Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bill Burch urban forestry pioneer, compassionate community builder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geller, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2279-2281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302269 Keywords: art; city planning; developing country; forestry; history; history; history; human; United States, City Planning; Developing Countries; Forestry; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302269_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The 50th anniversary of freedom summer 1964 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geiger, H.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2069 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302181 Keywords: civil rights; community care; history; history; history; rural health care; United States, Anniversaries and Special Events; Civil Rights; Community Health Services; History, 20th Century; Mississippi; Rural Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302181_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis transmitted by person-To-person contact-United States, 2009-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wikswo, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e13-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302321 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302321_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Job loss and unmet health care needs in the economic recession: Different associations by family income Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huang, J. Author-Name: Birkenmaier, J. Author-Name: Kim, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e178-e183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301998 Abstract: Objectives. We examined heterogeneous associations between job loss and unmet health care needs by family income level in the recent economic recession. Methods. We conducted logistic regression analyses with the sample from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (n = 12 658). Dependent variables were 2 dichotomous measures of unmet health care needs in medical and dental services. The primary independent variables were a dummy indicator of job loss during a 2-year period and the family income-To-needs ratio. We used an interaction term between job loss and the family income-To-needs ratio to test the proposed research question. Results. Job loss was significantly associated with the increased risk of unmet health care needs. The proportion with unmet needs was highest for the lowest-income unemployed, but the association between job loss and health hardship was stronger for the middle- And higher-income unemployed. Conclusions. The unemployed experience health hardship differently by income level. A comprehensive coordination of applications for unemployment and health insurance should be considered to protect the unemployed from health hardship. Keywords: coordination; dental procedure; dependent variable; economic recession; family income; health care need; health insurance; human; independent variable; logistic regression analysis; lowest income group; major clinical study; unemployment; adult; economic recession; economics; epidemiology; family; female; health care delivery; health service; income; male; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization, Adult; Economic Recession; Family; Female; Health Services; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Income; Logistic Models; Male; Unemployment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301998_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The high prevalence of incarceration history among black men who have sex with men in the United States: Associations and implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brewer, R.A. Author-Name: Magnus, M. Author-Name: Kuo, I. Author-Name: Wang, L. Author-Name: Liu, T.-Y. Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 448-454 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301786 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301786 Abstract: Objectives. We examined lifetime incarceration history and its association with key characteristics among 1553 Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) recruited in 6 US cities. Methods. We conducted bivariate analyses of data collected from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061 study from July 2009 through December 2011 to examine the relationship between incarceration history and demographic and psychosocial variables predating incarceration and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the associations between incarceration history and demographic and psychosocial variables found to be significant. We then used multivariate logistic regression models to explore the independent association between incarceration history and 6 outcome variables. Results. After adjusting for confounders, we found that increasing age, transgender identity, heterosexual or straight identity, history of childhood violence, and childhood sexual experience were significantly associated with incarceration history. A history of incarceration was also independently associated with any alcohol and drug use in the past 6 months. Conclusions. The findings highlight an elevated lifetime incarceration history among a geographically diverse sample of BMSM and the need to adequately assess the impact of incarceration among BMSM in the United States. Keywords: adult; African American; article; history; human; longitudinal study; male; male homosexuality; prison; prisoner; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adult; African Americans; History, 20th Century; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prisoners; Prisons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301786_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial discrimination in health care settings: Does Insurance Matter? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bachhuber, M.A. Author-Name: Tschannerl, A. Author-Name: Lechuga, C. Author-Name: Anderson, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e10-e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301777 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301777 Keywords: adult; doctor patient relation; ethnology; female; health care facility; health care survey; health insurance; human; insurance; letter; male; racism; United States, Adult; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Facilities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; New York City; Physician-Patient Relations; Racism Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301777_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicidal ideation among community-dwelling adults in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Han, B. Author-Name: McKeon, R. Author-Name: Gfroerer, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 488-497 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301600 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301600 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prevalence and correlates of past-year suicidal ideation among US community-dwelling adults. Methods. We examined data from 183 100 persons aged 18 years or older (including 9800 sampled adults with past-year suicidal ideation) who participated in the 2008-2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We applied descriptive analyses and pooled and stratified (by age and major depression) multivariate logistic regression models. Results. The prevalence of past-year suicidal ideation among younger adults (6.6% among those aged 18-25 years and 4.0% among those aged 26-49 years)was higher than was that among adults aged 50 years or older (2.5%). The prevalence of suicidal ideation was high among adults with major depression (26.3%), adults with both major depression and substance use disorder (37.7%), and adults who received mental health treatment but perceived unmet treatment need (33.5%). Conclusions. Many risk and protective factors of suicidal ideation are dynamic and vary by age or major depression. These results have important implications for developing specific suicide prevention strategies that help screen, assess, and treat suicidal adults at the earliest possible time. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; demography; female; health survey; human; male; mental disease; middle aged; prevalence; psychological aspect; risk assessment; suicidal ideation; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Risk Assessment; Suicidal Ideation; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301600_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A heavy burden: The cardiovascular health consequences of having a family member incarcerated Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, H. Author-Name: Wildeman, C. Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Author-Name: Matusko, N. Author-Name: Jackson, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 421-427 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301504 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of family member incarceration with cardiovascular risk factors and disease by gender. Methods. We used a sample of 5470 adults aged 18 years and older in the National Survey of American Life, a 2001-2003 nationally representative crosssectional survey of Blacks and Whites living in the United States, to examine 5 self-reported health conditions (diabetes, hypertension, heart attack or stroke, obesity, and fair or poor health). Results. Family member incarceration was associated with increased likelihood of poor health across all 5 conditions for women but not for men. In adjusted models, women with family members who were currently incarcerated had 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 2.00), 2.53 (95% CI = 1.80, 3.55), and 1.93 (95% CI = 1.45, 2.58) times the odds of being obese, having had a heart attack or stroke, and being in fair or poor health, respectively. Conclusions. Family member incarceration has profound implications for women's cardiovascular health and should be considered a unique risk factor that contributes to racial disparities in health. Keywords: adult; article; cardiovascular disease; Caucasian; confidence interval; cost of illness; cross-sectional study; family; female; human; male; middle aged; Negro; prisoner; psychological aspect; self report; sex difference; sex ratio; statistical model; young adult, Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Cardiovascular Diseases; Confidence Intervals; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Family; Female; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Male; Middle Aged; Prisoners; Self Report; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301504_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wesseling et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wesseling, C. Author-Name: Crowe, J. Author-Name: Hogstedt, C. Author-Name: Jakobsson, K. Author-Name: Lucas, R. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301803 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301803 Keywords: chronic kidney failure; consensus development; human; note, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301803_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Firearm and nonfirearm homicide in 5 South African cities: A retrospective population-based study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matzopoulos, R.G. Author-Name: Thompson, M.L. Author-Name: Myers, J.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 455-460 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.310650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.310650 Abstract: Objective. We assessed the effectiveness of South Africa's Firearm Control Act (FCA), passed in 2000, on firearmhomicide rates compared with rates of nonfirearm homicide across 5 South African cities from 2001 to 2005. Methods. We conducted a retrospective population-based study of 37 067 firearm and nonfirearm homicide cases. Generalized linear models helped estimate and compare time trends of firearm and nonfirearm homicides, adjusting for age, sex, race, day of week, city, year of death, and population size. Results. There was a statistically significant decreasing trend regarding firearm homicides from 2001, with an adjusted year-on-year homicide rate ratio of 0.864 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.848, 0.880), representing a decrease of 13.6% per annum. The year-on-year decrease in nonfirearm homicide rates was also significant, but considerably lower at 0.976 (95% CI = 0.954, 0.997). Results suggest that 4585 (95% CI = 4427, 4723) lives were saved across 5 cities from 2001 to 2005 because of the FCA. Conclusions. Strength, timing and consistent decline suggest stricter gun control mediated by the FCA accounted for a significant decrease in homicide overall, and firearm homicide in particular, during the study period. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cause of death; child; city; confidence interval; female; firearm; health survey; homicide; human; infant; legal aspect; male; middle aged; preschool child; retrospective study; South Africa; statistical model; statistics; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Cities; Confidence Intervals; Female; Firearms; Homicide; Humans; Infant; Linear Models; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.310650_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Job strain and health-related lifestyle Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Choi, B. Author-Name: Ko, S. Author-Name: Landsbergis, P. Author-Name: Dobson, M. Author-Name: Schnall, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301757 Keywords: female; health behavior; human; lifestyle; male; mental stress; note; occupational disease, Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Life Style; Male; Occupational Diseases; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301757_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relation between health insurance and health care disparities among adults with disabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, N.A. Author-Name: Kirk, A. Author-Name: Kaiser, M.J. Author-Name: Glos, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e85-e93 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301478 Abstract: Objectives. We examined disparities among US adults with disabilities and the degree to which health insurance attenuates disparities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods. We pooled data from the 2001-2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey on individuals with disabilities aged 18 to 64 years. We modeled measures of access and use as functions of predisposing, enabling, need, and contextual factors. We then included health insurance and examined the extent to which it reduced observed differences by race, ethnicity, and SES. Results. We found evidence of disparities in access and use among adults with disabilities. Adjusting for health insurance reduced these disparities most consistently for emergency department use. Uninsured individuals experienced substantially poorer access across most measures, including reporting a usual source of care and experiencing delays in or being unable to obtain care. Conclusions. Although health insurance is an important enabling resource among adults with disabilities, its effect on reducing differences by race, ethnicity, and SES on health care access and use was limited. Research exploring the effects of factors such as patient-provider interactions is warranted. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; Caucasian; confidence interval; disabled person; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care survey; health insurance; Hispanic; human; insurance; male; middle aged; Negro; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; utilization review; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Confidence Intervals; Disabled Persons; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301478_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Body mass index and risk of death in Asian Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Park, Y. Author-Name: Wang, S. Author-Name: Kitahara, C.M. Author-Name: Moore, S.C. Author-Name: De Gonzalez, A.B. Author-Name: Bernstein, L. Author-Name: Chang, E.T. Author-Name: Flint, A.J. Author-Name: Freedman, D.M. Author-Name: Gaziano, J.M. Author-Name: Hoover, R.N. Author-Name: Linet, M.S. Author-Name: Purdue, M. Author-Name: Robien, K. Author-Name: Schairer, C. Author-Name: Sesso, H.D. Author-Name: White, E. Author-Name: Willcox, B.J. Author-Name: Thun, M.J. Author-Name: Hartge, P. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 520-525 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301573 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality among Asian Americans. Methods. We pooled data from prospective cohort studies with 20 672 Asian American adults with no baseline cancer or heart disease history. We estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with Cox proportional hazards models. Results. A high, but not low, BMI was associated with increased risk of total mortality among individuals aged 35 to 69 years. The BMI was not related to total mortality among individuals aged 70 years and older. With a BMI 22.5 to > 25 as the reference category among never-smokers aged 35 to 69 years, the hazard ratios for total mortality were 0.83 (95% CI = 0.47, 1.47) for BMI 15 to > 18.5; 0.91 (95% CI = 0.62, 1.32) for BMI 18.5 to > 20; 1.08 (95% CI = 0.86, 1.36) for BMI 20 to > 22.5; 1.14 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.44) for BMI 25 to > 27.5; 1.13 (95% CI = 0.79, 1.62) for BMI 27.5 to > 30; 1.82 (95% CI = 1.25, 2.64) for BMI 30 to > 35; and 2.09 (95% CI = 1.06, 4.11) for BMI 35 to 50. Higher BMI was also related to increased cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. Conclusions. High BMI is associated with increased mortality risk among Asian Americans. Keywords: Aborigine; adult; age; aged; article; Asian American; body mass; confidence interval; evaluation study; female; human; male; methodology; middle aged; mortality; proportional hazards model; prospective study; risk assessment; United States; very elderly, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asian Americans; Body Mass Index; Confidence Intervals; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Risk Assessment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301573_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cluster-randomized controlled trial of an HIV/sexually transmitted infection risk-reduction intervention for South African men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jemmott, J.B. Author-Name: Jemmott, L.S. Author-Name: O'Leary, A. Author-Name: Ngwane, Z. Author-Name: Icard, L.D. Author-Name: Heeren, G.A. Author-Name: Mtose, X. Author-Name: Carty, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 467-473 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301578 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301578 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the efficacy of a sexual risk-reduction intervention for men in South Africa, where heterosexual exposure is the main mode of HIV transmission. Methods. Matched-pairs of neighborhoods in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, were randomly selected and within pairs randomized to 1 of 2 interventions based on social cognitive theory and qualitative research: HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk-reduction, targeting condom use, or attentionmatched control, targeting health issues unrelated to sexual risks. Sexually active men aged 18 to 45 years were eligible. The primary outcome was consistent condom use in the past 3 months. Results. Of 1181 participants, 1106 (93.6%) completed the 12-month follow-up. HIV and STI risk-reduction participants had higher odds of reporting consistent condom use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.71) and condom use at last vaginal intercourse (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.82) than did attention-control participants, adjusting for baseline prevalence. No differences were observed on unprotected intercourse or multiple partnerships. Findings did not differ for sex with steady as opposed to casual partners. Conclusions. Behavioral interventions specifically targeting men can contribute to efforts to reduce sexual risk behaviors in South Africa. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cluster analysis; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; follow up; health promotion; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; Negro; randomized controlled trial; risk; risk reduction; safe sex; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Cluster Analysis; Confidence Intervals; Follow-Up Studies; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Risk Reduction Behavior; Safe Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; South Africa; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301578_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Uninsured veterans who will need to obtain insurance coverage under the patient protection and affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, J. Author-Name: Rosenheck, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e57-e62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301791 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301791 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the number and clinical needs of uninsured veterans, including those who will be eligible for the Medicaid expansion and health insurance exchanges in 2014. Methods. We analyzed weighted data for 8710 veterans from the 2010 National Survey of Veterans, classifying it by veterans' age, income, household size, and insurance status. Results. Of 22 million veterans, about 7%, or more than 1.5 million, were uninsured and will need to obtain coverage by enrolling in US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) care or the Medicaid expansion or by participating in the health insurance exchanges. Of those uninsured, 55%, or more than 800 000, are likely eligible for the Medicaid expansion if states implement it. Compared with veterans with any health coverage, those who were uninsured were younger and more likely to be single, Black, and low income and to have been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Conclusions. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is likely to have a considerable impact on uninsured veterans, which may have implications for the VA, the Medicaid expansion, and the health insurance exchanges. Keywords: adult; aged; article; female; health care policy; health insurance; health survey; human; insurance; legal aspect; male; medicaid; medically uninsured; middle aged; needs assessment; sex ratio; statistics; United States; veteran, Adult; Aged; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Sex Distribution; United States; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301791_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost-effectiveness of pit-and-fissure sealants on primary molars in medicaid-enrolled children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chi, D.L. Author-Name: Van Der Goes, D.N. Author-Name: Ney, J.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 555-561 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301588 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301588 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the incremental cost-effectiveness of 2 primary molar sealant strategies-always seal and never seal-with standard care for Medicaid-enrolled children. Methods. We used Iowa Medicaid claims data (2008-2011), developed a toothlevel Markov model for 10 000 teeth, and compared costs, treatment avoided, and incremental cost per treatment avoided for the 2 sealant strategies with standard care. Results. In 10 000 simulated teeth, standard care cost $214 510, always seal cost $232 141, and never seal cost $186 010. Relative to standard care, always seal reduced the number of restorations to 340 from 2389, whereas never seal increased restorations to 2853. Compared with standard care, always seal cost $8.12 per restoration avoided (95% confidence interval [CI] = $4.10, $12.26; P > .001). Compared with never seal, standard care cost $65.62 per restoration avoided (95% CI = $52.99, $78.26; P > .001). Conclusions. Relative to standard care, always sealing primary molars is more costly but reduces subsequent dental treatment. Never sealing costs less but leads to more treatment. State Medicaid programs that do not currently reimburse dentists for primary molar sealants should consider reimbursement for primary molar sealant procedures as a population-based strategy to prevent tooth decay and reduce later treatment needs in vulnerable young children. Keywords: fissure sealant, adolescent; article; child; confidence interval; cost benefit analysis; deciduous tooth; dental procedure; economics; factual database; human; medicaid; molar tooth; preschool child; probability; reimbursement; United States, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Databases, Factual; Dental Care for Children; Humans; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; Iowa; Markov Chains; Medicaid; Molar; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Tooth, Deciduous; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301588_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The state of transgender health care: Policy, law, and medical frameworks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stroumsa, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e31-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301789 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301789 Abstract: I review the current status of transgender people's access to health care in the United States and analyze federal policies regarding health care services for transgender people and the limitations thereof. I suggest a preliminary outline to enhance health care services and recommend the formulation of explicit federal policies regarding the provision of health care services to transgender people in accordance with recently issued medical care guidelines, allocation of research funding, education of health care workers, and implementation of existing nondiscrimination policies. Current policies denying medical coverage for sex reassignment surgery contradict standards of medical care and must be amended. Keywords: article; economics; education; female; government regulation; health care delivery; health care personnel; health care policy; health service; human; information processing; legal aspect; male; medical research; needs assessment; social discrimination; transsexuality; United States, Biomedical Research; Data Collection; Delivery of Health Care; Female; Government Regulation; Health Personnel; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services for Transgendered Persons; Humans; Male; Needs Assessment; Social Discrimination; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301789_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The courts and public health: Caught in a pincer movement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parmet, W.E. Author-Name: Jacobson, P.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 392-397 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301738 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301738 Abstract: Public health practitioners are familiar with the general outlines of legal authority and with judicial standards for reviewing public health regulations. What may not be as familiar are 3 emerging judicial doctrines that pose considerable risks to public health initiatives. We explain the contentious series of judicial rulings that now place health departments' broad grant of authority in jeopardy. One doctrine invokes the First Amendment to limit regulatory authority. The second involves the Supreme Court's reinterpretation of federalism to limit both federal and state public health interventions. The third redefines the standard of evidence required to support regulations. Together, these judicial trends create a pincer movement that places substantial new burdens on the ability of health departments to protect health. Keywords: article; human; legal aspect; organization and management; professional practice; public health service; United States, Constitution and Bylaws; Humans; Professional Autonomy; Public Health Administration; Public Health Practice; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301738_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heikkilä et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heikkilä, K. Author-Name: Nyberg, S.T. Author-Name: Kivimäki, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301801 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301801 Keywords: female; health behavior; human; lifestyle; male; mental stress; note; occupational disease, Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Life Style; Male; Occupational Diseases; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301801_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measurement of gender equity: A clarification Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scheidell, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301779 Keywords: athlete; attitude; courtship; female; heterosexuality; human; male; note; sexual crime, Athletes; Attitude; Courtship; Female; Heterosexuality; Humans; Male; Sex Offenses Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301779_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A breath of fresh air worth spreading: Media coverage of retailer abandonment of tobacco sales Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDaniel, P.A. Author-Name: Offen, N. Author-Name: Yerger, V.B. Author-Name: Malone, R.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 562-569 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301564 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301564 Abstract: Objectives. Media play an important role in the diffusion of innovations by spreading knowledge of their relative advantages. We examined media coverage of retailers abandoning tobacco sales to explore whether this innovation might be further diffused by media accounts. Methods. We searched online media databases (Lexis Nexis, Proquest, and Access World News) for articles published from 1995 to 2011, coding retrieved items through a collaborative process. We analyzed the volume, type, provenance, prominence, and content of coverage. Results. We found 429 local and national news items. Two retailers who were the first in their category to end tobacco sales received the most coverage and the majority of prominent coverage. News items cited positive potential impacts of the decision more often than negative potential impacts, and frequently referred to tobacco-caused disease, death, or addiction. Letters to the editor and editorials were overwhelmingly supportive. Conclusions. The content of media coverage about retailers ending tobacco sales could facilitate broader diffusion of this policy innovation, contributing to the denormalization of tobacco and moving society closer to ending the tobacco epidemic. Media advocacy could increase and enhance such coverage. Keywords: article; bibliometrics; commercial phenomena; factual database; human; information dissemination; mass communication; mass medium; organization; tobacco; United States, Bibliometrics; Commerce; Databases, Factual; Decision Making, Organizational; Diffusion of Innovation; Humans; Information Dissemination; Mass Media; Tobacco Products; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301564_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender disparities in HIV treatment outcomes following release from jail: Results from a multicenter study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meyer, J.P. Author-Name: Zelenev, A. Author-Name: Wickersham, J.A. Author-Name: Williams, C.T. Author-Name: Teixeira, P.A. Author-Name: Altice, F.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 434-441 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301553 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301553 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed gender differences in longitudinal HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected jail detainees transitioning to the community. Methods. Data were from the largest multisite prospective cohort study of HIV-infected released jail detainees (n = 1270)-the Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care and Services in Jail Setting Initiative, January 2008 and March 2011, which had 10 sites in 9 states. We assessed baseline and 6-month HIV treatment outcomes, stratifying by gender. Results. Of 867 evaluable participants, 277 (31.9%) were women. Compared with men, women were more likely to be younger, non-Hispanic White, married, homeless, and depressed, but were similar in recent alcohol and heroin use. By 6 months postrelease, women were significantly less likely than men to experience optimal HIV treatment outcomes, including (1) retention in care (50% vs 63%), (2) antiretroviral therapy prescription (39% vs 58%) or optimal antiretroviral therapy adherence (28% vs 44%), and (3) viral suppression (18% vs 30%). In multiple logistic regression models, women were half as likely as men to achieve viral suppression. Conclusions. HIV-infected women transitioning from jail experience greater comorbidity and worse HIV treatment outcomes than men. Future interventions that transition people from jail to community-based HIV clinical care should be gender-specific. Keywords: antiretrovirus agent, adult; article; confidence interval; female; health care disparity; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; methodology; middle aged; multicenter study; outcome assessment; prisoner; prospective study; risk; risk factor; sex difference, Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Confidence Intervals; Female; Healthcare Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Prisoners; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301553_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dietary outcomes in a spanish-language randomized controlled diabetes prevention trial with pregnant latinas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kieffer, E.C. Author-Name: Welmerink, D.B. Author-Name: Sinco, B.R. Author-Name: Welch, K.B. Author-Name: Clayton, E.M.R. Author-Name: Schumann, C.Y. Author-Name: Uhley, V.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 526-533 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301122 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effectiveness of a community-based healthy lifestyle intervention in improving dietary behaviors of pregnant Latinas from 2004 to 2006 in Detroit, Michigan. Methods. The 11-week, culturally tailored, Spanish-language Healthy Mothers on the Move (MOMs) intervention offered home visits, group classes, related activities, and social support from trained community health workers (CHWs) and peers. Dietary behaviors were measured by food frequency questionnaire. Linear mixed models estimated pre- and post-intervention changes, within and between MOMs intervention and minimal intervention (MI) groups. Results. MOMs (n = 139) and MI (n = 139) participants had similar baseline characteristics and dietary intake. Post-intervention, MOMs participants showed significant improvement in all dietary behaviors, except fruit and fiber consumption. Compared with MI participants, MOMs participants had significantly decreased consumption of added sugar (P = .05), total fat (P > .05), saturated fat (P > .01), percentage of daily calories from saturated fat (P > .001), solid fats and added sugars (P > .001), and had increased vegetable consumption (P > .001). Their increase in fiber consumption (P > .05) was significant relative to MI participants' decrease in fiber intake. Conclusions. We confirmed the hypothesis that a community-planned, CHW-led healthy lifestyle intervention could improve dietary behaviors of lowincome Latina women during pregnancy. Keywords: adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diet; ethnology; feeding behavior; female; health promotion; Hispanic; human; language; methodology; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; outcome assessment; pregnancy; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; United States; young adult, Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Female; Food Habits; Health Promotion; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Language; Michigan; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Pregnancy; Risk Reduction Behavior; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301122_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global childhood unintentional injury study: Multisite surveillance data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: He, S. Author-Name: Lunnen, J.C. Author-Name: Puvanachandra, P. Author-Name: Singh, A. Author-Name: Zia, N. Author-Name: Hyder, A.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e79-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301607 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301607 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to analyze the epidemiology of childhood unintentional injuries presenting to hospitals in 5 select sites in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs) (Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Malaysia, and Pakistan). Methods. We collected standardized data from children ages 0 to 12 years at participating emergency departments (EDs) in 2007. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the characteristics of these injuries and to explore the determinants of injury outcomes. Results. Among 2686 injured children, falls (50.4%) and road traffic injuries (16.4%) were the most common, affecting boys more often (64.7%). Home injuries were more common among younger children (average 5.41 vs 7.06 years) and girls (38.2% vs 31.7%). Following an ED visit, 24% of injured children were admitted to the hospital, and 6 died. Injury outcomes were associated with risk factors, such as age and sex, to varying extents. Conclusions. Standardized ED surveillance revealed unintentional injuries are a threat to child health. The majority of events took place inside the home, challenging traditional concepts of children's safety and underscoring the need for intensified context-appropriate injury prevention. Keywords: accident; article; Bangladesh; child; classification; Colombia; confidence interval; Egypt; female; health survey; hospital; human; infant; injury; Malaysia; male; medical audit; methodology; multicenter study; Pakistan; preschool child; risk; risk factor; statistical model, Accidents; Bangladesh; Child; Child, Preschool; Colombia; Confidence Intervals; Egypt; Female; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Infant; Logistic Models; Malaysia; Male; Medical Audit; Odds Ratio; Pakistan; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301607_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid policies and practices in US State Prison Systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, D.L. Author-Name: Dumont, D.M. Author-Name: Cislo, A.M. Author-Name: Brockmann, B.W. Author-Name: Traver, A. Author-Name: Rich, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 418-420 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301563 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301563 Abstract: Medicaid is an important source of health care coverage for prisoninvolved populations. From 2011 to 2012, we surveyed state prison system (SPS) policies affecting Medicaid enrollment during incarceration and upon release; 42 of 50 SPSs participated. Upon incarceration, Medicaid benefits were suspended in 9 (21.4%) SPSs and terminated in 28 (66.7%); 27 (64.3%) SPSs screened prisoners for potential Medicaid eligibility. Although many states supported Medicaid enrollment upon release, several did not. We have considered implications for Medicaid expansion. Keywords: administrative personnel; article; health care delivery; health care survey; human; medicaid; policy; prison; psychological aspect; statistics; United States; utilization review, Administrative Personnel; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medicaid; Organizational Policy; Prisons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301563_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geographic residency status and census tract socioeconomic status as determinants of colorectal cancer outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hines, R. Author-Name: Markossian, T. Author-Name: Johnson, A. Author-Name: Dong, F. Author-Name: Bayakly, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e63-e71 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301572 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of geographic residency status and census tract (CT)-level socioeconomic status (SES) on colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with CRC in Georgia for the years 2000 through 2007. Study outcomes were late-stage disease at diagnosis, receipt of treatment, and survival. Results. For colon cancer, residents of lower-middle-SES and low-SES census tracts had decreased odds of receiving surgery. Rural, lower-middle-SES, and low-SES residents had decreased odds of receiving chemotherapy. For patients with rectal cancer, suburban residents had increased odds of receiving radiotherapy, but low SES resulted in decreased odds of surgery. For survival, rural residents experienced a partially adjusted 14% (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 1.22) increased risk of death following diagnosis of CRC that was somewhat explained by treatment differences and completely explained by CT-level SES. Lower-middle- and low-SES participants had an adjusted increased risk of death following diagnosis for CRC (lower-middle: HR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.22; low: HR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.32). Conclusions. Future efforts should focus on developing interventions and policies that target rural residents and lower SES areas to eliminate disparities in CRC-related outcomes. Keywords: age distribution; aged; article; classification; colorectal tumor; confidence interval; demography; female; health care delivery; health care policy; human; male; middle aged; mortality; population research; register; retrospective study; rural population; sex ratio; social class; statistics; survival; treatment outcome; United States; very elderly, Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Censuses; Colorectal Neoplasms; Confidence Intervals; Female; Georgia; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Registries; Residence Characteristics; Retrospective Studies; Rural Population; Sex Distribution; Social Class; Survival Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301572_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of welfare reform on mortality: An evaluation of the connecticut jobs first program, a randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilde, E.T. Author-Name: Rosen, Z. Author-Name: Couch, K. Author-Name: Muennig, P.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 534-538 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301072 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether Jobs First, a multicenter randomized trial of a welfare reform program conducted in Connecticut, demonstrated increases in employment, income, and health insurance relative to traditional welfare (Aid to Families with Dependent Children). We also investigated if higher earnings and employment improved mortality of the participants. Methods. We revisited the Jobs First randomized trial, successfully linking 4612 participant identifiers to 15 years of prospective mortality follow-up data through 2010, producing 240 deaths. The analysis was powered to detect a 20% change in mortality hazards. Results. Significant employment and income benefits were realized among Jobs First recipients relative to traditional welfare recipients, particularly for the most disadvantaged groups. However, although none of these reached statistical significance, all participants in Jobs First (overall, across centers, and all subgroups) experienced higher mortality hazards than traditional welfare recipients. Conclusions. Increases in income and employment produced by Jobs First relative to traditional welfare improved socioeconomic status but did not improve survival. Keywords: adult; article; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; employment; female; human; legal aspect; male; mortality; multicenter study; policy; randomized controlled trial; social security; social welfare; United States; young adult, Adult; Aid to Families with Dependent Children; Confidence Intervals; Connecticut; Employment; Female; Humans; Male; Mortality; Public Policy; Social Welfare; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301072_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early life conditions of overall and cause-specific mortality among inner-city African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Juon, H.-S. Author-Name: Evans-Polce, R.J. Author-Name: Ensminger, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 548-554 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301228 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how early life conditions influence midlife overall and cause-specific mortality in a community cohort of disadvantaged African Americans. Methods. Using a prospective design, we assessed first-grade children and their teachers and families when children were 6 years old, with follow-up at ages 16, 32, and 42 years. We obtained information on death from family members, neighbors, and the National Death Index (NDI). We conducted a survival analysis and competing risk analysis to examine early life predictors of mortality. Results. Of 1242 participants, 87 (7%) had died by 2004. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, males who lived in foster care and females with lower math grades in first grade were more likely to die by age 42 years. In multivariate competing risks analysis, hospitalization by the time of first grade was related to mortality from acute and chronic illness. Male gender, being in foster care, and aggressive behavior in first grade were related to mortality from drug use, violence, or suicide. Conclusions. Early classroom, environmental, and family-level interventions are potentially beneficial in reducing later overall and cause-specific mortality. Keywords: adult; African American; article; cause of death; demography; factual database; female; human; male; multivariate analysis; poverty; proportional hazards model; prospective study; risk factor; United States, Adult; African Americans; Cause of Death; Chicago; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Poverty; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301228_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preparedness for natural disasters among older US adults: A nationwide survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Al-Rousan, T.M. Author-Name: Rubenstein, L.M. Author-Name: Wallace, R.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 506-511 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301559 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine natural disaster preparedness levels among older US adults and assess factors that may adversely affect health and safety during such incidents. Methods. We sampled adults aged 50 years or older (n = 1304) from the 2010 interview survey of the Health and Retirement Study. The survey gathered data on general demographic characteristics, disability status or functional limitations, and preparedness-related factors and behaviors. We calculated a general disaster preparedness score by using individual indicators to assess overall preparedness. Results. Participant (n = 1304) mean age was 70 years (SD = 9.3). Only 34.3% reported participating in an educational program or reading materials about disaster preparation. Nearly 15% reported using electrically powered medical devices that might be at risk in a power outage. The preparedness score indicated that increasing age, physical disability, and lower educational attainment and income were independently and significantly associated with worse overall preparedness. Conclusions. Despite both greater vulnerability to disasters and continuous growth in the number of older US adults, many of the substantial problems discovered are remediable and require attention in the clinical, public health, and emergency management sectors of society. Keywords: aged; article; disaster planning; female; human; male; middle aged; questionnaire; statistics; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Disaster Planning; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301559_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health information technology and the primary care information project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaye, K. Author-Name: Singer, J. Author-Name: Newton-Dame, R. Author-Name: Shih, S.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e8-e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301787 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301787 Keywords: electronic medical record; human; note; public health, Electronic Health Records; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301787_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaba, F. Author-Name: Lewis, A. Author-Name: Glowa-Kollisch, S. Author-Name: Hadler, J. Author-Name: Lee, D. Author-Name: Alper, H. Author-Name: Selling, D. Author-Name: MacDonald, R. Author-Name: Solimo, A. Author-Name: Parsons, A. Author-Name: Venters, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 442-447 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301742 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to better understand acts of self-harm among inmates in correctional institutions. Methods. We analyzed data from medical records on 244 699 incarcerations in the New York City jail system from January 1, 2010, through January 31, 2013. Results. In 1303 (0.05%) of these incarcerations, 2182 acts of self-harm were committed, (103 potentially fatal and 7 fatal). Although only 7.3% of admissions included any solitary confinement, 53.3% of acts of self-harm and 45.0% of acts of potentially fatal self-harm occurred within this group. After we controlled for gender, age, race/ethnicity, serious mental illness, and length of stay, we found self-harm to be associated significantly with being in solitary confinement at least once, serious mental illness, being aged 18 years or younger, and being Latino or White, regardless of gender. Conclusions. These self-harm predictors are consistent with our clinical impressions as jail health service managers. Because of this concern, the New York City jail system has modified its practices to direct inmates with mental illness who violate jail rules to more clinical settings and eliminate solitary confinement for those with serious mental illness. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; automutilation; female; human; male; medical audit; mental disease; middle aged; multivariate analysis; prisoner; psychological aspect; risk assessment; sex ratio; social isolation; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Audit; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; New York City; Prisoners; Risk Assessment; Self-Injurious Behavior; Sex Distribution; Social Isolation; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301742_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating acute viral hepatitis infections from nationally reported cases Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klevens, R.M. Author-Name: Liu, S. Author-Name: Roberts, H. Author-Name: Jiles, R.B. Author-Name: Holmberg, S.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 482-487 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301601 Abstract: Objectives. Because only a fraction of patients with acute viral hepatitis A, B, and C are reported through national surveillance to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we estimated the true numbers. Methods. We applied a simple probabilistic model to estimate the fraction of patients with acute hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C who would have been symptomatic, would have sought health care tests, and would have been reported to health officials in 2011. Results. For hepatitis A, the frequencies of symptoms (85%), care seeking (88%), and reporting (69%) yielded an estimate of 2730 infections (2.0 infections per reported case). For hepatitis B, the frequencies of symptoms (39%), care seeking (88%), and reporting (45%) indicated 18 730 infections (6.5 infections per reported case). For hepatitis C, the frequency of symptoms among injection drug users (13%) and those infected otherwise (48%), proportion seeking care (88%), and percentage reported (53%) indicated 17 100 infections (12.3 infections per reported case). Conclusions. These adjustment factors will allow state and local health authorities to estimate acute hepatitis infections locally and plan prevention activities accordingly. Keywords: acute disease; health survey; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; human; review; statistical model; United States, Acute Disease; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Humans; Models, Statistical; Population Surveillance; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301601_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of Alabama's immigration law on access to health care among latina immigrants and children: Implications for national reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, K. Author-Name: Yeager, V.A. Author-Name: Menachemi, N. Author-Name: Scarinci, I.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 397-405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301560 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301560 Abstract: We conducted in-depth interviews in May to July 2012 to evaluate the effect of Alabama's 2011 omnibus immigration law on Latina immigrants and their US- and foreign-born children's access to and use of health services. The predominant effect of the law on access was a reduction in service availability. Affordability and acceptability of care were adversely affected because of economic insecurity and women's increased sense of discrimination. Nonpregnant women and foreign-born children experienced the greatest barriers, but pregnant women andmothers ofUS-born children also had concerns about accessing care. The implications of restricting access to health services and the potential impact this has on public health should be considered in local and national immigration reform discussions. Keywords: adult; article; child; female; health care delivery; health service; Hispanic; human; legal aspect; management; migration; pregnancy; qualitative research; United States; utilization review, Adult; Alabama; Child; Emigration and Immigration; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Maternal Health Services; Policy Making; Pregnancy; Qualitative Research Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301560_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Previous exposure to HCV among persons born during 1945-1965: Prevalence and predictors, United States, 1999-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, B.D. Author-Name: Beckett, G.A. Author-Name: Yartel, A. Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Author-Name: Patel, N. Author-Name: Ward, J.