics, social processes, and behavioral choices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jackson, F.L.C. Author-Name: Niculescu, M.D. Author-Name: Jackson, R.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S33-S42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301221 Abstract: Social and behavioral research in public health is often intimately tied to profound, but frequently neglected, biological influences from underlying genetic, environmental, and epigenetic events. The dynamic interplay between the life, social, and behavioral sciences often remains underappreciated and underutilized in addressing complex diseases and disorders and in developing effective remediation strategies. Usinga case-study format, we present examples as to howthe inclusionofgenetic, environmental, and epigenetic data can augment social and behavioral health research by expanding the parameters of such studies, adding specificity to phenotypic assessments, and providing additional internal control in comparative studies. We highlight the important roles of gene-environment interactions and epigenetics as sources of phenotypic change and as a bridge between the life and social and behavioral sciences in the development of robustinterdisciplinaryanalyses. Keywords: article; behavioral research; behavioral science; decision making; diseases; environment; epigenetics; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; methodology; phenotype; psychological aspect; psychology; social environment; sociology, Behavioral Research; Behavioral Sciences; Choice Behavior; Disease; Environment; Epigenomics; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Phenotype; Psychology; Research Design; Social Environment; Social Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301221_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Capacity of US drug treatment facilities to provide evidence-based tobacco treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hunt, J.J. Author-Name: Gajewski, B.J. Author-Name: Jiang, Y. Author-Name: Cupertino, A.P. Author-Name: Richter, K.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1799-1801 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301427 Abstract: Although people with drug problems consume a large proportion of cigarettes smoked in the United States, few drug treatment facilities offer tobacco treatment. Our analysis of 405 facilities showed that most had the skills but few had policies, leadership, or financial resources to provide evidencebased tobacco treatment. For-profits reported significantly fewer tobacco treatment resources than nonprofits. The Affordable Care and Mental Health Parity acts will improve treatment access for drug-dependent persons. To realize these acts' full promise, policymakers should ensure that clients have access to tobacco treatment. Keywords: article; drug dependence treatment; economics; evidence based medicine; factual database; health care delivery; health care planning; health care survey; human; organization and management; outpatient department; patient education; smoking cessation; United States, Ambulatory Care Facilities; Databases, Factual; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Care Surveys; Health Resources; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Tobacco Use Cessation; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301427_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social regulation of human gene expression: Mechanisms and implications for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cole, S.W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S84-S92 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301183 Abstract: Recent analyses have discovered broad alterations in the expression of human genes across different social environments. The emerging field of social genomics has begun to identify the types of genes sensitive to social regulation, the biological signaling pathways mediating these effects, and the genetic polymorphisms that modify their individual impact. The human genome appears to have evolved specific "social programs" to adapt molecular physiology to the changing patterns of threat and opportunity ancestrally associated with changing social conditions. In the context of the immune system, this programming now fosters many of the diseases that dominate public health. The embedding of individual genomes within a broader metagenomic network provides a framework for integrating molecular, physiologic, and social perspectives on human health. Keywords: article; gene expression regulation; genetics; genomics; genotype environment interaction; human; human genome; molecular evolution; physiology; public health; signal transduction; social environment, Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genome, Human; Genomics; Humans; Public Health; Signal Transduction; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301183_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The challenge of causal inference in gene-environment interaction research: Leveraging research designs from the social sciences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fletcher, J.M. Author-Name: Conley, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S42-S45 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301290 Abstract: The integration of genetics and the social sciences will lead to a more complex understanding of the articulation between social and biological processes, although the empirical difficulties inherent in this integration are large. One key challenge is the implications of moving "outside the lab" and away from the experimental tools available for research with model organisms. Social science research methods used to examine human behavior in nonexperimental, real-world settingstodatehavenotbeen fully taken advantage of during this disciplinary integration, especially in the form of gene-environment interaction research. This article outlines and providesexamplesofseveral prominent research designs that should be used in gene- environment research and highlights a key benefit to geneticists of working with socialscientists. Keywords: article; epidemiology; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; methodology; sociology, Causality; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Research; Humans; Research Design; Social Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301290_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Zhang et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, N. Author-Name: Baker, H.W. Author-Name: Elliott, M.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301524 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301524 Keywords: educational status; female; human; lead poisoning; male; note, Educational Status; Female; Humans; Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301524_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCauley, H.L. Author-Name: Tancredi, D.J. Author-Name: Silverman, J.G. Author-Name: Decker, M.R. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: McCormick, M.C. Author-Name: Virata, M.C. Author-Name: Miller, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1882-1887 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301443 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the relationship between gender attitudes, identified as a critical component of violence prevention, and abuse toward dating partners among adolescent male athletes. Methods. Our sample comprised 1699 athletes from 16 high schools in northern California who were surveyed between December 2009 and October 2010 in the larger Coaching Boys Into Men trial. We used logistic regression to assess the association between gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse incidents. Results. Athletes with more gender-equitable attitudes and greater intention to intervene were less likely (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28, 0.46; and AOR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.75, respectively) and athletes who engaged in negative bystander behavior were more likely (AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.35) to perpetrate abuse against their female dating partners. Conclusions. Despite the shift among bystander intervention programs toward gender neutrality, our findings suggest a strong association between gender attitudes and dating violence. Programs designed for adolescents should include discussion of gender attitudes and target bystander behavior, because these components may operate on related but distinct pathways to reduce abuse. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; athlete; attitude; confidence interval; courtship; female; heterosexuality; human; male; peer group; psychological aspect; sex difference; sexual crime; statistical model; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Athletes; Attitude; California; Confidence Intervals; Courtship; Female; Heterosexuality; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Peer Group; Sex Factors; Sex Offenses Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301443_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Defining the environment in gene-environment research: Lessons from social epidemiology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boardman, J.D. Author-Name: Daw, J. Author-Name: Freese, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S64-S72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301355 Abstract: In this article, we make the case that social epidemiology provides a useful framework to define the environment within gene-environment (G×E) research. We describe the environment in a multilevel, multidomain, longitudinal framework that accounts for upstream processes influencing health outcomes. We then illustrate the utility of this approach by describing how intermediate levels of social organization, such as neighborhoods or schools, are key environmental components of G×E research. We discuss different models of G×E research and encourage public health researchers to consider the value of including genetic information from their study participants. We also encourage researchers interested in G×E interplay to consider the merits of the social epidemiology model when defining the environment. Keywords: article; epidemiology; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; social environment, Epidemiologic Factors; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Research; Humans; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301355_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A population-based study of cardiovascular disease risk in sexual-minority women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farmer, G.W. Author-Name: Jabson, J.M. Author-Name: Bucholz, K.K. Author-Name: Bowen, D.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1845-1850 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301258 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine if sexual-minority women were at greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than their heterosexual counterparts. Methods. We aggregated data from the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys to examine differences in CVD risk between heterosexual and sexual-minority women by using the Framingham General CVD Risk Score to calculate a ratio of vascular and chronological age. We also examined differences in the prevalence of various CVD risk factors. Results. Sexual-minority women were more likely to be current or former smokers, to report a history of drug use, to report risky drinking, and to report a family history of CVD. On average, sexual-minority women were 13.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.5%, 19.3%) older in vascular terms than their chronological age, which was 5.7% (95% CI = 1.5%, 9.8%) greater than that of their heterosexual counterparts. Family history of CVD and history of drug use were unrelated to increased CVD risk, and this risk was not fully explained by either risky drinking or smoking. Conclusions. Sexual-minority women are at increased risk for CVD compared with heterosexual women. Keywords: adult; article; bisexuality; cardiovascular disease; comparative study; confidence interval; female; health behavior; health survey; human; lesbianism; methodology; middle aged; minority group; risk; risk assessment; United States, Adult; Bisexuality; Cardiovascular Diseases; Confidence Intervals; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Homosexuality, Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Odds Ratio; Population Surveillance; Risk Assessment; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301258_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health of sexual minorities: a new frontier. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Author-Name: Landers, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1735 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301568 Keywords: bisexuality; coding; editorial; health disparity; health survey; homosexuality; human; transsexualism; United States, Bisexuality; Clinical Coding; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality; Humans; Population Surveillance; Transsexualism; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301568_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing a reporting guideline for social and psychological intervention trials Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montgomery, P. Author-Name: Mayo-Wilson, E. Author-Name: Hopewell, S. Author-Name: MacDonald, G. Author-Name: Moher, D. Author-Name: Grant, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1741-1746 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301447 Abstract: Understanding randomized controlled trials of complex social and psychological interventions requires a detailed description of the interventions tested and the methods used to evaluate them.However, randomized controlled trial reports often omit, or inadequately report, this information. Incomplete and inaccurate reporting hinders the optimal use of research, wastes resources, and fails to meet ethical obligations to research participants and consumers. We explain how reporting guidelines have improved the quality of reports in medicine, and describe the ongoing development of a new reporting guideline for randomized controlled trials: an extension of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials for social and psychological interventions. Keywords: article; human; Internet; mental disease; practice guideline; randomized controlled trial (topic); reproducibility; research; social adaptation; standard, Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Internet; Mental Disorders; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproducibility of Results; Research Report; Social Adjustment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301447_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Creating smoke-free places through the un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rutkow, L. Author-Name: Vernick, J.S. Author-Name: Tung, G.J. Author-Name: Cohen, J.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1748-1753 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301174 Abstract: In some high-, middle-, and low-income countries, law has been employed to limit individuals' secondhand smoke exposure. Innovative legal tools are still needed, especially in lowandmiddle- income countries where smoking prevalence continues to rise. For some persons with severe respiratory conditions, the presence of secondhand smoke is intolerable and prevents their entrance into restaurants and other venues. With its adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2006, the United Nations gave countries a new way to promote the rights of disabled individuals and simultaneously address secondhand smoke exposure. We analyze the CRPD's potential to advance tobacco control goals and offer recommendations for advocates, policymakers, and others seeking to apply this approach. Keywords: article; disabled person; human; human rights; legal aspect; passive smoking; policy; United Nations, Disabled Persons; Human Rights; Humans; Organizational Policy; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United Nations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301174_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessment of genetic and nongenetic interactions for the prediction of depressive symptomatology: An analysis of the Wisconsin longitudinal study using machine learning algorithms Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roetker, N.S. Author-Name: Page, C.D. Author-Name: Yonker, J.A. Author-Name: Chang, V. Author-Name: Roan, C.L. Author-Name: Herd, P. Author-Name: Hauser, T.S. Author-Name: Hauser, R.M. Author-Name: Atwood, C.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: SUPPL.1 Pages: S136-S144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301141 Abstract: Objectives. We examined depression within a multidimensional framework consisting of genetic, environmental, and sociobehavioral factors and, using machine learning algorithms, explored interactions among these factors that might better explain the etiology of depressive symptoms. Methods. We measured current depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (n = 6378 participants in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study). Genetic factors were 78 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); environmental factors - 13 stressful life events (SLEs), plus a composite proportion of SLEs index; and sociobehavioral factors - 18 personality, intelligence, and other health or behavioral measures. We performed traditional SNP associations via logistic regression likelihood ratio testing and explored interactions with support vector machines and Bayesian networks. Results. After correction for multiple testing, we found no significant single genotypic associations with depressive symptoms. Machine learning algorithms showed no evidence of interactions. Naïve Bayes produced the best models in both subsets and included only environmental and sociobehavioral factors. Conclusions. We found no single or interactive associations with genetic factors and depressive symptoms. Various environmental and sociobehavioral factors were more predictive of depressive symptoms, yet their impacts were independent of one another. A genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations using machine learning methodologies will provide a framework for identifying genetic-environmental-sociobehavioral interactions in depressive symptoms. Keywords: adult; aged; article; Bayes theorem; cohort analysis; depression; female; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; life event; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; psychology; risk factor; single nucleotide polymorphism; statistical model; support vector machine; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bayes Theorem; Cohort Studies; Depression; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Life Change Events; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Psychology; Risk Factors; Support Vector Machines; Wisconsin Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301141_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is poverty geographic or area-based? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kirby, R.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301489 Keywords: adenocarcinoma; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care disparity; human; note; poverty; precancer; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ; uterine cervix tumor, Adenocarcinoma; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Ethnic Groups; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Poverty; Precancerous Conditions; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301489_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Marketing little cigars and cigarillos: Advertising, price, and associations with neighborhood demographics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cantrell, J. Author-Name: Kreslake, J.M. Author-Name: Ganz, O. Author-Name: Pearson, J.L. Author-Name: Vallone, D. Author-Name: Anesetti-Rothermel, A. Author-Name: Xiao, H. Author-Name: Kirchner, T.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 10 Pages: 1902-1909 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301362 Abstract: Objectives. We have documented little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) availability, advertising, and price in the point-of-sale environment and examined associations with neighborhood demographics. Methods. We used a multimodal real-time surveillance system to survey LCCs in 750 licensed tobacco retail outlets that sold tobacco products in Washington, DC. Using multivariate models, we examined the odds of LCC availability, the number of storefront exterior advertisements, and the price per cigarillo for Black & Mild packs in relation to neighborhood demographics. Results. The odds of LCC availability and price per cigarillo decreased significantly in nearly a dose-response manner with each quartile increase in proportion of African Americans. Prices were also lower in some young adult neighborhoods. Having a higher proportion of African American and young adult residents was associated with more exterior LCC advertising. Conclusions. Higher availability of LCCs in African American communities and lower prices and greater outdoor advertising in minority and young adult neighborhoods may establish environmental triggers to smoke among groups susceptible to initiation, addiction, and long-term negative health consequences. Keywords: adolescent; adult; advertizing; African American; article; commercial phenomena; demography; economics; human; methodology; qualitative research; regression analysis; tobacco; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Advertising as Topic; African Americans; Commerce; District of Columbia; Humans; Qualitative Research; Regression Analysis; Residence Characteristics; Tobacco Products; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301362_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lantz et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lantz, P.M. Author-Name: Mendez, D. Author-Name: Philbert, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301465 Keywords: radon, environmental exposure; health care policy; human; lung tumor; note; smoking, Environmental Exposure; Health Policy; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Radon; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301465_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal associations between types of childhood trauma and suicidal behavior among substance users: A cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, B.D.L. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Wood, E. Author-Name: Kerr, T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e69-e75 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301257 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the longitudinal associations between different types and severities of childhood trauma and suicide attempts among illicit drug users. Methods. Data came from 2 prospective cohort studies of illicit drug users in Vancouver, Canada, in 2005 to 2010. We used recurrent event proportional means models to estimate adjusted and weighted associations between types and severities of childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts. Results. Of 1634 participants, 411 (25.2%) reported a history of suicidal behavior at baseline. Over 5 years, 80 (4.9%) participants reported 97 suicide attempts, a rate of 2.6 per 100 person-years. Severe to extreme levels of sexual abuse (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 4.4), physical abuse (AHR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1, 3.8), and emotional abuse (AHR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.4, 8.7) predicted suicide attempts. Severe forms of physical and emotional neglect were not significantly associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior. Conclusions. Severe sexual, physical, and emotional childhood abuse confer substantial risk of repeated suicidal behavior in adulthood. Illicit drug users require intensive secondary suicide prevention efforts, particularly among those with a history of childhood trauma. Keywords: addiction; adult; aged; article; Canada; chi square distribution; child; child abuse; child sexual abuse; female; human; Kaplan Meier method; male; middle aged; prospective study; psychological aspect; questionnaire; risk factor; statistics; suicide attempt, Adult; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Aged; British Columbia; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child Abuse, Sexual; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide, Attempted; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301257_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in adolescent boys and maternal utilization of preventive care and history of sexually transmitted infections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hechter, R.C. Author-Name: Chao, C. Author-Name: Sy, L.S. Author-Name: Ackerson, B.K. Author-Name: Slezak, J.M. Author-Name: Sidell, M.A. Author-Name: Jacobsen, S.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e63-e68 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301495 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether maternal utilization of preventive care and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) predicted quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4) uptake among adolescent boys 1 year following the recommendation for permissive use of HPV4 for males. Methods. We linked maternal information with electronic health records of 254 489 boys aged 9 to 17 years who enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Southern California health plan from October 21, 2009, through December 21, 2010. We used multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance to examine whether HPV4 initiation was associated with maternal uptake of influenza vaccine, Papanicolaou (Pap) screening, and history of STIs. Results. We identified a modest but statistically significant association between initiation of HPV4 series and maternal receipt of influenza vaccine (rate ratio [RR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 1.26) and Pap screening (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.26). Boys whose mothers had a history of genital warts were more likely to initiate HPV4 (RR = 1.47; 95% CI = 0.93, 2.34), although the association did not reach statistical significance (P = .1). Conclusions. Maternal utilization of preventive care and history of genital warts may influence HPV4 uptake among adolescent boys. The important role of maternal health characteristics and health behaviors needs be considered in intervention efforts to increase vaccine uptake among boys. Keywords: human papillomavirus vaccine L1, type 6,11,16,18; Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; age; article; chi square distribution; condyloma acuminatum; female; human; male; mother; preventive medicine; psychological aspect; sexually transmitted disease; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; California; Chi-Square Distribution; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Preventive Medicine; Sexually Transmitted Diseases Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301495_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking and onset of mood and anxiety disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mojtabai, R. Author-Name: Crum, R.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1656-1665 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300911 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between regular cigarette smoking and new onset of mood and anxiety disorders. Methods. We used logistic regression analysis to detect associations between regular smoking and new-onset disorders during the 3-year follow-up among 34 653 participants in the longitudinal US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2001-2005). We used instrumental variable methods to assess the appropriateness of these models. Results. Regular smoking was associated with an increased risk of new onset of mood and anxiety disorders in multivariable analyses (F df=5,61 = 11.73; P < .001). Participants who smoked a larger number of cigarettes daily displayed a trend toward greater likelihood of new-onset disorders. Age moderated the association of smoking with most new-onset disorders. The association was mostly statistically significant and generally stronger in participants aged 18 to 49 years but was smaller and mostly nonsignificant in older adults. Conclusions. Our finding of a stronger association between regular cigarette smoking and increased risk of new-onset mood and anxiety disorders among younger adults suggest the need for vigorous antismoking campaigns and policy initiatives targeting this age group. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; anxiety disorder; article; female; human; male; middle aged; mood disorder; prospective study; psychological aspect; risk factor; smoking; socioeconomics; statistical model; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anxiety Disorders; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Mood Disorders; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300911_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smokers who try E-cigarettes to quit smoking: Findings from a multiethnic study in Hawaii Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pokhrel, P. Author-Name: Fagan, P. Author-Name: Little, M.A. Author-Name: Kawamoto, C.T. Author-Name: Herzog, T.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e57-e62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301453 Abstract: Objectives. We characterized smokers who are likely to use electronic or "e-"cigarettes to quit smoking. Methods. We obtained cross-sectional data in 2010-2012 from 1567 adult daily smokers in Hawaii using a paper-and-pencil survey. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. Results. Of the participants, 13% reported having ever used e-cigarettes to quit smoking. Smokers who had used them reported higher motivation to quit, higher quitting self-efficacy, and longer recent quit duration than did other smokers. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97, 0.99) and Native Hawaiian ethnicity (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.99) were inversely associated with increased likelihood of ever using e-cigarettes for cessation. Other significant correlates were higher motivation to quit (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.21), quitting self-efficacy (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.36), and ever using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cessation aids such as nicotine gum (OR = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.67, 5.19). Conclusions. Smokers who try e-cigarettes to quit smoking appear to be serious about wanting to quit. Despite lack of evidence regarding efficacy, smokers treat e-cigarettes as valid alternatives to FDA-approved cessation aids. Research is needed to test the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes as cessation aids. Keywords: nicotine gum, Aborigine; adult; article; Asian American; attitude to health; Caucasian; cross-sectional study; educational status; ethnology; female; human; male; methodology; middle aged; motivation; risk; smoking cessation; statistical model; statistics; tobacco; United States, Adult; Asian Americans; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hawaii; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Odds Ratio; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Use Cessation Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301453_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Electronic health records and US public health: Current realities and future promise Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, D.J. Author-Name: Parrish, R.G. Author-Name: Ross, D.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1560-1567 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301220 Abstract: Electronic health records (EHRs) could contribute to improving population health in the United States. Realizing this potential will require understanding what EHRs can realistically offer to efforts to improve population health, the requirements for obtaining useful information from EHRs, and a plan for addressing these requirements. Potential contributions of EHRs to improving population health include better understanding of the level and distribution of disease, function, and well-being within populations. Requirements are improved population coverage of EHRs, standardized EHR content and reporting methods, and adequate legal authority for using EHRs, particularly for population health. A collaborative national effort to address the most pressing prerequisites for and barriers to the use of EHRs for improving population health is needed to realize the EHR's potential. Keywords: article; electronic medical record; forecasting; health care policy; health insurance; health status; human; organization and management; public health; United States, Electronic Health Records; Forecasting; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; Health Policy; Health Status; Humans; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301220_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Monitoring the sodium content of restaurant foods: Public health challenges and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maalouf, J. Author-Name: Cogswell, M.E. Author-Name: Gunn, J.P. Author-Name: Curtis, C.J. Author-Name: Rhodes, D. Author-Name: Hoy, K. Author-Name: Pehrsson, P. Author-Name: Nickle, M. Author-Name: Merritt, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e21-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301442 Abstract: We reviewed methods of studies assessing restaurant foods' sodium content and nutrition databases. We systematically searched the 1964-2012 literature and manually examined references in selected articles and studies. Twenty-six (5.2%) of the 499 articles we found met the inclusion criteria and were abstracted. Five were conducted nationally. Sodium content determination methods included laboratory analysis (n = 15), point-ofpurchase nutrition information or restaurants' Web sites (n = 8), and menu analysis with a nutrient database (n = 3). There is no comprehensive data system that provides all information needed to monitor changes in sodium or other nutrients among restaurant foods. Combining information from different sources and methods may help informa comprehensive system to monitor sodium content reduction efforts in the US food Sand to develop future strategies. Keywords: catering service; food analysis; human; methodology; public health; review; sodium intake; standard; statistics, Food Analysis; Humans; Public Health; Restaurants; Sodium, Dietary Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301442_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and the built environment: 10 years after Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jackson, R.J. Author-Name: Dannenberg, A.L. Author-Name: Frumkin, H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1542-1544 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301482 Keywords: demography; editorial; education; environmental planning; health promotion; human; methodology; public health, Environment Design; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301482_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spanish-language community-based mental health treatment programs, policy-required language-assistance programming, and mental health treatment access among Spanish-speaking clients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Snowden, L.R. Author-Name: McClellan, S.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1628-1633 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301238 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the extent to which implementing language assistance programming through contracting with community-based organizations improved the accessibility of mental health care under Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program) for Spanish-speaking persons with limited English proficiency, and whether it reduced language-based treatment access disparities. Methods. Using a time series nonequivalent control group design, we studied county-level penetration of language assistance programming over 10 years (1997-2006) for Spanish-speaking persons with limited English proficiency covered under Medi-Cal. We used linear regression with county fixed effects to control for ongoing trends and other influences. Results. When county mental health plans contracted with community-based organizations, those implementing language assistance programming increased penetration rates of Spanish-language mental health services under Medi-Cal more than other plans (0.28 percentage points, a 25% increase on average; P < .05). However, the increase was insufficient to significantly reduce language-related disparities. Conclusions. Mental health treatment programs operated by communitybased organizations may have moderately improved access after implementing required language assistance programming, but the programming did not reduce entrenched disparities in the accessibility of mental health services. Keywords: article; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care policy; Hispanic; human; language; medicaid; mental health service; organization and management; psychological aspect; statistics; United States, California; Community Mental Health Services; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Language; Medicaid; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301238_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Talman et al. respond. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Talman, A. Author-Name: Bolton, S. Author-Name: Walson, J.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e1 Keywords: environment; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; note, Environment; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:9:e1_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Explaining racial disparities in infant health in Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nyarko, K.A. Author-Name: Lopez-Camelo, J. Author-Name: Castilla, E.E. Author-Name: Wehby, G.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1675-1684 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301021 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to quantify how socioeconomic, health care, demographic, and geographic effects explain racial disparities in low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) rates in Brazil. Methods. We employed a sample of 8949 infants born between 1995 and 2009 in 15 cities and 7 provinces in Brazil. We focused on disparities in LBW (< 2500 g) and PTB (< 37 gestational weeks) prevalence between infants of African ancestry alone or African mixed with other ancestries, and European ancestry alone. We used a decomposition model to quantify the contributions of conceptually relevant factors to these disparities. Results. The model explained 45% to 94% of LBW and 64% to 94% of PTB disparities between the African ancestry groups and European ancestry. Differences in prenatal care use and geographic location were the most important contributors, followed by socioeconomic differences. The model explained the majority of the disparities for mixed African ancestry and part of the disparity for African ancestry alone. Conclusions. Public policies to improve children's health should target prenatal care and geographic location differences to reduce health disparities between infants of African and European ancestries in Brazil. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; Brazil; Caucasian; female; health disparity; human; infant; infant welfare; low birth weight; male; maternal age; middle aged; Negro; newborn; prematurity; prenatal care; race; socioeconomics; statistics; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Brazil; Continental Population Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Welfare; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; Prenatal Care; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301021_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Factors explaining racial/ethnic disparities in rates of physician recommendation for colorectal cancer screening (Am J Public Health. 2013;103(7):e91-e99. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahmed, N.U. Author-Name: Pelletier, V. Author-Name: Winter, K. Author-Name: Albatineh, A.N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034e_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sommer, M. Author-Name: Sahin, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1556-1559 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374 Keywords: adolescent; article; developing country; female; human; hygiene; menstruation; public health; sanitation; school health service, Adolescent; Developing Countries; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Menstruation; Public Health; Sanitation; School Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid family planning expansions and related preventive care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wherry, L.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1577-1578 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301266 Abstract: I examined the impact of state expansions in eligibility for Medicaid family planning services on the utilization of Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, clinical breast examinations, HIV testing, and routine doctor check-ups among women aged 21 to 44 years using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (1993-2009). Using a natural experiment approach, I found significant increases in Pap tests and clinical breast examinations among women eligible for services under the expansions but no significant change in HIV testing or routine doctor check-ups. Keywords: adult; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; breast disease; family planning; female; human; medicaid; organization and management; preventive medicine; serodiagnosis; statistics; United States; utilization review; vagina smear, Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Breast Diseases; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Medicaid; Preventive Medicine; United States; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301266_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fish oils, coronary heart disease, and the environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greene, J. Author-Name: Ashburn, S.M. Author-Name: Razzouk, L. Author-Name: Smith, D.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1568-1576 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300959 Abstract: Clinical trials continue to produce conflicting results on the effectiveness of fish oils for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Despite many large, well-performed studies, questions still remain, made even more complex by the addition of early revascularization and statins in our coronary heart disease armamentarium. This is complicated by the reality that fish oil production has a measureable impact on reducing fish populations, which in turn has a negative impact on creating a sustainable product. We review the current data for fish oil usage in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease with an eye toward future studies, and the effects fish oil production has on the environment and efforts that are currently under way to mitigate these effects. Keywords: fish oil, coronary artery disease; environment; environmental protection; human; randomized controlled trial (topic); review; treatment outcome, Conservation of Natural Resources; Coronary Disease; Environment; Fish Oils; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300959_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acute alcohol consumption as a contributing factor to suicidal behavior Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, M.S. Author-Name: Giesbrecht, N. Author-Name: Caetano, R. Author-Name: Conner, K.R. Author-Name: Huguet, N. Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Author-Name: Nolte, K.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301422 Keywords: female; health care planning; human; male; methodology; note; preventive health service; social behavior; suicide; violence, Female; Health Priorities; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Social Responsibility; Suicide; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301422_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weight status of Mexican immigrant women: A comparison with women in Mexico and with US-born Mexican American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guendelman, S.D. Author-Name: Ritterman-Weintraub, M.L. Author-Name: Fernald, L.C.H. Author-Name: Kaufer-Horwitz, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1634-1640 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301171 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the association between birthplace, residence, or years in the United States and actual weight (body mass index), perceived weight accuracy, or provider screens for overweight or obesity among Mexican immigrant women. Methods. We used linked data from Health and Nutrition Examination Survey waves 2001-2006 and 2006 National Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey to compare 513 immigrants with 9527 women in Mexico and 342 US-born Mexican American women. Results. Immigrants were more likely than women in Mexico to be obese and to perceive themselves as overweight or obese after adjustment for confounders. Recent immigrants had similar weight-related outcomes as women in Mexico. Immigrants were less likely to be obese than were US-born Mexican Americans. Within the overweight or obese population, reported provider screens were higher among immigrants than among women in Mexico, but lower than among US-born Mexican Americans. US residency of at least 5 years but less than 20 years and reporting insufficient provider screens elevated obesity risk. Conclusions. Mexican-origin women in the United States and Mexico are at risk for overweight and obesity. We found no evidence of a "healthy immigrant" effect. Keywords: adult; age; article; body mass; chi square distribution; comparative study; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; Mexico; middle aged; migration; nutrition; obesity; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistical model; statistics; time; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Chi-Square Distribution; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Overweight; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301171_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lifetime socioeconomic inequalities in physical and cognitive aging Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hurst, L. Author-Name: Stafford, M. Author-Name: Cooper, R. Author-Name: Hardy, R. Author-Name: Richards, M. Author-Name: Kuh, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1641-1648 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301240 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301240 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between childhood and adult socioeconomic position (SEP) and objectively assessed, later-life functioning. Methods. We used the Medical Research Council's National Survey of Health and Development data to examine performance at 60 to 64 years (obtained in 2006-2011) for a representative UK sample. We compared 9 physical and cognitive performance measures (forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, handgrip strength, chair rise time, standing balance time, timed get up and go speed, verbal memory score, processing speed, and simple reaction time) over the SEP distribution. Results. Each performance measure was socially graded. Those at the top of the childhood SEP distribution had between 7% and 20% better performance than those at the bottom. Inequalities generally persisted after adjustment for adult SEP. When we combined the 9 performance measures, the relative difference was 66% (95% confidence interval = 53%, 78%). Conclusions. Public health practice should monitor and target inequalities in functional performance, as well as risk of disease and death. Effective strategies will need to affect the social determinants of health in early life to influence inequalities into old age. Keywords: aging; article; body equilibrium; cognition; daily life activity; female; forced expiratory volume; hand strength; health disparity; health status; human; male; middle aged; neuropsychology; physiology; psychological aspect; social class; socioeconomics; United Kingdom; vital capacity, Activities of Daily Living; Aging; Cognition; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Great Britain; Hand Strength; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropsychology; Postural Balance; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; Vital Capacity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301240_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Randomized, community-based pharmacy intervention to expand services beyond sale of sterile syringes to injection drug users in pharmacies in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crawford, N.D. Author-Name: Amesty, S. Author-Name: Rivera, A.V. Author-Name: Harripersaud, K. Author-Name: Turner, A. Author-Name: Fuller, C.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1579-1582 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301178 Abstract: Structural interventions may help reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV. In 2009 to 2011, we randomized pharmacies participating in a nonprescription syringe access program in minority communities to intervention (pharmacy enrolled and delivered HIV risk reduction information to injection drug users [IDUs]), primary control (pharmacy only enrolled IDUs), and secondary control (pharmacy did not engage IDUs). Intervention pharmacy staff reported more support for syringe sales than did control staff. An expanded pharmacy role in HIV risk reduction may be helpful. Keywords: article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; organization and management; pharmacy; preventive health service; randomized controlled trial; serodiagnosis; statistics; substance abuse; syringe; United States, AIDS Serodiagnosis; HIV Infections; Humans; Needle-Exchange Programs; New York City; Pharmacies; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Syringes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301178_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The national prevention strategy and breast cancer screening: Scientific evidence for public health action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plescia, M. Author-Name: White, M.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1545-1548 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301305 Abstract: Mammographyscreening rates in the United States have remained fairly stable over the past decade, and screening rates remain low for some groups. We examined insights fromrecent public health research on breast cancer screening to identify promising new approaches to improve screening rates and address persistent health disparities in mammography use. We considered this research in the context of the four strategic directions of the National Prevention Strategy: elimination of health disparities, empowered people, healthy and safe community environments, and clinical and community preventive services. This research points to the value of direct outreach and case management services, interventions to support more patient-centered models of care, and more organized, population-based approaches to identify women who are eligible to be screened, encourage participation, and monitor results. Keywords: aged; article; breast tumor; early diagnosis; female; health care disparity; health care planning; human; mammography; methodology; middle aged; preventive medicine; public health; standard; statistics, Aged; Breast Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Priorities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Mammography; Middle Aged; Preventive Medicine; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301305_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Designing for dissemination among public health researchers: Findings from a national survey in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Author-Name: Jacobs, J.A. Author-Name: Tabak, R.G. Author-Name: Hoehner, C.M. Author-Name: Stamatakis, K.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1693-1699 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301165 Abstract: Objectives. We have described the practice of designing for dissemination among researchers in the United States with the intent of identifying gaps and areas for improvement. Methods. In 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 266 researchers using a search of the top 12 public health journals in PubMed and lists available from government-sponsored research. The sample involved scientists at universities, the National Institutes of Health, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. Results. In the pooled sample, 73% of respondents estimated they spent less than 10% of their time on dissemination. About half of respondents (53%) had a person or team in their unit dedicated to dissemination. Seventeen percent of all respondents used a framework or theory to plan their dissemination activities. One third of respondents (34%) always or usually involved stakeholders in the research process. Conclusions. The current data and the existing literature suggest considerable room for improvement in designing for dissemination. Keywords: article; cross-sectional study; human; information dissemination; manpower; methodology; organization and management; personnel; public health; questionnaire; statistics; United States, Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Information Dissemination; Public Health; Questionnaires; Research Personnel; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301165_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends of edentulism among middle-aged and older Asian Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wu, B. Author-Name: Liang, J. Author-Name: Landerman, L. Author-Name: Plassman, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e76-e82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301190 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated national trends of the prevalence of edentulism (complete tooth loss) for Asian American subgroups in the United States and investigated factors that could contribute to improvements in edentulism across populations over time. Methods. We used 10 waves of the National Health Interview Survey data collected from 1999 to 2008. Eligible respondents were those aged 50 years and older who completed the question on tooth loss. We contrasted the odds and probabilities of edentulism over time in Chinese, Filipinos, Asian Indians, and other Asians with those in Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Results. The rates of edentulism differed substantially across Asian subgroups. Compared with Whites, Chinese and other Asians had a lower risk of being edentulous, whereas being Filipino increased the odds. The rate for Asian Indians was similar to that for Whites. Nonetheless, rates of decline were similar across the Asian population groups. Conclusions. Asian Americans are heterogeneous in edentulism. Innovative and sustainable public health programs and services are essential to prevent oral health diseases and conditions. Keywords: aged; article; Asian American; Caucasian; China; cross-sectional study; ethnology; female; health status; human; India; male; middle aged; mouth disease; Philippines; statistical model; statistics; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asian Americans; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Humans; India; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth, Edentulous; Philippines; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301190_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change in school nutrition-related laws from 2003 to 2008: Evidence from the school nutrition-environment state policy classification system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mâsse, L.C. Author-Name: Perna, F. Author-Name: Agurs-Collins, T. Author-Name: Chriqui, J.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1597-1603 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300896 Abstract: Objectives. We examined state laws affecting the school food environment and changes in these laws between 2003 to 2008. Methods. We used the Westlaw legal database to identify state-codified laws, with scoring derived from the updated School Nutrition-Environment State Policy Classification System, obtained from the Classification of Laws Associated With School Students Web site. Results. States significantly changed their school nutrition laws from 2003 to 2008, and many increased the stringency of the laws targeting competitive foods (snacks and entrees sold in competition with the school meal) and beverages sold in school and for in-school fundraising. Many states enacted laws that mandated the establishment of a coordinating or advisory wellness team or council. Stronger laws were enacted for elementary grades. We found tremendous variability in the strength of the laws and plenty of room for improvement. Conclusions. State law governing school nutrition policies significantly changed from2003 to 2008, primarily affecting the competitive food environment in schools. The extent to which changes in school nutrition laws will lead to desired health outcomes is an area for additional research. Keywords: advisory committee; article; child; child nutrition; classification; government; health care policy; human; legal aspect; school health service; United States, Advisory Committees; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Nutrition Policy; School Health Services; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300896_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social media adoption in local health departments nationwide Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris, J.K. Author-Name: Mueller, N.L. Author-Name: Snider, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1700-1707 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301166 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether characteristics of local health departments (LHD) and their geographic region were associated with using Facebook and Twitter. We also examined the number of tweets per month for Twitter accounts as an indicator of social media use by LHDs. Methods. In 2012, we searched for Facebook and Twitter accounts for 2565 LHDs nationwide, and collected adoption date and number of connections for each account. Number of tweets sent indicated LHD use of social media. LHDs were classified as innovators, early adopters, or nonadopters. Characteristics of LHDs were compared across adoption categories, and we examined geographic characteristics, connections, and use. Results. Twenty-four percent of LHDs had Facebook, 8% had Twitter, and 7% had both. LHDs serving larger populations were more likely to be innovators, tweeted more often, and had more social media connections. Frequency of tweeting was not associated with adoption category. There were differences in adoption across geographic regions, with western states more likely to be innovators. Innovation was also higher in states where the state health department adopted social media. Conclusions. Social media has the potential to aid LHDs in disseminating information across the public health system. More evidence is needed to develop best practices for this emerging tool. Keywords: article; government; human; information dissemination; Internet; methodology; public health service; social media; statistics; United States; utilization review, Humans; Information Dissemination; Internet; Local Government; Public Health Administration; Social Media; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301166_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income inequality and mortality: Results from a longitudinal study of older residents of São Paulo, Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pabayo, R. Author-Name: Chiavegatto Filho, A.D.P. Author-Name: Lebrão, M.L. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e43-e49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301496 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether community-level income inequality was associated with mortality among a cohort of older adults in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods. We analyzed the Health, Well-Being, and Aging (SABE) survey, a sample of community-dwelling older adults in São Paulo (2000-2007).We used survival analysis to examine the relationship between income inequality and risk for mortality among older individuals living in 49 districts of São Paulo. Results. Compared with individuals living in the most equal districts (lowest Gini quintile), rates of mortality were higher for those living in the second (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 2.41), third (AHR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.20, 3.20), fourth (AHR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.81, 2.20), and fifth quintile (AHR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.10, 2.74). When we imputed missing data and used poststratification weights, the adjusted hazard ratios for quintiles 2 through 5 were 1.72 (95% CI = 1.13, 2.63), 1.41 (95% CI = 0.99, 2.05), 1.13 (95% = 0.75, 1.70) and 1.30 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.89), respectively. Conclusions. We did not find a dose-response relationship between area-level income inequality and mortality. Our findings could be consistent with either a threshold association of income inequality and mortality or little overall association. Keywords: aged; article; Brazil; demography; female; health disparity; health status; human; income; longitudinal study; male; mortality; proportional hazards model; statistics; survival, Aged; Brazil; Female; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Residence Characteristics; Survival Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301496_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Emerging Hispanic health paradoxes. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Castro, F.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1541 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301529 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301529 Keywords: cultural factor; editorial; health status; Hispanic; human; migration, Acculturation; Emigrants and Immigrants; Health Status; Hispanic Americans; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301529_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of proximate foreclosed properties on individuals' weight gain in Massachusetts, 1987-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arcaya, M. Author-Name: Glymour, M.M. Author-Name: Chakrabarti, P. Author-Name: Christakis, N.A. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e50-e56 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301460 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the extent to which living near foreclosed properties is associated with individuals' subsequent weight gain. Methods. We linked health and address information on 2068 Framingham Offspring Cohort members (7830 assessments) across 5 waves (1987-2008) to records of all Massachusetts foreclosures during that period. We used counts of lender-owned foreclosed properties within 100 meters of participants' homes to predict body mass index (BMI; defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and the odds of being overweight (BMI ± 25), adjusted for individual and area-level covariates. Results. Mean BMI increased from 26.6 in 1987-1991 to 28.5 in 2005-2008; overweight prevalence increased from 59.0% to 71.3%. Foreclosures were within 100 meters of 159 (7.8%) participants' homes on 187 occasions (1.8%), in 42 municipalities (21%). For each additional foreclosure, BMI increased by 0.20 units (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03, 0.36), and the odds ratio for being overweight associated with proximity to a foreclosure was 1.77 (95% CI = 1.02, 3.05). Conclusions. We found a robust association between living near foreclosures and BMI, suggesting that neighbors' foreclosures may spur weight gain. Keywords: article; body mass; demography; economics; female; financial management; housing; human; male; obesity; prevalence; risk; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; weight gain, Bankruptcy; Body Mass Index; Female; Housing; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Odds Ratio; Overweight; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301460_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asthma disparities and within-group differences in a national, probability sample of same-sex partnered adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Lee, J.G.L. Author-Name: Bossarte, R. Author-Name: Silenzio, V.M.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e83-e87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301217 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prevalence and correlates of self-reported lifetime diagnosis of asthma and current asthma among same-sex and oppositesex partnered adults. Methods. Data were from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, in which same-sex partnership was a response option to a family planning item in the core questionnaire. Self-reported lifetime diagnosis of asthma and current asthma were examined in logistic regression models adjusted for demographic characteristics and asthma-related confounding factors and stratified by both gender and same-sex partnership status. Results. Significantly higher proportions of same-sex partnered male and female respondents reported lifetime and current asthma compared with their opposite-sex partnered peers. In adjusted analyses, same-sex partnership status remained significantly associated with asthma outcomes among men and women, with odds ratios ranging from 1.57 to 2.34. Conclusions. Results corroborated past studies that indicated asthma disproportionately affects sexual minority populations. The addition of sexual minority status questions to federal survey projects is key to further exploring health disparities in this population. Future studies are needed to investigate the etiology of this disparity. Keywords: adult; article; asthenia; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; female; health disparity; homosexuality; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; marriage; questionnaire; sex difference; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adult; Asthenia; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Female; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Marriage; Questionnaires; Sex Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301217_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral health care for children in countries using dental therapists in public, school-based programs, contrasted with that of the united states, using dentists in a private practice model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mathu-Muju, K.R. Author-Name: Friedman, J.W. Author-Name: Nash, D.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e7-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301251 Abstract: The United States faces a significant problem with access to oral health care, particularly for children. More than 50 countries have developed an alternative dental provider, a dental therapist, practicing in public, schoolbased programs, to address children's accesstocare.This delivery model has been demonstrated to improve access to care and oral health outcomes while providing quality care economically. We summarize elements of a recent major review of the global literature on the use of dental therapists, "A Review of the Global Literature on Dental Therapists: In the Context of theMovement to Add Dental Therapists to the Oral Health Workforce in the United States." We contrast the success of a school-based model of caring for children by dental therapists with that of the US model of dentists providing care for children in private practices. Keywords: adolescent; article; Australia; Canada; child; comparative study; dental assistant; dental procedure; dentist; economics; health; health care delivery; health care quality; Hong Kong; human; Malaysia; manpower; New Zealand; organization and management; preschool child; school dentistry; Singapore; standard; United States, Adolescent; Australia; Canada; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Care for Children; Dental Technicians; Dentists; Health Services Accessibility; Hong Kong; Humans; Malaysia; New Zealand; Oral Health; Quality of Health Care; School Dentistry; Singapore; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301251_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The "path" not taken: Exploring structural differences in mapped-versus shortest-network-path school travel routes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buliung, R.N. Author-Name: Larsen, K. Author-Name: Faulkner, G.E.J. Author-Name: Stone, M.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1589-1596 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301172 Abstract: Objectives. School route measurement often involves estimating the shortest network path. We challenged the relatively uncritical adoption of this method in school travel research and tested the route discordance hypothesis that several types of difference exist between shortest network paths and reported school routes. Methods. We constructed the mapped and shortest path through network routes for a sample of 759 children aged 9 to 13 years in grades 5 and 6 (boys = 45%, girls = 54%, unreported gender = 1%), in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to compare reported with shortest-path route measures including distance, route directness, intersection crossings, and route overlap. Measurement difference was explored by mode and location. Results. We found statistical evidence of route discordance for walkers and children who were driven and detected it more often for inner suburban cases. Evidence of route discordance varied by mode and school location. Conclusions. We found statistically significant differences for route structure and built environment variables measured along reported and geographic information systems-based shortest-path school routes. Uncertainty produced by the shortest-path approach challenges its conceptual and empirical validity in school travel research. Keywords: adolescent; article; Canada; child; demography; environmental planning; female; geographic information system; human; male; school; statistics; traffic and transport; travel; walking, Adolescent; Child; Environment Design; Female; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Male; Ontario; Residence Characteristics; Schools; Transportation; Travel; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301172_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migration circumstances, psychological distress, and self-rated physical health for Latino immigrants in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Torres, J.M. Author-Name: Wallace, S.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1619-1627 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301195 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the impact of premigration circumstances on postmigration psychological distress and self-rated physical health among Latino immigrants. Methods. We estimated ordinary least squares and logistic regression models for Latino immigrants in the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n = 1603). Results. Mean psychological distress scores (range = 10-50) were 14.8 for women and 12.7 for men; 35% of women and 27% of men reported fair or poor physical health. A third of the sample reported having to migrate; up to 46% reported unplanned migration. In multivariate analyses, immigration-related stress was significantly associated with psychological distress, but not with self-rated health, for both Latino men and women. Having to migrate was associated with increased psychological distress for Puerto Rican and Cuban women respondents and with poorer physical health for Puerto Rican migrant men. Unplanned migration was significantly associated with poorer physical health for all Latina women respondents. Conclusions. The context of both pre-and postmigration has an impact on immigrant health. Those involved in public health research, policy, and practice should consider variation in immigrant health by migration circumstances, including the context of exit and other immigration-related stressors. Keywords: adult; article; Cuba; ethnology; female; health status; Hispanic; human; male; mental stress; migration; multivariate analysis; psychological aspect; Puerto Rico; regression analysis; self report; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adult; Cuba; Emigration and Immigration; Female; Health Status; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Logistic Models; Male; Mexican Americans; Multivariate Analysis; Puerto Rico; Self Report; Stress, Psychological; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301195_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missed opportunities for improving nutrition through institutional food: The case for food worker training Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsui, E.K. Author-Name: Deutsch, J. Author-Name: Patinella, S. Author-Name: Freudenberg, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e14-e20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301293 Abstract: The institutional food sector-including food served in schools, child care settings, hospitals, and senior centers-is a largely untapped resource for public health that may help to arrest increasing rates of obesity and diet-related health problems. To make this case, we estimated the reach of a diverse institutional food sector in 1 large municipality, New York City, in 2012, and explored the potential for improving institutional food by building the skills and nutritional knowledge of foodservice workers through training. Drawing on the research literature and preliminary data collected in New York City, we discuss the dynamics of nutritional decision-making in these settings. Finally, we identify opportunities and challenges associated with training the institutional food workforce to enhance nutrition and health. Keywords: article; catering service; decision making; diet; education; government; health promotion; human; manpower; methodology; nutritional science; organization and management; United States, Decision Making; Diet; Food Services; Government Agencies; Health Promotion; Humans; New York City; Nutritional Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301293_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Considering the complexity in HIV/AIDS and the environment. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fiorella, K.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e1 Keywords: environment; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; note, Environment; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:9:e1_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mortality toll of estrogen avoidance: An analysis of excess deaths among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sarrel, P.M. Author-Name: Njike, V.Y. Author-Name: Vinante, V. Author-Name: Katz, D.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1583-1588 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301295 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect of estrogen avoidance on mortality rates among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years. Methods. We derived a formula to relate the excess mortality among hysterectomized women aged 50 to 59 years assigned to placebo in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial to the entire population of comparable women in the United States, incorporating the decline in estrogen use observed between 2002 and 2011. Results. Over a 10-year span, starting in 2002, a minimum of 18 601 and as many as 91 610 postmenopausal women died prematurely because of the avoidance of estrogen therapy (ET). Conclusions. ET in younger postmenopausal women is associated with a decisive reduction in all-cause mortality, but estrogen use in this population is low and continuing to fall. Our data indicate an associated annual mortality toll in the thousands of women aged 50 to 59 years. Informed discussion between these women and their health care providers about the effects of ET is a matter of considerable urgency. Keywords: estrogen, article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; human; hysterectomy; methodology; middle aged; mortality; ovariectomy; randomized controlled trial; risk assessment; United States, Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Middle Aged; Ovariectomy; Risk Assessment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301295_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Considering the complexity in HIV/AIDS and the environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fiorella, K.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301433 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301433_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A cross-national study on prevalence of mental disorders, service use, and adequacy of treatment among Mexican and Mexican American populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Orozco, R. Author-Name: Borges, G. Author-Name: Medina-Mora, M.E. Author-Name: Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. Author-Name: Breslau, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1610-1618 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301169 Abstract: Objectives. We examined differences in the use of mental health services, conditional on the presence of psychiatric disorders, across groups of Mexico's population with different US migration exposure and in successive generations of Mexican Americans in the United States. Methods. We merged surveys conducted in Mexico (Mexican National Comorbidity Survey, 2001-2002) and the United States (Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys, 2001-2003). We compared psychiatric disorders and mental health service use, assessed in both countries with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, across migration groups. Results. The 12-month prevalence of any disorder was more than twice as high among third-and higher generation Mexican Americans (21%) than among Mexicans with no migrant in their family (8%). Among people with a disorder, the odds of receiving any mental health service were higher in the latter group relative to the former (odds ratio = 3.35; 95% confidence interval = 1.82, 6.17) but the age-and gender-adjusted prevalence of untreated disorder was also higher. Conclusions. Advancing understanding of the specific enabling and dispositional factors that result in increases in mental health care may contribute to reducing service use disparities across ethnic groups in the United States. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; chi square distribution; ethnology; female; health care disparity; health care quality; Hispanic; human; male; marriage; mental disease; mental health service; Mexico; middle aged; migration; prevalence; psychological aspect; risk; sex difference; standard; statistical model; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Marital Status; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Quality of Health Care; Sex Factors; Transients and Migrants; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301169_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smokers with behavioral health comorbidity should be designated a tobacco use disparity group Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, J.M. Author-Name: Steinberg, M.L. Author-Name: Griffiths, K.G. Author-Name: Cooperman, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1549-1555 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301232 Abstract: Smokers with co-occurring mental illness or substance use disorders are not designated a disparity group or priority population by most national public health and tobacco control groups. These smokers fulfill the criteria commonly used to identify groups that merit special attention: targeted marketing by the tobacco industry, high smoking prevalence rates, heavy economic and health burdens from tobacco, limited access to treatment, and longer durations of smoking with less cessation. A national effort to increase surveillance, research, and treatment is needed. Designating smokers with behavioral health comorbidity a priority group will bring much-needed attention and resources. The disparity in smoking rates among persons with behavioral health issues relative to the general population will worsen over time if their needs remain unaddressed. Keywords: article; comorbidity; economics; female; health care cost; health care disparity; health care planning; health disparity; human; male; mental disease; prevalence; smoking; smoking cessation; United States, Comorbidity; Female; Health Care Costs; Health Priorities; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Prevalence; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301232_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supplementing menu labeling with calorie recommendations to test for facilitation effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Downs, J.S. Author-Name: Wisdom, J. Author-Name: Wansink, B. Author-Name: Loewenstein, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1604-1609 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301218 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect on food purchases of adding recommended calorie intake per day or per meal to the mandated calorie information posted on chain restaurant menus. Methods. Before and after New York City implemented calorie posting on chain restaurant menus in 2008, we provided daily, per-meal, or no calorie recommendations to randomized subsets of adult lunchtime customers (n = 1121) entering 2 McDonald's restaurants, in Manhattan and Brooklyn, and collected receipts and survey responses as they exited. In linear and logistic regressions, with adjustment for gender, race, age, and day, we tested for simple differences in calories consumed and interactions between variables. Results. Posting calorie benchmarks had no direct impact, nor did it moderate the impact of calorie labels on food purchases. The recommendation appeared to promote a slight increase in calorie intake, attributable to increased purchases of higher-calorie entre es. Conclusions. These results do not support the introduction of calorie recommendations as a means of enhancing the impact of posted calorie information or reducing the contribution of restaurant dining to the obesity epidemic. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; caloric intake; catering service; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; fast food; female; food packaging; human; male; methodology; middle aged; obesity; randomized controlled trial; standard; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Energy Intake; Fast Foods; Female; Food Labeling; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Obesity; Restaurants; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301218_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food sources of saturated fat and the association with mortality: A meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Sullivan, T.A. Author-Name: Hafekost, K. Author-Name: Mitrou, F. Author-Name: Lawrence, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e31-e42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301492 Abstract: We summarized the data related to foods high in saturated fat and risk of mortality. We searched Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ProQuest for studies from January 1952 to May 2012. We identified 26 publications with individual dietary data and all-cause, total cancer, or cardiovascular mortality as endpoints. Pooled relative risk estimates demonstrated that high intakes ofmilk, cheese, yogurt, and butter were not associated with a significantly increased risk ofmortality compared with low intakes. High intakes ofmeat and processed meat were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality but were associated with a decreased risk in a subanalysis of Asian studies. The overall quality of studies was variable. Associations varied by food group and population. This may be because of factors outside saturated fat content of individual foods. There is anongoing need for improvement in assessment tools and methods that investigate food sources of saturated fat and mortality to informdietary guidelines. Keywords: article; dairy product; fat intake; food; food analysis; human; meta analysis; mortality; risk factor, Dairy Products; Dietary Fats; Food; Food Analysis; Humans; Mortality; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301492_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caine responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301444 Keywords: female; health care planning; human; male; methodology; note; preventive health service; social behavior; suicide; violence, Female; Health Priorities; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Social Responsibility; Suicide; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301444_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lung cancer efforts need stronger emphasis on reducing radon exposure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conrath, S.M. Author-Name: Pawel, D.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301436 Keywords: radon, environmental exposure; health care policy; human; lung tumor; note; smoking, Environmental Exposure; Health Policy; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Radon; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301436_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing risk behaviors linked to noncommunicable diseases in Mongolia: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aira, T. Author-Name: Wang, W. Author-Name: Riedel, M. Author-Name: Witte, S.