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 474-481 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301549 Abstract: Objectives. We examined HCV exposure prevalence and predictors among persons in the United States born during 1945-1965. Methods. With data from the 1999-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we calculated the proportion of persons born during 1945-1965 who tested positive for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) and analyzed the prevalence by sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors. Results. Anti-HCV prevalence in the 1945-1965 birth cohort was 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8%, 3.8%), substantially higher than among other adults (0.9%). Within the cohort, anti-HCV prevalence was higher among non- Hispanic Blacks (6.4%; 95% CI = 5.3%, 7.7%), persons with injection drug use histories (56.8%; 95% CI = 48.4%, 64.8%), and persons with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels (12.7%; 95% CI = 10.7%, 15.1%). Injection drug use (adjusted odds ratio = 98.4; 95% CI = 58.8, 164.5) was the strongest anti-HCV prevalence predictor. Among anti-HCV-positive persons, 57.8% reported having 2 or more alcoholic drinks daily. Conclusions. With the high prevalence of HCV among persons born during 1945-1965, the increasing morbidity and mortality associated with HCV, and reductions in liver cancer and HCV-related mortality when HCV is eradicated, it is critically important to identify persons with HCV and link them to appropriate care. Keywords: hepatitis C antibody, adult; aged; article; cohort analysis; confidence interval; female; forecasting; health survey; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; isolation and purification; male; middle aged; nutrition; prevalence; risk factor; United States, Adult; Aged; Cohort Studies; Confidence Intervals; Female; Forecasting; Health Surveys; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Prevalence; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301549_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parental incarceration and child mortality in Denmark Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wildeman, C. Author-Name: Andersen, S.H. Author-Name: Lee, H. Author-Name: Karlson, K.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 428-433 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301590 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301590 Abstract: Objectives. We used Danish registry data to examine the association between parental incarceration and child mortality risk. Methods. We used a sample of all Danish children born in 1991 linked with parental information. We conducted discrete-time survival analysis separately for boys (n = 30 146) and girls (n = 28 702) to estimate the association of paternal and maternal incarceration with child mortality, controlling for parental sociodemographic characteristics. We followed the children until age 20 years or death, whichever came first. Results. Results indicated a positive association between paternal and maternal imprisonment and male child mortality. Paternal imprisonment was associated with lower child mortality risks for girls. The relationship between maternal imprisonment and female child mortality changed directions depending on the model, suggesting no clear association. Conclusions. These results indicate that the incarceration of a parent may influence child mortality but that it is important to consider the gender of both the child and the incarcerated parent. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; child; childhood mortality; Denmark; father; female; follow up; human; infant; male; mother; preschool child; prisoner; register; sex difference; sex ratio; survival; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Denmark; Fathers; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Mothers; Prisoners; Registries; Sex Distribution; Sex Factors; Survival Analysis; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301590_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mccauley and Miller respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCauley, H.L. Author-Name: Miller, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301795 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301795 Keywords: athlete; attitude; courtship; female; heterosexuality; human; male; note; sexual crime, Athletes; Attitude; Courtship; Female; Heterosexuality; Humans; Male; Sex Offenses Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301795_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Body mass index categories and mortality risk in US adults: The effect of overweight and obesity on advancing death Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrell, L.N. Author-Name: Samuel, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 512-519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301597 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301597 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of body mass index with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality risks among US adults and calculated the rate advancement period by which death is advanced among the exposed groups. Methods. We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) linked to the National Death Index mortality file with follow-up to 2006 (n = 16 868). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the rate of dying and rate advancement period for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality for overweight and obese adults relative to their normal-weight counterparts. Results. Compared with normal-weight adults, obese adults had at least 20% significantly higher rate of dying of all-cause or CVD. These rates advanced death by 3.7 years (grades II and III obesity) for all-cause mortality and between 1.6 (grade I obesity) and 5.0 years (grade III obesity) for CVD-specific mortality. The burden of obesity was greatest among adults aged 45 to 64 years for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality and among women for all-cause mortality. Conclusions. These findings highlight the impact of the obesity epidemic on mortality risk and premature deaths among US adults. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; body mass; cardiovascular disease; cause of death; classification; confidence interval; factual database; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; mortality; nutrition; obesity; premature mortality; proportional hazards model; risk assessment; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Confidence Intervals; Databases, Factual; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality, Premature; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Overweight; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Assessment; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301597_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chronic kidney disease among agricultural workers in central America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ventres, W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301756 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301756 Keywords: chronic kidney failure; consensus development; human; note, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301756_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sugary beverage tax policy: Lessons learned from tobacco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e13-e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301800 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301800 Abstract: Excise taxes on sugary beverages have been proposed as a method to replicate the public health success of tobacco control and to generate revenue. As policymakers increase efforts to pass sugary beverage taxes, they cananticipate thatmanufacturers will emulate the strategies employed by tobacco companies in their attempts to counteract the impact of such taxes. Policymakers should therefore consider 2 complementary laws-minimum price laws and prohibitions on coupons and discounting-to accomplish the intended price increase. Keywords: article; carbonated beverage; commercial phenomena; economics; health promotion; human; law enforcement; management; sugar intake; tax; tobacco use, Carbonated Beverages; Commerce; Dietary Sucrose; Health Promotion; Humans; Law Enforcement; Policy Making; Taxes; Tobacco Use Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301800_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change in walking and body mass index following residential relocation: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hirsch, J.A. Author-Name: Roux, A.V.D. Author-Name: Moore, K.A. Author-Name: Evenson, K.R. Author-Name: Rodriguez, D.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e49-e56 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301773 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301773 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether moving to neighborhoods with closer proximity of destinations and greater street connectivity was associated with more walking, a greater probability of meeting the "Every Body Walk!" campaign goals (≤ 150 minutes/week of walking), and reductions in body mass index (BMI). Methods. We linked longitudinal data from 701 participants, who moved between 2 waves of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2004-2012), to a neighborhood walkability measure (Street Smart Walk Score) for each residential location. We used fixed-effects models to estimate if changes in walkability resulting from relocation were associated with simultaneous changes in walking behaviors and BMI. Results. Moving to a location with a 10-point higher Walk Score was associated with a 16.04 minutes per week (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.13, 29.96) increase in transport walking, 11% higher odds of meeting Every Body Walk! goals through transport walking (adjusted odds ratio = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.21), and a 0.06 kilogram per meters squared (95% CI = -0.12, -0.01) reduction in BMI. Change in walkability was not associated with change in leisure walking. Conclusions. Our findings illustrated the potential for neighborhood infrastructure to support health-enhancing behaviors and overall health of people in the United States. Keywords: aged; article; atherosclerosis; body mass; confidence interval; demography; environmental planning; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health behavior; human; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; motivation; questionnaire; risk; United States; very elderly; walking, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atherosclerosis; Body Mass Index; Confidence Intervals; Environment Design; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Odds Ratio; Questionnaires; Residence Characteristics; United States; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301773_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intimate partner homicide and corollary victims in 16 states: National violent death reporting system, 2003-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, S.G. Author-Name: Fowler, K.A. Author-Name: Niolon, P.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 461-466 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301582 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301582 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the frequency and examined the characteristics of intimate partner homicide and related deaths in 16 US states participating in the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), a state-based surveillance system. Methods. We used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze NVDRS data from 2003 to 2009. We selected deaths linked to intimate partner violence for analysis. Results. Our sample comprised 4470 persons who died in the course of 3350 intimate partner violence-related homicide incidents. Intimate partners and corollary victims represented 80% and 20% of homicide victims, respectively. Corollary homicide victims included family members, new intimate partners, friends, acquaintances, police officers, and strangers. Conclusions. Our findings, from the first multiple-state study of intimate partner homicide and corollary homicides, demonstrate that the burden of intimate partner violence extends beyond the couple involved. Systems (e.g., criminal justice, medical care, and shelters) whose representatives routinely interact with victims of intimate partner violence can help assess the potential for lethal danger, which may prevent intimate partner and corollary victims from harm. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; crime victim; factual database; female; homicide; human; infant; male; mandatory reporting; middle aged; preschool child; sexuality; statistics; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Crime Victims; Databases, Factual; Female; Homicide; Humans; Infant; Male; Mandatory Reporting; Middle Aged; Sexual Partners; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301582_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The onset of depression during the great recession: Foreclosure and older adult mental health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cagney, K.A. Author-Name: Browning, C.R. Author-Name: Iveniuk, J. Author-Name: English, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 498-505 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301566 Abstract: Objectives. We examined neighborhood-level foreclosure rates and their association with onset of depressive symptoms in older adults. Methods. We linked data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (2005-2006 and 2010-2011 waves), a longitudinal, nationally representative survey, to data on zip code-level foreclosure rates, and predicted the onset of depressive symptoms using logit-linked regression. Results. Multiple stages of the foreclosure process predicted the onset of depressive symptoms, with adjustment for demographic characteristics and changes in household assets, neighborhood poverty, and visible neighborhood disorder. A large increase in the number of notices of default (odds ratio [OR] = 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14, 2.67) and properties returning to ownership by the bank (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.06, 2.47) were associated with depressive symptoms. A large increase in properties going to auction was suggestive of such an association (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 0.96, 2.19). Age, fewer years of education, and functional limitations also were predictive. Conclusions. Increases in neighborhood-level foreclosure represent an important risk factor for depression in older adults. These results accord with previous studies suggesting that the effects of economic crises are typically first experienced through deficits in emotional well-being. Keywords: age distribution; aged; article; confidence interval; depression; economic recession; economics; health survey; housing; human; longitudinal study; mental health; mental stress; middle aged; onset age; organization and management; risk; statistical model; very elderly, Age Distribution; Age of Onset; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Confidence Intervals; Depression; Economic Recession; Health Surveys; Housing; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Ownership; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301566_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health and climate change adaptation at the federal level:One agency's response to executive order 13514 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hess, J.J. Author-Name: Schramm, P.J. Author-Name: Luber, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e22-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301796 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301796 Abstract: Climate change will likely have adverse human health effects that require federal agency involvement in adaptation activities. In 2009, President Obama issued Executive Order 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance. The order required federal agencies to develop and implement climate change adaptation plans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as part of a larger Department of Health and Human Services response to climate change, is developing such plans. We provide background on Executive Orders, outline tenets of climate change adaptation, discuss public health adaptation planning at both the Department of Health and Human Services and the CDC, and outline possible future CDC efforts. We also consider how these activities may be better integrated with other adaptation activities that manage emerging health threats posed by climate change. Keywords: article; climate change; government; government regulation; health care planning; legal aspect; methodology; public health; public health service; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Climate Change; Federal Government; Government Regulation; Health Plan Implementation; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301796_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Underreporting work absences for nontraumatic work-related musculoskeletal disorders to workers' compensation: Results of a 2007-2008 survey of the québec working population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stock, S. Author-Name: Nicolakakis, N. Author-Name: Raïq, H. Author-Name: Messing, K. Author-Name: Lippel, K. Author-Name: Turcot, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e94-e101 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301562 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301562 Abstract: Objectives. We examined underestimation of nontraumatic work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) stemming from underreporting to workers' compensation (WC). Methods. In data from the 2007 to 2008 Québec Survey on Working and Employment Conditions and Occupational Health and Safety we estimated, among nonmanagement salaried employees (NMSEs) (1) the prevalence of WMSDs and resulting work absence, (2) the proportion with WMSDassociated work absence who filed a WC claim, and (3) among those who did not file a claim, the proportion who received no replacement income. We modeled factors associated with not filing with multivariate logistic regression. Results. Eighteen percent of NMSEs reported a WMSD, among whom 22.3% were absent from work. More than 80% of those absent did not file a WC claim, and 31.4% had no replacement income. Factors associated with not filing were higher personal income, higher seniority, shorter work absence, and not being unionized. Conclusions. The high level of WMSD underreporting highlights the limits of WC data for surveillance and prevention. Without WC benefits, injured workers may have reduced job protection and access to rehabilitation. Keywords: absenteeism; adult; article; Canada; confidence interval; female; human; insurance; male; middle aged; musculoskeletal disease; occupational disease; qualitative research; risk; statistical model; utilization review; workman compensation, Absenteeism; Adult; Confidence Intervals; Female; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Occupational Diseases; Odds Ratio; Qualitative Research; Quebec; Workers' Compensation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301562_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic position and factors associated with use of a nonsupine infant sleep position: Findings from the canadian maternity experiences survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smylie, J. Author-Name: Fell, D.B. Author-Name: Chalmers, B. Author-Name: Sauve, R. Author-Name: Royle, C. Author-Name: Allan, B. Author-Name: O'Campo, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 539-547 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301061 Abstract: Objectives. With a focus on socioeconomic position, we examined the association between maternal education and nonsupine infant sleep position, and examined patterns of effect modification with additional sociodemographic, maternal, infant, and health services predictors. Methods. Data were from the Maternity Experiences Survey, a national population-based sample of 76 178 new Canadian mothers (unweighted n = 6421) aged 15 years or older interviewed in 2006-2007. Using logistic regression, we developed multivariate models for 3 maternal education strata. Results. Level of maternal education was significantly and inversely related to nonsupine infant sleep position. Stratified analyses revealed different predictive factors for nonsupine infant sleep position across strata of maternal education. Postpartum home visits were not associated with use of this sleep position among new mothers with less than high school completion. Adequacy of postpartum information regarding sudden infant death syndrome was not associated with nonsupine infant sleep position in any of the educational strata. Conclusions. These findings suggest a need to revisit Back to Sleep health promotion strategies and to ensure that these interventions are tailored to match the information needs of all families, including mothers with lower levels of formal education. Keywords: adolescent; article; body posture; Canada; confidence interval; female; human; infant; maternal behavior; mother; mother child relation; psychological aspect; qualitative research; sleep; social class; statistical model; young adult, Adolescent; Canada; Confidence Intervals; Female; Humans; Infant; Logistic Models; Maternal Behavior; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Prone Position; Qualitative Research; Sleep; Social Class; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301061_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Potentially misleading conclusions: Job strain and health behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301758 Keywords: female; health behavior; human; lifestyle; male; mental stress; note; occupational disease, Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Life Style; Male; Occupational Diseases; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301758_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing mass incarceration: A clarion call for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cloud, D.H. Author-Name: Parsons, J. Author-Name: Delany-Brumsey, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 389-391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301741 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301741 Keywords: editorial; health care delivery; health care policy; human; legal aspect; prison; prisoner; public health; standard; statistics; United States; utilization review, Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Prisoners; Prisons; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301741_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between driving performance and engaging in secondary tasks: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ferdinand, A.O. Author-Name: Menachemi, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e39-e48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301750 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301750 Abstract: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature examining the relationship between driving performance and engaging in secondary tasks. We extracted data from abstracts of 206 empirical articles published between 1968 and 2012 and developed a logistic regression model to identify correlates of a detrimental relationship between secondary tasks and driving performance. Of 350 analyses, 80% reported finding a detrimental relationship. Studies using experimental designs were 37%less likely toreport a detrimental relationship (P = .014). Studies examining mobile phone use while drivingwere 16%more likely to find such a relationship (P = .009). Quasi-experiments can better determine the effects of secondary tasks on driving performance and consequently serve to inform policymakers interested in reducing distracted driving and increasing roadway safety. Keywords: attention; car driving; high risk behavior; human; meta analysis; physiology; review; safety; task performance; United States, Attention; Automobile Driving; Humans; Risk-Taking; Safety; Task Performance and Analysis; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301750_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake among US adults, overall and by body weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bleich, S.N. Author-Name: Wolfson, J.A. Author-Name: Vine, S. Author-Name: Wang, Y.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e72-e78 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556 Abstract: Objectives. We examined national patterns in adult diet-beverage consumption and caloric intake by body-weight status. Methods. We analyzed 24-hour dietary recall with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010 data (adults aged > 20 years; n = 23 965). Results. Overall, 11% of healthy-weight, 19% of overweight, and 22% of obese adults drink diet beverages. Total caloric intake was higher among adults consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) compared with diet beverages (2351 kcal/day vs 2203 kcal/day; P = .005). However, the difference was only significant for healthy-weight adults (2302 kcal/day vs 2095 kcal/day; P > .001). Among overweight and obese adults, calories from solid-food consumption were higher among adults consuming diet beverages compared with SSBs (overweight: 1965 kcal/day vs 1874 kcal/day; P = .03; obese: 2058 kcal/day vs 1897 kcal/day; P > .001). The net increase in daily solid-food consumption associated with diet-beverage consumption was 88 kilocalories for overweight and 194 kilocalories for obese adults. Conclusions. Overweight and obese adults drink more diet beverages than healthy-weight adults and consume significantly more solid-food calories and a comparable total calories than overweight and obese adults who drink SSBs. Heavier US adults who drink diet beverages will need to reduce solid-food calorie consumption to lose weight. Keywords: nonnutritive sweetener, adult; aged; article; body weight; caloric intake; carbonated beverage; cross-sectional study; feeding behavior; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; nutrition; United States; utilization review; young adult, Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Carbonated Beverages; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Intake; Female; Food Habits; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Nutrition Surveys; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301556_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: News media framing of serious mental illness and gun violence in the United States, 1997-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGinty, E.E. Author-Name: Webster, D.W. Author-Name: Jarlenski, M. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 406-413 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301557 Abstract: Recent mass shootings by persons seemingly afflicted with serious mental illness (SMI) have received extensive news media coverage and prompted national dialogue about the causes of, and policy responses to, mass shootings. News media framing of SMI as a cause of gun violence may influence public attitudes about persons with SMI and support for gun violence prevention proposals. We analyzed the content of a 25% random sample of news stories on SMI and gun violence published in 14 national and regional news sources from 1997 to 2012. Across the study period, most news coverage occurred in the wake of mass shootings, and "dangerous people" with SMI were more likely than "dangerous weapons" to be mentioned as a cause of gun violence. Keywords: article; bibliometrics; firearm; human; mass disaster; mass medium; mental disease; psychological aspect; public opinion; United States; violence, Bibliometrics; Firearms; Humans; Mass Casualty Incidents; Mass Media; Mental Disorders; Public Opinion; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301557_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Government leadership in addressing public health priorities: Strides and delays in electronic laboratory reporting in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gluskin, R.T. Author-Name: Mavinkurve, M. Author-Name: Varma, J.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e16-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301753 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301753 Abstract: For nearly a decade, interest groups, from politicians to economists to physicians, have touted digitization of the nation's health information. One frequently mentioned benefit is the transmission of information electronically from laboratories to public health personnel, allowing them to rapidly analyze and act on these data. Switching from paper to electronic laboratory reports (ELRs) was thought to solve many public health surveillance issues, including workload, accuracy, and timeliness. However, barriers remain for both laboratories and public health agencies to realize the full benefits of ELRs. The New York City experience highlights several successes and challenges of electronic reporting and is supported by peer-reviewed literature. Lessons learned from ELR systems will benefit efforts to standardize electronic medical records reporting to health departments. Keywords: article; electronic medical record; government; health survey; hospital information system; human; leadership; mandatory reporting; mass communication; public health service; system analysis; time; United States, Clinical Laboratory Information Systems; Diffusion of Innovation; Electronic Health Records; Humans; Leadership; Local Government; Mandatory Reporting; New York City; Population Surveillance; Public Health Practice; Systems Integration; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301753_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a national strategy on infant mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lu, M.C. Author-Name: Johnson, K.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S13-S16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301855 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301855 Keywords: advisory committee; child health care; editorial; forecasting; health care policy; health service; human; infant; infant mortality; primary prevention; social determinants of health; standard; total quality management; United States; women's health, Advisory Committees; Child Health Services; Forecasting; Health Policy; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Maternal Health Services; Primary Prevention; Quality Improvement; Social Determinants of Health; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301855_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A quasi-experimental analysis of maternal altitude exposure and infant birth weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zahran, S. Author-Name: Breunig, I.M. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Author-Name: Snodgrass, J.G. Author-Name: Weiler, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S166-S174 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301725 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed singleton births to determine the relationship between birth weight and altitude exposure. Methods. We analyzed 715 213 singleton births across 74 counties from the western states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2000. Birth data were obtained from the Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, for registered births. Results. Regression analyses supported previous research by showing that a 1000-meter increase in maternal altitude exposure in pregnancy was associated with a 75.9-gram reduction in birth weight (95% confidence interval = -84.1, -67.6). Quantile regression models indicated significant and near-uniform depressant effects from altitude exposure across the conditional distribution of birth weight. Bivariate sample-selection models showed that a 1000-meter increase in altitude exposure, over and above baseline residential altitude, decreased birth weight by an additional 58.8 grams (95% confidence interval = -98.4, -19.2). Conclusions. Because of calculable health care-related costs associated with lower birth weight, our reported results might be of interest to clinicians practicing at higher altitudes. Keywords: adolescent; adult; altitude; article; birth weight; environmental exposure; female; human; middle aged; pregnancy; regression analysis; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Altitude; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Maternal Exposure; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Regression Analysis; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301725_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finer, L.B. Author-Name: Zolna, M.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S43-S48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301416 Abstract: Objectives. We monitored trends in pregnancy by intendedness and outcomes of unintended pregnancies nationally and for key subgroups between 2001 and 2008. Methods. Data on pregnancy intentions from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and a nationally representative survey of abortion patients were combined with counts of births (from the National Center for Health Statistics), counts of abortions (from a census of abortion providers), estimates of miscarriages (from the NSFG), and population denominators from the US Census Bureau to obtain pregnancy rates by intendedness. Results. In 2008, 51% of pregnancies in the United States were unintended, and the unintended pregnancy rate was 54 per 1000 women ages 15 to 44 years. Between 2001 and 2008, intended pregnancies decreased and unintended pregnancies increased, a shift previously unobserved. Large disparities in unintended pregnancy by relationship status, income, and education increased; the percentage of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion decreased; and the rate of unintended pregnancies ending in birth increased, reaching 27 per 1000 women. Conclusions. Reducing unintended pregnancy likely requires addressing fundamental socioeconomic inequities, as well as increasing contraceptive use and the uptake of highly effective methods. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; educational status; female; human; income; induced abortion; marriage; poverty; pregnancy; race; religion; socioeconomics; spontaneous abortion; statistics; United States; unplanned pregnancy; young adult, Abortion, Induced; Abortion, Spontaneous; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Continental Population Groups; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Income; Marital Status; Poverty; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Religion; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301416_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gestational weight gain and risk of infant death in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, R.R. Author-Name: Hofferth, S.L. Author-Name: Shenassa, E.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S90-S95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301425 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with risk of death during infancy using the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Pregnancy Weight Gain Guidelines. Methods. We obtained maternal and infant data for 2004-2008 from 159 244 women with a singleton, full-term, live birth in the 41 states that participated in phase 5 of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. We fit logistic regression models to estimate the association between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and risk of death during infancy, controlling for confounders. Results. Only 34% of women gained the IOM-recommended amount of weight during pregnancy. Infants born to underweight, normal-weight, and overweight women with inadequate GWG had odds of mortality during infancy that were 6.18, 1.47, and 2.11 times higher, respectively, than those of infants born to women with adequate GWG. Infants born to obese women with excessive weight gain had a 49% decreased likelihood of mortality. Conclusions. A significant association exists between inadequate GWG and infant death that weakens with increasing prepregnancy BMI; weight gain beyond the recommended amount appears to be protective against infant mortality. Keywords: adult; article; body mass; female; human; infant; infant mortality; obesity; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; risk factor; statistical model; United States; weight gain, Adult; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Logistic Models; Obesity; Overweight; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk Factors; United States; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301425_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improved birth weight for black infants: Outcomes of a healthy start program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kothari, C.L. Author-Name: Zielinski, R. Author-Name: James, A. Author-Name: Charoth, R.M. Author-Name: Del Carmen Sweezy, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S96-S104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301359 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether participation in Healthy Babies Healthy Start (HBHS), a maternal health program emphasizing racial equity and delivering services through case management home visitation, was associated with improved birth outcomes for Black women relative to White women. Methods. We used a matched-comparison posttest-only design in which we selected the comparison group using propensity score matching. Study data were generated through secondary analysis of Michigan state- and Kalamazoo County-level birth certificate records for 2008 to 2010. We completed statistical analyses, stratified by race, using a repeated-measures generalized linear model. Results. Despite their smoking rate being double that of their matched counterparts, Black HBHS participants delivered higher birth-weight infants than did Black nonparticipants (P =.05). White HBHS participants had significantly more prenatal care than did White nonparticipants, but they had similar birth outcomes (P= .7 for birth weight; P =.55 for gestation). Conclusions. HBHS participation is associated with increased birth weights among Black women but not among White women, suggesting differential program gains for Black women. Keywords: African American; article; birth weight; clinical trial; female; health service; human; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; propensity score; statistics; United States; young adult, African Americans; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Maternal Health Services; Michigan; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Propensity Score; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301359_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of Arizona's SB 1070 immigration law on utilization of health care and public assistance among mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their mother figures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Toomey, R.B. Author-Name: Umaña-Taylor, A.J. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Harvey-Mendoza, E. Author-Name: Jahromi, L.B. Author-Name: Updegraff, K.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S28-S34 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301655 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of Arizona's "Supporting Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act" (SB 1070, enacted July 29, 2010) on the utilization of preventive health care and public assistance among Mexican-origin families. Methods. Data came from 142 adolescent mothers and 137 mother figures who participated in a quasi-experimental, ongoing longitudinal study of the health and development of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their infants (4 waves; March 2007-December 2011). We used general estimating equations to determine whether utilization of preventive health care and public assistance differed before versus after SB 1070's enactment. Results. Adolescents reported declines in use of public assistance and were less likely to take their baby to the doctor; compared with older adolescents, younger adolescents were less likely to use preventive health care after SB 1070. Mother figures were less likely to use public assistance after SB 1070 if they were born in the United States and if their post-SB 1070 interview was closer to the law's enactment. Conclusions. Findings suggest that immigration policies such as SB 1070 may contribute to decreases in use of preventive health care and public assistance among high-risk populations. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; article; female; Hispanic; human; infant; interview; legal aspect; longitudinal study; migration; pregnancy; preschool child; preventive health service; social care; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Arizona; Child, Preschool; Emigration and Immigration; Female; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Longitudinal Studies; Mexican Americans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Preventive Health Services; Public Assistance Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301655_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of access to publicly funded family planning services with adolescent birthrates in California counties Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chabot, M.J. Author-Name: Navarro, S. Author-Name: Swann, D. Author-Name: Darney, P. Author-Name: De Bocanegra, H.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: e1-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301454 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of adolescent birthrates (ABRs) with access to and receipt of publicly funded family planning services in California counties provided through 2 state programs: Medi-Cal, California's Medicaid program, and the Family Planning, Access, Care, and Treatment (Family PACT) program. Methods. Our key data sources included the California Health Interview Survey and California Women's Health Survey, Medi-Cal and Family PACT claims data, and the Birth Statistical Master File. We constructed a linear regression analysis measuring the relationship of access to and receipt of family planning services with ABRs when controlling for counties' select covariates. Results. The regression analysis indicated that a higher access rate to Family PACT in a county was associated with a lower ABR (B = -0.19; P < .01) when controlling for unemployment rate, percentage of foreign-born adolescents, and percentage of adult low-income births. Conclusions. Efforts to reduce ABRs, specifically in counties that had persistently high rates are critical to achieving a healthy future for the state and the nation. Family PACT played a crucial role in helping adolescents avoid unintended and early childbearing. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; article; family planning; female; financial management; health care delivery; human; organization and management; pregnancy; statistical model; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; California; Family Planning Services; Female; Financing, Government; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Linear Models; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301454_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of spatial epidemiology and hot spot analysis to target women eligible for prenatal women, infants, and children services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stopka, T.J. Author-Name: Krawczyk, C. Author-Name: Gradziel, P. Author-Name: Geraghty, E.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S183-S189 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301769 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301769 Abstract: Objectives. We used a geographic information system and cluster analyses to determine locations in need of enhanced Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program services. Methods. We linked documented births in the 2010 California Birth Statistical Master File with the 2010 data from the WIC Integrated Statewide Information System. Analyses focused on the density of pregnant women who were eligible for but not receiving WIC services in California's 7049 census tracts. We used incremental spatial autocorrelation and hot spot analyses to identify clusters of WIC-eligible nonparticipants. Results. We detected clusters of census tracts with higher-than-expected densities, compared with the state mean density of WIC-eligible nonparticipants, in 21 of 58 (36.2%) California counties (P < .05). In subsequent county-level analyses, we located neighborhood-level clusters of higher-than-expected densities of eligible nonparticipants in Sacramento, San Francisco, Fresno, and Los Angeles Counties (P < .05). Conclusions. Hot spot analyses provided a rigorous and objective approach to determine the locations of statistically significant clusters of WIC-eligible nonparticipants. Results helped inform WIC program and funding decisions, including the opening of new WIC centers, and offered a novel approach for targeting public health services. Keywords: article; cluster analysis; demography; female; food assistance; geographic information system; human; infant; pregnancy; preschool child; spatial analysis; statistics; United States, California; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Female; Food Assistance; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Infant; Pregnancy; Residence Characteristics; Spatial Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301769_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's choice: The future is born every day Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christopher, G.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301846 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301846_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between birthplace and current asthma: The role of environment and acculturation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Iqbal, S. Author-Name: Oraka, E. Author-Name: Chew, G.L. Author-Name: Flanders, W.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S175-S182 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301509 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301509 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated associations between current asthma and birthplace among major racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Methods. We used multivariate logistic regression methods to analyze data on 102 524 children and adolescents and 255 156 adults in the National Health Interview Survey (2001-2009). Results. We found significantly higher prevalence (P < .05) of current asthma among children and adolescents (9.3% vs 5.1%) and adults (7.6% vs 4.7%) born in the 50 states and Washington, DC (US-born), than among those born elsewhere. These differences were among all age groups of non-Hispanic Whites, non- Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics (excluding Puerto Ricans) and among Chinese adults. Non-US-born adults with 10 or more years of residency in the United States had higher odds of current asthma (odds ratio = 1.55; 95% confidence interval = 1.25, 1.93) than did those who arrived more recently. Findings suggested a similar trend among non-US-born children. Conclusions. Current asthma status was positively associated with being born in the United States and with duration of residency in the United States. Among other contributing factors, changes in environment and acculturation may explain some of the differences in asthma prevalence. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; asthma; child; cultural factor; demography; environment; female; human; male; middle aged; migration; preschool child; race; statistical model; statistics; United States; young adult, Acculturation; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Continental Population Groups; Emigrants and Immigrants; Environment; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301509_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in maternal morbidity before and during pregnancy in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fridman, M. Author-Name: Korst, L.M. Author-Name: Chow, J. Author-Name: Lawton, E. Author-Name: Mitchell, C. Author-Name: Gregory, K.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S49-S57 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301583 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301583 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in maternal comorbidities in California. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1 551 017 California births using state-linked vital statistics and hospital discharge cohort data for 1999, 2002, and 2005. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify the following conditions, some of which were preexisting: maternal hypertension, diabetes, asthma, thyroid disorders, obesity, mental health conditions, substance abuse, and tobacco use. We estimated prevalence rates with hierarchical logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic shifts, and also examined racial/ethnic disparities. Results. The prevalence of these comorbidities increased over time for hospital admissions associated with childbirth, suggesting that pregnant women are getting sicker. Racial/ethnic disparities were also significant. In 2005, maternal hypertension affected more than 10% of all births to non-Hispanic Black mothers; maternal diabetes affected nearly 10% of births to Asian/Pacific Islander mothers (10% and 43% increases, respectively, since 1999). Chronic hypertension, diabetes, obesity, mental health conditions, and tobacco use among Native American women showed the largest increases. Conclusions. The prevalence of maternal comorbidities before and during pregnancy has risen substantially in California and demonstrates racial/ethnic disparity independent of demographic shifts. Keywords: age; article; comorbidity; diabetes mellitus; ethnic group; female; health disparity; high risk behavior; human; hypertension; mental disease; obesity; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; prevalence; race; retrospective study; smoking; statistical model; statistics; United States, Age Factors; California; Comorbidity; Continental Population Groups; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Hypertension; Logistic Models; Mental Disorders; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Risk-Taking; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301583_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preterm birth and prenatal maternal occupation: The role of hispanic ethnicity and nativity in a population-based sample in Los Angeles, California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Von Ehrenstein, O.S. Author-Name: Wilhelm, M. Author-Name: Wang, A. Author-Name: Ritz, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S65-S72 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301457 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated preterm birth (PTB) in relation to maternal occupational exposure and whether effect measures were modified by Hispanic ethnicity and nativity in a population-based sample with high proportion of Hispanics. Methods. We used a case-control study (n = 2543) nested within a cohort of 58 316 births in Los Angeles County, California, in 2003. We categorized prenatal occupations using the US Census Occupation Codes and Classification System and developed a job exposure matrix. Odds ratios for PTB were estimated using logistic regression. Results. Odds ratios for PTB were increased for all women in health care practitioner and technical occupations, but the 95% confidence intervals included the null value; effects were more pronounced among Hispanics. We estimated elevated odds ratios for foreign-born Hispanic women in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. Shift work and physically demanding work affected births among US-born but not foreign-born Hispanics. Conclusions. Hispanic women are at particular risk for PTB related to adverse prenatal occupational exposure. Nativity may moderate these effects on PTB. Maternal occupational exposures likely contribute to ethnic disparities in PTB. Keywords: adult; article; case control study; employment; ethnology; female; human; migration; occupation; occupational exposure; pregnancy; prematurity; risk; statistical model; statistics; United States; young adult, Adult; California; Case-Control Studies; Emigrants and Immigrants; Employment; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Occupational Exposure; Occupations; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301457_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The new food package and breastfeeding outcomes among women, infants, and children participants in Los Angeles County Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Langellier, B.A. Author-Name: Chaparro, M.P. Author-Name: Wang, M.C. Author-Name: Koleilat, M. Author-Name: Whaley, S.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S112-S118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301330 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effect of the new Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food package, implemented in October 2009, on breastfeeding outcomes among a predominately Latina sample of WIC participants in Los Angeles County, California. Methods. We used data from 5020 WIC participants who were interviewed in a series of repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2005, 2008, and 2011. Participants were randomly selected from Los Angeles County residents who received WIC services during those years. Results. Consistent with the WIC population in Los Angeles, participants were mostly Latina and had low levels of income and education; more than half were foreign-born. We found small but significant increases from pre- to postimplementation of the new WIC food package in prevalence of prenatal intention to breastfeed and breastfeeding initiation, but no changes in any breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months roughly doubled, an increase that remained large and significant after adjustment for other factors. Conclusions. The new food package can improve breastfeeding outcomes in a population at high risk for negative breastfeeding outcomes. Keywords: adult; article; breast feeding; cross-sectional study; female; food assistance; human; infant; information processing; male; organization and management; questionnaire; statistics; United States, Adult; Breast Feeding; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Female; Food Assistance; Humans; Infant; Los Angeles; Male; Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301330_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Construction of early and midlife work trajectories in women and their association with birth weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mutambudzi, M. Author-Name: Meyer, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S58-S64 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301401 Abstract: Objectives. We derived trajectories of the substantive complexity (SC) of work across mid-adult life in women and determined their association with term birth weight. SC is a concept that encompasses decision latitude, active learning, and ability to use and expand one's abilities at work. Methods. Using occupational data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and O*NET work variables, we used growth mixture modeling (GMM) to construct longitudinal trajectories of work SC from the ages of 18 to 34 years. The association between work trajectories and birth weight of infants born to study participants was modeled using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for education, income, and relevant covariates. Results. GMM yielded a 5-class solution for work trajectories in women. Higher work trajectories were associated with higher term birth weight and were robust to the inclusion of both education and income. A work trajectory that showed a sharp rise after age 24 years was associated with marked improvement in birth weight. Conclusions. Longitudinal modeling of work characteristics might improve capacity to integrate occupation into a life-course model that examines antecedents and consequences for maternal and child health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; birth weight; educational status; employment; female; human; income; longitudinal study; maternal age; middle aged; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Birth Weight; Educational Status; Employment; Female; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Maternal Age; Middle Aged; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301401_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of maternal-child home visitation on pregnancy spacing for first-time latina mothers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yun, K. Author-Name: Chesnokova, A. Author-Name: Matone, M. Author-Name: Luan, X. Author-Name: Localio, A.R. Author-Name: Rubin, D.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S152-S158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301505 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of a maternal-child home visitation program on birth spacing for first-time Latina mothers, focusing on adolescents and women who identified as Mexican or Puerto Rican. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study. One thousand Latina women enrolled in the Pennsylvania Nurse-Family Partnership between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2007, were matched to nonenrolled Latina women using propensity scores. The primary outcome was the time to second pregnancy that resulted in a live birth (interpregnancy interval). Proportional hazards models and bootstrap methods compared the time to event. Results. Home visitation was associated with a small decrease in the risk of a short interpregnancy interval (£ 18 months) among Latina women (hazards ratio [HR] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75, 0.99). This effect was driven by outcomes among younger adolescent women (HR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.96). There was also a trend toward significance for women of Mexican heritage (HR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.49, 1.07), although this effect might be attributed to individual agency performance. Conclusions. Home visitation using the Nurse-Family Partnership model had measurable effects on birth spacing in Latina women. Keywords: adolescent; article; educational status; family planning; female; Hispanic; home care; human; Kaplan Meier method; methodology; pregnancy; proportional hazards model; retrospective study; statistics; time; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Birth Intervals; Educational Status; Female; Hispanic Americans; Home Health Nursing; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Pennsylvania; Pregnancy; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301505_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influenza vaccine text message reminders for urban, low-income pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stockwell, M.S. Author-Name: Westhoff, C. Author-Name: Kharbanda, E.O. Author-Name: Vargas, C.Y. Author-Name: Camargo, S. Author-Name: Vawdrey, D.K. Author-Name: Castaño, P.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: e7-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301620 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of influenza vaccine text message reminders in a low-income obstetric population. Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial that enrolled 1187 obstetric patients from 5 community-based clinics in New York City. The intervention group received 5 weekly text messages regarding influenza vaccination starting mid-September 2011 and 2 text message appointment reminders. Both groups received standard automated telephone appointment reminders. The prespecified endpoints were receipt of either pre- or postpartum influenza vaccination calculated cumulatively at the end of each month (September- December 2011). Results. After adjusting for gestational age and number of clinic visits, women who received the intervention were 30% more likely to be vaccinated as of December 2011 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.003, 1.69 end of September: AOR = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.85; October: AOR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.75; November: AOR = 1.27; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.65). The subgroup of women early in the third trimester at randomization showed the greatest intervention effect (December 31: 61.9% intervention vs 49.0% control; AOR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.15). Conclusions. In this low-income obstetric population, text messaging was associated with increased influenza vaccination, especially in those who received messages early in their third trimester. Keywords: influenza vaccine, adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; gestational age; human; poverty; pregnancy; randomized controlled trial; reminder system; text messaging; United States; urban population; young adult, Adult; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; New York City; Poverty; Pregnancy; Reminder Systems; Text Messaging; Urban Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301620_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving birth outcomes requires closing the racial gap Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christopher, G.C. Author-Name: Simpson, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S10-S12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301817 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301817 Keywords: African American; Caucasian; child; child welfare; editorial; health care planning; health disparity; human; infant; infant mortality; maternal welfare; social determinants of health; statistics; United States, African Americans; Child; Child Welfare; European Continental Ancestry Group; Health Priorities; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Maternal Welfare; Social Determinants of Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301817_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of breastfeeding exclusivity on early childhood outcomes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jenkins, J.M. Author-Name: Foster, E.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S128-S135 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301713 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between breastfeeding exclusivity and duration and children's health and cognitive outcomes at ages 2 and 4 years. Methods. We used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative sample of 10 700 children born in the United States in 2001. Parent interviews and child assessments were conducted in measurement waves at 9 months, 2 years, 4 years, and in kindergarten, with the focus on ages 2 and 4 years. We employed propensity scores as a means of adjusting for confounding involving observed characteristics. Results. Outcome analyses using propensity scores showed some small effects of breastfeeding on key outcomes at age 4 years but not at age 2 years. Effects appeared to be concentrated in reading and cognitive outcomes. Overall, we found no consistent evidence for dosage effects of breastfeeding exclusivity. Our sensitivity analyses revealed that a small amount of unobserved confounding could be responsible for the resulting benefits. Conclusions. Our study revealed little or no effect of breastfeeding exclusivity and duration on key child outcomes. Keywords: article; breast feeding; child development; female; human; longitudinal study; methodology; motor performance; preschool child; propensity score; reading; statistics, Breast Feeding; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Motor Skills; Propensity Score; Reading Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301713_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of prenatal participation in a public health nutrition program with healthy infant weight gain Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Edmunds, L.S. Author-Name: Sekhobo, J.P. Author-Name: Dennison, B.A. Author-Name: Chiasson, M.A. Author-Name: Stratton, H.H. Author-Name: Davison, K.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S35-S42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301793 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that early enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is associated with a reduced risk of rapid infant weight gain (RIWG). Methods. We used a longitudinal cohort of mother-infant pairs (n = 157 590) enrolled in WIC in New York State from 2008 to 2009 and estimated the odds of RIWG, defined as a 12-month change in weight-for-age z score of more than .67, comparing infants of mothers enrolled during the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy with those who delayed enrollment until the postpartum period. Results. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of RIWG (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74, 0.79) were significantly lower for infants of women enrolling during the first trimester versus postpartum. Birth weight-for-gestational-age z score (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.32, 0.33) attenuated the estimate of prenatal versus postpartum enrollment (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.95; first-trimester enrollees). Conclusions. The results demonstrate that prenatal WIC participation is associated with reduced risk of RIWG between birth and age 1 year. Improved birth weight for gestational age may be the mechanism through which early prenatal WIC enrollment protects against RIWG. Keywords: adult; article; birth weight; education; female; health service; human; infant; infant welfare; male; nutritional science; obesity; pregnancy; prospective study; statistics; United States; utilization review; weight gain, Adult; Birth Weight; Child Nutrition Sciences; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Welfare; Male; Maternal Health Services; New York; Obesity; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301793_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of maternal and community factors with enrollment in home visiting among at-risk, first-time mothers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goyal, N.K. Author-Name: Hall, E.S. Author-Name: Jones, D.E. Author-Name: Meinzen-Derr, J.K. Author-Name: Short, J.A. Author-Name: Ammerman, R.T. Author-Name: Van Ginkel, J.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S144-S151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301488 Abstract: Objectives. We identified individual and contextual factors associated with referral and enrollment in home visiting among at-risk, first-time mothers. Methods. We retrospectively studied referral and enrollment in a regional home visiting program from 2007 to 2009 in Hamilton County, Ohio. Using linked vital statistics and census tract data, we obtained individual and community measures on first-time mothers meeting eligibility criteria for home visiting (low income, unmarried, or age < 18 years). Generalized linear modeling was performed to determine factors associated with relative risk (RR) of (1) referral to home visiting among eligible mothers and (2) enrollment after referral. Results. Of 8187 first-time mothers eligible for home visiting, 2775 were referred and 1543 were enrolled. Among referred women, high school completion (RR = 1.10) and any college (RR = 1.17) compared with no high school completion were associated with increased enrollment, and enrollment was less likely for those living in communities with higher socioeconomic deprivation (RR = 0.71; P < .05). Conclusions. Barriers to enrollment in home visiting persisted at multiple ecological levels. Ongoing evaluation of enrollment in at-risk populations is critical as home visiting programs are implemented and expanded. Keywords: article; demography; educational status; female; home care; human; infant; mother; retrospective study; risk factor; statistics; United States; young adult, Educational Status; Female; Home Health Nursing; Humans; Infant; Mothers; Ohio; Residence Characteristics; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301488_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorials: Layers of inequality: Power, policy, and health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: David, R.J. Author-Name: Collins, J.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S8-S10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301765 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301765 Keywords: editorial; health care disparity; health disparity; human; infant; infant mortality; policy; race; social class; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Continental Population Groups; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Public Policy; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301765_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The public health impact of training physicians to become obstetricians and gynecologists in Ghana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anderson, F.W.J. Author-Name: Obed, S.A. Author-Name: Boothman, E.L. Author-Name: Opare-Ado, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S159-S165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301581 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the public health effect of creating and sustaining obstetrics and gynecology postgraduate training in Ghana, established in 1989 to reverse low repatriation of physicians trained abroad. Methods. All 85 certified graduates of 2 Ghanaian university-based postgraduate training programs from program initiation in 1989 through June 2010 were identified and eligible for this study. Of these, 7 were unable to be contacted, inaccessible, declined participation, or deceased. Results. Of the graduates, 83 provide clinical services in Ghana and work in 33 sites in 8 of 10 regions; 15% were the first obstetrician and gynecologist at their facility, 25% hold clinical leadership positions, 50% practice in teaching hospitals, and 14% serve as academic faculty. Conclusions. Creating capacity for university-based postgraduate training in obstetrics and gynecology is effective and sustainable for a comprehensive global approach to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Policies to support training and research capacity in obstetrics and gynecology are an integral part of a long-term national plan formaternal health. Keywords: adult; article; education; female; Ghana; gynecology; human; infant; infant mortality; interview; male; manpower; maternal mortality; medical education; methodology; middle aged; obstetrics; physician; public health; questionnaire; statistics, Adult; Education, Medical, Graduate; Female; Ghana; Gynecology; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Interviews as Topic; Male; Maternal Mortality; Middle Aged; Obstetrics; Physicians; Public Health; Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301581_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementation and randomized controlled trial evaluation of universal postnatal nurse home visiting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dodge, K.A. Author-Name: Goodman, W.B. Author-Name: Murphy, R.A. Author-Name: O'Donnell, K. Author-Name: Sato, J. Author-Name: Guptill, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S136-S143 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301361 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated whether a brief, universal, postnatal nurse home-visiting intervention can be implemented with high penetration and fidelity, prevent emergency health care services, and promote positive parenting by infant age 6 months. Methods. Durham Connects is a manualized 4- to 7-session program to assess family needs and connect parents with community resources to improve infant health and well-being. All 4777 resident births in Durham, North Carolina, between July 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010, were randomly assigned to intervention and control conditions. A random, representative subset of 549 families received blinded interviews for impact evaluation. Results. Of all families, 80% initiated participation; adherence was 84%. Hospital records indicated that Durham Connects infants had 59% fewer infant emergency medical care episodes than did control infants. Durham Connects mothers reported fewer infant emergency care episodes and more community connections, more positive parenting behaviors, participation in higher quality out-of-home child care, and lower rates of anxiety than control mothers. Blinded observers reported higher quality home environments for Durham Connects than for control families. Conclusions. A brief universal home-visiting program implemented with high penetration and fidelity can lower costly emergency medical care and improve family outcomes. Keywords: adult; article; child parent relation; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; emergency health service; female; home care; human; infant; infant welfare; male; methodology; postnatal care; program development; program evaluation; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; utilization review, Adult; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Home Health Nursing; Humans; Infant; Infant Welfare; Male; Parenting; Postnatal Care; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301361_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of primary care intervention on breastfeeding duration and intensity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bonuck, K. Author-Name: Stuebe, A. Author-Name: Barnett, J. Author-Name: Labbok, M.H. Author-Name: Fletcher, J. Author-Name: Bernstein, P.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S119-S127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301360 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the effectiveness of primary care-based, and preand postnatal interventions to increase breastfeeding. Methods. We conducted 2 trials at obstetrics and gynecology practices in the Bronx, New York, from 2008 to 2011. The Provider Approaches to Improved Rates of Infant Nutrition and Growth Study (PAIRINGS) had 2 arms: usual care versus pre- and postnatal visits with a lactation consultant (LC) and electronically prompted guidance from prenatal care providers (EP). The Best Infant Nutrition for Good Outcomes (BINGO) study had 4 arms: usual care, LC alone, EP alone, or LC+EP. Results. In BINGO at 3 months, high intensity was greater for the LC+EP (odds ratio [OR] = 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 6.84) and LC (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.14, 9.09) groups versus usual care, but not for the EP group alone. In PAIRINGS at 3 months, intervention rates exceeded usual care (OR = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.21, 6.76); the number needed to treat to prevent 1 dyad from nonexclusive breastfeeding at 3 months was 10.3 (95% CI = 5.6, 50.7). Conclusions. LCs integrated into routine care alone and combined with EP guidance from prenatal care providers increased breastfeeding intensity at 3 months postpartum. Keywords: adult; article; breast feeding; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; health service; human; methodology; primary health care; randomized controlled trial; statistics; United States, Adult; Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Maternal Health Services; New York City; Primary Health Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301360_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal stressful life events prior to conception and the impact on infant birth weight in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Witt, W.P. Author-Name: Cheng, E.R. Author-Name: Wisk, L.E. Author-Name: Litzelman, K. Author-Name: Chatterjee, D. Author-Name: Mandell, K. Author-Name: Wakeel, F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S81-S89 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301544 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301544 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine if and to what extent a woman's exposure to stressful life events prior to conception (PSLEs)were associated with subsequent infant birth weight by using a nationally representative sample of US women. Methods. We examined 9350 mothers and infants participating in the first wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort in 2001. Weighted regressions estimated the effect of exposure on very low and low birth weight, adjusting for maternal sociodemographic and health factors and stress during pregnancy. Results. Twenty percent of women experienced any PSLE. In adjusted analyses, exposed women were 38% more likely to have a very low birth weight infant than nonexposed women. Furthermore, the accumulation of PSLEs was associated with reduced infant birth weight. Conclusions. This was the first nationally representative study to our knowledge to investigate the impact of PSLEs on very low and low birth weight in the United States. Interventions aimed to improve birth outcomes will need to shift the clinical practice paradigm upstream to the preconception period to reduce women's exposure to stress over the life course and improve the long-term health of children. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; birth weight; female; human; life event; low birth weight; male; pregnancy; United States; very low birth weight; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Life Change Events; Male; Pregnancy; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301544_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving toward evidence-based federal healthy start program evaluations: Accounting for bias in birth outcomes studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meghea, C.I. Author-Name: Raffo, J.E. Author-Name: VanderMeulen, P. Author-Name: Roman, L.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S25-S27 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301276 Abstract: We used administrative and screening data from 2009 to 2010 to determine if Healthy Start (HS), an enhanced prenatal services program, is reaching the most vulnerable African American women in Kent County, Michigan. Women in HS are at higher risk of key predictors of birth outcomes compared with other women. To advance toward evidence-based HS program evaluations in the absence of randomized controlled trials, future studies using comparison groups need to appropriately establish baseline equivalence on a variety of risk factors related to birth outcomes. Keywords: adult; African American; article; evidence based practice; female; health service; human; medicaid; methodology; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; program evaluation; risk factor; standard; statistical bias; statistics; United States; young adult, Adult; African Americans; Bias (Epidemiology); Evidence-Based Practice; Female; Humans; Maternal Health Services; Medicaid; Michigan; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Program Evaluation; Risk Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301276_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving maternal health in Pakistan: Toward a deeper understanding of the social determinants of poor women's access to maternal health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mumtaz, Z. Author-Name: Salway, S. Author-Name: Bhatti, A. Author-Name: Shanner, L. Author-Name: Zaman, S. Author-Name: Laing, L. Author-Name: Ellison, G.T.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S17-S24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301377 Abstract: Evidence suggests national- and community-level interventions are not reaching women living at the economic and social margins of society in Pakistan. We conducted a 10-month qualitative study (May 2010-February 2011) in a village in Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected using 94 in-depth interviews, 11 focus group discussions, 134 observational sessions, and 5 maternal death case studies. Despite awareness of birth complications and treatment options, poverty and dependence on richer, higher-caste people for cash transfers or loans prevented women from accessing required care. There is a need to end the invisibility of low-caste groups in Pakistani health care policy. Technical improvements in maternal health care services should be supported to counter social and economic marginalization so progress can be made toward Millennium Development Goal 5 in Pakistan. Keywords: article; female; health care delivery; health service; human; information processing; interview; maternal welfare; organization and management; Pakistan; poverty; pregnancy; qualitative research; social class; social determinants of health; standard; stereotyping; total quality management, Female; Focus Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Maternal Health Services; Maternal Welfare; Pakistan; Poverty; Pregnancy; Qualitative Research; Quality Improvement; Social Class; Social Determinants of Health; Stereotyping Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301377_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preterm birth in the United States: The impact of stressful life events prior to conception and maternal age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Witt, W.P. Author-Name: Cheng, E.R. Author-Name: Wisk, L.E. Author-Name: Litzelman, K. Author-Name: Chatterjee, D. Author-Name: Mandell, K. Author-Name: Wakeel, F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S73-S80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301688 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether and to what extent a woman's exposure to stressful life events prior to conception (PSLEs) was associated with preterm birth and whether maternal age modified this relationship. Methods. We examined 9350 mothers and infants participating in the first wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, a nationally representative sample of US women and children born in 2001, to investigate the impact of PSLEs on preterm birth in the United States. We estimated the effect of exposure on pretermbirthwithweighted logistic regression, adjusting formaternal sociodemographic and health factors and stress during pregnancy. Results. Of the women examined, 10.9% had a preterm birth. In adjusted analyses, women aged 15 to 19 years who experienced any PSLE had over a 4-fold increased risk for having a preterm birth. This association differed on the basis of the timing of the PSLE. Conclusions. Findings suggest that adolescence may be a sensitive period for the risk of preterm birth among adolescents exposed to PSLEs. Clinical, programmatic, and policy interventions should address upstream PSLEs, especially for adolescents, to reduce the prevalence of preterm birth and improve maternal and child health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; female; human; life event; longitudinal study; maternal age; mental stress; pregnancy; prematurity; prevalence; statistical model; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Life Change Events; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Maternal Age; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Prevalence; Stress, Psychological; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301688_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The changing character of the black-white infant mortality gap, 1983-2004 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elder, T.E. Author-Name: Goddeeris, J.H. Author-Name: Haider, S.J. Author-Name: Paneth, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S105-S111 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301349 Abstract: Objectives. We examined how changes in demographic, geographic, and childbearing risk factors were related to changes in the Black-White infant mortality rate (IMR) gap over 2 decades. Methods. Using 1983-2004 Vital Statistics, we applied inverse probability weighting methods to examine the relationship between risk factors and 3 outcomes: the overall IMR gap, its birth weight component, and its conditional (on birth weight) IMR component. Results. The unexplained IMR gap (the part not related to observed risk factors) was stable, changing from 5.0 to 5.3 deaths per 1000 live births. By contrast, the explained gap declined from 4.6 to 1.9. The decline in the explained gap was driven by the changing relationship between risk factors and IMR. Further analysis revealed that most of the unexplained gap occurred among infants weighing less than 1000 grams at birth, whereas most of the explained gap occurred among infants weighing more than 1000 grams. Conclusions. The unexplained gap was stable over the last 2 decades, but the explained gap declined markedly. If the stability of the unexplained gap continues, even complete convergence of risk factors would reduce the Black- White IMR gap by only one quarter. Keywords: article; Caucasian; health disparity; human; infant; infant mortality; Negro; risk factor; statistics; United States, African Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301349_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treating our way out of AIDS? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Author-Name: Brudney, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 200-203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301705 Keywords: antiretrovirus agent, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; editorial; health care delivery; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medication compliance; organization and management; practice guideline, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Practice Guidelines as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301705_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Avoiding violent victimization among youths in urban neighborhoods: The importance of street efficacy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibson, C.L. Author-Name: Fagan, A.A. Author-Name: Antle, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e154-e161 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301571 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated how street efficacy-the perceived ability to avoid dangerous and unsafe situations-is related to violent victimization across different levels of neighborhood disadvantage. Methods. We used 2 waves of self-report data collected between 1995 and 1999 from 1865 youths in the 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old cohorts of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to measure violent victimization, street efficacy, and risk factors for violent victimization. We also analyzed data from the 1990 US Census to measure categories of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage for which the cohorts of youths reside. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between street efficacy and violent victimization while we controlled for demographic, family and parenting, self-control, and behavioral and lifestyle variables. Results. Logistic regression results showed that street efficacy had its strongest association with violent victimization in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (odds ratio = 0.700; 95% confidence interval = 0.55, 0.89). Conclusions. Our findings support the need to teach youths ways to successfully navigate potentially violent situations in environments that pose moderate to high risks for exposure to violence. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; bullying; child; crime victim; demography; family relation; female; human; male; peer group; psychological aspect; risk factor; self concept; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; urban population; violence, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Bullying; Chicago; Child; Crime Victims; Family Relations; Female; Humans; Male; Peer Group; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Self Concept; Self Efficacy; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301571_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protective school climates and reduced risk for suicide ideation in sexual minority youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Van Wagenen, A. Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 279-286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301508 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether sexual minority students living in states and cities with more protective school climates were at lower risk of suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts. Methods. Data on sexual orientation and past-year suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts were from the pooled 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Surveys from 8 states and cities. We derived data on school climates that protected sexual minority students (e.g., percentage of schools with safe spaces and Gay-Straight Alliances) from the 2010 School Health Profile Survey, compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual students living in states and cities with more protective school climates reported fewer past-year suicidal thoughts than those living in states and cities with less protective climates (lesbians and gays: odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.47, 0.99; bisexuals: OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.66, 0.99). Results were robust to adjustment for potential state-level confounders. Sexual orientation disparities in suicidal thoughts were nearly eliminated in states and cities with the most protective school climates. Conclusions. School climates that protect sexual minority students may reduce their risk of suicidal thoughts. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; ethnology; female; human; male; risk factor; school; sex difference; sexuality; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Female; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Schools; Sex Factors; Sexuality; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301508_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of smoke-free laws on asthma discharges: A multistate analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landers, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e74-e79 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301697 Abstract: Objectives. This is the first, to my knowledge, multistate, county-level analysis of Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project state inpatient data to examine the relationship between smoke-free laws and asthma discharges. Methods. I used treatment and control groups to examine the effects of state and county or city smoke-free laws separately and together (2002-2009). I compared quarterly county-level discharge rates before and after the implementation of 12 state smoke-free laws, accounting for counties with preexisting county or city smoke-free laws and using the data from 5 states without state smoke-free laws as a control group. I used difference-in-differences models, controlling for year and state fixed effects, state cigarette taxes, seasonality, and numerous county-level factors. Results. I observed statistically significant reductions in asthma discharges after the implementation of county smoke-free laws but no statistically significant effect of state laws besides the effect of county laws or of state laws alone. There was also no statistically significant effect of any smoke-free law on appendicitis discharges. Conclusions. It may be unwise to pursue state smoke-free laws where they have yet to pass; rather, efforts might be better focused at the local level, where there is evidence of a significant impact. Keywords: adult; article; asthma; child; human; legal aspect; passive smoking; prevalence; smoking; smoking ban; socioeconomics; tax; United States, Adult; Asthma; Child; Humans; Prevalence; Smoke-Free Policy; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Taxes; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301697_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of public health advocacy in achieving an outright ban on commercial tanning beds in Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sinclair, C.A. Author-Name: Makin, J.K. Author-Name: Tang, A. Author-Name: Brozek, I. Author-Name: Rock, V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e7-e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301703 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301703 Abstract: Although many countries still face opposition to the legislation of artificial tanning beds, all Australian states and territories have announced a total ban on commercial tanning beds. A combination of epidemiological and policy-centered research, powerful personal stories, and the active advocacy of prominent academics, cancer organizations, and grassroots community campaigners contributed to the decisions to first legislate standards and then ban all commercial tanning beds. We have illustrated that incremental change can be an effective pathway to securing substantial public health reforms. Keywords: article; Australia; consumer advocacy; cosmetic industry; human; legal aspect; public health; sunbathing; ultraviolet radiation, Australia; Beauty Culture; Consumer Advocacy; Humans; Public Health; Sunbathing; Ultraviolet Rays Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301703_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Syndemic of Psychosocial Health Disparities and Associations With Rifor Attempting Suicide Among Young Sexual Minority Men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Author-Name: Andrews, R. Author-Name: Herrick, A. Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Schnarrs, P.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 287-294 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301744 Abstract: Objectives. We examined a syndemic of psychosocial health issues among young men who have sex with men (MSM), with men and women (MSMW), and with women (MSW). We examined hypothesized drivers of syndemic production and effects on suicide attempts. Methods. Using a pooled data set of 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 11 jurisdictions, we used structural equation modeling to model a latent syndemic factor of depression symptoms, substance use, risky sex, and intimate partner violence. Multigroup models examined relations between victimization and bullying experiences, syndemic health issues, and serious suicide attempts. Results. We found experiences of victimization to increase syndemic burden among all male youths, especially MSMW and MSM compared with MSW (variance explained = 44%, 38%, and 10%, respectively). The syndemic factor was shown to increase the odds of reporting a serious suicide attempt, particularly for MSM (odds ratio [OR] = 5.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 24.39; P > .001) and MSMW (OR = 5.08; 95% CI = 2.14, 12.28; P > .001) compared with MSW (OR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.50, 4.83; P > .001). Conclusions. Interventions addressing multiple psychosocial health outcomes should be developed and tested to better meet the needs of young MSM and MSMW. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; article; crime victim; depression; ethnology; health disparity; human; male; male homosexuality; partner violence; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistics; suicide attempt; United States; violence, Adolescent; Crime Victims; Depression; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicide, Attempted; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301744_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity, health at every size, and public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bombak, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e60-e67 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301486 Abstract: Obesity is associated with chronic diseases that may negatively affect individuals' health and the sustainability of the health care system. Despite increasingemphasis on obesity as a major health care issue, little progress has been made in its treatment or prevention. Individual approaches to obesity treatment, largely composed of weight-loss dieting, have not proven effective. Little direct evidence supports the notion of reforms to the "obesogenic environment." Both these individualistic and environmental approaches to obesity have important limitations and ethical implications. The low levels of success associated with these approaches may necessitate a new non-weight-centric public health strategy. Evidence is accumulating that a weight-neutral, nutrition- and physical activity-based, Health at Every Size (HAES) approach may be a promising chronic disease-prevention strategy. Keywords: adipose tissue; advertizing; article; body weight; chronic disease; diet; environment; exercise; health care policy; health promotion; human; lifestyle; obesity; public health; risk factor; weight reduction, Adipose Tissue; Advertising as Topic; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Diet; Environment; Exercise; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Life Style; Obesity; Public Health; Risk Factors; Weight Loss Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301486_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of public health agency independence: Marcellus shale gas drilling in Pennsylvania Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldstein, B.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e13-e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301755 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301755 Abstract: Public health often deals with inconvenient truths. These are best communicated and acted on when public health agencies are independent of the organizations or individuals for whom the truths are inconvenient. The importance of public health independence is exemplified by the lack of involvement of the Pennsylvania Department of Health in responding to health concerns about shale gas drilling. Pennsylvania Department of Health involvement has been forestalled by the state governor, who has intensely supported shale gas development. Keywords: natural gas, article; government; human; mining; policy; public health service; United States, Extraction and Processing Industry; Gas, Natural; Government Agencies; Humans; Pennsylvania; Policy; Public Health Administration; State Government Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301755_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and foregone health care in the United States in the 2007-2009 recession Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burgard, S.A. Author-Name: Hawkins, J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e134-e140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301512 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301512 Abstract: Objectives. This study assessed possible associations between recessions and changes in the magnitude of social disparities in foregone health care, building on previous studies that have linked recessions to lowered health care use. Methods. Data from the 2006 to 2010 waves of the National Health Interview Study were used to examine levels of foregone medical, dental andmental health care and prescribed medications. Differences by race/ethnicity and education were compared before the Great Recession of 2007 to 2009, during the early recession, and later in the recession and in its immediate wake. Results. Foregone care rose for working-aged adults overall in the 2 recessionary periods compared with the pre-recession. For multiple types of pre-recession care, foregoing care was more common for African Americans and Hispanics and less common for Asian Americans than for Whites. Less-educated individuals were more likely to forego all types of care pre-recession. Most disparities in foregone care were stable during the recession, though the African American- White gap in foregone medical care increased, as did the Hispanic-White gap and education gap in foregone dental care. Conclusions. Our findings support the fundamental cause hypothesis, as even during a recession inwhichmore advantaged groups may have had unusually high risk of losing financial assets and employer-provided health insurance, theymaintained their relative advantage in access to health care. Attention to themacroeconomic context of social disparities in health care use is warranted. Keywords: prescription drug, adult; article; dental procedure; economic recession; educational status; ethnic group; female; health care disparity; health service; health survey; human; male; mental health service; middle aged; race; social determinants of health; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adult; Continental Population Groups; Dental Care; Economic Recession; Educational Status; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Services; Health Surveys; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Prescription Drugs; Social Determinants of Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301512_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender hate crimes and suicidality among a population-based sample of sexual-minority adolescents in Boston Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Duncan, D.T. Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 272-278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301424 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether past-year suicidality among sexualminority adolescents was more common in neighborhoods with a higher prevalence of hate crimes targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Methods. Participants' data came from a racially/ethnically diverse population-based sample of 9th- through 12th-grade public school students in Boston, Massachusetts (n = 1292). Of these, 108 (8.36%) reported a minority sexual orientation. We obtained data on LGBT hate crimes involving assaults or assaults with battery between 2005 and 2008 from the Boston Police Department and linked the data to the adolescent's residential address. Results. Sexual-minority youths residing in neighborhoods with higher rates of LGBT assault hate crimes were significantly more likely to report suicidal ideation (P = .013) and suicide attempts (P = .006), than were those residing in neighborhoods with lower LGBT assault hate crime rates. We observed no relationships between overall neighborhood-level violent and property crimes and suicidality among sexual-minority adolescents (P > .05), providing evidence for specificity of the results to LGBT assault hate crimes. Conclusions. Neighborhood context (i.e., LGBT hate crimes) may contribute to sexual-orientation disparities in adolescent suicidality, highlighting potential targets for community-level suicide-prevention programs. Keywords: adolescent; article; crime; ethnology; female; human; male; sexuality; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; transsexuality; United States; violence, Adolescent; Boston; Crime; Female; Humans; Male; Sexuality; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted; Transgendered Persons; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301424_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Military sexual trauma among US servicewomen during deployment: A qualitative study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burns, B. Author-Name: Grindlay, K. Author-Name: Holt, K. Author-Name: Manski, R. Author-Name: Grossman, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 345-349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301576 Abstract: Objectives. We explored qualitatively US servicewomen's experiences with and perceptions of military sexual trauma (MST), reporting, and related services. Methods. From May 2011 to January 2012, we conducted 22 telephone interviews with US servicewomen deployed overseas between 2002 and 2011. We analyzed data thematically with modified grounded theory methods. Results. Factors identified as contributing to MST included deployment dynamics, military culture, and lack of consequences for perpetrators. Participants attributed low MST reporting to negative reactions and blame from peers and supervisors, concerns about confidentiality, and stigma. Unit cohesion was cited as both a facilitator and a barrier to reporting. Availability and awareness of MST services during deployment varied. Barriers to care seeking were similar to reporting barriers and included confidentiality concerns and stigma. We identified several avenues to address MST, including strengthening consequences for perpetrators. Conclusions. We identified barriers to MST reporting and services. Better understanding of these issues will allow policymakers to improve MST prevention and services. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; confidentiality; cultural anthropology; female; health care delivery; human; mental health service; psychological aspect; qualitative research; risk factor; sexual crime; social stigma; socioeconomics; soldier; statistics; United States; utilization review; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Confidentiality; Culture; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Mental Health Services; Military Personnel; Qualitative Research; Risk Factors; Sex Offenses; Social Stigma; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301576_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gibb et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gibb, H. Author-Name: Fulcher, K. Author-Name: Nagarajan, S. Author-Name: McComish, S. Author-Name: Fallahian, N.A. Author-Name: Hoffman, H.J. Author-Name: Haver, C. Author-Name: Tolmachev, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301760 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301760 Keywords: uranium, female; human; lung tumor; male; mesothelioma; mortality; note; occupational disease; radiation induced neoplasm; register, Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mesothelioma; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Occupational Diseases; Registries; Uranium Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301760_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The land of 10 000 tobacco products: How minnesota led the way in regulating tobacco products Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freiberg, M. Author-Name: Boyle, R.G. Author-Name: Moilanen, M. Author-Name: St. Claire, A.W. Author-Name: Weisman, S.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e10-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301747 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301747 Abstract: As state and local governments increase restrictions on cigarette smoking, tobacco manufacturers have shifted tomarketing alternative tobacco products. Tobacco control laws need to be updated to reflect this shifting marketplace. With the 2010 enactment of the Tobacco Modernization and Compliance Act, Minnesota addressed regulatory gaps and created a model law for other states. We have detailed the updated definitions of tobacco and tobacco products and identified ways that future laws could be strengthened. Keywords: advertizing; article; commercial phenomena; government; government regulation; human; legal aspect; smokeless tobacco; tax; tobacco; United States, Advertising as Topic; Commerce; Government Regulation; Humans; Minnesota; State Government; Taxes; Tobacco Products; Tobacco, Smokeless Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301747_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation and suicide ideation, plans, attempts, and medically serious attempts: Evidence from local youth risk behavior surveys, 2001-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stone, D.M. Author-Name: Luo, F. Author-Name: Ouyang, L. Author-Name: Lippy, C. Author-Name: Hertz, M.F. Author-Name: Crosby, A.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 262-271 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301383 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations between 2 measures of sexual orientation and 4 suicide risk outcomes (SROs) from pooled local Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Methods. We aggregated data from 5 local Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 2001 to 2009. We defined sexual minority youths (SMYs) by sexual identity (lesbian, gay, bisexual) and sex of sexual contacts (same- or both-sex contacts). Survey logistic regression analyses controlled for a wide range of suicide risk factors and sample design effects. Results. Compared with non-SMYs, all SMYs had increased odds of suicide ideation; bisexual youths, gay males, and both-sex contact females had greater odds of suicide planning; all SMYs, except same-sex contactmales, had increased odds of suicide attempts; and lesbians, bisexuals, and both-sex contact youths had increased odds of medically serious attempts. Unsure males had increased odds of suicide ideation compared with heterosexual males. Not having sexual contact was protective of most SROs among females and of medically serious attempts among males. Conclusions. Regardless of sexual orientation measure used, most SMY subgroups had increased odds of all SROs. However, many factors are associated with SROs. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; ethnology; female; health behavior; human; male; risk factor; sex difference; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; United States; violence, Adolescent; Age Factors; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301383_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: George, S. Author-Name: Duran, N. Author-Name: Norris, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e16-e31 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301706 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301706 Abstract: To assess the experienced or perceived barriers and facilitators to health research participation for major US racial/ethnic minority populations, we conducted a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies from a search on PubMed and Web of Science from January 2000 to December 2011. With 44 articles included in the review, we found distinct and shared barriers and facilitators. Despite different expressions of mistrust, all groups represented in these studies were willing to participate for altruistic reasons embedded in cultural and community priorities. Greater comparative understanding of barriers and facilitators to racial/ethnic minorities' research participation can improve populationspecific recruitment and retention strategies and could better inform future large-scale prospective quantitative and in-depth ethnographic studies. Keywords: age; altruism; cooperation; cultural competence; cultural factor; ethnic group; health care delivery; human; methodology; organization and management; participatory research; patient selection; psychological aspect; race; racism; research subject; review; sex difference; social stigma; social support; socioeconomics; trust, Age Factors; Altruism; Community-Based Participatory Research; Continental Population Groups; Cooperative Behavior; Cultural Characteristics; Cultural Competency; Ethnic Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Patient Selection; Racism; Research Design; Research Subjects; Sex Factors; Social Stigma; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Trust Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301706_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying sexual orientation health disparities in adolescents: Analysis of pooled data from the youth risk behavior survey, 2005 and 2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Author-Name: Van Wagenen, A. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Eyster, S. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 211-217 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301748 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301748 Abstract: We studied sexual orientation disparities in health outcomes among US adolescents by poolingmultiple Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data sets from 2005 and 2007 for 14 jurisdictions. Here we describe the methodology for pooling and analyzing these data sets. Sexual orientation-related items assessed sexual orientation identity, gender of sexual contacts, sexual attractions, andharassmentregarding sexual orientation. Wording of items varied across jurisdictions, so we created parallel variables and composite sexual minority variables. Weused a variety of statistical approaches to address issues with the analysis of pooled data and to meet the aims of individual articles, which focused on a range of health outcomes and behaviors related to cancer, substance use, sexual health, mental health, violence, and injury. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; bullying; coding; health disparity; health survey; high risk behavior; human; methodology; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistical model; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Bullying; Clinical Coding; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Models, Statistical; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301748_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Exploring scenarios to dramatically reduce smoking prevalence: a simulation model of the three-part cessation process (American Journal of Public Health (2010) 100:7 (1253-1259) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levy, D.T. Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Author-Name: Graham, A.L. Author-Name: Orleans, C.T. Author-Name: Abrams, D.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166785e_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of hormonal contraceptive use and health beliefs on sexual orientation disparities in papanicolaou test use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Charlton, B.M. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Missmer, S.A. Author-Name: Frazier, A.L. Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Kahn, J.A. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 319-325 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301114 Abstract: Objectives. Reproductive health screenings are a necessary part of quality health care. However, sexual minorities underutilize Papanicolaou (Pap) tests more than heterosexuals do, and the reasons are not known. Our objective was to examine if less hormonal contraceptive use or less positive health beliefs about Pap tests explain sexual orientation disparities in Pap test intention and utilization. Methods. We used multivariable regression with prospective data gathered from 3821 females aged 18 to 25 years in the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS). Results. Among lesbians, less hormonal contraceptive use explained 8.6% of the disparities in Pap test intention and 36.1% of the disparities in Pap test utilization. Less positive health beliefs associated with Pap testing explained 19.1% of the disparities in Pap test intention. Together, less hormonal contraceptive use and less positive health beliefs explained 29.3% of the disparities in Pap test intention and 42.2% of the disparities in Pap test utilization. Conclusions. Hormonal contraceptive use and health beliefs, to a lesser extent, help to explain sexual orientation disparities in intention and receipt of a Pap test, especially among lesbians. Keywords: oral contraceptive agent, adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; early diagnosis; female; human; Papanicolaou test; psychological aspect; sexuality; statistics; uterine cervix tumor; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Sexuality; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301114_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National and state-specific health insurance disparities for adults in same-sex relationships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gonzales, G. Author-Name: Blewett, L.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e95-e104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301577 Abstract: Objectives. We examined national and state-specific disparities in health insurance coverage, specifically employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) coverage, for adults in same-sex relationships. Methods. We used data from the American Community Survey to identify adults (aged 25-64 years) in same-sex relationships (n = 31 947), married opposite-sex relationships (n = 3 060 711), and unmarried opposite-sex relationships (n = 259 147). We estimated multinomial logistic regression models and state-specific relative differences in ESI coverage with predictive margins. Results. Men and women in same-sex relationships were less likely to have ESI than were their married counterparts in opposite-sex relationships. We found ESI disparities among adults in same-sex relationships in every region, but we found the largest ESI gaps for men in the South and for women in the Midwest. ESI disparities were narrower in states that had extended legal same-sex marriage, civil unions, and broad domestic partnerships. Conclusions. Men and women in same-sex relationships experience disparities in health insurance coverage across the country, but residing in a state that recognizes legal same-sex marriage, civil unions, or broad domestic partnerships may improve access to ESI for same-sex spouses and domestic partners. Keywords: adult; age; article; demography; female; government; health insurance; homosexuality; human; insurance; legal aspect; male; marriage; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Federal Government; Female; Health Benefit Plans, Employee; Homosexuality; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Marriage; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301577_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental illness and violence: Lessons from the evidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glied, S. Author-Name: Frank, R.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301710 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301710 Abstract: The debate about addressing mental illness and violence often ignores key facts. Many people experience mental illnesses, so having had a diagnosed illness is not a very specific predictor of violent behavior. This means that many proposed policy approaches, from expanded screening to more institutionalization, are unlikely to be effective. Expanded access to effective treatments, although desirable, will have only modest impacts on violence rates. Most people with mental health problems do not commit violent acts, and most violent acts are not committed by people with diagnosed mental disorders. Keywords: article; conduct disorder; human; mental disease; patient attitude; risk factor; social stigma; statistics; violence, Conduct Disorder; Humans; Mental Disorders; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Risk Factors; Social Stigma; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301710_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic and political influence on tobacco tax rates: A nationwide analysis of 31 years of state data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Golden, S.D. Author-Name: Ribisl, K.M. Author-Name: Perreira, K.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 350-357 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301537 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301537 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated state-level characteristics associated with cigarette excise taxes before and after the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). Methods. We gathered annual cigarette excise tax rates for all US states and the District of Columbia, between 1981 and 2011, and matched each state-year tax rate with economic, political, attitudinal, and demographic characteristics, creating a data set of 1581 observations. We used panel data regression techniques to assess relationships between key characteristics and state cigarette excise tax levels. Results. Cigarette excise tax rates grew at more than 6 times the rate of inflation between 1981 and 2011; growth varied by time period and region. We found strong negative associations between Republican Party control of state legislatures and governors' offices and state cigarette tax rates. Tobacco production, citizens' attitudes toward taxes and tobacco control, and cigarette tax rates in neighboring states were significantly associated with cigarette tax rates. We found no association between unemployment and tax rates. Conclusions. Future excise tax growth rate may depend more on the political leanings of state legislators, and the attitudes of the people they represent, than on economic circumstances. Keywords: article; attitude; demography; economics; government; human; politics; socioeconomics; statistics; tax; tobacco; United States, Attitude; Humans; Politics; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; State Government; Taxes; Tobacco Products; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301537_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying armed respondents to domestic violence restraining orders and recovering their firearms: Process evaluation of an initiative in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wintemute, G.J. Author-Name: Frattaroli, S. Author-Name: Claire, B.E. Author-Name: Vittes, K.A. Author-Name: Webster, D.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e113-e118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301484 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated a law enforcement initiative to screen respondents to domestic violence restraining orders for firearm ownership or possession and recover their firearms. Methods. The initiative was implemented in San Mateo and Butte counties in California from 2007 through 2010. We used descriptive methods to evaluate the screening process and recovery effort in each county, relying on records for individual cases. Results. Screening relied on an archive of firearm transactions, court records, and petitioner interviews; no single source was adequate. Screening linked 525 respondents (17.7%) in San Mateo County to firearms; 405 firearms were recovered from 119 (22.7%) of them. In Butte County, 88 (31.1%) respondents were linked to firearms; 260 firearms were recovered from 45 (51.1%) of them. Nonrecovery occurred most often when orders were never served or respondents denied having firearms. There were no reports of serious violence or injury. Conclusions. Recovering firearms from persons subject to domestic violence restraining orders is possible. We have identified design and implementation changes that may improve the screening process and the yield from recovery efforts. Larger implementation trials are needed. Keywords: article; domestic violence; firearm; human; law enforcement; legal aspect; methodology; policy; statistics; United States, California; Domestic Violence; Firearms; Humans; Law Enforcement; Public Policy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301484_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking initiation associated with specific periods in the life course from birth to young adulthood: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of youth 1997 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, X. Author-Name: Jacques-Tiura, A.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e119-e126 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301530 Abstract: Objectives. Guided by the life-course perspective, we examined whether there were subgroups with different likelihood curves of smoking onset associated with specific developmental periods. Methods. Using 12 waves of panel data from 4088 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we detected subgroups with distinctive risk patterns by employing developmental trajectory modeling analysis. Results. From birth to age 29 years, 72% of female and 74% of US males initiated smoking. We detected 4 exclusive groups with distinctive risk patterns for both genders: the Pre-Teen Risk Group initiated smoking by age 12 years, the Teenage Risk Group initiated smoking by age 18 years, the Young Adult Risk Group initiated smoking by age 25 years, and the Low Risk Group experienced little or no risk over time. Groups differed on several etiological and outcome variables. Conclusions. The process of smoking initiation from birth to young adulthood is nonhomogeneous, with distinct subgroups whose risk of smoking onset is linked to specific stages in the life course. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; child; depression; family relation; female; health survey; human; longitudinal study; male; peer group; risk factor; sex difference; smoking; socioeconomics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Depression; Family Relations; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Peer Group; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301530_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in safety belt use by sexual orientation identity among US high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Van Wagenen, A. Author-Name: Gordon, A. Author-Name: Calzo, J.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 311-318 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301745 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between adolescents' safety belt use and sexual orientation identity. Methods. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 26 468 weighted; mean age = 15.9 years; 35.4% White, 24.7% Black, 23.5% Latino, 16.4% other). We compared lesbian and gay (1.2%), bisexual (3.5%), and unsure (2.6%) youths with heterosexuals (92.7%) on a binary indicator of passenger safety belt use. We stratified weighted multivariable logistic regression models by sex and adjusted for survey wave and sampling design. Results. Overall, 12.6% of high school students reported "rarely" or "never" wearing safety belts. Sexual minority youths had increased odds of reporting nonuse relative to heterosexuals (48% higher for male bisexuals, 85% for lesbians, 46% for female bisexuals, and 51% for female unsure youths; P > .05), after adjustment for demographic (age, race/ethnicity), individual (body mass index, depression, bullying, binge drinking, riding with a drunk driver, academic achievement), and contextual (living in jurisdictions with secondary or primary safety belt laws, percentage below poverty, percentage same-sex households) risk factors. Conclusions. Public health interventions should address sexual orientation identity disparities in safety belt use. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; binge drinking; depression; ethnology; female; health behavior; high risk behavior; human; male; prevalence; seatbelt; sex difference; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adolescent; Age Factors; Binge Drinking; Depression; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Seat Belts; Sex Factors; Sexuality; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301745_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A personal reflection on the history of population-based research with sexual minority youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garofalo, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 198-200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301534 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301534 Keywords: adolescent; editorial; health disparity; high risk behavior; human; medicine; minority group; organization and management; research; sexuality; statistics; suicide; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Medicine; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Minority Groups; Research; Risk-Taking; Sexuality; Suicide; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301534_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations between macrolevel economic factors and weight distributions in low- and middle-income countries: A multilevel analysis of 200 000 adults in 40 countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nandi, A. Author-Name: Sweet, E. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Heymann, J. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e162-e171 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301392 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between macrolevel economic factors hypothesized to drive changes in distributions of weight and body mass index (BMI) in a representative sample of 200 796 men and women from 40 low- and middle-income countries. Methods. We used meta-regressions to describe ecological associations between macrolevel factors and mean BMIs across countries. Multilevel regression was used to assess the relation between macrolevel economic characteristics and individual odds of underweight and overweight relative to normal weight. Results. In multilevel analyses adjusting for individual-level characteristics, a 1-standard-deviation increase in trade liberalization was associated with 13% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76, 0.99), 17% (95% CI = 0.71, 0.96), 13% (95% CI = 0.76, 1.00), and 14% (95% CI = 0.75, 0.99) lower odds of underweight relative to normal weight among rural men, rural women, urban men, and urban women, respectively. Economic development was consistently associated with higher odds of overweight relative to normal weight. Among rural men, a 1-standarddeviation increase in foreign direct investment was associated with 17% (95% CI = 1.02, 1.35) higher odds of overweight relative to normal weight. Conclusions. Macrolevel economic factors may be implicated in global shifts in epidemiological patterns of weight. Keywords: article; body mass; body weight; cultural factor; demography; developing country; economic development; female; health status; human; male; socioeconomics; statistics, Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Economic Development; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301392_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Anti-gay prejudice and all-cause mortality among heterosexuals in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Bellatorre, A. Author-Name: Muennig, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 332-337 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301678 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether individuals who harbor antigay prejudice experience elevated mortality risk. Methods. Data on heterosexual sexual orientation (n = 20 226, aged 18-89 years), antigay attitudes, and mortality risk factors came from the General Social Survey, which was linked to mortality data from the National Death Index (1988- 2008). We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine whether antigay prejudice was associated with mortality risk among heterosexuals. Results. Heterosexuals who reported higher levels of antigay prejudice had higher mortality risk than those who reported lower levels (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.42), with control for multiple risk factors for mortality, including demographics, socioeconomic status, and fair or poor self-rated health. This result translates into a life expectancy difference of approximately 2.5 years (95% CI = 1.0, 4.0 years) between individuals with high versus lowlevels of antigay prejudice. Furthermore, in sensitivity analyses, antigay prejudice was specifically associated with increased risk of cardiovascular-related causes of death in fully adjusted models (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.60). Conclusions. The findings contribute to a growing body of research suggesting that reducing prejudice may improve the health of both minority and majority populations. Keywords: adult; article; female; heterosexuality; homophobia; human; life expectancy; male; middle aged; mortality; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adult; Female; Heterosexuality; Homophobia; Humans; Life Expectancy; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301678_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Breaking the blue wall of silence: Risk factors for experiencing police sexual misconduct among female offenders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cottler, L.B. Author-Name: O'Leary, C.C. Author-Name: Nickel, K.B. Author-Name: Reingle, J.M. Author-Name: Isom, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 338-344 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301513 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301513 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of and risk factors for trading sex with a police officer among women recruited from drug courts in St Louis, Missouri. Methods. In 2005 to 2008, we recruited women into an HIV intervention study, which surveyed participants about multiple sociodemographic, lifestyle, and risk factors. Regression analyses assessed risk factors for trading sex, a form of police sexual misconduct (PSM). Results. Of the 318 participants, 78 (25%) reported a lifetime history of PSM. Among women who experienced PSM, 96% had sex with an officer on duty, 77% had repeated exchanges, 31% reported rape by an officer, and 54% were offered favors by officers in exchange for sex; 87% said officers kept their promise. Only 51% of these respondents always used a condom with an officer. Multivariable models identified 4 or more arrests (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29, 5.97), adult antisocial personality (AOR = 9.0; 95% CI = 2.08, 38.79), and lifetime comorbid cocaine and opiate use (AOR = 2.9 [1.62, 5.20]) as risk factors; employment (AOR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.77) lowered the risk of PSM. Conclusions. Community-based interventions are critical to reduce risk of abuse of vulnerable women by police officers charged with protecting communities. Keywords: addiction; adult; article; condom; female; human; lifestyle; mental health; middle aged; police; prevalence; prisoner; rape; risk factor; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; statistics; utilization review; vulnerable population, Adult; Condoms; Female; Humans; Life Style; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Police; Prevalence; Prisoners; Rape; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301513_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using organizational network analysis to plan cancer screening programs for vulnerable populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lobb, R. Author-Name: Carothers, B.J. Author-Name: Lofters, A.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 358-364 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301532 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301532 Abstract: South Asian immigrants in the region from the Objectives. We examined relationships among organizations in a cancer screening network to informthe development of interventions to improve cancer screening for South Asians living in the Peel region of Ontario. Methods. From April to July 2012, we surveyed decision-makers, program managers, and program staff in 22 organizations in the South Asian cancer screening network in the Peel region.We used a network analytic approach to evaluate density (range = 0%-100%, number of ties among organizations in the network expressed as a percentage of all possible ties), centralization (range = 0-1, the extent of variability in centrality), and node characteristics for the communication, collaboration, and referral networks. Results. Density was similar across communication (15%), collaboration (17%), and referral (19%) networks. Centralization was greater in the collaboration network (0.30) than the communication network (0.24), and degree centralization was greater in the inbound (0.42) than the outbound (0.37) referral network. Diverse organizations were central to the networks. Conclusions. Certain organizations were unexpectedly important to the South Asian cancer screening network. Program planning was informed by identifying opportunities to strengthen linkages between key organizations and to leverage existing ties. Keywords: article; Asia; Canada; cooperation; early diagnosis; ethnology; health promotion; human; interpersonal communication; organization and management; public relations; vulnerable population, Asia; Communication; Cooperative Behavior; Early Detection of Cancer; Health Promotion; Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; Ontario; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301532_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental care coverage and use: Modeling limitations and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Manski, R.J. Author-Name: Moeller, J.F. Author-Name: Chen, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e80-e87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301693 Abstract: Objectives. We examined why older US adults without dental care coverage and use would have lower use rates if offered coverage than do those who currently have coverage. Methods. We used data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study to estimate a multinomial logistic model to analyze the influence of personal characteristics in the grouping of older US adults into those with and those without dental care coverage and dental care use. Results. Compared with personswith no coverage and no dental care use, users of dental care with coverage were more likely to be younger, female, wealthier, college graduates, married, in excellent or very good health, and not missing all their permanent teeth. Conclusions. Providing dental care coverage to uninsured older US adults without use will not necessarily result in use rates similar to those with prior coverage and use. We have offered a model using modifiable factors that may help policy planners facilitate programs to increase dental care coverage uptake and use. Keywords: age; aged; article; attitude to health; demography; dental procedure; economics; female; health insurance; health status; health survey; human; insurance; male; middle aged; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; theoretical model; utilization review; very elderly, Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Dental Care; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Dental; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301693_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The triumph of politics over public health: States opting out of medicaid expansion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 203-205 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301717 Keywords: editorial; human; legal aspect; medicaid; politics; public health; statistics; United States, Humans; Medicaid; Politics; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301717_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation disparitiesin papanicolaou test use among US women: The role of sexual and reproductive health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Agénor, M. Author-Name: Krieger, N. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: Haneuse, S. Author-Name: Gottlieb, B.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e68-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301548 Abstract: We investigated sexual orientation disparities in Papanicolaou screening among US women aged 21 to 44 years (n = 9581) in the 2006 to 2010 National Survey of Family Growth. The odds ratios for lesbian versus heterosexual women and women with no versus only male sexual partners were 0.40 and 0.32, respectively, and were attenuated after adjustment for sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care indicators. Administering Papanicolaou tests through mechanisms other than SRH services would promote cervical cancer screening among all women. Keywords: adult; age; article; demography; female; health service; human; lesbianism; Papanicolaou test; patient attitude; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Reproductive Health Services; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301548_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When health policy and empirical evidence collide: The case of cigarette package warning labels and economic consumer surplus Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Song, A.V. Author-Name: Brown, P. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e42-e51 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301737 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301737 Abstract: In its graphic warning label regulations on cigarette packages, the Food and Drug Administration severely discounts the benefits of reduced smoking because of the lost "pleasure" smokers experience when they stop smoking; this is quantified as lost "consumer surplus." Consumer surplus is grounded in rational choice theory. However, empirical evidence from psychological cognitive science and behavioral economics demonstrates that the assumptions of rational choice are inconsistent with complex multidimensional decisions, particularly smoking. Rational choice does not account for the roles of emotions, misperceptions, optimistic bias, regret, and cognitive inefficiency that are germane to smoking, particularly because most smokers begin smoking in their youth. Continued application of a consumer surplus discount will undermine sensible policies to reduce tobacco use and other policies to promote public health. Keywords: article; decision making; emotion; empirical research; food and drug administration; health care policy; human; legal aspect; packaging; psychological aspect; risk factor; smoking; tobacco; tobacco dependence; United States, Choice Behavior; Emotions; Empirical Research; Health Policy; Humans; Product Packaging; Risk Factors; Smoking; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301737_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Behavioral adaptation and late-life disability: A new spectrum for assessing public health impacts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freedman, V.A. Author-Name: Kasper, J.D. Author-Name: Spillman, B.C. Author-Name: Agree, E.M. Author-Name: Mor, V. Author-Name: Wallace, R.B. Author-Name: Wolf, D.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e88-e94 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301687 Abstract: Objectives. To inform public health efforts to promote independent functioning among older adults, we have provided new national estimates of late-life disability that explicitly recognize behavioral adaptations. Methods. We analyzed the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study, a study of Medicare enrollees aged 65 years and older (n = 8077). For 7 mobility and self-care activities we identified 5 hierarchical stages-fully able, successful accommodation with devices, activity reduction, difficulty despite accommodations, and receipt of help-and explored disparities and associations with quality of life measures. Results. Among older adults, 31% were fully able to complete self-care and mobility activities. The remaining groups successfully accommodated with devices (25%), reduced their activities (6%), reported difficulty despite accommodations (18%), or received help (21%). With successive stages, physical and cognitive capacity decreased and symptoms and multimorbidity increased. Successful accommodation was associated with maintaining participation in valued activities and high well-being, but substantial disparities by race, ethnicity, and income existed. Conclusions. Increased public health attention to behavioral adaptations to functional change can promote independence for older adults and may enhance quality of life. Keywords: adaptive behavior; age; aged; aging; article; cognitive defect; daily life activity; disabled person; environment; female; human; male; medicare; psychological aspect; public health; self care; self help; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; utilization review; very elderly; walking difficulty, Activities of Daily Living; Adaptation, Psychological; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Cognition Disorders; Disabled Persons; Environment; Female; Humans; Male; Medicare; Mobility Limitation; Public Health; Self Care; Self-Help Devices; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301687_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unraveling R0: Considerations for public health applications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ridenhour, B. Author-Name: Kowalik, J.M. Author-Name: Shay, D.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e32-e41 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301704 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301704 Abstract: We assessed public health use of R0, the basic reproduction number, which estimates the speed at which a disease is capable of spreading in a population. These estimates are of great public health interest, as evidenced during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic. We reviewed methods commonly used to estimate R0, examined their practical utility, and assessed how estimates of this epidemiological parameter can inform mitigation strategy decisions. In isolation, R0 is a suboptimal gauge of infectious disease dynamics across populations; other disease parameters may provide more useful information. Nonetheless, estimation of R0 for a particular population is useful for understanding transmission in the study population. Considered in the context of other epidemiologically important parameters, the value of R 0 may lie in better understanding an outbreak and in preparing a public health response. Keywords: article; basic reproduction number; disease transmission; epidemic; epidemiology; human; influenza; Influenza virus A H1N1; pandemic; public health; statistical model; statistics; time, Basic Reproduction Number; Disease Outbreaks; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Models, Statistical; Pandemics; Public Health; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301704_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Raising sexual minority youths' health levels by incorporating resiliencies into health promotion efforts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herrick, A.L. Author-Name: Egan, J.E. Author-Name: Coulter, R.W.S. Author-Name: Friedman, M.R. Author-Name: Stall, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 206-210 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301546 Abstract: Myriad health inequities that sexual minority youths (SMYs) experience have been documented over the past several decades. Evidence demonstrates that these are not a result of intrinsiccharacteristics; rather, they result from high levels of adversity that SMYs experience. Despite thepervasive marginalization that SMYs face, there is also evidence of great resiliencewithinthis population. It seems likely that if a culture of marginalization produces health inequitiesinSMYs, acultureof acceptance and integration can work to produce resiliencies. We have described how promoting forms of acceptance and integration could work to promote resilient SMYs despite an overarching culture of marginalization. Building on SMYs' resiliencies may potentiate the effectiveness of health promotion interventions to reduce health disparities within this population. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; cultural anthropology; health disparity; health promotion; human; minority group; psychological aspect; research; self concept; sexuality, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Culture; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Minority Groups; Research; Self Concept; Sexuality Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301546_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between sexual orientation identity and behavior across race/ethnicity, sex, and age in a probability sample of high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Greene, G.J. Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Bostwick, W. Author-Name: Everett, B.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 237-244 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301451 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the prevalence and associations between behavioral and identity dimensions of sexual orientation among adolescents in the United States, with consideration of differences associated with race/ethnicity, sex, and age. Methods. We used pooled data from 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys to estimate prevalence of sexual orientation variables within demographic sub-groups. We used multilevel logistic regression models to test differences in the association between sexual orientation identity and sexual behavior across groups. Results. There was substantial incongruence between behavioral and identity dimensions of sexual orientation, which varied across sex and race/ ethnicity. Whereas girls were more likely to identify as bisexual, boys showed a stronger association between same-sex behavior and a bisexual identity. The pattern of association of age with sexual orientation differed between boys and girls. Conclusions. Our results highlight demographic differences between 2 sexual orientation dimensions, and their congruence, among 13- to 18-year-old adolescents. Future research is needed to better understand the implications of such differences, particularly in the realm of health and health disparities. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; age; article; ethnology; female; gender identity; human; male; prevalence; sex difference; sexual abstinence; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Sexual Abstinence; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301451_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring alcohol-use behaviors among heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents: Intersections with sex, age, and race/ethnicity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Talley, A.E. Author-Name: Hughes, T.L. Author-Name: Aranda, F. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Marshal, M.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 295-303 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301627 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301627 Abstract: Objectives. We examined sexual orientation status differences in alcohol use among youths aged 13 to 18 years or older, and whether differences were moderated by sex, age, or race/ethnicity. Methods. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys and conducted weighted analyses, adjusting for complex design effects. We operationalized sexual orientation status with items assessing sexual orientation identity, sexual behavior, sexual attraction, or combinations of these. Results. Compared with exclusively heterosexual youths, sexual-minority youths were more likely to report each of the primary study outcomes (i.e., lifetime and past-month alcohol use, past-month heavy episodic drinking, earlier onset of drinking, and more frequent past-month drinking). Alcohol-use disparities were larger and more robust for (1) bisexual youths than lesbian or gay youths, (2) girls than boys, and (3) younger than older youths. Few differences in outcomes were moderated by race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Bisexual youths, sexual-minority girls, and younger sexual-minority youths showed the largest alcohol-use disparities. Research is needed that focuses on identifying explanatory or mediating mechanisms, psychiatric or mental health comorbidities, and long-term consequences of early onset alcohol use, particularly frequent or heavy use, among sexual-minority youths. Keywords: adolescent; age; alcoholism; article; ethnology; female; human; male; mental health; psychological aspect; sex difference; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301627_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High-risk sexual activity in the house and ball community: Influence of social networks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schrager, S.M. Author-Name: Latkin, C.A. Author-Name: Weiss, G. Author-Name: Kubicek, K. Author-Name: Kipke, M.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 326-331 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301543 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301543 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the roles of House membership and the influence of social and sexual network members on the sexual risk behavior of men in the Los Angeles House and Ball community. Methods. From February 2009 to January 2010, male participants (n = 233) completed interviewer-assisted surveys during a House meeting or Ball event. We used logistic regression to model the effects of sexual network size, influence of sexual network members, House membership status, and their interactions on high-risk sex. Results. Significant predictors of high-risk sex included number of sexual partners in the nominated social network, multiethnicity, and previous diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection. House membership was protective against high-risk sex. Additionally, a 3-way interaction emerged between number of sexual partners in the network, influence, and network members' House membership. Conclusions. Future research should assess network members' attitudes and behavior in detail to provide a greater understanding of the dynamics of social influence and to identify additional avenues for intervention. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; article; demography; ethnic group; ethnology; high risk behavior; human; male; middle aged; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; social support; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Support; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301543_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incorrect analyses of radiation and mesothelioma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhou, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301718 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301718 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301718_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking and mental illness: A study of nicotine withdrawal Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, P.H. Author-Name: Homish, G.G. Author-Name: Giovino, G.A. Author-Name: Kozlowski, L.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e127-e133 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301502 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301502 Abstract: Objectives. We compared prevalence, severity, and specific symptom profiles for nicotine withdrawal across categories of mental illness. We also examined the influence of nicotine withdrawal on efforts to quit smoking among those with mental illness. Methods. We analyzed data from 2 sources: wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, limiting the sample to current smokers (2001-2002; n = 9913); and a 2-wave cohort telephone survey of a national sample of adult smokers (2004-2006; n = 751). Results. Mental illness was associated with a substantially greater likelihood of nicotine withdrawal syndrome; approximately 44% of nicotine withdrawal syndrome diagnoses were attributable to mental illness. Symptom profiles were highly comparable between mental illness categories, although anxiety-related symptoms were better markers of withdrawal for those with an internalizing disorder. Smokers with mental illness were motivated to quit but were less likely to be successful in their quit attempts, and both dependence and withdrawal independently accounted for this lower likelihood of success. Conclusions. Nicotine withdrawal may be a particularly important target for intervention among those with mental illness who smoke cigarettes. Keywords: nicotine, adult; article; female; human; male; mental disease; patient acuity; prevalence; smoking; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; statistics; withdrawal syndrome, Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Nicotine; Patient Acuity; Prevalence; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301502_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A campaign won as a public issue will stay won: Using cartoons and comics to fight National Health Care reform, 1940s and beyond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knoblauch, H.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 227-236 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301585 Abstract: On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law. As it went through Congress, the legislation faced forceful resistance. Individuals and organizations opposing the ACA circulated propaganda that varied from photographs of fresh graves or coffins with the caption "Result of ObamaCare" to portrayals of President Obama as the Joker from the Batman movies, captioned with the single word "socialism." The arguments embedded in these images have striking parallels to cartoons circulated by physicians to their patients in earlier fights against national health care. Examining cartoons used in the formative health care reform debates of the 1940s provides a means for tracing the lineage of emotional arguments employed against health care reform. Keywords: art; article; health care policy; history; human; national health service; politics; public opinion; United States, Cartoons as Topic; Health Care Reform; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; Public Opinion; State Medicine; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301585_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secondhand smoke exposure among young adult sexual minority bar and nightclub patrons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fallin, A. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Author-Name: Jordan, J.W. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e148-e153 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301657 Abstract: Objectives. We compared exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and attitudes toward smoke-free bar and nightclub policies among patrons of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) and non-LGBT bars and nightclubs. Methods. We conducted randomized time-location sampling surveys of young adults (aged 21-30 years) in 7 LGBT (n = 1113 patrons) and 12 non-LGBT (n = 1068 patrons) venues in Las Vegas, Nevada, in 2011, as part of a crosssectional study of a social branding intervention to promote a tobacco-free lifestyle and environment in bars and nightclubs. Results. Compared with non-LGBT bars and nightclubs, patrons of LGBT venues had 38% higher adjusted odds of having been exposed to SHS in a bar or nightclub in the past 7 days but were no less likely to support smoke-free policies and intended to go out at least as frequently if a smoke-free bar and nightclub law was passed. Conclusions. The policy environment in LGBT bars and nightclubs appears favorable for the enactment of smoke-free policies, which would protect patrons from SHS and promote a smoke-free social norm. Keywords: adult; article; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; passive smoking; sexuality; smoking ban; socioeconomics; statistics; transsexuality; United States, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Nevada; Sexuality; Smoke-Free Policy; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301657_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influenza and seasonal patterns of hospital use by older adults in long-term care and community settings in Ontario, Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruneir, A. Author-Name: Kwong, J.C. Author-Name: Campitelli, M.A. Author-Name: Newman, A. Author-Name: Anderson, G.M. Author-Name: Rochon, P.A. Author-Name: Mor, V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e141-e147 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301519 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301519 Abstract: Objectives. We compared seasonal influenza hospital use among older adults in long-term care (LTC) and community settings. Methods. We used provincial administrative data from Ontario to identify all emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions for pneumonia and influenza among adults older than 65 years between 2002 and 2008. We used sentinel laboratory reports to define influenza and summer seasons and estimated mean annual event rates and influenza-associated rates. Results. Mean annual pneumonia and influenza ED visit rates were higher in LTC than the community (rate ratio [RR] for influenza season = 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.8, 4.0; for summer = 4.9; 95% CI = 4.8, 5.1) but this was attenuated in influenza-associated rates (RR = 2.4; 95% CI = 2.1, 2.8). The proportion of pneumonia and influenza ED visits attributable to seasonal influenza was 17% (15%-20%) in LTC and 28% (27%-29%) in the community. Results for hospital admissions were comparable. Conclusions. We found high rates of hospital use from LTC but evidence of lower impact of circulating influenza in the community. This differential impact of circulating influenza between the 2 environments may result from different influenza control policies. Keywords: aged; article; Canada; demography; emergency health service; female; home for the aged; hospital; hospital admission; human; influenza; male; nursing home; pneumonia; retrospective study; season; statistics; utilization review; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homes for the Aged; Hospitals; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Nursing Homes; Ontario; Patient Admission; Pneumonia; Residence Characteristics; Retrospective Studies; Seasons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301519_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Envisioning an America without sexual orientation inequities in adolescent health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Greene, G.J. Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Newcomb, M.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 218-225 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301625 Abstract: This article explicates a vision for social change throughout multiple levels of society necessary to eliminate sexual orientation health disparities in youths. We utilized the framework of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development, amultisystemicmodel of development that considers direct and indirect influences of multiple levels of the environment. Within this multisystem model we discuss societal and political influences, educational systems, neighborhoods and communities, romantic relationships, families, and individuals. We stress that continued change toward equity in the treatment of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths across these levels will break down the barriers for these youths to achieve healthy development on par with their heterosexual peers. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent development; article; attitude; demography; education; family size; female; health disparity; human; male; politics; sexuality; social change; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Attitude; Education; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Politics; Residence Characteristics; Sexuality; Social Change; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301625_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding the rural-urban differences in nonmedical prescription opioid use and abuse in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Cerdá, M. Author-Name: Brady, J.E. Author-Name: Havens, J.R. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e52-e59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301709 Abstract: Nonmedical prescription opioid misuse remains a growing public problem in need of action and is concentrated in areas of US states with large rural populations such as Kentucky, West Virginia, Alaska, and Oklahoma. We developed hypotheses regarding the influence of 4 factors: (1) greater opioid prescription in rural areas, creating availability from which illegal markets can arise; (2) an out-migration of young adults; (3) greater rural social and kinship network connections, which may facilitate drug diversion and distribution; and (4) economic stressors that may create vulnerability to drug use more generally. A systematic consideration of the contexts that create differences in availability, access, and preferences is critical to understanding how drug use context varies across geography. Keywords: prescription drug, article; economics; family relation; human; opiate addiction; perception; prescription drug diversion; prevalence; psychological aspect; risk factor; rural population; social environment; social support; statistics; United States; urban population, Economics; Family Relations; Humans; Opioid-Related Disorders; Perception; Prescription Drug Diversion; Prescription Drugs; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Social Environment; Social Support; United States; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301709_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research funded by the National Institutes of Health on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coulter, R.W.S. Author-Name: Kenst, K.S. Author-Name: Bowen, D.J. Author-Name: Scout Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e105-e112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301501 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301501 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the proportion of studies funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that focused on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations, along with investigated health topics. Methods. We used the NIH RePORTER system to search for LGBT-related terms in NIH-funded research from 1989 through 2011. We coded abstracts for LGBT inclusion, subpopulations studied, health foci, and whether studies involved interventions. Results. NIH funded 628 studies concerning LGBT health. Excluding projects about HIV/AIDS and other sexual health matters, only 0.1% (n = 113) of all NIH-funded studies concerned LGBT health. Among the LGBT-related projects, 86.1% studied sexual minority men, 13.5% studied sexual minority women, and 6.8% studied transgender populations. Overall, 79.1% of LGBT-related projects focused on HIV/AIDS and substantially fewer on illicit drug use (30.9%), mental health (23.2%), other sexual health matters (16.4%), and alcohol use (12.9%). Only 202 studies examined LGBT health-related interventions. Over time, the number of LGBT-related projects per year increased. Conclusions. The lack of NIH-funded research about LGBT health contributes to the perpetuation of health inequities. Here we recommend ways for NIH to stimulate LGBT-related research. Keywords: addiction; article; female; financial management; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; national health organization; reproductive health; research; sex difference; sexuality; statistics; transsexuality; United States, Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Reproductive Health; Research; Research Support as Topic; Sex Factors; Sexuality; Substance-Related Disorders; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301501_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indicators of victimization and sexual orientation among adolescents: Analyses from youth risk behavior surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, S.T. Author-Name: Everett, B.G. Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 255-261 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301493 Abstract: Objectives. We used nuanced measures of sexual minority status to examine disparities in victimization and their variations by gender, age, and race/ ethnicity. Methods. We conducted multivariate analyses of pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Results. Although all sexual minorities reported more fighting, skipping school because they felt unsafe, and having property stolen or damaged at school than did heterosexuals, rates were highest among youths who identified as bisexual or who reported both male and female sexual partners. Gender differences among sexual minorities appeared to be concentrated among bisexuals and respondents who reported sexual partners of both genders. Sexual minority youths reported more fighting than heterosexual youths, especially at younger ages, and more nonphysical school victimization that persisted through adolescence. White and Hispanic sexual minority youths reported more indicators of victimization than did heterosexuals; we found few sexual minority differences among African American and Asian American youths. Conclusions. Victimization carries health consequences, and sexual minorities are at increased risk. Surveys should include measures that allow tracking of disparities in victimization by sexual minority status. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; age; article; crime victim; ethnology; female; human; male; sex difference; sexuality; statistics; United States; violence, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Sexuality; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301493_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation disparities in cancer-related risk behaviors of tobacco, alcohol, sexual behaviors, and diet and physical activity: Pooled youth risk behavior surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Everett, B.G. Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: Buchting, F.O. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 245-254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301506 Abstract: Objectives. We examined sexual orientation disparities in cancer-related risk behaviors among adolescents. Methods. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. We classified youths with any same-sex orientation as sexual minority and the remainder as heterosexual. We compared the groups on risk behaviors and stratified by gender, age (> 15 years and > 14 years), and race/ethnicity. Results. Sexual minorities (7.6% of the sample) reported more risk behaviors than heterosexuals for all 12 behaviors (mean = 5.3 vs 3.8; P > .001) and for each risk behavior: odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4) to 4.0 (95% CI = 3.6, 4.7), except for a diet low in fruit and vegetables (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.5, 0.8). We found sexual orientation disparities in analyses by gender, followed by age, and then race/ethnicity; they persisted in analyses by gender, age, and race/ethnicity, although findings were nuanced. Conclusions. Data on cancer risk, morbidity, and mortality by sexual orientation are needed to track the potential but unknown burden of cancer among sexual minorities. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; age; article; binge drinking; diet; ethnology; exercise; female; health behavior; high risk behavior; human; male; neoplasm; sex; sexual behavior; sexuality; smoking; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Binge Drinking; Diet; Exercise; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Risk-Taking; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301506_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A longitudinal analysis of the effect of nonmedical exemption law and vaccine uptake on vaccine-targeted disease rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, Y.T. Author-Name: Debold, V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 371-377 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301538 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301538 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed how nonmedical exemption (NME) laws and annual uptake of vaccines required for school or daycare entry affect annual incidence rates for 5 vaccine-targeted diseases: pertussis, measles, mumps, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and hepatitis B. Methods. We employed longitudinal mixed-effects models to examine 2001- 2008 vaccine-targeted disease data obtained from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Key explanatory variables were state-level vaccine-specific uptake rates from the National Immunization Survey and a state NME law restrictiveness level. Results. NME law restrictiveness and vaccine uptake were not associated with disease incidence rate for hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, or mumps. Pertussis incidence rate, however, was negatively associated with NME law restrictiveness (b = -0.20; P = .03) and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine uptake (b = -0.01; P = .05). Conclusions. State NME laws and vaccine uptake rates did not appear to influence lower-incidence diseases but may influence reported disease rates for higher-incidence diseases. If all states increased their NME law restrictiveness by 1 level and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus uptake by 1%, national annual pertussis cases could decrease by 1.14% (171 cases) and 0.04% (5 cases), respectively. Keywords: Haemophilus vaccine; virus vaccine, article; government; government regulation; Haemophilus infection; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hepatitis B; human; incidence; measles; mumps; pertussis; virus infection, Government Regulation; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Haemophilus Vaccines; Hepatitis B; Humans; Incidence; Measles; Mumps; State Government; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases; Whooping Cough Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301538_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Broadening the scope for national database sampling: A critical need Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, G.T. Author-Name: Cohen, C. Author-Name: Evans, A.A. Author-Name: Bautista, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301736 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301736 Keywords: hepatitis B vaccine, female; hepatitis B; human; immunization; male; note; practice guideline; self report, Female; Guideline Adherence; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Male; Self Report Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301736_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status of children of migrant farm workers: Farm worker family health program, Moultrie, Georgia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nichols, M. Author-Name: Stein, A.D. Author-Name: Wold, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 365-370 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301511 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301511 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the health status of migrant farmworkers' children served by the FarmWorker Family Health Program (FWFHP) inMoultrie, Georgia. Methods. We analyzed data from children aged 0 to 16 years examined through the FWFHP from 2003 to 2011 (n across years = 179-415). We compared their prevalence of overweight, obesity, elevated blood pressure, anemia, and stunting with that of children in the United States and Mexico. Results. Across study years, prevalence of overweight, obesity, elevated blood pressure, anemia, and stunting ranged from 13.5% to 21.8%, 24.0% to 37.4%, 4.1% to 20.2%, 10.1% to 23.9%, and 1% to 6.4%, respectively. Children in the FWFHP had a higher prevalence of obesity than children in all comparison groups, and FWFHP children aged 6 to 12 years had a higher prevalence of elevated blood pressure than all comparison groups. Older FWFHP children had a higher prevalence of anemia than US children and Mexican children. Children in FWFHP had a higher prevalence of stunting than US and Mexican American children. Conclusions. We observed an elevated prevalence of obesity, anemia among older age groups, and stunting in this sample of children of migrant workers. Keywords: adolescent; agriculture; anemia; article; child; ethnology; female; health status; health survey; Hispanic; human; hypertension; infant; male; Mexico; migration; newborn; nutritional disorder; obesity; preschool child; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Agriculture; Anemia; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Female; Georgia; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypertension; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Obesity; Overweight; Transients and Migrants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301511_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation, gender, and racial differences in illicit drug use in a sample of US high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Newcomb, M.E. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 304-310 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301702 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301702 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated drug use differences between sexual minority and heterosexual students, including interactions with gender and race/ethnicity. Methods. We used 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data pooled from Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Delaware; Maine; Massachusetts; New York City, New York; Rhode Island; and Vermont to evaluate drug use (marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, heroin, methamphetamine, andMDMA[Ecstasy]) using 2 aspects of sexual orientation (identity and sex of sexual partners). Results. Sexual minority students had higher prevalence of drug use than did heterosexuals on both sexual orientation dimensions, and differences were particularly pronounced among bisexual students on both dimensions. Differences between sexual minority and heterosexual male students in prevalence were generally larger than were differences between sexual minority and heterosexual female students. Racial minority students generally reported lower prevalence of drug use. However, the protective effect of African American race was less pronounced for some sexual minorities. Conclusions. Sexual minority youths are at increased risk for drug use. Intervention is needed at the institutional and individual levels to address these disparities. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; ethnology; female; high risk behavior; human; male; prevalence; sex difference; sexuality; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sex Factors; Sexuality; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301702_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Project HOPE: Online social network changes in an HIV prevention randomized controlled trial for African American and Latino men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, S.D. Author-Name: Holloway, I. Author-Name: Jaganath, D. Author-Name: Rice, E. Author-Name: Westmoreland, D. Author-Name: Coates, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1707-1712 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301992 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether and how an HIV prevention diffusion-based intervention spread throughout participants' online social networks and whether changes in social network ties were associated with increased HIV prevention and testing behaviors. Methods. We randomly assigned 112 primarily racial/ethnic minority men who have sex with men (MSM) to receive peer-delivered HIV (intervention) or general health (control) information over 12 weeks through closed Facebook groups. We recorded participants' public Facebook friend networks at baseline (September 2010) and follow-up (February 2011), and assessed whether changes in network growth were associated with changes in health engagement and HIV testing. Results. Within-group ties increased in both conditions from baseline to follow-up. Among the intervention group, we found a significant positive relation between increased network ties and using social media to discuss sexual behaviors. We found a positive trending relationship between increased network ties and likelihood of HIV testing, follow-up for test results, and participation in online community discussions. No significant differences were seen within control groups. Conclusions. Among high-risk MSM, peer-led social media HIV prevention interventions can increase community cohesion. These changes appear to be associated with increased HIV prevention and testing behaviors. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; African American; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; health promotion; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; male homosexuality; methodology; randomized controlled trial; social media; social support; statistics, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; African Americans; Health Promotion; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Social Media; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301992_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Are latino immigrants a burden to safety net services in nontraditional immigrant states? Lessons from Oregon Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: López-Cevallos, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 781-786 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301862 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301862 Abstract: The significant growth of the Latino population in the midst of an economic recession has invigorated anti- Latino, anti-immigrant sentiments in many US states. One common misconception is that Latino immigrants are a burden to safety net services. This may be particularly true in nontraditional immigrant states that have not historically served Latino immigrants. Oregon data suggest that despite a higher prevalence of poverty, use of safety net services among Latino immigrants in Oregon is lower than that among non-Latino Whites. Immigration status, costs, lack of insurance coverage, anddiscriminationare among the reasons for this group's limited use of services. Nevertheless, policies designed to strengthen community and institutional support for Latino immigrant families should be considered in the context of current health care and immigration reform efforts. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; female; health care policy; health service; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; migrant; preschool child; safety net hospital; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; utilization review; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Policy; Health Services; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oregon; Safety-net Providers; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301862_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Organizational capacity for service integration in community-based addiction health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guerrero, E.G. Author-Name: Aarons, G.A. Author-Name: Palinkas, L.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e40-e47 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301842 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301842 Abstract: Objectives. We examined factors associated with readiness to coordinate mental health, public health, and HIV testing among community-based addiction health services programs. Methods. We analyzed client and program data collected in 2011 from publicly funded addiction health services treatment programs in Los Angeles County, California. We analyzed a sample of 14 379 clients nested in 104 programs by using logistic regressions examining odds of service coordination with mental health and public health providers. We conducted a separate analysis to examine the percentage of clients receiving HIV testing in each program. Results. Motivational readiness and organizational climate for change were associated with higher odds of coordination with mental health and public health services. Programs with professional accreditation had higher odds of coordinating with mental health services, whereas programs receiving public funding and methadone and residential programs (compared with outpatient) had a higher percentage of clients receiving coordinated HIV testing. Conclusions. These findings provide an evidentiary base for the role of motivational readiness, organizational climate, and external regulation and funding in improving the capacity of addiction health services programs to develop integrated care. Keywords: addiction; article; drug dependence treatment; human; integrated health care system; mental health service; methodology; organization and management; public health service; serodiagnosis; United States, AIDS Serodiagnosis; Community Mental Health Services; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Humans; Los Angeles; Public Health Administration; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301842_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving beyond misuse and diversion: The urgent need to consider the role of iatrogenic addiction in the current opioid epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beauchamp, G.A. Author-Name: Winstanley, E.L. Author-Name: Ryan, S.A. Author-Name: Lyons, M.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2023-2029 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302147 Abstract: An epidemic of drug overdose deaths has led to calls for programs and policies to limit misuse and diversion of opioid medications. Any parallel call to consider the risk of iatrogenic addiction when treating pain has been muted in comparison. We have moved beyond questions of nonmedical use, abuse, and diversion to highlight the role of prescription opioids in causing addiction even when prescribed and used appropriately. Unfortunately, current evidence is insufficient, and a rapid expansion of longitudinal research is urgently needed to guide clinicians in balancing the need for opioids with the risk of adverse consequences. Meanwhile, medical education should place greater emphasis on the abuse liability of prescription opioids, and providers should endeavor to attenuate risk when possible. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Acute Pain; analgesia; Epidemics; epidemiology; human; iatrogenic disease; Opioid-Related Disorders; prescription drug diversion; Prescription Drug Misuse; prevention and control; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; United States, Acute Pain; Epidemics; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain Management; Prescription Drug Diversion; Prescription Drug Misuse; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302147_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rates of insurance for injured patients before and after health care reform in Massachusetts: A possible case of double jeopardy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santry, H.P. Author-Name: Collins, C.E. Author-Name: Wiseman, J.T. Author-Name: Psoinos, C.M. Author-Name: Flahive, J.M. Author-Name: Kiefe, C.I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1066-1072 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301711 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301711 Abstract: Objectives. We determined how preinjury insurance status and injury-related outcomes among able-bodied, community-dwelling adults treated at a Level I Trauma Center in central Massachusetts changed after health care reform. Methods. We compared insurance status at time of injury among non-Medicare-eligible adult Massachusetts residents before (2004-2005) and after (2009-2010) health care reform, adjusted for demographic and injury covariates, and modeled associations between insurance status and trauma outcomes. Results. Among 2148 patients before health care reform and 2477 patients after health care reform, insurance rates increased from 77% to 84% (P < .001). Younger patients, men, minorities, and penetrating trauma victims were less likely to be insured irrespective of time period. Uninsured patients were more likely to be discharged home without services (adjusted odds ratio = 3.46; 95% confidence interval = 2.65, 4.52) compared with insured patients. Conclusions. Preinjury insurance rates increased for trauma patients after health care reform but remained lower than in the general population. Certain Americans may be in "double jeopardy" of both higher injury incidence and worse outcomes because socioeconomic factors placing them at risk for injury also present barriers to compliance with an individual insurance mandate. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; female; health care policy; health insurance; human; injury; male; medically uninsured; middle aged; penetrating trauma; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Care Reform; Humans; Insurance, Health; Male; Massachusetts; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Wounds and Injuries; Wounds, Penetrating; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301711_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Distinguishing accountability from responsibility: An accountability framework Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kraak, V.I. Author-Name: Swinburn, B. Author-Name: Lawrence, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301899 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301899 Keywords: government; human; legal aspect; note; public health; smoking; smoking cessation; tobacco industry, Federal Government; Humans; Public Health; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301899_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevention for adults with criminal justice involvement: A systematic review of HIV risk-reduction interventions in incarceration and community settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Underhill, K. Author-Name: Dumont, D. Author-Name: Operario, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e27-e53 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302152 Abstract: We summarized and appraised evidence regarding HIV prevention interventions for adults with criminal justice involvement. We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that evaluated an HIV prevention intervention, enrolled participants with histories of criminal justice involvement, and reported biological or behavioral outcomes. We used Cochrane methods to screen 32 271 citations from 16 databases and gray literature. We included 37 trials enrolling n = 12 629 participants. Interventions were 27 psychosocial, 7 opioid substitution therapy, and 3 HIV-testing programs. Eleven programs significantly reduced sexual risk taking, 4 reduced injection drug risks, and 4 increased testing. Numerous interventions may reduce HIV-related risks among adults with criminal justice involvement. Future research should consider process evaluations, programs involving partners or families, and interventions integrating biomedical, psychosocial, and structural approaches. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adult; criminal law; HIV Infections; human; organization and management; prevention and control; prison; prisoner; psychology; unsafe sex, Adult; Criminal Law; HIV Infections; Humans; Prisoners; Prisons; Unsafe Sex Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302152_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of chairside chronic disease screenings by oral health professionals on health care costs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nasseh, K. Author-Name: Greenberg, B. Author-Name: Vujicic, M. Author-Name: Glick, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 744-750 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301644 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated short-term health care cost savings that would result from oral health professionals performing chronic disease screenings. Methods. We used population data, estimates of chronic disease prevalence, and rates of medication adherence from the literature to estimate cost savings that would result from screening individuals aged 40 years and older who have seen a dentist but not a physician in the last 12 months. We estimated 1-year savings if patients identified during screening in a dental setting were referred to a physician, completed their referral, and started pharmacological treatment. Results. We estimated that medical screenings for diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in dental offices could save the health care system from $42.4 million ($13.51 per person screened) to $102.6 million ($32.72 per person screened) over 1 year, dependent on the rate of referral completion from the dental clinic to the physician's office. Conclusions. Oral health professionals can potentially play a bigger role in detecting chronic disease in the US population. Additional prevention and monitoring activities over the long term could achieve even greater savings and health benefits. Keywords: adult; article; chronic disease; cost control; dentist; diabetes mellitus; economics; female; health care cost; human; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; male; mass screening; medication compliance; methodology; middle aged; patient referral; prevalence; statistics, Adult; Chronic Disease; Cost Savings; Dentists; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Male; Mass Screening; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Referral and Consultation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301644_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco smoke incursions in multiunit housing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, K.M. Author-Name: Torok, M. Author-Name: McMillen, R. Author-Name: Tanski, S. Author-Name: Klein, J.D. Author-Name: Winickoff, J.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1445-1453 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301878 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301878 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence of secondhand tobacco smoke incursions reported by multiunit housing (MUH) residents, pinpoint factors associated with exposure, and determine whether smoke-free building policy was associated with prevalence of reported tobacco smoke incursions. Methods. Data are from a 2011 nationally representative dual-frame survey (random-digit-dial and Internet panels) of US adults aged 18 years and older. Individuals who lived in MUH and who reported no smoking in their homes for the past 3 months, whether or not they reported being smokers themselves, were included in this study. Incursions were defined as smelling tobacco smoke in their building or unit. Results. Of 562 respondents, 29.5% reported smoke incursions in their buildings. Of these, 16%reported incursions in their own unit, 36.2% of which occurred at least weekly. Government-subsidized housing and partial smoke-free policies were associated with a higher likelihood of reporting smoke incursions. Conclusions. Many residents of multiunit housing are exposed to tobacco smoke in their units and buildings. Partial smoke-free policies do not appear to protect residents and might increase the likelihood of incursions in residents' individual units. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cross-sectional study; demography; female; housing; human; male; middle aged; passive smoking; prevalence; smoking; smoking ban; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Smoke-Free Policy; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301878_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making it harder to smoke and easier to quit: The effect of 10 years of tobacco control in New York city Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kilgore, E.A. Author-Name: Mandel-Ricci, J. Author-Name: Johns, M. Author-Name: Coady, M.H. Author-Name: Perl, S.B. Author-Name: Goodman, A. Author-Name: Kansagra, S.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e5-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301940 Abstract: In 2002, New York City implemented a comprehensive tobacco control plan that discouraged smoking through excise taxes and smoke-free air laws and facilitated quitting through population-wide cessation services and hard-hitting media campaigns. Following the implementation of these activities through a well-funded and politically supported program, the adult smoking rate declined by 28% from 2002 to 2012, and the youth smoking rate declined by 52% from 2001 to 2011. These improvements indicate that local jurisdictions can have a significant positive effect on tobacco control. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; health promotion; human; legal aspect; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Health Promotion; Humans; New York City; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301940_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Associations of adolescent hopelessness and self-worth with pregnancy attempts and pregnancy desire Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fedorowicz, A.R. Author-Name: Hellerstedt, W.L. Author-Name: Schreiner, P.J. Author-Name: Bolland, J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e133-e140 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301914 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations of pregnancy desire (ambivalence or happiness about a pregnancy in the next year) and recent pregnancy attempts with hopelessness and self-worth among low-income adolescents. Methods. To evaluate independent associations among the study variables, we conducted gender-stratified multivariable logistic regression analyses with data derived from 2285 sexually experienced 9-to 18-year-old participants in the Mobile Youth Survey between 2006 and 2009. Results. Fifty-seven percent of youths reported a desire for pregnancy and 9% reported pregnancy attempts. In multivariable analyses, hopelessness was positively associated and self-worth was negatively associated with pregnancy attempts among both female and male youths. Hopelessness was weakly associated (P = .05) with pregnancy desire among female youths. Conclusions. The negative association of self-worth and the positive association of hopelessness with pregnancy attempts among young men as well as young women and the association of hopelessness with pregnancy desire among young women raise questions about why pregnancy is apparently valued by youths who rate their social and cognitive competence as low and who live in an environment with few options for material success. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; article; child; depression; female; human; male; poverty; pregnancy; psychologic test; psychological aspect; self concept; sexual behavior; statistical model; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Alabama; Child; Depression; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Poverty; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Psychological Tests; Self Concept; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301914_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relative and absolute availability of healthier food and beverage alternatives across communities in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zenk, S.N. Author-Name: Powell, L.M. Author-Name: Rimkus, L. Author-Name: Isgor, Z. Author-Name: Barker, D.C. Author-Name: Ohri-Vachaspati, P. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2170-2178 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302113 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations between the relative and absolute availability of healthier food and beverage alternatives at food stores and community racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and urban-rural characteristics. Methods. We analyzed pooled, annual cross-sectional data collected in 2010 to 2012 from 8462 food stores in 468 communities spanning 46 US states. Relative availability was the ratio of 7 healthier products (e.g., whole-wheat bread) to less healthy counterparts (e.g., white bread); we based absolute availability on the 7 healthier products. Results. The mean healthier food and beverage ratio was 0.71, indicating that stores averaged 29% fewer healthier than less healthy products. Lower relative availability of healthier alternatives was associated with low-income, Black, and Hispanic communities. Small stores had the largest differences: relative availability of healthier alternatives was 0.61 and 0.60, respectively, for very low-income Black and very low-income Hispanic communities, and 0.74 for very high-income White communities. We found fewer associations between absolute availability of healthier products and community characteristics. Conclusions. Policies to improve the relative availability of healthier alternatives may be needed to improve population health and reduce disparities. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: ancestry group; beverage; catering service; cross-sectional study; demography; epidemiology; ethnic group; food; health disparity; human; obesity; socioeconomics; standards; statistics and numerical data; Sand distribution; United States, Beverages; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnic Groups; Food; Food Supply; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Obesity; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302113_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A novel system dynamics model of female obesity and fertility Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabounchi, N.S. Author-Name: Hovmand, P.S. Author-Name: Osgood, N.D. Author-Name: Dyck, R.F. Author-Name: Jungheim, E.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1240-1246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301898 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301898 Abstract: Objectives. Our objective was to create a system dynamics model specific to weight gain and obesity in women of reproductive age that could inform future health policies and have the potential for use in preconception interventions targeting obese women. Methods. We used our system dynamics model of obesity in women to test various strategies for family building, including ovulation induction versus weight loss to improve ovulation. Outcomes included relative fecundability, postpartum body mass index, and mortality. Results. Our system dynamics model demonstrated that obese women who become pregnant exhibit increasing obesity levels over time with elevated morbidity and mortality. Alternatively, obese women who lose weight prior to pregnancy have improved reproductive outcomes but may risk an age-related decline in fertility, which can affect overall family size. Conclusions. Our model highlights important public health issues regarding obesity in women of reproductive age. The model may be useful in preconception counseling of obese women who are attempting to balance the competing risks associated with age-related declines in fertility and clinically meaningful weight loss. Keywords: fertility promoting agent, adult; article; body mass; diet; exercise; female; fertility; human; obesity; pathophysiology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; psychological aspect; risk factor; theoretical model; weight gain; weight reduction; women's health, Adult; Body Mass Index; Diet; Exercise; Female; Fertility; Fertility Agents, Female; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Obesity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Risk Factors; Weight Gain; Weight Loss; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301898_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of circle of life, an HIV-preventive intervention for American Indian middle school youths: A group randomized trial in a northern plains tribe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, C.E. Author-Name: Whitesell, N.R. Author-Name: Keane, E.M. Author-Name: Desserich, J.A. Author-Name: Giago, C. Author-Name: Sam, A. Author-Name: Mitchell, C.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e106-e112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301822 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301822 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the effectiveness of Circle of Life (COL), an HIVpreventive intervention developed specifically for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) middle school youths. Methods. By partnering with a tribal community, we conducted a longitudinal wait-listed group randomized trial with 635 seventh and eighth graders in 13 schools of a Northern Plains tribe. We surveyed participants at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months from 2006 to 2007. Results. COL was found to increase HIV knowledge in the short term, but had no effect on sexual activity compared with those who did not receive it. However, COL was found to be effective for delaying the onset of sexual activity, with the greatest reduction in risk occurring for those receiving COL at early ages. Conclusions. Community partnership was key to successful project design, implementation, and analysis. The project confirmed the importance of the timing of interventions in early adolescence. COL may be a key resource for reducing sexual risk among AI/AN youths. Keywords: adolescent; American Indian; article; attitude to health; child; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; education; female; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; methodology; participatory research; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; sexual behavior; statistics, Adolescent; Child; Community-Based Participatory Research; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301822_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on the health of younger siblings of pupils: A cluster-randomized trial in Kenya Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dreibelbis, R. Author-Name: Freeman, M.C. Author-Name: Greene, L.E. Author-Name: Saboori, S. Author-Name: Rheingans, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e91-e97 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301412 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions on diarrhea-related outcomes among younger siblings of school-going children. Methods: We conducted a cluster-randomized trial among 185 schools in Kenya from 2007 to 2009. We assigned schools to 1 of 2 study groups according to water availability. Multilevel logistic regression models, adjusted for baseline measures, assessed differences between intervention and control arms in 1-week period prevalence of diarrhea and 2-week period prevalence of clinic visits among children younger than 5 years with at least 1 sibling attending a program school. Results: Among water-scarce schools, comprehensive WASH improvements were associated with decreased odds of diarrhea (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27, 0.73) and visiting a clinic (OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.19, 0.68), relative to control schools. In our separate study group of schools with greater water availability, school hygiene promotion and water treatment interventions and school sanitation improvements were not associated with differences in diarrhea prevalence between intervention and control schools. Conclusions: In water-scarce areas, school WASH interventions that include robust water Simprovements can reduce diarrheal diseases among young children. Keywords: article; child; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diarrhea; female; hand washing; health promotion; human; hygiene; infant; Kenya; male; microbiology; newborn; preschool child; prevalence; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; sanitation; sibling; student; water management; water supply; diarrhea; Kenya, Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Female; Hand Disinfection; Health Promotion; Humans; Hygiene; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sanitation; Siblings; Students; Water Microbiology; Water Purification; Water Supply, Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Female; Hand Disinfection; Health Promotion; Humans; Hygiene; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Male; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sanitation; Siblings; Students; Water Microbiology; Water Purification; Water Supply Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301412_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geography should not be destiny: Focusing HIV/AIDS implementation research and programs on microepidemics in US neighborhoods Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nunn, A. Author-Name: Yolken, A. Author-Name: Cutler, B. Author-Name: Trooskin, S. Author-Name: Wilson, P. Author-Name: Little, S. Author-Name: Mayer, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 775-780 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301864 Abstract: African Americans and Hispanics are disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Within the most heavily affected cities, a fewneighborhoods account for a large share of new HIV infections. Addressing racial and economic disparities in HIV infection requires an implementation program and research agenda that assess the impact of HIV prevention interventions focused on increasing HIV testing, treatment, and retention in care in the most heavily affected neighborhoods in urban areas of the United States. Neighborhood-based implementation research should evaluate programs that focus on community mobilization, media campaigns, routine testing, linkage to and retention in care, and block-byblock outreach strategies. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; African American; article; consumer; demography; ethnology; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; preventive health service; public health; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; urban population, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; African Americans; Consumer Participation; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Preventive Health Services; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301864_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing added sugars in the food Sthrough a cap-and-trade approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Basu, S. Author-Name: Lewis, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2432-2438 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302170 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the effect of a simulated cap-and-trade policy to reduce added sugar in the food supply. Keywords: sugar intake, administration and dosage; beverage; catering service; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; economics; epidemiology; health care policy; human; incidence; obesity; prevalence; sugar intake; tax; theoretical model; United States, Beverages; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Sucrose; Food Supply; Health Policy; Humans; Incidence; Models, Theoretical; Obesity; Prevalence; Taxes; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302170_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health and health risks among sexual minority women: An examination of 3 subgroups Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Przedworski, J.M. Author-Name: McAlpine, D.D. Author-Name: Karaca-Mandic, P. Author-Name: VanKim, N.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1045-1047 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301733 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301733 Abstract: We used 2001-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to examine insurance status, source of routine care, cigarette and alcohol use, and selfrated health among lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women who have sex with women, compared with heterosexual women who do not have sex with women. We found higher risks of being uninsured among lesbian and bisexual women, worse self-rated health among bisexual women, higher alcohol use among bisexual and heterosexual women who have sex with women, and higher smoking across all subgroups. Keywords: adult; article; bisexuality; drinking behavior; female; health disparity; health status; heterosexuality; human; lesbianism; medically uninsured; middle aged; minority group; nutrition; risk factor; smoking; statistics; United States; women's health; young adult, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Bisexuality; Female; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Heterosexuality; Homosexuality, Female; Humans; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Nutrition Surveys; Risk Factors; Smoking; United States; Women's Health; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301733_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of an exercise intervention on physical activity during pregnancy: The behaviors affecting baby and you study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hawkins, M. Author-Name: Chasan-Taber, L. Author-Name: Marcus, B. Author-Name: Stanek, E. Author-Name: Braun, B. Author-Name: Ciccolo, J. Author-Name: Markenson, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e74-e81 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302072 Abstract: Methods: We randomized participants in the Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (BABY) Study, which took place from 2007 to 2012, to either a 12-week individually tailored, motivationally matched exercise intervention (n = 132) or to a comparison health and wellness intervention (n = 128). We assessed physical activity with the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the impact of the interventions on change in physical activity according to intensity and type, total walking, and sedentary behavior. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; exercise; female; health behavior; health education; human; motivation; organization and management; pregnancy; pregnancy diabetes mellitus; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; sedentary lifestyle; socioeconomics; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Diabetes, Gestational; Exercise; Female; Goals; Health Behavior; Health Education; Humans; Motivation; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Sedentary Lifestyle; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302072_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Methods for improving the quality and completeness of mortality data for American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Espey, D.K. Author-Name: Jim, M.A. Author-Name: Richards, T.B. Author-Name: Begay, C. Author-Name: Haverkamp, D. Author-Name: Roberts, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S286-S294 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301716 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301716 Abstract: Objectives. We describe methods used to mitigate the effect of race misclassification in mortality records and the data sets used to improve mortality estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Methods. We linked US National Death Index (NDI) records with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN deaths. Analyses excluded decedents of Hispanic origin and focused on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. We compared death rates for AI/AN persons and Whites across 6 US regions. Results. IHS registration records merged to 176 137 NDI records. Misclassification of AI/AN race in mortality data ranged from 6.3% in the Southwest to 35.6% in the Southern Plains. From 1999 to 2009, the all-cause death rate in CHSDA counties for AI/AN persons varied by geographic region and was 46% greater than that for Whites. Analyses for CHSDA counties resulted in higher death rates for AI/AN persons than in all counties combined. Conclusions. Improving race classification among AI/AN decedents strengthens AI/ANmortality data, and analyzing deaths by geographic region can aid in planning, implementation, and evaluation of efforts to reduce health disparities in this population. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; cause of death; child; death certificate; female; health survey; human; infant; information processing; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; preschool child; public health service; standard; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Death Certificates; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Population Surveillance; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301716_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting physical activity through the shared use of school recreational spaces: A policy statement from the American heart association Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, D.R. Author-Name: Spengler, J.O. Author-Name: Frost, N. Author-Name: Evenson, K.R. Author-Name: Vincent, J.M. Author-Name: Whitsel, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1583-1588 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301461 Abstract: Most Americans are not sufficiently physically active, even though regular physical activity improves health and reduces the risk of many chronic diseases. Those living in rural, non-White, and lower-income communities often have insufficient access to places to be active, which can contribute to their lower level of physical activity. The shared use of school recreational facilities can provide safe and affordable places for communities. Studies suggest that challenges to shared use include additional cost, liability protection, communication among constituencies interested in sharing space, and decision-making about scheduling and space allocation. This American Heart Association policy statement has provided recommendations for federal, state, and local decision-makers to support and expand opportunities for physical activity in communities through the shared use of school spaces. Keywords: article; environmental planning; exercise; health care policy; health promotion; human; medical society; methodology; recreation; sanitation; school; United States, American Heart Association; Environment Design; Exercise; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Facilities; Recreation; Schools; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301461_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caloric beverage intake among adult supplemental nutrition assistance program participants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Todd, J.E. Author-Name: Ploeg, M.V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e80-e85 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301970 Abstract: Objectives. We compared sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), alcohol, and other caloric beverage (juice and milk) consumption of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants with that of low-income nonparticipants. Methods. We used 1 day of dietary intake data from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 4594 adults aged 20 years and older with household income at or below 250% of the federal poverty line. We used bivariate and multivariate methods to compare the probability of consuming and the amount of calories consumed for each beverage type across 3 groups: current SNAP participants, former participants, and nonparticipants.We used instrumental variablemethods to control for unobservable differences in participant groups. Results. After controlling for observable characteristics, SNAP participants were no more likely to consume SSBs than were nonparticipants. Instrumental variable estimates showed that current participants consumed fewer calories from SSBs than did similar nonparticipants. We found no differences in alcoholic beverage consumption, which cannot be purchased with SNAP benefits. Conclusions. SNAP participants are not unique in their consumption of SSBs or alcoholic beverages. Purchase restrictions may have little effect on SSB consumption. Keywords: sweetening agent, adult; alcoholic beverage; animal; article; beverage; body mass; caloric intake; carbonated beverage; female; food assistance; human; male; middle aged; milk; nutrition; poverty; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adult; Alcoholic Beverages; Animals; Beverages; Body Mass Index; Carbonated Beverages; Energy Intake; Female; Food Assistance; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Milk; Nutrition Surveys; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Sweetening Agents; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301970_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Brockmann Et Al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brockmann, B.W. Author-Name: Rosen, D.L. Author-Name: Dumont, D.M. Author-Name: Cislo, A.M. Author-Name: Rich, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302067 Keywords: human; medicaid; note; policy; prison; statistics; utilization review, Humans; Medicaid; Organizational Policy; Prisons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302067_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Society for the Analysis of African-American Public Health Issues (SAAPHI) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hasson, R.E. Author-Name: Rowley, D.L. Author-Name: Prince, C.B. Author-Name: Jones, C.P. Author-Name: Jenkins, W.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2072-2075 Keywords: African American; history; history; history; human; medical society; organization and management; procedures; public health; public health service; United States, African Americans; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Public Health; Public Health Administration; Societies, Medical; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:11:2072-2075_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Instituting a sugar-sweetened beverage ban: Experience from a children's hospital Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eneli, I.U. Author-Name: Oza-Frank, R. Author-Name: Grover, K. Author-Name: Miller, R. Author-Name: Kelleher, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1822-1825 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302002 Abstract: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is linked to increased weight and obesity in children and remains the major source of added sugar in the typical US diet across all age groups. In an effort to improve the nutritional offerings for patients and employees within our institution, Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, implemented an SSB ban in 2011 in all food establishments within the hospital. In this report, we describe how the ban was implemented. Wefound that an institutional SSB ban altered beverage sales without revenue loss at nonvending food locations. From a process perspective, we found that successful implementation requires excellent communication and bold leadership at several levels throughout the hospital environment. Keywords: sweetening agent, article; beverage; economics; health care policy; hospital; human; standard; United States, Beverages; Health Policy; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Ohio; Sweetening Agents Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302002_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical activity and inactivity and risk of hip fractures in men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feskanich, D. Author-Name: Flint, A.J. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e75-e81 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301667 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301667 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed associations between activity and hip fracture in men. Methods. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study reported time spent walking, sitting, and in 10 other discretionary activities every 2 years in 35 996 men aged 50 years and older from 1986 to 2010. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of hip fracture by amount of activity and sitting in Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, medication use, disease diagnoses, and diet. Results. Over 24 years, participants reported 490 low-trauma hip fractures. Energy expenditure from all activities was weakly associated with lower risk of fracture. More walking time, with little other exercise, lowered risk by 43% (HR = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39, 0.83 for ≤ 4 vs > 1 hours/week), and risk decreased linearly with more frequent walking (P > .001). Brisk (vs leisurely) pace lowered risk by 47%. Sitting lowered risk (HR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.89 for ≤ 50 vs > 20 hours/week), primarily among those who also walked for exercise. We observed no benefit of strenuous activity. Conclusions. Walking is a relatively safe and easy activity for hip fracture prevention. Keywords: aged; article; diet; exercise; hip fracture; human; male; middle aged; motor activity; proportional hazards model; questionnaire; risk factor; sedentary lifestyle; statistics; walking, Aged; Diet; Exercise; Hip Fractures; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Proportional Hazards Models; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Sedentary Lifestyle; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301667_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity-mortality association with age: Wrong conclusion based on calculation error Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, Z. Author-Name: Liu, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302016 Keywords: female; human; male; mortality; note; obesity, Female; Humans; Male; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302016_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perspectives on the role of patient-centered medical homes in HIV care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pappas, G. Author-Name: Yujiang, J. Author-Name: Seiler, N. Author-Name: Malcarney, M.