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1666-1674 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301175 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the efficacy of a 6-session, evidence-based health promotion intervention aimed at reducing noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk behaviors. Methods. Two hundred male and female factory workers in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were randomly assigned to groups receiving either the health promotion intervention or a time-matched financial literacy control intervention. Results. The health promotion intervention increased daily fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity, increased readiness for NCD risk behavior reduction and health promotion knowledge, and reduced the number of daily alcoholic drinks and diabetes symptoms 3 months after the intervention. Conclusions. The findings support the efficacy of the intervention to reduce risk behaviors associated with NCDs. Dissemination of the intervention may improve productivity, reduce costs of health services, and better the quality of life for Mongolians. Keywords: adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; diet; drinking behavior; female; health behavior; health education; health promotion; high risk behavior; human; male; methodology; Mongolia; motor activity; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Mongolia; Motor Activity; Risk Reduction Behavior; Risk-Taking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301175_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Giving to others and the association between stress and mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Poulin, M.J. Author-Name: Brown, S.L. Author-Name: Dillard, A.J. Author-Name: Smith, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1649-1655 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300876 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to test the hypothesis that providing help to others predicts a reduced association between stress and mortality. Methods. We examined data from participants (n = 846) in a study in the Detroit, Michigan, area. Participants completed baseline interviews that assessed past-year stressful events and whether the participant had provided tangible assistance to friends or family members. Participant mortality and time to death was monitored for 5 years by way of newspaper obituaries and monthly state death-record tapes. Results. When we adjusted for age, baseline health and functioning, and key psychosocial variables, Cox proportional hazard models for mortality revealed a significant interaction between helping behavior and stressful events (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58; P < .05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35, 0.98). Specifically, stress did not predict mortality risk among individuals who provided help to others in the past year (HR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.18), but stress did predict mortality among those who did not provide help to others (HR = 1.30; P < .05; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.62). Conclusions. Helping others predicted reduced mortality specifically by buffering the association between stress and mortality. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; cooperation; female; health status; human; life event; male; middle aged; mortality; proportional hazards model; prospective study; psychology; risk factor; United States; very elderly, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Health Status; Helping Behavior; Humans; Life Change Events; Male; Michigan; Middle Aged; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Psychology; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300876_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Uptake and predictors of anal cancer screening in men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: D'Souza, G. Author-Name: Rajan, S.D. Author-Name: Bhatia, R. Author-Name: Cranston, R.D. Author-Name: Plankey, M.W. Author-Name: Silvestre, A. Author-Name: Ostrow, D.G. Author-Name: Wiley, D. Author-Name: Shah, N. Author-Name: Brewer, N.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: e88-e95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301237 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated attitudes about and acceptance of anal Papanicolaou (Pap) screening among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. Free anal Pap screening (cytology) was offered to 1742 MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, who reported history of, attitudes about, and experience with screening. We explored predictors of declining screening with multivariate logistic regression. Results. A history of anal Pap screening was uncommon among non-HIV-infected MSM, but more common among HIV-infected MSM (10% vs 39%; P < .001). Most participants expressed moderate or strong interest in screening (86%), no anxiety about screening (66%), and a strong belief in the utility of screening (65%). Acceptance of screening during this study was high (85%) across all 4 US sites. Among those screened, most reported it was "not a big deal" or "not as bad as expected," and 3% reported that it was "scary." Declining to have screening was associated with Black race, anxiety about screening, and low interest, but not age or HIV status. Conclusions. This study demonstrated high acceptance of anal Pap screening among both HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected MSM across 4 US sites. Keywords: adult; anus tumor; article; attitude to health; early diagnosis; human; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; patient attitude; psychological aspect; statistical model; statistics; United States; vagina smear, Adult; Anus Neoplasms; Attitude to Health; Early Detection of Cancer; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; United States; Vaginal Smears Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301237_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish chimney sweeps, 1958-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hogstedt, C. Author-Name: Jansson, C. Author-Name: Hugosson, M. Author-Name: Tinnerberg, H. Author-Name: Gustavsson, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1708-1714 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300860 Abstract: Objectives. We examined cancer incidence in an expanded cohort of Swedish chimney sweeps. Methods. We added male chimney sweep trade union members (1981-2006) to an earlier cohort (employed 1918-1980) and linked themto nationwide registers of cancer, causes of deaths, and total population. The total cohort (n = 6320) was followed from 1958 through 2006. We estimated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) using the male Swedish population as reference. We estimated exposure as years of employment and analyzed for exposure-response associations by Poisson regression. Results. A total of 813 primary cancers were observed versus 626 expected (SIR = 1.30; 95% confidence interval = 1.21, 1.39). As in a previous follow-up, SIRs were significantly increased for cancer of the esophagus, liver, lung, bladder, and all hematopoietic cancer. New findings included significantly elevated SIRs for cancer of the colon, pleura, adenocarcinoma of the lung, and at unspecified sites. Total cancer and bladder cancer demonstrated positive exposure-response associations. Conclusions. Exposure to soot and asbestos are likely causes of the observed cancer excesses, with contributions from adverse lifestyle factors. Preventive actions to control work exposures and promote healthier lifestyles are an important priority. Keywords: asbestos, article; bladder tumor; colon tumor; esophagus tumor; human; incidence; liver tumor; lung tumor; male; neoplasm; occupational disease; occupational exposure; pleura tumor; Poisson distribution; skin tumor; soot; Sweden, Asbestos; Colonic Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Incidence; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasms; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Pleural Neoplasms; Poisson Distribution; Skin Neoplasms; Soot; Sweden; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300860_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community needs, concerns, and perceptions about health research: Findings from the clinical and translational science award sentinel network Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cottler, L.B. Author-Name: McCloskey, D.J. Author-Name: Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. Author-Name: Bennett, N.M. Author-Name: Strelnick, H. Author-Name: Dwyer-White, M. Author-Name: Collyar, D.E. Author-Name: Ajinkya, S. Author-Name: Seifer, S.D. Author-Name: O'Leary, C.C. Author-Name: Striley, C.W. Author-Name: Evanoff, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 9 Pages: 1685-1692 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300941 Abstract: Objectives. We used results generated from the first study of the National Institutes of Health Sentinel Network to understand health concerns and perceptions of research among underrepresented groups such as women, the elderly, racial/ethnic groups, and rural populations. Methods. Investigators at 5 Sentinel Network sites and 2 community-focused national organizations developed a common assessment tool used by community health workers to assess research perceptions, health concerns, and conditions. Results. Among 5979 individuals assessed, the top 5 health concerns were hypertension, diabetes, cancer, weight, and heart problems; hypertension was the most common self-reported condition. Levels of interest in research participation ranged from 70.1% among those in the "other" racial/ethnic category to 91.0% among African Americans. Overall, African Americans were more likely than members of other racial/ethnic groups to be interested in studies requiring blood samples (82.6%), genetic samples (76.9%), or medical records (77.2%); staying overnight in a hospital (70.5%); and use of medical equipment (75.4%). Conclusions. Top health concerns were consistent across geographic areas. African Americans reported more willingness to participate in research even if it required blood samples or genetic testing. Keywords: adult; article; attitude to health; consumer; female; health auxiliary; human; male; medical research; middle aged; needs assessment; psychological aspect; sentinel surveillance; statistics; translational research; United States; vulnerable population, Adult; Attitude to Health; Biomedical Research; Community Health Workers; Consumer Participation; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; Sentinel Surveillance; Translational Medical Research; United States; Vulnerable Populations; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300941_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Undertreatment of tobacco use relative to other chronic conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernstein, S.L. Author-Name: Yu, S. Author-Name: Post, L.A. Author-Name: Dziura, J. Author-Name: Rigotti, N.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e59-e65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301112 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the likelihood that a tobacco user would receive treatment with the likelihood that an adult with another common chronic condition would receive treatment for that condition at an office visit. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2005-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to compare the proportion of US office visits at which tobacco users and individuals with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, asthma, or depression received condition-specific treatment. We calculated the odds that a visit for a comparison condition would result in treatment relative to a visit for tobacco dependence. Results. From 2005 to 2007, 38 004 patient visits involved at least 1 study condition. Tobacco users received medication at fewer visits (4.4%) than individuals with hypertension (57.4%), diabetes (46.2%), hyperlipidemia (47.1%), asthma (42.6%), and depression (53.3%). In multivariate analyses, the odds for pharmacological treatment of these disorders relative to tobacco use were, for hypertension, 32.8; diabetes, 20.9; hyperlipidemia, 16.5; asthma, 22.1; and depression, 24.0 (all Ps < .001). Patients with hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia were also more likely to receive behavioral counseling. Conclusions. Alternate models of engagement may be needed to enhance use of effective treatments for tobacco use. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; ambulatory care; article; asthma; chronic disease; clinical practice; comparative study; counseling; depression; diabetes mellitus; female; human; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; male; middle aged; statistical model; statistics; tobacco dependence, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Chronic Disease; Counseling; Depression; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Hypertension; Likelihood Functions; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Office Visits; Physician's Practice Patterns; Tobacco Use Disorder Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301112_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The pattern of indoor smoking restriction law transitions, 1970-2009: Laws are sticky Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanders-Jackson, A. Author-Name: Gonzalez, M. Author-Name: Zerbe, B. Author-Name: Song, A.V. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e44-e51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301449 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the pattern of the passage of smoking laws across venues (government and private workplaces, restaurants, bars) and by strength (no law to 100% smoke-free). Methods. We conducted transition analyses of local and state smoking restrictions passed between 1970 and 2009, with data from the Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights Ordinance Database. Results. Each decade, more laws were enacted, from 18 passed in the 1970s to 3172 in the first decade of this century, when 91% of existing state laws were passed. Most laws passed took states and localities from no law to some level of smoking restriction, and most new local (77%; 5148/6648) and state (73%; 115/158) laws passed in the study period did not change strength. Conclusions. Because these laws are "sticky"-once a law has passed, strength of the law and venues covered do not change often-policymakers and advocates should focus on passing strong laws the first time, rather than settling for less comprehensive laws with the hope of improving them in the future. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; catering service; government; health care policy; human; indoor air pollution; legal aspect; passive smoking; smoking; United States; workplace, Air Pollution, Indoor; Health Policy; Humans; Restaurants; Smoking; State Government; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301449_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adoption and implementation of policies to support preventive dentistry initiatives for physicians: A national survey of medicaid programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sams, L.D. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Author-Name: Wilder, R.S. Author-Name: Quinonez, R.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e83-e90 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301138 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the number of state Medicaid programs adopting initiatives to support preventive dental services provision by nondental health care professionals, their perceived attributes, and implementation barriers. Methods. We used Qualtrics to conduct a cross-sectional survey in 2008 of Medicaid dental program managers to determine organizational stage of adoption classified according to the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change with 3-year follow-up. We assessed perceptions of the influence of 18 initiative attributes on the decision to adopt, drawn from Roger's diffusion of innovations theory. Stage and date of adoption are presented descriptively. Attributes and barriers were analyzed by stage of adoption by using analyses of variance or χ2 statistics. Results. By 2011, 42 states had adopted a policy. Only 9 states included a comprehensive set of preventive services, the most common being fluoride varnish. Adoption was affected by perceived initiative simplicity and its compatibility with other Medicaid programs. Administrative barriers were the most common among the 15 studied. Conclusions. State Medicaid policies to reimburse nondental providers for preventive dental services are becomingwidespread. Interventions are needed to ensure oral health services delivery at the practice level. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: fluoride varnish, article; chi square distribution; child; clinical practice; cross-sectional study; dental caries; dental procedure; economics; female; human; male; mass communication; medicaid; preschool child; preventive dentistry; questionnaire; statistics; United States, Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Care for Children; Dental Caries; Diffusion of Innovation; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Physician's Practice Patterns; Preventive Dentistry; Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301138_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving utility of evidence synthesis for healthy public policy: The three Rs (relevance, rigor, and readability [and resources]) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomson, H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e17-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301400 Abstract: Systematic reviews have the potential to promote knowledge exchange between researchers and decision-makers. Review planning requires engagement with evidence users to ensure preparation of relevant reviews, and well-conducted reviews should provide accessible and reliable synthesis to support decision-making. Yet, systematic reviews are not routinely referred to by decision-makers, and innovative approaches to improve the utility of reviews is needed. Evidence synthesis for healthy public policy is typically complex and methodologically challenging. Although not lessening the value of reviews, these challenges can be overwhelming and threaten their utility. Using the interrelated principles of relevance, rigor, and readability, and in light of available resources, this article considers how utility of evidence synthesis for healthy public policy might be improved. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; evidence based medicine; human; literature; management; methodology; policy, Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Policy Making; Public Policy; Research Design; Review Literature as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301400_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of anogenital warts among participants in private health plans in the United States, 2003-2010: Potential impact of human papillomavirus vaccination Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Flagg, E.W. Author-Name: Schwartz, R. Author-Name: Weinstock, H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1428-1435 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated anogenital wart prevalence from 2003 to 2010 by gender and age group in a large US cohort with private insurance to detect potential decreases among people most likely to be affected by human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Methods. We restricted health care claims to those from individuals aged 10 to 39 yearswith continuous insurance within a given year. We derived anogenital wart diagnoses from a diagnosis of condyloma acuminata, or either a less specific viral wart diagnosis or genital wart medication combined with either a benign anogenital neoplasm or destruction or excision of a noncervical anogenital lesion. Results. Prevalence increased slightly in 2003 to 2006, then significantly declined in 2007 to 2010 among girls aged 15 to 19 years; increased in 2003 to 2007, remained level through 2009, and declined in 2010 among women aged 20 to 24 years; and increased through 2009 but not in 2010 for women aged 25 to 39 years. For males aged 15 to 39 years, prevalence for each 5-year age group increased in 2003 to 2009, but no increases were observed for 2010. Conclusions. These data indicate reductions in anogenital warts among US females aged 15 to 24 years, the age group most likely to be affected by introduction of the HPV vaccine. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; adult; article; child; condyloma acuminatum; female; health insurance; human; male; Poisson distribution; prevalence; statistics; United States; virology, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Humans; Insurance, Health; Male; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Poisson Distribution; Prevalence; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of stigma in health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301406 Keywords: health care disparity; health disparity; human; medical sociology; mental stress; note; psychological aspect; self concept; social stigma, Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Self Concept; Social Stigma; Sociology, Medical; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301406_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sex, drugs (methamphetamines), and the internet: Increasing syphilis among men who have sex with men in California, 2004-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ng, R.A.C. Author-Name: Samuel, M.C. Author-Name: Lo, T. Author-Name: Bernstein, K.T. Author-Name: Aynalem, G. Author-Name: Klausner, J.D. Author-Name: Bolan, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1450-1456 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300808 Abstract: Objectives. We examined primary and secondary syphilis cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) in California, and the association of methamphetamine use and Internet use to meet sex partners (Internet use) with number of sex partners. Methods. We analyzed California surveillance data for MSM who were diagnosed with syphilis between 2004 and 2008, to assess differences in the mean number of sex partners by methamphetamine use and mutually exclusive groups of patients reporting Internet use (Internet users). Results. Large proportions of patients reported methamphetamine use (19.2%) and Internet use (36.4%). From 2006 through 2008, Adam4Adam was the most frequently reported Web site statewide, despite temporal and regional differences in Web site usage. Methamphetamine users reported more sex partners (mean = 11.7) than nonmethamphetamine users (mean = 5.6; P < .001). Internet users reported more sex partners (mean = 9.8) than non-Internet users (mean = 5.0; P < .001). Multivariable analysis of variance confirmed an independent association of methamphetamine and Internet use with increased numbers of sex partners. Conclusions. Higher numbers of partners among MSM syphilis patients were associated with methamphetamine and Internet use. Collaboration between currently stand-alone interventions targeting methamphetamine users and Internet users may offer potential advances in sexually transmitted disease control efforts. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: methamphetamine, addiction; adolescent; adult; aged; analysis of variance; article; bisexuality; high risk behavior; human; Internet; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; sexual behavior; sexuality; sexually transmitted disease; syphilis; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Bisexuality; California; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Internet; Male; Methamphetamine; Middle Aged; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders; Syphilis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300808_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of functional health literacy and acculturation on the oral health status of somali refugees living in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geltman, P.L. Author-Name: Adams, J.H. Author-Name: Cochran, J. Author-Name: Doros, G. Author-Name: Rybin, D. Author-Name: Henshaw, M. Author-Name: Barnes, L.L. Author-Name: Paasche-Orlow, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1516-1523 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300885 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of health literacy and acculturation on oral health status of Somali refugees in Massachusetts. Methods. Between December 2009 and June 2011, we surveyed 439 adult Somalis who had lived in the United States 10 years or less. Assessments included oral examinations with decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) counts and measurement of spoken English and health literacy. We tested associations with generalized linear regression models. Results. Participants had means of 1.4 decayed, 2.8 missing, and 1.3 filled teeth. Among participants who had been in the United States 0 to 4 years, lower health literacy scores correlated with lower DMFT (rate ratio [RR] = 0.78; P = .016). Among participants who had been in the country 5 to 10 years, lower literacy scores correlated with higher DMFT (RR = 1.37; P = .012). Literacy was not significantly associated with decayed teeth. Lower literacy scores correlated marginally with lower risk of periodontal disease (odds ratio = 0.22; P = .047). Conclusions. Worsening oral health of Somali refugees over time may be linked to less access to preventive care and less utilization of beneficial oral hygiene practices. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; cross-sectional study; cultural factor; ethnology; female; health; health literacy; health status indicator; health survey; human; interview; male; middle aged; quality of life; questionnaire; Somalia; United States, Acculturation; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; DMF Index; Female; Health Literacy; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Massachusetts; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Somalia Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300885_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In-person and telephone treatment of tobacco dependence: A comparison of treatment outcomes and participant characteristics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sheffer, C. Author-Name: Stitzer, M. Author-Name: Landes, R. Author-Name: Brackman, S.L. Author-Name: Munn, T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e74-e82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301144 Abstract: This article was accepted November 10, 2012. Objectives. We compared participant characteristics and abstinence outcomes of smokers who chose in-person or telephone tobacco dependence treatment. Methods. We provided the same treatment content to 7267 smokers in Arkansas between 2005 and 2008 who self-selected treatment modality; examined demographic, clinical, environmental, and treatment utilization differences between modalities; and modeled outcomes and participants' choice of modality with logistic regression. Results. At end of treatment, in-person participants were more likely to be abstinent than telephone participants, and smokers of higher socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to be abstinent with telephone treatment than lower-SES smokers. Long term, modality had no effect on treatment outcomes. Higher-SES smokers and smokers exposed to more treatment content were more likely to achieve long-term abstinence, regardless of modality. Men and more recalcitrant smokers were more likely to choose in-person treatment; lower-SES, ethnic minority, and more dependent smokers were more likely to choose telephone treatment. Conclusions. Treatmentmodality attracts different groups of smokers, but has no effect on long-term abstinence. Multiple treatment modalities are needed to provide treatment to a heterogeneous population of smokers. More research is needed to understand the influences on treatment choice. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: nicotine gum, adult; analysis of variance; article; behavior therapy; chi square distribution; comparative study; female; human; male; middle aged; sex difference; statistical model; telephone; tobacco dependence; treatment outcome; United States, Adult; Analysis of Variance; Arkansas; Behavior Therapy; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Telephone; Tobacco Use Cessation Products; Tobacco Use Disorder; Treatment Outcome Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301144_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating HCV prevalence at the state level: A call to increase and strengthen current surveillance systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hart-Malloy, R. Author-Name: Carrascal, A. Author-Name: DiRienzo, A.G. Author-Name: Flanigan, C. Author-Name: McClamroch, K. Author-Name: Smith, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1402-1405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301231 Abstract: The degree to which case surveillance captures persons ever infected with HCV is unknown. We determined the discrepancy between HCV seroprevalence, estimated from national survey data, among adults in New York State in 2008 (n = 286 262, or 1.95%) and the number of infected persons reported to the state's surveillance hepatitis registries (n = 144 015). Findings suggest the need to strengthen the existing surveillance system. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adult; aged; article; female; health survey; hepatitis C; human; male; middle aged; nutrition; prevalence; register; United States, Adult; Aged; Female; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301231_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Substance use among HIV-infected patients engaged in primary care in the United States: Findings from the centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems Cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mimiaga, M.J. Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Grasso, C. Author-Name: Crane, H.M. Author-Name: Safren, S.A. Author-Name: Kitahata, M.M. Author-Name: Schumacher, J.E. Author-Name: Mathews, W.C. Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1457-1467 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301162 Abstract: Objectives. The purpose of this study was to better understand substance use behaviors and deleterious health consequences among individuals with HIV. Methods. We examined a multicenter cohort of HIV-infected patients (n = 3413) receiving care in 4 US cities (Seattle, Birmingham, San Diego, Boston) between December 2005 and April 2010 in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS). We used generalized estimating equations to model specific substance use outcomes. Results. Overall, 24% of patients reported recent use of marijuana; 9% reported amphetamine use, 9% reported crack-cocaine use, 2% reported opiate use, 3.8% reported injection drug use, and 10.3% reported polydrug use. In adjusted multivariable models, those who reported unprotected anal sex had higher odds of marijuana, amphetamine, injection drug, and polydrug use. An increased number of distinct vaginal sexual partners was associated with polydrug and crack-cocaine use. Nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy was associated with the use of all substances other than marijuana. Conclusions. The co-occurrence of substance use, unprotected intercourse, and medication nonadherence could attenuate the public health benefits of test, treat, and link to care strategies. Prevention programs are needed that address these coprevalent conditions. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: addiction; adult; article; cohort analysis; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; multivariate analysis; patient compliance; primary health care; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistics; United States, Adult; Alabama; California; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Patient Compliance; Primary Health Care; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301162_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heat index in migrant farmworker housing: Implications for rest and recovery from work-related heat stress Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quandt, S.A. Author-Name: Wiggins, M.F. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Bischoff, W.E. Author-Name: Arcury, T.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e24-e26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301135 Abstract: Although the health risk to farmworkers of working in hot conditions is recognized, potential for excessive heat exposure in housing affecting rest and recovery has been ignored. We assessed heat index in common and sleeping rooms in 170 North Carolina farmworker camps across a summer and examined associations with time of summer and air conditioning use. We recorded dangerous heat indexes in most rooms, regardless of time or air conditioning. Policies to reduce heat indexes in farmworker housing should be developed. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: air conditioning; article; cross-sectional study; female; heat; heat injury; housing; human; male; migration; occupational disease; risk factor; United States, Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Air Conditioning; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Heat Stress Disorders; Hot Temperature; Housing; Humans; Male; North Carolina; Risk Factors; Transients and Migrants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301135_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State politics and the creation of health insurance exchanges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, D.K. Author-Name: Greer, S.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e8-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301429 Abstract: Health insurance exchanges are a key component of the Affordable Care Act. Each exchange faces the challenge of minimizing friction with existing policies, coordinating churn between programs, and maximizing take-up. State-run exchanges would likely be better positioned to address these issues than a federally run exchange, yet only one third of states chose this path. Policymakers must ensure that their exchange-whether state or federally run-succeeds. Whether this happens will greatly depend on the political dynamics in each state. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; government; health care policy; health insurance; human; organization and management; politics; United States, Health Care Reform; Health Insurance Exchanges; Health Policy; Humans; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Politics; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301429_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measles vaccination: Before the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hendriks, J. Author-Name: Blume, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1393-1401 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301075 Abstract: At the beginning of the 1960s, it was clear that a vaccine against measles would soon be available. Although measles was (and remains) a killer disease in the developing world, in the United States and Western Europe this was no longer so. Many parents and many medical practitioners considered measles an inevitable stage of a child's development. Debating the desirability of measles immunization, public health experts reasoned differently. In the United States, introduction of the vaccine fit well with Kennedy's and Johnson's administrations' political commitments. European policymakers proceeded cautiously, concerned about the acceptability of existing vaccination programs. In Sweden and the Netherlands, recent experience in controlling polio led researchers to prefer an inactivated virus vaccine. Although in the early 1970s attempts to develop a sufficiently potent inactivated vaccine were abandoned, we have argued that the debates and initiatives of the time during the vaccine's early history merit reflection in today's era of standardization and global markets. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: measles mumps rubella vaccine; measles vaccine, article; health; history; human; measles, History, 20th Century; Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301075_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relations of depressive symptoms and antidepressant use to body mass index and selected biomarkers for diabetes and cardiovascular disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ma, Y. Author-Name: Balasubramanian, R. Author-Name: Pagoto, S.L. Author-Name: Schneider, K.L. Author-Name: Hébert, J.R. Author-Name: Phillips, L.S. Author-Name: Goveas, J.S. Author-Name: Culver, A.L. Author-Name: Olendzki, B.C. Author-Name: Beck, J. Author-Name: Smoller, J.W. Author-Name: Sepavich, D.M. Author-Name: Ockene, J.K. Author-Name: Uebelacker, L. Author-Name: Zorn, M. Author-Name: Liu, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e34-e43 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301394 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether depressive symptoms and antidepressant use are associated with biomarkers for glucose dysregulation and inflammation, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Methods. Postmenopausal women were recruited into the Women's Health Initiative from 1993 to 1998, and data were collected at regular intervals through 2005. We used multiple linear regression models to examine whether depressive symptoms and antidepressant use are associated with BMI, waist circumference, and biomarkers. Results. Analysis of data from 71 809 women who completed all relevant baseline and year 3 assessments showed that both elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use were significantly associated with higher BMI and waist circumference. Among 1950 women, elevated depressive symptoms were significantly associated with increased insulin levels and measures of insulin resistance. Analyses of baseline data from 2242 women showed that both elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use were associated with higher C-reactive protein levels. Conclusions. Monitoring body habitus and other biomarkers among women with elevated depression symptoms or taking antidepressant medication may be prudent to prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: antidepressant agent; biological marker; C reactive protein; insulin; interleukin 6; lipid; tumor necrosis factor alpha, aged; article; blood; body height; body mass; body weight; cardiovascular disease; depression; female; glucose blood level; human; inflammation; insulin resistance; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; postmenopause; statistical model; waist circumference, Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Biological Markers; Blood Glucose; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Depression; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Linear Models; Lipids; Middle Aged; Postmenopause; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Waist Circumference Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301394_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term effects of laws governing youth access to tobacco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grucza, R.A. Author-Name: Plunk, A.D. Author-Name: Hipp, P.R. Author-Name: Cavazos-Rehg, P. Author-Name: Krauss, M.J. Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Author-Name: Bierut, L.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1493-1499 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301123 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to examine the association between policies governing access to tobacco during adolescence and subsequent adult smoking. Methods. We analyzed adult smoking data from the 1998 through 2006-2007 administrations of the US Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement by employing a quasi experimental approach. Participants (n = 105 519) were adults, aged 18 to 34 years at the time of the survey. Smoking outcomes included having ever smoked 100 cigarettes, smoking at the time of the survey, and having smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day conditioned on being an ever smoker. These were predicted from exposure to state youth access policies at age 17 years. Results. Four of the 9 policies exhibited significant associations with reduced prevalence of 1 or more smoking outcomes, primarily among women. Lesser effects for other policies could not be ruled out. Conclusions. Restrictions on youth access to tobacco might lead to reduction in smoking prevalence later in adulthood. The effect might be limited to women; we estimate that having all policies in place could be associated with a 14% reduction in lifetime smoking prevalence for women, and an additional 29% reduction in heavy smoking among ever smokers. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; commercial phenomena; female; government regulation; health survey; human; legal aspect; longitudinal study; male; prevalence; smoking; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Commerce; Female; Government Regulation; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301123_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Progress and setbacks in addressing infectious diseases. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim-Farley, R.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301456 Keywords: communicable disease; editorial; health; human; infection control; organization and management, Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; Humans; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301456_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction in HCV incidence among injection drug users attending needle and syringe programs in Australia: A linkage study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Iversen, J. Author-Name: Wand, H. Author-Name: Topp, L. Author-Name: Kaldor, J. Author-Name: Maher, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1436-1444 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301206 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in HCV incident infection among injection drug users (IDUs) attending needle and syringe programs (NSPs) in Australia in 1995 to 2010. Methods. We created a passive retrospective cohort of 724 IDUs who tested negative for HCV antibodies by a simple deterministic method linking partial identifiers to find repeat respondents in annual cross-sectional serosurveillance. Results. We identified 180 HCV seroconversions over the study period, for a pooled incidence density of 17.0 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.68, 19.66). Incidence density declined, from a high of 30.8 per 100 person-years (95% CI = 21.3, 44.6) in 2003 to a low of 4.0 (95% CI = 1.3, 12.3) in 2009. Conclusions. A decline in HCV incidence among Australian IDUs attending NSPs coincided with considerable expansion of harm reduction programs and a likely reduction in the number of IDUs, associated with significant changes in drug markets. Our results demonstrate the capacity of repeat cross-sectional serosurveillance to monitor trends in HCV incidence and provide a platform from which to assess the impact of prevention and treatment interventions. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; Australia; chi square distribution; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; female; hepatitis C; human; incidence; male; preventive health service; proportional hazards model; retrospective study; substance abuse, Australia; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hepatitis C; Humans; Incidence; Male; Needle-Exchange Programs; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301206_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indications for testing among reported cases of HCV infection from enhanced hepatitis surveillance sites in the United States, 2004-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mahajan, R. Author-Name: Liu, S.J. Author-Name: Klevens, R.M. Author-Name: Holmberg, S.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1445-1449 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301211 Abstract: Objectives. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended a 1-time HCV test for persons born from 1945 through 1965 to supplement current risk-based screening. We examined indications for testing by birth cohort (before 1945, 1945-1965, and after 1965) among persons with past or current HCV. Methods. Cases had positive HCV laboratory markers reported by 4 surveillance sites (Colorado, Connecticut, Minnesota, and New York) to health departments from 2004 to 2010. Health department staff abstracted demographics and indications for testing from cases' medical records and compiled this information into a surveillance database. Results. Of 110 223 cases of past or current HCV infection reported during 2004-2010, 74 578 (68%) were among persons born during 1945-1965. Testing indications were abstracted for 45 034 (41%) cases; of these, 29 544 (66%) identified at least 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended risk factor as a testing indication. Overall, 74% of reported cases were born from 1945 to 1965 or had an injection drug use history. Conclusions. These data support augmenting the current HCV risk-based screening recommendations by screening adults born from 1945 to 1965. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; female; health survey; hepatitis C; human; male; mass screening; methodology; public health service; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Colorado; Connecticut; Female; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Minnesota; New York; Population Surveillance; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301211_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Between individual agency and structure in HIV prevention: Understanding the middle ground of social practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kippax, S. Author-Name: Stephenson, N. Author-Name: Parker, R.G. Author-Name: Aggleton, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1367-1375 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301301 Abstract: When HIV prevention targets risk and vulnerability, it focuses on individual agency and social structures, ignoring the centrality of community in effective HIV prevention. The neoliberal concept of risk assumes individuals are rational agents who act on information provided to them regarding HIV transmission. This individualistic framework does not recognize the communities in which people act and connect. The concept of vulnerability on the other hand acknowledges the social world, but mainly as social barriers that make it difficult for individuals to act. Neither approach to HIV prevention offers understanding of community practices or collective agency, both central to success in HIV prevention to date. Drawing on examples of the social transformation achieved by community action in Australia and Brazil, this article focuses on this middle ground and its role in effective HIV prevention. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; Australia; Brazil; community care; disease transmission; female; health; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; social problem, Australia; Brazil; Community Networks; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Social Problems; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301301_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efforts to reduce overdose deaths. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sherman, S.G. Author-Name: Han, J. Author-Name: Welsh, C. Author-Name: Chaulk, P. Author-Name: Serio-Chapman, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e1-2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301410 Keywords: buprenorphine; methadone, drug overdose; heroin dependence; human; mortality; note; opiate substitution treatment, Buprenorphine; Drug Overdose; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301410_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hatzenbuehler et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Phelan, J.C. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301430 Keywords: health care disparity; health disparity; human; medical sociology; mental stress; note; psychological aspect; self concept; social stigma, Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Self Concept; Social Stigma; Sociology, Medical; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301430_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The next chapter of the tobacco wars: Unpacking the latest round of constitutional challenges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bowman, D.M. Author-Name: Bennett, M.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e11-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301419 Abstract: We have considered the tobacco industry's challenges to legislative attempts to provide more health-related information on retail packaging. The first issue is taking and acquiring the industry's intellectual property in Australia. The second challenge involves the tensions between graphic images and the First Amendment in the United States. We have argued that the Obama administration should take advantage of the current window of opportunity to aggressively restrict the industry's control of its products. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; Australia; food and drug administration; human; legal aspect; marketing; packaging; tobacco; tobacco industry; United States, Australia; Humans; Marketing; Product Packaging; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301419_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality from a tornado outbreak, Alabama, April 27, 2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chiu, C.H. Author-Name: Schnall, A.H. Author-Name: Mertzlufft, C.E. Author-Name: Noe, R.S. Author-Name: Wolkin, A.F. Author-Name: Spears, J. Author-Name: Casey-Lockyer, M. Author-Name: Vagi, S.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e52-e58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301291 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the demographics of the decedents from the tornado outbreak in Alabama on April 27, 2011; examine the circumstances of death surrounding these fatalities; and identifymeasures to prevent future tornado-related fatalities. Methods. We collected information about the decedents from death certificates, disaster-related mortality surveillance, and interview data collected by American Red Cross volunteers from the decedent's families. We describe demographic characteristics, circumstances and causes of death, and sheltering behaviors before death. Results. Of the 247 fatalities, females and older adults were at highest risk for tornado-related deaths. Most deaths were directly related to the tornadoes, on scene, and trauma-related. The majority of the deceased were indoors in single-family homes. Word of mouth was the most common warning mechanism. Conclusions. This tornado event was the third deadliest in recent US history. Our findings support the need for local community shelters, enhanced messaging to inform the public of shelter locations, and encouragement of word-ofmouth warnings and personal and family preparedness planning, with a special focus on assisting vulnerable individuals in taking shelter. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: age; age distribution; article; disaster; female; health survey; human; injury; male; mortality; risk factor; sex difference; statistics; tornado; United States, Age Distribution; Age Factors; Alabama; Disasters; Female; Humans; Male; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Tornadoes; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301291_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policies to reduce influenza in the workplace: Impact assessments using an agent-based model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kumar, S. Author-Name: Grefenstette, J.J. Author-Name: Galloway, D. Author-Name: Albert, S.M. Author-Name: Burke, D.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1406-1411 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301269 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of access to paid sick days (PSDs) and stay-at-home behavior on the influenza attack rate in workplaces. Methods. We used an agent-based model of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, with PSD data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, standard influenza epidemic parameters, and the probability of staying home when ill. We compared the influenza attack rate among employees resulting from workplace transmission, focusing on the effects of presenteeism (going to work when ill). Results. In a simulated influenza epidemic (R0 = 1.4), the attack rate among employees owing to workplace transmission was 11.54%. A large proportion (72.00%) of this attack rate resulted from exposure to employees engaging in presenteeism. Universal PSDs reduced workplace infections by 5.86%. Providing 1 or 2 "flu days"-allowing employees with influenza to stay home-reduced workplace infections by 25.33% and 39.22%, respectively. Conclusions. PSDs reduce influenza transmission owing to presenteeism and, hence, the burden of influenza illness in workplaces. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; disease transmission; human; influenza; medical leave; nonbiological model; occupational health; policy; statistics; United States; workplace, Humans; Influenza, Human; Models, Organizational; Occupational Health; Organizational Policy; Pennsylvania; Sick Leave; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301269_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A sexual risk and stress reduction intervention designed for HIV-positive bisexual African American men with childhood sexual abuse histories Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, J.K. Author-Name: Glover, D.A. Author-Name: Wyatt, G.E. Author-Name: Kisler, K. Author-Name: Liu, H. Author-Name: Zhang, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1476-1484 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301121 Abstract: Objectives. HIV transmission risk is high among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), and it is further heightened by a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and current traumatic stress or depression. Yet, traumatic stress is rarely addressed in HIV interventions. We tested a stress-focused sexual risk reduction intervention for African American MSMW with CSA histories. Methods. This randomized controlled trial compared a stress-focused sexual risk reduction intervention with a general health promotion intervention. Sexual risk behaviors, psychological symptoms, stress biomarkers (urinary cortisol and catecholamines), and neopterin (an indicator of HIV progression) were assessed at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Results. Both interventions decreased and sustained reductions in sexual risk and psychological symptoms. The stress-focused intervention was more efficacious than the general health promotion intervention in decreasing unprotected anal insertive sex and reducing depression symptoms. Despite randomization, baseline group differences in CSA severity, psychological symptoms, and biomarkers were found and linked to subsequent intervention outcomes. Conclusions. Although interventions designed specifically for HIV-positive African American MSMW can lead to improvements in health outcomes, future research is needed to examine factors that influence intervention effects. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: biological marker; catecholamine; hydrocortisone; neopterin, African American; analysis of variance; article; bisexuality; chi square distribution; child abuse; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease transmission; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intervention study; male; methodology; middle aged; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychological aspect; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; sexual behavior; urine, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; African Americans; Analysis of Variance; Biological Markers; Bisexuality; Catecholamines; Chi-Square Distribution; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Intervention Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Neopterin; Questionnaires; Risk Reduction Behavior; Sexual Behavior; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301121_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eliminating malaria in the American South: An analysis of the decline of malaria in 1930s Alabama Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sledge, D. Author-Name: Mohler, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1381-1392 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301065 Abstract: Until the 1930s, malaria was endemic throughout large swaths of the American South. We used a Poisson mixture model to analyze the decline of malaria at the county level in Alabama (an archetypical Deep South cotton state) during the 1930s. Employing a novel data set, we argue that, contrary to a leading theory, the decline of malaria in the American South was not caused by population movement away from malarial areas or the decline of Southern tenant farming. We elaborate and provide evidence for an alternate explanation that emphasizes the role of targeted New Deal-era public health interventions and the development of local-level public health infrastructure. We show that, rather than disappearing as a consequence of social change or economic improvements, malaria was eliminated in the Southern United States in the face of economic dislocation and widespread and deep-seated poverty. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; Bayes theorem; history; human; malaria; Poisson distribution; population dynamics; public health service; United States, Alabama; Bayes Theorem; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Malaria; Poisson Distribution; Population Dynamics; Public Health Practice; Southeastern United States; Southwestern United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301065_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efforts to reduce overdose deaths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sherman, S.G. Author-Name: Han, J. Author-Name: Welsh, C. Author-Name: Chaulk, P. Author-Name: Serio-Chapman, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301410 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301410_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: There's no place like home: First-year use of the "I Know" home testing program for chlamydia and gonorrhea Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rotblatt, H. Author-Name: Montoya, J.A. Author-Name: Plant, A. Author-Name: Guerry, S. Author-Name: Kerndt, P.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1376-1380 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301010 Abstract: In response to high chlamydia and gonorrhea morbidity, particularly among young African American and Latina women, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health launched a free home testing program for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The primary objectives were to increase chlamydia and gonorrhea testing by removing key barriers and to motivate young women to screen routinely for these sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The program was promoted with a social marketing campaign urging women to order home collection kits online or by telephone. In the program's first year, 2927 kits were ordered and 1543 testable specimens returned; 131 women (8.5%) had a positive test result. The strong response, high morbidity, and program scalability indicated strong potential as a new tool for STD control. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; article; child; Chlamydia trachomatis; chlamydiasis; female; gonorrhea; Hispanic; human; mass screening; methodology; self care; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Female; Gonorrhea; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Los Angeles; Mass Screening; Self Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301010_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender-stratified models to examine the relationship between financial hardship and self-reported oral health for older US men and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chi, D.L. Author-Name: Tucker-Seeley, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1507-1515 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301145 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between financial hardship and self-reported oral health for older men and women. Methods. We focused on adults in the 2008 Health and Retirement Study (n = 1359). The predictor variables were 4 financial hardship indicators. We used Poisson regression models to estimate the prevalence ratio of poor self-reported oral health. Results. In the non-gender-stratified model, number of financial hardships was not significantly associated with self-reported oral health. Food insecurity was associated with a 12% greater prevalence of poor self-reported oral health (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.21). In the gender-stratified models, women with 3 or more financial hardships had a 24% greater prevalence of poor self-reported oral health than women with zero (95% CI = 1.09, 1.40). Number of hardships was not associated with self-reported oral health for men. For men, skipping medications was associated with 50% lower prevalence of poor self-reported oral health (95% CI = 0.32, 0.76). Conclusions. Number of financial hardships was differentially associated with self-reported oral health for older men and women. Most financial hardship indicators affected both genders similarly. Future interventions to improve vulnerable older adults' oral health should account for gender-based heterogeneity in financial hardship experiences. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: aged; article; catering service; chi square distribution; cross-sectional study; female; health; health status indicator; human; income; longitudinal study; male; medicaid; middle aged; nonparametric test; Poisson distribution; retirement; risk factor; self report; social class; statistics; United States, Aged; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Food Supply; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medicaid; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Poisson Distribution; Retirement; Risk Factors; Self Report; Social Class; Statistics, Nonparametric; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301145_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geospatial technology and the "exposome": New perspectives on addiction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stahler, G.J. Author-Name: Mennis, J. Author-Name: Baron, D.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1354-1356 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301306 Abstract: Addiction represents one of the greatest public health problems facing the United States. Advances in addiction research have focused on the neurobiology of this disease. We discuss potential new breakthroughs in understanding the other side of gene-environment interactions-the environmental context or "exposome" of addiction. Such research has recently been made possible by advances in geospatial technologies together with new mobile and sensor computing platforms. These advances have fostered interdisciplinary collaborations focusing on the intersection of environment and behavior in addiction research. Although issues of privacy protection for study participants remain, these advances could potentially improve our understanding of initiation of drug use and relapse and help develop innovative technology-based interventions to improve treatment and continuing care services. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: addiction; article; genetics; genotype environment interaction; human; public health; United States, Behavior, Addictive; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Public Health; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301306_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Harvesting the biopsychosocial benefits of community gardens Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: George, D.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301435 Keywords: adult; body mass; demography; female; gardening; human; letter; male; obesity; urban population; vegetable, Adult; Body Mass Index; Female; Gardening; Humans; Male; Overweight; Residence Characteristics; Urban Population; Vegetables Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301435_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Engaging HIV care providers in conversations with their reproductive-age patients about fertility desires and intentions: A historical review of the HIV epidemic in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steiner, R.J. Author-Name: Sarah, F.-K. Author-Name: Dariotis, J.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1357-1366 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301265 Abstract: Provider-initiated conversations with people living with HIV about reproductive plans are lacking. Providers must know whether their patients want to bear children to tailor treatment and refer for HIV preconception counseling to help achieve patients' reproductive goals while minimizing transmission to partners and children. The early focus on men who have sex with men largely excluded consideration of the epidemic's impact on reproductive health. We used a historical review of the US epidemic to describe the problem's scope and understand if this legacy underlies the current neglect of reproductive planning. Drawing on peer-reviewed literature, we discuss key themes relevant to assessing and understanding attention to desires for children among HIV-positive people. We conclude with recommendations for addressing persistent stigma and enhancing patient-provider communication about reproductive intentions. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: behavior; caregiver; female; fertility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; male; motivation; psychological aspect; reproductive behavior; review; sexuality, Caregivers; Communication; Female; Fertility; HIV Infections; Humans; Intention; Male; Motivation; Reproductive Behavior; Sexual Partners Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301265_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The exclusion of nicotine: Closing the gap in addiction policy and practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richter, L. Author-Name: Foster, S.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e14-e16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301448 Abstract: Addiction is a complex brain disease with frequently overlapping expressions involving nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs. Yet current health care practices, public policies, and national treatment data too often exclude nicotine or address its use as completely separate from other forms of substance use and addiction, compromising patients' health and incurring unnecessary health care costs. Effective prevention and treatment requires the inclusion of nicotine in a comprehensive approach addressing all manifestations of addiction within health care policy and practice. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: nicotine, addiction; article; health care policy; human; risk reduction; tobacco dependence; United States, Behavior, Addictive; Health Policy; Humans; Nicotine; Risk Reduction Behavior; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301448_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates Of HIV infection among transfemales, San Francisco, 2010: Results from a respondent-driven sampling study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rapues, J. Author-Name: Wilson, E.C. Author-Name: Packer, T. Author-Name: Colfax, G.N. Author-Name: Raymond, H.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1485-1492 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301109 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the use of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) among a high-risk population of transfemales. We also obtained up-to-date epidemiological data on HIV infection and related correlates among this population. Methods. We evaluated the utility of RDS in recruiting a sample of 314 transfemales in San Francisco, California, from August to December 2010 by examining patterns of recruitment and assessing network sizes and equilibrium. We used RDS weights to conduct bivariate and multivariate analyses of correlates of HIV infection. Results. The sample had moderate homophily and reached equilibrium at the eighth wave of recruitment. Weighted HIV prevalence among transfemales was 39.5%. Being a transfemale of color, using injection drugs, and having low educational attainment were independently associated with HIV infection and having a high number of sexual partners and identifying as female were not. Conclusions. RDS performed well and allowed for analyses that are generalizable to the population from which the sample was drawn. Transfemales in San Francisco are disproportionately affected by HIV compared with all other groups except men who have sex with men who also inject drugs. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adult; article; chi square distribution; epidemiology; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; middle aged; prevalence; risk factor; sexuality; transsexuality; United States, Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sampling Studies; San Francisco; Sexual Partners; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301109_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Schwartz et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schwartz, R.P. Author-Name: Gryczynski, J. Author-Name: O'Grady, K.E. Author-Name: Sharfstein, J.M. Author-Name: Warren, G. Author-Name: Olsen, Y.K. Author-Name: Mitchell, S.G. Author-Name: Jaffe, J.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301428 Keywords: buprenorphine; methadone, drug overdose; heroin dependence; human; mortality; note; opiate substitution treatment, Buprenorphine; Drug Overdose; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Methadone; Opiate Substitution Treatment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301428_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal predictors of human papillomavirus vaccination among a national sample of adolescent males Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reiter, P.L. Author-Name: McRee, A.-L. Author-Name: Pepper, J.K. Author-Name: Gilkey, M.B. Author-Name: Galbraith, K.V. Author-Name: Brewer, N.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1419-1427 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301189 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301189 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a longitudinal study to examine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among male adolescents and to identify vaccination predictors. Methods. In fall 2010 and 2011, a national sample of parents with sons aged 11 to 17 years (n = 327) and their sons (n = 228) completed online surveys. We used logistic regression to identify predictors of HPV vaccination that occurred between baseline and follow-up. Results. Only 2% of sons had received any doses of HPV vaccine at baseline, with an increase to 8% by follow-up. About 55% of parents who had ever received a doctor's recommendation to get their sons HPV vaccine did vaccinate between baseline and follow-up, compared with only 1% of parents without a recommendation. Fathers (odds ratio = 0.29; 95% confidence interval = 0.09, 0.80) and non-Hispanic White parents (odds ratio = 0.29; 95% confidence interval = 0.11, 0.76) were less likely to have vaccinated sons. Willingness to get sons HPV vaccine decreased from baseline to follow-up among parents (P < .001) and sons (P = .003). Conclusions. Vaccination against HPV remained low in our study and willingness to vaccinate may be decreasing. Physician recommendation and education about HPV vaccine for males may be key strategies for improving vaccination. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; article; attitude to health; chi square distribution; child; human; longitudinal study; male; papillomavirus infection; United States, Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301189_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increased risks of needing long-term care among older adults living with same-sex partners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hiedemann, B. Author-Name: Brodoff, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e27-e33 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301393 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether older individuals living with same-sex partners face greater risks of needing long-term care than their counterparts living with different-sex partners or spouses. Methods. With data on older couples (at least 1 individual aged 60 years or older) from the 2009 American Community Survey, we estimated logistic regression models of 2 activity limitations that signal a long-term care need: difficulty dressing or bathing and difficulty doing errands alone. Results. When we controlled for age, race/ethnicity, and education, older women who lived with female partners were statistically significantly more likely than those who lived with male partners or spouses to have difficulty dressing or bathing. Older men who lived with male partners were statistically significantly more likely than those who lived with female spouses or partners to need assistance with errands. Conclusions. Older individuals living with same-sex partners face greater risks of needing long-term care than those living with different-sex partners or spouses, but the role of relationship status differs by gender. These findings suggest more broadly that older gay men and lesbians may face greater risks of needing long-term care than their heterosexual counterparts. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adult; article; chi square distribution; daily life activity; family size; female; health service; homosexuality; human; long term care; male; middle aged; risk factor; statistical model; United States; utilization review, Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Homosexuality; Humans; Logistic Models; Long-Term Care; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301393_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Televised antismoking advertising: Effects of level and duration of exposure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dunlop, S. Author-Name: Cotter, T. Author-Name: Perez, D. Author-Name: Wakefield, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e66-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301079 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effects of levels and duration of exposure to televised antismoking advertising on cognitive and behavioral changes. Methods. We used data from a serial cross-sectional telephone survey with weekly interviews of adult smokers and recent quitters in New South Wales, Australia (n = 13 301), between April 2005 and December 2010. We merged survey data with commercial TV ratings data to estimate individuals' exposure to antismoking advertising. Results. Logistic regression analyses indicated that after adjustment for a wide range of potential confounders, exposure to antismoking advertising at levels between 100 and 200 gross rating points per week on average over 6 to 9 weeks was associated with an increased likelihood of having (1) salient quitting thoughts and (2) recent quit attempts. Associations between exposure for shorter periods and these outcomes were not significant. Conclusions. Broadcasting schedules may affect the success of antismoking ads. Campaign planners should ensure advertising exposure at adequate frequency over relatively sustained periods to maximize impact. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; advertizing; article; Australia; cross-sectional study; epidemiology; female; human; interview; male; middle aged; smoking; statistical model; television, Adolescent; Adult; Advertising as Topic; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; New South Wales; Smoking; Television Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301079_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Criminalization of HIV transmission and exposure: Research and policy agenda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lazzarini, Z. Author-Name: Galletly, C.L. Author-Name: Mykhalovskiy, E. Author-Name: Harsono, D. Author-Name: O'Keefe, E. Author-Name: Singer, M. Author-Name: Levine, R.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1350-1353 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301267 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301267 Abstract: More than half of US jurisdictions have laws criminalizing knowing exposure to or transmission of HIV, yet little evidence supports these laws' effectiveness in reducing HIV incidence. These laws may undermine prevention efforts outlined in the US National HIV/AIDS Strategy, in which the United States has invested substantial federal funds. Future research should include studies of (1) the impact of US HIV exposure laws on public health systems and practices; (2) enforcement of these laws, including arrests, prosecutions, convictions, and sentencing; (3) alternatives to HIV exposure laws; and (4) direct and opportunity costs of enforcement. Policy efforts to mitigate potential negative impacts of these laws could include developing prosecutorial guidelines, modernized statutes, and model public health policies and protocols. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: article; criminal law; disease transmission; health care policy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; legal aspect; public health; United States, Criminal Law; Health Policy; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301267_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of border screening for detecting influenza in arriving airline travelers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Priest, P.C. Author-Name: Jennings, L.C. Author-Name: Duncan, A.R. Author-Name: Brunton, C.R. Author-Name: Baker, M.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1412-1418 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300761 Abstract: Objectives. We measured symptom and influenza prevalence, and the effectiveness of symptom and temperature screening for identifying influenza, in arriving international airline travelers. Methods. This cross-sectional study collected data from travelers to Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, in winter 2008, via a health questionnaire, temperature testing, and respiratory sampling. Results. Forms were returned by 15 976 (68%) travelers. Of these, 17% reported at least 1 influenza symptom, with runny or blocked nose (10%) and cough (8%) most common. Respiratory specimens were obtained from 3769 travelers. Estimated prevalence of influenza was 1.1% (4% among symptomatic, 0.2% among asymptomatic). The sensitivity of screening criteria ranged from 84% for "any symptom" to 3% for a fever of 37.8 °C or greater. The positive predictive value was low for all criteria. Conclusions. Border screening using self-reported symptoms and temperature testing has limitations for preventing pandemic influenza from entering a country. Using "any symptom" or cough would lead to many uninfected people being investigated, yet some infected people would remain undetected. If more specific criteria such as fever were used, most infected people would enter the country despite screening. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; aircraft; article; chi square distribution; child; coughing; cross-sectional study; female; fever; human; infant; influenza; male; mass screening; middle aged; New Zealand; newborn; polymerase chain reaction; predictive value; preschool child; prevalence; questionnaire; rhinitis; sensitivity and specificity; travel; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aircraft; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Influenza, Human; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Rhinitis; Sensitivity and Specificity; Travel Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300761_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of state medical marijuana laws on adolescent marijuana use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lynne-Landsman, S.D. Author-Name: Livingston, M.D. Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1500-1506 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301117 Abstract: Objectives. Medical marijuana laws (MMLs) have been suggested as a possible cause of increases in marijuana use among adolescents in the United States. We evaluated the effects of MMLs on adolescent marijuana use from 2003 through 2011. Methods. We used data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey and a differencein-differences design to evaluate the effects of passage of state MMLs on adolescent marijuana use. The states examined (Montana, Rhode Island, Michigan, and Delaware) had passed MMLs at different times over a period of 8 years, ensuring that contemporaneous history was not a design confound. Results. In 40 planned comparisons of adolescents exposed and not exposed to MMLs across states and over time, only 2 significant effects were found, an outcome expected according to chance alone. Further examination of the (nonsignificant) estimates revealed no discernible pattern suggesting an effect on either self-reported prevalence or frequency of marijuana use. Conclusions. Our results suggest that, in the states assessed here, MMLs have not measurably affected adolescent marijuana use in the first few years after their enactment. Longer-term results, after MMLs are more fully implemented, might be different. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; article; cannabis addiction; cannabis smoking; commercial phenomena; female; government; human; legal aspect; male; phytotherapy; prevalence; risk factor; United States, Adolescent; Commerce; Delaware; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Abuse; Marijuana Smoking; Michigan; Montana; Phytotherapy; Prevalence; Rhode Island; Risk Factors; State Government Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301117_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Facilitators and barriers to discussing HIV prevention with adolescents: Perspectives of HIV-infected parents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Edwards, L.L. Author-Name: Reis, J.S. Author-Name: Weber, K.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: 1468-1475 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301111 Abstract: Objectives. We examined HIV-infected parents' conversations about HIV prevention with their uninfected children, including what facilitated or hindered communication. Methods. Parents with HIV/AIDS (n = 90) who had children aged 10 to 18 years were recruited for a mixed method study from 2009 to 2010. Interviews assessed facilitators and barriers to discussing HIV prevention. A questionnaire identified the frequency and content of conversations, parental confidence level, and perceived importance of discussing preventive topics. Results. Eighty-one percent of parents reported "sometimes" or "often" communicating about HIV prevention. A subset of parents found these conversations difficult; 44% indicated their desire for support. Facilitators to communication included utilizing support, focusing on the benefits of talking, and having a previous relationship with one's child. Barriers to discussions included fear of negative consequences, living in denial, and lacking a parental role model who discussed safer sex. Parents varied as to how they believed their HIV status affected communication. Those who did not disclose their HIV status to their children reported less frequent communication; self-efficacy partially mediated this relationship. Conclusions. Findings highlighted the need for communication skills training that support HIV-infected parents in their efforts to discuss HIV-related information with adolescents. © 2013 American Journal of Public Health. Keywords: adolescent; article; chi square distribution; child; child parent relation; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; male; middle aged; nonparametric test; parent; psychological aspect; questionnaire, Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Questionnaires; Statistics, Nonparametric Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301111_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Genetic, physiological, and lifestyle predictors of mortality in the general population (American Journal of Public Health (2012) 102 (e3-e10) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walter, S. Author-Name: Mackenbach, J. Author-Name: Vokó, Z. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 8 Pages: e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300596e_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Installation of a bridge barrier as a suicide prevention strategy in Montréal, Québec, Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perron, S. Author-Name: Burrows, S. Author-Name: Fournier, M. Author-Name: Perron, P.-A. Author-Name: Ouellet, F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1235-1239 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301089 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether the installation of a suicide prevention barrier on Jacques-Cartier Bridge led to displacement of suicides to other jumping sites on Montréal Island and Montérégie, Québec, the 2 regions it connects. Methods. Suicides on Montréal Island and Montérégie were extracted from chief coroners' records. We used Poisson regression to assess changes in annual suicide rates by jumping from Jacques-Cartier Bridge and from other bridges and other sites and by other methods before (1990-June 2004) and after (2005-2009) installation of the barrier. Results. Suicide rates by jumping from Jacques-Cartier Bridge decreased after installation of the barrier (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13, 0.43), which persisted when all bridges (IRR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.27, 0.55) and all jumping sites (IRR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.54, 0.80) in the regions were considered. Conclusions. Little or no displacement to other jumping sites may occur after installation of a barrier at an iconic site such as Jacques-Cartier Bridge. A barrier's design is important to its effectiveness and should be considered for new bridges with the potential to become symbolic suicide sites. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; building material; Canada; environmental planning; human; Poisson distribution; statistics; suicide, Construction Materials; Environment Design; Humans; Poisson Distribution; Quebec; Suicide Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301089_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pathways to early violent death: The voices of serious violent youth offenders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson Jr., J.B. Author-Name: Brown, J. Author-Name: Van Brakle, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e5-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301160 Abstract: Quantitative studies have uncovered factors associated with early violent death among youth offenders detained in the juvenile justice system, but little is known about the contextual factors associated with pathways to early violent death among youths detained in adult jails. We interviewed young Black male serious violent youth offenders detained in an adult jail to understand their experience of violence. Their narratives reveal how the code of the street, informal rules that govern interpersonal violence among poor inner-city Black male youths, increases the likelihood of violent victimization. Youth offenders detained in adult jails have the lowest rate of service provision among all jail populations. We have addressed how services for youth offenders can be improved to reduce the pathways to early violent death. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adaptive behavior; addiction; adolescent; adult; article; death; human; information processing; juvenile delinquency; male; Negro; offender; pilot study; prison; psychological aspect; qualitative research; social support; statistics; victim; violence; weapon, Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Crime Victims; Criminals; Death; Focus Groups; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Male; Pilot Projects; Prisons; Qualitative Research; Social Support; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence; Weapons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301160_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping the spread of methamphetamine abuse in California from 1995 to 2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruenewald, P.J. Author-Name: Ponicki, W.R. Author-Name: Remer, L.G. Author-Name: Waller, L.A. Author-Name: Zhu, L. Author-Name: Gorman, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1262-1270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300779 Abstract: Objectives. From 1983 to 2008, the incidence of methamphetamine abuse and dependence (MA) presenting at hospitals in California increased 13-fold. We assessed whether this growth could be characterized as a drug epidemic. Methods. We geocoded MA discharges to residential zip codes from 1995 through 2008. We related discharges to population and environmental characteristics using Bayesian Poisson conditional autoregressive models, correcting for small area effects and spatial misalignment and enabling an assessment of contagion between areas. Results. MA incidence increased exponentially in 3 phases interrupted by implementation of laws limiting access to methamphetamine precursors. MA growth from 1999 through 2008 was 17% per year. MA was greatest in areas with larger White or Hispanic low-income populations, small household sizes, and good connections to highway systems. Spatial misalignment was a source of bias in estimated effects. Spatial autocorrelation was substantial, accounting for approximately 80% of error variance in the model. Conclusions. From 1995 through 2008, MA exhibited signs of growth and spatial spread characteristic of drug epidemics, spreading most rapidly through low-income White and Hispanic populations living outside dense urban areas. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: methamphetamine; street drug, article; Bayes theorem; Caucasian; drug abuse; geographic mapping; Hispanic; hospital discharge; human; incidence; legal aspect; socioeconomics; spatial analysis; statistics; United States, Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Bayes Theorem; California; European Continental Ancestry Group; Geographic Mapping; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Incidence; Methamphetamine; Patient Discharge; Socioeconomic Factors; Spatial Analysis; Street Drugs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300779_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Timeliness of pediatric influenza vaccination compared with seasonal influenza activity in an urban community, 2004-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hofstetter, A.M. Author-Name: Natarajan, K. Author-Name: Rabinowitz, D. Author-Name: Martinez, R.A. Author-Name: Vawdrey, D. Author-Name: Arpadi, S. Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e50-e58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301351 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed pediatric influenza vaccination in relation to community influenza activity. Methods. We examined seasonal influenza vaccination in 34 012 children aged 6 months through 18 years from 5 academically affiliated clinics in northern Manhattan, New York (an urban low-income community) during the 2004-2008 seasons using hospital and city immunization registries. We calculated the cumulative number of administered influenza vaccine doses and proportion of children with any (≥ 1 dose) or full (1-2 doses per age recommendations) vaccination at the onset and peak of community polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza activity according to state surveillance reports and by March 31 each season. Results. Influenza vaccine administration began before October 1, peaked before influenza activity onset, and declined gradually over each season. Coverage at influenza activity onset, peak, and by March 31 increased over the 5 seasons. However, most children lacked full vaccination at these time points, particularly adolescents, minorities, and those requiring 2 doses. Conclusions. Despite early initiation of influenza vaccination, few children were fully vaccinated when influenza began circulating. Interventions should address factors negatively affecting timely influenza vaccination, especially in high-risk populations. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: influenza vaccine, adolescent; article; child; community care; comparative study; female; human; immunology; infant; influenza; male; minority group; multicenter study; pediatrics; poverty; preschool child; register; retrospective study; season; statistics; time; United States; urban population; vaccination, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Female; Humans; Infant; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; Minority Groups; New York City; Pediatrics; Poverty; Registries; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Time Factors; Urban Population; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301351_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and tobacco use within the department of veterans affairs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hamlett-Berry, K. Author-Name: Christofferson, D.E. Author-Name: Martinello, R.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301375 Keywords: human; legal aspect; note; passive smoking; public hospital; smoking; tobacco industry; veteran, Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301375_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A new urban planning code's impact on walking: The residential environments project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christian, H. Author-Name: Knuiman, M. Author-Name: Bull, F. Author-Name: Timperio, A. Author-Name: Foster, S. Author-Name: Divitini, M. Author-Name: Middleton, N. Author-Name: Giles-Corti, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1219-1228 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301230 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether people moving into a housing development designed according to a state government livable neighborhoods subdivision code engage in more walking than do people who move to other types of developments. Methods. In a natural experiment of 1813 people building homes in 73 new housing developments in Perth, Western Australia, we surveyed participants before and then 12 and 36 months after moving. We measured self-reported walking using the Neighborhood Physical Activity Questionnaire and collected perceptions of the environment and self-selection factors. We calculated objective measures of the built environment using a Geographic Information System. Results. After relocation, participants in livable versus conventional developments had greater street connectivity, residential density, land use mix, and access to destinations and more positive perceptions of their neighborhood (all P < .05). However, there were no significant differences in walking over time by type of development (P > .05). Conclusions. Implementation of the Livable Neighborhoods Guidelines produced more supportive environments; however, the level of intervention was insufficient to encourage more walking. Evaluations of new urban planning policies need to incorporate longer term follow-up to allow time for new neighborhoods to develop. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; article; Australia; child; city planning; classification; construction work and architectural phenomena; demography; environmental planning; female; government; human; information processing; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; questionnaire; self report; standard; statistics; traffic and transport; walking, Adult; Building Codes; Child; City Planning; Data Collection; Environment Design; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Residence Characteristics; Self Report; State Government; Transportation; Walking; Western Australia Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301230_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Offen et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Offen, N. Author-Name: Smith, E. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301388 Keywords: human; legal aspect; note; passive smoking; public hospital; smoking; tobacco industry; veteran, Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301388_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community resilience and public health practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morton, M.J. Author-Name: Lurie, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1158-1160 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301354 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301354 Keywords: coping behavior; demography; disaster; editorial; human; public health service, Disasters; Humans; Public Health Practice; Residence Characteristics; Resilience, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301354_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Getting actionable about community resilience: The Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chandra, A. Author-Name: Williams, M. Author-Name: Plough, A. Author-Name: Stayton, A. Author-Name: Wells, K.B. Author-Name: Horta, M. Author-Name: Tang, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1181-1189 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301270 Abstract: Community resilience (CR)-ability to withstand and recover froma disaster-is a national policy expectation that challenges health departments to merge disaster preparedness and community health promotion and to build stronger partnerships with organizations outside government, yet guidance is limited. A baseline survey documented community resilience-building barriers and facilitators for health department and community-based organization (CBO) staff. Questions focused on CBO engagement, government-CBO partnerships, and community education. Most health department staff and CBO members devoted minimal time to community disaster preparedness though many serve populations that would benefit. Respondents observed limited CR activities to activate in a disaster. The findings highlighted opportunities for engaging communities in disaster preparedness and informed the development of a community action plan and toolkit. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; consumer; coping behavior; demography; disaster planning; health education; human; information processing; methodology; organization and management; program development; public-private partnership; statistics; United States, Consumer Participation; Data Collection; Disaster Planning; Health Education; Humans; Los Angeles; Program Development; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Residence Characteristics; Resilience, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301270_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Applying community engagement to disaster planning: Developing the vision and design for the Los Angeles county community disaster resilience initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wells, K.B. Author-Name: Tang, J. Author-Name: Lizaola, E. Author-Name: Jones, F. Author-Name: Brown, A. Author-Name: Stayton, A. Author-Name: Williams, M. Author-Name: Chandra, A. Author-Name: Eisenman, D. Author-Name: Fogleman, S. Author-Name: Plough, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1172-1180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301407 Abstract: Community resilience (CR) is a priority for preparedness, but few models exist. A steering council used community-partnered participatory research to support workgroups in developing CR action plans and hosted forums for input to design a pilot demonstration of implementing CR versus enhanced individual preparedness toolkits. Qualitative data describe how stakeholders viewed CR, how toolkits were developed, and demonstration design evolution. Stakeholders viewed community engagement as facilitating partnerships to implement CR programs when appropriately supported by policy and CR resources. Community engagement exercises clarified motivations and informed action plans (e.g., including vulnerable populations). Community input identified barriers (e.g., trust in government) and CR-building strategies. A CR toolkit and demonstration comparing its implementation with individual preparedness were codeveloped. Community-partnered participatory research was a useful framework to plan a CR initiative through knowledge exchange. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; consumer; coping behavior; demography; disaster planning; human; methodology; participatory research; pilot study; program development; public-private partnership; qualitative research; United States, Community-Based Participatory Research; Consumer Participation; Disaster Planning; Humans; Los Angeles; Pilot Projects; Program Development; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; Qualitative Research; Residence Characteristics; Resilience, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301407_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The shale gas boom and the need for rational policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finkel, M. Author-Name: Hays, J. Author-Name: Law, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1161-1163 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301285 Abstract: High-volume, slick water hydraulic fracturing of shale relies on pumping millions of gallons of surface water laced with toxic chemicals and sand under high pressure to create fractures to release the flow of gas. The process, however, has the potential to cause serious and irreparable damage to the environment and the potential for harm to human and animal health. At issue is how society should form appropriate policy in the absence of well-designed epidemiological studies and health impact assessments. The issue is fraught with environmental, economic, and health implications, and federal and state governments must establish detailed safeguards and ensure regulatory oversight, both of which are presently lacking in states where hydraulic fracturing is allowed. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: natural gas, animal; article; environmental health; health care policy; health impact assessment; human; mining; policy; pollution, Animals; Environmental Health; Environmental Pollution; Extraction and Processing Industry; Gas, Natural; Health Impact Assessment; Health Policy; Humans; Public Policy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301285_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Motorcycle engine capacity may not underlie increased risks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haworth, N. Author-Name: Blackman, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301340 Keywords: human; mortality; motorcycle; note; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Humans; Motorcycles Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301340_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between psychiatric inpatient bed Sand the prevalence of serious mental illness in veterans affairs nursing homes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bowersox, N.W. Author-Name: Szymanski, B.J. Author-Name: McCarthy, J.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1325-1331 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300783 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300783 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether reductions in inpatient psychiatric beds resulted in transinstitutionalization to nursing home care of patients with serious mental illness (SMI) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Methods. We assessed trends in national and site-level inpatient psychiatric beds and nursing home patient demographics, service use, and functioning from the VHA National Patient Care Database, VHA Service Support Center Bed Control, and VHA Minimum Data Set. We estimated nursing home admission appropriateness using propensity score analyses based on Michigan Medicaid Nursing Facility Level of Care Determinations ratings. Results. From 1999 to 2007, the number of VHA inpatient psychiatric beds declined (43 894-40 928), the average inpatient length of stay decreased (33.1-19.0 days), and the prevalence of SMI in nursing homes rose (29.4%-43.8%). At site level, psychiatric inpatient bed availability was unrelated to SMI prevalence in nursing home admissions. However, nursing home residents with SMI were more likely to be inappropriately admitted than were residents without SMI (4.0% vs 3.2%). Conclusions. These results suggest the need for increased attention to the long-term care needs of individuals with SMI. Additional steps need to be taken to ensure that patients with SMI are offered appropriate alternatives to nursing home care and receive adequate screening before admission to nursing home treatment. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: aged; article; cohort analysis; female; government; human; length of stay; male; mental disease; middle aged; nursing home; patient transport; prevalence; propensity score; psychiatric department; standard; statistics; United States; utilization review; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Mental Disorders; Michigan; Middle Aged; Nursing Homes; Patient Transfer; Prevalence; Propensity Score; Psychiatric Department, Hospital; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300783_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protecting public places. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Mark, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301389 Keywords: demography; editorial; environment; environmental planning; health promotion; human; methodology; public health, Environment; Environment Design; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301389_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing children's physical activity during school recess periods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chin, J.J. Author-Name: Ludwig, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1229-1234 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301132 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether schools' participation in the Recess Enhancement Program (REP) in the spring of 2011 was associated with higher rates of children's vigorous physical activity. Methods. In REP, a coach guides children through age-appropriate games aimed at increasing their physical activity. During recess at 25 New York City public elementary schools (15 REP, 10 non-REP), researchers visually scanned predetermined areas (n = 1339 scans), recording the number of sedentary, walking, and very active children. Results. Multivariate statistical analysis found that participation in REP was a significant predictor (P = .027) of the rate of vigorous physical activity (percentage very active in scan area) whose least-squares means were 41% in REP schools and 27% in non-REP schools. A significantly higher rate in REP schools persisted when the coach was not in the scan area, suggesting a change in the recess culture of REP schools. Conclusions. The rate of vigorous physical activity in REP schools was 14 percentage points, or 52%, higher than the rate in non-REP schools. This low-cost intervention might be a valuable addition to the tools for combating childhood obesity and worth replicating elsewhere. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: African American; article; Caucasian; comparative study; exercise; female; health promotion; Hispanic; human; male; methodology; multicenter study; physiology; recreation; school; sex difference; statistics; United States; walking, African Americans; European Continental Ancestry Group; Exercise; Female; Health Promotion; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; New York City; Recreation; Schools; Sex Factors; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301132_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insights from the 2010 APHA delegation to Cuba Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Verissimo, A.D.O. Author-Name: Currie, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1168-1171 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301264 Keywords: article; community care; Cuba; economics; health care delivery; health promotion; human; insurance; medical education; medical society; methodology; preventive medicine; standard; United States, American Public Health Association; Community Health Services; Cuba; Delivery of Health Care; Education, Medical; Health Promotion; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Preventive Medicine; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301264_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in health care receipt among male cancer survivors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Palmer, N.R.A. Author-Name: Geiger, A.M. Author-Name: Felder, T.M. Author-Name: Lu, L. Author-Name: Case, L.D. Author-Name: Weaver, K.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1306-1313 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301096 Abstract: Objectives. We examined racial/ethnic disparities in health care receipt among a nationally representative sample of male cancer survivors. Methods. We identified men aged 18 years and older from the 2006-2010 National Health Interview Survey who reported a history of cancer. We assessed health care receipt in 4 self-reported measures: primary care visit, specialist visit, flu vaccination, and pneumococcal vaccination. We used hierarchical logistic regression modeling, stratified by age (< 65 years vs ≥ 65 years). Results. In adjusted models, older African American and Hispanic survivors were approximately twice as likely as were non-Hispanic Whites to not see a specialist (odds ratio [OR] = 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19, 2.68 and OR = 2.09; 95% CI = 1.18, 3.70, respectively), not receive the flu vaccine (OR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.45, 3.37 and OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.21, 4.01, respectively), and not receive the pneumococcal vaccine (OR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.54, 3.24 and OR = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.75, 5.51, respectively). Conclusions. Racial/ethnic disparities in health care receipt are evident among older, but not younger, cancer survivors, despite access to Medicare. These survivors may be less likely to see specialists, including oncologists, and receive basic preventive care. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: influenza vaccine; Pneumococcus vaccine, adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; comparative study; cross-sectional study; ethnic group; ethnology; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care survey; human; male; middle aged; neoplasm; primary health care; race; regression analysis; risk; specialization; statistics; survivor; United States; utilization review; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnic Groups; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Odds Ratio; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Primary Health Care; Regression Analysis; Specialization; Survivors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301096_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Achieving population health in accountable care organizations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hacker, K. Author-Name: Walker, D.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1163-1167 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301254 Abstract: Although "population health" is one of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Triple Aim goals, its relationship to accountable care organizations (ACOs) remains ill-defined and lacks clarity as to how the clinical delivery system intersects with the public health system. Although defining population health as "panel" management seems to be the default definition, we called for a broader "community health" definition that could improve relationships between clinical delivery and public health systems and health outcomes for communities. We discussed this broader definition and offered recommendations for linking ACOs with the public health system toward improving health for patients and their communities. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: accountable care organization; article; community care; cooperation; economics; health care quality; human; integrated health care system; preventive health service; public health; standard; United States, Accountable Care Organizations; Community Health Services; Cooperative Behavior; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; Preventive Health Services; Public Health; Quality Assurance, Health Care; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301254_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors explaining racial/ethnic disparities in rates of physician recommendation for colorectal cancer screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahmed, N.U. Author-Name: Pelletier, V. Author-Name: Winter, K. Author-Name: Albatineh, A.N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e91-e99 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034 Abstract: Objectives. Physician recommendation plays a crucial role in receiving endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study explored factors associated with racial/ethnic differences in rates of screening recommendation. Methods. Data on 5900 adults eligible for endoscopic screening were obtained from the National Health Interview Survey. Odds ratios of receiving an endoscopy recommendation were calculated for selected variables. Planned, sequenced logistic regressions were conducted to examine the extent to which socioeconomic and health care variables account for racial/ethnic disparities in recommendation rates. Results. Differential rates were observed for CRC screening and screening recommendations among racial/ethnic groups. Compared with Whites, Hispanics were 34% less likely (P < .01) and Blacks were 26% less likely (P < .05) to receive this recommendation. The main predictors that emerged in sequenced analysis were education for Hispanics and Blacks and income for Blacks. After accounting for the effects of usual source of care, insurance coverage, and education, the disparity reduced and became statistically insignificant. Conclusions. Socioeconomic status and access to health care may explain major racial/ethnic disparities in CRC screening recommendation rates. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: aged; article; colorectal tumor; cross-sectional study; early diagnosis; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care survey; human; insurance; male; middle aged; patient referral; physician; race; risk; social class; statistical model; statistics; United States, Aged; Colorectal Neoplasms; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Physicians; Referral and Consultation; Social Class; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301034_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eliminating tuberculosis one neighborhood at a time Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cegielski, J.P. Author-Name: Griffith, D.E. Author-Name: McGaha, P.K. Author-Name: Wolfgang, M. Author-Name: Robinson, C.B. Author-Name: Clark, P.A. Author-Name: Hassell, W.L. Author-Name: Robison, V.A. Author-Name: Walker Jr., K.P. Author-Name: Wallace, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1292-1300 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300781 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated a strategy for preventing tuberculosis (TB) in communities most affected by it. Methods. In 1996, we mapped reported TB cases (1985-1995) and positive tuberculin skin test (TST) reactors (1993-1995) in Smith County, Texas. We delineated the 2 largest, densest clusters, identifying 2 highest-incidence neighborhoods (180 square blocks, 3153 residents). After extensive community preparation, trained health care workers went door-to-door offering TST to all residents unless contraindicated. TST-positive individuals were escorted to a mobile clinic for radiography, clinical evaluation, and isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) as indicated. To assess long-term impact, we mapped all TB cases in Smith County during the equivalent time period after the project. Results. Of 2258 eligible individuals, 1291 (57.1%) were tested, 229 (17.7%) were TST positive, and 147 were treated. From 1996 to 2006, there were no TB cases in either project neighborhood, in contrast with the preintervention decade and the continued occurrence of TB in the rest of Smith County. Conclusions. Targeting high-incidence neighborhoods for active, community-based screening and IPT may hasten TB elimination in the United States. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: isoniazid; tuberculostatic agent, adolescent; adult; African American; article; Caucasian; child; comparative study; demography; disease eradication; female; geographic mapping; Hispanic; human; incidence; lung tuberculosis; male; mass screening; methodology; middle aged; risk factor; statistics; thorax radiography; tuberculin test; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Disease Eradication; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Geographic Mapping; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Incidence; Isoniazid; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Radiography, Thoracic; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Texas; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300781_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of connecticut legislation incentivizing elimination of unhealthy competitive foods on National School Lunch Program participation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Long, M.W. Author-Name: Luedicke, J. Author-Name: Dorsey, M. Author-Name: Fiore, S.S. Author-Name: Henderson, K.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e59-e66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301331 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the impact of Connecticut legislation incentivizing voluntary school district-level elimination of unhealthy competitive foods on National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participation. Methods. We analyzed data on free, reduced, and paid participation in the NSLP from 904 schools within 154 Connecticut school districts from the 2004-2005 to the 2009-2010 school year, resulting in 5064 observations of annual school-level meal participation. We used multilevel regression modeling techniques to estimate the impact of the state competitive food legislation on the count of NSLP lunches served per student in each school. Results. Overall, the state statute was associated with an increase in school lunch participation. We observed increases between 7% and 23% for middleand high-school meal programs, and a slight decrease of 2.5% for the elementary school free meal eligibility category, leading to an estimated revenue increase of roughly $30 000 for an average school district per school year. Conclusions. This study provides support for national implementation of proposed rigorous competitive food standards that can improve the health of students while supporting local school district finances. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; article; catering service; child; economics; food; food assistance; health care quality; health promotion; human; legal aspect; meal; school; standard; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Child; Connecticut; Food; Food Assistance; Food Services; Health Promotion; Humans; Linear Models; Lunch; Program Evaluation; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301331_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health and law collaboration: The Philadelphia lead court study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Campbell, C. Author-Name: Gracely, E. Author-Name: Pan, S. Author-Name: Cummings, C. Author-Name: Palermo, P. Author-Name: Gould, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1271-1277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301076 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether Philadelphia Lead Court is effective in enforcing lead hazard remediation in the homes of children with elevated blood lead levels. Methods. We created a deidentified data set for properties with an initial failed home inspection (IFHI) for lead hazards from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2008, and compared compliance rates within the first year and time to compliance for lead hazard remediation between 1998 and 2002 (precourt period) and between 2003 and 2008 (court period). We evaluated predictors of time to compliance. Results. Within 1 year of the IFHI, 6.6% of the precourt and 76.8% of the court cases achieved compliance (P < .001) for the 3764 homes with data. Four years after the IFHI, 18% had attained compliance in the precourt period compared with 83.1% for the court period (P < .001). A proportional hazard analysis found that compliance was 8 times more likely in the court than the precourt period (P < .001). Conclusions. Lead court was more effective than precourt enforcement strategies. Most properties were remediated within 1 year of the IFHI, and time to compliance was significantly reduced. This model court could be replicated in other cities with similar enforcement problems. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: lead, article; blood; child; cohort analysis; cooperation; ecosystem restoration; environmental exposure; evaluation; housing; human; infant; law enforcement; lead poisoning; legal aspect; methodology; practice guideline; preschool child; public health; retrospective study; standard; statistics; time; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cooperative Behavior; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Remediation; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Guideline Adherence; Housing; Humans; Infant; Law Enforcement; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Philadelphia; Public Health; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301076_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients in Baja California, Mexico, and hispanic patients in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bojorquez-Chapela, I. Author-Name: Barnes, R.F.W. Author-Name: Flood, J. Author-Name: López-Gatell, H. Author-Name: Garfein, R.S. Author-Name: Bäcker, C.E. Author-Name: Alpuche, C. Author-Name: Vinetz, J.M. Author-Name: Catanzaro, A. Author-Name: Kato-Maeda, M. Author-Name: Rodwell, T.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1301-1305 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301039 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to compare prevalence and determinants of multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) between tuberculosis patients in Baja California, Mexico, and Hispanic patients in California. Methods. Using data from Mexico's National TB Drug Resistance Survey (2008-2009) and California Department of Public Health TB case registry (2004-2009), we assessed differences in MDR-TB prevalence comparing (1) Mexicans in Baja California, (2) Mexico-born Hispanics in California, (3) US-born Hispanics in California, and (4) California Hispanics born elsewhere. Results. MDR-TB prevalence was 2.1% in Baja California patients, 1.6% in Mexico-born California patients, 0.4% in US-born California patients, and 2.7% in Hispanic California patients born elsewhere. In multivariate analysis, previous antituberculosis treatment was associated with MDR-TB (odds ratio [OR] = 6.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.34, 12.96); Mexico-born TB patients in California (OR = 5.08; 95% CI = 1.19, 21.75) and those born elsewhere (OR = 7.69; 95% CI = 1.71, 34.67) had greater odds of MDR-TB compared with US-born patients (reference category). Conclusions. Hispanic patients born outside the US or Mexico were more likely to have MDR-TB than were those born within these countries. Possible explanations include different levels of exposure to resistant strains and inadequate treatment. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: tuberculostatic agent, adult; article; comparative study; ethnology; female; health survey; Hispanic; human; male; Mexico; middle aged; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; prevalence; register; risk; risk factor; statistical model; United States, Adult; Antitubercular Agents; California; Female; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mexico; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Registries; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301039_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protective benefits of deep tube wells against childhood diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Winston, J.J. Author-Name: Escamilla, V. Author-Name: Perez-Heydrich, C. Author-Name: Carrel, M. Author-Name: Yunus, M. Author-Name: Streatfield, P.K. Author-Name: Emch, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1287-1291 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300975 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether deep tube wells installed to provide arsenic-free groundwater in rural Bangladesh have the added benefit of reducing childhood diarrheal disease incidence. Methods. We recorded cases of diarrhea in children younger than 5 years in 142 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh, during monthly community health surveys in 2005 and 2006. We surveyed the location and depth of 12 018 tube wells and integrated these data with diarrhea data and other data in a geographic information system. We fit a longitudinal logistic regression model to measure the relationship between childhood diarrhea and deep tube well use. We controlled for maternal education, family wealth, year, and distance to a deep tube well. Results. Household clusters assumed to be using deep tube wells were 48.7% (95% confidence interval = 27.8%, 63.5%) less likely to have a case of childhood diarrhea than were other household clusters. Conclusions. Increased access to deep tube wells may provide dual benefits to vulnerable populations in Matlab, Bangladesh, by reducing the risk of childhood diarrheal disease and decreasing exposure to naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: well water, article; Bangladesh; diarrhea; educational status; health survey; human; incidence; income; infant; newborn; preschool child; risk factor; rural population; standard; statistical model; time, Bangladesh; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Educational Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Incidence; Income; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Time Factors; Water Wells Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300975_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing traumatic brain injuries in youth sports: Youth sports traumatic brain injury state laws, January 2009-December 2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harvey, H.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1249-1254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301107 Abstract: Objectives. I sought to describe current state-wide youth sports traumatic brain injury (TBI) laws and their relationship to prevailing scientific understandings of youth sports TBIs, and to facilitate further research by creating an opensource data set of current laws. Methods. I used Westlaw and LexisNexis databases to create a 50-state data set of youth sports TBI laws enacted between January 2009 and December 2012. I collected and coded the text and citations of each law and developed a protocol and codebook to facilitate future research. Results. Forty-four states and Washington, DC, passed youth sports TBI laws between 2009 and 2012. No state's youth sports TBI law focuses on primary prevention. Instead, such laws focus on (1) increasing coaches' and parents' ability to identify and respond to TBIs and (2) reducing the immediate risk of multiple TBIs. Conclusions. Existing youth sports TBI laws were not designed to reduce initial TBIs. Evaluation is required to assess their effectiveness in reducing the risk and consequences of multiple TBIs. Continued research and evaluation of existing laws will be needed to develop a more comprehensive youth TBI-reduction solution. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; article; brain injury; health care personnel; human; legal aspect; legal liability; risk assessment; sport; sport injury; standard; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Athletic Injuries; Brain Injuries; Health Personnel; Humans; Liability, Legal; Risk Assessment; Sports; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301107_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rolison et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rolison, J.J. Author-Name: Hewson, P.J. Author-Name: Hellier, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301346 Keywords: human; mortality; motorcycle; note; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Humans; Motorcycles Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301346_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of household socialization on youth susceptibility to smoke: Differences between youth age groups and trends over time Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schultz, A.S.H. Author-Name: Nowatzki, J. Author-Name: Ronson, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e39-e42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301344 Abstract: A Canadian biennial youth survey facilitated repeating investigation of susceptibility to smoke and household socialization. We operationalized susceptibility to smoke by 3 levels on the basis of intention and behavior. Variables consistently predicting greater susceptibility across time and age groups were sibling smoking, household restrictions, and vehicle smoke exposure. Gender was predictive among older youths. Household restrictions and emerging legislation to ban smoking in vehicles with youth passengers provide protection against secondhand smoke exposure and sustained resolve to remain smoke-free. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; Canada; car; child; cross-sectional study; disease predisposition; family size; female; health survey; human; legal aspect; male; parent; passive smoking; psychological aspect; sex difference; sibling; smoking; socialization; time, Adolescent; Age Factors; Automobiles; Canada; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disease Susceptibility; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Parents; Sex Factors; Siblings; Smoking; Socialization; Time Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301344_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early life exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic and old-age mortality by cause of death Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myrskylä, M. Author-Name: Mehta, N.K. Author-Name: Chang, V.W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e83-e90 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301060 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to analyze how early exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic is associated with old-age mortality by cause of death. Methods. We analyzed the National Health Interview Survey (n = 81 571; follow-up 1989-2006; 43 808 deaths) and used year and quarter of birth to assess timing of pandemic exposure. We used Cox proportional and Fine-Gray competing hazard models for all-cause and cause-specific mortality, respectively. Results. Cohorts born during pandemic peaks had excess all-cause mortality attributed to increased noncancer mortality. We found evidence for a trade-off between noncancer and cancer causes: cohorts with high noncancer mortality had low cancer mortality, and vice versa. Conclusions. Early disease exposure increases old-age mortality through noncancer causes, which include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and may trigger a trade-off in the risk of cancer and noncancer causes. Potential mechanisms include inflammation or apoptosis. The findings contribute to our understanding of the causes of death behind the early disease exposure-latermortality association. The cancer-noncancer trade-off is potentially important for understanding the mechanisms behind these associations. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: aged; article; cardiovascular disease; cause of death; cohort analysis; communicable disease; cross-sectional study; environmental exposure; female; follow up; health survey; human; influenza; male; middle aged; mortality; neoplasm; pandemic; perinatal period; proportional hazards model; respiratory tract disease; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Communicable Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environmental Exposure; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Surveys; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neoplasms; Pandemics; Peripartum Period; Proportional Hazards Models; Respiratory Tract Diseases; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301060_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bullying and quality of life in youths perceived as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in Washington state, 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patrick, D.L. Author-Name: Bell, J.F. Author-Name: Huang, J.Y. Author-Name: Lazarakis, N.C. Author-Name: Edwards, T.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1255-1261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301101 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between perceived sexual orientation (PSO), bullying, and quality of life (QOL) among US adolescents. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2010 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey collected in public school grades 8, 10, and 12 (n = 27 752). Bullying status was characterized as never bullied, bullied because of PSO, or bullied for other reasons. Survey-weighted regression examined differences in QOL, depressed mood, and consideration of suicide by bullying status. Results. Among male students, 14%, 11%, and 9% reported being bullied because of PSO in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, respectively; and among female students, 11%, 10%, and 6%. In all gender and grade strata, being bullied because of PSO was associated with lower QOL scores and increased the odds of depressed mood or consideration of suicide. Moreover, the magnitudes of these associations were greater than for being bullied for other reasons. Conclusions. Bullying because of PSO is widely prevalent and significantly affects several facets of youth QOL. Bully-prevention or harm-reduction programs must address bullying because of PSO. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; article; bisexuality; bullying; cohort analysis; cross-sectional study; depression; female; health survey; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; psychological aspect; quality of life; regression analysis; school; self report; sex difference; statistics; suicidal ideation; United States, Adolescent; Bisexuality; Bullying; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; Health Surveys; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Quality of Life; Regression Analysis; Schools; Self Report; Sex Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301101_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building community disaster resilience: Perspectives from a large urban county department of public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plough, A. Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Author-Name: Chandra, A. Author-Name: Williams, M. Author-Name: Eisenman, D. Author-Name: Wells, K.B. Author-Name: Law, G.Y. Author-Name: Fogleman, S. Author-Name: Magaña, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1190-1197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301268 Abstract: An emerging approach to public health emergency preparedness and response, community resilience encompasses individual preparedness as well as establishing a supportive social context in communities to withstand and recover from disasters. We examine why building community resilience has become a key component of national policy across multiple federal agencies and discuss the core principles embodied in community resilience theory-specifically, the focus on incorporating equity and social justice considerations in preparedness planning and response. We also examine the challenges of integrating community resilience with traditional public health practices and the importance of developing metrics for evaluation and strategic planning purposes. Using the example of the Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Project, we discuss our experience and perspective from a large urban county to better understand how to implement a community resilience framework in public health practice. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; consumer; coping behavior; demography; disaster planning; health; health care policy; human; public health service; United States, Consumer Participation; Disaster Planning; Health Policy; Humans; Los Angeles; Public Health Practice; Residence Characteristics; Resilience, Psychological; Urban Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301268_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between health literacy and established predictors of smoking cessation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stewart, D.W. Author-Name: Adams, C.E. Author-Name: Cano, M.A. Author-Name: Correa-Fernández, V. Author-Name: Li, Y. Author-Name: Waters, A.J. Author-Name: Wetter, D.W. Author-Name: Vidrine, J.I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e43-e49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301062 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between health literacy and predictors of smoking cessation among 402 low-socioeconomic status (SES), racially/ethnically diverse smokers. Methods. Data were collected as part of a larger study evaluating smoking health risk messages. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses to examine relations between health literacy and predictors of smoking cessation (i.e., nicotine dependence, smoking outcome expectancies, smoking risk perceptions and knowledge, self-efficacy, intentions to quit or reduce smoking). Results. Lower health literacy was associated with higher nicotine dependence, more positive and less negative smoking outcome expectancies, less knowledge about smoking health risks, and lower risk perceptions. Associations remained significant (P < .05) after controlling for demographics and SES-related factors. Conclusions. These results provide the first evidence that low health literacy may serve as a critical and independent risk factor for poor cessation outcomes among low-socioeconomic status, racially/ethnically diverse smokers. Research is needed to investigate potential mechanisms underlying this relationship. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; aged; article; attitude to health; cross-sectional study; ethnology; female; health literacy; human; male; middle aged; risk factor; self concept; sex difference; smoking cessation; social class; statistics; tobacco dependence, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Literacy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Self Efficacy; Sex Factors; Smoking Cessation; Social Class; Tobacco Use Disorder; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301062_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of older Americans' health care utilization over time Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Manski, R.J. Author-Name: Moeller, J.F. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Schimmel, J. Author-Name: St. Clair, P.A. Author-Name: Pepper, J.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1314-1324 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301124 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed correlates of older Americans' continuous and transitional health care utilization over 4 years. Methods. We analyzed data for civilian, noninstitutionalized US individuals older than 50 years from the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimated multinomial logistic models of persistent and intermittent use of physician, inpatient hospital, home health, and outpatient surgery over the 2004-2008 survey periods. Results. Individuals with worse or worsening health were more likely to persistently use medical care and transition into care and not transition out of care over time. Financial variables were less often significant and, when significant, were often in an unexpected direction. Conclusions. Older individuals' health and changes in health are more strongly correlated with persistence of and changes in care-seeking behavior over time than are financial status and changes in financial status. The more pronounced sensitivity to health status and changes in health are important considerations in insurance and retirement policy reforms. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: aged; ambulatory care; ambulatory surgery; article; economics; female; health care delivery; health service; health status; health survey; home care; hospitalization; human; income; insurance; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; patient attitude; statistical model; statistics; time; United States; utilization review; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Health Services; Health Status; Health Surveys; Home Care Services; Hospitalization; Humans; Income; Insurance Coverage; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Office Visits; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301124_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic inequality in disability among adults: A multicountry study using the world health survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hosseinpoor, A.R. Author-Name: Williams, J.A.S. Author-Name: Gautam, J. Author-Name: Posarac, A. Author-Name: Officer, A. Author-Name: Verdes, E. Author-Name: Kostanjsek, N. Author-Name: Chatterji, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1278-1286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301115 Abstract: Objectives. We compared national prevalence and wealth-related inequality in disability across a large number of countries from all income groups. Methods. Data on 218 737 respondents participating in the World Health Survey 2002-2004 were analyzed. A composite disability score (0-100) identified respondents who experienced significant disability in physical, mental, and social functioning irrespective of their underlying health condition. Disabled persons had disability composite scores above 40. Wealth was evaluated using an index of economic status in households based on ownership of selected assets. Socioeconomic inequalities were measured using the slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality. Results. Median age-standardized disability prevalence was higher in the lowand lower middle-income countries. In all the study countries, disability was more prevalent in the poorest than in the richest wealth quintiles. Pro-rich inequality was statistically significant in 43 of 49 countries, with disability prevalence higher among populations with lower wealth. Median relative inequality was higher in the high- and upper middle-income countries. Conclusions. Integrating equity components into the monitoring of disability trends would help ensure that interventions reach and benefit populations with greatest need. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; article; comparative study; cross-sectional study; developed country; developing country; disabled person; economics; health; health survey; human; prevalence; social class; socioeconomics; statistics, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Disabled Persons; Health Surveys; Humans; Prevalence; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301115_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: What do we know about scaling up and sustainability? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pallas, S.W. Author-Name: Minhas, D. Author-Name: Pérez-Escamilla, R. Author-Name: Taylor, L. Author-Name: Curry, L. Author-Name: Bradley, E.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e74-e82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301102 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to provide a systematic review of the determinants of success in scaling up and sustaining community health worker (CHW) programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods. We searched 11 electronic databases for academic literature published through December 2010 (n = 603 articles). Two independent reviewers applied exclusion criteria to identify articles that provided empirical evidence about the scale-up or sustainability of CHW programs in LMICs, then extracted data from each article by using a standardized form. We analyzed the resulting data for determinants and themes through iterated categorization. Results. The final sample of articles (n = 19) present data on CHW programs in 16 countries. We identified 23 enabling factors and 15 barriers to scale-up and sustainability, which were grouped into 3 thematic categories: program design and management, community fit, and integration with the broader environment. Conclusions. Scaling up and sustaining CHW programs in LMICs requires effective program design and management, including adequate training, supervision, motivation, and funding; acceptability of the program to the communities served; and securing support for the program from political leaders and other health care providers. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: developing country; factual database; health auxiliary; health care quality; human; methodology; organization and management; poverty; program development; review, Community Health Workers; Databases, Factual; Developing Countries; Humans; Poverty; Program Development; Program Evaluation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301102_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology and public health in 1906 England: Arthur Newsholme's methodological innovation to study breastfeeding and fatal diarrhea Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Author-Name: Rubenstein, B. Author-Name: Victora, C.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e17-e22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301227 Abstract: In 1906 Arthur Newsholme linked artificial feeding and fatal diarrhea in infants aged one year and younger on the basis of two independent sources of information: mortality registration and a three-year (1903-1905) census of infants from Brighton, United Kingdom. Artificial feeding was more common in the infants who had died (89.3%) than in those in the survey (22.3%). However, boldly assuming the two data sources were nested, Newsholme computed the risks of fatal diarrhea: these were 48 times greater for infants fed fresh cow's milk and 94 times greater for those fed condensed milk than for infants who were exclusively breastfed. This mode of computing risks and risk ratios before the invention of the cohort study design was more innovative than was the usual investigation techniques of his contemporary epidemiologists. Newsholme's conclusions were consistent with the current knowledge that breastfeeding protects against fatal diarrhea. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; breast feeding; epidemiology; history; human; infant; infantile diarrhea; methodology; mortality; newborn; public figure; public health; risk; risk assessment; statistics; United Kingdom, Breast Feeding; Diarrhea, Infantile; England; Epidemiology; Famous Persons; History, 20th Century; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Odds Ratio; Public Health; Risk Assessment; Statistics as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301227_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The decline and rise of coronary heart disease: Understanding public health catastrophism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, D.S. Author-Name: Greene, J.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1207-1218 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301226 Abstract: The decline of coronary heart disease mortality in the United States and Western Europe is one of the great accomplishments of modern public health and medicine. Cardiologists and cardiovascular epidemiologists have devoted significant effort to disease surveillance and epidemiological modeling to understand its causes. One unanticipated outcome of these efforts has been the detection of early warnings that the decline had slowed, plateaued, or even reversed. These subtle signs have been interpreted as evidence of an impending public health catastrophe. This article traces the history of research on coronary heart disease decline and resurgence and situates it in broader narratives of public health catastrophism. Juxtaposing the coronary heart disease literature alongside the narratives of emerging and reemerging infectious disease helps to identify patterns in how public health researchers create data and craft them into powerful narratives of progress or pessimism. These narratives, in turn, shape public health policy. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; catastrophizing; communicable disease; coronary artery disease; health; health care policy; health survey; history; human; mortality; United States, Catastrophization; Communicable Diseases; Coronary Disease; Health Policy; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Public Health Surveillance; United States; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301226_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bicycle guidelines and crash rates on cycle tracks in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lusk, A.C. Author-Name: Morency, P. Author-Name: Miranda-Moreno, L.F. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Dennerlein, J.T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1240-1248 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301043 Abstract: Objectives. We studied state-adopted bicycle guidelines to determine whether cycle tracks (physically separated, bicycle-exclusive paths adjacent to sidewalks) were recommended, whether they were built, and their crash rate. Methods. We analyzed and compared US bicycle facility guidelines published between 1972 and 1999. We identified 19 cycle tracks in the United States and collected extensive data on cycle track design, usage, and crash history from local communities. We used bicycle counts and crash data to estimate crash rates. Results. A bicycle facility guideline written in 1972 endorsed cycle tracks but American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines (1974-1999) discouraged or did not include cycle tracks and did not cite research about crash rates on cycle tracks. For the 19 US cycle tracks we examined, the overall crash rate was 2.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.7, 3.0) per 1 million bicycle kilometers. Conclusions. AASHTO bicycle guidelines are not explicitly based on rigorous or up-to-date research. Our results show that the risk of bicycle-vehicle crashes is lower on US cycle tracks than published crashes rates on roadways. This study and previous investigations support building cycle tracks. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; bicycle; environmental planning; human; practice guideline; risk assessment; standard; statistics; traffic accident; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Bicycling; Environment Design; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Risk Assessment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301043_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of friends on children's physical activity: A review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maturo, C.C. Author-Name: Cunningham, S.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e23-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301366 Abstract: We examined evidence for friendship influences on children's physical activity (PA) through systematic searches of online databases in May 2012. We identified 106 studies (25 qualitative) published in English since 2000 that analyzed indicators of friendship influences (e.g., communication about PA, friends' PA, and PA with friends) among persons younger than 19 years. Children's PA was positively associated with encouragement from friends (43 of 55 studies indicating a positive relationship), friends' own PA (30/35), and engagement with friends in PA (9/10). These findings are consistent with friends influencing PA, but most studies did not isolate influence from other factors that could explain similarity. Understanding friendship influences in childhood can facilitate the promotion of lifelong healthy habits. PA with friends should be considered in health promotion programs. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; child; child behavior; exercise; female; friend; health behavior; human; male; physiology; psychological aspect; review; social support, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Child; Child Behavior; Exercise; Female; Friends; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301366_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reassuring or risky: The presentation of seafood safety in the aftermath of the British Petroleum deepwater horizon oil spill Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greiner, A.L. Author-Name: Lagasse, L.P. Author-Name: Neff, R.A. Author-Name: Love, D.C. Author-Name: Chase, R. Author-Name: Sokol, N. Author-Name: Smith, K.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: 1198-1206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301093 Abstract: The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was enormously newsworthy; coverage interlaced discussions of health, economic, and environmental impacts and risks. We analyzed 315 news articles that considered Gulf seafood safety from the year following the spill. We explored reporting trends, risk presentation, message source, stakeholder perspectives on safety, and framing of safety messages. Approximately one third of articles presented risk associated with seafood consumption as a standalone issue, rather than in conjunction with environmental or economic risks. Government sources were most frequent and their messages were largely framed as reassuring as to seafood safety. Discussions of prevention were limited to short-term, secondary prevention approaches. These data demonstrate a need for risk communication in news coverage of food safety that addresses the larger risk context, primary prevention, and structural causes of risk. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; food safety; Gulf of Mexico; human; mass medium; medical information; oil spill; risk factor; sea food; standard; statistics, Communications Media; Food Safety; Gulf of Mexico; Health Communication; Humans; Petroleum Pollution; Risk Factors; Seafood Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301093_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predictors and a framework for fostering community advocacy as a community health worker core function to eliminate health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabo, S. Author-Name: Ingram, M. Author-Name: Reinschmidt, K.M. Author-Name: Schachter, K. Author-Name: Jacobs, L. Author-Name: De Zapien, J.G. Author-Name: Robinson, L. Author-Name: Carvajal, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 7 Pages: e67-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301108 Abstract: Objectives. Using a mixed-method, participatory research approach, we investigated factors related to community health worker (CHW) community advocacy that affect social determinants of health. Methods. We used cross-sectional survey data for 371 CHWs to assess demographics, training, work environment, and leadership qualities on civic, political, and organizational advocacy. We present advocacy stories to further articulate CHW activities. The data reported are from the recently completed National Community Health Workers Advocacy Study. Results. CHWs are involved in advocacy that is community-focused, although advocacy differs by intrinsic leadership, experience, training, and work environment. We propose a framework to conceptualize, support, and evaluate CHW advocacy and the iterative processes they engage in. These processes create opportunities for community voice and action to affect social and structural conditions that are known to have wide-ranging health effects on communities. Conclusions. The framework presented may have utility for CHWs, their training programs, and their employers as well as funders and policymakers aiming to promote health equity. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; article; consumer advocacy; cross-sectional study; education; evaluation; female; health auxiliary; health care disparity; human; male; methodology; middle aged; participatory research; standard; statistics, Adult; Community Health Workers; Community-Based Participatory Research; Consumer Advocacy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301108_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Achieving consensus on terminology describing multivariable analyses. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, A.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e1 Keywords: human; note; regression analysis, Humans; Regression Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:6:e1_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthy people 2010 leading health indicators: How children with special health care needs fared Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ghandour, R.M. Author-Name: Grason, H.A. Author-Name: Schempf, A.H. Author-Name: Strickland, B.B. Author-Name: Kogan, M.D. Author-Name: Jones, J.R. Author-Name: Nichols, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e99-e106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301001 Abstract: Objectives. We compared estimates for children with and without special health care needs (SHCN) at 2 time periods for national health objectives related to the Healthy People 2010 leading health indicators (LHIs). Methods. Data were from the 2003 and 2007 National Surveys of Children's Health. Seven survey items were relevant to the LHIs and available in both survey years: physical activity, obesity, household tobacco use, current insurance, personal health care provider, past-month depressive symptoms, and past-year emergency department visits. Results. In 2003 and 2007, children with SHCN fared worse than those without SHCN with respect to physical activity, obesity, household tobacco exposure, depressive symptomology, and emergency department visits, but fared better on current insurance and having a personal health care provider. Physical activity and access to a personal health care provider increased for all children, whereas the absolute disparity in personal provider access decreased 4.9%. Conclusions. Significant disparities exist for key population health indicators between children with and without SHCN. Analyses illustrated how populationbased initiatives could be used to frame health challenges among vulnerable populations. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; comparative study; emergency health service; exercise; handicapped child; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care quality; health disparity; health insurance; health promotion; health survey; human; infant; mental health; newborn; obesity; passive smoking; preschool child; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Disabled Children; Emergency Service, Hospital; Exercise; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Healthcare Disparities; Healthy People Programs; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Insurance, Health; Mental Health; Obesity; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301001_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical health effects of the housing boom: Quasi-experimental evidence from the health and retirement study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hamoudi, A. Author-Name: Dowd, J.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1039-1045 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301205 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of the dramatic increases in housing prices in the United States in the 1990s and early 2000s on physical health outcomes among a representative sample of middle-aged and older Americans. Methods. Using a quasi-experimental design, we exploited geographic and time variation in housing prices using third-party valuation estimates of median single-family detached houses from 1988 to 2007 in each of 2400 zip codes combined with Health and Retirement Study data from 1992 to 2006 to test the impact of housing appreciation on physical health outcomes. Results. Respondents living in communities in which home values appreciated more rapidly had fewer functional limitations, performed better on interviewer-administered physical tasks, and had smaller waist circumference. Conclusions. Our results indicate that increases in housing wealth were associated with better health outcomes for homeowners in late middle age and older. The recent sharp decline in housing values for this group may likewise be expected to have important implications for health and should be examined as data become available. Keywords: aged; article; commercial phenomena; economics; female; health status; health survey; housing; human; lung volume; male; middle aged; physiology; retirement; statistics; United States; waist circumference; walking, Aged; Commerce; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Housing; Humans; Lung Volume Measurements; Male; Middle Aged; Retirement; United States; Waist Circumference; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301205_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychopathology in young people experiencing homelessness: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hodgson, K.J. Author-Name: Shelton, K.H. Author-Name: Van Den Bree, M.B.M. Author-Name: Los, F.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e24-e37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301318 Abstract: Understanding mental health issues faced by young homeless persons is instrumental to the development of successful targeted interventions. No systematic review of recent published literature on psychopathology in this group has been completed. We conducted a systematic review of published research examining the prevalence of psychiatric problems among young homeless people. We examined the temporal relationship between homelessness and psychopathology. We collated 46 articles according to the PRISMA Statement. All studies that used a full psychiatric assessment consistently reported a prevalence of any psychiatric disorder from 48% to 98%. Although there was a lack of longitudinal studies of the temporal relationship between psychiatric disorders and homelessness, findings suggested a reciprocal link. Supporting young people at risk for homelessness could reduce homelessness incidence and improve mental health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; homelessness; human; mental disease; prevalence; psychological aspect; review, Adolescent; Adult; Homeless Persons; Humans; Mental Disorders; Prevalence; Psychopathology; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301318_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of internal possession laws on underage drinking among high school students: A 12-state analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Disney, L.D. Author-Name: LaVallee, R.A. Author-Name: Yi, H.-Y. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1090-1095 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301074 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effect of internal possession (IP) laws, which allow law enforcement to charge underage drinkers with alcohol possession if they have ingested alcohol, on underage drinking behaviors. Methods. We examined Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data from 12 states with IP laws and with YRBS data before and after each law's implementation. We used logistic regression models with fixed effects for state to assess the effects of IP laws on drinking and binge drinking among high school students. Results. Implementation of IP laws is associated with reductions in the odds of past-month drinking. This reduction was bigger among male than among female adolescents (27% vs 15%) and only significant among younger students aged 14 and 15 years (15% and 11%, respectively). Male adolescents also reported a significant reduction (24%) in the odds of past-month binge drinking under IP laws. Conclusions. These findings suggest that IP laws are effective in reducing underage drinking, particularly among younger adolescents. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; binge drinking; drinking behavior; female; health survey; human; law enforcement; legal aspect; male; school; sex difference; statistical model; student; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Binge Drinking; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Law Enforcement; Logistic Models; Male; Schools; Sex Factors; Students; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301074_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What Maryland adults with young children know and do about preventing dental caries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horowitz, A.M. Author-Name: Kleinman, D.V. Author-Name: Wang, M.Q. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e69-e76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301038 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine Maryland adults' knowledge, understanding, opinions, and practices with respect to prevention and early detection of dental caries. Methods. We conducted a statewide random-digit-dialing, computer-assisted telephone survey in 2010 among 770 adults who had a child aged 6 years or younger living in their home. A traditional random-digit sample and a targeted low-income sample were included. Analyses included frequencies, percentages, the v2 test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results. Respondents' overall level of knowledge about preventing dental caries was low. Those with higher levels of education were more likely to have correct information regarding prevention and early detection of dental caries. Nearly all respondents (97.9%) reported that they were aware of fluoride, but only 57.8% knew its purpose. More than one third (35.1%) of the respondents were not aware of dental sealants. Those with lower levels of education were significantly less likely to drink tap water, as were their children, and significantly less likely to have had a dental appointment in the preceding past 12 months. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the need to increase oral health literacy regarding caries prevention and early detection. Keywords: fissure sealant; fluoride, adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; child; dental caries; female; health literacy; health survey; human; infant; male; preschool child; social class; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Health Surveys; Female; Fluorides; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Literacy; Humans; Infant; Male; Maryland; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Social Class; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301038_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A more holistic approach needed to physical activity access for all Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hopkins, J.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301216 Keywords: exercise; female; health center; human; male; note; primary health care; public health, Community Health Centers; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301216_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exclusion of non-englishspeaking, recently released prisoners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schafhalter-Zoppoth, I. Author-Name: Walther, A. Author-Name: Flattery, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301334 Keywords: chronic disease; emergency health service; female; health promotion; human; male; methodology; note; primary health care; prisoner; utilization review, Chronic Disease; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Prisoners Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301334_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The affordable care act: The value of systemic disruption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaffer, E.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 969-972 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301180 Abstract: It is important to recognize the political and policy accomplishments of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), anticipate its limitations, and use the levers it provides strategically to address the problems it does not resolve. Passage of the ACA broke the political logjam that long stymied national progress toward equitable, quality, universal, affordable health care. It extends coverage for the uninsured who are disproportionately low income and people of color, curbs health insurance abuses, and initiates improvements in the quality of care. However, challenges to affordability and cost control persist. Public health advocates should mobilize for coverage for abortion care and for immigrants, encourage public-sector involvement in negotiating health care prices, and counter disinformation by opponents on the right. Keywords: article; economics; ethics; health care policy; health insurance; human; legal aspect; United States, Health Policy; Humans; Insurance, Health; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301180_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unmet hearing health care needs: The beaver dam offspring study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nash, S.D. Author-Name: Cruickshanks, K.J. Author-Name: Huang, G.-H. Author-Name: Klein, B.E.K. Author-Name: Klein, R. Author-Name: Nieto, F.J. Author-Name: Tweed, T.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1134-1139 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301031 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the use of hearing health care services (hearing testing and hearing aids) by adults aged 21 to 84 years. Methods. Hearing was tested and medical and hearing health histories were obtained as part of the Beaver Dam Offspring Study between 2005 and 2008 (n = 3285, mean age = 49 years). Results. Of the cohort, 34% (55% of participants aged 70 years) had a hearing test in the past 5 years. In multivariate modeling, older age, male gender, occupation, occupational noise, and having talked with a doctor about a hearing problem were independently associated with having had a hearing test in the past 5 years. Hearing aid use was low among participants with a moderate to severe hearing impairment (22.5%) and among participants with a hearing handicap (8.6%), as determined by the Hearing Handicap Inventory. Conclusions. Data support the need for improvement in hearing health care. Hearing aids' effectiveness is limited if patients do not acquire them or do not use them once acquired. Future research should focus on developing effective strategies for moving patients from diagnosis to treatment. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; auditory rehabilitation; cohort analysis; female; health service; hearing aid; hearing disorder; hearing test; human; industrial noise; male; middle aged; needs assessment; prevalence; questionnaire; sex difference; statistics; United States; utilization review; very elderly, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Correction of Hearing Impairment; Female; Health Services; Hearing Aids; Hearing Disorders; Hearing Tests; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; Noise, Occupational; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Sex Factors; Wisconsin; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301031_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The public's preparedness: Self-reliance, flashbulb memories, and conservative values Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Author-Name: Dyen, S. Author-Name: Elliott, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e85-e91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301198 Abstract: Objectives. We surveyed how many US residents engaged in 6 preparedness activities and measured the relationship between engagement and personal experience in hazard events, flashbulb memories of major events, self-reliance, and other indicators of a conservative philosophy. Methods. We used random digit dialing for national landline (75%) and cell phone (25%) surveys of 1930 US residents from July 6, 2011, to September 9, 2011; 1080 of the sample lived near 6 US Department of Energy nuclear waste management facilities and 850 were a national random sample. Results. The median respondent engaged in 3 of the 6 activities; those who disproportionately engaged in 4 or more had experienced a hazard event, had distressing and strong flashbulb memories of major hazard events, and had strong feelings about the need for greater self-reliance. The results for the national and US Department of Energy site-specific surveys were almost identical. Conclusions. A cadre of US residents are disproportionately engaged in disaster preparedness, and they typically have stronger negative memories of past disasters and tend to be self-reliant. How their efforts can or should be integrated into local preparedness efforts is unclear. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; civil defense; disaster; earthquake; female; human; hurricane; information processing; male; memory; middle aged; oil spill; personal autonomy; politics; statistics; terrorism; tsunami; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Civil Defense; Cyclonic Storms; Data Collection; Disasters; Earthquakes; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Middle Aged; Personal Autonomy; Petroleum Pollution; Politics; September 11 Terrorist Attacks; Tsunamis; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301198_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trauma deserts: Distance from a trauma center, transport times, and mortality from gunshot wounds in Chicago Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crandall, M. Author-Name: Sharp, D. Author-Name: Unger, E. Author-Name: Straus, D. Author-Name: Brasel, K. Author-Name: Hsia, R. Author-Name: Esposito, T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1103-1109 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301223 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether urban patients who suffered gunshot wounds (GSWs) farther from a trauma center would have longer transport times and higher mortality. Methods. We used the Illinois State Trauma Registry (1999-2009). Scene address data for Chicago-area GSWs was geocoded to calculate distance to the nearest trauma center and compare prehospital transport times. We used multivariate regression to calculate the effect on mortality of being shot more than 5 miles from a trauma center. Results. Of 11 744 GSW patients during the study period, 4782 were shot more than 5 miles from a trauma center. Mean transport time and unadjusted mortality were higher for these patients (P < .001 for both). In a multivariate model, suffering a GSW more than 5 miles from a trauma center was associated with an increased risk of death (odds ratio = 1.23; 95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.47; P = .03). Conclusions. Relative 'trauma deserts' with decreased access to immediate care were found in certain areas of Chicago and adversely affected mortality from GSWs. These results may inform decisions about trauma systems planning and funding. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; emergency health service; female; gunshot injury; human; infant; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; patient transport; preschool child; register; regression analysis; statistics; time; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chicago; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Registries; Regression Analysis; Time Factors; Transportation of Patients; Trauma Centers; Wounds, Gunshot; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301223_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intersecting identities and the association between bullying and suicide attempt among new york city youths: Results from the 2009 new york city youth risk behavior survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: LeVasseur, M.T. Author-Name: Kelvin, E.A. Author-Name: Grosskopf, N.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1082-1089 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300994 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300994 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the intersections of sexual minority, gender, and Hispanic ethnic identities and their interaction with experiences of bullying in predicting suicide attempt among New York City youths. Methods. We performed secondary data analysis of the 2009 New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey, using logistic regression to examine the association of sexual identity, gender, ethnicity, and bullying with suicide attempt. We stratified results on these measures and reported adjusted odds ratios. Results. Compared with non-sexual minority youths, sexual minority youths had 4.39 and 1.96 times higher odds, respectively, of attempting suicide and reporting bullying. Identity variables did not interact with bullying in predicting suicide attempt individually; however, a four-way interaction term was significant. The effect of bullying on suicide attempt was strongest among non-Hispanic sexual minority male youths (odds ratio = 21.39 vs 1.65-3.38 for other groups). Conclusions. Sexual minority, gender, and ethnic identities interact with bullying in predicting suicide attempt among New York City youths. Interventions to limit both the prevalence and the effect of bullying among minority youths should consider an intersectional approach that considers ethnic, gender, and sexual identities. Keywords: adolescent; article; bullying; child; cross-sectional study; ethnic group; female; health survey; high risk behavior; Hispanic; human; male; self report; sex difference; sexual behavior; statistical model; statistics; suicide attempt; United States, Adolescent; Bullying; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; New York City; Risk-Taking; Self Report; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Suicide, Attempted Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300994_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Limitations of clinic-based studies on hiv and fertility preferences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yeatman, S. Author-Name: Trinitapoli, J. Author-Name: Hayford, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301333 Keywords: female; fertility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; note; physiology; pregnancy; psychological aspect; reproductive behavior, Female; Fertility; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301333_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Antiretroviral medication diversion among HIV-positive substance abusers in South Florida Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Surratt, H.L. Author-Name: Kurtz, S.P. Author-Name: Cicero, T.J. Author-Name: O'Grady, C. Author-Name: Levi-Minzi, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1026-1028 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301092 Abstract: The high cost of life-saving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for HIV represents an expense that impedes accessibility and affordability by patients. This price structure also appears to motivate the diversion of ARVs and the targeting of HIVpositive patients by pill brokers in the illicit market. Our field research with indigent, HIV-positive substance abusers links ARV diversion to high levels of competing needs, including psychiatric disorders, HIV stigma, and homelessness. Interventions to reduce diversion must address the needs of highly vulnerable patients. Keywords: antiretrovirus agent, addiction; adult; article; commercial phenomena; economics; female; homelessness; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; male; medication compliance; mental disease; middle aged; social psychology; statistics; United States, Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Commerce; Female; Florida; HIV; HIV Seropositivity; Homeless Persons; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medication Adherence; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Stereotyping; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301092_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The story of the east harlem nursing and health service, 1928-1941 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: D'Antonio, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 988-996 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301088 Abstract: I examine the history of the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service in New York City from its beginnings as a demonstration project in 1922 to its closing in 1941. I explore the less tangible goals, needs, and ambitions of the many different constituents that paid for, delivered, and received health care services. I place these goals, needs, and ambitions as critically important drivers of ultimate success or failure. The East Harlem Nursing and Health Service gained international fame among public health leaders for its innovative and independent nursing practice and teaching. However, it ultimately failed because its commitment was to a particular disciplinary mission that did not meet the needs of the constituent communities it served. From 1928 to 1941, the service focused more on the educational advancement of public health nursing and less on addressing the real health care needs of those in East Harlem. Keywords: community care; community health nursing; economics; health education; health service; history; human; review; United States, Community Health Services; Health Education; Health Services; History, 20th Century; Humans; New York City; Public Health Nursing Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301088_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population-based versus practice-based recall for childhood immunizations: A randomized controlled comparative effectiveness trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kempe, A. Author-Name: Saville, A. Author-Name: Dickinson, L.M. Author-Name: Eisert, S. Author-Name: Reynolds, J. Author-Name: Herrero, D. Author-Name: Beaty, B. Author-Name: Albright, K. Author-Name: Dibert, E. Author-Name: Koehler, V. Author-Name: Lockhart, S. Author-Name: Calonge, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1116-1123 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301035 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of populationbased recall (Pop-recall) versus practice-based recall (PCP-recall) at increasing immunizations among preschool children. Methods. This cluster-randomized trial involved children aged 19 to 35 months needing immunizations in 8 rural and 6 urban Colorado counties. In Pop-recall counties, recall was conducted centrally using the Colorado Immunization Information System (CIIS). In PCP-recall counties, practices were invited to attend webinar training using CIIS and offered financial support for mailings. The percentage of up-to-date (UTD) and vaccine documentation were compared 6 months after recall. A mixed-effects model assessed the association between intervention and whether a child became UTD. Results. Ten of 195 practices (5%) implemented recall in PCP-recall counties. Among children needing immunizations, 18.7% became UTD in Pop-recall versus 12.8% in PCP-recall counties (P < .001); 31.8% had documented receipt of 1 ormore vaccines in Pop-recall versus 22.6% in PCP-recall counties (P < .001). Relative risk estimates from multivariablemodeling were 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10, 1.37) for becoming UTD and 1.26 (95% CI = 1.15, 1.38) for receipt of any vaccine. Costs for Pop-recall versus PCP-recall were s215 versus s1981 per practice and s17 versus s62 per child brought UTD. Conclusions. Population-based recall conducted centrally was more effective and cost-effective at increasing immunization rates in preschool children. Keywords: article; comparative effectiveness; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; economics; human; immunization; infant; preschool child; private practice; public health service; randomized controlled trial; reminder system; rural population; statistics; United States; urban population, Child, Preschool; Colorado; Comparative Effectiveness Research; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Humans; Immunization; Infant; Private Practice; Public Health Practice; Reminder Systems; Rural Population; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301035_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in criminal court referrals to drug treatment and prison for minority men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nicosia, N. Author-Name: MacDonald, J.M. Author-Name: Arkes, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e77-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301222 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the extent to which racial/ethnic disparities in prison and diversion to drug treatment were explained by current arrest and criminal history characteristics among drug-involved offenders, and whether those disparities decreased after California's Proposition 36, which mandated first- and second-time nonviolent drug offenders drug treatment instead of prison. Methods. We analyzed administrative data on approximately 170 000 druginvolved arrests in California between 1995 and 2005. We examined odds ratios from logistic regressions for prison and diversion across racial/ethnic groups before and after Proposition 36. Results. We found significant disparities in prison and diversion for Blacks and Hispanics relative to Whites. These disparities decreased after controlling for current arrest and criminal history characteristics for Blacks. Proposition 36 was also associated with a reduction in disparities, but more so for Hispanics than Blacks. Conclusions. Disparities in prison and diversion to drug treatment among drug-involved offenders affect hundreds of thousands of citizens and might reinforce imbalances in criminal justice and health outcomes. Our study indicated that standardized criminal justice policies that improved access to drug treatment might contribute to alleviating some share of these disparities. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; aged; article; Caucasian; criminal law; ethnology; health care disparity; Hispanic; human; legal aspect; male; middle aged; minority group; Negro; patient referral; prison; risk; socioeconomics; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; California; Criminal Law; European Continental Ancestry Group; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Odds Ratio; Prisons; Referral and Consultation; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301222_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of unexpected bereavement on mortality in older couples Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shah, S.M. Author-Name: Carey, I.M. Author-Name: Harris, T. Author-Name: DeWilde, S. Author-Name: Victor, C.R. Author-Name: Cook, D.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1140-1145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301050 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether unexpected bereavement has a greater impact on mortality in the surviving partner than death of a partner with preexisting chronic disease or disability. Methods. In a UK primary care database (The Health Improvement Network), we identified 171 720 couples aged 60 years and older. We compared the rise in mortality in the first year after bereavement in those whose partner died without recorded chronic disease (unexpected bereavement) to those whose deceased partner had a diagnosis of chronic disease (known morbidity). Results. For unexpected bereavement (13.4% of all bereavements), the adjusted hazard ratio for death in the first year after bereavement was 1.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.39, 1.86) compared with 1.21 (95% CI = 1.14, 1.30) where the partner had known morbidity. Differences between bereaved groups were significant (P = .001) and present for both men and women. Conclusions. Unexpected bereavement has a greater relative mortality impact than bereavement preceded by chronic disease. Our findings highlight the potential value of preparing individuals for the death of a spouse with known morbidity and providing extra support after bereavement for those experiencing sudden unexpected bereavement. Keywords: aged; article; bereavement; chronic disease; family size; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; proportional hazards model; risk factor; spouse; sudden death; time; United Kingdom; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bereavement; Chronic Disease; Death, Sudden; Family Characteristics; Female; Great Britain; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Spouses; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301050_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based obesity policy, social capital, and gender differences in weight control behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhu, L. Author-Name: Thomas, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1067-1073 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301033 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations among school-based obesity policies, social capital, and adolescents' self-reported weight control behaviors, focusing on how the collective roles of community and adopted policies affect gender groups differently. Methods. We estimated state-level ecologic models using 1-way random effects seemingly unrelated regressions derived from panel data for 43 states from 1991 to 2009, which we obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. We used multiplicative interaction terms to assess how social capital moderates the effects of schoolbased obesity policies. Results. School-based obesity policies in active communities were mixed in improving weight control behaviors. They increased both healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors among boys but did not increase healthy weight control behaviors among girls. Conclusions. Social capital is an important contextual factor that conditions policy effectiveness in large contexts. Heterogeneous behavioral responses are associated with both school-based obesity policies and social capital. Building social capital and developing policy programs to balance outcomes for both gender groups may be challenging in managing childhood obesity. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; child; female; health behavior; health care policy; health survey; human; male; obesity; school; sex difference; social support; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Child; Female; Health Behavior; Health Policy; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Obesity; Schools; Sex Factors; Social Support; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301033_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of health impact assessment for a community undergoing natural gas development. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Witter, R.Z. Author-Name: McKenzie, L. Author-Name: Stinson, K.E. Author-Name: Scott, K. Author-Name: Newman, L.S. Author-Name: Adgate, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1002-1010 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301017 Abstract: The development of natural gas wells is rapidly increasing, yet little is known about associated exposures and potential public health consequences. We used health impact assessment (HIA) to provide decision-makers with information to promote public health at a time of rapid decision making for natural gas development. We have reported that natural gas development may expose local residents to air and water contamination, industrial noise and traffic, and community changes. We have provided more than 90 recommendations for preventing or decreasing health impacts associated with these exposures. We also have reflected on the lessons learned from conducting an HIA in a politically charged environment. Finally, we have demonstrated that despite the challenges, HIA can successfully enhance public health policymaking. Keywords: natural gas, article; decision making; demography; environmental exposure; health impact assessment; human; methodology; mining; politics; standard; United States; utilization review, Colorado; Decision Making; Environmental Exposure; Extraction and Processing Industry; Gas, Natural; Health Impact Assessment; Humans; Politics; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301017_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of health impact assessment for a community undergoing natural gas development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Witter, R.Z. Author-Name: McKenzie, L. Author-Name: Stinson, K.E. Author-Name: Scott, K. Author-Name: Newman, L.S. Author-Name: Adgate, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1002-1010 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301017) File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301017) Abstract: The development of natural gas wells is rapidly increasing, yet little is known about associated exposures and potential public health consequences. We used health impact assessment (HIA) to provide decision-makers with information to promote public health at a time of rapid decision making for natural gas development.We have reported that natural gas development may expose local residents to air and water contamination, industrial noise and traffic, and community changes. We have provided more than 90 recommendations for preventing or decreasing health impacts associated with these exposures. We also have reflected on the lessons learned from conducting an HIA in a politically charged environment. Finally, we have demonstrated that despite the challenges, HIA can successfully enhance public health policymaking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301017)_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unemployment and suicide during and after a deep recession: A longitudinal study of 3.4 million swedish men and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garcy, A.M. Author-Name: Vagerö, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1031-1038 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301210 Abstract: Objectives. We tested 2 hypotheses found in studies of the relationship between suicide and unemployment: causal (stress and adversity) and selective interpretation (previous poor health). Methods. We estimated Cox models for adults (n = 3 424 550) born between 1931 and 1965. We examined mortality during the recession (1993-1996), postrecession (1997-2002), and a combined follow-up. Models controlled for previous medical problems, and social, family, and employer characteristics. Results. During the recession there was no excess hazard of mortality from suicide or events of undetermined intent. Postrecession, there was an excess hazard of suicide mortality for unemployed men but not unemployed women. However, for unemployed women with no health-problem history there was a modest hazard of suicide. Finally, there was elevated mortality from events of undetermined intent for unemployed men and women postrecession. Conclusions. A small part of the relationship may be related to health selection, more so during the recession. However, postrecessionary period findings suggest that much of the association could be causal. A narrow focus on suicide mortality may understate the mortality effects of unemployment in Sweden. Keywords: adult; article; economic recession; female; human; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; proportional hazards model; register; statistics; suicide; Sweden; unemployment, Adult; Economic Recession; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Proportional Hazards Models; Registries; Suicide; Sweden; Unemployment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301210_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Behavioral and socioemotional outcomes through age 5 years of the legacy for children public health approach to improving developmental outcomes among children born into poverty Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaminski, J.W. Author-Name: Perou, R. Author-Name: Visser, S.N. Author-Name: Scott, K.G. Author-Name: Beckwith, L. Author-Name: Howard, J. Author-Name: Smith, D.C. Author-Name: Danielson, M.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1058-1066 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300996 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated Legacy for Children, a public health strategy to improve child health and development among low-income families. Methods. Mothers were recruited prenatally or at the birth of a child to participate in Legacy parenting groups for 3 to 5 years. A set of 2 randomized trials in Miami, Florida, and Los Angeles, California, between 2001 and 2009 assessed 574 mother-child pairs when the children were 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months old. Intent-to-treat analyses from 12 to 60 months compared groups on child behavioral and socioemotional outcomes. Results. Children of mothers in the intervention group were at lower risk for behavioral concerns at 24 months and socioemotional problems at 48 months in Miami, and lower risk for hyperactive behavior at 60 months in Los Angeles. Longitudinal analyses indicated that children of intervention mothers in Miami were at lower risk for behavior problems from 24 to 60 months of age. Conclusions. Randomized controlled trials documented effectiveness of the Legacy model over time while allowing for implementation adaptations by 2 different sites. Broadly disseminable, parent-focused prevention models such as Legacy have potential for public health impact. These investments in prevention might reduce the need for later intervention strategies. Keywords: adult; age; article; behavior disorder; child parent relation; child welfare; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; health care quality; health promotion; human; infant; methodology; mother child relation; poverty; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; social adaptation; statistical model; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Child Behavior Disorders; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Florida; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant; Logistic Models; Los Angeles; Mother-Child Relations; Parenting; Poverty; Program Evaluation; Social Adjustment; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300996_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Offender diversion into substance use disorder treatment: The economic impact of california's proposition 36 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anglin, M.D. Author-Name: Nosyk, B. Author-Name: Jaffe, A. Author-Name: Urada, D. Author-Name: Evans, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1096-1102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301168 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the costs and savings attributable to the California Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), which mandated probation or continued parole with substance abuse treatment in lieu of incarceration for adult offenders convicted of nonviolent drug offenses and probation and parole violators. Methods. We used individually linked, population-level administrative data to define intervention and control cohorts of offenders meeting SACPA eligibility criteria. Using multivariate difference-in-differences analysis, we estimated the effect of SACPA implementation on the total and domain-specific costs to state and county governments, controlling for fixed individual and county characteristics and changes in crime at the county level. Results. The additional costs of treatment were more than offset by savings in other domains, primarily in the costs of incarceration. We estimated the statewide policy effect as an adjusted savings of S2317 (95% confidence interval = S1905, S2730) per offender over a 30-month postconviction period. SACPA implementation resulted in greater incremental cost savings for Blacks and Hispanics, who had markedly higher rates of conviction and incarceration. Conclusions. The monetary benefits to government exceeded the additional costs of SACPA implementation and provision of treatment. Keywords: addiction; adult; article; cohort analysis; comparative study; cost benefit analysis; crime; economics; female; human; legal aspect; male; offender; prison; United States, Adult; California; Cohort Studies; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Crime; Criminals; Female; Humans; Male; Prisons; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301168_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical uncertainties, health service challenges, and ethical complexities of hiv 'test-and-treat': A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kulkarni, S.P. Author-Name: Shah, K.R. Author-Name: Sarma, K.V. Author-Name: Mahajan, A.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e14-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301273 Abstract: Despite the HIV 'test-andtreat' strategy's promise, questions about its clinical rationale, operational feasibility, and ethical appropriateness have led to vigorous debate in the global HIV community. We performed a systematic review of the literature published between January 2009 and May 2012 using PubMed, SCOPUS, Global Health, Web of Science, BIOSIS, Cochrane CENTRAL, EBSCO Africa-Wide Information, and EBSCO CINAHL Plus databases to summarize clinical uncertainties, health service challenges, andethical complexities that may affect the test-and-treat strategy's success. A thoughtful approach to research and implementation to address clinical and health service questions and meaningful community engagement regarding ethical complexities may bring us closer to safe, feasible, and effective test-and-treat implementation. Keywords: ethics; health care quality; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; review; uncertainty, Health Promotion; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Program Evaluation; Uncertainty Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301273_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missed opportunities for hepatitis c testing in opioid treatment programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frimpong, J.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1028-1030 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301129 Abstract: HCV has surpassed HIV as a cause of death in the United States and is particularly prevalent among injection drug users. I examined the availability of on-site HCV testing in a nationally representative sample of opioid treatment programs. Nearly 68% of these programs had the staff required for HCV testing, but only 34% offered on-site testing. Availability of on-site testing increased only slightly with the proportion of injection drug users among clients. The limited HCV testing services in opioid treatment programs is a key challenge to reducing HCV in the US population. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, article; blood examination; drug dependence treatment; health care delivery; health care survey; hepatitis C; human; manpower; standard; statistics; substance abuse; United States, Analgesics, Opioid; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Hematologic Tests; Hepatitis C; Humans; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301129_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: End-of-life care issues: A personal, economic, public policy, and public health crisis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morhaim, D.K. Author-Name: Pollack, K.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e8-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301316 Abstract: Advance directive documents are free, legal, and readily available, yet too few Americans have completed one. Initiating discussions about death is challenging, but progress in medical technology, which leads to increasingly complex medical care choices, makes this imperative. Advance directives help manage decision-making during medical crises and end-of-life care. They allow personalized care according to individual values and a likely reduction in end-of-life health care costs. We argue that advance directives should be part of the public health policy agenda and health reform. Keywords: article; decision making; economics; human; living will; policy; public health; statistics; terminal care, Advance Directives; Decision Making; Humans; Public Health; Public Policy; Terminal Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301316_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Education: A missed opportunity for public health intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, A.K. Author-Name: Syme, S.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 997-1001 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300993 Abstract: Educational attainment is a well-established social determinant of health. It affects health through many mechanisms such as neural development, biological aging, health literacy and health behaviors, sense of control and empowerment, and life chances. Education-from preschool to beyond college-is also one of the social determinants of health for which there are clear policy pathways for intervention. We reviewed evidence from studies of early childhood, kindergarten through 12th grade, and higher education to identify which components of educational policies and programs are essential for good health outcomes. We have discussed implications for public health interventions and health equity. Keywords: early childhood intervention; educational status; health promotion; human; public health; review; school; standard, Early Intervention (Education); Educational Status; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300993_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Catapulting the chasm: Or how to avoid wasting a perfectly good fiscal disaster Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beitsch, L.M. Author-Name: Polyak, G. Author-Name: Gold, M. Author-Name: Teutsch, S. Author-Name: Baciu, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e11-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301274 Abstract: The nation once again is on the precipice of financial catastrophe, but have we overlooked public health? Juxtaposed against one another, the comparison of health care with public health-one largely overutilized, expensive, and underperforming, the other responsible for eradicating diseases and providing safe food and water-cries out for thoughtful fiscal recalibration. We have examined the recent Institute of Medicine report on public health financing and made actionable recommendations for sustainable public health financing. Keywords: article; economics; financial management; health care delivery; health care planning; health promotion; human; public health; statistics, Delivery of Health Care; Financing, Government; Health Planning Guidelines; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301274_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness and reach of the flu-fit program in an integrated health care system: A multisite randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potter, M.B. Author-Name: Ackerson, L.M. Author-Name: Gomez, V. Author-Name: Walsh, J.M.E. Author-Name: Green, L.W. Author-Name: Levin, T.R. Author-Name: Somkin, C.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1128-1133 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300998 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the effectiveness of offering home fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) during influenza vaccination clinics to increase colorectal cancer screening (CRCS). Methods. In a clinical trial at Kaiser Permanente Northern California influenza clinics in Redwood City, Richmond, South San Francisco, Union City, and Fresno, we randomly assigned influenza clinic dates to intervention (FIT offered) or control (FIT not offered) and compared subsequent CRCS activity. Results. Clinic staff provided FITs to 53.9% (1805/3351) of intervention patients aged 50 to 75 years. In the intent-to-treat analysis, 26.9% (900/3351) and 11.7% (336/ 2884) of intervention and control patients completed an FIT, respectively, within 90 days of vaccination (P - .001). The adjusted odds ratio for completing FIT in the intervention versus the control arm was 2.75 (95% confidence interval = 2.40, 3.16). In the per protocol analysis, 35.4% (648/1830) of patients given FIT and 13.3% (588/ 4405) of patients not given FIT completed FIT within 90 days of vaccination (P - .001). Conclusions. This intervention may increase CRCS among those not reached by other forms of CRCS outreach. Future research should include the extent to which these programs can be disseminated and implemented nationally. Keywords: influenza vaccine, aged; article; colorectal tumor; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; early diagnosis; female; health care quality; health promotion; human; influenza; integrated health care system; male; methodology; middle aged; multicenter study; occult blood; randomized controlled trial; statistical model; statistics; United States, Aged; California; Colorectal Neoplasms; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Occult Blood; Program Evaluation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300998_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic crisis, restrictive policies, and the population's health and health care: The greek case Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kondilis, E. Author-Name: Giannakopoulos, S. Author-Name: Gavana, M. Author-Name: Ierodiakonou, I. Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Author-Name: Benos, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 973-980 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301126 Abstract: The global economic crisis has affected the Greek economy with unprecedented severity, making Greece an important test of the relationship between socioeconomic determinants and a population's well-being. Suicide and homicide mortality rates among men increased by 22.7% and 27.6%, respectively, between 2007 and 2009, and mental disorders, substance abuse, and infectious disease morbidity showed deteriorating trends during 2010 and 2011. Utilization of public inpatient and primary care services rose by 6.2% and 21.9%, respectively, between 2010 and 2011, while the Ministry of Health's total expenditures fell by 23.7% between 2009 and 2011. In a time of economic turmoil, rising health care needs and increasing demand for public services collide with austerity and privatization policies, exposing Greece's population health to further risks. Keywords: article; economic recession; economics; Greece; health care delivery; health care policy; human; male; public health; standard; statistics; utilization review, Delivery of Health Care; Economic Recession; Greece; Health Policy; Humans; Male; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301126_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hidalgo and goodman respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hidalgo, B. Author-Name: Goodman, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301245 Keywords: human; note; regression analysis, Humans; Regression Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301245_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Method choice in nonfatal self-harm as a predictor of subsequent episodes of self-harm and suicide: Implications for clinical practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Hempstead, K. Author-Name: Nguyen, T. Author-Name: Barber, C. Author-Name: Rosenberg-Wohl, S. Author-Name: Azrael, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e61-e68 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301326 Abstract: Objectives. We examined time-varying and time-invariant characteristics of nonfatal intentional self-harm episodes in relation to subsequent episodes of self-harm and suicide. Methods. We conducted a follow-up cohort study through 2007 of 3600 patients discharged from hospitals in New Jersey with a primary diagnosis of intentional self-harm in 2003. We determined repetition of self-harm from hospital records and suicide from state registers. Results. Use of methods other than drug overdose and cutting in self-harm events, greater medical severity of nonfatal episodes, and a history of multiple self-harm episodes increased the risk of suicide. However, most suicides occurred without these risk factors. Most suicides took place without intervening episodes of self-harm, and most persons used a low-lethality method (drug overdose or cutting) in their index episode, but switched to a more lethal method in their fatal episode. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that preventing suicide among persons with a history of self-harm must account for the possibility that they will adopt methods with higher case-fatality ratios than they previously tried. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; automutilation; cohort analysis; decision making; drug overdose; female; follow up; hospital discharge; human; male; medical record; middle aged; register; risk factor; statistics; suicide; time; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Choice Behavior; Cohort Studies; Drug Overdose; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Medical Records; Middle Aged; New Jersey; Patient Discharge; Registries; Risk Factors; Self-Injurious Behavior; Suicide; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301326_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Silva et al. Respond. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silva, M.A. Author-Name: Cashman, S. Author-Name: Candib, L.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e3-4 Keywords: exercise; female; health center; human; male; note; primary health care; public health, Community Health Centers; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:6:e3-4_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health benefits of hispanic communities for non-hispanic mothers and infants: Another hispanic paradox Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaw, R.J. Author-Name: Pickett, K.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1052-1057 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300985 Abstract: Objectives. In the United States, Hispanic mothers have birth outcomes comparable to those of White mothers despite lower socioeconomic status. The contextual effects of Hispanic neighborhoods may partially explain this 'Hispanic paradox.' We investigated whether this benefit extends to other ethnic groups. Methods. We used multilevel logistic regression to investigate whether the county-level percentage of Hispanic residents is associated with infant mortality, low birth weight, preterm delivery, and smoking during pregnancy in 581 151 Black and 2 274 247 White non-Hispanic mothers from the US Linked Birth and Infant Death Data Set, 2000. Results. For White and Black mothers, relative to living in counties with 0.00%- 0.99% of Hispanic residents, living in counties with 50.00% or more of Hispanic residents was associated with an 80.00% reduction in the odds of smoking, an infant mortality reduction of approximately one third, and a modest reduction in the risks of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Conclusions. The health benefits of living in Hispanic areas appear to bridge ethnic divides, resulting in better birth outcomes even for those of non- Hispanic origin. Keywords: article; birth certificate; Caucasian; comparative study; death certificate; demography; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; infant; infant mortality; low birth weight; mother; Negro; newborn; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; prematurity; risk factor; smoking; statistics; United States, African Continental Ancestry Group; Birth Certificates; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Mothers; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300985_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and human rights in the continuing global economic crisis. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Annas, G.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 967 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301332 Keywords: economic recession; economics; editorial; health; human; human rights; standard, Economic Recession; Human Rights; Humans; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301332_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The RE-AIM framework: A systematic review of use over time Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gaglio, B. Author-Name: Shoup, J.A. Author-Name: Glasgow, R.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e38-e46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301299 Abstract: We provided a synthesis of use, summarized key issues in applying, and highlighted exemplary applications in the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. We articulated key RE-AIM criteria by reviewing the published literature from 1999 to 2010 in several databases to describe the application and reporting on various RE-AIM dimensions. After excluding nonempirical articles, case studies, and commentaries, 71 articles were identified. The most frequent publications were on physical activity, obesity, and disease management. Four articles reported solely on 1 dimension compared with 44 articles that reported on all 5 dimensions of the framework. RE-AIM was broadly applied, but several criteria were not reported consistently. Keywords: health care quality; health promotion; human; methodology; review; standard, Health Promotion; Humans; Program Evaluation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301299_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wang et al. Respond. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Author-Name: Hong, C.S. Author-Name: Shavat, S. Author-Name: Kessell, E.R. Author-Name: Sanders, R. Author-Name: Kushel, M.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e6-7 Keywords: chronic disease; emergency health service; female; health promotion; human; male; methodology; note; primary health care; prisoner; utilization review, Chronic Disease; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Prisoners Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:6:e6-7_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between perceived discrimination and racial/ethnic disparities in problem behaviors among preadolescent youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bogart, L.M. Author-Name: Elliott, M.N. Author-Name: Kanouse, D.E. Author-Name: Klein, D.J. Author-Name: Davies, S.L. Author-Name: Cuccaro, P.M. Author-Name: Banspach, S.W. Author-Name: Peskin, M.F. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1074-1081 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301073 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the contribution of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination to disparities in problem behaviors among preadolescent Black, Latino, and White youths. Methods.Weused cross-sectional data from Healthy Passages, a 3-community study of 5119 fifth graders and their parents from August 2004 through September 2006 in Birmingham, Alabama; Los Angeles County, California; and Houston, Texas. We used multivariate regressions to examine the relationships of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and race/ethnicity to problem behaviors. We used values from these regressions to calculate the percentage of disparities in problem behaviors associated with the discrimination effect. Results. In multivariate models, perceived discrimination was associated with greater problem behaviors among Black and Latino youths. Compared with Whites, Blacks were significantly more likely to report problem behaviors, whereas Latinos were significantly less likely (a 'reverse disparity'). When we set Blacks' and Latinos' discrimination experiences to zero, the adjusted disparity between Blacks and Whites was reduced by an estimated one third to two thirds; the reverse adjusted disparity favoring Latinos widened by about one fifth to one half. Conclusions. Eliminating discrimination could considerably reduce mental health issues, including problem behaviors, among Black and Latino youths. Keywords: article; Caucasian; child; child behavior; cross-sectional study; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; male; mental disease; Negro; psychological aspect; regression analysis; social discrimination; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, African Continental Ancestry Group; Alabama; Child; Child Behavior; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Mental Disorders; Regression Analysis; Social Discrimination; Socioeconomic Factors; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301073_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improvements in health care use associated with community coalitions: Long-term results of the allies against asthma initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clark, N.M. Author-Name: Lachance, L.L. Author-Name: Benedict, M.B. Author-Name: Doctor, L.J. Author-Name: Gilmore, L. Author-Name: Kelly, C.S. Author-Name: Krieger, J. Author-Name: Lara, M. Author-Name: Meurer, J. Author-Name: Milanovich, A.F. Author-Name: Nicholas, E. Author-Name: Song, P.X.K. Author-Name: Rosenthal, M. Author-Name: Stoll, S.C. Author-Name: Awad, D.F. Author-Name: Wilkin, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1124-1127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300983 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed changes in asthma-related health care use by lowincome children in communities across the country where 6 Allies Against Asthma coalitions (Hampton Roads, VA; Washington, DC; Milwaukee, WI; King County/Seattle, WA; Long Beach, CA; and Philadelphia, PA) mobilized stakeholders to bring about policy changes conducive to asthma control. Methods. Allies intervention zip codes were matched with comparison communities by median household income, asthma prevalence, total population size, and race/ethnicity. Five years of data provided by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services on hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) use, and physician urgent care visits for children were analyzed. Intervention and comparison sites were compared with a stratified recurrent event analysis using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results. In most of the assessment years, children in Allies communities were significantly less likely (P < .04) to have an asthma-related hospitalization, ED visit, or urgent care visit than children in comparison communities. During the entire period, children in Allies communities were significantly less likely (P < .02) to have such health care use. Conclusions. Mobilizing a diverse group of stakeholders, and focusing on policy and system changes generated significant reductions in health care use for asthma in vulnerable communities. Keywords: adolescent; ambulatory care; article; asthma; child; cohort analysis; cross-sectional study; demography; emergency health service; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care organization; health promotion; hospitalization; human; male; medicaid; outcome assessment; poverty; preschool child; proportional hazards model; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Ambulatory Care; Asthma; California; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delivery of Health Care; District of Columbia; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Care Coalitions; Health Promotion; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Philadelphia; Poverty; Proportional Hazards Models; Residence Characteristics; United States; Virginia; Washington; Wisconsin Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300983_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating oral and general health screening at senior centers for minority elders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marshall, S.E. Author-Name: Cheng, B. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Kunzel, C. Author-Name: Huang, C. Author-Name: Lamster, I.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1022-1025 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301259 Abstract: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities regarding untreated oral disease exist for older adults, and poor oral health diminishes quality of life. The ElderSmile program integrated screening for diabetes and hypertension into its community-based oral health activities at senior centers in northern Manhattan. The program found a willingness among minority seniors (aged = 50 years) to be screened for primary care sensitive conditions by dental professionals and a high level of unrecognized disease (7.8% and 24.6% of ElderSmile participants had positive screening results for previously undiagnosed diabetes and hypertension, respectively). Dental professionals may screen for primary care-sensitive conditions and refer patients to health care providers for definitive diagnosis and treatment. The ElderSmile program is a replicable model for community-based oral and general health screening. Keywords: aged; article; Caucasian; community care; dental procedure; diabetes mellitus; ethnology; female; health; health education; health promotion; Hispanic; human; hypertension; male; mass screening; methodology; middle aged; minority group; mouth disease; Negro; questionnaire; socioeconomics; United States; very elderly, African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Community Health Services; Dental Health Services; Diabetes Mellitus; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Education; Health Promotion; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Mouth Diseases; New York City; Oral Health; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301259_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of cigarette excise tax increases on purchasing behaviors among New York City smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coady, M.H. Author-Name: Chan, C.A. Author-Name: Sacks, R. Author-Name: Mbamalu, I.G. Author-Name: Kansagra, S.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e54-e60 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301213 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between cigarette excise tax increases and tax-avoidant purchasing behaviors among New York City adult smokers. Methods. We analyzed data from the city's annual Community Health Survey to assess changes in rates of tax avoidance over time (2003-2010) and smokers' responses to the 2008 state cigarette tax increase. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified correlates of buying more cigarettes on the street in response to the increase. Results. After the 2002 tax increase, the percentage of smokers engaged in tax-avoidant behavior decreased with time from 30% in 2003 to 13% in 2007. Following the 2008 tax increase, 21% of smokers reported buying more cigarettes from another person on the street. Low-income, younger, Black, and Hispanic smokers were more likely than respondents with other sociodemographic characteristics to purchase more cigarettes on the street. Conclusions. To maximize public health impact, cigarette tax increases should be paired with efforts to limit the flow of untaxed cigarettes entering jurisdictions with high cigarette pack prices. Keywords: adult; article; behavior; commercial phenomena; economics; health survey; human; prevalence; psychological aspect; smoking; statistical model; tax; tobacco; United States, Adult; Behavior; Commerce; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; New York City; Prevalence; Smoking; Taxes; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301213_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health effects of neighborhood demolition and housing improvement: A prospective controlled study of 2 natural experiments in urban renewal Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Egan, M. Author-Name: Katikireddi, S.V. Author-Name: Kearns, A. Author-Name: Tannahill, C. Author-Name: Kalacs, M. Author-Name: Bond, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e47-e53 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301275 Abstract: Objectives. We took advantage of a 2-intervention natural experiment to investigate the impacts of neighborhood demolition and housing improvement on adult residents' mental and physical health. Methods. We identified a longitudinal cohort (n = 1041, including intervention and control participants) by matching participants in 2 randomly sampled cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2006 and 2008 in 14 disadvantaged neighborhoods of Glasgow, United Kingdom. We measured residents' selfreported health with Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey version 2 mean scores. Results. After adjustment for potential confounders and baseline health, mean mental and physical health scores for residents living in partly demolished neighborhoods were similar to the control group (mental health, b = 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.25, 6.23; P = .185; physical health, b = -0.24; 95% CI = -2.96, 2.48; P = .859). Mean mental health scores for residents experiencing housing improvement were higher than in the control group (b = 2.41; 95% CI = 0.03, 4.80; P = .047); physical health scores were similar between groups (b = -0.66; 95% CI = -2.57, 1.25; P = .486). Conclusions. Our findings suggest that housing improvement may lead to small, short-term mental health benefits. Physical deterioration and demolition of neighborhoods do not appear to adversely affect residents' health. Keywords: adult; aged; article; case control study; cohort analysis; cross-sectional study; demography; female; health status; housing; human; longitudinal study; male; mental health; middle aged; policy; prospective study; standard; United Kingdom, Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Status; Housing; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Residence Characteristics; Scotland; Urban Renewal Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301275_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The maladies of water and war: Addressing poor water quality in Iraq Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zolnikov, T.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 980-987 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301118 Abstract: Water is essential in providing nutrients, but contaminated water contributes to poor population health. Water quality and availability can change in unstructured situations, such as war. To develop a practical strategy to address poor water quality resulting from intermittent wars in Iraq, I reviewed information from academic sources regarding waterborne diseases, conflict and war, water quality treatment, and malnutrition. The prevalence of disease was high in impoverished, malnourished populations exposed to contaminated water sources. The data aided in developing a strategy to improve water quality in Iraq, which encompasses remineralized water from desalination plants, health care reform, monitoring and evaluation systems, and educational public health interventions. Keywords: epidemic; health care policy; health promotion; human; Iraq; methodology; review; standard; statistics; war; water quality; water supply, Disease Outbreaks; Health Care Reform; Health Promotion; Humans; Iraq; War; Water Quality; Water Supply Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301118_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Harvesting more than vegetables: The potential weight control benefits of community gardening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zick, C.D. Author-Name: Smith, K.R. Author-Name: Kowaleski-Jones, L. Author-Name: Uno, C. Author-Name: Merrill, B.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1110-1115 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301009 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of participation in community gardening with healthy body weight. Methods. We examined body mass index (BMI) data from 198 community gardening participants in Salt Lake City, Utah, in relationship to BMI data for 3 comparison groups: neighbors, siblings, and spouses. In comparisons, we adjusted for gender, age, and the year of the BMI measurement. Results. Both women and men community gardeners had significantly lower BMIs than did their neighbors who were not in the community gardening program. The estimated BMI reductions in the multivariate analyses were -1.84 for women and -2.36 for men. We also observed significantly lower BMIs for women community gardeners compared with their sisters (-1.88) and men community gardeners compared with their brothers (-1.33). Community gardeners also had lower odds of being overweight or obese than did their otherwise similar neighbors. Conclusions. The health benefits of community gardening may go beyond enhancing the gardeners' intake of fruits and vegetables. Community gardens may be a valuable element of land use diversity that merits consideration by public health officials who want to identify neighborhood features that promote health. Keywords: adult; article; body mass; comparative study; demography; female; gardening; human; male; middle aged; obesity; regression analysis; United States; urban population; vegetable, Adult; Body Mass Index; Female; Gardening; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Overweight; Regression Analysis; Residence Characteristics; Urban Population; Utah; Vegetables Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301009_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: News coverage of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: Pro- and antitax arguments in public discourse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Niederdeppe, J. Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Author-Name: Jarlenski, M.P. Author-Name: Nathanson, A.M. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e92-e98 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301023 Abstract: Objectives.We examined news coverage of public debates about large taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to illuminate how the news media frames the debate and to inform future efforts to promote obesity-related public policy. Methods. We conducted a quantitative content analysis in which we assessed how frequently 30 arguments supporting or opposing SSB taxes appeared in national news media and in news outlets serving jurisdictions where SSB taxes were proposed between January 2009 and June 2011. Results. News coverage included more discrete protax than antitax arguments on average. Supportive arguments about the health consequences and financial benefits of SSB taxes appeared most often. The most frequent opposing arguments focused on how SSB taxes would hurt the economy and how they constituted inappropriate governmental intrusion. Conclusions. News outlets that covered the debate on SSB taxes in their jurisdictions framed the issue in largely favorable ways. However, because these proposals have not gained passage, it is critical for SSB tax advocates to reach audiences not yet persuaded about the merits of this obesity prevention policy. Keywords: sweetening agent, article; beverage; conflict; consumer health information; economics; health care policy; human; legal aspect; mass medium; obesity; politics; statistics; tax, Beverages; Communications Media; Consumer Health Information; Dissent and Disputes; Health Policy; Humans; Obesity; Politics; Sweetening Agents; Taxes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301023_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, A.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301234 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301234_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change in health insurance coverage in Massachusetts and Other New England states by perceived health status: Potential impact of health reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dhingra, S.S. Author-Name: Zack, M.M. Author-Name: Strine, T.W. Author-Name: Druss, B.G. Author-Name: Simoes, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: e107-e114 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300997 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of Massachusetts health reform and its public health component (enacted in 2006) on change in health insurance coverage by perceived health. Methods. We used 2003-2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. We used a difference-in-differences framework to examine the experience in Massachusetts to predict the outcomes of national health care reform. Results. The proportion of adults aged 18 to 64 years with health insurance coverage increased more in Massachusetts than in other New England states (4.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5%, 5.6%). For those with higher perceived health care need (more recent mentally and physically unhealthy days and activity limitation days [ALDs]), the postreform proportion significantly exceeded prereform (P < .001). Groups with higher perceived health care need represented a disproportionate increase in health insurance coverage in Massachusetts compared with other New England states-from 4.3% (95% CI = 3.3%, 5.4%) for fewer than 14 ALDs to 9.0% (95% CI = 4.5%, 13.5%) for 14 or more ALDs. Conclusions. On the basis of the Massachusetts experience, full implementation of the Affordable Care Act may increase health insurance coverage especially among populations with higher perceived health care need. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; female; health care policy; health insurance; health status; human; insurance; legal aspect; male; mental health; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Female; Health Status; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Massachusetts; Mental Health; Middle Aged; New England; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300997_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing a research agenda for cardiovascular disease prevention in high-risk rural communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Melvin, C.L. Author-Name: Corbie-Smith, G. Author-Name: Kumanyika, S.K. Author-Name: Pratt, C.A. Author-Name: Nelson, C. Author-Name: Walker, E.R. Author-Name: Ammerman, A. Author-Name: Ayala, G.X. Author-Name: Best, L.G. Author-Name: Cherrington, A.L. Author-Name: Economos, C.D. Author-Name: Green, L.W. Author-Name: Harman, J. Author-Name: Hooker, S.P. Author-Name: Murray, D.M. Author-Name: Perri, M.G. Author-Name: Ricketts, T.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1011-1021 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300984 Abstract: Working Group on CVD Prevention in High-Risk Rural Communities The National Institutes of Health convened a workshop to engage researchers and practitioners in dialogue on research issues viewed as either unique or of particular relevance to rural areas, key content areas needed to inform policy and practice in rural settings, and ways rural contexts may influence study design, implementation, assessment of outcomes, and dissemination. Our purpose was to develop a research agenda to address the disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related risk factors among populations living in rural areas. Complementary presentations used theoretical and methodological principles to describe research and practice examples from rural settings. Participants created a comprehensive CVD research agenda that identified themes and challenges, and provided 21 recommendations to guide research, practice, and programs in rural areas. Keywords: cardiovascular disease; conference paper; consensus development; evidence based medicine; health care planning; health care policy; health promotion; health service; human; medical research; national health organization; risk factor; rural population; United States, Biomedical Research; Cardiovascular Diseases; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Planning Guidelines; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Risk Factors; Rural Population; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300984_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of emergency department visits by older versus younger homeless adults in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, R.T. Author-Name: Steinman, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 6 Pages: 1046-1051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301006 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the characteristics of emergency department (ED) visits of older versus younger homeless adults. Methods. We analyzed 2005-2009 data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a nationally representative survey of visits to hospitals and EDs, and used sampling weights, strata, and clustering variables to obtain nationally representative estimates. Results. The ED visits of homeless adults aged 50 years and older accounted for 36% of annual visits by homeless patients. Although demographic characteristics of ED visits were similar in older and younger homeless adults, clinical and health services characteristics differed. Older homeless adults had fewer discharge diagnoses related to psychiatric conditions (10% vs 20%; P = .002) and drug abuse (7% vs 15%; P = .003) but more diagnoses related to alcohol abuse (31% vs 23%; P = .03) and were more likely to arrive by ambulance (48% vs 36%; P = .02) and to be admitted to the hospital (20% vs 11%; P = .003). Conclusions. Older homeless adults' patterns of ED care differ from those of younger homeless adults. Health care systems need to account for these differences to meet the needs of the aging homeless population. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; age; article; comparative study; emergency health service; female; health care survey; homelessness; human; injury; male; mental disease; middle aged; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Care Surveys; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Wounds and Injuries; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301006_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Calls for removing all lead paint from US housing are misguided Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ryan, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301262 Keywords: ethics; human; lead poisoning; note; public health; research ethics, Ethics, Research; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301262_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual, psychosocial, and social correlates of unprotected anal intercourse in a new generation of young men who have sex with men in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Halkitis, P.N. Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Author-Name: Siconolfi, D.E. Author-Name: Moeller, R.W. Author-Name: Figueroa, R.P. Author-Name: Barton, S.C. Author-Name: Blachman-Forshay, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 889-895 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300963 Abstract: Objectives: We examined associations of individual, psychosocial, and social factors with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among young men who have sex with men in New York City. Methods: Using baseline assessment data from 592 young men who have sex with men participating in an ongoing prospective cohort study, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between covariates and likelihood of recently engaging in UAI with same-sex partners. Results: Nineteen percent reported recent UAI with a same-sex partner. In multivariable models, being in a current relationship with another man (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.87), an arrest history (AOR = 2.01), greater residential instability (AOR = 1.75), and unstable housing or homelessness (AOR = 3.10) was associated with recent UAI. Although high levels of gay community affinity and low internalized homophobia were associated with engaging in UAI in bivariate analyses, these associations did not persist in multivariable analyses. Conclusions: Associations of psychosocial and socially produced conditions with UAI amonganew generation ofyoung men who have sex with men warrant that HIV prevention programs and policies address structural factors that predispose sexual risk behaviors. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; chi square distribution; demography; homelessness; homophobia; human; male; male homosexuality; multivariate analysis; prisoner; psychological aspect; regression analysis; serodiagnosis; sexuality; social class; statistical model; statistics; United States; unsafe sex, Adolescent; Age Factors; Chi-Square Distribution; HIV Seronegativity; Homeless Youth; Homophobia; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Male; Multivariate Analysis; New York City; Prisoners; Regression Analysis; Residence Characteristics; Sexual Partners; Social Class; Unsafe Sex; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300963_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between racial disparity in income and reported sexually transmitted infections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Owusu-Edusei Jr., K. Author-Name: Chesson, H.W. Author-Name: Leichliter, J.S. Author-Name: Kent, C.K. Author-Name: Aral, S.O. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 910-916 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301015 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association between racial disparity in income and reported race-specific county-level bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States focusing on disparities between Blacks and Whites. Methods: Data are from the US 2000 decennial census. We defined 2 race-income county groups (high and low race-income disparity) on the basis of the difference between Black and White median household incomes. We used 2 approaches to examine disparities in STI rates across the groups. In the first approach, we computed and compared race-specific STI rates for the groups. In the second approach, we used spatial regression analyses to control for potential confounders. Results: Consistent with the STI literature, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis rates for Blacks were substantially higher than were those for Whites. We also found that racial disparities in income were associated with racial disparities in chlamydia and gonorrhea rates and, to a lesser degree, syphilis rates. Conclusions: Racial disparities in household income may be a more important determinant of racial disparities in reported STI morbidity than are absolute levels of household income. Keywords: African American; article; Caucasian; chlamydiasis; classification; economics; ethnology; female; gonorrhea; health disparity; human; income; male; regression analysis; sexually transmitted disease; spatial analysis; statistics; syphilis; United States, African Americans; Chlamydia Infections; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Gonorrhea; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Income; Male; Regression Analysis; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Spatial Analysis; Syphilis; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301015_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using peer ethnography to address health disparities among young urban Black and Latino men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mutchler, M.G. Author-Name: McKay, T. Author-Name: McDavitt, B. Author-Name: Gordon, K.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 849-852 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300988 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the effectiveness of peer ethnography to gain insider views on substance use and sex among a diverse range of high-risk substanceusing Black and Latino young men who have sex with men. Methods: We recruited 9 peer ethnographers aged 21 to 24 years from youth programs for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community in Los Angeles, California, and trained them in ethnography, study protocol, and human participant protection. Peer ethnographers collected 137 single-spaced pages of field notes in 2009 and 2010 derived from observation of 150 members of the target population. Results: Peer ethnography revealed local language and phrasing and provided a window into new and different social contexts. Peers provided valuable information on current trends in substance use, revealing themes that needed to be addressed in further research, such as the use of substances during sex to "clock coin" (exchange sex for money and substances). These data enabled us to refine our recruitment strategies and ask more culturally relevant questions in a later phase of the study. Conclusions: The peer ethnography method can provide a sound basis for further research phases in multistage studies on numerous other social issues and with other hard-to-reach populations. Keywords: addiction; adult; African American; article; comorbidity; cultural anthropology; ethnology; health disparity; health services research; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; male homosexuality; methodology; peer group; psychological aspect; risk factor; United States, African Americans; Anthropology, Cultural; Comorbidity; Health Services Research; Health Status Disparities; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Peer Group; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300988_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Schnitzer et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schnitzer, P.G. Author-Name: Covington, T.M. Author-Name: Dykstra, H.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301244 Keywords: environment; female; human; male; note; sleep; sudden infant death syndrome, Environment; Female; Humans; Male; Sleep; Sudden Infant Death Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301244_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An overlooked hazard of crib design skews our perception of sudden unexpected infant deaths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Somers, R.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301192 Keywords: environment; female; human; male; note; sleep; sudden infant death syndrome, Environment; Female; Humans; Male; Sleep; Sudden Infant Death Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301192_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of alcohol use and bar attendance on smoking and quit attempts among young adult bar patrons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jiang, N. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e53-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301014 Abstract: Objectives. We examined cigarette smoking and quit attempts in the context of alcohol use and bar attendance among young adult bar patrons with different smoking patterns. Methods. We used randomized time location sampling to collect data among adult bar patrons aged 21 to 26 years in San Diego, California (n = 1235; response rate = 73%). We used multinomial and multivariate logistic regression models to analyze the association between smoking and quit attempts and both drinking and binge drinking among occasional, regular, very light, and heavier smokers, controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education. Results. Young adult bar patrons reported high rates of smoking and co-use of cigarettes and alcohol. Binge drinking predicted smoking status, especially occasional and very light smoking. All types of smokers reported alcohol use, and bar attendance made it harder to quit. Alcohol use was negatively associated with quit attempts for very light smokers, but positively associated with quitting among heavier smokers. Conclusions. Smoking and co-use of cigarettes and alcohol are common among young adult bar patrons, but there are important differences by smoking patterns. Tobacco interventions for young adults should prioritize bars and address alcohol use. Keywords: adult; article; binge drinking; comorbidity; drinking behavior; female; health behavior; human; interview; male; prevalence; questionnaire; randomization; sex ratio; smoking; smoking cessation; social environment; statistical model; United States, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Binge Drinking; California; Comorbidity; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Logistic Models; Male; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Random Allocation; Sex Distribution; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Social Environment; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301014_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stigma, discrimination, or symptomatology differences in self-reported mental health between US-born and Somalia-born Black Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henning-Smith, C. Author-Name: Shippee, T.P. Author-Name: McAlpine, D. Author-Name: Hardeman, R. Author-Name: Farah, F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 861-867 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301184 Abstract: Objectives: We examined differences in self-reported mental health (SRMH) between US-born and Somalia-born Black Americans compared with White Americans.Wetestedhow SRMH was affectedbystigmatoward seeingamental health provider, discrimination in the health care setting, or symptoms of depression. Methods: Data were from a 2008 survey of adults in Minnesota and were limited to US-born and Somalia-born Black and White Americans (n = 938). Results: Somalia-born adults were more likely to report better SRMH than either US-born Black or White Americans. They also reported lower levels of discrimination (18.6%) than US-born Black Americans (33.4%), higher levels of stigma (23.6% vs 4.7%), and lower levels of depressive symptoms (9.1% vs 31.6%). Controlling for stigma, discrimination, and symptomatology, Somaliaborn Black Americans reported better SRMH than White and Black Americans (odds ratio = 4.76). Conclusions: Mental health programming and health care providers who focus on Black Americans' mental health might be missing important sources of heterogeneity. It is essential to consider the role of race and ethnicity, but also of nativity, in mental health policy and programming. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; aged; article; attitude to health; Caucasian; comparative study; depression; ethnology; female; human; male; mental health; mental health service; middle aged; migration; Negro; participatory research; psychological aspect; social stigma; Somalia; statistics; United States; utilization review; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attitude to Health; Community-Based Participatory Research; Depressive Disorder; Emigrants and Immigrants; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Minnesota; Social Stigma; Somalia; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301184_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strong smoke-free law coverage in the United States by race/ethnicity: 2000-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gonzalez, M. Author-Name: Sanders-Jackson, A. Author-Name: Song, A.V. Author-Name: Cheng, K.-W. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e62-e66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301045 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether racial/ethnic disparities existed in coverage by type of 100% smoke-free private workplace, restaurant, and bar laws from 2000 to 2009. Methods. We combined US census population data and the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation US Tobacco Control Database to calculate the percentage of individuals in counties covered by each type of law by race/ethnicity from 2000 to 2009. Results. More of the US Hispanic and Asian populations were covered by 100% smoke-free restaurant and bar laws than non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations. Asian coverage by smoke-free bars laws increased from 36% to 75%, and Hispanic coverage increased from 31% to 62%, compared with 6% to 41% for non-Hispanic Blacks and 8% to 49% for non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions. Hispanics and Asians benefited more from the rapid spread of smoke-free law coverage, whereas non-Hispanic Blacks benefited less. These ethnic disparities suggest a likely effect of geographic region and may provide a basis for more effective, community-based, and tailored policy-related interventions, particularly regarding areas with high concentrations of non-Hispanic Blacks. Keywords: article; catering service; demography; environmental exposure; ethnic group; government; human; legal aspect; longitudinal study; passive smoking; population research; standard; statistics; United States; workplace, Censuses; Environmental Exposure; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Local Government; Longitudinal Studies; Residence Characteristics; Restaurants; State Government; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301045_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary care, behavioral health, and public health: Partners in reducing mental health stigma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shim, R. Author-Name: Rust, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 774-776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301214 Keywords: addiction; comorbidity; cost benefit analysis; economics; editorial; health care policy; human; integrated health care system; mental disease; mental health service; mental patient; methodology; organization and management; patient attitude; primary health care; primary prevention; psychological aspect; public health service; reimbursement; social stigma; standard; United States, Community Mental Health Services; Comorbidity; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mentally Ill Persons; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Primary Health Care; Primary Prevention; Public Health Practice; Reimbursement, Incentive; Social Stigma; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301214_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual minority status and self-rated health: the importance of socioeconomic status, age, and sex. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomeer, M.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 881-888 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301040 Abstract: I examined how sexual minority status, as indicated by sex of sexual partners, is associated with self-rated health and how socioeconomic status suppresses and age and sex moderate this association. I used multinomial logistic regression to analyze aggregated data from the 1991 to 2010 General Social Survey, a population-based data set (n = 13,480). Respondents with only different-sex partners or with any same-sex partners reported similar levels of health. With socioeconomic status added to the model, respondents with any same-sex partners reported worse health than those with only different-sex partners, but only if sexual intercourse with same-sex partners occurred in the previous 5 years. Age and sex moderated this relationship: having any same-sex partners was associated with worse health for women but not men and among younger adults only. The relationship between sexual minority status and self-rated health varies across sociodemographic groups. Future research should use population-level data to examine other health outcomes and continue to explore how the intersection of sexual minority status and other sociodemographic indicators shapes health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; female; health status; human; information processing; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; minority group; psychological aspect; self report; sex difference; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistical model; statistics; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Data Collection; Female; Health Status; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Self Report; Sex Factors; Sexual Partners; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301040_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rosner and markowitz respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosner, D. Author-Name: Markowitz, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301288 Keywords: ethics; human; lead poisoning; note; public health; research ethics, Ethics, Research; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301288_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing self-stigma by coming out proud. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corrigan, P.W. Author-Name: Kosyluk, K.A. Author-Name: Rüsch, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 794-800 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037 Abstract: Self-stigma has a pernicious effect on the lives of people with mental illness. Although a medical perspective might discourage patients from identifying with their illness, public disclosure may promote empowerment and reduce self-stigma. We reviewed the extensive research that supports this assertion and assessed a program that might diminish stigma's effect by helping some people to disclose to colleagues, neighbors, and others their experiences with mental illness, treatment, and recovery. The program encompasses weighing the costs and benefits of disclosure in deciding whether to come out, considering different strategies for coming out, and obtaining peer support through the disclosure process. This type of program may also pose challenges for public health research. Keywords: behavior; homosexuality; human; mental patient; psychological aspect; review; self concept; self disclosure; social behavior; social stigma; social support; transsexuality, Homosexuality; Humans; Mentally Ill Persons; Power (Psychology); Self Concept; Self Disclosure; Self Efficacy; Social Identification; Social Stigma; Social Support; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Counting the homeless: A previously incalculable tuberculosis risk and its social determinants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feske, M.L. Author-Name: Teeter, L.D. Author-Name: Musser, J.M. Author-Name: Graviss, E.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 839-848 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300973 Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance among the homeless is not supported by the political will necessary for TB elimination. We merged the first stakeholder-accepted enumeration of homeless persons with existing surveillance data to assess TB risk among the homeless in Houston, Texas. The average incidence per 100 000 was 411 among homeless and 9.5 among housed persons. The homeless were more likely than the housed to be US-born, clustered, and in a larger-sized cluster. Multivariate analysis revealed that TB rates among the homeless were driven not by comorbidities but by social determinants. Homeless patients were hospitalized more days than the housed and required more follow-up time. Reporting of TB rates for populations with known health disparities could help reframe TB prevention and better target limited funds. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; article; comorbidity; economics; female; health disparity; health survey; homelessness; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; male; methodology; middle aged; multivariate analysis; questionnaire; retrospective study; risk factor; statistics; tuberculosis; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Comorbidity; Female; Health Status Disparities; HIV Infections; Homeless Persons; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Texas; Tuberculosis; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300973_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual minority status and self-rated health: The importance of socioeconomic status, age, and sex Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomeer, M.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 881-888 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301040) File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301040) Abstract: Objectives: I examined how sexual minority status, as indicated by sex of sexual partners, is associated with self-rated health and how socioeconomic status suppresses and age and sex moderate this association. Methods: I used multinomial logistic regression to analyze aggregated data from the 1991 to 2010 General Social Survey, a population-based data set (n = 13 480). Results: Respondents with only different-sex partners or with any same-sex partners reported similar levels of health. With socioeconomic status added to the model, respondents with any same-sex partners reported worse health than those with only different-sex partners, but only if sexual intercourse with same-sex partners occurred in the previous 5 years. Age and sex moderated this relationship: having any same-sex partners was associated with worse health for women but not men and among younger adults only. Conclusions: The relationship between sexual minority status and self-rated health varies across sociodemographic groups. Future research should use population-level data to examine other health outcomes and continue to explore how the intersection of sexual minority status and other sociodemographic indicators shapes health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301040)_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bockting, W.O. Author-Name: Miner, M.H. Author-Name: Swinburne Romine, R.E. Author-Name: Hamilton, A. Author-Name: Coleman, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 943-951 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the association between minority stress, mental health, and potential ameliorating factors in a large, community-based, geographically diverse sample of the US transgender population. Methods: In 2003, we recruited through the Internet a sample of 1093 maleto-female and female-to-male transgender persons, stratified by gender. Participants completed an online survey that included standardized measures of mental health. Guided by the minority stress model, we evaluated associations between stigma and mental health and tested whether indicators of resilience (family support, peer support, identity pride) moderated these associations. Results: Respondents had a high prevalence of clinical depression (44.1%), anxiety (33.2%), and somatization (27.5%). Social stigma was positively associated with psychological distress. Peer support (from other transgender people) moderated this relationship. We found few differences by gender identity. Conclusions: Our findings support the minority stress model. Prevention needs to confront social structures, norms, and attitudes that produce minority stress for gender-variant people; enhance peer support; and improve access to mental health and social services that affirm transgender identity and promote resilience. Keywords: adaptive behavior; adult; anxiety disorder; article; depression; female; human; information processing; Internet; male; mental disease; mental stress; pathophysiology; prevalence; psychological aspect; regression analysis; social stigma; social support; somatoform disorder; transsexuality; United States, Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Data Collection; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Mental Disorders; Prevalence; Regression Analysis; Social Stigma; Social Support; Somatoform Disorders; Stress, Psychological; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making difficult decisions: The role of quality of care in choosing a nursing home Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pesis-Katz, I. Author-Name: Phelps, C.E. Author-Name: Temkin-Greener, H. Author-Name: Spector, W.D. Author-Name: Veazie, P. Author-Name: Mukamel, D.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e31-e37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301243 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301243 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated how quality of care affects choosing a nursing home. Methods. We examined nursing home choice in California, Ohio, New York, and Texas in 2001, a period before the federal Nursing Home Compare report card was published. Thus, consumers were less able to observe clinical quality or clinical quality was masked. We modeled nursing home choice by estimating a conditional multinomial logit model. Results. In all states, consumers were more likely to choose nursing homes of high hotel services quality but not clinical care quality. Nursing home choice was also significantly associated with shorter distance from prior residence, not-forprofit status, and larger facility size. Conclusions. In the absence of quality report cards, consumers choose a nursing home on the basis of the quality dimensions that are easy for them to observe, evaluate, and apply to their situation. Future research should focus on identifying the quality information that offers the most value added to consumers. Keywords: aged; article; clinical competence; decision making; financial management; health care delivery; health care facility; health care quality; human; information dissemination; nursing home; organization and management; quality of life; standard; statistical model; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; California; Choice Behavior; Clinical Competence; Financing, Personal; Health Facility Environment; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Information Dissemination; Logistic Models; New York; Nursing Homes; Ohio; Ownership; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Quality of Health Care; Quality of Life; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301243_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A historical review of R. J. Reynolds' strategies for marketing tobacco to Hispanics in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Iglesias-Rios, L. Author-Name: Parascandola, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e15-e27 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301256 Abstract: Hispanics are the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the United States, and smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality among this population. We analyzed tobacco industry documents on R. J. Reynolds' marketing strategies toward the Hispanic population using tobacco industry document archives from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu) between February-July 2011 and April-August 2012. Our analysis revealed that by 1980 the company had developed a sophisticated surveillance system to track the market behavior of Hispanic smokers and understand their psychographics, cultural values, and attitudes. This information was translated into targeted marketing campaigns for the Winston and Camel brands. Marketing targeted toward Hispanics appealed to values and sponsored activities that could be perceived as legitimating. Greater understanding of tobacco industry marketing strategies has substantial relevance for addressing tobacco-related health disparities. (. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; economics; educational status; ethnology; female; Hispanic; history; human; male; marketing; methodology; prevalence; psychological aspect; review; smoking; social class; statistics; tobacco industry; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Educational Status; Female; Hispanic Americans; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Male; Marketing; Prevalence; Smoking; Social Class; Tobacco Industry; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301256_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigrant generation and diabetes risk among Mexican Americans: The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Afable-Munsuz, A. Author-Name: Mayeda, E.R. Author-Name: Pérez-Stable, E.J. Author-Name: Haan, M.N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e45-e52 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300969 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether acculturation and immigrant generation, a marker for assimilation, are associated with diabetes risk in an aging Mexicanorigin population. Methods. We analyzed data on 1789 adults aged 60 to 101 years from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. We ascertained type 2 diabetes on the basis of diabetic medication use, self-report of physician diagnosis, or a fasting glucose of 126 milligrams/deciliter or greater. Logistic regression modeled prevalent diabetes. Results. Adjusting for age and gender, we observed significant but divergent associations between immigrant generation, acculturation, and diabetes risk. Relative to first-generation adults, second-generation adults had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 2.4) and third-generation adults had an OR of 2.1 (95% CI = 1.4, 3.1) of having diabetes. Greater US acculturation, however, was associated with a slightly decreased diabetes rate. In the full model adjusting for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, the association between generation (but not acculturation) and diabetes remained significant. Conclusions. Our study lends support to the previously contested notion that assimilation is associated with an increased diabetes risk in Mexican immigrants. Researchers should examine the presence of a causal link between assimilation and health more closely. Keywords: age distribution; aged; article; cultural factor; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; interview; longitudinal study; male; Mexico; middle aged; migration; motor activity; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; risk factor; social class; statistics; time; United States; very elderly; waist circumference, Acculturation; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; California; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Risk Factors; Social Class; Time Factors; Waist Circumference Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300969_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expected ethical competencies of public health professionals and graduate curricula in accredited schools of public health in North America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, L.M. Author-Name: Wright, B. Author-Name: Semaan, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 938-942 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300680 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed expected ethics competencies of public health professionals in codes and competencies, reviewed ethics instruction at schools of public health, and recommended ways to bridge the gap between them. Methods: We reviewed the code of ethics and 3 sets of competencies, separating ethics-related competencies into 3 domains: professional, research, and public health. We reviewed ethics course requirements in 2010-2011 on the Internet sites of 46 graduate schools of public health and categorized courses as required, not required, or undetermined. Results: Half of schools (n = 23) required an ethics course for graduation (master's or doctoral level), 21 did not, and 2 had no information. Sixteen of 23 required courses were 3-credit courses. Course content varied from 1 ethics topic to many topics addressing multiple ethics domains. Conclusions: Consistent ethics education and competency evaluation can be accomplished through a combination of a required course addressing the 3 domains, integration of ethics topics in other courses, and "booster" trainings. Enhancing ethics competence of public health professionals is important to address the ethical questions that arise in public health research, surveillance, practice, and policy. Keywords: academic achievement; article; bioethics; curriculum; education; ethics; human; medical education; North America; professional competence; public health service; school; standard; statistics, Bioethics; Curriculum; Education, Graduate; Education, Public Health Professional; Humans; North America; Professional Competence; Public Health Practice; Schools, Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300680_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Opioid agonist treatments and heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, maryland, 1995-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schwartz, R.P. Author-Name: Gryczynski, J. Author-Name: O'Grady, K.E. Author-Name: Sharfstein, J.M. Author-Name: Warren, G. Author-Name: Olsen, Y. Author-Name: Mitchell, S.G. Author-Name: Jaffe, J.H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 917-922 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301049 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association between the expansion of methadone and buprenorphine treatment and the prevalence of heroin overdose deaths in Baltimore, Maryland from 1995 to 2009. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal time series analysis of archival data using linear regression with the Newey-West method to correct SEs for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, adjusting for average heroin purity. Results: Overdose deaths attributed to heroin ranged from a high of 312 in 1999 to a low of 106 in 2008. While mean heroin purity rose sharply (1995-1999), the increasing number of patients treated with methadone was not associated with a change in the number of overdose deaths, but starting in 2000 expansion of opioid agonist treatment was associated with a decline in overdose deaths. Adjusting for heroin purity and the number of methadone patients, there was a statistically significant inverse relationship between heroin overdose deaths and patients treated with buprenorphine (P =.002). Conclusions: Increased access to opioid agonist treatment was associated with a reduction in heroin overdose deaths. Implementing policies that support evidence-based medication treatment of opiate dependence may decrease heroin overdose deaths. Keywords: buprenorphine; methadone; narcotic antagonist, article; drug overdose; heroin dependence; human; longitudinal study; mortality; opiate substitution treatment; statistical model; United States, Baltimore; Buprenorphine; Drug Overdose; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Linear Models; Longitudinal Studies; Methadone; Mortality; Narcotic Antagonists; Opiate Substitution Treatment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301049_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Phelan, J.C. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 813-821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069 Abstract: Bodies of research pertaining to specific stigmatized statuses have typically developed in separate domains and have focused on single outcomes at 1 level of analysis, thereby obscuring the full significance of stigma as a fundamental driver of population health. Here we provide illustrative evidence on the health consequences of stigma and present a conceptual framework describing the psychological and structural pathways through which stigma influences health. Because of its pervasiveness, its disruption of multiple life domains (e.g., resources, social relationships, and coping behaviors), and its corrosive impact on the health of populations, stigma should be considered alongside the other major organizing concepts for research on social determinants of population health. Keywords: article; attitude to health; employment; health care delivery; health care disparity; health disparity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; medical sociology; mental patient; mental stress; minority group; obesity; psychological aspect; self concept; sexual behavior; social isolation; social stigma, Attitude to Health; Employment; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Mentally Ill Persons; Minority Groups; Obesity; Self Concept; Sexual Behavior; Social Isolation; Social Stigma; Sociology, Medical; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental illness stigma, help seeking, and public health programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henderson, C. Author-Name: Evans-Lacko, S. Author-Name: Thornicroft, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 777-780 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301056 Abstract: Globally, more than 70% of people with mental illness receive no treatment from health care staff. Evidence suggests that factors increasing the likelihood of treatment avoidance or delay before presenting for care include (1) lack of knowledge to identify features of mental illnesses, (2) ignorance about how to access treatment, (3) prejudice against people who have mental illness, and (4) expectation of discrimination against people diagnosed with mental illness. In this article, we reviewed the evidence on whether large-scale antistigma campaigns could lead to increased levels of help seeking. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; attitude to health; female; health care delivery; human; male; mental disease; middle aged; patient attitude; psychological aspect; review; sex ratio; social marketing; social psychology; social stigma; standard; statistical model; statistics; United Kingdom, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; England; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prejudice; Sex Distribution; Social Marketing; Social Stigma; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301056_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic differences in patterns of sexual risk behavior and rates of sexually transmitted infections among female young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pflieger, J.C. Author-Name: Cook, E.C. Author-Name: Niccolai, L.M. Author-Name: Connell, C.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 903-909 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301005 Abstract: Objectives: We examined patterns of sexual behavior and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adulthood for Black, Hispanic, and White females. Methods: We used a nationally representative sample of 7015 female young adults from wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sexual risk items assessed behaviors occurring in the previous 6 years and past year to determine classes of sexual risk and links to STIs in young adulthood. Results: Latent class analysis revealed 3 sexual risk classes for Black and Hispanic youths and 4 sexual risk classes for White youths. The moderate and high risk classes had the highest probabilities of risky sexual partners, inconsistent condom use, and early age of sexual initiation, which significantly increased odds for STIs compared with recent abstainers. Conclusions: We found different classes of sexual behavior by race/ethnicity, with Black and Hispanic young women most at risk for STIs in young adulthood. Preventive efforts should target younger adolescents and focus on sexual partner behavior. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; African American; age; article; Bayes theorem; Caucasian; condom; ethnology; female; health survey; Hispanic; human; longitudinal study; psychological aspect; retrospective study; sexual behavior; sexuality; sexually transmitted disease; statistics; utilization review, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; African Americans; Age Factors; Bayes Theorem; Condoms; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Retrospective Studies; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301005_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing stigma through social inclusion. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carter, R. Author-Name: Satcher, D. Author-Name: Coelho, T. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 773 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301167 Keywords: article; disabled person; health care policy; human; legal aspect; medical sociology; psychological aspect; social isolation; social psychology; social stigma; social support, Disabled Persons; Health Policy; Humans; Prejudice; Social Isolation; Social Stigma; Social Support; Sociology, Medical Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301167_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An HIV prevention intervention for ethnically diverse men in substance abuse treatment: Pilot study findings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Calsyn, D.A. Author-Name: Kathleen Burlew, A. Author-Name: Hatch-Maillette, M.A. Author-Name: Beadnell, B. Author-Name: Wright, L. Author-Name: Wilson, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 896-902 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300970 Abstract: Objectives: We determined the acceptability, participants' receptivity, and effectiveness of a culturally adapted version of Real Men Are Safe (REMAS-CA), an HIV prevention intervention for men in substance abuse treatment. Methods: In 2010 and 2011, we compared participants who attended at least 1 (of 5) REMAS-CA session (n = 66) with participants in the original REMAS study (n = 136). Participants completed an assessment battery at baseline and at 3-month follow-up with measures of substance abuse, HIV risk behaviors, perceived condom barriers, and demographics. We conducted postintervention focus groups at each clinic. Results: Minority REMAS-CA participants were more likely to have attended 3 or more sessions (87.0%), meeting our definition of intervention completion, than were minority participants in the REMAS study (75.1%; odds ratio = 2.1). For REMAS-CA participants with casual partners (n = 25), the number of unprotected sexual occasions in the past 90 days declined (6.2 vs 1.6). Among minority men in the REMAS study (n = 36), the number of unprotected sexual occasions with casual partners changed little (9.4 vs 8.4; relative risk = 4.56). Conclusions: REMAS-CA was effective across ethnic groups, a benefit for HIV risk reduction programs that serve a diverse clientele. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; African American; article; Caucasian; condom; cultural competence; drug dependence treatment; ethnology; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; male; methodology; middle aged; pilot study; program development; randomized controlled trial (topic); sexual behavior; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Condoms; Connecticut; Cultural Competency; European Continental Ancestry Group; Focus Groups; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Program Development; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sexual Behavior; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300970_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How the US Food and Drug Administration can solve the prescription drug shortage problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schweitzer, S.O. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e10-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301239 Abstract: Drug shortages are threatening care quality and costcontainment efforts. I describe the pharmaceutical marketplace changes that have caused the problem, and propose new policies to solve it, through changing incentives for producers and purchasers. I propose a grading scheme for the Food and Drug Administration when it inspects manufacturing facilities in the United States and abroad. The inspections' focus would change from closing unsafe plants to improving production process quality, reducing the likelihood that plants will be closed-the most frequent cause of drug shortages. Keywords: generic drug; prescription drug, article; cost control; drug cost; drug industry; economics; food and drug administration; human; methodology; quality control; standard; United States, Cost Control; Drug Costs; Drug Industry; Drugs, Generic; Humans; Prescription Drugs; Quality Control; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301239_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Playing through pain: Sports participation and nonmedical use of opioid medications among adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Veliz, P.T. Author-Name: Boyd, C. Author-Name: McCabe, S.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e28-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301242 Abstract: We assessed the nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) among adolescents who participate in competitive sports. Using data from Monitoring the Future, we found that adolescent participants in high-injury sports had 50% higher odds of NMUPO than adolescents who did not participate in these types of sports (i.e., nonparticipants and participants in other sports). Detecting certain subpopulations of youths at risk for NMUPO should be a central concern among health care providers. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent; prescription drug, adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; opiate addiction; pain; physiology; psychological aspect; risk factor; sport; sport injury; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Analgesics, Opioid; Athletic Injuries; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain; Prescription Drugs; Risk Factors; Sports; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301242_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experiences of discrimination and their impact on the mental health among African American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and Latino men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Choi, K.-H. Author-Name: Paul, J. Author-Name: Ayala, G. Author-Name: Boylan, R. Author-Name: Gregorich, S.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 868-874 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301052 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the associations between specific types and sources of discrimination and mental health outcomes among US racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men (MSM) and how these associations varied by race/ethnicity. Methods: A chain-referral sample of 403 African American, 393 Asian and Pacific Islander (API), and 400 Latino MSM recruited in Los Angeles County, California completed a standardized questionnaire. Data were obtained from the Ethnic Minority Men's Health Study from May 2008 to October 2009. Results: Past-year experiences of racism within the general community and perceived homophobia among heterosexual friends were positively associated with depression and anxiety. Past-year homophobia experienced within the general community was also positively associated with anxiety. These statistically significant associations did not vary across racial/ethnic groups. The positive association of perceived racism within the gay community with anxiety differed by race/ethnicity, and was statistically significant only for APIs. Perceived homophobia within the family was not associated with either depression or anxiety. Conclusions: Higher levels of experiences of discrimination were associated with psychological distress among MSM of color. However, specific types and sources of discrimination were differentially linked to negative mental health outcomes among African American, API, and Latino MSM. Keywords: Aborigine; adult; African American; anxiety; article; Asian American; depression; ethnology; Hispanic; homophobia; human; interview; male; male homosexuality; mental health; methodology; minority group; prevalence; psychological aspect; questionnaire; racism; regression analysis; statistics; United States, Adult; African Americans; Anxiety; Asian Americans; Depression; Hispanic Americans; Homophobia; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Los Angeles; Male; Mental Health; Minority Groups; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Racism; Regression Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301052_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence in New York city: A multilevel approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frank, J.W. Author-Name: Hong, C.S. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e38-e44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301255 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence and morbidity among New York City adults. Methods. We used multilevel modeling techniques and data from the New York City Community Health Survey (2004) to analyze the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence, adjusting for individuallevel sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental characteristics. We examined interactions between neighborhood incarceration rate, respondent incarceration history, and race/ethnicity. Results. The mean neighborhood rate of incarceration was 5.4% (range = 2.1%-12.8%). Neighborhood incarceration rate was associated with individuallevel asthma prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.10) in unadjusted models but not after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics (OR = 1.01;95% CI = 0.98, 1.04). This association did not differ according to respondent race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Among New York City adults, the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence is explained by the sociodemographic composition of neighborhoods and disparities in asthma prevalence at the individual level. Public health practitioners should further engage with criminal justice professionals and correctional health care providers to target asthma outreach efforts toward both correctional facilities and neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration. Keywords: adult; article; asthma; classification; demography; economics; ethnology; female; health disparity; health survey; human; male; multilevel analysis; poverty; prevalence; prisoner; smoking; social class; statistics; United States, Adult; Asthma; Female; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Multilevel Analysis; New York City; Poverty Areas; Prevalence; Prisoners; Residence Characteristics; Smoking; Social Class Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301255_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: The geography of violence, alcohol outlets, and drug arrests in Boston (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103 (657-664)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lipton, R. Author-Name: Yang, X. Author-Name: Braga, A.A. Author-Name: Goldstick, J. Author-Name: Newton, M. Author-Name: Rura, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e8 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/ajph.2012.300927 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2012.300927_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of not legalizing same-sex marriage on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lutwak, N. Author-Name: Dill, C. Author-Name: Saliba, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301207 Keywords: bisexuality; female; human; legal aspect; lesbianism; letter; male; male homosexuality; marriage; mental stress; psychological aspect; social isolation; suicidal ideation; veterans health, Bisexuality; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Marriage; Social Isolation; Stress, Psychological; Suicidal Ideation; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301207_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A contentious history of consumer protection against dangerous household chemicals in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, M.M. Author-Name: Benrubi, I.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 801-812 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301066 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301066 Abstract: The history of consumer protection against household poisons presents a key case study of the uniquely American struggle to balance public health and safety with the interests of business. By the late 19th century, package designs, warning labels, and state statutes had formed an uneven patchwork of protective mechanisms against accidental poisonings. As household chemicals proliferated in the early 20th century, physicians concerned with childhood poisonings pressured the federal government to enact legislation mandating warning labels on packaging for these substances. Manufacturers of household chemicals agreed to labeling requirements for caustic poisons but resisted broader regulation. Accidental poisonings of children continued to increase until the enactment of broad labeling and packaging legislation in the 1960s and 1970s. This history suggests that voluntary agreements between government agencies and manufacturers are inadequate to protect consumers against household poisonings and that, in the United States, protective household chemical regulation proceeds in a reactive rather than a precautionary manner. Keywords: domestic chemical; drug, advertizing; article; child; child welfare; commercial phenomena; germ theory of disease; history; home accident; human; intoxication; legal aspect; packaging; politics; preschool child; product safety; public health; standard; United States, Accidents, Home; Advertising as Topic; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Commerce; Consumer Product Safety; Germ Theory of Disease; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Household Products; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poisoning; Politics; Product Labeling; Product Packaging; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301066_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: To flourish or not: Positive mental health and all-cause mortality (American Journal of Public Health (2012) 102 (2164-2172)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, C.L.M. Author-Name: Simoes, E.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e7-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300918e_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Call for an accurate historical account of childhood lead poisoning prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jacobs, D.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301263 Keywords: ethics; human; lead poisoning; note; public health; research ethics, Ethics, Research; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301263_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of discrimination-related trauma with sexual risk among HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fields, E.L. Author-Name: Bogart, L.M. Author-Name: Galvan, F.H. Author-Name: Wagner, G.J. Author-Name: Klein, D.J. Author-Name: Schuster, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 875-880 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300951 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated whether 1 form of traumatic stress, discriminationrelated trauma (e.g., physical assault because of race), was associated with unprotected analintercourse, especially whencompared with non-discriminationrelated trauma, among African American men who have sex with men. Methods: A convenience sample of 131 HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men receiving antiretroviral treatment completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews that covered unprotected anal intercourse, interpersonal trauma, and whether trauma was because of discrimination on the basis of race/ethnicity, HIV serostatus, or sexual orientation. Results: Sixty percent reported at least 1 interpersonal trauma; they attributed at least 1 trauma to being gay (47%), African American (17%), or HIV positive (9%). In a multivariate regression, experiencing discrimination-related trauma was significantly associated with unprotected anal intercourse (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4;95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.0, 5.7; P =.04), whereas experiencing non-discrimination-related trauma was not (AOR = 1.3;95% CI = 0.6, 3.1; P =.53). Conclusions: HIV-positive African American men who have sex with men experience high levels of discrimination-related trauma, a stressor associated with greater risk taking. HIV prevention interventions should consider the potential damaging effects of discrimination in the context of trauma. Keywords: addiction; adult; African American; aged; article; comorbidity; ethnology; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; major depression; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; posttraumatic stress disorder; prisoner; psychological aspect; social psychology; statistics; United States; unsafe sex; violence, Adult; African Americans; Aged; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder, Major; HIV Seropositivity; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Los Angeles; Male; Middle Aged; Prejudice; Prisoners; Stress Disorders, Traumatic; Substance-Related Disorders; Unsafe Sex; Violence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300951_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Forging an agenda for suicide prevention in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 822-829 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301078 Abstract: Suicide prevention must be transformed by integrating injury prevention and mental health perspectives to develop a mosaic of common risk public health interventions that address the diversity of populations and individuals whose mortality and morbidity contribute to the burdens of suicide and attempted suicide. Emphasizing distal preventive interventions, strategies must focus on people and places-and on related interpersonal factors and social contexts-to alter the life trajectories of people before they become suicidal. Attention also must be paid to those in the middle years-the age with the greatest overall burden. We need scientific and social processes that define priorities and assess their potential for reducing what has been a steadily increasing rate of suicide during the past decade. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; cause of death; female; forecasting; health care planning; human; male; methodology; middle aged; preventive health service; psychological aspect; risk factor; sex ratio; social behavior; socioeconomics; standard; statistics; suicide; suicide attempt; United States; violence, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Cause of Death; Female; Forecasting; Health Priorities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Preventive Health Services; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Social Responsibility; Socioeconomic Factors; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted; United States; Violence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301078_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: A national study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Popova, L. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 923-930 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070) File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070) Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions. Methods: A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations between alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation behaviors. Results: Of the smokers, 38% had tried an alternative tobacco product, most frequently e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco product use was associated with having made a quit attempt, and those intending to quit were significantly more likely to have tried and to currently use the products than were smokers with no intentions to quit. Use was not associated with successful quit attempts. Interest in future use of alternative tobacco products was low, except for e-cigarettes. Conclusions: Alternative tobacco products are attractive to smokers who want to quit smoking, but these data did not indicate that alternative tobacco products promote cessation. Unsubstantiated overt and implied claims that alternative tobacco products aid smoking cessation should be prohibited. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070)_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: California's historic effort to reduce the stigma of mental illness: The Mental Health Services Act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clark, W. Author-Name: Welch, S.N. Author-Name: Berry, S.H. Author-Name: Collentine, A.M. Author-Name: Collins, R. Author-Name: Lebron, D. Author-Name: Shearer, A.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 786-794 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301225 Abstract: In a historic effort to reduce the stigma of mental illness, California voters approved the Mental Health Services Act in 2004. The law funds a comprehensive statewide prevention initiative that places stigma and discrimination reduction at its center, with 25 projects providing interventions at the institutional, societal, and individual levels. Stakeholders selected specific strategies from the research-based California Strategic Plan on Reducing Stigma and Discrimination. Strategies range from social marketing to increase public knowledge to capacity building at the local level, including training that emphasizes participation by consumers of mental health services and cultural competence. Collectively, these strategies aim to foster permanent change in the public perception of mental illness and in the individual experience of stigma. We examined the context, planning, programming, and evaluation of this effort. Keywords: article; attitude to health; capacity building; consumer; cultural competence; health care quality; health promotion; human; legal aspect; mental disease; mental health service; mental patient; methodology; program development; psychological aspect; social justice; social marketing; social stigma; standard; suicide; United States, Attitude to Health; California; Capacity Building; Consumer Participation; Cultural Competency; Health Promotion; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Mentally Ill Persons; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Social Justice; Social Marketing; Social Stigma; Suicide Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301225_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: The statin-iron nexus: Anti-inflammatory intervention for arterial disease prevention (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103 (e105-e112) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zacharski, L.R. Author-Name: Depalma, R.G. Author-Name: Shamayeva, G. Author-Name: Chow, B.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/ajph.2012.301163 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2012.301163_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The "backbone" of stigma: Identifying the Global core of public prejudice associated with mental illness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pescosolido, B.A. Author-Name: Medina, T.R. Author-Name: Martin, J.K. Author-Name: Long, J.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 853-860 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301147 Abstract: Objectives: We used the Stigma in Global Context-Mental Health Study to assess the core sentiments that represent consistent, salient public health intervention targets. Methods: Data from 16 countries employed a nationally representative sampling strategy, international collaboration for instrument development, and case vignettes with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition depression and schizophrenia criteria. We measured knowledge and prejudice with existing questions and scales, and employed exploratory data analysis to examine the public response to 43 items. Results: Across countries, levels of recognition, acceptance of neurobiological attributions, and treatment endorsement were high. However, a core of 5 prejudice items was consistently high, even in countries with low overall stigma levels. The levels were generally lower for depression than schizophrenia, and exclusionary sentiments for more intimate venues and in authority-based roles showed the greatest stigma. Negative responses to schizophrenia and depression were highly correlated across countries. Conclusions: These results challenge researchers to reconfigure measurement strategies and policymakers to reconsider efforts to improve population mental health. Efforts should prioritize inclusion, integration, and competences for the reduction of cultural barriers to recognition, response, and recovery. Keywords: adult; article; attitude to health; cultural factor; depression; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ethnology; human; mental patient; psychological aspect; public opinion; schizophrenia; social psychology; social stigma, Adult; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Depressive Disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mentally Ill Persons; Prejudice; Public Opinion; Schizophrenia; Social Stigma Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301147_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing self-stigma by coming out proud Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corrigan, P.W. Author-Name: Kosyluk, K.A. Author-Name: Rüsch, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 794-800 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037) File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037) Abstract: Self-stigma has a pernicious effect on the lives of people with mental illness. Although a medical perspective might discourage patients from identifying with theirillness,publicdisclosure maypromoteempowerment and reduce self-stigma. We reviewed the extensive research that supports this assertion and assessed a program that might diminish stigma's effect by helping some people to disclose to colleagues, neighbors,and others their experiences with mental illness, treatment, and recovery. The program encompasses weighing the costs and benefits of disclosure in deciding whether to come out, considering different strategies for coming out, and obtaining peer support through the disclosure process. This type of program may also pose challenges for public health research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301037)_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Popova, L. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 923-930 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070 Abstract: We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions. A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations between alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation behaviors. Of the smokers, 38% had tried an alternative tobacco product, most frequently e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco product use was associated with having made a quit attempt, and those intending to quit were significantly more likely to have tried and to currently use the products than were smokers with no intentions to quit. Use was not associated with successful quit attempts. Interest in future use of alternative tobacco products was low, except for e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco products are attractive to smokers who want to quit smoking, but these data did not indicate that alternative tobacco products promote cessation. Unsubstantiated overt and implied claims that alternative tobacco products aid smoking cessation should be prohibited. Keywords: nicotine; nicotine gum; nicotinic agent, adolescent; adult; article; behavior; cross-sectional study; electronics; female; harm reduction; human; male; methodology; middle aged; smokeless tobacco; smoking cessation; statistical model; statistics; tobacco dependence; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronics; Female; Harm Reduction; Humans; Intention; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Cessation Products; Tobacco Use Disorder; Tobacco, Smokeless; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301070_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of disease misclassification on exposure-disease association Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, Q. Author-Name: Galfalvy, H. Author-Name: Duan, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: e67-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300995 Abstract: Objectives. We explore how misclassification in disease status can distort the exposure-disease association in a study with dichotomous disease and exposure status. Methods. We define the difference in population odds ratios between populations with and without disease misclassification as population-level bias and derive the bias as a function of sensitivity and specificity for observed disease status. The magnitude and direction of bias can be elucidated through analytic derivations, as illustrated with numerical examples. Results. Patterns of bias exist not only for nondifferential misclassification but also for some differential misclassification scenarios. We have provided conditions defined in terms of sensitivity and specificity that correspond to each pattern of bias. Conclusions. Caution is needed in interpreting results when misclassification is present. Our findings can be used to assess the effects of disease misclassification in a population when sensitivity and specificity are known or can be estimated. Keywords: article; classification; diagnostic error; diseases; epidemiology; human; risk; sensitivity and specificity; statistical analysis, Bias (Epidemiology); Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diagnostic Errors; Disease; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Odds Ratio; Sensitivity and Specificity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300995_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of prevention in promoting continuity of health care in prisoner reentry initiatives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woods, L.N. Author-Name: Lanza, A.S. Author-Name: Dyson, W. Author-Name: Gordon, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 830-838 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961 Abstract: Most incarcerated individuals will return to the community, and their successful reentry requires consideration of their health and how their health will affect their families and communities. We propose the use of a prevention science framework that integrates universal, selective, and indicated strategies to facilitate the successful reentry of men released from prison. Understanding how health risks and disparities affect the transition from prison to the community will enhance reentry intervention efforts. To explore the application of the prevention rubric, we evaluated a communitybased prisoner reentry initiative. The findings challenge all involved in reentry initiatives to reconceptualize prisoner reentry from a program model to a prevention model that considers multilevel risks to and facilitators of successful reentry. Keywords: addiction; article; community care; community integration; employment; health care delivery; health care quality; health disparity; human; male; minority group; needs assessment; nonbiological model; organization and management; patient care; preventive health service; prisoner; social support; statistics; United States, Community Health Services; Community Integration; Community Networks; Connecticut; Continuity of Patient Care; Employment; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Models, Organizational; Needs Assessment; Preventive Health Services; Prisoners; Program Evaluation; Social Support; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of personal attributes in the genesis and progression of lung disease and cigarette smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brook, A. Author-Name: Zhang, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 931-937 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300748 Abstract: Objectives: We examined early maladaptive personal attributes (e.g., depression), later lung disease, and later maladaptive personal attributes over a significant part of a woman's life. Methods: Wegathered longitudinal data ona prospective cohort ofcommunitydwelling women (n= 498) followed from young adulthood to late midlife. Results: We used structural equation modeling to assess the interrelations of maladaptive personal attributes, cigarette smoking, lung disease, and financial strain. The results supported a mediational model through which early maladaptive personal attributes were associated with smoking (b =0.17, P <.001), which in turn predicted later lung disease (b = 0.33, P <.001), and lung disease was related to later family financial difficulties (b = 0.09, P<.05), which in turn were associated with later maladaptive personal attributes (b = 0.35, P <.001). Conclusions: Our results address a number of important public health and clinical issues. An understanding of the interrelations of smoking, underlying mental health conditions, financial stress, and later mental health conditions on the part of physicians and other health care providers can be critical in managing patients with lung disease. Keywords: adult; aged; anxiety; article; comorbidity; depression; disease course; female; human; longitudinal study; lung disease; middle aged; personality disorder; poverty; psychological aspect; smoking; United States, Adult; Aged; Anxiety; Comorbidity; Depression; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Lung Diseases; Middle Aged; New York; Personality Disorders; Poverty; Smoking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300748_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing public Stigma and disparities among persons with mental illness: The role of federal policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cummings, J.R. Author-Name: Lucas, S.M. Author-Name: Druss, B.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 5 Pages: 781-785 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301224 Abstract: Stigma against mental illness is a complex construct with affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. Beyond its symbolic value, federal law can only directly address one component of stigma: discrimination. This article reviews three landmark antidiscrimination laws that expanded protections over time for individuals with mental illness. Despite these legislative advances, protections are still not uniform for all subpopulations with mental illness. Furthermore, multiple componentsofstigma (e.g.,prejudice) are beyond the reach of legislation, as demonstrated by the phenomenon of label avoidance; individuals may not seekprotection from discrimination because of fear of the stigma that may ensue after disclosing their mental illness. To yield the greatest improvements, antidiscrimination laws must be coupled with antistigma programs that directly address other components of stigma. Keywords: civil rights; economics; education; employment; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care policy; health insurance; human; insurance; legal aspect; mental health service; mental patient; patient attitude; psychological aspect; review; social psychology; social stigma; standard; statistics; United States, Civil Rights; Education, Special; Employment; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Mental Health Services; Mentally Ill Persons; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prejudice; Social Stigma; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301224_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Felon disenfranchisement in the United States: A health equity perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Purtle, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 632-637 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300933 Abstract: Approximately 13% of African American men are disqualified from voting because of a felony conviction. I used ecosocial theory to identify how institutionalized racism helps perpetuate health disparities and to explore pathways through which felon disenfranchisement laws may contribute to racial health disparities in the United States. From a literature review, I identified 2 potential pathways: (1) inability to alter inequitable public policies that differentially allocate resources for health; and (2) inability to reintegrate into society by voting, which contributes to allostatic load. Keywords: African American; allostasis; article; human; human rights; male; policy; politics; prisoner; social isolation; social justice; social psychology; statistics; United States, African Americans; Allostasis; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Politics; Prejudice; Prisoners; Public Policy; Social Isolation; Social Justice; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300933_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The neighborhood context of homelessness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alexander-Eitzman, B. Author-Name: Pollio, D.E. Author-Name: North, C.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 679-685 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301007 Abstract: Objectives: We examined and compared the changing neighborhood characteristics of a group of homeless adults over time. Methods: We collected the addresses of previous housing and sleep locations from a longitudinal study of 400 homeless adults in the St. Louis, Missouri, region and compared census measures of housing and economic opportunities at different points along individual pathways from housing to homelessness and at 1- and 2-year follow-up interviews. Results: Sleep locations of homeless adults were much more concentrated in the urban core at baseline than were their previous housed and follow-up locations. These core areas had higher poverty, unemployment, and rent-to-income ratios and lower median incomes. Conclusions: The spatial concentration of homeless adults in areas with fewer opportunities and more economic and housing distress may present additional barriers to regaining stable housing and employment. A big-picture spatial and time-course viewpoint is critical for both policymakers and future homelessness researchers. Keywords: addiction; adult; article; demography; female; homelessness; human; longitudinal study; male; mental disease; population research; statistics; United States; urban population, Adult; Censuses; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Disorders; Missouri; Residence Characteristics; Substance-Related Disorders; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301007_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of socioeconomic markers on the association between fine particulate matter and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions among children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yap, P.-S. Author-Name: Gilbreath, S. Author-Name: Garcia, C. Author-Name: Jareen, N. Author-Name: Goodrich, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 695-702 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300945 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on hospital admissions for respiratory conditions associated with ambient particulate matter that is 2.5 micrometers or less in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) in children aged 1 to 9 years in 12 California counties, from 2000 to 2005. Methods: We linked daily hospital admissions for respiratory conditions (acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, and asthma) to meteorological, air pollution, and census data. Results: In San Diego, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Los Angeles counties, the admission rates for children associated with PM2.5 ranged from 1.03 to 1.07 for combined respiratory conditions and 1.03 to 1.08 for asthma in regions with lower SES. We observed 2 distinct patterns of the influence of the composite SES Townsend index. In lower-SES South Coast areas, PM2.5-associated hospital admission rates for all respiratory outcomes were predominantly positive whereas results in the Central Valley were variable, often tending toward the null. Conclusions: These distinct patterns could be attributed to the heterogeneity of regional confounders as well as the seasonal variation of emission sources of PM2.5. Composite SES is one potential factor for increasing susceptibility to air pollution. Keywords: air pollutant; article; asthma; child; female; hospitalization; human; infant; male; particle size; pneumonia; Poisson distribution; preschool child; respiratory tract infection; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Air Pollutants; Asthma; California; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Male; Particle Size; Pneumonia; Poisson Distribution; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300945_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evolution of tobacco labeling and packaging: International legal considerations and health governance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mackey, T.K. Author-Name: Liang, B.A. Author-Name: Novotny, T.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e39-e43 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301029 Abstract: Numerous national governments have recently adopted packaging and labeling legislation to curb global tobacco uptake. This coincides with the World Health Organization's 2011 World No Tobacco Day, which recognized the extraordinary progress of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The tobacco industry has presented legal challenges to countries, including Australia, Uruguay, and the United States, for enacting legislation meeting or exceeding FCTC obligations. We argue that national governments attempting to meet the obligations set forth in public health treaties such as the FCTC should be afforded flexibilities and protection in developing tobacco control laws and regulations, because these measures are necessary to protect public health and should be explicitly recognized in international trade and legal agreements. Keywords: article; Australia; consumer health information; drug control; government regulation; health; human; legal aspect; packaging; tobacco; tobacco industry; United States; Uruguay, Australia; Consumer Health Information; Drug and Narcotic Control; Government Regulation; Humans; Product Packaging; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products; United States; Uruguay; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301029_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Energy insecurity: A framework for understanding energy, the built environment, and health among vulnerable populations in the context of climate change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hernández, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e32-e34 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH2012.301179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH2012.301179 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH2012.301179_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating Hospitals' Provision of Community Benefit: An Argument for an Outcome-Based Approach to Nonprofit Hospital Tax Exemption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubin, D.B. Author-Name: Singh, S.R. Author-Name: Jacobson, P.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 612-616 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301048 Abstract: Nonprofit hospitals are exempt from federal income taxation if they pass organizational and operational tests, including satisfying the community-benefit standard. Policymakers, however, have questioned the adequacy of the community benefits that nonprofit hospitals provide in exchange for these exemptions. The Internal Revenue Service recently responded to these concerns by redesigning its tax forms for nonprofit hospitals. The new Form 990 Schedule H requires nonprofit hospitals to provide additional information about their community-benefit activities. This new reporting requirement, however, places an undue focus on input-based community-benefit indicators, in particular expenditures. We argue that expanding the current input-based reporting requirement to include not only monetary inputs but also population health outcomes would achieve greater benefit for society. Keywords: article; community care; economics; health care policy; human; non profit hospital; non profit organization; outcome assessment; public relations; tax; United States, Community-Institutional Relations; Health Policy; Hospitals, Voluntary; Humans; Organizations, Nonprofit; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Tax Exemption; Taxes; Uncompensated Care; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301048_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of residential indoor air quality and household ventilation on preterm birth and term low birth weight in Los Angeles County, California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ghosh, J.K.C. Author-Name: Wilhelm, M. Author-Name: Ritz, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 686-694 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300987 Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of indoor residential air quality on preterm birth and term low birth weight (LBW). Methods: We evaluated 1761 nonsmoking women from a case-control survey of mothers who delivered a baby in 2003 in Los Angeles County, California. In multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, parity and birthplace, we evaluated the effects of living with smokers or using personal or household products that may contain volatile organic compounds and examined the influence of household ventilation. Results: Compared with unexposed mothers, women exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home had increased odds of term LBW (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 2.18) and preterm birth (adjusted OR = 1.27; 95% CI =0.95, 1.70), although 95% CIs included the null. No increase in risk was observed for SHS-exposed mothers reporting moderate or high window ventilation. Associations were also observed for product usage, but only for women reporting low or no window ventilation. Conclusions: Residential window ventilation may mitigate the effects of indoor air pollution among pregnant women in Los Angeles County, California. Keywords: air conditioning; article; case control study; demography; environmental exposure; female; human; indoor air pollution; low birth weight; male; newborn; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; prematurity; risk assessment; risk factor; statistical model; statistics; United States, Air Pollution, Indoor; Case-Control Studies; Demography; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Los Angeles; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Ventilation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300987_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Text messaging to communicate with public health audiences: How the HIPAA security rule affects practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karasz, H.N. Author-Name: Eiden, A. Author-Name: Bogan, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 617-622 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300999 Abstract: Text messaging is a powerful communication tool for public health purposes, particularly because of the potential to customize messages to meet individuals' needs. However, using text messaging to send personal health information requires analysis of laws addressing the protection of electronic health information. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule is written with flexibility to account for changing technologies. In practice, however, the rule leads to uncertainty about how to make text messaging policy decisions. Text messaging to send health information can be implemented in a public health setting through 2 possible approaches: restructuring text messages to remove personal health information and retaining limited personal health information in the message but conducting a risk analysis and satisfying other requirements to meet the HIPAA Security Rule. Keywords: influenza vaccine, article; child; female; health insurance; human; influenza; legal aspect; male; organization and management; policy; privacy; public health service; reminder system; text messaging; United States, Child; Female; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; Privacy; Public Health Practice; Public Policy; Reminder Systems; Security Measures; Text Messaging; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300999_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The geography of violence, alcohol outlets, and drug arrests in Boston Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lipton, R. Author-Name: Yang, X. Author-Name: Braga, A.A. Author-Name: Goldstick, J. Author-Name: Newton, M. Author-Name: Rura, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 657-664 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300927 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the relationship between alcohol outlets, drug markets (approximated by arrests for possession and trafficking), and violence in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2006. We analyzed geographic and environmental versus individual factors related to violence and identified areas high in violent crime. Methods: We used data from the Boston Police Department, US Census, and Massachusetts State Alcohol Beverage Control Commission. Spatial modeling was employed at the block group level, and violent crime, alcohol outlets, and drug markets were mapped. Results: Relative to other block groups, block groups in the highest decile of violent crime (n = 55) were found to be poorer (e.g., lower incomes, higher percentages of vacant homes), and they had greater numbers of alcohol outlets and higher drug arrest rates. Alcohol outlets and drug possession and trafficking arrests were predictive of violent crime. Also, spatial effects resulting from neighboring block groups were related to violent crime. Both alcohol outlet density and type were associated with violent crime in a differentiated and complex way. Conclusions: With drug possession and trafficking arrests as a proxy for drug markets, spatial relationships between alcohol outlets and violence were found in addition to typical sociodemographic predictors. Keywords: addiction; alcoholic beverage; article; commercial phenomena; crime; cross-sectional study; demography; female; geography; human; male; Poisson distribution; population research; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; urban population; violence, Alcoholic Beverages; Boston; Censuses; Commerce; Crime; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Geography; Humans; Male; Poisson Distribution; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Urban Population; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300927_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mass campaign to eradicate ringworm: Among the jewish community in Eastern Europe, 1921-1938 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shvarts, S. Author-Name: Romem, P. Author-Name: Romem, Y. Author-Name: Shani, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e56-e66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301020 Abstract: Between the years 1921 and 1938, 27 600 children were irradiated during a mass campaign to eradicate ringworm among the Jewish community in East Europe. The ringworm campaign was the initiative of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee together with the Jewish health maintenance organization OZE (The Society for the Protection of Jewish Health). We describe this campaign that used x-rays to eradicate ringworm and its mission to enhance public health among Jewish communities in Eastern Europe during the period between the world wars. We discuss the concepts behind the campaign, the primary health agents that participated in it, and the latent medical ramifications that were found among children treated for ringworm, many years after treatment - pathologies that can be linked to the irradiation they received as children. Our research is based on historical archival materials in the United States, Europe, and Israel. Keywords: article; child; Eastern Europe; female; health promotion; history; human; jew; male; public health; radiation exposure; scalp; tinea capitis, Child; Europe, Eastern; Female; Health Promotion; History, 20th Century; Humans; Jews; Male; Public Health; Scalp; Tinea Capitis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301020_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Income inequality, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karriker-Jaffe, K.J. Author-Name: Roberts, S.C.M. Author-Name: Bond, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 649-656 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300882 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the relationship between state-level income inequality and alcohol outcomes and sought to determine whether associations of inequality with alcohol consumption and problems would be more evident with between-race inequality measures than with the Gini coefficient. We also sought to determine whether inequality would be most detrimental for disadvantaged individuals. Methods: Data from 2 nationally representative samples of adults (n = 13 997) from the 2000 and 2005 National Alcohol Surveys were merged with state-level inequality and neighborhood disadvantage indicators from the 2000 US Census. We measured income inequality using the Gini coefficient and between-race poverty ratios (Black-White and Hispanic-White). Multilevel models accounted for clustering of respondents within states. Results: Inequality measured by poverty ratios was positively associated with light and heavy drinking. Associations between poverty ratios and alcohol problems were strongest for Blacks and Hispanics compared with Whites. Household poverty did not moderate associations with income inequality. Conclusions: Poverty ratios were associated with alcohol use and problems, whereas overall income inequality was not. Higher levels of alcohol problems in high-inequality states may be partly due to social context. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; alcoholism; article; Caucasian; drinking behavior; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; income; male; middle aged; poverty; regression analysis; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Alcohol Drinking; Alcohol-Related Disorders; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300882_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood social capital, neighborhood attachment, and dental care use for Los Angeles family and neighborhood survey adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chi, D.L. Author-Name: Carpiano, R.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e88-e95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301170 Abstract: Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that neighborhood-level social capital and individual-level neighborhood attachment are positively associated with adult dental care use. Methods: We analyzed data from the 2000-2001 Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey that were linked to US Census Bureau data from 2000 (n = 1800 adults aged 18-64 years across 65 neighborhoods). We used 2-level hierarchical logistic regression models to estimate the odds of dental use associated with each of 4 forms of social capital and neighborhood attachment. Results: After adjusting for confounders, the odds of dental use were significantly associated with only 1 form of social capital: social support (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72, 0.99). Individual-level neighborhood attachment was positively associated with dental care use (AOR = 1.05; 95% CI =1.01, 1.10). Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, adults in neighborhoods with higher levels of social capital, particularly social support, were significantly less likely to use dental care. Future research should identify the oral health-related attitudes, beliefs, norms, and practices in neighborhoods and other behavioral and cultural factors that moderate and mediate the relationship between social capital and dental care use. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; dental procedure; female; health; health survey; human; male; social class; social environment; socioeconomics; statistical model; United States; urban population; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Dental Care; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Los Angeles; Male; Oral Health; Social Class; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301170_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnicity and postmigration health trajectory in new immigrants to Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, I.-H. Author-Name: Carrasco, C. Author-Name: Muntaner, C. Author-Name: McKenzie, K. Author-Name: Noh, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e96-e104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301185 Abstract: Objectives: In this prospective cohort study, we examined the trajectory of general health during the first 4 years after new immigrants' arrival in Canada. We focused on the change in self-rated health trajectories and their gender and ethnic disparities. Methods: Data were derived from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada and were collected between April 2001 and November 2005 by Statistics Canada. We used weighted samples of 3309 men and 3351 women aged between 20 and 59 years. Results: At arrival, only 3.5% of new immigrants rated their general health as poor. Significant and steady increases in poor health were revealed during the following 4 years, especially among ethnic minorities and women. Specifically, we found a higher risk of poor health among West Asian and Chinese men and among South Asian and Chinese women than among their European counterparts. Conclusions: Newly arrived immigrants are extremely healthy, but the health advantage dissipates rapidly during the initial years of settlement in Canada. Women and minority ethnic groups may be more vulnerable to social changes and postmigration settlement. Keywords: adult; article; Canada; ethnic group; female; health status; health survey; human; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; migration; prospective study; risk factor, Adult; Canada; Emigrants and Immigrants; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301185_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal effects of universal preventive intervention on prescription drug misuse: Three randomized controlled trials with late adolescents and young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spoth, R. Author-Name: Trudeau, L. Author-Name: Shin, C. Author-Name: Ralston, E. Author-Name: Redmond, C. Author-Name: Greenberg, M. Author-Name: Feinberg, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 665-672 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301209 Abstract: Objectives: We examined long-term prescription drug misuse outcomes in 3 randomized controlled trials evaluating brief universal preventive interventions conducted during middle school. Methods: In 3 studies, we tested the Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP); evaluated a revised ISFP, the Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 plus the school-based Life Skills Training (SFP 10-14 + LST); and examined the SFP 10-14 plus 1 of 3 school-based interventions. Self-reported outcomes were prescription opioid misuse (POM) and lifetime prescription drug misuse overall (PDMO). Results: In study 1, ISFP showed significant effects on POM and PDMO, relative reduction rates (RRRs; age 25 years) of 65%, and comparable benefits for higher- and lower-risk subgroups. In study 2, SFP 10-14 + LST showed significant or marginally significant effects on POM and PDMO across all ages (21, 22, and 25 years); higher-risk participants showed stronger effects (RRRs = 32%-79%). In study 3, we found significant results for POM and PDMO (12th grade RRRs = 20%-21%); higher-risk and lower-risk participants showed comparable outcomes. Conclusions: Brief universal interventions have potential for public health impact by reducing prescription drug misuse among adolescents and young adults. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; article; drug misuse; female; human; male; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial (topic); United States, Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Prescription Drug Misuse; Questionnaires; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301209_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The statin-iron nexus: Anti-inflammatory intervention for arterial disease prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zacharski, L.R. Author-Name: DePalma, R.G. Author-Name: Shamayeva, G. Author-Name: Chow, B.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e105-e112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301163 Abstract: Objectives: We postulated the existence of a statin-iron nexus by which statins improve cardiovascular disease outcomes at least partially by countering proinflammatory effects of excess iron stores. Methods: Using data from a clinical trial of iron (ferritin) reduction in advanced peripheral arterial disease, the Iron and Atherosclerosis Study, we compared effects of ferritin levels versus high-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein ratios (both were randomization variables) on clinical outcomes in participants receiving and not receiving statins. Results: Statins increased high-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein ratios and reduced ferritin levels by noninteracting mechanisms. Improved clinical outcomes were associated with lower ferritin levels but not with improved lipid status. Conclusions: There are commonalities between the clinical benefits of statins and the maintenance of physiologic iron levels. Iron reduction may be a safe and low-cost alternative to statins. Keywords: high density lipoprotein; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; iron; low density lipoprotein, aged; article; atherosclerosis; blood; chi square distribution; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; government; human; inflammation; iron overload; male; metabolism; peripheral occlusive artery disease; proportional hazards model; prospective study; randomized controlled trial; statistical model; United States, Aged; Atherosclerosis; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Inflammation; Iron; Iron Overload; Linear Models; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301163_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking sustainability research to intervention types Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scheirer, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e73-e80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300976 Abstract: Researchers, funders, and managers of health programs and interventions have become concerned about their long-term sustainability. However, most research about sustainability has not considered the nature of the program to be sustained. Health-related interventions may differ in their likelihood of sustain-ability and in the factors likely to influence continuation. I suggest a framework for analyzing the sustainability of 6 types of interventions: (1) those implemented by individual providers; (2) programs requiring coordination among multiple staff; (3) new policies, procedures, or technologies; (4) capacity or infrastructure building; (5) community partnerships or collaborations; and (6) broad-scale system change. Hypotheses for future research and strategies that program managers might use to achieve sustainability also differ by program or intervention type. Keywords: article; capacity building; community care; consumer; cooperation; evidence based practice; health care planning; health care policy; health care quality; health services research; human; organization; organization and management; program development; public health service; public relations, Capacity Building; Community Health Services; Community-Institutional Relations; Consumer Participation; Cooperative Behavior; Evidence-Based Practice; Health Plan Implementation; Health Planning; Health Planning Guidelines; Health Policy; Health Services Research; Humans; Organizational Innovation; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Public Health Practice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300976_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, D.E. Author-Name: Jarman, D.W. Author-Name: Rehm, J. Author-Name: Greenfield, T.K. Author-Name: Rey, G. Author-Name: Kerr, W.C. Author-Name: Miller, P. Author-Name: Shield, K.D. Author-Name: Ye, Y. Author-Name: Naimi, T.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 641-648 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301199 Abstract: Objectives: Our goal was to provide current estimates of alcohol-attributable cancer mortality and years of potential life lost (YPLL) in the United States. Methods: We used 2 methods to calculate population- attributable fractions. We based relative risks on meta-analyses published since 2000, and adult alcohol consumption on data from the 2009 Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and 2009-2010 National Alcohol Survey. Results: Alcohol consumption resulted in an estimated 18 200 to 21 300 cancer deaths, or 3.2% to 3.7% of all US cancer deaths. The majority of alcohol-attributable female cancer deaths were from breast cancer (56% to 66%), whereas upper airway and esophageal cancer deaths were more common among men (53% to 71%). Alcohol-attributable cancers resulted in 17.0 to 19.1 YPLL for each death. Daily consumption of up to 20 grams of alcohol (≤ 1.5 drinks) accounted for 26% to 35% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths. Conclusions: Alcohol remains a major contributor to cancer mortality and YPLL. Higher consumption increases risk but there is no safe threshold for alcohol and cancer risk. Reducing alcohol consumption is an important and underemphasized cancer prevention strategy. Keywords: adult; article; breast tumor; drinking behavior; esophagus tumor; female; health survey; human; male; mortality; neoplasm; risk factor; sex difference; United States, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Breast Neoplasms; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301199_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol (and other drugs) in public health research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenfield, T.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 582 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301278 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301278 Keywords: addiction; alcoholism; editorial; human; public health; publication; research, Alcoholism; Humans; Periodicals as Topic; Public Health; Research; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301278_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race/ethnicity and the relationship between homeownership and health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ortiz, S.E. Author-Name: Zimmerman, F.