-B. Author-Name: Horton, K. Author-Name: Shaikh, I. Author-Name: Freehill, G. Author-Name: Alexander, C. Author-Name: Akhter, M.N. Author-Name: Hidalgo, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e49-e53 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302022 Abstract: To strengthen the quality of HIV care and achieve improved clinical outcomes, payers, providers, and policymakers should encourage the use of patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs), building on the Ryan White CARE Act Program established in the 1990s. The rationale for a PCMH with HIV-specific expertise is rooted in clinical complexity, HIV's social context, and ongoing gaps in HIV care. Existing Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clinicians are prime candidates to serve HIV PCMHs, and HIV-experienced communitybased organizations can play an important role. Increasingly, state Medicaid programs are adopting a PCMH care model to improve access and quality to care. Stakeholders should consider several important areas for future action and research with regard to development of the HIV PCMH. Keywords: antiretrovirus agent, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; disease management; drug combination; economics; government; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medication compliance; organization and management; patient care; public health service; social support; United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (U.S.); Continuity of Patient Care; Disease Management; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Patient-Centered Care; Quality of Health Care; Social Support; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302022_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race/ethnicity, residential segregation, and exposure to ambient air pollution: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, M.R. Author-Name: Diez-Roux, A.V. Author-Name: Hajat, A. Author-Name: Kershaw, K.N. Author-Name: O'Neill, M.S. Author-Name: Guallar, E. Author-Name: Post, W.S. Author-Name: Kaufman, J.D. Author-Name: Navas-Acien, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2130-2137 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302135 Abstract: Objectives. We described the associations of ambient air pollution exposure with race/ethnicity and racial residential segregation. Methods. We studied 5921 White, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese adults across 6 US cities between 2000 and 2002. Household-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) were estimated for 2000. Neighborhood racial composition and residential segregation were estimated using US census tract data for 2000. Results. Participants in neighborhoods with more than 60% Hispanic populations were exposed to 8% higher PM2.5and 31% higher NOXconcentrations compared with those in neighborhoods with less than 25% Hispanic populations. Participants in neighborhoods with more than 60% White populations were exposed to 5% lower PM2.5and 18% lower NOXconcentrations compared with those in neighborhoods with less than 25% of the population identifying as White. Neighborhoods with Whites underrepresented or with Hispanics overrepresented were exposed to higher PM2.5and NOXconcentrations. No differences were observed for other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions. Living in majority White neighborhoods was associated with lower air pollution exposures, and living in majority Hispanic neighborhoods was associated with higher air pollution exposures. This new information highlighted the importance of measuring neighborhood-level segregation in the environmental justice literature. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All righrs reserved. Keywords: nitrogen oxide; particulate matter, African American; air pollution; ancestry group; Asian American; Caucasian; demography; environmental exposure; epidemiology; ethnic group; female; health disparity; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; particulate matter; statistics and numerical data; United States; urban population, African Americans; Air Pollution; Asian Americans; Continental Population Groups; Environmental Exposure; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Oxides; Particulate Matter; Residence Characteristics; United States; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302135_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Neil, A. Author-Name: Quirk, S.E. Author-Name: Housden, S. Author-Name: Brennan, S.L. Author-Name: Williams, L.J. Author-Name: Pasco, J.A. Author-Name: Berk, M. Author-Name: Jacka, F.N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e31-e42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302110 Abstract: We systematically reviewed 12 epidemiological studies to determine whether an association exists between diet quality and patterns and mental health in children and adolescents; 9 explored the relationship using diet as the exposure, and 3 used mental health as the exposure. Keywords: adolescent; child; diet; human; mental health; review; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics, Adolescent; Child; Diet; Humans; Mental Health; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302110_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: One- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodman, A. Author-Name: Sahlqvist, S. Author-Name: Ogilvie, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e38-e46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302059 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effects of providing new high-quality, traffic-free routes for walking and cycling on overall levels of walking, cycling, and physical activity. Methods. 1796 adult residents in 3 UK municipalities completed postal questionnaires at baseline (2010) and 1-year follow-up (2011), after the construction of the new infrastructure. 1465 adults completed questionnaires at baseline and 2-year follow-up (2012). Transport network distance from home to infrastructure defined intervention exposure and provided a basis for controlled comparisons. Results. Living nearer the infrastructure did not predict changes in activity levels at 1-year follow-up but did predict increases in activity at 2 years relative to those living farther away (15.3 additional minutes/week walking and cycling per km nearer; 12.5 additional minutes/week of total physical activity). The effects were larger among participants with no car. Conclusions. These new local routes may mainly have displaced walking or cycling trips in the short term but generated new trips in the longer term, particularly among those unable to access more distant destinations by car. These findings support the potential for walking and cycling infrastructure to promote physical activity. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; bicycle; car; demography; environmental planning; exercise; female; health behavior; human; male; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics; traffic and transport; United Kingdom; very elderly; walking; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Automobiles; Bicycling; Environment Design; Exercise; Female; Great Britain; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Transportation; Walking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302059_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strategic messaging to promote taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages: Lessons from recent political campaigns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jou, J. Author-Name: Niederdeppe, J. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 847-853 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301679 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301679 Abstract: Objectives. This study explored the use of strategic messaging by proponents of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation to influence public opinion and shape the policy process, emphasizing the experiences in El Monte and Richmond, California, with SSB tax proposals in 2012. Methods. We conducted 18 semistructured interviews with key stakeholders about the use and perceived effectiveness of messages supporting and opposing SSB taxation, knowledge sharing among advocates, message dissemination, and lessons learned from their messaging experiences. Results. The protax messages most frequently mentioned by respondents were reinvesting tax revenue into health-related programs and linking SSB consumption to health outcomes such as obesity and diabetes. The most frequently mentioned antitax messages addressed negative economic effects on businesses and government restriction of personal choice. Factors contributing to perceived messaging success included clearly defining "sugar-sweetened beverage" and earmarking funds for obesity prevention, incorporating cultural sensitivity into messaging, and providing education about the health effects of SSB consumption. Conclusions. Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation has faced significant challenges in gaining political and public support. Future campaigns can benefit from insights gained through the experiences of stakeholders involved in previous policy debates. Keywords: article; beverage; cultural competence; human; interview; legal aspect; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; obesity; policy; politics; public opinion; sugar intake; tax; United States, Beverages; California; Cultural Competency; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Sucrose; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Obesity; Policy; Politics; Public Opinion; Taxes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301679_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evolution and convergence of state laws governing controlled substance prescription monitoring programs, 1998-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, C.S. Author-Name: Pierce, M. Author-Name: Dasgupta, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1389-1395 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301923 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to collect and characterize all laws governing the operation of prescription monitoring programs (PMPs), state-level databases that collect patient-specific prescription information, which have been suggested as a tool for reducing prescription drug overdose fatalities. Methods. We utilized a structured legal research protocol to systematically identify, review, and code all PMP statutes and regulations effective from 1998 through 2011. These laws were then abstracted along eleven domains, including reporting provisions, data sharing, and data access. Results. PMP characteristics vary greatly among states and across time. We observed an increase in the types and frequency of data required to be reported, the types of individuals permitted to access PMP data, and the percentage of PMPs authorized to proactively identify outlier prescribers and patients. As of 2011, 10 states required PMPs to report suspicious activity to law enforcement, while only 3 required reporting to the patient's physician. None required linkage to drug treatment or required all prescribers to review PMP data before prescribing. Few explicitly address data retention. Conclusions. State PMP laws are heterogeneous and evolving. Future studies of PMP effectiveness should take these variations into accoun. Keywords: controlled substance; prescription drug, article; drug legislation; government; human; organization and management; statistics; United States, Controlled Substances; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Prescription Drugs; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301923_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Institutional journey in pursuit of health equity: Veterans health administration's office of health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Uchendu, U.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S511-S513 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302183 Keywords: cultural competence; editorial; government; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care quality; human; leadership; organization and management; program evaluation; social determinants of health; standard; United States; veterans health, Cultural Competency; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Leadership; Program Evaluation; Quality of Health Care; Social Determinants of Health; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302183_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: All rural places are not created equal: Revisiting the rural mortality penalty in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, W.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2122-2129 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301989 Abstract: Objectives. I investigated mortality disparities between urban and rural areas by measuring disparities in urban US areas compared with 6 rural classifications, ranging from suburban to remote locales. Methods. Data from the Compressed Mortality File, National Center for Health Statistics, from 1968 to 2007, was used to calculate age-adjusted mortality rates for all rural and urban regions by year. Criteria measuring disparity between regions included excess deaths, annual rate of change in mortality, and proportion of excess deaths by population size. I used multivariable analysis to test for differences in determinants across regions. Results. The rural mortality penalty existed in all rural classifications, but the degree of disparity varied considerably. Rural-urban continuum code 6 was highly disadvantaged, and rural-urban continuum code 9 displayed a favorable mortality profile. Population, socioeconomic, and health care determinants of mortality varied across regions. Conclusions. A 2-decade long trend in mortality disparities existed in all rural classifications, but the penalty was not distributed evenly. This constitutes an important public health problem. Research should target the slow rates of improvement in mortality in the rural United States as an area of concern. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; child; epidemiology; female; health disparity; human; infant; male; middle aged; mortality; multivariate analysis; preschool child; rural population; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Multivariate Analysis; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301989_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Battling tobacco use at home: An analysis of smoke-free home rules among US veterans from 2001 to 2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, X. Author-Name: Martinez-Donate, A.P. Author-Name: Cook, J. Author-Name: Piper, M.E. Author-Name: Berg, K. Author-Name: Jones, N.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S572-S579 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301975 Abstract: Objectives. We examined national trends in smoke-free home rules among US veterans and nonveterans. Methods. We used data from the 2001-2002 and 2010-2011 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey to estimate and compare the existence of smoke-free home rules among veterans and nonveterans for each survey period. Results. The prevalence of a complete smoke-free home rule among veterans increased from 64.0% to 79.7% between 2001 and 2011 (P < .01) but was consistently lower than were rates estimated for nonveterans (67.6% and 84.4%, respectively). Disparities between the 2 groups increased significantly over time (P < .05). Conclusions. Despite the general increase in the adoption of smoke-free home rules, veterans lag behind the rest of the US population. Interventions promoting the adoption of complete smoke-free home rules are necessary to protect veterans and their families and to reduce disparities. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; female; health survey; housing; human; male; middle aged; passive smoking; prevalence; smoking; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; veteran; veterans health; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Health Surveys; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; Veterans; Veterans Health; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301975_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A ride in the time machine: Information management capabilities health departments will need Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Foldy, S. Author-Name: Grannis, S. Author-Name: Ross, D. Author-Name: Smith, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1592-1600 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301956 Abstract: We have proposed needed information management capabilities for future US health departments predicated on trends in health care reform and health information technology. Regardless of whether health departments provide direct clinical services (and many will), they will manage unprecedented quantities of sensitive information for the public health core functions of assurance and assessment, including populationlevel health surveillance and metrics. Absent improved capabilities, health departments risk vestigial status, with consequences for vulnerable populations. Developments in electronic health records, interoperability and information exchange, public information sharing, decision support, and cloud technologies can support information management if health departments have appropriate capabilities. The need for national engagement in and consensus on these capabilities and their importance to health department sustainability make them appropriate for consideration in the context of accreditation. Keywords: article; consumer; decision support system; electronic medical record; health care policy; health survey; human; information system; medical information system; methodology; organization and management; public health service; United States, Consumer Participation; Decision Support Systems, Clinical; Electronic Health Records; Health Information Management; Humans; Information Systems; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Population Surveillance; Public Health Administration; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301956_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A rapid needs assessment of the rockaway peninsula in New York city after hurricane sandy and the relationship of socioeconomic status to recovery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Subaiya, S. Author-Name: Moussavi, C. Author-Name: Velasquez, A. Author-Name: Stillman, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 632-638 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301668 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301668 Abstract: Objectives.We conducted a rapid needs assessment in the Rockaway Peninsula- one of the areas of New York City most severely affected by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012-to assess basic needs and evaluate for an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and storm recovery. Methods. Weconducted a cross-sectional surveywithin the Rockaways 3 weeks after the hurricane made landfall to elicit information regarding basic utilities, food access, health, relief-effort opinions, and SES. We used a modified cluster sampling method to select households with a goal of 7 to 10 surveys per cluster. Results. Thirty to fifty percent of households were without basic utilities including electricity, heat, and telephone services. Lower-income households were more likely to worry about food than higher-income households (odds ratio = 4.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.43, 15.23; P = .01). A post-storm trend also existed among the lower-income group towards psychological disturbances. Conclusions. Storm preparation should include disseminating information regarding carbon monoxide and proper generator use, considerations for prescription refills, neighborhood security, and location of food distribution centers. Lower-income individuals may have greater difficulty meeting their needs following a natural disaster, and recovery efforts may include prioritization of these households. Keywords: adult; aged; article; catering service; cross-sectional study; disaster; disaster planning; family size; female; human; hurricane; income; male; methodology; middle aged; needs assessment; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cyclonic Storms; Disaster Planning; Disasters; Family Characteristics; Female; Food Supply; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; New York City; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301668_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implications of the new centers for disease control and prevention blood lead reference value Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burns, M.S. Author-Name: Gerstenberger, S.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e27-e33 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301771 Abstract: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently established a new reference value (≥ 5 lg/dL) as the standard for identifying children with elevated blood lead levels (EBLs). At present, 535 000 US children aged 1 to 5 years (2.6%) are estimated to have EBLs according to the new standard, versus 0.8% according to the previous standard (≥ 10 lg/dL). Because EBLs signify the threshold for public health intervention, this new definition increases demands on lead poisoning prevention efforts. Primary prevention has been proven to reduce lead poisoning cases and is also cost effective; however, federal budget cuts threaten the existence of such programs. Protection for the highest-risk children necessitates a reinstatement of federal funding to previous levels. Keywords: article; blood; child; cost benefit analysis; economics; financial management; health survey; housing; human; infant; lead poisoning; nutrition; preschool child; primary prevention; public health service; reference value; standard; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Financing, Government; Housing; Humans; Infant; Lead Poisoning; Nutrition Surveys; Population Surveillance; Primary Prevention; Reference Values; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301771_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Texas Children's hospital immunization forecaster: Conceptualization to implementation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cunningham, R.M. Author-Name: Sahni, L.C. Author-Name: Kerr, G.B. Author-Name: King, L.L. Author-Name: Bunker, N.A. Author-Name: Boom, J.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e65-e71 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302230 Abstract: Methods. In 2007, TCH convened an internal expert team that included a pediatrician, immunization nurse, software engineer, and immunization subject matter experts to develop the TCH Forecaster. Our team developed the design of the model, wrote the software, populated the Excel tables, integrated the software, and tested the Forecaster. We created a table of rules that contained each vaccine's recommendations, minimum ages and intervals, and contraindications, which served as the basis for the TCH Forecaster. Keywords: child; computer program; data base; electronic medical record; female; forecasting; health service; hospital; human; immunization; infant; male; newborn; nonbiological model; organization and management; preschool child; preventive health service; procedures; reminder system; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Database Management Systems; Female; Forecasting; Health Services Needs and Demand; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Immunization Programs; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Medical Records Systems, Computerized; Models, Organizational; Reminder Systems; Software Design; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302230_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mitigating HIV health disparities: The promise of mobile health for a patient-initiated solution Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arya, M. Author-Name: Kumar, D. Author-Name: Patel, S. Author-Name: Street, R.L. Author-Name: Giordano, T.P. Author-Name: Viswanath, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2251-2255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302120 Abstract: The HIV epidemic is an ongoing public health problem fueled, in part, by undertesting for HIV. When HIV-infected people learn their status, many of them decrease risky behaviors and begin therapy to decrease viral load, both of which prevent ongoing spread of HIV in the community. Some physicians face barriers to testing their patients for HIV andwould rather their patients ask them for the HIV test. A campaign prompting patients to ask their physicians aboutHIV testing could increase testing. Amobile health (mHealth) campaign would be a lowcost, accessible solution to activate patients to take greater control of their health, especially populations at risk for HIV. This campaign could achieve Healthy People 2020 objectives: improve patient- physician communication, improve HIV testing, and increase use of mHealth. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; female; health care disparity; health promotion; health service; HIV Infections; human; male; middle aged; mobile phone; organization and management; public health service; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cell Phones; Female; Health Promotion; Health Services Needs and Demand; Healthcare Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Public Health Practice; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302120_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicidality among veterans: Implications of sexual minority status Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Mays, V.M. Author-Name: Cochran, S.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S535-S537 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302100 Abstract: Using the California Quality of Life surveys, we examined suicidal ideation and attempts in 129 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) veterans and in 315 heterosexual veterans in 2008-2009 and 2012- 2013. Although there were no significant differences in the past 12-month suicidal ideation and lifetime attempts, LGB veterans had higher odds of lifetime suicidal ideation than heterosexual veterans (adjusted odds ratio = 3.00; 95% confidence interval = 1.38, 6.53). Suicide assessment and prevention efforts in LGB veterans could benefit fromalife-course perspective regarding suicide risk. Keywords: age; article; female; human; male; middle aged; minority group; sex difference; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide; suicide attempt; United States; veteran, Age Factors; California; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Sex Factors; Sexuality; Socioeconomic Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302100_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancement of health department capacity for health care-associated infection prevention through recovery act-funded programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ellingson, K. Author-Name: McCormick, K. Author-Name: Sinkowitz-Cochran, R. Author-Name: Woodard, T. Author-Name: Jernigan, J. Author-Name: Srinivasan, A. Author-Name: Rask, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e27-e33 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301809 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301809 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated capacity built and outcomes achieved from September 1, 2009, to December 31, 2011, by 51 health departments (HDs) funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) for health care-associated infection (HAI) program development. Methods. We defined capacity for HAI prevention at HDs by 25 indicators of activity in 6 categories: staffing, partnerships, training, technical assistance, surveillance, and prevention. We assessed state-level infection outcomes by modeling quarterly standardized infection ratios (SIRs) for device- and procedure-associated infections with longitudinal regression models. Results. With ARRA funds, HDs created 188 HAI-related positions and supported 1042 training programs, 53 surveillance data validation projects, and 60 prevention collaboratives. All states demonstrated significant declines in central line-associated bloodstream and surgical site infections. States that implemented ARRA-funded catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention collaboratives showed significantly greater SIR reductions over time than states that did not (P = .02). Conclusions. ARRA-HAI funding substantially improved HD capacity to reduce HAIs not targeted by other national efforts, suggesting that HDs can play a critical role in addressing emerging or neglected HAIs. Keywords: article; capacity building; cross infection; economics; government; human; medical informatics; organization and management; program development; public health; United States, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act; Capacity Building; Cross Infection; Government Agencies; Humans; Program Development; Public Health; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301809_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence, power, and policy change in community-based participatory research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freudenberg, N. Author-Name: Tsui, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301471 Abstract: Meaningful improvements in health require modifying the social determinants of health. As policies are often underlying causes of the living conditions that shape health, policy change becomes a health goal. This focus on policy has led to increasing interest in expanding the focus of community-based participatory research (CBPR) to change not only communities but also policies. To best realize this potential, the relationship between evidence and power in policy change must be more fully explored. Effective action to promote policies that improve population health requires a deeper understanding of the roles of scientific evidence and political power in bringing about policy change; the appropriate scales for policy change, from community to global; and the participatory processes that best acknowledge the interplay between power and evidence. Keywords: article; evidence based practice; human; participatory research; policy; public health; social change, Community-Based Participatory Research; Evidence-Based Practice; Humans; Public Health; Public Policy; Social Change, Community-Based Participatory Research; Evidence-Based Practice; Humans; Public Health; Public Policy; Social Change Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301471_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Discrimination and substance use disorders among latinos: The role of gender, nativity, and ethnicity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Verissimo, A.D.O. Author-Name: Grella, C.E. Author-Name: Amaro, H. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1421-1428 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302011 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among a diverse sample of Latinos. We also investigated whether the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders varied by gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Methods. Our analyses focused on 6294 Latinos who participated in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions from 2004 to 2005. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between discrimination and substance use disorders. Results. Discrimination was significantly associated with increased odds of alcohol and drug use disorders among Latinos. However, the relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders varied by gender, nativity, and ethnicity. Discrimination was associated with increased odds of alcohol and drug use disorders for certain groups, such as women, US-born Latinos, and Mexicans, but this relationship did not follow the same pattern for other subgroups. Conclusions. It is important to determine which subgroups among Latinos may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of discrimination to address their needs. Keywords: addiction; adult; aged; alcoholism; article; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; migrant; psychological aspect; racism; sex difference; statistics; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcoholism; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Racism; Sex Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302011_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of neighborhood socioeconomic status on education and health outcomes for children living in social housing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martens, P.J. Author-Name: Chateau, D.G. Author-Name: Burland, E.M.J. Author-Name: Finlayson, G.S. Author-Name: Smith, M.J. Author-Name: Taylor, C.R. Author-Name: Brownell, M.D. Author-Name: Nickel, N.C. Author-Name: Katz, A. Author-Name: Bolton, J.M. Author-Name: Burchill, C. Author-Name: Chartier, M. Author-Name: Doupe, M. Author-Name: Fransoo, R. Author-Name: Goh, C.Y. Author-Name: Hu, M. Author-Name: Jutte, D. Author-Name: Katz, L. Author-Name: Lix, L. Author-Name: Metge, C. Author-Name: Raymond, C. Author-Name: Roos, L. Author-Name: Roos, N. Author-Name: Santos, R. Author-Name: Sarkar, J. Author-Name: Walld, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2103-2113 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302133 Abstract: Objectives. We explored differences in health and education outcomes between children living in social housing and not, and effects of social housing's neighborhood socioeconomic status. Methods. In this cohort study, we used the population-based repository of administrative data at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. We included children aged 0 to 19 years in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in fiscal years 2006-2007 to 2008-2009 (n = 13 238 social housing; n = 174 017 others). We examined 5 outcomes: age-2 complete immunization, a school-readiness measure, adolescent pregnancy (ages 15-19 years), grade-9 completion, and high-school completion. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equation modeling generated rates. We derived neighborhood income quintiles (Q1 lowest, Q5 highest) from average household income census data. Results. Children in social housing fared worse than comparative children within each neighborhood income quintile. When we compared children in social housing by quintile, preschool indicators (immunization and school readiness) were similar, but adolescent outcomes (grade-9 and high-school completion, adolescent pregnancy) were better in Q3 to Q5. Conclusions. Children in social housing had poorer health and education outcomes than all others, but living in social housing in wealthier areas was associated with better adolescent outcomes. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; Canada; child; demography; educational status; epidemiology; female; health status; housing; human; infant; male; newborn; preschool child; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; young adult, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Educational Status; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Manitoba; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Public Housing; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302133_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life course socioeconomic status and longitudinal accumulation of allostatic load in adulthood: Multi-Ethnic study of atherosclerosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Merkin, S.S. Author-Name: Karlamangla, A. Author-Name: Roux, A.V.D. Author-Name: Shrager, S. Author-Name: Seeman, T.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e48-e55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301841 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301841 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of childhood and adult socioeconomic status with longitudinal change in allostatic load (AL), a measure of biological dysfunction. Methods. The study sample included 6135 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, aged 45 to 84 years, recruited in 2000 from 6 US counties; 3 follow-up examinations took place through September 2011. We calculated standardized scores for several metabolic and cardiovascular components relative to accepted clinical cut points for "higher risk" and then summed them to create an overall index of AL. We used mixed effects growth curve models to assess the relationship between socioeconomic status and AL as a linear function of time passed since the baseline examination; we included random effects for the intercept and slope. Results. Among those with lower baseline AL (> median), high adult education was associated with a significantly slower increase in AL over time, whereas there was no significant association among those with higher baseline AL. Conclusions. The relationship between socioeconomic status and patterns of change in health parameters may vary over time and with the accumulation of biological risk. Keywords: aged; allostasis; article; atherosclerosis; ethnic group; female; human; male; middle aged; prospective study; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Allostasis; Atherosclerosis; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301841_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Psychological first aid: A consensus-derived, empirically supported, competency-based training model(American Journal of Public Health(2014) 104 (621-628) DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCabe, O.L. Author-Name: Everly Jr., G.S. Author-Name: Bromw, L.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219e_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: James Edmund Reeves. 1883. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris Jr., J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 417 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301739 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301739 Keywords: article; government; government regulation; history; legal aspect; public health; United States, Government Regulation; History, 19th Century; Public Health; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301739_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missed opportunity for alcohol problem prevention among army active duty service members postdeployment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Larson, M.J. Author-Name: Mohr, B.A. Author-Name: Adams, R.S. Author-Name: Wooten, N.R. Author-Name: Williams, T.V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1402-1412 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301901 Abstract: Objectives. We identified to what extent the Department of Defense postdeployment health surveillance program identifies at-risk drinking, alone or in conjunction with psychological comorbidities, and refers service members who screen positive for additional assessment or care. Methods. We completed a cross-sectional analysis of 333 803 US Army active duty members returning from Iraq or Afghanistan deployments in fiscal years 2008 to 2011 with a postdeployment health assessment. Alcoholmeasures included 2 based on self-report quantity-frequency items-at-risk drinking (positive Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test alcohol consumption questions [AUDIT-C] screen) and severe alcohol problems (AUDIT-C score of 8 or higher)-and another based on the interviewing provider's assessment. Results. Nearly 29% of US Army active duty members screened positive for at-risk drinking, and 5.6% had an AUDIT-C score of 8 or higher. Interviewing providers identified potential alcohol problems among only 61.8% of those screening positive for at-risk drinking and only 74.9% of those with AUDIT-C scores of 8 or higher. They referred for a follow-up visit to primary care or another setting only 29.2% of at-risk drinkers and only 35.9% of those with AUDIT-C scores of 8 or higher. Conclusions. This study identified missed opportunities for early intervention for at-risk drinking. Future research should evaluate the effect of early intervention on long-term outcomes. Keywords: adolescent; alcoholism; article; cross-sectional study; female; health status; human; male; mental health; patient referral; questionnaire; risk factor; soldier; statistics; war; young adult, Adolescent; Afghan Campaign 2001-; Alcoholism; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Status; Humans; Iraq War, 2003-2011; Male; Mental Health; Military Personnel; Questionnaires; Referral and Consultation; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301901_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using simulation to compare 4 categories of intervention for reducing cardiovascular disease risks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hirsch, G. Author-Name: Homer, J. Author-Name: Trogdon, J. Author-Name: Wile, K. Author-Name: Orenstein, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1187-1195 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301816 Abstract: The Prevention Impacts Simulation Model (PRISM) projects the multiyear impacts of 22 different interventions aimed at reducing risk of cardiovascular disease. We grouped these into 4 categories: clinical, behavioral support, health promotion and access, and taxes and regulation. We simulated impacts for the United States overall and also for a less-advantaged county with a higher death rate. Of the 4 categories of intervention, taxes and regulation reduce costs the most in the short term(through 2020) and long term(through 2040) and reduce deaths the most in the long term; they are second to clinical interventions in reducing deaths in the short term. All 4 categories combined were required to bring costs and deaths in the less-advantaged county down to the national level. Keywords: lipid, adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood; blood pressure; body mass; cardiovascular disease; computer simulation; female; glucose blood level; health behavior; health promotion; human; male; middle aged; poverty; public health; risk factor; risk reduction; smoking; socioeconomics; tax; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Computer Simulation; Female; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; Lipids; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty Areas; Public Health; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Taxes; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301816_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing public health regulations for marijuana: Lessons from alcohol and tobacco Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pacula, R.L. Author-Name: Kilmer, B. Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Author-Name: Caulkins, J.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1021-1028 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301766 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301766 Abstract: Until November 2012, no modern jurisdiction had removed the prohibition on the commercial production, distribution, and sale of marijuana for nonmedical purposes-not even the Netherlands. Government agencies in Colorado and Washington are now charged with granting production and processing licenses and developing regulations for legal marijuana, and other states and countries may follow. Our goal is not to address whether marijuana legalization is a good or bad idea but, rather, to help policymakers understand the decisions they face and some lessons learned from research on public health approaches to regulating alcohol and tobacco over the past century. Keywords: alcoholic beverage; article; cannabis smoking; car driving; drinking behavior; government; government regulation; human; legal aspect; public health; smoking; tobacco; United States, Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Automobile Driving; Colorado; Government Regulation; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Public Health; Smoking; State Government; Tobacco Products; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301766_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving trends in gender disparities in the department of veterans affairs: 2008-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitehead, A.M. Author-Name: Czarnogorski, M. Author-Name: Wright, S.M. Author-Name: Hayes, P.M. Author-Name: Haskell, S.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S529-S531 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302141 Abstract: Increasing numbers of women veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) services has contributed to the need for equitable, high-quality care for women. The VA has evaluated performance measure data by gender since 2006. In 2008, the VA launched a 5-year women's health redesign, and, in 2011, gender disparity improvement was included on leadership performance plans. We examined data from VA Office of Analytics and Business Intelligence quarterly gender reports for trends in gender disparities in gender-neutral performance measures from 2008 to 2013. Through reporting of data by gender, leadership involvement, electronic reminders, and population management dashboards, VA has seen a decreasing trend in gender inequities on most Health Effectiveness Data and Information Set performance measures. Keywords: article; diagnostic procedure; female; government; health care disparity; health care quality; human; leadership; male; mass screening; organization and management; reminder system; sex difference; United States; veterans health, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Leadership; Male; Mass Screening; Quality of Health Care; Reminder Systems; Sex Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302141_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking cessation among African American and white smokers in the veterans affairs health care system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burgess, D.J. Author-Name: Van Ryn, M. Author-Name: Noorbaloochi, S. Author-Name: Clothier, B. Author-Name: Taylor, B.C. Author-Name: Sherman, S. Author-Name: Joseph, A.M. Author-Name: Fu, S.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S580-S587 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302023 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether a proactive care smoking cessation intervention designed to overcome barriers to treatment would be especially effective at increasing cessation among African Americans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration. Methods. We analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial, the Veterans Victory over Tobacco study, involving a population-based electronic registry of current smokers (702 African Americans, 1569 Whites) and assessed 6-month prolonged smoking abstinence at 1 year via a follow-up survey of all current smokers. We also examined candidate risk adjustors for the race effect on smoking abstinence. Results. The interaction between patient race and intervention condition (proactive care vs usual care) was not significant. Overall, African Americans had higher quit rates than Whites (13% vs 9%; P < .006) regardless of condition. Conclusions. African Americans quit at higher rates than Whites. These findings may be a result of the large number of veterans receiving smoking cessation services and the lack of racial differences in receipt of these services as well as racial differences in smoking history, self-efficacy, and motivation to quit that favor African Americans. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; aged; article; Caucasian; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; ethnology; female; government; human; male; methodology; middle aged; motivation; multicenter study; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; statistics; time; tobacco dependence; United States; very elderly; veterans health; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Risk Factors; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302023_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender abuse, depressive symptoms, and substance use among transgender women: A 3-year prospective study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nuttbrock, L. Author-Name: Bockting, W. Author-Name: Rosenblum, A. Author-Name: Hwahng, S. Author-Name: Mason, M. Author-Name: Macri, M. Author-Name: Becker, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2199-2206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302106 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of gender abuse (enacted stigma), depressive symptoms, and demographic, economic, and lifestyle factors on substance use among transgender women. Methods. We conducted a 3-year prospective study (December 2004 to September 2007) of 230 transgender women aged 19 to 59 years from the New York Metropolitan Area. Statistical techniques included generalized estimating equations with logistic and linear regression links. Results. Six-month prevalence of any substance use at baseline was 76.2%. Across assessment points, gender abuse was associated with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, or any substance use during the previous 6 months, the number of days these substances were used during the previous month, and the number of substances used. Additional modeling associated changes in gender abuse with changes in substance use across time. Associations of gender abuse and substance use were mediated 55% by depressive symptoms. Positive associations of employment income, sex work, transgender identity, and hormone therapy with substance use were mediated 19% to 42% by gender abuse. Conclusions. Gender abuse, in conjunction with depressive symptoms, is a pervasive and moderately strong risk factor for substance use among trans-gender women. Improved substance abuse treatment is sorely needed for this population. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adult; depression; epidemiology; female; human; middle aged; partner violence; prevalence; prospective study; psychology; risk factor; statistical model; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; transgender; United States; young adult, Adult; Depression; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Middle Aged; New York City; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Transgendered Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302106_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of misclassification biases on veteran suicide rate estimates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huguet, N. Author-Name: Kaplan, M.S. Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 151-155 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301450 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the impact that possible veteran suicide misclassification biases (i.e., inaccuracy in ascertainment of veteran status on the death certificate and misclassification of suicide as other manner of death) have on veteran suicide rate estimates. Methods: We obtained suicide mortality data from the 2003-2010 National Violent Death Reporting System and the 2003-2010 Department of Defense Casualty Analysis System. We derived population estimates from the 2003-2010 American Community Survey and 2003-2010 Department of Veterans Affairs data. We computed veteran and nonveteran suicide rates. Results: The results showed that suicide rates were minimally affected by the adjustment for the misclassification of current military personnel suicides as veterans. Moreover, combining suicides and deaths by injury of undetermined intent did not alter the conclusions. Conclusions: The National Violent Death Reporting System is a valid surveillance system for veteran suicide. However, more than half of younger (< 25 years) male and female suicides, labeled as veterans, were likely to have been current military personnel at the time of their death and misclassified on the death certificate. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; cause of death; classification; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; statistics; suicide; United States; veteran; classification; epidemiology; statistics and numerical data; suicide; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Suicide; United States; Veterans, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Suicide; United States; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301450_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The first concussion crisis: Head injury and evidence in early american football Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harrison, E.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 822-833 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301840 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301840 Abstract: In the early 21st century, sports concussion has become a prominent public health problem, popularly labeled "The Concussion Crisis." Football-related concussion contributes much of the epidemiological burden and inspires much of the public awareness. Though often cast as a recent phenomenon, the crisis in fact began more than a century ago, as concussions were identified among footballers in the game's first decades. This early concussion crisis subsided-allowing the problem to proliferate-because work was done by football's supporters to reshape public acceptance of risk. They appealed to an American culture that permitted violence, shifted attention to reforms addressing more visible injuries, and legitimized football within morally reputable institutions. Meanwhile, changing demands on the medical profession made practitioners reluctant to take a definitive stance. Drawing on scientific journals, public newspapers, and personal letters of players and coaches, this history of the early crisis raises critical questions about solutions being negotiated at present. Keywords: article; brain concussion; football; head injury; helmet; history; human; injury; pathophysiology; risk factor; standard; utilization review, Brain Concussion; Craniocerebral Trauma; Football; Head Protective Devices; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301840_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-presentation on the web: Agencies serving abused and assaulted women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sorenson, S.B. Author-Name: Shi, R. Author-Name: Zhang, J. Author-Name: Xue, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 702-707 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301629 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the content and usability of the Web sites of agencies serving women victims of violence. Methods. We entered the names of a systematic 10% sample of 3774 agencies listed in 2 national directories into a search engine. We took (in April 2012) and analyzed screenshots of the 261 resulting home pages and the readability of 193 home and first-level pages. Results. Victims (94%) and donors (68%) were the primary intended audiences. About one half used social media and one third provided cues to action. Almost all (96.4%) of the Web pages were rated "fairly difficult" to "very confusing" to read, and 81.4% required more than a ninth-grade education to understand. Conclusions. The service and marketing functions were met fairly well by the agency home pages, but usability (particularly readability and offer of a mobile version) and efforts to increase user safety could be improved. Internet technologies are an essential platform for public health. They are particularly useful for reaching people with stigmatized health conditions because of the anonymity allowed. The one third of agencies that lack a Web site will not reach the substantial portion of the population that uses the Internet to find health information and other resources. Keywords: adult; aged; article; child; domestic violence; female; health care delivery; health service; human; Internet; male; organization and management; statistics; utilization review; violence, Adult; Aged; Child; Domestic Violence; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Internet; Male; Violence; Women's Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301629_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Importance of relationship context in HIV transmission: Results from a qualitative case-control study in Rakai, Uganda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higgins, J.A. Author-Name: Mathur, S. Author-Name: Eckel, E. Author-Name: Kelly, L. Author-Name: Nakyanjo, N. Author-Name: Sekamwa, R. Author-Name: Namatovu, J. Author-Name: Ddaaki, W. Author-Name: Nakubulwa, R. Author-Name: Namakula, S. Author-Name: Nalugoda, F. Author-Name: Santelli, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 612-620 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670 Abstract: We present results from life history interviews with 60 young adults from southernUganda.Using a novel qualitative case-control design, we compared newly HIV-positive cases with HIV-negative controls matched on age, gender, marital status, and place of residence. Relationship context was the most salient theme differentiating cases fromcontrols. Comparedwith HIV-negative respondents, recent seroconverters described relationships marked by poorer communication, greater suspicion and mistrust, and larger and more transitory sexual networks. Results highlight the importance of dyadic approaches to HIV and possibly of couple-based interventions. Using HIV-matched pairs allowed additional understanding of the factors influencing transmission. This hybrid methodological approach holds promise for future studies of sexual health. Keywords: adolescent; article; case control study; disease transmission; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; interpersonal communication; interview; male; psychological aspect; qualitative research; risk factor; serodiagnosis; sexuality; trust; Uganda; young adult, Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Communication; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seronegativity; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Interviews as Topic; Male; Qualitative Research; Risk Factors; Sexual Partners; Trust; Uganda; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A failed initiative at the American museum of natural history, 1909-1922 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, J.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1877-1888 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301384 Abstract: In 1909, curator Charles-Edward Winslow established a department of public health in New York City's American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Winslow introduced public health as a biological science that connected human health-the modern sciences of physiology, hygiene, and urban sanitation-to the natural history of plants and animals. This was the only time an American museum created a curatorial department devoted to public health. The AMNH's Department of Public Health comprised a unique collection of live bacterial cultures-a "Living Museum"-and an innovative plan for 15 exhibits on various aspects of health. I show how Winslow, facing opposition from AMNH colleagues, gathered scientific experts and financial support, and explain the factors that made these developments seem desirable and possible. I finish with a discussion of how the Department of Public Health met an abrupt and "inglorious end" in 1922 despite the success of its collections and exhibitions. Keywords: article; history; human; information center; public health service; research; science; United States, History, 20th Century; Humans; Museums; Natural History; New York City; Public Health Practice; Research; Science; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301384_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wage theft as a neglected public health problem: An overview and case study from san francisco's chinatown district Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Minkler, M. Author-Name: Salvatore, A.L. Author-Name: Chang, C. Author-Name: Gaydos, M. Author-Name: Liu, S.S. Author-Name: Lee, P.T. Author-Name: Tom, A. Author-Name: Bhatia, R. Author-Name: Krause, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1010-1020 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301813 Abstract: Wage theft, or nonpayment of wages to which workers are legally entitled, is a major contributor to low income, which in turn has adverse health effects. We describe a participatory research study of wage theft among immigrant Chinatown restaurant workers. We conducted surveys of 433 workers, and developed and used a health department observational tool in 106 restaurants. Close to 60% of workers reported 1 or more forms of wage theft (e.g., receiving less than minimum wage [50%], no overtime pay [> 65%], and pay deductions when sick [42%]). Almost two thirds of restaurants lacked required minimum wage law signage. We discuss the dissemination and use of findings to help secure and enforce a wage theft ordinance, along with implications for practice. Keywords: adult; article; catering service; China; ethnology; female; human; legal aspect; male; manpower; middle aged; migrant; participatory research; public health; salary and fringe benefit; statistics; theft; United States; young adult, Adult; China; Community-Based Participatory Research; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Public Health; Restaurants; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; San Francisco; Theft; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301813_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical dating violence victimization among sexual minority youth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Luo, F. Author-Name: Stone, D.M. Author-Name: Tharp, A.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e66-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302051 Abstract: Objectives: We examined (1) whether sexual minority youths (SMYs) are at increased risk for physical dating violence victimization (PDVV) compared with non-SMYs, (2) whether bisexual youths have greater risk of PDVV than lesbian or gay youths, (3) whether youths who have had sexual contact with both sexes are more susceptible to PDVV than youths with same sex-only sexual contact, and (4) patterns of PDVV among SMYs across demographic groups. Keywords: adolescent; ancestry group; article; crime victim; ethnology; female; human; male; minority group; partner violence; sexual behavior; sexuality; statistics, Adolescent; Continental Population Groups; Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; Spouse Abuse Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302051_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of strong smoke-free laws with dentists' advice to quit smoking, 2006-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gonzalez, M. Author-Name: Sanders-Jackson, A. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e88-e94 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301714 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301714 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of smoke-free laws with dentists' advice to quit smoking and referral to a quit line, among smokers who reported visiting the dentist in the past 12 months. Methods. We used the 2006 to 2007 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey merged with the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation Local Ordinance Database of smoke-free laws. The dependent variables were advice from a dentist to quit smoking and referral to a quit line, and the independent variable of interest was 100% smoke-free law coverage. We controlled for respondent demographics and an index of state-level smoking ban attitudes (included to ensure that the effect detected was not the result of social attitudes). Results. Smoke-free law coverage was associated with dental advice to quit smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 1.59; P = .041), but not with referral to a quit line (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.79, 2.25; P = .283). Conclusions. Interventions with dentists are needed to increase referrals to quit lines and other smoking cessation efforts. Keywords: adult; article; clinical practice; dentist; female; human; legal aspect; male; methodology; patient referral; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics; United States, Adult; Dentist's Practice Patterns; Dentists; Female; Humans; Male; Referral and Consultation; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301714_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The home foreclosure crisis and rising suicide rates, 2005 to 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Houle, J.N. Author-Name: Light, M.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1073-1079 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301774 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301774 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between state-level foreclosure and suicide rates from 2005 to 2010 and considered variation in the effect of foreclosure on suicide by age. Methods. We used hybrid random- and fixed-effects models to examine the relation between state foreclosure rates and total and age-specific suicide rates from 2005 to 2010 (n = 306 state-years). Results. Net of other factors, an increase in the within-state total foreclosure rate was associated with a within-state increase in the crude suicide rates (b = 0.04; P < .1), and effects were stronger for the real estate-owned foreclosure rate (b = 0.16; P < .05). Analysis of age-specific suicide rates indicated that the effects were strongest among the middle-aged (46-64 years: total foreclosure rate, b = 0.21; P < .001; real estate-owned foreclosure rate, b = 0.83; P < .001). Rising home foreclosure rates explained 18% of the variance in the middle-aged suicide rate between 2005 and 2010. Conclusions. The foreclosure crisis has likely contributed to increased suicides, independent of other economic factors associated with the recession. Rising foreclosure rates may be partially responsible for the recent uptick in suicide among middle-aged adults. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; economic recession; economics; housing; human; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics; suicide; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Economic Recession; Housing; Humans; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; Suicide; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301774_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanded access to naloxone among firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical technicians in massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, C.S. Author-Name: Ruiz, S. Author-Name: Glynn, P. Author-Name: Picariello, G. Author-Name: Walley, A.Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e7-e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302062 Abstract: Naloxone is a medication that reverses respiratory depression from opioid overdose if given in time. Paramedics routinely administer naloxone to opioid overdose victims in the prehospital setting, and many states are moving to increase access to the medication. Several jurisdictions have expanded naloxone administration authority to nonparamedic first responders, and others are considering that step. We report here on policy change in Massachusetts, where several communities have equipped emergency medical technicians, law enforcement officers, and firefighters with naloxone. Keywords: naloxone; narcotic analgesic agent; narcotic antagonist, article; drug overdose; emergency; fire fighter; human; police; rescue personnel; United States, Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Overdose; Emergencies; Emergency Medical Technicians; Firefighters; Humans; Massachusetts; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Police Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302062_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthy homes: In-home environmental asthma intervention in a diverse urban community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Turcotte, D.A. Author-Name: Alker, H. Author-Name: Chaves, E. Author-Name: Gore, R. Author-Name: Woskie, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 665-671 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301695 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated health outcomes associated with in-home interventions in low-income urban households with children with asthma. Methods. A comprehensive health and environmental assessment and subsequent intervention were completed in 116 households with 170 enrolled children with asthma. Home health workers provided household safety, asthma prevention education, and targeted environmental intervention to decrease asthma triggers and improve household safety. We collected environmental data with questionnaire and dust samples and health information with a questionnaire incorporating the American Academy of Pediatrics Children's Health Survey for Asthma and other instruments at baseline and at follow-up 11 to 12 months later to evaluate the impact of the intervention on the health of the child and family in Lowell, Massachusetts, from September 2009 to January 2012. Results. The diverse study population of low-income children showed a statistically significant health improvement from baseline to follow-up. The cost of the interventions (not including personnel) was $36 240, whereas the estimated medical savings over a 4-week assessment period was $71 162, resulting in an estimated annual savings of about $821 304. Conclusions. Low-cost, multicomponent interventions decrease all measures of asthma severity and health care utilization in a diverse population of urban children. Keywords: article; asthma; child; cost benefit analysis; economics; environmental exposure; female; health care cost; health education; health promotion; housing; human; male; methodology; questionnaire; safety; standard; United States; urban population, Asthma; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Care Costs; Health Education; Health Promotion; Housing; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Questionnaires; Safety; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301695_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The affordable care act and emergency care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McClelland, M. Author-Name: Asplin, B. Author-Name: Epstein, S.K. Author-Name: Kocher, K.E. Author-Name: Pilgrim, R. Author-Name: Pines, J. Author-Name: Rabin, E.J. Author-Name: Rathlev, N.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e8-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302052 Abstract: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) will have far-reaching effectsonthewayhealthcare is designed and delivered. Several elements of the ACA will directly affect both demand for ED care and expectations for its role in providing coordinated care. Hospitals will need to employ strategies to reduce ED crowding as the ACA expands insurance coverage. Discussions between EDs andprimary care physicians about their respective roles providing acute unscheduled care would promote the goals of the ACA. Keywords: article; crowding (area); emergency health service; health care policy; health service; human; legal aspect; medicaid; organization and management; primary health care; system analysis; United States; utilization review, Crowding; Emergency Service, Hospital; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Medicaid; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Primary Health Care; Systems Integration; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302052_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Declining Trends in local health department preparedness capacities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, M.V. Author-Name: Bevc, C.A. Author-Name: Schenck, A.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2233-2238 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302159 Abstract: Objectives. We examined local health department (LHD) preparedness capacities in the context of participation in accreditation and other performance improvement efforts. Methods. We analyzed preparedness in 8 domains among LHDs responding to a preparedness capacity instrument from 2010 through 2012. Study groups included LHDs that (1) were exposed to a North Carolina state-based accreditation program, (2) participated in 1 or more performance improvement programs, and (3) had not participated in any performance improvement programs. We analyzed mean domain preparedness scores and applied a series of nonparametric Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon tests to determine whether preparedness domain scores differed significantly between study groups from 2010 to 2012. Results. Preparedness capacity scores fluctuated and decreased significantly for all study groups for 2 domains: surveillance and investigation and legal preparedness. Significant decreases also occurred among participants for plans and protocols, communication, and incident command. Declines in capacity scores were not as great and less likely to be significant among North Carolina LHDs. Conclusions. Decreases in preparedness capacities over the 3 survey years may reflect multiple years of funding cuts and job losses, specifically for preparedness. An accreditation program may have a protective effect against such contextual factors. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: civil defense; disaster planning; government; human; information processing; organization and management; public health service; statistics and numerical data; surge capacity; trends; United States, Civil Defense; Data Collection; Disaster Planning; Humans; Local Government; Public Health Administration; Surge Capacity; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302159_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: American Indian and Alaska native infant and pediatric mortality, United States, 1999-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wong, C.A. Author-Name: Gachupin, F.C. Author-Name: Holman, R.C. Author-Name: Macdorman, M.F. Author-Name: Cheek, J.E. Author-Name: Holve, S. Author-Name: Singleton, R.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: Pages: S320-S328 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301598 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301598 Abstract: Objectives. We described American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) infant and pediatric death rates and leading causes of death. Methods. We adjusted National Vital Statistics System mortality data for AI/AN racial misclassification by linkage with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records. We determined average annual death rates and leading causes of death for 1999 to 2009 for AI/AN versus White infants and children. We limited the analysis to IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties. Results. The AI/AN infant death rate was 914 (rate ratio [RR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 1.67). Sudden infant death syndrome, unintentional injuries, and influenza or pneumonia were more common in AI/AN versus White infants. The overall AI/AN pediatric death rates were 69.6 for ages 1 to 4 years (RR = 2.56; 95% CI = 2.38, 2.75), 28.9 for ages 5 to 9 years (RR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.34), 37.3 for ages 10 to 14 years (RR = 2.22; 95% CI = 2.04, 2.40), and 158.4 for ages 15 to 19 years (RR = 2.71; 95% CI = 2.60, 2.82). Unintentional injuries and suicide occurred at higher rates among AI/AN youths versus White youths. Conclusions. Death rates for AI/AN infants and children were higher than for Whites, with regional disparities. Several leading causes of death in the AI/AN pediatric population are potentially preventable. Keywords: adolescent; American Indian; article; cause of death; child; childhood mortality; ethnology; female; human; infant; infant mortality; Inuit; male; newborn; preschool child; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Inuits; Male; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301598_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deering, K.N. Author-Name: Amin, A. Author-Name: Shoveller, J. Author-Name: Nesbitt, A. Author-Name: Garcia-Moreno, C. Author-Name: Duff, P. Author-Name: Argento, E. Author-Name: Shannon, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e42-e54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909 Abstract: We conducted a systematic reviewin June 2012 (updated September 2013) to examine the prevalence and factors shaping sexual or physical violence against sex workers globally. We identified 1536 (update = 340) unique articles. We included 28 studies, with 14 more contributing to violence prevalence estimates. Lifetime prevalence of any or combined workplace violence ranged from 45% to 75% and over the past year, 32%to55%.Growingresearch links contextual factors with violence against sex workers, alongside known interpersonal and individual risks. Keywords: addiction; environment; health; human; policy; prevalence; prostitution; review; risk factor; sexual crime; socioeconomics; statistics; violence, Environment; Humans; Policy; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Offenses; Sex Workers; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorials: Promoting public health in health care facilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothstein, M.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 965-967 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301885 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301885 Keywords: Caenorhabditis elegans protein; DIE 1 protein, C elegans; DIE-1 protein, C elegans; influenza vaccine; transcription factor, editorial; health care facility; health promotion; human; methodology; motor activity; public health, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Health Facilities; Health Promotion; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Motor Activity; Public Health; Transcription Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301885_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stroumsa responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stroumsa, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302024 Keywords: female; government regulation; health care delivery; health service; human; legal aspect; male; note; transsexuality, Delivery of Health Care; Female; Government Regulation; Health Services for Transgendered Persons; Humans; Male; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302024_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The struggle for health equity: The sustained effort by the VA healthcare system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Author-Name: Egede, L.E. Author-Name: Uchendu, U.S. Author-Name: Fine, M.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S514-S516 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302199 Keywords: cultural competence; editorial; government; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care quality; health disparity; human; organization and management; patient care; standard; total quality management; United States; veterans health, Cultural Competency; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Patient-Centered Care; Quality of Health Care; Total Quality Management; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302199_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: American Indian Health Policy: Historical trends and contemporary issues Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warne, D. Author-Name: Frizzell, L.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S263-S267 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301682 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301682 Abstract: The United States has a trust responsibility to provide services to American Indians and Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons. However, a long-standing history of underfunding of the Indian Health Service (IHS) has led to significant challenges in providing services. Twentieth century laws, including the Snyder Act, Transfer Act, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, and Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA) have had an effect on the way health services are provided. IHCIA was reauthorized as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Several provisions in ACA allow for potential improvements in access to services for AI/AN populations and are described herein. Although policy developments have beenpromising, IHS underfunding must be resolved to ensure improved AI/AN health. Keywords: American Indian; article; health care policy; history; human; legal aspect; public health service; United States, Health Policy; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Indians, North American; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301682_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid enrollment gap length and number of Medicaid enrollment periods among US children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simon, A.E. Author-Name: Schoendorf, K.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e55-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301976 Abstract: Objectives. We examined gap length, characteristics associated with gap length, and number of enrollment periods among Medicaid-enrolled children in the United States. Methods. We linked the 2004 National Health Interview Survey to Medicaid Analytic eXtract files for 1999 through 2008.We examined linkage-eligible children aged 5 to 13 years in the 2004 National Health Interview Survey who disenrolled from Medicaid. We generated Kaplan-Meier curves of time to reenrollment. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the effect of sociodemographic variables on time to reenrollment. We compared the percentage of children enrolled 4 or more times across sociodemographic groups. Results. Of children who disenrolled from Medicaid, 35.8%, 47.1%, 63.5%, 70.8%, and 79.1% of children had reenrolled in Medicaid by 6 months, 1, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Children who were younger, poorer, or of minority race/ ethnicity or had lower educated parents had shorter gaps in Medicaid and were more likely to have had 4 or more Medicaid enrollment periods. Conclusions. Nearly half of US children who disenrolled from Medicaid reenrolled within 1 year. Children with traditionally high-risk demographic characteristics had shorter gaps in Medicaid enrollment and were more likely to have more periods of Medicaid enrollment. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; child; child health care; female; health care survey; human; Kaplan Meier method; male; medicaid; organization and management; preschool child; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Eligibility Determination; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Medicaid; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301976_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Retail impact of raising tobacco sales age to 21 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Winickoff, J.P. Author-Name: Hartman, L. Author-Name: Chen, M.L. Author-Name: Gottlieb, M. Author-Name: Nabi-Burza, E. Author-Name: DiFranza, J.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e18-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302174 Abstract: The majority of tobacco use emerges in individuals before they reach 21 years of age, and many adult distributors of tobacco to youths are young adults aged between 18 and 20 years. Raising the tobacco sales minimum age to 21 years across the United States would decrease tobacco retailer and industry sales by approximately 2% but could contribute to a substantial reduction in the prevalence of youths' tobacco use and dependency by limiting access. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; age; drug legislation; economics; epidemiology; female; human; legislation and jurisprudence; male; marketing; smoking; tobacco; tobacco industry; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Age Factors; Female; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Male; Marketing; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302174_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of visit attendance in the nurse-family partnership program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holland, M.L. Author-Name: Xia, Y. Author-Name: Kitzman, H.J. Author-Name: Dozier, A.M. Author-Name: Olds, D.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e58-e65 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302115 Abstract: Objectives: We examined visit attendance patterns in the Memphis trial of the Nurse-Family Partnership and associations between these patterns and family characteristics, outcomes, and treatment-control differences in outcomes. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; female; human; mental health; mother; nurse; postnatal care; pregnancy; prenatal care; professional practice; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; House Calls; Humans; Mental Health; Mothers; Nurses; Postnatal Care; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Socioeconomic Factors; Tennessee; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302115_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Political factors affecting the enactment of state-level clean indoor air laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tung, G.J. Author-Name: Vernick, J.S. Author-Name: Stuart, E.A. Author-Name: Webster, D.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e92-e97 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301689 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301689 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of key political institutional factors on the advancement of state-level clean indoor air laws. Methods. We performed an observational study of state-level clean indoor air law enactment among all 50 US states from 1993 to 2010 by using extended Cox hazard models to assess risk of enacting a relevant law. Results. During the 18-year period from 1993 to 2010, 28 states passed a law covering workplaces, 33 states passed a law covering restaurants, 29 states passed a law covering bars, and 16 states passed a law covering gaming facilities. States with term limits had a 2.15 times greater hazard (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27, 3.65; P = .005) of enacting clean indoor air laws. The presence of state-level preemption of local clean indoor air laws was associated with a 3.26 times greater hazard (95% CI = 1.11, 9.53; P = .031) of state-level policy enactment. In the presence of preemption, increased legislative professionalism was strongly associated (hazard ratio = 3.28; 95% CI = 1.10, 9.75; P = .033) with clean indoor air law enactment. Conclusions. Political institutional factors do influence state-level clean indoor air law enactment and may be relevant to other public health policy areas. Keywords: article; catering service; government; human; indoor air pollution; legal aspect; politics; proportional hazards model; smoking ban; United States; workplace, Air Pollution, Indoor; Humans; Politics; Proportional Hazards Models; Restaurants; Smoke-Free Policy; State Government; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301689_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Navigating the murky waters of colorectal cancer screening and health reform Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, B.B. Author-Name: Coronado, G.D. Author-Name: Devoe, J.E. Author-Name: Allison, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 982-986 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301877 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301877 Abstract: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates that both Medicaid and insurance plans cover life-saving preventive services recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force, including colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and choice between colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). People who choose FOBT or sigmoidoscopy as their initial test could face high, unexpected, out-of-pocket costs because the mandate does not cover needed follow-up colonoscopies after positive tests. Some people will have no coverage for any CRC screening because of lack of state participation in the ACA or because they do not qualify (e.g., immigrant workers). Existing disparities in CRC screening and mortality will worsen if policies are not corrected to fully cover both initial and follow-up testing. Keywords: aged; article; colonoscopy; colorectal tumor; early diagnosis; health care disparity; health care policy; human; insurance; legal aspect; medically uninsured; medicare; middle aged; occult blood; patient preference; sigmoidoscopy; statistics; United States, Aged; Colonoscopy; Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Health Care Reform; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Medically Uninsured; Medicare; Middle Aged; Occult Blood; Patient Preference; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Sigmoidoscopy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301877_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of public housing on social networks: A natural experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollack, C.E. Author-Name: Green Jr., H.D. Author-Name: Kennedy, D.P. Author-Name: Griffin, B.A. Author-Name: Kennedy-Hendricks, A. Author-Name: Burkhauser, S. Author-Name: Schwartz, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1642-1649 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301949 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether 2 types of public housing-scattered among market-rate housing developments or clustered in small public housing projects-were associated with the perceived health and health behaviors of residents' social networks. Methods. Leveraging a natural experiment in Montgomery County, Maryland, in which residents were randomly assigned to different types of public housing, we surveyed 453 heads of household in 2011. We asked residents about their own health as well as the perceived health of their network members, including their neighbors. Results. Residents in scattered-site public housing perceived that their neighbors were more likely to exercise than residents of clustered public housing (24.7% of network members vs 14.0%; P < .001). There were no significant differences in the proportion of network members who were perceived to have major health problems, depressed mood, poor diet, or obesity. Having more network members who smoked was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of smoking. Conclusions. Different types of public housing have amodest impact on the health composition of one's social network, suggesting the importance of housing policy for health. Keywords: adult; article; depression; diet; exercise; female; health behavior; health status; housing; human; male; middle aged; randomization; smoking; social support; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adult; Depression; Diet; Exercise; Female; Health Behavior; Health Status; Humans; Male; Maryland; Middle Aged; Public Housing; Random Allocation; Smoking; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301949_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A prospective study of clinical outcomes related to third molar removal or retention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huang, G.J. Author-Name: Cunha-Cruz, J. Author-Name: Rothen, M. Author-Name: Spiekerman, C. Author-Name: Drangsholt, M. Author-Name: Anderson, L. Author-Name: Roset, G.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 728-734 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301649 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated outcomes of third molar removal or retention in adolescents and young adults. Methods. We recruited patients aged 16 to 22 years from a dental practice- based research network in the Pacific Northwest from May 2009 through September 2010 who had at least 1 third molar present and had never undergone third molar removal. Data were acquired via questionnaire and clinical examination at baseline, periodic online questionnaires, and clinical examination at 24 months. Results. A total of 801 patients participated. Among patients undergoing third molar removal, rates of paresthesia and jaw joint symptoms lasting more than 1 month were 6.3 and 34.3 per 100 person-years, respectively. Among patients not undergoing removal, corresponding rates were 0.7 and 8.8. Periodontal attachment loss at distal sites of second molars did not significantly differ by third molar removal status. Incident caries at the distal surfaces of second molars occurred in fewer than 1% of all sites. Conclusions. Rates of paresthesia and temporomandibular joint disorder were higher after third molar removal. Periodontal attachment loss and incident caries at the distal sites of second molars were not affected by extraction status. Keywords: adolescent; article; female; human; male; molar tooth; paresthesia; prospective study; questionnaire; statistics; temporomandibular joint disorder; tooth extraction; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Molar, Third; Northwestern United States; Paresthesia; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders; Tooth Extraction; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301649_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between pediatric combination vaccines and market effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Behzad, B. Author-Name: Jacobson, S.H. Author-Name: Jokela, J.A. Author-Name: Sewell, E.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 998-1004 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301780 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301780 Abstract: We explored market factors that affect pediatric combination vaccine uptake in the US public-sector pediatric vaccine market. We specifically examined how Pediarix and Pentacel earned a place in the 2009-2012 lowest overall cost formulary. Direct competition between Pediarix and Pentacel is driven by the indirect presence of the Merck Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and the Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule requirement for a hepatitis B birth dose. The resulting analysis suggests that Pentacel would never have earned a place in the lowest overall cost formulary for 2009-2012 federal contract prices for any cost of an injection unless the Merck H influenzae type b advantage was ignored and the hepatitis B birth dose administration cost was recognized by health care providers in designing the lowest overall cost formularies. Keywords: diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus hepatitis B vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Haemophilus vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; vaccine, article; child; drug cost; drug industry; economics; human; infant; newborn; preschool child; preventive health service; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Drug Costs; Drug Industry; Haemophilus Vaccines; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; United States; Vaccines, Combined Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301780_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Frequency and characteristics associated with exposure to tobacco direct mail marketing and its prospective effect on smoking behaviors among young adults from the US Midwest Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Choi, K. Author-Name: Forster, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2179-2183 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302123 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the exposure to tobacco direct mail marketing and its effect on subsequent smoking behaviors in a US Midwest regional cohort of young adults. Methods. Data were collected from 2622 young adults (mean age = 24 years) in 2010 to 2011 (baseline) and 2011 to 2012 (follow-up). We collected information on demographics, tobacco use, and exposure to tobacco direct mail materials in the previous 6 months at baseline. Smoking behaviors were reassessed at follow-up. We investigated the characteristics associated with receiving these materials at baseline, and the associations between receiving cigarette coupons in the mail at baseline and smoking behaviors at follow-up. Results. Thirteen percent of participants reported receiving tobacco direct mail materials in the previous 6 months. Receipt of these materials was associated with age, education, and tobacco use (P < .05). Among those who received these materials, 77% and 56% reported receiving coupons for cigarettes and other tobacco products, respectively. Among baseline non-smokers and ex-smokers, receiving coupons was associated with becoming current smokers at follow-up ( P < .05). Among baseline current smokers, receiving coupons was associated with lower likelihood of smoking cessation at follow-up ( P < .05). Conclusions. Tobacco direct mail marketing promoted and sustained smoking behaviors among US Midwest young adults. Regulating this marketing strategy might reduce the prevalence of smoking in this population. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: advertizing; epidemiology; female; human; male; postal mail; procedures; prospective study; smoking; statistics and numerical data; tobacco industry; United States; young adult, Advertising as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Midwestern United States; Postal Service; Prospective Studies; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302123_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An increasing socioeconomic gap in childhood overweight and obesity in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: He, W. Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Giovanna Merli, M. Author-Name: Zheng, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e14-e22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301669 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301669 Abstract: We used a new conceptual framework that integrates tenets from health economics, social epidemiology, and health behavior to analyze the impact of socioeconomic forces on the temporal changes in the socioeconomic status (SES) gap in childhood overweight and obesity in China. In data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey for 1991 to 2006, we found increased prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity across all SES groups, but a greater increase among higher-SES children, especially after 1997, when income inequality dramatically increased. Our findings suggest that for China, the increasing SES gap in purchasing power for obesogenic goods, associated with rising income inequality, played a prominent role in the country's increasing SES gap in childhood obesity and overweight. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; China; economics; female; health behavior; health survey; human; income; infant; longitudinal study; male; obesity; preschool child; prevalence; risk factor; social class; socioeconomics; statistics; China; economics; obesity; Overweight; statistics and numerical data, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Humans; Income; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Humans; Income; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301669_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weight status and sexual orientation: Differences by age and within racial and ethnic subgroups Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deputy, N.P. Author-Name: Boehmer, U. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 103-109 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301391 Abstract: Objectives: We determined differences in weight at age 18 years and at current age and weight change by sexual orientation within different racial/ethnic populations, stratifying by gender. Methods: We used 2001-2007 data from the California Health Interview Survey, resulting in an unweighted sample of 120 274 individuals aged 18 to 74 years. Using regression models, we examined overweight status and change in weight by sexual orientation, stratifying by race/ethnicity and gender. Results: Compared with heterosexual women of the same race/ethnicity, White and African American lesbians and bisexuals had increased likelihood of being overweight at age 18 years and maintaining overweight status during adulthood. Sexual minority status was unrelated to weight among Latinas and inconsistently linked to weight among Asian women compared with heterosexual women of the same race/ethnicity. Sexual minority status was protective against unhealthy weight among White, African American, Asian, and Latino men compared with heterosexual counterparts of the same race/ethnicity. This protective effect was seen after age 18 years except among African American bisexual men. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a need for age- and culture-sensitive interventions that reduce weight or prevent weight gain in sexual minority women and men. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; ancestry group; body mass; body weight; ethnology; female; human; male; middle aged; risk factor; sexual behavior; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; ethnology; race; sexual behavior; statistics, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; California; Continental Population Groups; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; California; Continental Population Groups; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301391_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The interplay of friendship networks and social networking sites: Longitudinal analysis of selection and influence effects on adolescent smoking and alcohol use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huang, G.C. Author-Name: Soto, D. Author-Name: Fujimoto, K. Author-Name: Valente, T.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e51-e59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302038 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the coevolution of adolescent friendships and peer influences with respect to their risk behaviors and social networking site use. Methods. Investigators of the Social Network Study collected longitudinal data during fall 2010 and spring 2011 from 10th-grade students in 5 Southern California high schools (n = 1434). We used meta-analyses of stochastic actorbased models to estimate changes in friendship ties and risk behaviors and the effects of Facebook and MySpace use. Results. Significant shifts in adolescent smoking and drinking occurred despite little change in overall prevalence rates. Students with higher levels of alcohol use were more likely to send and receive friendship nominations and become friends with other drinkers. They were also more likely to increase alcohol use if their friends drank more. Adolescents selected friends with similar Facebook and MySpace use habits. Exposure to friends' risky online pictures increased smoking behaviors but had no significant effects on alcohol use. Conclusions. Our findings support a greater focus on friendship selection mechanisms in school-based alcohol use interventions. Social media platforms may help identify at-risk adolescent groups and foster positive norms about risk behaviors. Keywords: adolescent; article; drinking behavior; female; friend; high risk behavior; human; longitudinal study; male; peer group; prevalence; psychological aspect; smoking; social media; social network; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; California; Female; Friends; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Peer Group; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Smoking; Social Media; Social Networking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302038_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Science and public health principles used to reduce road deaths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, L.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2256-2258 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302352 Abstract: An editorial in a previous issue of this journal falsely claims that the US government's efforts toreduceroad fatalities are not based on science. It says that, as a result, the United States has fallen behind other countries in road death prevention. A large body of research and evaluation informed federal and state safety programs fromthe outset. Evans's comparisons of death trends among countries without adjustment for changes in relevant risk factors or specification of the injury reduction policies among the countries tell us nothing about the causes of the declines or the effects of specific ameliorative efforts. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: human; mortality; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302352_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: MPH education for the 21st century: Motivation, rationale, and key principles for the New Columbia public health curriculum Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fried, L.P. Author-Name: Begg, M.D. Author-Name: Bayer, R. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 23-30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301399 Abstract: Public health is at a watershed moment. The world's health needs are changing, and complex problems require interdisciplinary approaches and systems-based solutions. Our longer lives and changing environments necessitate life-course and structural approaches to prevention. This argues strongly for public health graduate education that adequately prepares trainees to tackle emerging challenges and to lead now and in the future. Nearly a century of scholarship and scientific advances may offer a blueprint for training the next generation of public health leaders. We articulate a case for change; discuss some of the foundational principles that should guide public health education; and discuss what suchachangemightlooklike building on prior scholarship, on the examples set by other disciplines, andonour own experience. Keywords: article; curriculum; education; educational model; human; motivation; public health; United States; university; vocational education; education; public health; trends; vocational education, Curriculum; Education, Professional; Humans; Models, Educational; Motivation; New York City; Public Health; Universities, Curriculum; Education, Professional; Humans; Models, Educational; Motivation; New York City; Public Health; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301399_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving global access to new vaccines: Intellectual property, technology transfer, and regulatory pathways Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crager, S.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e85-e91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302236 Abstract: The 2012 World Health Assembly Global Vaccine Action Plan called for global access to new vaccines within 5 years of licensure. Current approaches have proven insufficient to achieve sustainable vaccine pricing within such a timeline. Paralleling the successful strategy of generic competition to bring down drug prices, a clear consensus is emerging that market entry of multiple suppliers is a critical factor in expeditiously bringing down prices of new vaccines. In this context, key target objectives for improving access to new vaccines include overcoming intellectual property obstacles, stream-lining regulatory pathways for biosimilar vaccines, and reducing market entry timelines for developing-country vaccine manufacturers by transfer of technology and know-how. I propose an intellectual property, technology, and know-how bank as a new approach to facilitate widespread access to new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries by efficient transfer of patented vaccine technologies to multiple developing-country vaccine manufacturers. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: vaccine, developing country; drug control; drug industry; health; health care delivery; human; legislation and jurisprudence; organization and management; statistics and numerical data; Sand distribution; technology, Developing Countries; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Industry; Global Health; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Technology Transfer; Vaccines Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302236_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in diabetes: The nexus of race, poverty, and place Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gaskin, D.J. Author-Name: Thorpe, R.J., Jr. Author-Name: McGinty, E.E. Author-Name: Bower, K. Author-Name: Rohde, C. Author-Name: Young, J.H. Author-Name: LaVeist, T.A. Author-Name: Dubay, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2147-2155 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301420 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the role of neighborhood poverty and racial composition on race disparities in diabetes prevalence. Methods. We used data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2000 US Census to estimate the impact of individual race and poverty and neighborhood racial composition and poverty concentration on the odds of having diabetes. Results. We found a race-poverty-place gradient for diabetes prevalence for Blacks and poor Whites. The odds of having diabetes were higher for Blacks than for Whites. Individual poverty increased the odds of having diabetes for both Whites and Blacks. Living in a poor neighborhood increased the odds of having diabetes for Blacks and poor Whites. Conclusions. To address race disparities in diabetes, policymakers should address problems created by concentrated poverty (e.g., lack of access to reasonably priced fruits and vegetables, recreational facilities, and health care services; high crime rates; and greater exposures to environmental toxins). Housing and development policies in urban areas should avoid creating highpoverty neighborhoods. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; African American; ancestry group; Caucasian; child; demography; diabetes mellitus; female; health disparity; human; male; middle aged; nutrition; poverty; prevalence; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; African Americans; Child; Continental Population Groups; Diabetes Mellitus; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Poverty; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301420_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National institutes of health efforts on sexual and gender minority health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tabak, L.