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e122-e129 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300944 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated whether race/ethnicity moderates the association between homeownership and health and whether this association is the same for racial/ethnic minorities as for non-Latino Whites. Methods: With data on US-born Latinos, African Americans, and non-Latino Whites from the 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 California Health Interview Survey, we used weighted multivariate regression techniques in fully adjusted models, controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, to test the association between homeownership and number of psychological health conditions, number of general health conditions, self-perceived health status, and health trade-offs. Results: Race/ethnicity significantly moderates the effect of homeownership on self-perceived health status, incidence of general health conditions, and health trade-offs, including delays in accessing medical care and delays in obtaining prescription medication. Although homeownership was a robust, independent predictor for each health outcome in the non-Latino White population, the association disappeared in statistical significance for racial/ethnic minorities. Conclusions: The mechanisms that create a significant association between homeownership and health seem not to be operative for racial/ethnic minorities or are countervailed by other processes, such as possible housing insecurity, that may create an adverse association. Homeownership provides a baseline for future investigations. Keywords: adult; article; ethnic group; female; health status; housing; human; male; middle aged; organization and management; Poisson distribution; socioeconomics; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adult; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status; Housing; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Ownership; Poisson Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300944_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "They're going to die anyway": Smoking shelters at Veterans' facilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Offen, N. Author-Name: Smith, E.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 604-612 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301022 Abstract: Military personnel and veterans are disadvantaged by inadequate tobacco control policies. We conducted a case study of a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) effort to disallow smoking and tobacco sales in VA facilities. Despite strong VA support, the tobacco industry created a public relations-focused grassroots veterans' opposition group, eventually pushing the US Congress to pass a law requiring smoking areas in every VA health facility. Arguing that it would be unpatriotic to deny veterans this "freedom" they had ostensibly fought for and that banning smoking could even harm veterans' health, industry consultants exploited veterans' organizations to protect tobacco industry profits. Civilian public health advocates should collaborate with veterans to expose the industry's manipulation, reframe the debate, and repeal the law. Keywords: article; commercial phenomena; government; government regulation; human; legal aspect; passive smoking; politics; public hospital; smoking; tobacco industry; United States; veteran, Commerce; Federal Government; Government Regulation; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Politics; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; United States Government Agencies; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301022_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Doula care, birth outcomes, and costs among medicaid beneficiaries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kozhimannil, K.B. Author-Name: Hardeman, R.R. Author-Name: Attanasio, L.B. Author-Name: Blauer-Peterson, C. Author-Name: O'Brien, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e113-e121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301201 Abstract: Objectives: We compared childbirth-related outcomes for Medicaid recipients who received prenatal education and childbirth support from trained doulas with outcomes from a national sample of similar women and estimated potential cost savings. Methods: We calculated descriptive statistics for Medicaid-funded births nationally (from the 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample; n = 279 008) and births supported by doula care (n = 1079) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2010 to 2012; used multivariate regression to estimate impacts of doula care; and modeled potential cost savings associated with reductions in cesarean delivery for doula-supported births. Results: The cesarean rate was 22.3% among doula-supported births and 31.5% among Medicaid beneficiaries nationally. The corresponding preterm birth rates were 6.1% and 7.3%, respectively. After control for clinical and sociodemographic factors, odds of cesarean delivery were 40.9% lower for doula-supported births (adjusted odds ratio = 0.59; P <.001). Potential cost savings to Medicaid programs associated with such cesarean rate reductions are substantial but depend on states' reimbursement rates, birth volume, and current cesarean rates. Conclusions: State Medicaid programs should consider offering coverage for birth doulas to realize potential cost savings associated with reduced cesarean rates. Keywords: adult; article; cesarean section; clinical competence; doula; economics; female; human; labor; medicaid; newborn; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; prematurity; prenatal care; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adult; Cesarean Section; Clinical Competence; Doulas; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Labor, Obstetric; Logistic Models; Medicaid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Care; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301201_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Walkability, transit access, and traffic exposure for low-income residents with subsidized housing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Houston, D. Author-Name: Basolo, V. Author-Name: Yang, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 673-678 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300734 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the spatial distribution of subsidized housing units provided through 2 federally supported, low-income housing programs in Orange County, California, in relation to neighborhood walkability, transit access, and traffic exposure. Methods: We used data from multiple sources to examine land-use and health-related built environment factors near housing subsidized through the Housing Choice Voucher Program and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, and to determine these patterns' associations with traffic exposure. Results: Subsidized projects or units in walkable, poorer neighborhoods were associated with lower traffic exposure; higher traffic exposure was associated with more transit service, a Hispanic majority, and mixed-use areas. Voucher units are more likely than LIHTC projects to be located in high-traffic areas. Conclusions: Housing program design may affect the location of subsidized units, resulting in differential traffic exposure for households by program type. Further research is needed to better understand the relationships among subsidized housing locations, characteristics of the built environment, and health concerns such as traffic exposure, as well as which populations are most affected by these relationships. Keywords: article; demography; environment; environmental exposure; female; housing; human; male; motor vehicle; poverty; statistical model; United States; walking, California; Environment; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Motor Vehicles; Poverty Areas; Public Housing; Residence Characteristics; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300734_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addiction industry studies: Understanding how proconsumption influences block effective interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adams, P.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e35-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301151 Abstract: The legalized consumption of products with addiction potential, such as tobacco and alcohol, contributes in myriad ways to poor physical and mental health and to deterioration in social well-being. These impacts are well documented, as are a range of public health interventions that are demonstrably effective in reducing harm. I have discussed the capacity for the profits from these substances to be deployed in ways that block or divert resources from interventions knownto be effective. Addiction industry studies constitute a new and previously neglected area of research focusing specifically on understanding the salient relationships that determine policy and regulation. This understanding will increase the odds of adopting effective interventions. Keywords: addiction; alcoholic beverage; article; commercial phenomena; conflict of interest; ethics; financial management; food industry; gambling; human; medical research; policy; public health; risk factor; social behavior; standard; tobacco industry, Alcoholic Beverages; Behavior, Addictive; Biomedical Research; Commerce; Conflict of Interest; Food Industry; Gambling; Humans; Public Health; Public Policy; Research Support as Topic; Risk Factors; Social Responsibility; Substance-Related Disorders; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301151_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortion law around the world: Progress and pushback Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finer, L. Author-Name: Fine, J.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 585-589 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301197 Abstract: There is a global trend toward the liberalization of abortion laws driven by women's rights, public health, and human rights advocates. This trend reflects the recognition of women's access to legal abortion services as a matter of women's rights and self-determination and an understanding of the dire public health implications of criminalizing abortion. Nonetheless, legal strategies to introduce barriers that impede access to legal abortion services, such as mandatory waiting periods, biased counseling requirements, and the unregulated practice of conscientious objection, are emerging in response to this trend. These barriers stigmatize and demean women and compromise their health. Public health evidence and human rights guarantees provide a compelling rationale for challenging abortion bans and these restrictions. Keywords: article; female; health; health care delivery; human; induced abortion; legal aspect; personal autonomy; pregnancy; public health; reproductive rights; women's health; women's rights, Abortion, Induced; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Personal Autonomy; Pregnancy; Public Health; Reproductive Rights; Women's Health; Women's Rights; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301197_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality and hospitalization among hurricane katrina survivors with end-stage renal disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Edmondson, D. Author-Name: Gamboa, C. Author-Name: Cohen, A. Author-Name: Anderson, A.H. Author-Name: Kutner, N. Author-Name: Kronish, I. Author-Name: Mills, M.A. Author-Name: Muntner, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e130-e137 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301146 Abstract: Objectives: We determined the association of psychiatric symptoms in the year after Hurricane Katrina with subsequent hospitalization and mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Methods: A prospective cohort of ESRD patients (n = 391) treated at 9 hemodialysis centers in the New Orleans, Louisiana, area in the weeks before Hurricane Katrina were assessed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms via telephone interview 9 to 15 months later. Two combined outcomes through August 2009 (maximum 3.5-year follow-up) were analyzed: (1) all-cause and (2) cardiovascular-related hospitalization and mortality. Results: Twenty-four percent of participants screened positive for PTSD and 46% for depression; 158 participants died (79 cardiovascular deaths), and 280 participants were hospitalized (167 for cardiovascular-related causes). Positive depression screening was associated with 33% higher risk of all-cause (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 1.66) and cardiovascular-related hospitalization and mortality (HR = 1.33; 95% CI =1.01, 1.76). PTSD was not significantly associated with either outcome. Conclusions: Depression in the year after Hurricane Katrina was associated with increased risk of hospitalization and mortality in ESRD patients, underscoring the long-term consequences of natural disasters for vulnerable populations. Keywords: article; cardiovascular disease; cause of death; chronic kidney failure; depression; female; hospitalization; human; interview; male; middle aged; mortality; posttraumatic stress disorder; proportional hazards model; prospective study; psychological aspect; psychological rating scale; statistics; United States, Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Depression; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Louisiana; Male; Middle Aged; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301146_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving the environmental quality component of the county health rankings model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hendryx, M. Author-Name: Ahern, M.M. Author-Name: Zullig, K.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 727-732 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301016 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the association between environmental quality measures and health outcomes by using the County Health Rankings data, and tested whether a revised environmental quality measure for 1 state could improve the models. Methods: We conducted state-by-state, county-level linear regression analyses to determine how often the model's 4 health determinants (social and economic factors, health behaviors, clinical care, and physical environment) were associated with mortality and morbidity outcomes. We then developed a revised measure of environmental quality for West Virginia, and tested whether the revised measure was superior to the original measure. Results: Measures of social and economic conditions, and health behaviors, were related to health outcomes in 58% to 88% of state models; measures of environmental quality were related to outcomes in 0% to 8% of models. In West Virginia, the original measure of environmental quality was unrelated to any of the 8 health outcome measures, but the revised measure was significantly related to all 8. Conclusions: The County Health Rankings model underestimates the impact of the physical environment on public health outcomes. Suggestions for other data sources that may contribute to improved measurement of the physical environment are provided. Keywords: article; environment; health status indicator; human; outcome assessment; public health; risk factor; statistical model; United States, Environment; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Linear Models; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Public Health; Risk Factors; United States; West Virginia Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301016_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Deaths in New York city jails, 2001-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brittain, J. Author-Name: Axelrod, G. Author-Name: Venters, H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 638-640 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301042 Abstract: Approximately 90 000 inmates are admitted annually to the New York City jail system, many of whom require a high level of medical or mental health services. According to our analysis of deaths in custody from 2001 to 2009, crude death rates have dropped significantly despite the increasing age of the population. Falling HIV-related mortality appears to contribute to this change. Other observations include low rates of suicide across all 9 years and increasing age of the population in recent years. Keywords: adult; article; cause of death; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; prevalence; prisoner; risk factor; statistics; United States, Adult; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; New York City; Prevalence; Prisoners; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301042_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Military exceptionalism or tobacco exceptionalism: How civilian health leaders' beliefs may impede military tobacco control efforts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, E.A. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 599-604 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301041 Abstract: Smoking impairs the readiness and performance of military personnel, yet congressional opposition has thwarted military tobacco control initiatives. Involvement of civilian organizations might alter this political dynamic. We interviewed 13 leaders of national civilian public health and tobacco control organizations to explore their perspectives on military tobacco control, inductively analyzing data for themes. Leaders believed that military tobacco use was problematic but lacked specific knowledge. Most supported smoke-free policies and prohibiting smoking in uniform; however, they opposed banning tobacco use, arguing that it would violate smokers' rights. Most leaders inappropriately applied civilian models of policy development to the military context. A tobacco-free military is unlikely to be achieved without military-civilian partnerships that include educating civilian health leaders about military policy development and implementation. Keywords: article; civil rights; health behavior; health care policy; health personnel attitude; human; interview; risk factor; smoking; soldier; United States, Attitude of Health Personnel; Civil Rights; Health Behavior; Health Policy; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Military Personnel; Risk Factors; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301041_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Energy insecurity: a framework for understanding energy, the built environment, and health among vulnerable populations in the context of climate change. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hernández, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e32-34 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301179 Keywords: catering service; climate change; construction work and architectural phenomena; editorial; energy resource; environment; environmental planning; health; housing; human; public health; socioeconomics; vulnerable population, Climate Change; Energy-Generating Resources; Environment; Environment Design; Facility Design and Construction; Food Supply; Housing; Humans; Public Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Health; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301179_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Florsheim and Burrow-Sanchez respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Florsheim, P. Author-Name: Burrow-Sanchez, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301215 Keywords: child parent relation; counseling; education; father; female; health care quality; human; male; note; parent; pregnancy; social support, Counseling; Fathers; Female; Humans; Male; Parenting; Parents; Pregnancy; Program Evaluation; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301215_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A case study of the impact of inaccurate cause-of-death reporting on health disparity tracking: New York city premature cardiovascular mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johns, L.E. Author-Name: Madsen, A.M. Author-Name: Maduro, G. Author-Name: Zimmerman, R. Author-Name: Konty, K. Author-Name: Begier, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 733-739 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300683 Abstract: Objectives: Heart disease death overreporting is problematic in New York City (NYC) and other US jurisdictions. We examined whether overreporting affects the premature (< 65 years) heart disease death rate disparity between non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites in NYC. Methods: We identified overreporting hospitals and used counts of premature heart disease deaths at reference hospitals to estimate corrected counts. We then corrected citywide, age-adjusted premature heart disease death rates among Blacks and Whites and a White-Black premature heart disease death disparity. Results: At overreporting hospitals, 51% of the decedents were White compared with 25% at reference hospitals. Correcting the heart disease death counts at overreporting hospitals decreased the age-adjusted premature heart disease death rate 10.1% (from 41.5 to 37.3 per 100 000) among Whites compared with 4.2% (from 66.2 to 63.4 per 100 000) among Blacks. Correction increased the White-Black disparity 6.1% (from 24.6 to 26.1 per 100 000). Conclusions: In 2008, NYC's White-Black premature heart disease death disparity was underestimated because of overreporting by hospitals serving larger proportions of Whites. Efforts to reduce overreporting may increase the observed disparity, potentially obscuring any programmatic or policy-driven advances. Keywords: adult; African American; article; cardiovascular disease; Caucasian; cause of death; coding; confidence interval; death certificate; ethnology; female; human; International Classification of Diseases; male; middle aged; mortality; Poisson distribution; statistics; United States, Adult; African Americans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Clinical Coding; Confidence Intervals; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hospital Mortality; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Poisson Distribution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300683_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The provision of comprehensive reproductive health services in Los Angeles: A physician's perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Natavio, M.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 596-598 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301186 Abstract: There are very few legal restrictions to obtaining an abortion in the state of California. However, women who reside in the highly populated and diverse county of Los Angeles may face barriers to obtaining comprehensive reproductive health services. In particular, women may face linguistic, cultural, and socio-economic barriers, among others, that contribute to disparities in reproductive health and to access to safe abortion. In the era of health care reform, opportunities to address these health disparities exist, but access to abortion remains a challenge. Keywords: article; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health service; human; induced abortion; organization and management; pregnancy; reproductive rights; United States, Abortion, Induced; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Los Angeles; Pregnancy; Reproductive Health Services; Reproductive Rights Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301186_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State cigarette excise tax, secondhand smoke exposure, and periodontitis in US nonsmokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanders, A. Author-Name: Slade, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 740-746 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300579 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the relationship of state cigarette excise tax with cigarette sales, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, and periodontitis among US lifetime nonsmokers. Methods: Cigarette excise tax and per capita sales data from 1983 to 1998 were obtained for 50 states and the District of Columbia. Periodontal data were analyzed for 3137 adults in 28 states from 3 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (1999-2004). Measures of periodontal pocket depth and attachment level were used to classify people with moderate or severe periodontitis. SHS exposure was classified according to gender- or race/ethnicity-specific thresholds of serum cotinine concentration. Statistical analysis adjusted for the complex survey design. Results: For each additional $0.10 in excise tax, predicted sales decreased by 0.74 packs per person per month and adjusted odds of moderate or severe periodontitis decreased 22% (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62, 0.97). For each pack sold per person per month, adjusted odds of SHS exposure increased 28% (95% CI = 1.17, 1.40) and adjusted odds of periodontitis increased 15% (95% CI = 1.03, 1.29). Odds of periodontitis for those exposed to SHS were elevated 2-fold relative to those who were unexposed (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.30, 3.20). Conclusions: Cigarette excise tax may protect nonsmokers against periodontitis. Keywords: cotinine, adult; aged; article; blood; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; middle aged; multivariate analysis; nutrition; passive smoking; periodontitis; risk factor; severity of illness index; tax; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cotinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Nutrition Surveys; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Taxes; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300579_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol outlets and binge drinking in urban neighborhoods: The implications of nonlinearity for intervention and policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahern, J. Author-Name: Margerison-Zilko, C. Author-Name: Hubbard, A. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e81-e87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301203 Abstract: Objectives: Alcohol outlet density has long been associated with alcohol-related harms, and policymakers have endorsed alcohol outlet restriction to reduce these harms. However, potential nonlinearity in the relation between outlet density and alcohol consumption has not been rigorously examined. Methods: We used data from the New York Social Environment Study (n = 4000) to examine the shape of the relation between neighborhood alcohol outlet density and binge drinking by using a generalized additive model with locally weighted scatterplot smoothing, and applied an imputation-based marginal modeling approach. Results: We found a nonlinear relation between alcohol outlet density and binge drinking; the association was stronger at densities of more than 80 outlets per square mile. Binge drinking prevalence was estimated to be 13% at 130 outlets, 8% at 80 outlets, and 8% at 20 outlets per square mile. Conclusions: This nonlinearity suggests that reductions in alcohol outlet density where density is highest and the association is strongest may have the largest public health impact per unit reduction. Future research should assess the impact of policies and interventions that aim to reduce alcohol outlet density, and consider nonlinearity in effects. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; alcoholic beverage; article; binge drinking; commercial phenomena; demography; female; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; risk factor; statistical model; statistics; United States; urban population; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcoholic Beverages; Binge Drinking; Commerce; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; New York City; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301203_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Culturally relevant factors and the young parenthood program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sheats, K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301193 Keywords: child parent relation; counseling; education; father; female; health care quality; human; male; note; parent; pregnancy; social support, Counseling; Fathers; Female; Humans; Male; Parenting; Parents; Pregnancy; Program Evaluation; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301193_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community poverty and trends in racial/ethnic survival disparities among people diagnosed with AIDS in Florida, 1993-2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trepka, M.J. Author-Name: Niyonsenga, T. Author-Name: Maddox, L. Author-Name: Lieb, S. Author-Name: Lutfi, K. Author-Name: Pavlova-McCalla, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 717-726 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300930 Abstract: Objectives: We described the racial/ethnic disparities in survival among people diagnosed with AIDS in Florida from 1993 to 2004, as the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became widespread. We determined whether these disparities decreased after controlling for measures of community-level socioeconomic status. Methods: We compared survival from all causes between non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites vis-a-vis survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models controlling for demographic, clinical, and area-level poverty factors. Results: Racial/ethnic disparities in survival peaked for those diagnosed during the early implementation of HAART (1996-1998) with a Black-to-White hazard ratio (HR) of 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.62, 1.83) for males and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.24, 1.59) for females. These HRs declined significantly to 1.48 (95% CI = 1.35, 1.64) for males and nonsignificantly to 1.25 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.48) for females in the 2002 to 2004 diagnosis cohort. Disparities decreased significantly for males but not females when controlling for baseline demographic factors and CD4 count and percentage, and became nonsignificant in the 2002 to 2004 cohort after controlling for area poverty. Conclusions: Area poverty appears to play a role in racial/ethnic disparities even after controlling for demographic factors and CD4 count and percentage. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; African American; article; Caucasian; CD4 lymphocyte count; chi square distribution; ethnology; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; male; middle aged; poverty; proportional hazards model; retrospective study; statistics; survival; United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; African Americans; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Chi-Square Distribution; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Florida; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300930_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Masculinity, race, and style in the consumption of cigarettes, 1962-1972 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, C. Author-Name: Oliffe, J.L. Author-Name: Bottorff, J.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e44-e55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300992 Abstract: In the United States, analysis of survey data provided by projects such as the National Health Interview Survey and the Youth Tobacco Survey has revealed the extent to which cigarette consumption patterns are influenced by gender and race. Taking our lead from a broader field of research that analyzed the sociological characteristics of cigarette consumption, we analyzed these intersections between race and gender through a study of masculinity and style in Marlboro and Kool cigarette advertisements during the 1960s and 1970s. We focused on this period because it was then that the racial bifurcation of cigarette consumption practices first became apparent. We suggest that style provides both a theoretical framework and methodology for understanding how and why White American and African American male consumers learned to consume in different ways. We also argue that the analysis of tobacco consumption in terms of masculinity and style provides a useful method for approaching the design of antismoking interventions. Keywords: advertizing; African American; article; Caucasian; ethnology; female; health survey; human; lifestyle; male; masculinity; questionnaire; sex difference; smoking; statistics; tobacco industry; United States, Advertising as Topic; African Americans; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Masculinity; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Sex Factors; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300992_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decriminalization of abortion in Mexico City: The effects on women's reproductive rights Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Becker, D. Author-Name: Olavarrieta, C.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 590-593 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301202 Abstract: In April 2007, the Mexico City, Mexico, legislature passed landmark legislation decriminalizing elective abortion in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. In Mexico City, safe abortion services are now available to women through the Mexico City Ministry of Health's free public sector legal abortion program and in the private sector, and more than 89 000 legal abortions have been performed. By contrast, abortion has continued to be restricted across the Mexican states (each state makes its own abortion laws), and there has been an antichoice backlash against the legislation in 16 states. Mexico City's abortion legislation is an important first step in improving reproductive rights, but unsafe abortions will only be eliminated if similar abortion legislation is adopted across the entire country. Keywords: article; female; health care policy; human; legal abortion; legal aspect; Mexico; pregnancy; reproductive rights; urban population; women's rights, Abortion, Legal; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Mexico; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights; Urban Population; Women's Rights Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301202_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health cobenefits and transportation-related reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the San Francisco Bay Area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maizlish, N. Author-Name: Woodcock, J. Author-Name: Co, S. Author-Name: Ostro, B. Author-Name: Fanai, A. Author-Name: Fairley, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 703-709 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300939 Abstract: Objectives: We quantified health benefits of transportation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Methods: Statistics on travel patterns and injuries, physical activity, fine particulate matter, and GHGE in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, were input to a model that calculated the health impacts of walking and bicycling short distances usually traveled by car or driving low-emission automobiles. We measured the change in disease burden in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based on dose-response relationships and the distributions of physical activity, particulate matter, and traffic injuries. Results: Increasing median daily walking and bicycling from 4 to 22 minutes reduced the burden of cardiovascular disease and diabetes by 14% (32 466 DALYs), increased the traffic injury burden by 39% (5907 DALYS), and decreased GHGE by 14%. Low-carbon driving reduced GHGE by 33.5% and cardiorespiratory disease burden by less than 1%. Conclusions: Increased physical activity associated with active transport could generate a large net improvement in population health. Measures would be needed to minimize pedestrian and bicyclist injuries. Together, active transport and low-carbon driving could achieve GHGE reductions sufficient for California to meet legislative mandates. Keywords: air pollutant; article; bicycle; car; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; female; gas; greenhouse effect; health behavior; human; male; statistical model; statistics; time; traffic accident; traffic and transport; United States; walking, Accidents, Traffic; Air Pollutants; Automobiles; Bicycling; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Gases; Greenhouse Effect; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; San Francisco; Time Factors; Transportation; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300939_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indoor air pollution in developing countries: Research and implementation needs for improvements in global public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gall, E.T. Author-Name: Carter, E.M. Author-Name: Earnest, C.M. Author-Name: Stephens, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e67-e72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300955 Abstract: Exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) from the burning of solid fuels for cooking, heating, and lighting accounts for a significant portion of the global burden of death and disease, and disproportionately affects women and children in developing regions. Clean cookstove campaigns recently received more attention and investment, but their successes might hinge on greater integration of the public health community with a variety of other disciplines. To help guide public health research in alleviating this important global environmental health burden, we synthesized previous research on IAP in developing countries, summarized successes and challenges of previous cookstove implementation programs, and provided key research and implementation needs from structured discussions at a recent symposium. Keywords: cooking; developing country; equipment; exposure; female; health; health promotion; heating; human; illumination; indoor air pollution; male; organization and management; public health; respiratory tract disease; review, Air Pollution, Indoor; Cooking; Developing Countries; Female; Health Promotion; Heating; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Lighting; Male; Public Health; Respiratory Tract Diseases; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300955_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The world health organization's safe abortion guidance document Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Look, P.F.A. Author-Name: Cottingham, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 593-596 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301204 Abstract: We discuss the history of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) development of guidelines for governments on providing safe abortion services, which WHO published as Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems in 2003 and updated in 2012. We show how the recognition of the devastating impact of unsafe abortion on women's health and survival, the impetus of the International Conference on Population and Development and its five-year follow-up, and WHO's progressive leadership at the end of the century enabled the organization to elaborate guidance on providing safe abortion services. Guideline formulation involved extensive review of published evidence, an international technical expert meeting to review the draft document, and a protracted in-house review by senior WHO management. Keywords: article; female; health care delivery; human; induced abortion; international cooperation; maternal mortality; patient safety; policy; practice guideline; pregnancy; standard; world health organization, Abortion, Induced; Female; Guidelines as Topic; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; International Cooperation; Maternal Mortality; Patient Safety; Pregnancy; Public Policy; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301204_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The decrease in the unintentional injury mortality disparity between American Indians/Alaska natives and Non-American Indians/Alaska natives in New Mexico, 1980 to 2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hubbard, G. Author-Name: Pokhrel, P. Author-Name: Nielsen, L. Author-Name: Landen, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 747-754 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300673 Abstract: Objectives: We tracked the unintentional injury death disparity between American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-American Indians/Alaska Natives in New Mexico, 1980 to 2009. Methods: We calculated age-adjusted rates and rate ratios for unintentional injury deaths and their external causes among American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-American Indians/Alaska Natives. We tested trend significance with the Mann-Kendall test. Results: The unintentional injury death rate ratio of American Indians/Alaska Natives to non-American Indians/Alaska Natives declined from 2.9 in 1980-1982 to 1.5 in 2007-2009. The rate among American Indians/Alaska Natives decreased 47.2% from 1980-1982 to 1995-1997. Among non-American Indians/Alaska Natives, the rate declined 25.3% from 1980-1982 to 1992-1994, then increased 31.9% from 1992-1994 to 2007-2009. The motor vehicle traffic and pedestrian death rates decreased 57.8% and 74.6%, respectively, among American Indians/Alaska Natives from 1980-1982 to 2007-2009. Conclusions: The unintentional injury death rate disparity decreased substantially from 1980-1982 to 2007-2009 largely because of the decrease in motor vehicle crash and pedestrian death rates among American Indians/Alaska Natives and the increase in the poisoning death rate among non-American Indians/Alaska Natives. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; cause of death; child; Eskimo; ethnology; female; human; infant; injury; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; preschool child; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; New Mexico; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300673_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Language and addiction: Choosing words wisely Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wakeman, S.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301191 Keywords: addiction; attitude to health; education; female; human; male; medical education; note; public health; social work, Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Internship and Residency; Male; Public Health; Social Work; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301191_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's choice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301236 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301236_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seasonal influenza morbidity estimates obtained from telephone surveys, 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kamimoto, L. Author-Name: Euler, G.L. Author-Name: Lu, P.-J. Author-Name: Reingold, A. Author-Name: Hadler, J. Author-Name: Gershman, K. Author-Name: Farley, M. Author-Name: Terebuh, P. Author-Name: Ryan, P. Author-Name: Lynfield, R. Author-Name: Albanese, B. Author-Name: Thomas, A. Author-Name: Craig, A.S. Author-Name: Schaffner, W. Author-Name: Finelli, L. Author-Name: Bresee, J. Author-Name: Singleton, J.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 755-763 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300799 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed telephone surveys as a novel surveillance method, comparing data obtained by telephone with existing national influenza surveillance systems, and evaluated the utility of telephone surveys. Methods: We used the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the 2007 National Immunization Survey-Adult (NIS-Adult) to estimate the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI), medically attended ILI, provider-diagnosed influenza, influenza testing, and treatment of influenza with antiviral medications during the 2006-2007 influenza season. Results: With the January-May BRFSS, among persons aged 18 years and older, the cumulative incidence of seasonal ILI and provider-diagnosed influenza was 37.9 and 5.7 adults per 100 persons, respectively. Monthly medically attended ILI and provider-diagnosed influenza among adults were temporally associated with influenza activity, as documented by national surveillance. With the NIS-Adult survey data, estimated provider-diagnosed influenza, influenza testing, and antiviral treatment were 2.8%, 1.4%, and 0.6%, respectively. Conclusions: Our telephone interview-based estimates of influenza morbidity were consistent with those from national influenza surveillance systems. Telephone surveys may provide an alternative method by which population-based influenza morbidity information can be gathered. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; chi square distribution; female; health survey; human; influenza; interview; male; middle aged; risk factor; season; telephone; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; Humans; Influenza, Human; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Seasons; Telephone; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300799_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Analyses of radiation and mesothelioma in the us transuranium and uranium registries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibb, H. Author-Name: Fulcher, K. Author-Name: Nagarajan, S. Author-Name: McCord, S. Author-Name: Fallahian, N.A. Author-Name: Hoffman, H.J. Author-Name: Haver, C. Author-Name: Tolmachev, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 710-716 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300928 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the relationship between radiation and excess deaths from mesothelioma among deceased nuclear workers who were part of the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries. Methods: We performed univariate analysis with SAS Version 9.1 software. We conducted proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) and proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR) analyses using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Life Table Analysis System with the referent group being all deaths in the United States. Results: We found a PMR of 62.40 (P <.05) and a PCMR of 46.92 (P <.05) for mesothelioma. PMRs for the 4 cumulative external radiation dose quartiles were 61.83, 57.43, 74.46, and 83.31. PCMRs were 36.16, 47.07, 51.35, and 67.73. The PMR and PCMR for trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer were not significantly elevated. Conclusions: The relationship between cumulative external radiation dose and the PMR and PCMR for mesothelioma suggests that external radiation at nuclear facilities is associated with an increased risk of mesothelioma. The lack of a significantly elevated PMR and PCMR for trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer suggests that asbestos did not confound this relationship. Keywords: uranium, adult; aged; article; cause of death; chi square distribution; female; human; lung tumor; male; mesothelioma; middle aged; mortality; occupational disease; radiation dose; radiation induced neoplasm; radiation response; radiometry; register; risk assessment; risk factor; United States, Adult; Aged; Cause of Death; Chi-Square Distribution; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mesothelioma; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Occupational Diseases; Radiation Dosage; Radiometry; Registries; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; United States; Uranium Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300928_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race and elective joint replacement: Where a disparity meets patient preference Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Author-Name: Franklin, P.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 583-584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301077 Keywords: arthropathy; arthroplasty; editorial; elective surgery; ethnic group; ethnology; health care delivery; health care disparity; human; patient preference; statistics; United States, Arthroplasty, Replacement; Ethnic Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Joint Diseases; Patient Preference; Surgical Procedures, Elective; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301077_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Generating political priority for neonatal mortality reduction in Bangladesh Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shiffman, J. Author-Name: Sultana, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 4 Pages: 623-631 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300919 Abstract: The low priority that most low-income countries give to neonatal mortality, which now constitutes more than 40% of deaths to children younger than 5 years, is a stumbling block to the world achieving the child survival Millennium Development Goal. Bangladesh is an exception to this inattention. Between 2000 and 2011, newborn survival emerged from obscurity to relative prominence on the government's health policy agenda. Drawing on a public policy framework, we analyzed how this attention emerged. Critical factors included national advocacy, government commitment to the Millennium Development Goals, and donor resources. The emergence of policy attention involved interactions between global and national factors rather than either alone. The case offers guidance on generating priority for neglected health problems in low-income countries. Keywords: article; Bangladesh; developing country; health care planning; health care policy; human; infant mortality; interview; newborn; organization; survival, Bangladesh; Developing Countries; Health Policy; Health Priorities; Humans; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Interviews as Topic; Organizational Objectives; Survival Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300919_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Living through some giant change: The establishment of abortion services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schoen, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 416-425 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301173 Abstract: This article traces the establishment of abortion clinics following Roe v Wade. Abortion clinics followed one of two models: (1) a medical model in which physicians emphasized the delivery of high quality medical services, contrasting their clinics with the back-alley abortion services that had sent many women to hospital emergency rooms prior to legalization, or (2) a feminist model in which clinics emphasized education and the dissemination of information to empower women patients and change the structure of women's health care. Male physicians and feminists came together in the newly established abortion services and argued over the priorities and characteristics of health care delivery. A broad range of clinics emerged, from feminist clinics to medical offices run by traditional male physicians to for-profit clinics. The establishment of the National Abortion Federation in the mid-1970s created a national forum of health professionals and contributed to the broadening of the discussion and the adoption of compromises as both feminists and physicians influenced each other's practices. Keywords: article; female; feminism; health care delivery; history; human; legal abortion; organization and management; outpatient department; politics; pregnancy; United States; workplace, Abortion, Legal; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Female; Feminism; Health Services Accessibility; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; Pregnancy; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301173_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consistency between increasing trends in added-sugar intake and body mass index among adults: The Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980-1982 to 2007-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, H. Author-Name: Steffen, L.M. Author-Name: Zhou, X. Author-Name: Harnack, L. Author-Name: Luepker, R.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 501-507 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300562 Abstract: Objectives. We described 27-year secular trends in added-sugar intake and body mass index (BMI) among Americans aged 25 to 74 years. Methods. The Minnesota Heart Survey (1980-1982 to 2007-2009) is a surveillance study of cardiovascular risk factors among residents of the Minneapolis- St Paul area. We used generalized linear mixed regressions to describe trends in added-sugar intake and BMI by gender and age groups and intake trends by weight status. Results. BMI increased concurrently with added-sugar intake in both genders and all age and weight groups. Percentage of energy intake from added sugar increased by 54% in women between 1980 to 1982 and 2000 to 2002, but declined somewhat in 2007 to 2009; men followed the same pattern (all P < .001). Addedsugar intake was lower among women than men and higher among younger than older adults. BMI in women paralleled added-sugar intake, but men's BMI increased through 2009. Percentage of energy intake from added sugar was similar among weight groups. Conclusions. Limiting added-sugar intake should be part of energy balance strategies in response to the obesity epidemic. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; body weight; caloric intake; drug effect; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; obesity; sex difference; sugar intake; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Weight; Dietary Sucrose; Energy Intake; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minnesota; Obesity; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300562_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: A meta-analysis and systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landsbergis, P.A. Author-Name: Dobson, M. Author-Name: Koutsouras, G. Author-Name: Schnall, P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e61-e71 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301153 Abstract: We reviewed evidence of the relationship between job strain and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in 29 studies (1985-2012). We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis on 22 cross-sectional studies of a single exposure to job strain. We systematically reviewed 1 case-control study, 3 studies of cumulative exposure to job strain, and 3 longitudinal studies. Single exposure to job strain in cross-sectional studies was associated with higher work systolic and diastolic ABP. Associations were stronger in men than women and in studies of broad-based populations than those with limited occupational variance. Biases toward the null were common, suggesting that our summary results underestimated the true association. Job strain is a risk factor for blood pressure elevation. Workplace surveillance programs are needed to assess the prevalence of job strain and high ABP and to facilitate workplace cardiovascular risk reduction interventions. Keywords: blood pressure; blood pressure monitoring; employment; female; human; hypertension; male; mental stress; meta analysis; pathophysiology; psychological aspect; review; statistics; workload, Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Employment; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Stress, Psychological; Workload Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301153_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tracking health disparities through natural-language processing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wieland, M.L. Author-Name: Wu, S.T. Author-Name: Kaggal, V.C. Author-Name: Yawn, B.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 448-449 DOI: 10.2105/AJPJ.2012.300943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPJ.2012.300943 Abstract: Health disparities and solutions are heterogeneous within and among racial and ethnic groups, yet existing administrative databases lack the granularity to reflect important sociocultural distinctions. We measured the efficacy of a naturallanguage- processing algorithm to identify a specific immigrant group. The algorithm demonstrated accuracy and precision in identifying Somali patients from the electronic medical records at a single institution. This technology holds promise to identify and track immigrants and refugees in the United States in local health care settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPJ.2012.300943_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What "price" means when buying food: Insights from a multisite qualitative study with Black Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DiSantis, K.I. Author-Name: Grier, S.A. Author-Name: Odoms-Young, A. Author-Name: Baskin, M.L. Author-Name: Carter-Edwards, L. Author-Name: Young, D.R. Author-Name: Lassiter, V. Author-Name: Kumanyika, S.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 516-522 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301149 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the role of price in the food purchasing patterns of Black adults and youths. Methods. We analyzed qualitative data from interviews and focus groups with socioeconomically diverse, primarily female, Black adults or parents (n = 75) and youths (n = 42) in 4 US cities. Interview protocols were locality specific, but all were designed to elicit broad discussion of food marketing variables. We performed a conventional qualitative content analysis by coding and analyzing data from each site to identify common salient themes. Results. Price emerged as a primary influence on food purchases across all sites. Other value considerations (e.g., convenience, food quality, healthfulness of product, and family preferences) were discussed, providing a more complex picture of how participants considered the price of a product. Conclusions. Food pricing strategies that encourage consumption of healthful foods may have high relevance for Black persons across income or education levels. Accounting for how price intersects with other value considerations may improve the effectiveness of these strategies. Keywords: adolescent; adult; advertizing; aged; article; commercial phenomena; cost; economics; female; food; food preference; human; information processing; male; middle aged; multicenter study; Negro; psychological aspect; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Advertising as Topic; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Commerce; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Focus Groups; Food; Food Preferences; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301149_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The dose-response of time served in prison on mortality: New York State, 1989-2003 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patterson, E.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 523-528 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301148 Abstract: Objectives. I investigated the differential impact of the dose-response of length of stay on postprison mortality among parolees. Methods. Using 1989-2003 New York State parole administrative data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics on state correctional facilities, I employed multinomial logistic regression analyses and formal demographic techniques that used the life table of the populations to deduce changes in life expectancy. Results. Each additional year in prison produced a 15.6% increase in the odds of death for parolees, which translated to a 2-year decline in life expectancy for each year served in prison. The risk was highest upon release from prison and declined over time. The time to recovery, or the lowest risk level, was approximately two thirds of the time served in prison. Conclusions. Incarceration reduces life span. Future research should investigate the pathways to this higher mortality and the possibilities of recovery. Keywords: adult; aged; article; female; human; life expectancy; male; middle aged; mortality; prisoner; risk factor; statistical model; statistics; survival; time; United States, Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Life Expectancy; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; New York; Prisoners; Risk Factors; Survival Analysis; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301148_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortion in Sri Lanka: The double standard Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kumar, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 400-404 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301154 Abstract: In Sri Lanka, women do not have access to legal abortion except under lifesaving circumstances. Clandestine abortion services are, however, available and quite accessible. Although safe specialist services are available to women who can afford them, others access services under unsafe and exploitative conditions. At the time of this writing, a draft bill that will legalize abortion in instances of rape, incest, and fetal abnormalities awaits approval, amid opposition. In this article, I explore the current pushfor legal reform as a solution to unsafe abortion. Although a welcome effort, this amendment alone will be insufficient to address the public health consequences of unsafe abortion in Sri Lanka because most women seek abortions for other reasons. Much broader legal and policy reform will be required. Keywords: article; female; health care delivery; human; illegal abortion; legal abortion; legal aspect; maternal welfare; mortality; postpartum hemorrhage; pregnancy; public health; Sri Lanka; statistics, Abortion, Criminal; Abortion, Legal; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Maternal Welfare; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; Public Health; Sri Lanka Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301154_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancing the use of evidence-based practice with patient feedback. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: VanderEnde, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e3 Keywords: human; integrated health care system; note; organization and management; primary health care; public health; public health service, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; National Health Programs; Primary Health Care; Public Health Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:3:e3_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Putting Roe v Wade in perspective. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 393 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301235 Keywords: editorial; female; history; human; legal abortion; legal aspect; politics; pregnancy; United States, Abortion, Legal; Female; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; Pregnancy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301235_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Growing older with HIV/AIDS: New public health challenges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cahill, S. Author-Name: Valadéz, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e7-e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301161 Abstract: At present, the health care infrastructure is ill-equipped to handle the unique treatment and care needs of HIVpositive older adults. The long-term effects of antiretroviral use are still being discovered and have been associated with a number of comorbidities. Stigma presents challenges for those in need of services and health care, and can significantly affect mental health and treatment adherence. The training of elder service providers and health care providers in meeting the needs of HIV-positive older adults, including gay and transgender people, is needed as the population ages. HIV-related and antigay stigma should be challenged by social marketing campaigns. Continued researchandkeypolicychanges could greatly improve health outcomes for HIV-positive elderly persons by increasing access to treatment and support. Keywords: adult; age; aged; aging; article; female; health care delivery; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; long term care; male; methodology; middle aged; psychological aspect; public health; social isolation; social psychology; social support, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aging; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Delivery of Health Care; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Long-Term Care; Male; Middle Aged; Public Health; Social Isolation; Social Support; Stereotyping Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301161_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cooking and eating facilities in migrant farmworker housing in North Carolina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quandt, S.A. Author-Name: Summers, P. Author-Name: Bischoff, W.E. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Wiggins, M.F. Author-Name: Spears, C.R. Author-Name: Arcury, T.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e78-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300831 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to (1) describe observed cooking and eating facilities in migrant farmworker camps, (2) compare observed conditions with existing farmworker housing regulations, and (3) examine associations of violations with camp characteristics. Methods. We collected data in 182 farmworker camps in eastern North Carolina during the 2010 agricultural season. We compared our observations with 15 kitchen-related housing regulations specified by federal and state housing standards. Results. We observed violations of 8 regulations in at least 10% of camps: improper refrigerator temperature (65.5%), cockroach infestation (45.9%), contaminated water (34.4%), rodent infestation (28.9%), improper flooring (25.8%), unsanitary conditions (21.2%), improper fire extinguisher (19.9%), and holes or leaks in walls (12.1%). Logistic regression showed that violations were related to the time of the agricultural season, housing type, number of dwellings and residents, and presence of workers with H-2A visas. Conclusions. Cooking and eating facilities for migrant farmworkers fail to comply with regulations in a substantial number of camps. Greater enforcement of regulations, particularly during occupancy during the agricultural season, is needed to protect farmworkers. Keywords: adult; agriculture; article; cooking; eating; female; government regulation; housing; human; legal aspect; male; manpower; migration; standard; statistics; United States, Adult; Agriculture; Cooking; Eating; Female; Government Regulation; Housing; Humans; Male; North Carolina; Transients and Migrants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300831_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tracking health disparities through natural-language processing. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wieland, M.L. Author-Name: Wu, S.T. Author-Name: Kaggal, V.C. Author-Name: Yawn, B.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 448-449 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300943 Abstract: Health disparities and solutions are heterogeneous within and among racial and ethnic groups, yet existing administrative databases lack the granularity to reflect important sociocultural distinctions. We measured the efficacy of a natural-language-processing algorithm to identify a specific immigrant group. The algorithm demonstrated accuracy and precision in identifying Somali patients from the electronic medical records at a single institution. This technology holds promise to identify and track immigrants and refugees in the United States in local health care settings. Keywords: algorithm; article; electronic medical record; ethnology; health disparity; human; natural language processing; refugee; Somalia; statistics; United States, Algorithms; Electronic Health Records; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Minnesota; Natural Language Processing; Refugees; Somalia Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300943_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Water fluoridation and the association of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and dental caries in Australian children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Armfield, J.M. Author-Name: Spencer, A.J. Author-Name: Roberts-Thomson, K.F. Author-Name: Plastow, K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 494-500 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300889 Abstract: Objectives. We examined demographic and socioeconomic differences in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), its association with dental caries in children, and whether exposure to water fluoridation modifies this association. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, we used a stratified, clustered sampling design to obtain information on 16 508 children aged 5 to 16 years enrolled in Australian school dental services in 2002 to 2005. Dental staff assessed dental caries, and parents completed a questionnaire about their child's residential history, sources of drinking water, toothbrushing frequency, socioeconomic status (SES), and SSB consumption. Results. Children who brushed their teeth less often and were older, male, of low SES, from rural or remote areas consumed significantly more SSBs. Caries was significantly associated with greater SSB consumption after controlling for potential confounders. Finally, greater exposure to fluoridated water significantly reduced the association between children's SSB consumption and dental caries. Conclusions. Consumption of SSBs should be considered a major risk factor for dental caries. However, increased exposure to fluoridated public water helped ameliorate the association between SSB consumption and dental decay. These results reconfirm the benefits of community water fluoridation for oral health. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; beverage; carbonated beverage; child; cross-sectional study; dental caries; female; fluoridation; human; male; preschool child; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; sugar intake, Adolescent; Age Factors; Beverages; Carbonated Beverages; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Dietary Sucrose; Female; Fluoridation; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300889_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Important considerations in conducting statistical mediation analyses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morera, O.F. Author-Name: Castro, F.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 394-396 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301047 Keywords: article; epidemiology; human; methodology; Monte Carlo method; standard; statistical analysis; statistical model; statistics, Causality; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Models, Statistical; Monte Carlo Method; Sampling Studies; Statistics as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301047_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in mortality risk by education level and cause of death among US White Women from 1986 to 2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montez, J.K. Author-Name: Zajacova, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 473-479 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301128 Abstract: Objectives. To elucidate why the inverse association between education level and mortality risk (the gradient) has increased markedly among White women since the mid-1980s, we identified causes of death for which the gradient increased. Methods. We used data from the 1986 to 2006 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File on non-Hispanic White women aged 45 to 84 years (n = 230 692). We examined trends in the gradient by cause of death across 4 time periods and 4 education levels using age-standardized death rates. Results. During 1986 to 2002, the growing gradient for all-cause mortality reflected increasing mortality among low-educated women and declining mortality among college-educated women; during 2003 to 2006 it mainly reflected declining mortality among college-educated women. The gradient increased for heart disease, lung cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Lung cancer and chronic lower respiratory disease explained 47% of the overall increase. Conclusions. Mortality disparities among White women widened across 1986 to 2006 partially because of causes of death for which smoking is a major risk factor. A comprehensive policy framework should address the social conditions that influence smoking among disadvantaged women. Keywords: age; aged; article; Caucasian; cause of death; cross-sectional study; educational status; female; health disparity; human; middle aged; mortality; risk factor; statistics; United States, Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Middle Aged; Mortality; Risk Factors; United States; Women Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301128_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status effects on adolescent smoking: A multilevel cohort-sequential latent growth analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mathur, C. Author-Name: Erickson, D.J. Author-Name: Stigler, M.H. Author-Name: Forster, J.L. Author-Name: Finnegan Jr., J.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 543-548 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300830 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prospective effects of parental education (as a proxy for individual socioeconomic status [SES]) and neighborhood SES on adolescent smoking trajectories and whether the prospective effects of individual SES varied across neighborhood SES. Methods. The study included 3635 randomly recruited adolescents from 5 age cohorts (12-16 years) assessed semiannually for 3 years in the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort study. We employed a cohort-sequential latent growth model to examine smoking from age 12 to 18 years with predictors. Results. Lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking over time. Whereas neighborhood SES had no direct effect, the interaction between individual and neighborhood SES was significant. Among higher and lower neighborhood SES, lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking; however, the magnitude of association between lower individual SES and higher smoking levels was significantly greater for higher neighborhood SES. Conclusions. We found evidence for differential effects of individual SES on adolescent smoking for higher and lower neighborhood SES. The group differences underscore social conditions as fundamental causes of disease and development of interventions and policies to address inequality in the resources. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; child; demography; economics; female; human; male; prospective study; smoking; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Residence Characteristics; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300830_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking antibiotic research and development: World War II and the penicillin collaborative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinn, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 426-434 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300693 Abstract: Policy leaders and public health experts may be overlooking effective ways to stimulate innovative antibiotic research and development. I analyzed archival resources concerning the US government's efforts to produce penicillin during World War II, which demonstrate how much science policy can differ from present approaches. By contrast to current attempts to invigorate commercial participation in antibiotic development, the effort to develop the first commercially produced antibiotic did not rely on economic enticements or the further privatization of scientific resources. Rather, this extremely successful scientific and, ultimately, commercial endeavor was rooted in government stewardship, intraindustry cooperation, and the open exchange of scientific information. For policymakers facing the problem of stimulating antibiotic research and development, the origins of the antibiotic era offer a template for effective policy solutions that concentrate primarily on scientific rather than commercial goals. Keywords: antiinfective agent; penicillin derivative, article; drug development; drug industry; history; human; medical research; organization and management; war, Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Drug Discovery; Drug Industry; History, 20th Century; Humans; Penicillins; World War II Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300693_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of increasing health insurance coverage on disparities in mortality: Health care reform in Colombia, 1998-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arroyave, I. Author-Name: Cardona, D. Author-Name: Burdorf, A. Author-Name: Avendano, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e100-e106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301143 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of expanding health insurance coverage on socioeconomic disparities in total and cardiovascular disease mortality from 1998 to 2007 in Colombia. Methods. We used Poisson regression to analyze data from mortality registries (633 905 deaths) linked to population census data. We used the relative index of inequality to compare disparities in mortality by education between periods of moderate increase (1998-2002) and accelerated increase (2003-2007) in health insurance coverage. Results. Disparities in mortality by education widened over time. Among men, the relative index of inequality increased from2.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.52, 2.67) in 1998-2002 to 3.07 (95% CI = 2.99, 3.15) in 2003-2007, and among women, from 2.86 (95% CI = 2.77, 2.95) to 3.12 (95% CI = 3.03, 3.21), respectively. Disparities increased yearly by 11% in men and 4% in women in 1998-2002, whereas they increased by 1% in men per year and remained stable among women in 2003-2007. Conclusions. Mortality disparities widened significantly less during the period of increased health insurance coverage than the period of no coverage change. Although expanding coverage did not eliminate disparities, it may contribute to curbing future widening of disparities. Keywords: adult; age; article; Colombia; educational status; female; health care policy; health disparity; health insurance; human; insurance; male; middle aged; mortality; sex difference; statistics, Adult; Age Factors; Colombia; Educational Status; Female; Health Care Reform; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301143_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact evaluation of a public bicycle share program on cycling: A case example of BIXI in Montreal, Quebec Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fuller, D. Author-Name: Gauvin, L. Author-Name: Kestens, Y. Author-Name: Daniel, M. Author-Name: Fournier, M. Author-Name: Morency, P. Author-Name: Drouin, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e85-e92 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between residential exposure to BIXI (BIcycle-taXI)-a public bicycle share program implemented in Montreal, Quebec, in 2009, which increases accessibility to cycling by making available 5050 bicycles at 405 bicycle docking stations-and likelihood of cycling (BIXI and non- BIXI) in Montreal over the first 2 years of implementation. Methods. Three population-based samples of adults participated in telephone surveys. Data collection occurred at the launch of the program (spring 2009), and at the end of the first (fall 2009) and second (fall 2010) seasons of implementation. Difference in differences models assessed whether greater cycling was observed for those exposed to BIXI compared with those not exposed at each time point. Results. We observed a greater likelihood of cycling for those exposed to the public bicycle share program after the second season of implementation (odds ratio = 2.86; 95% confidence interval = 1.85, 4.42) after we controlled for weather, built environment, and individual variables. Conclusions. The implementation of a public bicycle share program can lead to greater likelihood of cycling among persons living in areas where bicycles are made available. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; bicycle; Canada; cross-sectional study; evaluation; female; health promotion; human; information processing; male; methodology; middle aged; recreation; statistical model; statistics; time; traffic and transport, Adolescent; Adult; Bicycling; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Quebec; Recreation; Time Factors; Transportation; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300917_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risks of high-powered motorcycles among younger adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rolison, J.J. Author-Name: Hewson, P.J. Author-Name: Hellier, E. Author-Name: Hurst, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 568-571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300827 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether policies designed to safeguard young motorcyclists would be effective given shifts in ownership toward high-powered motorcycles. Methods. We investigated population-wide motor vehicle driver and motorcyclist casualties (excluding passengers) recorded in Britain between 2002 and 2009. To adjust for exposure and measure individual risk, we used the estimated number of trips of motorcyclists and drivers, which had been collected as part of a national travel survey. Results. Motorcyclists were 76 times more likely to be killed than were drivers for every trip. Older motorcyclist age-strongly linked to experience, skill set, and riding behavior-did not abate the risks of high-powered motorcycles. Older motorcyclists made more trips on high-powered motorcycles. Conclusions: Tighter engine size restrictions would help reduce the use of high-powered motorcycles. Policymakers should introduce health warnings on the risks of high-powered motorcycles and the benefits of safety equipment. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; car driving; human; legal aspect; middle aged; mortality; motorcycle; risk factor; standard; statistics; traffic accident; United Kingdom, Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Automobile Driving; Great Britain; Humans; Middle Aged; Motorcycles; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300827_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Collaboration between local health authorities, hospitals, residents, and communitybased organizations in Boston Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ferrer, B. Author-Name: Aronstein, D. Author-Name: Conley, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301134 Keywords: child health care; environmental health; human; note; organization and management; public health; sanitation; standard, Adolescent Health Services; Environmental Health; Humans; Public Health; Sanitation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301134_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Radon, smoking, and lung cancer: The need to refocus radon control policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lantz, P.M. Author-Name: Mendez, D. Author-Name: Philbert, M.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 443-447 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300926 Abstract: Exposure to radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, and the risk is significantly higher for smokers than for nonsmokers. More than 85% of radon-induced lung cancer deaths are among smokers. The most powerful approach for reducing the public health burden of radon is shaped by 2 overarching principles: public communication efforts that promote residential radon testing and remediation will be the most cost effective if they are primarily directed at current and former smokers; and focusing on smoking prevention and cessation is the optimal strategy for reducing radon-induced lung cancer in terms of both public health gains and economic efficiency. Tobacco control policy is the most promising route to the public health goals of radon control policy. Keywords: radon, article; cost benefit analysis; economics; environmental exposure; health care policy; health care quality; human; lung tumor; smoking; smoking cessation, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Environmental Exposure; Health Policy; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Program Evaluation; Radon; Smoking; Smoking Cessation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300926_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The burden of influenza B: A structured literature review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glezen, W.P. Author-Name: Schmier, J.K. Author-Name: Kuehn, C.M. Author-Name: Ryan, K.J. Author-Name: Oxford, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e43-e51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301137 Abstract: We reviewed the epidemiology, clinicalcharacteristics, disease severity, and economic burden of influenza B as reported in the peer-reviewed published literature. We used MEDLINE to perform a systematic literature review of peerreviewed, English-language literature published between 1995 and 2010. Widely variable frequency datawere reported. Clinical presentation of influenza B was similar to that of influenza A, although we observed conflicting reports. Influenza B-specific data on hospitalization rates, length of stay, and economic outcomes were limited but demonstrated that the burden of influenza B can be significant. The medical literature demonstrates that influenza B can pose a significant burden to the global population. The comprehensiveness and quality of reporting on influenza B, however, could be substantially improved. Few articles described complications. Additional data regarding the incidence, clinical burden, and economic impact of influenza B would augment our understanding of the disease and assist in vaccine development. Keywords: age; cost of illness; economics; health care cost; hospitalization; human; influenza; Influenza virus B; length of stay; review; severity of illness index; statistics; virology, Age Factors; Cost of Illness; Health Care Costs; Hospitalization; Humans; Influenza B virus; Influenza, Human; Length of Stay; Severity of Illness Index Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301137_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality and morbidity among military personnel and civilians during the 1930s and World War II from transmission of hepatitis during yellow fever vaccination: Systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, R.E. Author-Name: Lorenzetti, D.L. Author-Name: Spragins, W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e16-e29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158 Abstract: During World War II, nearly all US and Allied troops received yellow fever vaccine. Until May 1942, it was both grown and suspended in human serum. In April 1942, major epidemics of hepatitis occurred in US and Allied troops who had received yellow fever vaccine. A rapid and thorough investigation by the US surgeon general followed, and a directive was issued discontinuing the use of human serum in vaccine production. The large number of cases of hepatitis caused by the administration of this vaccine could have been avoided. Had authorities undertaken a thorough review of the literature, they would have discovered published reports, as early as 1885, of postvaccination epidemics of hepatitis in both men and horses. It would take 4 additional decades of experiments and epidemiologicalresearchbefore viruses of hepatitis A, B, C,D, andEwere identified, their modes of transmission understood, and their genomes sequenced. Keywords: yellow fever vaccine, Cuba; female; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; history; human; jaundice; male; military medicine; mortality; Panama; review; soldier; statistics; United States; virus hepatitis; war, Cuba; Female; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Jaundice; Male; Military Medicine; Military Personnel; Panama; United States; World War II; Yellow Fever Vaccine Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sustained effects of the communities that care system on prevention service system transformation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rhew, I.C. Author-Name: Brown, E.C. Author-Name: Hawkins, J.D. Author-Name: Briney, J.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 529-535 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300567 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the Communities That Care (CTC) system sustained effects 1.5 years after study funding ended on prevention system constructs expected to be important for community-level reductions in drug use and antisocial behaviors among youths. Methods. Data were from a community trial of 24 towns in the United States randomized to either the CTC intervention or control conditions. Participants were 928 community key leaders interviewed at 1 to 4 waves from 2001 to 2009. Intervention activities, including training and technical assistance, were conducted between 2003 and 2008 in the CTC communities. Results. Leaders from CTC communities reported higher levels of adoption of a science-based approach to prevention and a higher percentage of funding desired for prevention activities in 2009 than did leaders in control communities. CTC communities showed a higher increase over time in community norms against adolescent drug use as well as adoption of a science-based approach compared with control communities. Conclusions. These findings indicated that CTC implementation produced enduring transformation of important prevention system constructs in intervention communities, which might, in turn, produce long-term reductions in youth problem behaviors. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; demography; human; juvenile delinquency; organization and management; randomized controlled trial; social welfare; social work; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Residence Characteristics; Social Welfare; Social Work; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300567_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pinto responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pinto, R.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301188 Keywords: human; integrated health care system; note; organization and management; primary health care; public health; public health service, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; National Health Programs; Primary Health Care; Public Health Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301188_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortion in a progressive legal environment: The need for vigilance in protecting and promoting access to safe abortion services in South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trueman, K.A. Author-Name: Magwentshu, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 397-399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301194 Abstract: The importance of South Africa as a model for reproductive self-determination in Africa cannot be underestimated. Abortion has been legal since 1996, and the country has some of the most developed government systems for the provision of abortion care on the continent. Yet in the same way opponents of abortion in the United States have whittled away at access with increased bureaucracy, South Africa faces similar assaults that leave women without safe care and threaten to turn back achievements made during the past 16 years. I explore the history of the law, subsequent legal challenges, and new threats to women's access to abortion services, including service delivery issues that may influence the future of public health in the country. Keywords: article; female; health care delivery; human; illegal abortion; legal abortion; legal aspect; politics; pregnancy; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistics; utilization review, Abortion, Criminal; Abortion, Legal; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Politics; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301194_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to oral health care: The role of Federally Qualified Health Centers in addressing disparities and expanding access Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, E. Author-Name: Shi, L. Author-Name: Hayashi, A.S. Author-Name: Sharma, R. Author-Name: Daly, C. Author-Name: Ngo-Metzger, Q. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 488-493 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300846 Abstract: Objectives. We examined utilization, unmet need, and satisfaction with oral health services among Federally Qualified Health Center patients. We examined correlates of unmet need to guide efforts to increase access to oral health services among underserved populations. Methods. Using the 2009 Health Center Patient Survey, we performed multivariate logistic regressions to examine factors associated with access to dental care at health centers, unmet need, and patient experience. Results. We found no racial or ethnic disparities in access to timely oral health care among health center patients; however, uninsured patients and those whose insurance does not provide dental coverage experienced restricted access and greater unmet need. Slightly more than half of health center patients had a dental visit in the past year, but 1 in 7 reported that their most recent visit was at least 5 years ago. Among health center patients who accessed dental care at their health center, satisfaction was high. Conclusions. These results underscore the critical role that health centers play in national efforts to improve oral health status and eliminate disparities in access to timely and appropriate dental services. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; dental procedure; female; government; health; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care survey; human; infant; male; middle aged; organization and management; patient satisfaction; preschool child; standard; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Delivery of Health Care; Dental Care; Federal Government; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Patient Satisfaction; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300846_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of historically black colleges and universities in training the health care workforce Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Noonan, A. Author-Name: Lindong, I. Author-Name: Jaitley, V.N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 412-415 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300726 Abstract: Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) continue to be overlooked as a resource to address health care workforce shortages and growing needs for a diverse health workforce, despite our commitment as a nation to health equity and eliminating health disparities. Health workforce graduation rates help illuminate the roles of institutions of higher education in meeting workforce needs. Effective approaches to eliminating disparities invest and leverage resources that address our healthworkforceanddiversity deficits. Wemust recognizeHBCUs as a valuable resource for educating underrepresented groups as health professionals. Increasingresources and enhancing support for building the capacity of HBCUs to produce health professionals is vital to addressing disparities and achieving health equity for our nation. Keywords: African American; article; education; health care manpower; health care personnel; health disparity; human; statistics; United States; university, African Americans; Health Manpower; Health Personnel; Health Status Disparities; Humans; United States; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300726_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young adult smoking cessation: predictors of quit attempts and abstinence. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Diemert, L.M. Author-Name: Bondy, S.J. Author-Name: Brown, K.S. Author-Name: Manske, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 449-453 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300878 Abstract: We examined young adult smoking cessation behaviors, coding cessation behavior as no attempt, quit attempt (< 30 days), or abstinence (≥ 30 days) during follow-up from July 2005 through December 2008, observed in 592 young adult smokers from the Ontario Tobacco Survey. One in 4 young adults made an attempt; 14% obtained 30-day abstinence. Cessation resources, prior attempts, and intention predicted quit attempts, whereas high self-efficacy, using resources, having support, and low addiction predicted abstinence, indicating that young adult smokers require effective and appropriate cessation resources. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; article; Canada; female; human; information processing; male; psychological aspect; smoking; smoking cessation; statistical model; statistics, Adolescent; Adult; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Ontario; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300878_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asylum seekers, violence and health: A systematic review of research in high-income host countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kalt, A. Author-Name: Hossain, M. Author-Name: Kiss, L. Author-Name: Zimmerman, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e30-e42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301136 Abstract: We performed a systematic review of literature on violence and related health concerns among asylum seekers in high-income host countries.Weextracted data from 23 peer-reviewed studies. Prevalence of torture, variably defined, was above 30% across all studies. Torture history in clinic populations correlated with hunger and posttraumatic stress disorder, although in small, nonrepresentative samples. One study observed that previous exposure to interpersonal violence interacted with longer immigration detention periods, resulting in higher depression scores. Limited evidence suggests that asylum seekers frequently experience violence and health problems, but large-scale studies are needed to inform policies and services for this vulnerable group often at the center of political debate. Keywords: developed country; female; health status; human; male; psychological aspect; refugee; review; sexual crime; statistics; suicide; torture; violence, Developed Countries; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male; Refugees; Sex Offenses; Suicide; Torture; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301136_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Walking associated with public transit: Moving toward increased physical activity in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeland, A.L. Author-Name: Banerjee, S.N. Author-Name: Dannenberg, A.L. Author-Name: Wendel, A.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 536-542 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300912 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed changes in transit-associated walking in the United States from 2001 to 2009 and documented their importance to public health. Methods. We examined transit walk times using the National Household Travel Survey, a telephone survey administered by the US Department of Transportation to examine travel behavior in the United States. Results. People are more likely to transit walk if they are from lower income households, are non-White, and live in large urban areas with access to rail systems. Transit walkers in large urban areas with a rail system were 72% more likely to transit walk 30 minutes or more per day than were those without a rail system. From 2001 to 2009, the estimated number of transit walkers rose from 7.5 million to 9.6 million (a 28% increase); those whose transit-associated walking time was 30 minutes or more increased from approximately 2.6 million to 3.4 million (a 31% increase). Conclusions. Transit walking contributes to meeting physical activity recommendations. Study results may contribute to transportation-related health impact assessment studies evaluating the impact of proposed transit systems on physical activity, potentially influencing transportation planning decisions. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; female; human; information processing; male; middle aged; motor activity; public health; socioeconomics; statistics; time; traffic and transport; United States; walking, Adolescent; Adult; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Public Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Transportation; United States; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300912_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early childhood lead exposure and academic achievement: Evidence from detroit public schools, 2008-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, N. Author-Name: Baker, H.W. Author-Name: Tufts, M. Author-Name: Raymond, R.E. Author-Name: Salihu, H. Author-Name: Elliott, M.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e72-e77 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301164 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the long-term effect of early childhood lead exposure on academic achievement in mathematics, science, and reading among elementary and junior high school children. Methods. We linked early childhood blood lead testing surveillance data from the Detroit Department of Health and Wellness Promotion to educational testing data from the Detroit, Michigan, public schools. We used the linked data to investigate the effect of early childhood lead exposure on academic achievement among school-aged children, both marginally and adjusted for grade level, gender, race, language, maternal education, and socioeconomic status. Results. High blood lead levels before age 6 years were strongly associated with poor academic achievement in grades 3, 5, and 8. The odds of scoring less than proficient for those whose blood lead levels were greater than 10 micrograms per deciliter were more than twice the odds for those whose blood lead levels were less than 1 micrograms per deciliter after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions. Early childhood lead exposure was negatively associated with academic achievement in elementary and junior high school, after adjusting for key potential confounders. The control of lead poisoning should focus on primary prevention of lead exposure in children and development of special education programs for students with lead poisoning. Keywords: lead, article; blood; child; city; education; educational status; female; human; infant; lead poisoning; male; preschool child; psychological aspect; school; statistical model; statistics; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Cities; Educational Measurement; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Infant; Lead; Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood; Logistic Models; Male; Michigan; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301164_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanding the physician's role in addressing the oral health of adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, L.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 408-412 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300990 Abstract: Many disadvantaged adults visit physicians or hospital emergency departments to receive relief from dental pain. Physicians also see patients with general questions or concerns about their oral health. Unfortunately, because physicians generally have received little oral health training, patients often do not receive comprehensive emergency services or appropriate counseling. This situation has begun to change, as there has been a growing sentiment among the dental and medical communities that better integration and coordination between medicine and dentistry would be beneficial. Reports from the Institute of Medicine and professional associations and foundations reflect the need for better integration. I have outlined the rationale for and progress toward expanding the physician's role in addressing the oral healthofadults. Keywords: adult; article; dental procedure; health; health disparity; human; integrated health care system; physician attitude; United States, Adult; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Dental Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Oral Health; Physician's Role; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300990_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public support for mandated nicotine reduction in cigarettes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearson, J.L. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Author-Name: Niaura, R.S. Author-Name: Richardson, A. Author-Name: Vallone, D.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 562-567 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300890 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed public support for a potential Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-mandated reduction in cigarette nicotine content. Methods. We used nationally representative data from a June 2010 crosssectional survey of US adults (n = 2649) to obtain weighted point estimates and correlates of support for mandated nicotine reduction. We also assessed the potential role of political ideology in support of FDA regulation of nicotine. Results. Nearly 50% of the public supported mandated cigarette nicotine reduction, with another 28% having no strong opinion concerning this potential FDA regulation. Support for nicotine reduction was highest among Hispanics, African Americans, and those with less than a high school education. Among smokers, the odds of supporting FDA nicotine regulation were 2.77 times higher among smokers who intended to quit in the next 6 months than among those with no plans to quit. Conclusions. Mandating nicotine reduction in cigarettes to nonaddictive levels may reduce youth initiation and facilitate adult cessation. The reasons behind nicotine regulation need to be communicated to the public to preempt tobacco industry efforts to impede such a regulation. Keywords: nicotine, article; cross-sectional study; drug legislation; educational status; female; food and drug administration; human; legal aspect; male; middle aged; psychological aspect; public opinion; race; smoking; statistical model; statistics; tobacco; United States, Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Public Opinion; Smoking; Tobacco Products; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300890_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gowda et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gowda, C. Author-Name: Hadley, C. Author-Name: Aiello, A.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301187 Keywords: blood; catering service; female; human; immune system; inflammation; male; note; physiology; statistics, Female; Food Supply; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301187_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young adult smoking cessation: Predictors of quit attempts and abstinence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Diemert, L.M. Author-Name: Bondy, S.J. Author-Name: Brown, S. Author-Name: Manske, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 449-453 DOI: 10.2105/AJPJ.2012.300878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPJ.2012.300878 Abstract: We examined young adult smoking cessation behaviors, coding cessation behavior as no attempt, quit attempt (< 30 days), or abstinence (≥ 30 days) during follow-up from July 2005 through December 2008, observed in 592 young adult smokers from the Ontario Tobacco Survey. One in 4 young adultsmade an attempt; 14% obtained 30-day abstinence. Cessation resources, prior attempts, and intention predicted quit attempts, whereas high self-efficacy, using resources, having support, and low addiction predicted abstinence, indicating that young adult smokers require effective and appropriate cessation resources. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPJ.2012.300878_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mother-perceived social capital and children's oral health and use of dental care in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Iida, H. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 480-487 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300845 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between mother-perceived neighborhood social capital and oral health status and dental care use in US children. Methods. We analyzed data for 67 388 children whose mothers participated in the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health. We measured mothers' perceived social capital with a 4-item social capital index (SCI) that captures reciprocal help, support, and trust in the neighborhood. Dependent variables were motherperceived ratings of their child's oral health, unmet dental care needs, and lack of a previous-year preventive dental visit. We performed bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses for each outcome. Results. After we controlled for potential confounders, children of mothers with high (SCI = 5-7) and lower levels (SCI = 8) of social capital were 15% (P = .05) and about 40% (P ≤ .02), respectively, more likely to forgo preventive dental visits than were children of mothers with the highest social capital (SCI = 4). Mothers with the lowest SCI were 79% more likely to report unmet dental care needs for their children than were mothers with highest SCI (P = .01). Conclusions. A better understanding of social capital's effects on children's oral health risks may help address oral health disparities. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; child parent relation; cross-sectional study; demography; dental procedure; economics; educational status; female; health; human; income; infant; male; maternal age; middle aged; mother; newborn; preschool child; social class; statistical model; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Care for Children; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Income; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Male; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; Mothers; Oral Health; Parenting; Residence Characteristics; Social Class; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300845_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population use, sales, and design: A multidimensional assessment of "light" cigarettes in the United States, 2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Behm, I. Author-Name: Sokol, N.A. Author-Name: Kennedy, R.D. Author-Name: Rees, V.W. Author-Name: Connolly, G.N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e93-e99 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300950 Abstract: Objectives. We compared multiple measures of surveillance of "light" cigarette use, including population use, sales, and design features. Measures were obtained before the 2010 descriptors ban to establish a baseline for future evaluation of the effect of the ban. Methods. We examined light cigarette use, sales, and design using 3 data sets from 2009. We assessed population use using National Survey on Drug Use and Health data. Sales data were drawn from AC Nielsen. We gathered design features, including nicotine concentration, filter ventilation, and weight, from tobacco industry disclosures mandated by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Results. In 2009, 52.7% of smokers self-reported light cigarette use, which accounted for 56.0% of cigarettes sold in the United States. Self-reported light smokers were more likely to be female, White, older, and nondaily smokers. Of design features analyzed, only average filter ventilation differed significantly between light and "full-flavored" cigarettes. Conclusions. Assessment of the impact of the descriptors ban and any future policies surrounding light cigarettes should use multiple surveillance strategies, including measures of population use, sales, and cigarette design. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; child; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; sex difference; smoking; statistics; tobacco; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Smoking; Tobacco Products; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300950_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fatty, fatty, two-by-four: Weight-teasing history and disturbed eating in young adult women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quick, V.M. Author-Name: McWilliams, R. Author-Name: Byrd-Bredbenner, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 508-515 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300898 Abstract: Objective. We investigated the long-term effect of weight teasing during childhood. Methods. Young adult women (n = 1533; aged 18-26 years) from 3 large universities participated in a survey (Fall 2009 to Spring 2010) that assessed disturbed eating behaviors; weight status at ages 6, 12, and 16 years; and weight-teasing history. Results. Nearly half of the participants were weight-teased as a child. Participants who experienced childhood weight teasing were significantly more likely to have disturbed eating behaviors now than non-weight-teased peers. As the variety of weight teasing insults recalled increased, so did disturbed eating behaviors and current body mass index. Those who recalled their weight at ages 6, 12, or 16 years as being heavier than average endured weight teasing significantly more frequently and felt greater distress than their lighter counterparts. Conclusions. Weight teasing may contribute to the development of disturbed eating and eating disorders in young women. Health care professionals, parents, teachers, and other childcare givers must help shift social norms to make weight teasing as unacceptable as other types of bullying. To protect the health of children, efforts to make weight teasing unacceptable are warranted. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; body weight; bullying; child; cross-sectional study; eating disorder; feeding behavior; female; human; psychological aspect; questionnaire, Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Bullying; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eating Disorders; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Questionnaires; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300898_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety of aspiration abortion performed by nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, and physician assistants under a California legal waiver Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weitz, T.A. Author-Name: Taylor, D. Author-Name: Desai, S. Author-Name: Upadhyay, U.D. Author-Name: Waldman, J. Author-Name: Battistelli, M.F. Author-Name: Drey, E.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 454-461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301159 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact on patient safety if nurse practitioners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and physician assistants (PAs) were permitted to provide aspiration abortions in California. Methods. In a prospective, observational study, we evaluated the outcomes of 11 487 early aspiration abortions completed by physicians (n = 5812) and newly trained NPs, CNMs, and PAs (n = 5675) from 4 Planned Parenthood affiliates and Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, by using a noninferiority design with a predetermined acceptable risk difference of 2%. All complications up to 4 weeks after the abortion were included. Results. Of the 11 487 aspiration abortions analyzed, 1.3% (n = 152) resulted in a complication: 1.8% for NP-, CNM-, and PA-performed aspirations and 0.9% for physician-performed aspirations. The unadjusted risk difference for total complications between NP-CNM-PA and physician groups was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45, 1.29) and 0.83 (95% CI = 0.33, 1.33) in a propensity score- matched sample. Conclusions. Abortion complications were clinically equivalent between newly trained NPs, CNMs, and PAs and physicians, supporting the adoption of policies to allow these providers to performearly aspirations to expand access to abortion care. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; curettage; female; human; induced abortion; legal aspect; methodology; nurse midwife; nurse practitioner; patient safety; physician assistant; pregnancy; propensity score; prospective study; United States, Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; California; Female; Humans; Nurse Midwives; Nurse Practitioners; Patient Safety; Physician Assistants; Pregnancy; Propensity Score; Prospective Studies; Vacuum Curettage; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301159_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food security and C-reactive protein in adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theall, K.P. Author-Name: Dunaway, L.F. Author-Name: Mabile, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301177 Keywords: blood; catering service; female; human; immune system; inflammation; male; note; physiology; statistics, Female; Food Supply; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301177_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intimate partner violence and socioeconomic deprivation in England: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khalifeh, H. Author-Name: Hargreaves, J. Author-Name: Howard, L.M. Author-Name: Birdthistle, I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 462-472 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300723 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its association with social deprivation in England. Methods. We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate IPV correlates among 21 226 men and women aged 16 to 59 years in the 2008 nationally representative cross-sectional British Crime Survey. Results. Lifetime IPV was reported by 23.8% of women and 11.5% of men. Physical IPV was reported by 16.8% and 7.0%, respectively; emotional-only IPV was reported by 5.8% and 4.2%, respectively. After adjustment for demographic confounders, lifetime physical IPV experienced by women was associated with social housing tenure (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0, 2.7), low household income (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.8, 2.7), poor educational attainment (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.5), low social class (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 1.7), and living in a multiply deprived area (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.7). Physical IPV experienced by men and emotional IPV experienced by either gender were generally not associated with deprivation factors. Conclusions. Physical and emotional IPV are very common among adults in England. Emotional IPV prevention policies may be appropriate across the social spectrum; those for physical IPV should be particularly accessible to disadvantaged women. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; cross-sectional study; domestic violence; economics; educational status; family size; female; human; income; male; middle aged; poverty; prevalence; psychological aspect; sex difference; socioeconomics; spouse; statistics; United Kingdom, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Cross-Sectional Studies; Domestic Violence; Educational Status; England; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Spouses; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300723_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancing the use of evidence-based practice with patient feedback Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ende, D.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301176 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301176_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual, family background, and contextual explanations of racial and ethnic disparities in youths' exposure to violence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zimmerman, G.M. Author-Name: Messner, S.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 435-442 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300931 Abstract: We used data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine the extent to which individual, family, and contextual factors account for the differential exposure to violence associated with race/ethnicity among youths. Logistic hierarchical item response models on 2344 individuals nested within 80 neighborhoods revealed that the odds of being exposed to violence were 74% and 112% higher for Hispanics and Blacks, respectively, than for Whites. Appreciable portions of the Hispanic-White gap (33%) and the Black- White gap (53%) were accounted for by family background factors, individual differences, and neighborhood factors. The findings imply that programs aimed at addressing the risk factors for exposure to violence and alleviating the effects of exposure to violence may decrease racial/ethnic disparities in exposure to violence and its consequences. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; Caucasian; child; demography; ethnic group; ethnology; family; family size; female; health disparity; human; male; Negro; peer group; preschool child; race; risk factor; social environment; statistical model; statistics; United States; violence, Adolescent; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Factors; Chicago; Child; Child, Preschool; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Family; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Peer Group; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Social Environment; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300931_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comprehensive examination of the influence of state tobacco control programs and policies on youth smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farrelly, M.C. Author-Name: Loomis, B.R. Author-Name: Han, B. Author-Name: Gfroerer, J. Author-Name: Kuiper, N. Author-Name: Couzens, G.L. Author-Name: Dube, S. Author-Name: Caraballo, R.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 549-555 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300948 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the influence of tobacco control policies (tobacco control program expenditures, smoke-free air laws, youth access law compliance, and cigarette prices) on youth smoking outcomes (smoking susceptibility, past-year initiation, current smoking, and established smoking). Methods. We combined data from the 2002 to 2008 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health with state and municipality population data from the US Census Bureau to assess the associations between state tobacco control policy variables and youth smoking outcomes, focusing on youths aged 12 to 17 years. We also examined the influence of policy variables on youth access when these variables were held at 2002 levels. Results. Per capita funding for state tobacco control programs was negatively associated with all 4 smoking outcomes. Smoke-free air laws were negatively associated with all outcomes except past-year initiation, and cigarette prices were associated only with current smoking. We found no association between these outcomes and retailer compliance with youth access laws. Conclusions. Smoke-free air laws and state tobacco control programs are effective strategies for curbing youth smoking. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; female; government; health survey; human; legal aspect; male; methodology; policy; smoking; smoking cessation; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Child; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Public Policy; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300948_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics associated with awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among young US Midwestern adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Choi, K. Author-Name: Forster, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 556-561 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300947 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the characteristics associated with the awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes) among young adults. Methods. We collected data in 2010-2011 from a cohort of 2624 US Midwestern adults aged 20 to 28 years. We assessed awareness and use of e-cigarettes, perceptions of them as a smoking cessation aid, and beliefs about their harmfulness and addictiveness relative to cigarettes and estimated their associations with demographic characteristics, smoking status, and peer smoking. Results. Overall, 69.9% of respondents were aware of e-cigarettes, 7.0% had ever used e-cigarettes, and 1.2% had used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. Men, current and former smokers, and participants who had at least 1 close friend who smoked were more likely to be aware of and to have used e-cigarettes. Among those who were aware of e-cigarettes, 44.5% agreed e-cigarettes can help people quit smoking, 52.8% agreed e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes, and 26.3% agreed e-cigarettes are less addictive than cigarettes. Conclusions. Health communication interventions to provide correct information about e-cigarettes and regulation of e-cigarette marketing may be effective in reducing young adults' experimentation with e-cigarettes. Keywords: adult; article; attitude to health; awareness; female; human; information processing; male; psychological aspect; smoking; tobacco; United States, Adult; Awareness; Data Collection; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Minnesota; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300947_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unintended consequences: Abortion training in the years after Roe v Wade Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aksel, S. Author-Name: Fein, L. Author-Name: Ketterer, E. Author-Name: Young, E. Author-Name: Backus, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: 404-407 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301152 Abstract: The US Supreme Court's 1973 Roe v Wade decision had clear implications for American women's reproductive rights and physician ability to carry out patient choices. Its effect on physician abortion training was less apparent. In an effort to increase patient access to abortions after Roe, provision shifted from hospitals to nonhospitalclinics. However, these procedures and patients were taken out of the medicaleducationrealm, andphysicians became vulnerable to intimidation. The consequent provider shortage created an unexpected barrier to abortion access. Medical Students for Choice was founded in 1993 to increase abortion-training opportunities for medical students and residents. Its mission ensures that motivated medical students will learn and a growing number of physicians will commit to comprehensive abortion provision. Keywords: article; education; female; human; legal abortion; legal aspect; physician; politics; pregnancy; reproductive rights; statistics; United States, Abortion, Legal; Female; Humans; Physicians; Politics; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301152_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hispanic mortality paradox: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the longitudinal literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruiz, J.M. Author-Name: Steffen, P. Author-Name: Smith, T.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 3 Pages: e52-e60 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301103 Abstract: To investigate the possibility of a Hispanic mortality advantage, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published longitudinal literature reporting Hispanic individuals' mortality from any cause compared with any other race/ethnicity. We searchedMEDLINE,PubMed, EMBASE, HealthSTAR, and PsycINFO for published literature from January 1990 to July 2010. Across 58 studies (4 615 747 participants), Hispanic populations had a 17.5% lower risk of mortality compared with other racial groups (odds ratio = 0.825; P < .001; 95% confidence interval = 0.75, 0.91). The difference in mortality risk was greater among older populations and varied by preexisting health conditions, with effects apparent for initially healthy samples and those withcardiovasculardiseases. The results also differed by racial group: Hispanics had lower overall risk of mortality than did non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks, but overallhigherriskofmortality than did Asian Americans. These findings provided strong evidence of a Hispanic mortality advantage, with implications for conceptualizingandaddressing racial/ethnic health disparities. Keywords: Hispanic; human; longitudinal study; meta analysis; mortality; race; review; statistics; United States, Continental Population Groups; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mortality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301103_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missing data: Should we care? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harel, O. Author-Name: Boyko, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 200-201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300904 Keywords: article; epidemiology; human; methodology; statistical analysis, Bias (Epidemiology); Data Interpretation, Statistical; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300904_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Marital status, duration of cohabitation, and psychosocial well-being among childbearing women: A canadian nationwide survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Urquia, M.L. Author-Name: O'Campo, P.J. Author-Name: Ray, J.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e8-e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301116 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the joint associations of marital status and duration of cohabitation on self-reported intimate partner violence, substance use, and postpartum depression among childbearing women. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2006-2007 Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey, a cross-sectional nationwide sample of 6421 childbearing women. Cohabiting women were married or nonmarried women living with a partner; noncohabiters were single, divorced, or separated women. We further categorized cohabiters by their duration of cohabitation (≥ 2, 3-5, or > 5 years). We used logistic regression to generate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. About 92% of women were cohabiters. Compared with married women living with a husband more than 5 years, unmarried women cohabiting for 2 years or less were at higher odds of intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.85, 7.56), substance use (AOR = 5.36; 95% CI = 3.06, 9.39), and postpartum depression (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.25, 2.80); these risk estimates declined with duration of cohabitation. Conclusions. Research on maternal and child health would benefit from distinguishing between married and unmarried cohabiting women, and their duration of cohabitation. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; article; Canada; cross-sectional study; female; human; marriage; partner violence; pregnancy; prevalence; psychological aspect; puerperal depression; sexuality; statistical model; statistics; time, Adolescent; Adult; Canada; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Marital Status; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Sexual Partners; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301116_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health, academic medicine, and the alcohol industry's corporate social responsibility activities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Babor, T.F. Author-Name: Robaina, K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 206-214 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300847 Abstract: We explored the emerging relationships among the alcohol industry, academic medicine, and the public health community in the context of public health theory dealing with corporate social responsibility. We reviewed sponsorship of scientific research, efforts to influence public perceptions of research, dissemination of scientific information, and industryfunded policy initiatives. To the extent that the scientific evidence supports the reduction of alcohol consumption through regulatory and legal measures, the academic community has come into increasing conflict with the views of the alcohol industry. We concluded that the alcohol industry has intensified its scientific and policy-related activities under the general framework of corporate social responsibility initiatives, most of which can be described as instrumental to the industry's economic interests. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: alcoholic beverage; conflict of interest; drinking behavior; ethics; food industry; health care policy; human; medical research; public health; public relations; review; social behavior; university hospital, Academic Medical Centers; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Biomedical Research; Conflict of Interest; Food Industry; Health Policy; Humans; Public Health; Public Relations; Social Responsibility Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300847_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Adversity and syndemic production among men participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: A life-course approach (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103 (79-85) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herrick, A.L. Author-Name: Lim, S.H. Author-Name: Guadamuz, T.E. Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Plankey, M.W. Author-Name: Chmiel, J.S. Author-Name: Kao, U. Author-Name: Shoptaw, S. Author-Name: Carrico, A. Author-Name: Ostrow, D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810e_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship between medical well baby visits and first dental examinations for young children in Medicaid Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chi, D.L. Author-Name: Momany, E.T. Author-Name: Jones, M.P. Author-Name: Kuthy, R.A. Author-Name: Askelson, N.M. Author-Name: Wehby, G.L. Author-Name: Damiano, P.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 347-354 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300899 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between preventive well baby visits (WBVs) and the timing of first dental examinations for young Medicaid-enrolled children. Methods. The study focused on children born in 2000 and enrolled continuously in the Iowa Medicaid Program from birth to age 41 months (n = 6322). The main predictor variables were number and timing of WBVs. The outcome variable was timing of first dental examination. We used survival analysis to evaluate these relationships. Results. Children with more WBVs between ages 1 and 2 years and ages 2 and 3 years were 2.96 and 1.25 times as likely, respectively, to have earlier first dental examinations as children with fewer WBVs. The number of WBVs before age 1 year and the timing of the WBVs were not significantly related to the outcome. Conclusions. The number of WBVs from ages 1 to 3 years was significantly related to earlier first dental examinations, whereas the number of WBVs before age 1 year and the timing of WBVs were not. Future interventions and policies should actively promote first dental examinations by age 12 months at WBVs that take place during the first year of life. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: age; article; child health care; cohort analysis; dental procedure; female; human; infant; male; medicaid; newborn; preschool child; preventive health service; proportional hazards model; retrospective study; statistics; time; United States, Age Factors; Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Dental Care for Children; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iowa; Male; Medicaid; Preventive Health Services; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300899_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enrolling and retaining uninsured and underinsured populations in public health insurance through a service integration model in New York city Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fuld, J. Author-Name: Farag, M. Author-Name: Weinstein, J. Author-Name: Gale, L.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 202-205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300872 Abstract: Innovative strategies to identify uninsured and underinsured populations are critical to successful enrollment and retention in public health insurance. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Office of Health Insurance Services has partnered with the department's Early Intervention Program to implement a Service Integration Model to enroll special needs children, aged 0 to 3 years, into public health insurance. This model uses data from program databases and staff from children's programs to proactively identify uninsured and underinsured children and facilitate their enrollment into public health insurance. The model overcomes enrollment barriers by using consumer-friendly enrollment materials and one-on-one assistance, and shows the benefits of a comprehensive and collaborative approach to assisting families with enrollment into public health insurance. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; child health care; health care quality; health insurance; health promotion; health service; human; infant; methodology; newborn; patient; preschool child; statistics; United States, Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Insurance, Health; Medically Uninsured; New York City; Program Evaluation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300872_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drumming away HIV/AIDS: Burundian drummers in Utah take HIV prevention to another level Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Munene, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 250 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300907 Keywords: article; Burundi; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical information; methodology; music; safe sex; sexual behavior; United States, Burundi; Health Communication; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Music; Safe Sex; Sexual Abstinence; Utah Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300907_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Angell and farley respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Angell, S.Y. Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301155 Keywords: eating; health promotion; human; methodology; note; sodium intake, Eating; Health Promotion; Humans; Sodium, Dietary Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301155_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School and community predictors of smoking: A longitudinal study of Canadian high schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lovato, C. Author-Name: Watts, A. Author-Name: Stephen Brown, K. Author-Name: Lee, D. Author-Name: Sabiston, C. Author-Name: Nykiforuk, C. Author-Name: Eyles, J. Author-Name: Manske, S. Author-Name: Sharon Campbell, H. Author-Name: Thompson, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 362-368 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300922 Abstract: Objectives. We identified the most effective mix of school-based policies, programs, and regional environments associated with low school smoking rates in a cohort of Canadian high schools over time. Methods. We collected a comprehensive set of student, school, and community data from a national cohort of 51 high schools in 2004 and 2007. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict school and community characteristics associated with school smoking prevalence. Results. Between 2004 and 2007, smoking prevalence decreased from 13.3% to 10.7% in cohort schools. Predictors of lower school smoking prevalence included both school characteristics related to prevention programming and community characteristics, including higher cigarette prices, a greater proportion of immigrants, higher education levels, and lower median household income. Conclusions. Effective approaches to reduce adolescent smoking will require interventions that focus on multiple factors. In particular, prevention programming and high pricing for cigarettes sold near schools may contribute to lower school smoking rates, and these factors are amenable to change. A sustained focus on smoking prevention is needed to maintain low levels of adolescent smoking. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; Canada; cohort analysis; demography; economics; educational status; female; health care policy; health promotion; human; income; longitudinal study; male; migration; multicenter study; prevalence; school; smoking; statistics; tobacco, Adolescent; Adult; Canada; Cohort Studies; Educational Status; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Schools; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300922_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Same-sex legal marriage and psychological well-being: Findings from the California health interview survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wight, R.G. Author-Name: LeBlanc, A.J. Author-Name: Lee Badgett, M.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 339-346 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301113 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether same-sex marriage was associated with nonspecific psychological distress among self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, and whether it had the potential to offset mental health disparities between lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons and heterosexuals. Methods. Population-based data (weighted) were from the 2009 adult (aged 18-70 years) California Health Interview Survey. Within-group analysis of lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons included 1166 individuals (weighted proportion = 3.15%); within-group heterosexual analysis included 35 608 individuals (weighted proportion = 96.58%); and pooled analysis of lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons and heterosexuals included 36 774 individuals. Results. Same-sex married lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons were significantly less distressed than lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons not in a legally recognized relationship; married heterosexuals were significantly less distressed than nonmarried heterosexuals. In adjusted pairwise comparisons, married heterosexuals had the lowest psychological distress, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons who were not in legalized relationships had the highest psychological distress (P < .001). Psychological distress was not significantly distinguishable among same-sex married lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons, lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons in registered domestic partnerships, and heterosexuals. Conclusions. Being in a legally recognized same-sex relationship, marriage in particular, appeared to diminish mental health differentials between heterosexuals and lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons. Researchers must continue to examine potential health benefits of same-sex marriage, which is at least in part a public health issue. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; bisexuality; cross-sectional study; female; health disparity; health survey; heterosexuality; homosexuality; human; interview; legal aspect; lesbian; male; marriage; mental health; middle aged; psychological aspect; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bisexuality; California; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Heterosexuality; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Marriage; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301113_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban sprawl, physical activity, and body mass index: Nurses' health study and nurses' health study II Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, P. Author-Name: Troped, P.J. Author-Name: Hart, J.E. Author-Name: Joshu, C.E. Author-Name: Colditz, G.A. Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Author-Name: Ewing, R. Author-Name: Laden, F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 369-375 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300449 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the association between the county sprawl index, a measure of residential density and street accessibility, and physical activity and body mass index (BMI). Methods. We conducted a multilevel cross-sectional analysis in a sample of Nurses' Health Study participants living throughout the United States in 2000 to 2001 (n = 136 592). Results. In analyses adjusted for age, smoking status, race, and husband's education, a 1-SD (25.7) increase in the county sprawl index (indicating a denser, more compact county) was associated with a 0.13 kilograms per meters squared (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.18, -0.07) lower BMI and 0.41 (95% CI = 0.17, 0.65) more metabolic equivalent (MET) hours per week of total physical activity, 0.26 (95% CI = 0.19, 0.33) more MET hours per week of walking, and 0.47 (95% CI = 0.34, 0.59) more MET hours per week of walking, bicycling, jogging, and running. We detected potential effect modification for age, previous disease status, husband's education level (a proxy for socioeconomic status), and race. Conclusions. Our results suggest that living in a dense, compact county may be conducive to higher levels of physical activity and lower BMI in women. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; aged; article; body mass; cohort analysis; cross-sectional study; environmental planning; exercise; female; human; middle aged; nurse; policy; population density; prospective study; questionnaire; statistical model; United States, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environment Design; Exercise; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Middle Aged; Nurses; Population Density; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; United States; Urban Renewal Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300449_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends and correlates of child passenger restraint use in 6 northwest tribes: The native children always ride safe (Native CARS) project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lapidus, J.A. Author-Name: Smith, N.H. Author-Name: Lutz, T. Author-Name: Ebel, B.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 355-361 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300834 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300834 Abstract: Objectives. We compared proportions of children properly restrained in vehicles in 6 Northwest American Indian tribes in 2003 and 2009, and evaluated risks for improper restraint. Methods. During spring 2009 we conducted a vehicle observation survey in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho tribal communities. We estimated the proportions of children riding properly restrained and evaluated correlates of improper restraint via log-binomial regression models for clustered data. Results. We observed 1853 children aged 12 years and younger in 1207 vehicles; 49% rode properly restrained. More children aged 8 years and younger rode properly restrained in 2009 than 2003 (51% vs 29%; P < .001). Older booster seat-eligible children were least likely to ride properly restrained in 2009 (25%). American Indian children were more likely to ride improperly restrained than nonnative children in the same communities. Other risk factors included riding with an unrestrained or nonparent driver, riding where child passenger restraint laws were weaker than national guidelines, and taking a short trip. Conclusions. Although proper restraint has increased, it remains low. Tribe-initiated interventions to improve child passenger restraint use are under way. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: American Indian; article; child; child restraint system; comparative study; female; health promotion; health survey; human; infant; legal aspect; male; newborn; preschool child; risk factor; seatbelt; United States, Child; Child Restraint Systems; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Promotion; Health Surveys; Humans; Idaho; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Oregon; Risk Factors; Seat Belts; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300834_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caspersen et al. respond to Arredondo. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caspersen, C.J. Author-Name: Thomas, G.D. Author-Name: Boseman, L.A. Author-Name: Beckles, G.L. Author-Name: Albright, A.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301133 Keywords: aging; diabetes mellitus; female; health care delivery; human; male; methodology; note; organization and management; physiology; public health, Aging; Delivery of Health Care; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Male; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301133_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A pilot study of the impact of housing first-supported housing for intensive users of medical hospitalization and sobering services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Srebnik, D. Author-Name: Connor, T. Author-Name: Sylla, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 316-321 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300867 Abstract: Objectives. We examined changes in service use in a Housing First (HF) pilot program for adults who were homeless with medical illnesses and high prior acute-care use relative to a similar comparison group. Methods. We used a 1-year pre-post comparison group design. The 29 participants and 31 comparison group members were adults who were homeless with inpatient claims of at least $10 000 or at least 60 sobering "sleep off" center contacts in the prior year. Results. Participants showed a significantly greater reduction in emergency department and sobering center use relative to the comparison group. At a trend level, participants had greater reductions in hospital admissions and jail bookings. Reductions in estimated costs for participants and comparison group members were $62 504 and $25 925 per person per year-a difference of $36 579, far outweighing program costs of $18 600 per person per year. Conclusions. HF participants showed striking reductions in acute-care use relative to the comparison group, demonstrating that HF can be a successful model for people with complex medical conditions and high prior acute-care use. Despite notable methodological limitations, these findings could be used to inform a larger multisite study that would establish greater generalizability. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; alcoholism; article; chronic disease; comparative study; economics; emergency health service; female; halfway house; homelessness; hospitalization; housing; human; male; middle aged; pilot study; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adult; Alcoholism; Chronic Disease; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Halfway Houses; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Public Housing; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300867_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interactions between HIV/AIDS and the environment: Toward a syndemic framework Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Talman, A. Author-Name: Bolton, S. Author-Name: Walson, J.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 253-261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300924 Abstract: Although the social, economic, and political dimensions of the HIV/AIDS epidemic have been studied in considerable depth, the relationship between HIV/AIDS and its environmental causes and consequences remains largely unexplored. We reviewed the evidence of interactions between ecosystem health and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. We hypothesized a syndemic between environmental degradation and HIV/AIDS; they exhibit bidirectional, selfreinforcing interactions. We have presented a syndemic framework detailing multiple synergistic relationships. This framework hinges on the vulnerability of populations as the linchpin between the pandemic and environmental health. A coherent research and practice agenda for addressing the syndemic that focuses on the 2 issues as not only concurrent but also intertwined phenomena is urgently needed. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: Africa; agriculture; climate change; economics; environment; environmental protection; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; manpower; review, Africa; Agriculture; Climate Change; Conservation of Natural Resources; Environment; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300924_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A loss of moral experience: Understanding HIV-related stigma in the New York city house and ball community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galindo, G.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 293-299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300916 Abstract: Objectives. I incorporated qualitative methods to explore how HIV-related stigma functions in New York City's House and Ball Community (HBC). Methods. From January through March 2009, I conducted 20 in-depth 1-on-1 interviews with a diverse sample of New York City HBC members. Interviews addressed perceptions of HIV-related stigma, the treatment of HIV-positive members in the community, and the potential impact of HIV-related stigma on risk behaviors. Results. HIV-related stigma contributes to a loss of moral experience for HBC members. Moral experience (i.e., threats to what really matters in a community) disrupts established social connections and hinders the attainment of "ball status" (i.e., amassing social recognition) in the local world of these individuals. Conclusions. My recommendations address HIV-related stigma in the New York City HBC from the vantage of moral experience and highlight the need for longitudinal studies of individual house members and for the implementation of stigma-focused interventions in the community that utilize the unique ball status hierarchy and HBC network to influence social norms surrounding the treatment of HIV-positive community members. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; female; Hispanic; homosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; male; minority group; Negro; psychological aspect; social stigma; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; HIV Seropositivity; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Minority Groups; New York City; Social Stigma; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300916_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The social legacy of AIDS: Fertility aspirations among HIV-Affected women in Uganda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Snow, R.C. Author-Name: Mutumba, M. Author-Name: Resnicow, K. Author-Name: Mugyenyi, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 278-285 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300892 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the impact of HIV status on fertility desires in Uganda. Methods. We surveyed 1594 women aged 18 to 49 years visiting outpatient services at Mbarara Regional Hospital, from May through August 2010. Of these, 59.7% were HIV-positive; 96.4% of HIV-positive women were using antiretroviral therapy (ART). We used logistic regression models to examine relationships between HIV status and fertility desires, marital status, household structure, educational attainment, and household income. Results. Among married women, HIV-positive status was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of desiring more children (27.7% vs 56.4% of HIV-negative women; χ2 = 39.97; P < .001). The difference remained highly significant net of age, parity, son parity, foster children, education, or household income. HIV-positive women were more likely to be poor, unmarried, single heads of household, in second marriages (if married), living with an HIV-positive spouse, and supporting foster children. Conclusions. We found a strong association between positive HIV status and lower fertility aspirations among married women in Uganda, irrespective of ART status. Although the increasing availability of ART is a tremendous public health achievement, women affected by HIV have numerous continuing social needs. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: antiretrovirus agent, adolescent; adult; ambulatory care; article; female; fertility; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; marriage; middle aged; parity; physiology; pregnancy; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; social class; statistical model; statistics; Uganda, Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Female; Fertility; Health Surveys; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Logistic Models; Marital Status; Middle Aged; Parity; Pregnancy; Reproductive Behavior; Social Class; Uganda; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300892_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reframing the context of preventive health care services and prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for young men: New opportunities to reduce racial/ethnic sexual health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lanier, Y. Author-Name: Sutton, M.Y. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 262-269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300921 Abstract: Young Black males, aged 13 to 29 years, have the highest annual rates of HIV infections in the United States. Young Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are the only subgroup with significant increases in HIV incident infections in recent years. Black men, particularly MSM, are also disproportionately affected by other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, we must strengthen HIV and STI prevention opportunities during routine, preventive health care visits and at other, nontraditional venues accessed by young men of color, with inclusive, nonjudgmental approaches. The Affordable Care Act and National HIV/AIDS Strategy present new opportunities to reframe and strengthen sexual health promotion and HIV and STI prevention efforts with young men of color. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care policy; health disparity; health promotion; homosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; methodology; Negro; preventive health service; race; reproductive health; sexually transmitted disease; standard; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Promotion; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Preventive Health Services; Reproductive Health; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300921_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The social legacy of HIV/AIDS. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stover, G.N. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301130 Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa; editorial; epidemic; female; health care policy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; Negro; sexuality; social change; social psychology; United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa; African Continental Ancestry Group; Epidemics; Female; Health Policy; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Sexuality; Social Change; Stereotyping; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301130_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diabetes: A global challenge with high economic burden for public health systems and society Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arredondo, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301106 Keywords: aging; diabetes mellitus; female; health care delivery; human; male; methodology; note; organization and management; physiology; public health, Aging; Delivery of Health Care; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Male; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301106_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Do riot police serve public health? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dinno, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301156 Keywords: civil disorder; human; letter; police; public health; social behavior, Humans; Police; Public Health; Riots; Social Responsibility Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301156_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pentachlorophenol contamination of private drinking water from treated utility poles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karlsson, L. Author-Name: Cragin, L. Author-Name: Center, G. Author-Name: Giguere, C. Author-Name: Comstock, J. Author-Name: Boccuzzo, L. Author-Name: Sumner, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 276-277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300910 Abstract: In 2009, after resident calls regarding an odor, the Vermont Department of Health and state partners responded to 2 scenarios of private drinking water contamination from utility poles treated with pentachlorophenol (PCP), an organochlorine wood preservative used in the United States. Public health professionals should consider PCP contamination of private water if they receive calls about a chemical or gasoline-like odor with concurrent history of nearby utility pole replacement. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: pentachlorophenol, article; human; maximum allowable concentration; odor; power supply; United States; water pollutant; water pollution; water supply; wood, Electric Power Supplies; Humans; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Odors; Pentachlorophenol; Vermont; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical; Water Supply; Wood Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300910_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caspersen et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caspersen, C.J. Author-Name: Darlene Thomas, G. Author-Name: Boseman, L.A. Author-Name: Beckles, G.L.A. Author-Name: Albright, A.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301133 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301133_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Age distribution of infection and hospitalization among Canadian first nations populations during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mostaço-Guidolin, L.C. Author-Name: Towers, S.M.J. Author-Name: Buckeridge, D.L. Author-Name: Moghadas, S.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e39-e44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300820 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated age-standardized ratios of infection and hospitalization among Canadian First Nations (FN) populations and compared their distributions with those estimated for non-FN populations in Manitoba, Canada. Methods. For the spring and fall 2009 waves of the H1N1 pandemic, we obtained daily numbers of laboratory-confirmed and hospitalized cases of H1N1 infection, stratified by 5-year age groups and FN status. We calculated agestandardized ratios with confidence intervals for each wave and compared ratios between age groups in each ethnic group and between the 2 waves for FN and non-FN populations. Results. Incidence and hospitalization ratios in all FN age groups during the first wave were significantly higher than those in non-FN age groups (P < .001). The highest ratios were observed in FN young children aged 0 to 4 years. During the second wave, these ratios tended to decrease in FN populations and increase in non-FN populations, especially among groups younger than 30 years. Conclusions. Incidence and hospitalization ratios in FN populations were higher than or equivalent to ratios in non-FN populations. Our findings support the need to develop targeted prevention and control strategies specifically for vulnerable FN and remote communities. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; American Indian; article; Canada; child; comparative study; epidemiological monitoring; ethnology; hospitalization; human; incidence; infant; influenza; Influenza virus A H1N1; middle aged; newborn; pandemic; preschool child; statistics, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Epidemiological Monitoring; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Manitoba; Middle Aged; Pandemics; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300820_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using a mobile photo booth and facebook to promote positive health messages among men who have sex with men in Cambodia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bullen, P.B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 251-252 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300900 Keywords: article; Cambodia; health education; health promotion; homosexuality; human; male; methodology; organization and management; photography; safe sex; social media, Cambodia; Health Education; Health Promotion; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Photography; Safe Sex; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300900_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Directly observed antidepressant medication treatment and HIV outcomes among homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, A.C. Author-Name: Karasic, D.H. Author-Name: Hammer, G.P. Author-Name: Charlebois, E.D. Author-Name: Ragland, K. Author-Name: Moss, A.R. Author-Name: Sorensen, J.L. Author-Name: Dilley, J.W. Author-Name: Bangsberg, D.R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 308-315 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300422 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether directly observed fluoxetine treatment reduced depression symptom severity and improved HIV outcomes among homeless and marginally housed HIV-positive adults in San Francisco, California, from 2002 to 2008. Methods. We conducted a nonblinded, randomized controlled trial of onceweekly fluoxetine, directly observed for 24 weeks, then self-administered for 12 weeks (n = 137 persons with major or minor depressive disorder or dysthymia). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was the primary outcome. Response was a 50% reduction from baseline and remission a score below 8. Secondary measures were Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score, antiretroviral uptake, antiretroviral adherence (measured by unannounced pill count), and HIV-1 RNA viral suppression (< 50 copies/mL). Results. The intervention reduced depression symptom severity (b = -1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.85, -3.08; P < .001) and increased response (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.86, 3.10; P < .001) and remission (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.29, 3.87; P < .001). BDI-II results were similar. We observed no statistically significant differences in secondary HIV outcomes. Conclusions. Directly observed fluoxetine may be an effective depression treatment strategy for HIV-positive homeless and marginally housed adults, a vulnerable population with multiple barriers to adherence. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: antidepressant agent; antiretrovirus agent; fluoxetine, adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cohort analysis; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; depression; drug effect; female; follow up; homelessness; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; isolation and purification; male; middle aged; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial; severity of illness index; treatment outcome; United States; virology; virus load, Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cohort Studies; Depressive Disorder; Female; Fluoxetine; Follow-Up Studies; HIV; HIV Infections; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; San Francisco; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300422_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of smoke-free laws on alcohol-related car crashes in California and New York: Time series analyses from 1982 to 2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernat, D.H. Author-Name: Maldonado-Molina, M. Author-Name: Hyland, A. Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 214-219 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300906 Abstract: We examined effects of New York and California's statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar polices on alcohol-related car crash fatalities. We used an interrupted time-series design from 1982 to 2008, with 312 monthly observations, to examine the effect of each state's lawonsingle-vehiclenighttime crashes and crashes involving a driver with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams per deciliter or greater. Implementation of New York and California's statewide smoke-free policies was not associated with alcoholrelated car crash fatalities. Additionally, analyses showed no effect of New York's smoke-free policy on alcoholrelated car crash fatalities in communities along the Pennsylvania- NewYork border. Statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar laws do not appear to affect rates of alcohol-related car crashes. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: alcohol, article; blood; car driving; catering service; drinking behavior; human; legal aspect; smoking ban; statistical model; statistics; traffic accident; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; California; Ethanol; Humans; Models, Statistical; New York; Pennsylvania; Restaurants; Smoke-Free Policy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300906_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sex, drugs, and race: How behaviors differentially contribute to the sexually transmitted infection risk network structure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adams, J. Author-Name: Moody, J. Author-Name: Morris, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 322-329 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300908 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how risk behaviors differentially connect a population at high risk for sexually transmitted infections. Methods. Starting from observed networks representing the full risk network and the risk network among respondents only, we constructed a series of edge-deleted counterfactual networks that selectively remove sex ties, drug ties, and ties involving both sex and drugs and a comparison random set. With these edge-deleted networks, we have demonstrated how each tie type differentially contributes to the connectivity of the observed networks on a series of standard network connectivity measures (component and bicomponent size, distance, and transitivity ratio) and the observed network racial segregation. Results. Sex ties are unique from the other tie types in the network, providing wider reach in the network in relatively nonredundant ways. In this population, sex ties are more likely to bridge races than are other tie types. Conclusions. Interventions derived from only 1 mode of transmission at a time (e.g., condom promotion or needle exchange) would have different potential for curtailing sexually transmitted infection spread through the population than would attempts that simultaneously address all risk-relevant behaviors. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: drug, article; cohort analysis; ethnic group; human; risk factor; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; United States, Cohort Studies; Colorado; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300908_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Best possible intentions: Testing prophylactic approaches on humans in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Löwy, I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 226-237 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300901 Abstract: Debates on human experiments in developing countries focus on ethical principles such as informed consent, accountability, involvement of the concerned communities, and the improvement of local health services. Public health specialists who conducted human experiments in Rio de Janeiro (1902-1905) and in Guatemala (1947-1948) believed, however, that they were acting in the best interests of local populations, were aware of the importance of informed consent, were closely collaborating with local health professionals, and were contributing to the development of local health structures. Nevertheless, their investigations went dramatically wrong. An initial desire to conduct ethically and scientifically sound studies was undermined by pressure to obtain results and to save the researchers' initial investment, the possibility of freely using hospitalized patients as experimental participants, uncritical help from local professional elites, and structural pitfalls of experimenting with severely deprived people. These elements can still be found in trials of preventive methods in the Global South. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; Brazil; developing country; ethics; France; Guatemala; history; human; human experiment; informed consent; medical research; public health service; sexually transmitted disease; United States; yellow fever, Biomedical Research; Brazil; Developing Countries; France; Guatemala; History, 20th Century; Human Experimentation; Humans; Informed Consent; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; United States Public Health Service; Yellow Fever Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300901_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of socioeconomic status and health care access on low levels of human papillomavirus vaccination among Spanish-speaking hispanics in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chando, S. Author-Name: Tiro, J.A. Author-Name: Robert Harris, T. Author-Name: Kobrin, S. Author-Name: Breen, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 270-272 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300920 Abstract: Little is known about the effect of language preference, socioeconomic status, and health care access on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. We examined these factors in Hispanic parents of daughters aged 11 to 17 years in California (n = 1090). Spanishspeaking parents were less likely to have their daughters vaccinated than were English speakers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31, 0.98). Adding income and access to multivariate analyses made language nonsignificant (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.35, 1.29). This confirms that health care use is associated with language via income and access. Lowincome Hispanics, who lack access, need information about free HPV vaccination programs. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; adult; article; child; communication disorder; economics; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care survey; Hispanic; human; language; male; middle aged; papillomavirus infection; parent; social class; statistics; United States; uterine cervix tumor; vaccination, Adolescent; Adult; California; Child; Communication Barriers; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Language; Male; Middle Aged; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Parents; Social Class; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300920_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The ciclovia and cicloruta programs: Promising interventions to promote physical activity and social capital in bogotá, Colombia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Torres, A. Author-Name: Sarmiento, O.L. Author-Name: Stauber, C. Author-Name: Zarama, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e23-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301142 Abstract: Objectives. We compared participants from the Ciclovia (streets temporarily closed to motorized vehicles and open for pedestrians) and Cicloruta (bicycle paths) programs in Bogotá, Colombia, to assess associations of program participation with physical activity, safety, social capital, and equity. Methods. We conducted 2 cross-sectional studies in October 2009 with intercept surveys: one among 1000 Ciclovia participants and the other among 1000 Cicloruta participants. Results. Most Ciclovia participants met the physical activity recommendation in leisure time (59.5%), and most Cicloruta participants met it by cycling for transportation (70.5%). Ciclovia participants reported a higher perception of safety (51.2% regarding traffic and 42.4% about crime) and social capital (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.4, 2.8) than did Cicloruta users. Most Cicloruta users reported living in low socioeconomic status categories (53.1%), had lower educational attainment (27%), and did not own cars (82.9%). Most Ciclovia participants reported living in middle socioeconomic status categories (64%), had low-to-middle educational attainment (51.1%), and did not own cars (66.1%). Conclusions. The Ciclovia and Cicloruta programs have the potential to equitably promote physical activity and provide a mobility alternative in complex urban settings such as Bogotá. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; bicycle; Colombia; comparative study; cross-sectional study; exercise; female; health promotion; human; male; methodology; middle aged; safety; sex difference; social class; social environment; statistics; walking, Adolescent; Adult; Bicycling; Colombia; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Safety; Sex Factors; Social Class; Social Environment; Walking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301142_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health of African Americans and Caribbean blacks in the United States: Results from the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibbs, T.A. Author-Name: Okuda, M. Author-Name: Oquendo, M.A. Author-Name: Lawson, W.B. Author-Name: Wang, S. Author-Name: Thomas, Y.F. Author-Name: Blanco, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 330-338 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300891 Abstract: Objectives. Previous epidemiological studies have found lower mood, anxiety, and substance use disorder prevalence in Black Americans, in general, compared with White Americans. We estimated the prevalence and persistence of psychiatric disorders in African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites. Methods. We drew data from wave 1 (2001-2002) of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of US adults, which included 7529 African Americans, 469 Caribbean Blacks, and 24 502 non-Hispanic Whites. Results. Blacks had equal or lower prevalence than Whites of lifetime (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.6 for African Americans; 0.3 for Caribbean Blacks) and 12-month (AOR = 0.7 for African Americans; 0.4 for Caribbean Blacks) Axis I psychiatric disorders, but higher prevalence of several personality disorders. Among Blacks, Caribbean Blacks had higher prevalence of 12-month psychotic disorders and lower lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug abuse than African Americans. There were no differences in persistence of disorders between Caribbean Blacks and African Americans. Conclusions. This study yielded new data on prevalence of mental disorders in these groups, which has important implications for clinical work with US Blacks. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; African American; aged; alcoholism; anxiety disorder; article; Caucasian; Central America; cross-sectional study; depression; ethnology; female; health survey; human; male; mental disease; middle aged; mood disorder; Negro; prevalence; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Alcoholism; Anxiety Disorders; Caribbean Region; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Mood Disorders; Prevalence; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300891_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eating disorder symptoms and obesity at the intersections of gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation in US high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bryn Austin, S. Author-Name: Nelson, L.A. Author-Name: Birkett, M.A. Author-Name: Calzo, J.P. Author-Name: Everett, B. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e16-e22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301150 Abstract: Objectives. We examined purging for weight control, diet pill use, and obesity across sexual orientation identity and ethnicity groups. Methods. Anonymous survey data were analyzed from 24 591 high school students of diverse ethnicities in the federal Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System Survey in 2005 and 2007. Self-reported data were gathered on gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation identity, height, weight, and purging and diet pill use in the past 30 days. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds of purging, diet pill use, and obesity associated with sexual orientation identity in gender-stratified models and examined for the presence of interactions between ethnicity and sexual orientation. Results. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identity was associated with substantially elevated odds of purging and diet pill use in both girls and boys (odds ratios [OR] range = 1.9-6.8). Bisexual girls and boys were also at elevated odds of obesity compared to same-gender heterosexuals (OR = 2.3 and 2.1, respectively). Conclusions. Interventions to reduce eating disorders and obesity that are appropriate for LGB youths of diverse ethnicities are urgently needed. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; eating disorder; ethnic group; female; gender identity; human; male; minority group; obesity; risk; school; self report; sexual behavior; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Eating Disorders; Ethnic Groups; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Minority Groups; Obesity; Odds Ratio; Schools; Self Report; Sexual Behavior; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301150_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Nuisance dust": Unprotective limits for exposure to coal mine dust in the United States, 1934-1969 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Derickson, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 238-249 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300932 Abstract: I examine the dismissal of coal mine dust as a mere nuisance, not a potentially serious threat to extractive workers who inhaled it. In the 1930s, the US Public Health Service played a major role in conceptualizing coal mine dust as virtually harmless. Dissent from this position by some federal officials failed to dislodge either that view or the recommendation of minimal limitations on workplace exposure that flowed from it. Privatization of regulatory authority after 1940 ensured that miners would lack protection against respiratory disease. The reform effort that overturned the established misunderstanding in the late 1960s critically depended upon both the production of scientific findings and the emergence of a subaltern movement in the coalfields. This episode illuminates the steep challenges often facing advocates of stronger workplace health standards. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: anthracosis; coal mining; dust; government; human; legal aspect; maximum allowable concentration; occupational exposure; occupational health; practice guideline; public health service; review; standard; United States, Anthracosis; Coal Mining; Dust; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; United States; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration; United States Public Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300932_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Methodological challenges of measuring primary care delivery to pediatric medicaid beneficiaries who use community health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tyo, K.R. Author-Name: Gurewich, D. Author-Name: Shepard, D.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 273-275 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300884 Abstract: Efforts to measure quality of care have focused on ambulatory care providers. We examined the performance of community health centers serving children on Medicaid in 3 states. Descriptive analysis showed considerable patient population heterogeneity, and regression analysis demonstrated that variation explained by the assigned provider was small (mean R2 = 4.3%) compared with the variation explained by patient demographic variables (mean R2 = 29.9%). The results reinforce the need for caution when one is attributing quality differences to provider performance. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; health care delivery; health center; health service; human; infant; medicaid; newborn; pediatrics; preschool child; primary health care; regression analysis; statistical model; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Centers; Delivery of Health Care; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Logistic Models; Medicaid; Pediatrics; Primary Health Care; Regression Analysis; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300884_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender abuse, depressive symptoms, and HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among male-to-female transgender persons: A three-year prospective study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nuttbrock, L. Author-Name: Bockting, W. Author-Name: Rosenblum, A. Author-Name: Hwahng, S. Author-Name: Mason, M. Author-Name: Macri, M. Author-Name: Becker, J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 300-307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300568 Abstract: Objectives. We examined gender abuse and depressive symptoms as risk factors for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (HIV/STI) among maleto- female transgender persons (MTFs). Methods. We conducted a 3-year prospective study of factors associated with incident HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia, and gonorrhea among 230 MTFs from the New York Metropolitan Area. Statistical techniques included Cox proportional hazards analysis with time varying covariates. Results. Among younger MTFs (aged 19-30 years), gender abuse predicted depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score ≥ 20), and gender abuse combined with depressive symptoms predicted both high-risk sexual behavior (unprotected receptive anal intercourse) and incident HIV/STI. These associations were independent of socioeconomic status, ethnicity, sexual orientation, hormone therapy, and sexual reassignment surgery. Conclusions. Gender abuse is a fundamental distal risk factor for HIV/STI among younger MTFs. Interventions for younger MTFs are needed to reduce the psychological impact of gender abuse and limit the effects of this abuse on highrisk sexual behavior. Age differences in the impact of gender abuse on HIV/STI suggest the efficacy of peer-based interventions in which older MTFs teach their younger counterparts how to cope with this abuse. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; age; article; depression; female; follow up; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; male; middle aged; proportional hazards model; prospective study; risk factor; sexually transmitted disease; social class; transsexualism; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Depressive Disorder; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Class; Transgendered Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300568_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mediators of the socioeconomic gradient in outcomes of adult asthma and rhinitis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trupin, L. Author-Name: Katz, P.P. Author-Name: Balmes, J.R. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Yelin, E.H. Author-Name: Omachi, T. Author-Name: Blanc, P.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e31-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300938 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES) gradients in adult asthma and rhinitis outcomes can be explained by home and neighborhood environmental factors. Methods. Using survey data for 515 adults with either asthma or rhinitis, or both, we examined environmental mediators of SES associations with disease severity, using the Severity of Asthma Scale, and health-related quality of life (HRQL), using the Rhinasthma Scale. We defined SES on the basis of education and household income. Potential environmental mediators included home type and ownership, exposures to allergens and irritants, and a summary measure of perceived neighborhood problems. We modeled each outcome as a function of SES, and controlled for age, gender, and potential mediators. Results. Gradients in SESwere apparent in disease severity and HRQL. Living in a rented house partially mediated the SES gradient for both severity and HRQL (P < .01). Higher perceived levels of neighborhood problems were associated with poorer HRQL and partially mediated the income-HRQL relationship (P < .01). Conclusions. Differences in home and neighborhood environments partially explained associations of SES with adult asthma and rhinitis outcomes. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: allergen, adult; aged; article; asthma; environmental exposure; female; health status; health survey; human; interview; male; middle aged; quality of life; questionnaire; rhinitis; severity of illness index; social class; United States, Adult; Aged; Allergens; Asthma; California; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Rhinitis; Severity of Illness Index; Social Class Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300938_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: It is time to integrate abortion into primary care (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103 (14-16) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yanow, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119e_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attempting to reduce sodium intake might do harm and distract from a greater enemy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lucan, S.C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301105 Keywords: eating; health promotion; human; methodology; note; sodium intake, Eating; Health Promotion; Humans; Sodium, Dietary Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301105_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Over-the-counter and out-of-control: Legal strategies to protect youths from abusing products for weight control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Author-Name: Taylor, L.M. Author-Name: Bryn Austin, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 220-225 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300962 Abstract: Abuse of widely available, over-the-counter drugs and supplements such as laxatives and diet pills forweight control by youths is well documented in the epidemiological literature. Many such products are not medically recommended for healthyweight control or are especially susceptible to abuse, and their misuse can result in serious health consequences. We analyzed the government's role in regulating these products to protect public health. We examined federal and state regulatory authority, and referred to international examples to inform our analysis. Several legal interventions are indicated to protect youths, including increased warnings and restrictions on access through behindthe- counter placement or age verification. We suggest future directions for governments internationally to address this pervasive public health problem. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: antiobesity agent; behind the counter drug; lactone; laxative; non prescription drug; tetrahydrolipstatin, addiction; adolescent; drug control; female; food and drug administration; health care planning; human; legal aspect; male; obesity; pilot study; review; United States, Adolescent; Anti-Obesity Agents; Behind-the-Counter Drugs; Drug and Narcotic Control; Female; Health Planning Guidelines; Humans; Lactones; Laxatives; Male; Nonprescription Drugs; Overweight; Pilot Projects; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300962_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing HIV-related stigma in health care settings: A randomized controlled trial in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, L. Author-Name: Wu, Z. Author-Name: Liang, L.-J. Author-Name: Lin, C. Author-Name: Guan, J. Author-Name: Jia, M. Author-Name: Rou, K. Author-Name: Yan, Z. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 2 Pages: 286-292 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300854 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300854 Abstract: Objectives. The objective of the intervention was to reduce service providers' stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors toward people living with HIV. Methods. The randomized controlled trial was conducted in 40 county-level hospitals in 2 provinces of China between October 2008 and February 2010. Forty-four service providers were randomly selected from each hospital, yielding a total of 1760 study participants. We randomized the hospitals to either an intervention condition or a control condition. In the intervention hospitals, about 15% of the popular opinion leaders were identified and trained to disseminate stigma reduction messages. Results. We observed significant improvements for the intervention group in reducing prejudicial attitudes (P < .001), reducing avoidance intent towards people living with HIV (P < .001), and increasing institutional support in the hospitals (P = .003) at 6 months after controlling for service providers' background factors and clinic-level characteristics. The intervention effects were sustained and strengthened at 12 months. Conclusions. The intervention reduced stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors among service providers. It has the potential to be integrated into the health care systems in China and other countries. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; article; China; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; follow up; health care personnel; health care quality; health education; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; methodology; multicenter study; psychological aspect; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; social psychology; statistical model; statistics, Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; China; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Education; Health Personnel; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Prejudice; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Stereotyping Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300854_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Network mixing and network influences most linked to HIV infection and risk behavior in the HIV epidemic among black men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schneider, J.A. Author-Name: Cornwell, B. Author-Name: Ostrow, D. Author-Name: Michaels, S. Author-Name: Schumm, P. Author-Name: Laumann, E.O. Author-Name: Friedman, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e28-e36 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301003 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated network mixing and influences by network members upon Black men who have sex with men. Methods. We conducted separate social and sexual network mixing analyses to determine the degree of mixing on risk behaviors (e.g., unprotected anal intercourse [UAI]). We used logistic regression to assess the association between a network "enabler" (would not disapprove of the respondent's behavior) and respondent behavior. Results. Across the sample (n = 1187) network mixing on risk behaviors was more assortative (like with like) in the sexual network (rsex, 0.37-0.54) than in the social network (rsocial, 0.21-0.24). Minimal assortativity (heterogeneous mixing) among HIV-infected men on UAI was evident. Black men who have sex with men reporting a social network enabler were more likely to practice UAI (adjusted odds ratio = 4.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.64, 10.05) a finding not observed in the sexual network (adjusted odds ratio = 1.31; 95% confidence interval = 0.44, 3.91). Conclusions. Different mixing on risk behavior was evident with more disassortativity among social than sexual networks. Enabling effects of social network members may affect risky behavior. Attention to of high-risk populations' social networks is needed for effective and sustained HIV prevention. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; African American; article; disease transmission; ethnology; health survey; high risk behavior; homosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; social network; statistical model, Adult; African Americans; Health Surveys; HIV; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Social Networking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301003_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geographic poverty and racial/ethnic disparities in cervical cancer precursor rates in connecticut, 2008-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Niccolai, L.M. Author-Name: Julian, P.J. Author-Name: Bilinski, A. Author-Name: Mehta, N.R. Author-Name: Meek, J.I. Author-Name: Zelterman, D. Author-Name: Hadler, J.L. Author-Name: Sosa, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 156-163 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300447 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300447 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations of geographic measures of poverty, race, ethnicity, and city status with rates of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher and adenocarcinoma in situ (CIN2+/AIS), known precursors to cervical cancer. Methods. We identified 3937 cases of CIN2+/AIS among women aged 20 to 39 years in statewide surveillance data from Connecticut for 2008 to 2009. We geocoded cases to census tracts and used census data to calculate overall and age-specific rates. Poisson regression determined whether rates differed by geographic measures. Results. The average annual rate of CIN2+/AIS was 417.6 per 100 000 women. Overall, higher rates of CIN2+/AIS were associated with higher levels of poverty and higher proportions of Black residents. Poverty was the strongest and most consistently associated measure. However, among women aged 20 to 24 years, we observed inverse associations between poverty and CIN2+/AIS rates. Conclusions. Disparities in cervical cancer precursors exist for poverty and race, but these effects are age dependent. This information is necessary to monitor human papillomavirus vaccine impact and target vaccination strategies. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adenocarcinoma; adult; article; cancer grading; Caucasian; ethnic group; ethnology; female; geography; health care disparity; Hispanic; human; Negro; pathology; poverty; precancer; United States; uterine cervix carcinoma in situ; uterine cervix tumor, Adenocarcinoma; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia; Connecticut; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Geography; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Neoplasm Grading; Poverty; Precancerous Conditions; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300447_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A method for partitioning the attributable fraction of multiple time-dependent coexisting risk factors for an adverse health outcome Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lin, H. Author-Name: Allore, H.G. Author-Name: Gail McAvay Author-Name: Tinetti, M.E. Author-Name: Gill, T.M. Author-Name: Gross, C.P. Author-Name: Murphy, T.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 177-182 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300458 Abstract: Objectives. We decomposed the total effect of coexisting diseases on a timed occurrence of an adverse outcome into additive effects from individual diseases. Methods. In a cohort of older adults enrolled in the Precipitating Events Project in New Haven County, Connecticut, we assessed a longitudinal extension of the average attributable fraction method (LE-AAF) to estimate the additive and order-free contributions of multiple diseases to the timed occurrence of a health outcome, with right censoring, which may be useful when relationships among diseases are complex. We partitioned the contribution to death into additive LEAAFs for multiple diseases. Results. The onset of heart failure and acute episodes of pneumonia during follow-up contributed the most to death, with the overall LE-AAFs equal to 13.0% and 12.1%, respectively. The contribution of preexisting diseases decreased over the years, with a trend of increasing contribution from new onset of diseases. Conclusions. LE-AAF can be useful for determining the additive and order-free contribution of individual time-varying diseases to a time-to-event outcome. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: aged; article; cause of death; cohort analysis; comorbidity; female; heart failure; human; longitudinal study; male; mortality; pneumonia; prognosis; risk factor; statistical model; time; United States, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Connecticut; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Pneumonia; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300458_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safeguarding abortion: a matter of reproductive rights. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 4 Keywords: article; female; human; legal abortion; pregnancy; reproductive rights, Abortion, Legal; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2013:103:1:4_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nonresponse to a question on self-identified sexual orientation in a public health survey and its relationship to race and ethnicity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, H.-J. Author-Name: Fredriksen-Goldsen, K.I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300835 Abstract: We examined whether nonresponse to the survey question on self-identified sexual orientation was associated with race and ethnicity, utilizing Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. The results of adjusted multinomial logistic regression indicated that the nonresponse rates of Asian Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans are higher than those of non-Hispanic Whites. Innovative ways of measuring sexual orientation to reduce racially and ethnically driven bias need to be developed and integrated into public health surveys. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; African American; article; Asian American; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; Caucasian; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health survey; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; race; self report; sexual behavior; statistics; United States, Adult; African Americans; Asian Americans; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Sexual Behavior; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300835_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between community socioeconomic position and HIV diagnosis rate among adults and adolescents in the United States, 2005 to 2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: An, Q. Author-Name: Prejean, J. Author-Name: Harrison, K.M. Author-Name: Fang, X. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 120-126 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300853 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and HIV diagnosis rates in the United States and whether racial/ethnic disparities in diagnosis rates persist after control for SEP. Methods. We used cases of HIV infection among persons aged 13 years and older, diagnosed 2005 through 2009 in 37 states and reported to national HIV surveillance through June 2010, and US Census data, to examine associations between county-level SEP measures and 5-year average annual HIV diagnosis rates overall and among race/ethnicity-sex groups. Results. The HIV diagnosis rate was significantly higher for individuals in the low-SEP tertile than for those in the high-SEP tertile (rate ratios for low- vs high-SEP tertiles range = 1.68-3.38) except for White males and Hispanic females. The SEP disparities were larger for minorities than for Whites. Racial disparities persisted after we controlled for SEP, urbanicity, and percentage of population aged 20 to 50 years, and were high in the low-SEP tertile for males and in low- and high-SEP tertiles for females. Conclusions. Findings support continued prioritization of HIV testing, prevention, and treatment to persons in economically deprived areas, and Blacks of all SEP levels. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health disparity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; race; sex difference; social class; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status Disparities; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Social Class; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300853_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of a community health worker cardiovascular risk reduction program in public health and health care settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krantz, M.J. Author-Name: Coronel, S.M. Author-Name: Whitley, E.M. Author-Name: Dale, R. Author-Name: Yost, J. Author-Name: Estacio, R.O. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e19-e27 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301068 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated whether a program to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD) with community health workers (CHWs) would improve CHD risk in public health and health care settings. Methods. The CHWs provided point-of-service screening, education, and care coordination to residents in 34 primarily rural Colorado counties. The CHWs utilized motivational interviewing and navigated those at risk for CHD into medical care and lifestyle resources. A software application generated a real-time 10-year Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and guideline-based health recommendations while supporting longitudinal caseload tracking. We used multiple linear regression analysis to determine factors associated with changes in FRS. Results. From 2010 to 2011, among 4743 participants at risk for CHD, 53.5% received medical or lifestyle referrals and 698 were retested 3 or more months after screening. We observed statistically significant improvements in diet, weight, blood pressure, lipids, and FRS with the greatest effects among those with uncontrolled risk factors. Successful phone interaction by the CHW led to lower FRS at retests (P = .04). Conclusions. A CHW-based program within public health and health care settings improved CHD risk. Further exploration of factors related to improved outcomes is needed. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; cohort analysis; community care; coronary artery disease; female; follow up; health auxiliary; health care quality; health promotion; human; lifestyle; male; mass screening; methodology; middle aged; primary health care; risk factor; risk reduction; rural population; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Colorado; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Coronary Disease; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Promotion; Humans; Life Style; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Primary Health Care; Program Evaluation; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Rural Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301068_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reproductive rights activism in the post-Roe era Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fried, M.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 10-14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301125 Abstract: Since the US Supreme Court decision legalizing abortion(Roe v Wade), there has been a constant and broad attack on all aspects of women's reproductive and parenting rights. The consequences have been devastating, especially for women whose race, age, legal, or economic status makes them targets of discrimination. At the same time, these threats have galvanized activism. There has been tremendous growth in the number of organizations and coalitions working to protect abortion rights, as well as advocating a broader reproductive rights, health, and justice agenda. This article describes the major activist trends in this period, focusing primarily on those that have been less visible. Documenting activist history allows us to draw inspiration and important lessons for the future. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; consumer advocacy; female; health care delivery; human; jurisprudence; legal abortion; Negro; pregnancy; reproductive rights; United States; women's health; women's rights, Abortion, Legal; African Continental Ancestry Group; Consumer Advocacy; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights; Supreme Court Decisions; United States; Women's Health; Women's Rights Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301125_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unhealthy interactions: The role of stereotype threat in health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aronson, J. Author-Name: Burgess, D. Author-Name: Phelan, S.M. Author-Name: Juarez, L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 50-56 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300828 Abstract: Stereotype threat is the unpleasant psychological experience of confronting negative stereotypes about race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or social status. Hundreds of published studies show how the experience of stereotype threat can impair intellectual functioning and interfere with test and school performance. Numerous published interventions derived from this research have improved the performance and motivation of individuals targeted by low-ability stereotypes. Stereotype threat theory andresearchprovideauseful lens for understanding and reducing the negative health consequences of interracial interactions for African Americans and members of similarly stigmatized minority groups. Here we summarize the educational outcomes of stereotype threat and examine the implications of stereotype threat for health and healthrelatedbehaviors. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: African American; article; doctor patient relation; health care disparity; human; minority group; patient compliance; racism; social psychology, African Americans; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Minority Groups; Patient Compliance; Physician-Patient Relations; Racism; Stereotyping Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300828_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: History, biology, and health inequities: Emergent embodied phenotypes and the illustrative case of the breast cancer estrogen receptor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 22-27 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300967 Abstract: How we think about biology-in historical, ecological, and societal context-matters for framing causes of and solutions to health inequities. Drawing on new insights from ecological evolutionary developmental biology and ecosocial theory, I question dominant gene-centric and ultimately static approaches to conceptualizing biology, using the example of the breast cancer estrogen receptor (ER). Analyzed in terms of its 4 histories-societal, individual (life course), tumor (cellular pathology), and evolutionary-the ER is revealed as a flexible characteristic of cells, tumors, individuals, and populations, with magnitudes of health inequities tellingly changing over time. This example suggests our science will likely be better served by conceptualizing disease and its biomarkers, along with changing magnitudes of health inequities, as embodied history-that is, emergent embodied phenotype, not innate biology. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: estrogen receptor, article; breast tumor; developmental biology; female; health care disparity; human; individuality; metabolism; mortality; phenotype; social class, Breast Neoplasms; Developmental Biology; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Individuality; Phenotype; Receptors, Estrogen; Social Class Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300967_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using science to improve communications about suicide among military and veteran populations: Looking for a few good messages Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Langford, L. Author-Name: Litts, D. Author-Name: Pearson, J.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 31-38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300905 Abstract: Concern about suicide in US military and veteran populations has prompted efforts to identify more effective preventionmeasures. Recent expert panel reports have recommended public communications as one component of a comprehensive effort. Messaging about military and veteran suicide originates from many sources and often does not support suicide prevention goals or adhere to principles for developing effective communications. There is an urgent need for strategic, science-based, consistent messaging guidance in this area. Although literature on the effectiveness of suicide prevention communications for these populations is lacking, this article summarizes key findings from several bodies of research that offer lessons for creating safe and effective messages that support and enhance military and veteran suicide prevention efforts. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; attitude to health; health promotion; human; medical information; medical research; methodology; social stigma; soldier; standard; statistics; suicide; veteran, Biomedical Research; Health Communication; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Military Personnel; Social Stigma; Suicide; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300905_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hepatitis C testing, infection, and linkage to care among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States, 2009-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tohme, R.A. Author-Name: Xing, J. Author-Name: Liao, Y. Author-Name: Holmberg, S.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 112-119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300858 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated rates and determinants of hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing, infection, and linkage to care among US racial/ethnic minorities. Methods. We analyzed the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Across the US Risk Factor Survey conducted in 2009-2010 (n = 53 896 minority adults). Results. Overall, 19% of respondents were tested for HCV. Only 60% of those reporting a risk factor were tested, with much lower rates among Asians reporting injection drug use (40%). Odds of HCV testing decreased with age and increased with higher education. Of those tested, 8.3% reported HCV infection. Respondents with income of $75 000 or more were less likely to report HCV infection than those with income less than $25 000. College-educated non- Hispanic Blacks and Asians had lower odds of HCV infection than those who did not finish high school. Of those infected, 44.4% were currently being followed by a physician, and 41.9% had taken HCV medications. Conclusions. HCV testing and linkage to care among racial/ethnic minorities are suboptimal, particularly among those reporting HCV risk factors. Socioeconomic factors were significant determinants of HCV testing, infection, and access to care. Future HCV testing and prevention activities should be directed toward racial/ethnic minorities, particularly those of low socioeconomic status. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health survey; hepatitis C; human; interview; male; middle aged; minority group; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; socioeconomics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Surveys; Healthcare Disparities; Hepatitis C; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300858_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide, guns, and public policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lewiecki, E.M. Author-Name: Miller, S.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 27-31 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300964 Abstract: Suicide is a serious public health concern that is responsible for almost 1 million deaths each year worldwide. It is commonly an impulsive act by a vulnerable individual. The impulsivity of suicide provides opportunities to reduce the risk of suicide by restricting access to lethal means. In the United States, firearms, particularly handguns, are the most commonmeans of suicide. Despite strong empirical evidence that restrictionofaccesstofirearms reduces suicides, access to firearms in the United States is generally subject to few restrictions. Implementation and evaluation of measures such as waiting periods and permit requirements that restrict access to handguns should be a top priority for reducing deaths from impulsive suicide in the United States. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; firearm; human; legal aspect; policy; statistics; suicide; United States, Firearms; Humans; Public Policy; Suicide; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300964_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Healthconomic crises": Public health and neoliberal economic crises Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, C. Author-Name: Maruthappu, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300956 Keywords: economic recession; economics; editorial; Europe; forecasting; human; politics; public health, Economic Recession; Europe; Forecasting; Humans; Politics; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300956_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Trends in US older adults disability: Exploring age, period, and cohort effects (American Journal of Public Health (2011) 101: 11 (2157-2163) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lin, S.-F. Author-Name: Beck, A.N. Author-Name: Finch, B.K. Author-Name: Hummer, R.A. Author-Name: Masters, R.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300602e_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of community social norms on spousal violence: A population-based multilevel study of Nigerian women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linos, N. Author-Name: Slopen, N. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Berkman, L. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 148-155 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether social norms toward spousal violence in Nigeria, at the state level, are associated with a woman's exposure to physical and sexual violence perpetrated by her husband. Methods. Using data from the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey, we fit four 3-level random intercepts models to examine contextual factors associated with spousal violence while accounting for individual-level predictors. Results. Of the 18 798 ever-married Nigerian women in our sample, 18.7% reported exposure to spousal sexual or physical violence. The prevalence was geographically patterned by state and ranged from 3% to 50%. Permissive statelevel social norms toward spousal violence were positively associated with a woman's report of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by her husband (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17, 2.77), after adjusting for individual-level characteristics. A number of individual-level variables were significantly associated with victimization, including a woman's accepting beliefs toward spousal violence (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.14). Women living in states with Sharia law were less likely to report spousal violence (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.95). Conclusions. Efforts to end violence against women, particularly spousal violence, should consider broader social and contextual determinants of violence including social norms. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cross-sectional study; cultural anthropology; demography; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; Nigeria; partner violence; prevalence; questionnaire; social psychology; statistics, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Culture; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Residence Characteristics; Social Conformity; Spouse Abuse; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Calderone prize in public health: A legacy of legends Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilmont, S.S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 41-46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300982 Keywords: art; article; awards and prizes; history; human; medical society; public health; United States, Awards and Prizes; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Public Health; Societies, Medical; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300982_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drewnowski et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Drewnowski, A. Author-Name: Aggarwal, A. Author-Name: Hurvitz, P.M. Author-Name: Monsivais, P. Author-Name: Rehm, C.D. Author-Name: Moudon, A.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301098 Keywords: catering service; economics; female; human; male; note; obesity; statistics, Female; Food Supply; Humans; Male; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301098_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in service delivery patterns after introduction of telemedicine provision of medical abortion in Iowa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grossman, D.A. Author-Name: Grindlay, K. Author-Name: Buchacker, T. Author-Name: Potter, J.E. Author-Name: Schmertmann, C.P. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 73-78 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301097 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effect of a telemedicine model providing medical abortion on service delivery in a clinic system in Iowa. Methods. We reviewed Iowa vital statistic data and billing data from the clinic system for all abortion encounters during the 2 years prior to and after the introduction of telemedicine in June 2008 (n = 17 956 encounters). We calculated the distance from the patient's residential zip code to the clinic and to the closest clinic providing surgical abortion. Results. The abortion rate decreased in Iowa after telemedicine introduction, and the proportion of abortions in the clinics that were medical increased from 46% to 54%. After telemedicine was introduced, and with adjustment for other factors, clinic patients had increased odds of obtaining both medical abortion and abortion before 13 weeks' gestation. Although distance traveled to the clinic decreased only slightly, women living farther than 50 miles from the nearest clinic offering surgical abortion were more likely to obtain an abortion after telemedicine introduction. Conclusions. Telemedicine could improve access to medical abortion, especially for women living in remote areas, and reduce second-trimester abortion. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical practice; female; health care delivery; health service; human; legal abortion; legal aspect; medical record; methodology; middle aged; pregnancy; statistics; telemedicine; travel; United States, Abortion, Legal; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Iowa; Medical Records; Middle Aged; Physician's Practice Patterns; Pregnancy; Telemedicine; Travel; Voluntary Health Agencies; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301097_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fundamental causes of colorectal cancer mortality in the United States: Understanding the importance of socioeconomic status in creating inequality in mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saldana-Ruiz, N. Author-Name: Clouston, S.A.P. Author-Name: Rubin, M.S. Author-Name: Colen, C.G. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 99-104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300743 Abstract: Objectives. We used the fundamental cause hypothesis as a framework for understanding the creation of health disparities in colorectal cancer mortality in the United States from 1968 to 2005. Methods. We used negative binomial regression to analyze trends in countylevel gender-, race-, and age-adjusted colorectal cancer mortality rates among individuals aged 35 years or older. Results. Prior to 1980, there was a stable gradient in colorectal cancer mortality, with people living in counties of higher socioeconomic status (SES) being at greater risk than people living in lower SES counties. Beginning in 1980, this gradient began to narrow and then reversed as people living in higher SES counties experienced greater reductions in colorectal cancer mortality than those in lower SES counties. Conclusions. Our findings support the fundamental cause hypothesis: once knowledge about prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer became available, social and economic resources became increasingly important in influencing mortality rates. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; aged; article; cause of death; colorectal tumor; female; health care disparity; human; male; middle aged; mortality; race; social class; United States, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cause of Death; Colorectal Neoplasms; Continental Population Groups; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Social Class; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300743_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predictors of active injection drug use in a cohort of patients infected with hepatitis C virus Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reed, C. Author-Name: Bliss, C. Author-Name: Stuver, S.O. Author-Name: Heeren, T. Author-Name: Tumilty, S. Author-Name: Robert Jr. Horsburgh, C. Author-Name: Samet, J.H. Author-Name: Cotton, D.J. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 105-111 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300819 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated potential risk factors for active injection drug use (IDU) in an inner-city cohort of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Methods. We used log-binomial regression to identify factors independently associated with active IDU during the first 3 years of follow-up for the 289 participants who reported ever having injected drugs at baseline. Results. Overall, 142 (49.1%) of the 289 participants reported active IDU at some point during the follow-up period. In a multivariate model, being unemployed (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 3.03) and hazardous alcohol drinking (PR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.34, 2.08) were associated with active IDU. Smoking was associated with IDU but this association was not statistically significant. Patients with all 3 of those factors were 3 times as likely to report IDU during follow-up as those with 0 or 1 factor (PR = 3.3; 95% CI = 2.2, 4.9). Neither HIV coinfection nor history of psychiatric disease was independently associated with active IDU. Conclusions. Optimal treatment of persons with HCV infection will require attention to unemployment, alcohol use, and smoking in conjunction with IDU treatment and prevention. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; alcoholism; article; cohort analysis; female; follow up; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; regression analysis; risk factor; smoking; substance abuse; unemployment, Adult; Alcoholism; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Smoking; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Unemployment; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300819_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Web 2.0 for health promotion: Reviewing the current evidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chou, W.-Y.S. Author-Name: Prestin, A. Author-Name: Lyons, C. Author-Name: Wen, K.-Y. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e9-e18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301071 Abstract: As Web 2.0 and social media make the communication landscape increasingly participatory, empirical evidence is needed regarding their impact on and utility for health promotion. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we searched 4 medical and social science databases for literature (2004-present) on the intersection of Web 2.0 and health. A total of 514 unique publications matched our criteria. We classified references as commentaries and reviews (n = 267), descriptive studies (n = 213), and pilot intervention studies (n = 34). The scarcity of empirical evidence points to the need for more interventions with participatory and usergenerated features. Innovative study designs and measurement methods are needed to understand the communication landscape and to critically assess intervention effectiveness. To address health disparities, interventions must consider accessibility for vulnerable populations. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: health promotion; human; intervention study; methodology; review; social media; utilization review, Health Promotion; Humans; Intervention Studies; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301071_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health in a time of government austerity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fineberg, H.V. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301019 Keywords: budget; economics; editorial; government; health promotion; human; public health, Budgets; Government; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301019_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender role conflict among African American men who have sex with men and women: Associations with mental health and sexual risk and disclosure behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bingham, T.A. Author-Name: Harawa, N.T. Author-Name: Williams, J.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 127-133 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300855 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether high gender role conflict (GRC; internal conflict with traditional gender-role stereotypes and an individual's perceived need to comply with these roles) is associated with psychological distress and HIV-related risk behaviors in a sample of African American men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). Methods. We analyzed baseline data collected from questionnaires completed by 400MSMWparticipating in the Men of African American Legacy Empowering Self project in Los Angeles, California, in 2007 to 2010 for associations between participants' GRC and experiences of poor mental health and HIV risk outcomes. Results. MSMW who reported higher levels of GRC than other participants also reported more psychological distress, lower self-esteem, greater internalized homophobia, less HIV knowledge, lower risk reduction skills, less disclosure of same-sex behaviors to others, and more unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse with female partners. Conclusions. Future research should consider how high GRC affects African American MSMW's lives and identify specific approaches to help alleviate the psychological distress and other negative behavioral outcomes associated with internal conflict caused by rigid gender role socialization. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; aged; article; bisexuality; cross-sectional study; ethnology; female; gender identity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; male; mental disease; mental stress; middle aged; psychological aspect; questionnaire; sexual behavior; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bisexuality; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gender Identity; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Sexual Behavior; Stress, Psychological; Truth Disclosure; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300855_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When concealed handgun licensees break bad: Criminal convictions of concealed handgun licensees in Texas, 2001-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phillips, C.D. Author-Name: Nwaiwu, O. Author-Name: McMaughan Moudouni, D.K. Author-Name: Edwards, R. Author-Name: Lin, S.-H. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 86-91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300807 Abstract: Objectives. We explored differences in criminal convictions between holders and nonholders of a concealed handgun license (CHL) in Texas. Methods. The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) provides annual data on criminal convictions of holders and nonholders of CHLs. We used 2001 to 2009 DPS data to investigate the differences in the distribution of convictions for these 2 groups across 9 types of criminal offenses. We calculated z scores for the differences in the types of crimes for which CHL holders and nonholders were convicted. Results. CHL holders were much less likely than nonlicensees to be convicted of crimes. Most nonholder convictions involved higher-prevalence crimes (burglary, robbery, or simple assault). CHL holders' convictions were more likely to involve lower-prevalence crimes, such as sexual offenses, gun offenses, or offenses involving a death. Conclusions. Our results imply that expanding the settings in which concealed carry is permitted may increase the risk of specific types of crimes, some quite serious in those settings. These increased risks may be relatively small. Nonetheless, policymakers should consider these risks when contemplating reducing the scope of gun-free zones. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; comparative study; crime; firearm; homicide; human; legal aspect; licensing; policy; risk assessment; statistics; United States; violence, Crime; Firearms; Homicide; Humans; Licensure; Public Policy; Risk Assessment; Texas; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300807_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Individual and network factors associated with prevalent hepatitis C infection among rural appalachian injection drug users Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Havens, J.R. Author-Name: Lofwall, M.R. Author-Name: Frost, S.D.W. Author-Name: Oser, C.B. Author-Name: Leukefeld, C.G. Author-Name: Crosby, R.A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e44-e52 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300874 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the factors associated with hepatitis C (HCV) infection among rural Appalachian drug users. Methods. This study included 394 injection drug users (IDUs) participating in a study of social networks and infectious disease risk in Appalachian Kentucky. Trained staff conducted HCV, HIV, and herpes simplex-2 virus (HSV-2) testing, and an interviewer-administered questionnaire measured self-reported risk behaviors and sociometric network characteristics. Results. The prevalence of HCV infection was 54.6% among rural IDUs. Lifetime factors independently associated with HCV infection included HSV-2, injecting for 5 or more years, posttraumatic stress disorder, injection of cocaine, and injection of prescription opioids. Recent (past-6-month) correlates of HCV infection included sharing of syringes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.32, 3.82) and greater levels of eigenvector centrality in the drug network. Conclusions. One factor emerged that was potentially unique to rural IDUs: the association between injection of prescription opioids and HCV infection. Therefore, preventing transition to injection, especially among prescription opioid users, may curb transmission, as will increased access to opioid maintenance treatment, novel treatments for cocaine dependence, and syringe exchange. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; article; cocaine dependence; cohort analysis; drug abuse; female; hepatitis C; herpes simplex; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; opiate addiction; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; rural population; statistics; substance abuse; United States, Adult; Appalachian Region; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Cohort Studies; Female; Hepatitis C; Herpes Simplex; HIV Infections; Humans; Kentucky; Male; Needle Sharing; Opioid-Related Disorders; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Rural Population; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300874_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The politicization of abortion: And the evolution of abortion counseling Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Joffe, C. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 57-65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301063 Abstract: The field of abortion counseling originated in the abortion rights movement of the 1970s. During its evolution to the present day, it has faced significant challenges, primarily arising from the increasing politicization and stigmatization of abortion since legalization. Abortion counseling has been affected not only by the imposition of antiabortion statutes, but also by the changing needs of patients who have come of age in a very different era than when this occupation was first developed. One major innovation-head and heart counseling-departs in significant ways from previous conventions of the field and illustrates the complex and changing political meanings of abortion and therefore the challenges to abortion providers in the years following Roe v Wade. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; counseling; female; history; human; induced abortion; legal abortion; legal aspect; politics; pregnancy, Abortion, Induced; Abortion, Legal; Counseling; Female; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; Pregnancy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301063_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care provider recommendation, human papillomavirus vaccination, and Race/Ethnicity in the US national immunization survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ylitalo, K.R. Author-Name: Lee, H. Author-Name: Mehta, N.K. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 164-169 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300600 Abstract: Objectives. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, yet HPV vaccination rates remain relatively low. We examined racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of health care provider recommendations for HPV vaccination and the association between recommendation and vaccination. Methods. We used the 2009 National Immunization Survey-Teen, a nationally representative cross-section of female adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, to assess provider-verified HPV vaccination (‡ 1 dose) and participant-reported health care provider recommendation for the HPV vaccine. Results. More than half (56.9%) of female adolescents received a recommendation for the HPV vaccine, and adolescents with a recommendation were almost 5 times as likely to receive a vaccine (odds ratio = 4.81; 95% confidence interval = 4.01, 5.77) as those without a recommendation. Racial/ethnic minorities were less likely to receive a recommendation, but the association between recommendation and vaccination appeared strong for all racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions. Provider recommendations were strongly associated with HPV vaccination. Racial/ethnic minorities and non-Hispanic Whites were equally likely to obtain an HPV vaccine after receiving a recommendation. Vaccine education efforts should target health care providers to increase recommendations, particularly among racial/ethnic minority populations. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; article; Caucasian; cross-sectional study; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care personnel; health survey; Hispanic; human; immunology; insurance; Negro; papillomavirus infection; practice guideline; prevalence; race; social class; statistics; United States; vaccination, Adolescent; African Continental Ancestry Group; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Personnel; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prevalence; Social Class; United States; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300600_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Victimization and suicidality among dutch lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Bergen, D.D. Author-Name: Bos, H.M.W. Author-Name: Van Lisdonk, J. Author-Name: Keuzenkamp, S. Author-Name: Sandfort, T.G.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300797 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300797 Abstract: We examined Netherlands Institute for Social Research data, collected between May and August 2009, on 274 Dutch lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. The data showed that victimization at school was associated with suicidal ideation and actual suicide attempts. Homophobic rejection by parents was also associated with actual suicide attempts. Suicidality in this population could be reduced by supporting coping strategies of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths who are confronted with stigmatization by peers and parents, and by schools actively promoting acceptance of same-sex sexuality. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; article; bisexuality; cross-sectional study; female; homosexuality; human; lesbian; male; Netherlands; parent; peer group; statistical model; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide; suicide attempt; victim, Adolescent; Bisexuality; Crime Victims; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Netherlands; Parents; Peer Group; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300797_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of frequent monitoring with swift, certain, and modest sanctions for violations: Insights from south dakota's 24/7 sobriety project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kilmer, B. Author-Name: Nicosia, N. Author-Name: Heaton, P. Author-Name: Midgette, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e37-e43 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300989 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the public health impact of South Dakota's 24/7 Sobriety Project, an innovative program requiring individuals arrested for or convicted of alcohol-involved offenses to submit to breathalyzer tests twice per day or wear a continuous alcohol monitoring bracelet. Those testing positive are subject to swift, certain, and modest sanctions. Methods. We conducted differences-in-differences analyses comparing changes in arrests for driving while under the influence of alcohol (DUI), arrests for domestic violence, and traffic crashes in counties with the program to counties without the program. Results. Between 2005 and 2010, more than 17 000 residents of South Dakota-including more than 10% of men aged 18 to 40 years in some counties-had participated in the 24/7 program. At the county level, we documented a 12% reduction in repeat DUI arrests (P = .023) and a 9%reduction in domestic violence arrests (P = .035) following adoption of the program. Evidence for traffic crashes was mixed. Conclusions. In community supervision settings, frequent alcohol testing with swift, certain, and modest sanctions for violations can reduce problem drinking and improve public health outcomes. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; alcohol intoxication; article; breath analysis; car driving; domestic violence; health care quality; health promotion; human; incidence; law enforcement; legal aspect; male; methodology; physiologic monitoring; statistics; traffic accident; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Breath Tests; Domestic Violence; Health Promotion; Humans; Incidence; Law Enforcement; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Program Evaluation; South Dakota; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300989_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: It is time to integrate abortion into primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yanow, S. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 14-16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119 Abstract: The Roe v Wade decision made safe abortion available but did not change the reality that more than 1 million women face an unwanted pregnancy every year. Forty years after Roe v Wade, the procedure is not accessible to many US women. The politics of abortion have led to a plethora of laws that create enormous barriers to abortion access, particularly for young, rural, and low-income women. Family medicine physicians and advanced practice clinicians are qualified to provide abortion care. To realize the promise of Roe v Wade, first-trimester abortion must be integrated into primary care and public health professionals and advocatesmust work to remove barriers to the provision of abortion within primary care settings. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; female; first trimester pregnancy; health care delivery; human; integrated health care system; legal abortion; legal aspect; politics; pregnancy; primary health care; unwanted pregnancy, Abortion, Legal; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Politics; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy, Unwanted; Primary Health Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301119_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gowda et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gowda, C. Author-Name: Hadley, C. Author-Name: Aiello, A.E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301099 Keywords: blood; catering service; female; human; immune system; inflammation; male; note; physiology; statistics, Female; Food Supply; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301099_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multivariate or multivariable regression? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hidalgo, B. Author-Name: Goodman, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 39-40 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300897 Keywords: human; public health; regression analysis; review; statistical model, Humans; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Public Health; Regression Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300897_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safer sex media messages and adolescent sexual behavior: 3-year follow-up results from project iMPPACS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hennessy, M. Author-Name: Romer, D. Author-Name: Valois, R.F. Author-Name: Vanable, P. Author-Name: Carey, M.P. Author-Name: Stanton, B. Author-Name: Brown, L. Author-Name: Ralph DiClemente Author-Name: Salazar, L.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 134-140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300856 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the long-term (36-month) effects of Project iMPPACS, a multisite randomized controlled trial of mass media and smallgroup intervention for African American adolescents. Methods. We collected 6 waves of longitudinal data on program participants aged 14 to 17 years (n = 1139) in Providence, Rhode Island; Syracuse, New York; Columbia, South Carolina; and Macon, Georgia, 36 months (December 2009- December 2010) after the intervention began (August 2006-January 2008). Seemingly unrelated regressions at each wave estimated the effects of 3 types of mass media messages (the thematic mediators: selection, pleasure, and negotiation) on condom use intention and self-reported unprotected vaginal sex events. Results. All 3 mediators of behavior change that were introduced during the media intervention were sustained at the follow-up assessments at least 18 months after the intervention ended, with intention having the largest correlation. Unprotected vaginal sex increased with each wave of the study, although cities receiving media exposure had smaller increases. Conclusions. Project iMPPACS demonstrates that mass media influence delivered over an extended period, when adolescents were beginning to learn patterns of behavior associated with sex, persisted after the media program ended. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; African American; article; behavior; child behavior; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; ethnology; female; follow up; health care quality; health promotion; health survey; human; longitudinal study; male; mass medium; methodology; randomized controlled trial; safe sex; sexual behavior, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; African Americans; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Promotion; Health Surveys; Humans; Intention; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mass Media; Program Evaluation; Safe Sex; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300856_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis in the mammography era Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chatterjee, N.A. Author-Name: He, Y. Author-Name: Keating, N.L. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 170-176 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300550 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed racial differences in breast cancer mortality by stage at diagnosis, since mammography became available. Methods. We calculated adjusted odds of distant (versus local or regional) tumors for 143 249 White and 13 571 Black women aged 50 to 69 years, diagnosed with breast cancer between 1982 and 2007 and living in a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results region. We compared linear trends in stage at diagnosis before and after 1998. Results. Distant-stage cancer was diagnosed in 5.8% of White and 10.2% of Black participants. The Black-White disparity in distant tumors narrowed until 1998 (1998 adjusted difference = 0.65%), before increasing. Between 1982 and 1997, the proportion of distant tumors decreased for Blacks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]/y = 0.973; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.960, 0.987) and Whites (AOR/y = 0.978; 95% CI = 0.973, 0.983), with no racial differences (P = .47). From 1998 to 2007, the odds of distant versus local or regional tumors increased for Blacks (AOR/y = 1.036; 95% CI = 1.013, 1.060) and Whites (AOR/y = 1.011; 95% CI = 1.002, 1.021); the rate of increase was greater for Blacks than Whites (P = .04). Conclusions. In the mammography era, racial disparities remain in stage at diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: aged; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; breast tumor; cancer registry; cancer staging; Caucasian; comparative study; ethnology; female; human; mammography; middle aged; Negro; pathology; race; radiography; socioeconomics; statistics; survival rate; United States; utilization review, African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Breast Neoplasms; Continental Population Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Mammography; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; SEER Program; Socioeconomic Factors; Survival Rate; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300550_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beautifully toxic: The effects of a burmese cosmetic practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Munene, E. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300887 Keywords: cosmetic; lead, article; Asian; bark; blood; chemistry; child; ethnology; female; human; lead poisoning; male; oriental medicine; refugee; United States, Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Child; Cosmetics; Female; Humans; Indiana; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Male; Medicine, East Asian Traditional; New York; Plant Bark; Refugees Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300887_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food insecurity and climate change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruwoldt, G. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301082 Keywords: American Indian; catering service; human; note, Food Supply; Humans; Indians, North American Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301082_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adversity and syndemic production among men participating in the multicenter AIDS cohort study: A life-course approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herrick, A.L. Author-Name: Lim, S.H. Author-Name: Plankey, M.W. Author-Name: Chmiel, J.S. Author-Name: Guadamuz, T.T. Author-Name: Kao, U. Author-Name: Shoptaw, S. Author-Name: Carrico, A. Author-Name: Ostrow, D. Author-Name: Stall, R. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 79-85 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810 Abstract: Objectives. We tested a theory of syndemic production among men who have sex with men (MSM) using data from a large cohort study. Methods. Participants were 1551 men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study enrolled at 4 study sites: Baltimore, Maryland-Washington, DC; Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Participants who attended semiannual visits from April 1, 2008, to March 31, 2009, completed an additional survey that captured data about events throughout their life course thought to be related to syndemic production. Results. Using multivariate analysis, we found that the majority of life-course predictor variables (e.g., victimization, internalized homophobia) were significantly associated with both the syndemic condition and the component psychosocial health outcomes (depressive symptoms, stress, stimulant use, sexual compulsivity, intimate partner violence). A nested negative binomial analysis showed that the overall life course significantly explained variability in the syndemic outcomes (χ2 = 247.94; P < .001; df = 22). Conclusions. We identified life-course events and conditions related to syndemic production that may help to inform innovative interventions that will effectively disentangle interconnecting health problems and promote health among MSM. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adult; aged; article; cohort analysis; health survey; homophobia; homosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life event; male; masculinity; mental stress; middle aged; multicenter study; psychological aspect; satisfaction; sexual behavior; social class; victim, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Crime Victims; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Homophobia; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Life Change Events; Male; Masculinity; Middle Aged; Personal Satisfaction; Sexual Behavior; Social Class; Stress, Psychological; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300810_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Roe v wade and the new jane crow: Reproductive rights in the age of mass incarceration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paltrow, L.M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 17-21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301104 Abstract: All pregnant women, not just those who seek to end a pregnancy, have benefited from Roe v Wade. Today's system of mass incarceration makes it likely that if Roe is overturned women who have abortions will go to jail. Efforts to establish separate legal "personhood" for fertilized eggs, embryos, and fetuses, however, are already being used as the basis for the arrests and detentions of and forced interventions on pregnant women, including those who seek to go to term. Examination of these punitive actions makes clear that attacks on Roe threaten allpregnantwomennotonly with the loss of their reproductive rights and physical liberty but also with the loss of their status as full constitutional persons. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: article; criminal law; female; human; legal abortion; legal aspect; pregnancy; reproductive rights; statistics, Abortion, Legal; Criminal Law; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301104_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of climate change and food insecurity on low-income households Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dodge, N. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301083 Keywords: blood; catering service; female; human; immune system; inflammation; male; note; physiology; statistics, Female; Food Supply; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301083_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ford responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, J.D. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301100 Keywords: climate change; ethnic and racial groups; health status; human; note, Climate Change; Health Status; Humans; Population Groups Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301100_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Climate change and the role of food price in determining obesity risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Husband, A. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301084 Keywords: catering service; economics; female; human; male; note; obesity; statistics, Female; Food Supply; Humans; Male; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301084_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The right US men's health report: High time to adjust priorities and attack disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Treadwell, H.M. Author-Name: Young, A.M.W. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300895 Keywords: community care; editorial; female; health care disparity; health care planning; health care policy; health status; human; male; men's health; United States, Community Health Services; Female; Health Policy; Health Priorities; Health Status; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Men's Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300895_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using the HIV surveillance system to monitor the national HIV/AIDS strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gray, K.M. Author-Name: Tang, T. Author-Name: Shouse, L. Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Mermin, J. Author-Name: H. Irene Hall Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 141-147 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300859 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300859 Abstract: Objectives. To report on indicators of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, we analyzed data collected through the national HIV surveillance system. Methods. We analyzed data from adults and adolescents aged 13 years or older diagnosed with HIV in 13 US jurisdictions that have laboratory reporting of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4) and viral load (VL) test results and enter CD4 and VL test results into the national surveillance system. Results. Of 4899 people diagnosed in 2009, 81.7% had at least 1 CD4 or VL test performed within 3 months of diagnosis. A higher proportion of Whites (86.2%) than Blacks (78.4%) and Hispanics (82.6%) had a CD4 or VL test. Of 53 642 people diagnosed through 2008 and living with HIV at the end of 2009 who had a VL test, 69.4% had a most recent VL of 200 copies per milliliter or less. The proportion of people with suppressed VLs differed among Blacks (60.2%), Hispanics (70.3%), and Whites (77.4%) and among people aged 13 to 24 years (44.3%) compared with people aged 65 years or older (84.2%). Of men who have sex with men, 74.2% had a suppressed VL. Conclusions. The findings highlight disparities in access to and success of care. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; Caucasian; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health survey; Hispanic; homosexuality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; male; middle aged; Negro; statistics; United States; virus load, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; United States; Viral Load; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300859_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessment of biases against latinos and african americans among primary care providers and community members Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blair, I.V. Author-Name: Havranek, E.P. Author-Name: Price, D.W. Author-Name: Hanratty, R. Author-Name: Fairclough, D.L. Author-Name: Farley, T. Author-Name: Hirsh, H.K. Author-Name: Steiner, J.F. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: 92-98 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300812 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed implicit and explicit bias against both Latinos and African Americans among experienced primary care providers (PCPs) and community members (CMs) in the same geographic area. Methods. Two hundred ten PCPs and 190 CMs from 3 health care organizations in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area completed Implicit Association Tests and self-report measures of implicit and explicit bias, respectively. Results. With a 60% participation rate, the PCPs demonstrated substantial implicit bias against both Latinos and African Americans, but this was no different from CMs. Explicit bias was largely absent in both groups. Adjustment for background characteristics showed the PCPs had slightly weaker ethnic/racial bias than CMs. Conclusions. This research provided the first evidence of implicit bias against Latinos in health care, as well as confirming previous findings of implicit bias against African Americans. Lack of substantive differences in bias between the experienced PCPs and CMs suggested a wider societal problem. At the same time, the wide range of implicit bias suggested that bias in health care is neither uniform nor inevitable, and important lessons might be learned from providers who do not exhibit bias. Copyright © 2012 by the American Public Health Association®. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; article; doctor patient relation; ethnology; female; health care survey; health personnel attitude; Hispanic; human; male; manpower; middle aged; primary health care; racism; statistics; stereotypy; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Attitude of Health Personnel; Colorado; Female; Health Care Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physician-Patient Relations; Primary Health Care; Racism; Stereotyped Behavior; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300812_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impacts of climate change on caribbean life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Macpherson, C. Author-Name: Akpinar-Elci, M. Year: 2013 Volume: 103 Issue: 1 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301095 Keywords: climate change; ethnic and racial groups; health status; human; note, Climate Change; Health Status; Humans; Population Groups Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301095_0