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301973 Keywords: female; financial management; human; male; national health organization; note; research; sexuality; statistics; transsexuality, Female; Humans; Male; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Research; Research Support as Topic; Sexuality; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301973_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Analysis of the accuracy of weight loss information search engine results on the internet Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Modave, F. Author-Name: Shokar, N.K. Author-Name: Peñaranda, E. Author-Name: Nguyen, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1971-1978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302070 Abstract: Objectives: We systematically identified and evaluated the quality and comprehensiveness of online information related to weight loss that users were likely to access. Keywords: article; consumer health information; diet; exercise; health behavior; human; Internet; mass medium; search engine; statistics; weight reduction, Blogging; Consumer Health Information; Diet; Exercise; Health Behavior; Humans; Internet; Mass Media; Search Engine; Weight Loss Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302070_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ovarian and uterine cancer incidence and mortality in American Indian and Alaska native women, United States, 1999û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh, S.D. Author-Name: Ryerson, A.B. Author-Name: Wu, M. Author-Name: Kaur, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S423-S431 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301781 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301781 Abstract: Objectives. We examined geographic differences and trends in incidence and mortality of ovarian and uterine cancer in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women. Methods. We linked mortality data (1990û2009) and incidence data (1999û2009) to Indian Health Service (IHS) records. Death (and incidence) rates for ovarian and uterine cancer were examined for AI/AN and White women; Hispanics were excluded. Analyses focused on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. Results. AI/AN and White women had similar ovarian and uterine cancer death rates. Ovarian and uterine cancer incidence and death rates were higher for AI/ ANs residing in CHSDA counties than for all US counties. We also observed geographic differences, regardless of CHSDA residence, in ovarian and uterine cancer incidence and death rates in AI/AN women by IHS region; Pacific Coast and Southern Plains women had higher ovarian cancer death rates and Northern Plains women had higher uterine cancer death rates. Conclusions. Regional differences in the incidence and mortality of ovarian and uterine cancers among AI/AN women in the United States were significant. More research among correctly classified AI/AN women is needed to understand these differences. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; middle aged; mortality; ovary tumor; register; statistics; United States; uterus cancer; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States; Uterine Neoplasms Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301781_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mitigating the health risks of dining out: The need for standardized portion sizes in restaurants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, D.A. Author-Name: Story, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 586-590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301692 Abstract: Because restaurants routinely serve food with more calories than people need, dining out represents a risk factor for overweight, obesity, and other diet-related chronic diseases. Most people lack the capacity to judge the caloric content of food and there is limited evidence that people make use of calorie-labeling information when it is available. Standardized portion sizes would not preclude people from eating as much as they want, but would make the amount they are getting fully transparent. We describe the potential benefits and means of implementing a systemof standardized portion sizes that might facilitate a healthier diet among the US population. Keywords: article; catering service; economics; food; food industry; food packaging; human; obesity; risk factor; standard; United States, Food; Food Industry; Food Labeling; Humans; Obesity; Restaurants; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301692_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State indoor tanning laws and adolescent indoor tanning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guy, G.P. Author-Name: Berkowitz, Z. Author-Name: Jones, S.E. Author-Name: Olsen, E.O. Author-Name: Miyamoto, J.N. Author-Name: Michael, S.L. Author-Name: Saraiya, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e69-e74 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301850 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301850 Abstract: Objectives. Recently, several state indoor tanning laws, including age restrictions, were promulgated to reduce indoor tanning among minors. We examined the effects of these laws on adolescent indoor tanning. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2009 and 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 31 835). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between state indoor tanning laws and indoor tanning among US high school students. Results. Female students in states with indoor tanning laws were less likely to engage in indoor tanning than those in states without any laws. We observed a stronger association among female students in states with systems access, parental permission, and age restriction laws than among those in states without any laws. We found no significant association among female students in states with only systems access and parental permission laws or among male students. Conclusions. Indoor tanning laws, particularly those including age restrictions, may be effective in reducing indoor tanning among female high school students, for whom rates are the highest. Such reductions have the potential to reduce the health and economic burden of skin cancer. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; female; government; health survey; human; legal aspect; male; prevalence; statistics; sunbathing; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Prevalence; State Government; Sunbathing; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301850_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health preemption behind closed doors: Trade agreements and fast-track authority Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crosbie, E. Author-Name: Gonzalez, M. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e7-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302014 Abstract: Noncommunicable diseases result from consuming unhealthy products, including tobacco, which are promoted by transnational corporations. The tobacco industry uses preemption to block or reverse tobacco control policies. Preemption removes authority from jurisdictions where tobacco companies' influence is weak and transfers it to jurisdictions where they have an advantage. International trade agreements relocate decisions about tobacco control policy to venues where there is little opportunity for public scrutiny, participation, and debate. Tobacco companies are using these agreements to preempt domestic authority over tobacco policy. Other transnational corporations that profit by promoting unhealthy foods could do the same. "Fast-track authority," in which Congress cedes ongoing oversight authority to the President, further distances the public from the debate. With international agreements binding governments to prioritize trade over health, transparency and public oversight of the trade negotiation process is necessary to safeguard public health interests. Keywords: article; commercial phenomena; human; international cooperation; legal aspect; patent; public health; tax; tobacco; tobacco industry; United Nations, Commerce; Humans; International Cooperation; Patents as Topic; Public Health; Taxes; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products; United Nations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302014_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A multisite study of the prevalence of HIV with rapid testing in mental health settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blank, M.B. Author-Name: Himelhoch, S.S. Author-Name: Balaji, A.B. Author-Name: Metzger, D.S. Author-Name: Dixon, L.B. Author-Name: Rose, C.E. Author-Name: Oraka, E. Author-Name: Davis-Vogel, A. Author-Name: Thompson, W.W. Author-Name: Heffelfinger, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2377-2384 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301633 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated HIV prevalence and risk factors among persons receiving mental health treatment in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore, Maryland, January 2009 to August 2011. Keywords: adolescent; adult; clinical trial; cross-sectional study; epidemiology; female; HIV Infections; human; interview; male; Mental Disorders; mental health service; middle aged; multicenter study; prevalence; risk assessment; risk factor; United States; United States; urban population, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Maryland; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Pennsylvania; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301633_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Description of a school nurse visit syndromic surveillance system and comparison to emergency department visits, New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, E.L. Author-Name: Egger, J.R. Author-Name: Konty, K.J. Author-Name: Paladini, M. Author-Name: Weiss, D. Author-Name: Nguyen, T.Q. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e50-e56 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411 Abstract: Objectives: We compared school nurse visit syndromic surveillance system data to emergency department (ED) visit data for monitoring illness in New York City schoolchildren. Methods: School nurse visit data recorded in an electronic health record system are used to conduct daily surveillance of influenza-like illness, fever-flu, allergy, asthma, diarrhea, and vomiting syndromes. We calculated correlation coefficients to compare the percentage of syndrome visits to the school nurse and ED for children aged 5 to 14 years, from September 2006 to June 2011. Results: Trends in influenza-like illness correlated significantly (correlation coefficient = 0.89; P <.001) and 72% of school signals occurred on days that ED signaled. Trends in allergy (correlation coefficient = 0.73; P <.001) and asthma (correlation coefficient = 0.56; P <.001) also correlated and school signals overlapped with ED signals on 95% and 51% of days, respectively. Substantial daily variation in diarrhea and vomiting visits limited our ability to make comparisons. Conclusions: Compared with ED syndromic surveillance, the school nurse system identified similar trends in influenza-like illness, allergy, and asthma syndromes. Public health practitioners without school-based surveillance may be able to use age-specific analyses of ED syndromic surveillance data to monitor illness in schoolchildren. Keywords: article; asthma; child; comparative study; diarrhea; electronic medical record; emergency health service; female; fever; health survey; human; hypersensitivity; influenza; male; nurse attitude; nursing; organization and management; school health nursing; school health service; syndrome; United States; utilization review; vomiting; emergency health service; Influenza, Human; organization and management; school health service; United States; utilization, Asthma; Child; Diarrhea; Electronic Health Records; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Fever; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Influenza, Human; Male; New York City; Nurse's Role; Population Surveillance; School Health Services; School Nursing; Syndrome; Vomiting, Asthma; Child; Diarrhea; Electronic Health Records; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Fever; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Influenza, Human; Male; New York City; Nurse's Role; Population Surveillance; School Health Services; School Nursing; Syndrome; Vomiting Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301411_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Electronic cigarettes: Smoke-free laws, sale restrictions, and the public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paradise, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e17-e18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301890 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301890 Abstract: Consumer use of e-cigarettes is rising despite a lack of rigorous safety testing, manufacturing controls, and a well-understood risk profile. Many states and municipalities have prohibited e-cigarette sale to minors or amended their smokefree laws to restrict public use. I discuss the public healthimpact of e-cigarettes and the current lack of Food and Drug Administration regulation, and advocate that states and localities reexamine their smoke-free laws and sale restrictions to appropriately regulate public use and youth access. Keywords: adolescent; article; food and drug administration; health care policy; human; legal aspect; public health; smoking; smoking ban; tobacco; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Health Policy; Humans; Public Health; Smoke-Free Policy; Smoking; Tobacco Products; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301890_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of data suppression on local mortality rates: The case of cdc wonder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tiwari, C. Author-Name: Beyer, K. Author-Name: Rushton, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1386-1388 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301900 Abstract: CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) is the nation's primary data repository for health statistics. Before WONDER data are released to the public, data cells with fewer than 10 case counts are suppressed. We showed that maps produced from suppressed data have predictable geographic biases that can be removed by applying population data in the system and an algorithm that uses regional rates to estimate missing data. By using CDC WONDER heart disease mortality data, we demonstrated that effects of suppression could be largely overcome. Keywords: algorithm; article; factual database; heart disease; human; mortality; public health service; statistical analysis; statistics; United States, Algorithms; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Data Interpretation, Statistical; Databases, Factual; Heart Diseases; Humans; Mortality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301900_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health information privacy and health information technology in the us correctional setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldstein, M.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 803-809 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301845 Abstract: Electronic health records and electronic health information exchange are essential to improving quality of care, reducing medical errors and health disparities, and advancing the delivery of patientcentered medical care. In the US correctional setting, these goals are critical because of the high numbers of Americans affected, yet the use of health information technology is quite limited. In this article, I describe the legal environment surrounding health information sharing in corrections by focusing on 2 key federal privacy laws: the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and the federal Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records laws. In addition, I review stakeholder concerns and describe possible ways forward that enable electronic exchange while ensuring protection of inmate information and legal compliance. Keywords: addiction; article; computer security; confidentiality; electronic medical record; health insurance; human; information system; legal aspect; organization and management; prison; United States, Computer Security; Confidentiality; Electronic Health Records; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; Humans; Information Systems; Prisons; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301845_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial misclassification of American Indians and Alaska natives by Indian health service contract health service delivery area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jim, M.A. Author-Name: Arias, E. Author-Name: Seneca, D.S. Author-Name: Hoopes, M.J. Author-Name: Jim, C.C. Author-Name: Johnson, N.J. Author-Name: Wiggins, C.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S295-S302 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301933 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the racial misclassification of American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in cancer incidence and all-cause mortality data by Indian Health Service (IHS) Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA). Methods. We evaluated data from 3 sources: IHS-National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), IHS-National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR)/Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, and National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS). We calculated, within each data source, the sensitivity and classification ratios by sex, IHS region, and urban-rural classification by CHSDA county. Results. Sensitivity was significantly greater in CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 83.6%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 77.6%; NLMS: 68.8%) than non-CHSDA counties (IHSNVSS: 54.8%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 39.0%; NLMS: 28.3%). Classification ratios indicated less misclassification in CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 1.20%; IHS-NPCR/SEER: 1.29%; NLMS: 1.18%) than non-CHSDA counties (IHS-NVSS: 1.82%; IHSNPCR/SEER: 2.56%; NLMS: 1.81%). Race misclassification was less in rural counties and in regions with the greatest concentrations of AI/AN persons (Alaska, Southwest, and Northern Plains). Conclusions. Limiting presentation and analysis to CHSDA counties helped mitigate the effects of race misclassification of AI/AN persons, although a portion of the population was excluded. Keywords: American Indian; article; cancer registry; classification; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; longitudinal study; male; neoplasm; public health service; register; United States, Alaska; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Neoplasms; Population Surveillance; Registries; SEER Program; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301933_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Centering perspectives on black women, hair politics, and physical activity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Versey, H.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 810-815 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301675 Abstract: As researchers categorize issues facing Black women's health, obesity and physical exercise continue to be significant topics of debate. General interventions targeted toward Black women to address obesity and increase physical exercise have been largely ineffective. In this article, I situate the current public health discourse on obesity and related interventions within a sociocultural context of body appearance, with a specific focus on hair. Why do some African American women feel such strong ties to their hair that they will avoid exercise? What can be done to understand this phenomenon and address alternatives that may make both hair maintenance and regular exercise feasible? I map a theoretical argument for why hair matters for some women, and discuss how physical activity intervention strategies might be improved by considering such complexities. Keywords: African American; article; ethnology; exercise; female; hair; health promotion; human; Internet; obesity; psychological aspect; social support; women's health, African Americans; Exercise; Female; Hair; Health Promotion; Humans; Internet; Obesity; Social Support; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301675_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The social justice agenda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1576-1578 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302127 Keywords: ancestry group; editorial; health care policy; human; public health; sexuality; social determinants of health; social justice, Continental Population Groups; Health Policy; Humans; Public Health; Sexuality; Social Determinants of Health; Social Justice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302127_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: More skin, more sun, more tan, more melanoma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chang, C. Author-Name: Murzaku, E.C. Author-Name: Penn, L. Author-Name: Abbasi, N.R. Author-Name: Davis, P.D. Author-Name: Berwick, M. Author-Name: Polsky, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e92-e99 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302185 Abstract: Although personal melanoma risk factors are well established, the contribution of socioeconomic factors, including clothing styles, social norms, medical paradigms, perceptions of tanned skin, economic trends, and travel patterns, to melanoma incidence has not been fully explored. We analyzed artwork, advertisements, fashion trends, and data regarding leisure-time activities to estimate historical changes in UV skin exposure. We used data from national cancer registries to compare melanoma incidence rates with estimated skin exposure and found that they rose in parallel. Although firm conclusions about melanoma causation cannot be made in an analysis such as this, we provide a cross-disciplinary, historical framework in which to consider public health and educational measures that may ultimately help reverse melanoma incidence trends. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; adult; attitude to health; clothing; cultural anthropology; female; history; history; human; incidence; male; melanoma; radiation response; skin; statistics and numerical data; sunbathing; suntan; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Clothing; Culture; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; History, 20th Century; Humans; Incidence; Male; Melanoma; Skin; Sunbathing; Suntan; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302185_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nonmedical exemptions from school immunization requirements: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, E. Author-Name: Clymer, J. Author-Name: Davis-Hayes, C. Author-Name: Buttenheim, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e62-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302190 Abstract: We summarized studies describing the prevalence of, trends in, and correlates of nonmedical exemptions from school vaccination mandates and the association of these policies with the incidence of vaccine-preventable disease. We searched 4 electronic databases for empirical studies published from 1997 to 2013 to capture exemption dynamics and qualitatively abstracted and synthesized the results. Findings from 42 studies suggest that exemption rates are increasing and occur in clusters; most exemptors questioned vaccine safety, although some exempted out of convenience. Easier state-level exemption procedures increase exemption rates and both individual and community disease risk. State laws influence exemption rates, but policy implementation, exemptors' vaccination status, and underlying mechanisms of geographical clustering need to be examined further to tailor specific interventions. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: child; epidemiology; human; policy; prevalence; preventive health service; school health service; statistics and numerical data; treatment refusal; United States, Child; Humans; Immunization Programs; Prevalence; Public Policy; School Health Services; Treatment Refusal; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302190_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social determinants of health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marmot, M. Author-Name: Allen, J.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S517-S519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302200 Keywords: editorial; health behavior; health care delivery; health disparity; human; lifestyle; politics; social determinants of health; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Health Behavior; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Life Style; Politics; Social Determinants of Health; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302200_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kidney cancer incidence and mortality among American Indians and Alaska natives in the United States, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Weir, H.K. Author-Name: Jim, M.A. Author-Name: King, S.M. Author-Name: Wilson, R. Author-Name: Master, V.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S396-S403 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301616 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301616 Abstract: Objectives. We describe rates and trends in kidney cancer incidence and mortality and identify disparities between American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and White populations. Methods. To improve identification of AI/AN race, incidence and mortality data were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) patient records. Analysis focused on residents of IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties; Hispanics were excluded. We calculated age-adjusted kidney cancer incidence (2001û2009) and death rates (1990û2009) by sex, age, and IHS region. Results. AI/AN persons have a 1.6 times higher kidney cancer incidence and a 1.9 times higher kidney cancer death rate than Whites. Despite a significant decline in kidney cancer death rates for Whites (annual percentage change [APC] = û0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = û0.5, 0.0), death rates for AI/AN persons remained stable (APC = 0.4; 95% CI = û0.7, 1.5). Kidney cancer incidence rates rose more rapidly for AI/AN persons (APC = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.2, 5.8) than for Whites (APC = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.8). Conclusions. AI/AN individuals have greater risk of developing and dying of kidney cancers. Incidence rates have increased faster in AI/AN populations than in Whites. Death rates have decreased slightly in Whites but remained stable in AI/AN populations. Racial disparities in kidney cancer are widening. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; kidney tumor; male; middle aged; mortality; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301616_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Denial of abortion because of provider gestational age limits in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Upadhyay, U.D. Author-Name: Weitz, T.A. Author-Name: Jones, R.K. Author-Name: Barar, R.E. Author-Name: Foster, D.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1687-1694 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301378 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the factors influencing delay in seeking abortion and the outcomes for women denied abortion care because of gestational age limits at abortion facilities. Methods. We compared women who presented for abortion care who were under the facilities' gestational age limits and received an abortion (n = 452) with those who were just over the gestational age limits and were denied an abortion (n = 231) at 30 US facilities. We described reasons for delay in seeking services. We examined the determinants of obtaining an abortion elsewhere after being denied one because of facility gestational age limits. We then estimated the national incidence of being denied an abortion because of facility gestational age limits. Results. Adolescents and women who did not recognize their pregnancies early were most likely to delay seeking care. The most common reason for delay was having to raise money for travel and procedure costs. We estimated that each year more than 4000 US women are denied an abortion because of facility gestational limits and must carry unwanted pregnancies to term. Conclusions. Many state laws restrict abortions based on gestational age, and new laws are lowering limits further. The incidence of being denied abortion will likely increase, disproportionately affecting young and poor women. Keywords: abortion; adolescent; adult; age; article; economics; female; gestational age; health care delivery; health insurance; human; incidence; insurance; middle aged; pregnancy; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; statistics; time; travel; United States; unwanted pregnancy, Abortion Applicants; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Female; Gestational Age; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Incidence; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unwanted; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Travel; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301378_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving transgender health education for future doctors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dowshen, N. Author-Name: Nguyen, G.T. Author-Name: Gilbert, K. Author-Name: Feiler, A. Author-Name: Margo, K.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301978 Keywords: female; government regulation; health care delivery; health service; human; legal aspect; male; note; transsexuality, Delivery of Health Care; Female; Government Regulation; Health Services for Transgendered Persons; Humans; Male; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301978_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Screening" for prostate cancer in New York's skid row: History and implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aronowitz, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301446 Abstract: The Bowery series, open perineal biopsies performed on more than 1200 alcoholic men recruited from homeless shelters in New York City's Bowery section, began in 1951 and persisted for more than a decade. If frozen sections revealed prostate cancer, men typically underwent radical perineal prostatectomy, orchiectomy, and diethylstilbestrol treatment. This poorly informed, vulnerable population was subjected to health risks that investigators knew others would not accept. Although the knowledge produced had little impact on practice, the Bowery practices foreshadowed and have troubling continuities with later developments. Currently, more than a million American men each year undergo prostatic biopsies. But the efficacy of prostate-specific antigen screening and the treatment that typically follows has never been established. The Bowery series and subsequent developments are part of one continuous story of how medical and lay people came to believe in the efficacy of population screening followed by aggressive treatment without solid supporting scientific evidence. Keywords: frozen section; history; human; male; mass screening; medical ethics; poverty; Prostatic Neoplasms; United States; urology; article; mass screening; prostate tumor; United States; urology, Ethics, Medical; Frozen Sections; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; New York City; Poverty Areas; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urology, Ethics, Medical; Frozen Sections; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; New York City; Poverty Areas; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urology Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301446_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The haverstraw experience: The first tobacco product display ban in the united states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curry, L.E. Author-Name: Schmitt, C.L. Author-Name: Juster, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e9-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301861 Abstract: In April 2012, the village of Haverstraw, New York, passed the first tobacco retail display ban in the United States. Community groups funded by the New York State Department of Health Tobacco Control Program mobilized community members to support an initiative to protect youths in their area from tobacco marketing via methods consistent with a community transformation framework. The law was soon rescinded after 7 tobacco companies and the New York Association of Convenience Stores filed a federal lawsuit against the village that challenged the law's constitutionality. We discuss lessons learned and next steps for adoption of local point-of-sale policies. Keywords: advertizing; article; health care policy; human; legal aspect; politics; smoking; tobacco; United States, Advertising as Topic; Health Policy; Humans; New York; Politics; Smoking; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301861_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The return of the pholela experiment: Medical history and primary health care in post-apartheid South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phillips, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1872-1876 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302136 Abstract: I examine why South Africa's pioneering Pholela model of primary health care, dating from the 1940s, held such appeal for the country's new policymakers after 1994, and why those policymakers have failed to make it the basis of an effective public health care system since then. In the 1940s, the innovative Pholela experiment had served as such a model, to be replicated gradually throughout the country until a new health care system in its image was finally in place. However, this vision was dashed by the hostility of the mainstream medical profession and, after 1948, even more so bythe new apartheid government, causing the idea to wither and become no more than a vanishing memory. In the 1990s, the model resurfaced as part of the country's transition to democracy, eliciting great enthusiasm among a new generation of health policymakers. I conclude by looking at the fate to date of this second coming of the Pholela experiment. Keywords: article; health care policy; health center; history; human; organization and management; politics; primary health care; public health; rural health care; South Africa, Community Health Centers; Health Policy; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Politics; Primary Health Care; Public Health; Rural Health Services; South Africa Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302136_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Menthol smokers in large-scale nicotine replacement therapy program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thihalolipavan, S. Author-Name: Jung, M. Author-Name: Jasek, J. Author-Name: Chamany, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302168 Keywords: menthol, African American; decision making; ethnology; human; legislation and jurisprudence; smoking; tobacco industry, African Americans; Choice Behavior; Humans; Menthol; Smoking; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302168_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity and the natural environment across US counties Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Von Hippel, P. Author-Name: Benson, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1287-1293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301838 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the association between obesity and features of the natural environment. We asked whether the association is mediated by diet or by physical activity. Methods. Using county-level data from the contiguous United States, we regressed adult obesity prevalence on 9 measures of the natural environment. Our regression model accounted for spatial correlation, and controlled for county demographics and the built environment. We included physical activity and diet (proxied by food purchases) as potential mediators. Results. Obesity was more prevalent in counties that are hot in July or cold in January. To a lesser degree, obesity was more prevalent in counties that are dark in January or rainy (but not snowy) year-round. Other aspects of the natural environment-including wind, trees, waterfront, and hills and mountains-had little or no association with obesity. Nearly all of the association between obesity and the natural environment was mediated by physical activity; none was mediated by diet. Conclusions. Hot summers and cold winters appear to promote obesity by discouraging physical activity. Attempts to encourage physical activity should compensate for the effects of extreme temperatures. Keywords: article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; diet; environment; exercise; human; obesity; prevalence; season; temperature; United States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Diet; Environment; Exercise; Humans; Obesity; Prevalence; Seasons; Temperature; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301838_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Listening to community health workers: How ethnographic research can inform positive relationships among community health workers, health institutions, communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maes, K. Author-Name: Closser, S. Author-Name: Kalofonos, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e5-e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301907 Abstract: Many actors in global health are concerned with improving community health worker (CHW) policy and practice to achieve universal health care. Ethnographic research can play an important role in providing information critical to the formation of effective CHW programs, by elucidating the life histories that shape CHWs' desires for alleviation of their own and others' economic and health challenges, and by addressing the working relationships that exist among CHWs, intended beneficiaries, and health officials. We briefly discuss ethnographic research with 3 groups of CHWs: volunteers involved in HIV/AIDS care and treatment support in Ethiopia and Mozambique and Lady Health Workers in Pakistan. We call for a broader application of ethnographic research to inform working relationships among CHWs, communities, and health institutions. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; cultural anthropology; decision making; Ethiopia; health auxiliary; health care delivery; health care disparity; health disparity; health services research; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; methodology; motivation; Mozambique; organization and management; Pakistan; policy; psychological aspect; public relations, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Anthropology, Cultural; Career Choice; Community Health Workers; Delivery of Health Care; Ethiopia; Health Services Research; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Motivation; Mozambique; Pakistan; Policy; Professional-Patient Relations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301907_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lung cancer deaths among American Indians and Alaska natives, 1990-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plescia, M. Author-Name: Henley, S.J. Author-Name: Pate, A. Author-Name: Underwood, J.M. Author-Name: Rhodes, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S388-S395 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301609 Abstract: Objectives. We examined regional differences in lung cancer among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) using linked data sets to minimize racial misclassification. Methods. On the basis of federal lung cancer incidence data for 1999 to 2009 and deaths for 1990 to 2009 linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records, we calculated age-adjusted incidence and death rates for non-Hispanic AI/AN and White persons by IHS region, focusing on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. Wecorrelated death rates with cigarette smoking prevalence and calculated mortality-to-incidence ratios. Results. Lung cancer death rates among AI/AN persons in CHSDA counties varied across IHS regions, from 94.0 per 100 000 in the Northern Plains to 15.2 in the Southwest, reflecting the strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. For every 100 lung cancers diagnosed, there were 6 more deaths among AI/AN persons than among White persons. Lung cancer death rates began to decline in 1997 among AI/AN men and are still increasing among AI/AN women. Conclusions. Comparison of regional lung cancer death rates between AI/AN and White populations indicates disparities in tobacco control and prevention interventions. Efforts should be made to ensure that AI/AN persons receive equal benefit from current and emerging lung cancer prevention and control interventions. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; lung tumor; male; middle aged; mortality; register; risk factor; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301609_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The action is upstream: place-based approaches for achieving population health and health equity. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Amaro, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 964 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302032 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302032 Keywords: article; demography; health disparity; health promotion; human; methodology; public health service, Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Public Health Administration; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302032_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Survival on dialysis among American Indians and Alaska natives with diabetes in the United States, 1995 - 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burrows, N.R. Author-Name: Cho, P. Author-Name: Bullard, K.M. Author-Name: Narva, A.S. Author-Name: Eggers, P.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S490-S495 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301942 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed survival in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) with end-stage renal disease attributed to diabetes who initiated hemodialysis between 1995 and 2009. Methods. Follow-up extended from the first date of dialysis in the United States Renal Data System until December 31, 2010, kidney transplantation, or death. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to compute survival on dialysis by age and race/ethnicity and Cox regression analysis to compute adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). Results. Our study included 510 666 persons48% Whites, 2% AI/AN persons, and 50% others. Median follow-up was 2.2 years (interquartile range = 1.1û4.1 years). At any age, AI/AN persons survived longer on hemodialysis than Whites; this finding persisted after adjusting for baseline differences. Among AI/AN individuals, those with full Indian blood ancestry had the lowest adjusted risk of death compared with Whites (HR = 0.58; 95% confidence interval = 0.55, 0.61). The risk increased with declining proportion of AI/AN ancestry. Conclusions. Survival on dialysis was better among AI/AN than White persons with diabetes. Among AI/AN persons, the inverse relationship between risk of death and level of AI/AN ancestry suggested that cultural or hereditary factors played a role in survival. Keywords: American Indian; article; Caucasian; chronic kidney failure; diabetic nephropathy; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; renal replacement therapy; statistics; survival; United States, Alaska; Diabetic Nephropathies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Renal Dialysis; Survival Analysis; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301942_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk factors for HCV infection among young adults in rural New York who inject prescription opioid analgesics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zibbell, J.E. Author-Name: Hart-Malloy, R. Author-Name: Barry, J. Author-Name: Fan, L. Author-Name: Flanigan, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2226-2232 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302142 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated a cluster of new hepatitis C cases in rural New York among a cohort of young people who inject drugs (PWID) and misuse prescription opioid analgesics (POA). Methods. We recruited a purposive sample of PWID from Cortland County for an in-person survey and HCV rapid antibody test (March-July 2012). We examined sociodemographics, drugs currently injected, and lifetime and recent injection behaviors to ascertain associations with HCV antibody (anti-HCV) positivity. Results. Of 123 PWID, 76 (61.8%) were younger than 30 years, and 100 (81.3%) received HCV rapid testing. Of those tested, 34 (34.0%) were positive. Participants who reported injecting POA in the past 12 months were 5 times more likely to be anti-HCV positive than those who injected drugs other than POA, and participants who reported sharing injection equipment in the past 12 months were roughly 4 times more likely to be anti-HCV positive than those who did not. Conclusions. Our analysis suggests people injecting POA may be at higher risk for HCV infection than people who inject heroin or other drugs but not POA. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, adolescent; adult; age; complication; epidemiology; female; hepatitis C; human; male; Prescription Drug Misuse; risk factor; rural population; statistics and numerical data; substance abuse; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; New York; Prescription Drug Misuse; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302142_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of cognitive therapy on structural social capital: Results from a randomized controlled trial among sexual violence survivors in the democratic republic of the Congo Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hall, B.J. Author-Name: Bolton, P.A. Author-Name: Annan, J. Author-Name: Kaysen, D. Author-Name: Robinette, K. Author-Name: Cetinoglu, T. Author-Name: Wachter, K. Author-Name: Bass, J.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1680-1686 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301981 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated changes in social capital following group-based cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for female survivors of sexual violence. Methods. We compared CPT with individual support in a cluster-randomized trial in villages in South Kivu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Local psychosocial assistants delivered the interventions from April through July 2011. We evaluated differences between CPT and individual support conditions for structural social capital (i.e., time spent with nonkin social network, group membership and participation, and the size of financial and instrumental support networks) and emotional support seeking. We analyzed intervention effects with longitudinal random effects models. Results. We obtained small to medium effect size differences for 2 study outcomes. Women in the CPT villages increased group membership and participation at 6-month follow-up and emotional support seeking after the intervention compared with women in the individual support villages. Conclusions. Results support the efficacy of group CPT to increase dimensions of social capital among survivors of sexual violence in a low-income conflict-affected context. Keywords: adult; article; cognitive therapy; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; Democratic Republic Congo; female; human; mental stress; methodology; middle aged; poverty; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; sexual crime; social support; socioeconomics; statistics; survivor, Adult; Cognitive Therapy; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Poverty; Sex Offenses; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Survivors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301981_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Illness absences among beryllium sensitized workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Watkins, J.P. Author-Name: Ellis, E.D. Author-Name: Girardi, D.J. Author-Name: Cragle, D.L. Author-Name: Richter, B.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e165-e169 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302132 Abstract: Objectives. This study examined absence rates among US Department of Energy workers who had beryllium sensitization (BeS) or were diagnosed with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) compared with those of other workers. Methods. We used the lymphocyte proliferation test to determine beryllium sensitivity. In addition, we applied multivariable logistic regression to compare absences from 2002 to 2011 between workers with BeS or CBD to those without, and survival analysis to compare time to first absence by beryllium sensitization status. Finally, we examined beryllium status by occupational group. Results. Fewer than 3% of the 19 305 workers were BeS, and workers with BeS or CBD had more total absences (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 1.46) and respiratory absences (OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.84) than did other workers. Time to first absence for all causes and for respiratory conditions occurred earlier for workers with BeS or CBD than for other workers. Line operators and crafts personnel were at increased risk for BeS or CBD. Conclusions. Although not considered "diseased," workers with BeS have higher absenteeism compared with nonsensitized workers. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: beryllium, absenteeism; adult; berylliosis; female; human; male; medical leave; middle aged; occupational exposure; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; survival, Absenteeism; Adult; Berylliosis; Beryllium; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Sick Leave; Survival Analysis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302132_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women-United States and 6 dependent areas, 2008-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Singh, S. Author-Name: Hu, X. Author-Name: Wheeler, W. Author-Name: Hall, H.I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1700-1706 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301990 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men and women (MSMW), who have the potential to bridge HIV transmission risk from men who have sex with men (MSM) to women. Methods. Applying National HIV Surveillance System data for persons aged 13 years and older, we examined estimated numbers and percentages of HIV diagnoses among MSMW and MSM only (MSMO) from 2008 to 2011, and estimated the annual percentage change and 95% confidence intervals, by age and race/ethnicity. Results. In 2011, 26.4% of 30 896 MSM diagnosed with HIV infection also had had sex with women. A larger percentage of MSMW were Black/African American (44.5%) compared with MSMO (36.0%), and fewer MSMW were White (26.4%) compared with MSMO (36.2%); similar percentages were classified as either MWMW or MSMO among other racial/ethnic groups. Among MSMW, HIV diagnoses were relatively stable and MSMO increased more than 6% annually among those aged 13 to 29 years. Conclusions. Many MSM diagnosed with HIV infection had also had sex with women. Intensified interventions are needed to decrease HIV infections overall for MSMW and reverse the increasing trends among young MSMO. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; African American; age; article; bisexuality; Caucasian; ethnology; health survey; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; socioeconomics; United States; young adult, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Age Factors; Bisexuality; European Continental Ancestry Group; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301990_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical quality registries: Engaging effectiveness data for quality improvement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stirling, R.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302319 Keywords: African American; Caucasian; ethnology; female; government; health care disparity; human; male; neoplasm; statistics and numerical data, African Americans; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302319_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities among younger and older persons alike Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Viola, D. Author-Name: Arno, P.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301847 Keywords: disabled person; female; health care disparity; health insurance; human; insurance; male; note; statistics; utilization review, Disabled Persons; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301847_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Friedman and Parrish respond. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, D.J. Author-Name: Parrish, R.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301807 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301807 Keywords: electronic medical record; human; note; public health, Electronic Health Records; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301807_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kumar et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kumar, S. Author-Name: Grefenstette, J.J. Author-Name: Galloway, D. Author-Name: Albert, S.M. Author-Name: Burke, D.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301676 Keywords: human; influenza; nonbiological model; note; policy; workplace; Influenza, Human, Humans; Influenza, Human; Models, Organizational; Organizational Policy; Workplace, Humans; Influenza, Human; Models, Organizational; Organizational Policy; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301676_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examination of potential sources of bias in the US Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scott Laney, A. Author-Name: Attfield, M.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 165-170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301051 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the potential influences of certain selection factors on the utility of the Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program (CWHSP) data for tracking disease distribution and trends. Methods: We combined data from the CWHSP and the Energy Information Administration to examine any influence of variable worker participation on observed disease prevalence. We evaluated effects of differential participation by coal mining region, temporal changes in employment, and active surveillance efforts. Results: The published findings of pneumoconiosis distribution and trends from the CWHSP were robust compared with the various participation factors that might have affected their validity for population-based estimates of disease burden. Exploration of factors that could potentially bias the findings generally led to small increases in the primary estimates, mostly for the early years of the program. Conclusions: We confirmed previously reported findings that there was a high prevalence of coal worker pneumoconiosis (CWP) around 1970-1974, a substantial decline in 1995-1999, and indications of an increase since then. Overall our findings suggest that the previously reported distribution and trends in CWP prevalence were broadly accurate. Keywords: anthracosis; coal mining; health survey; human; occupational health service; prevalence; risk factor; statistical bias; time; United States; anthracosis; article, Anthracosis; Bias (Epidemiology); Coal Mining; Humans; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.); Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Time Factors; United States, Anthracosis; Bias (Epidemiology); Coal Mining; Humans; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.); Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301051_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilitarian walking, neighborhood environment, and risk of outdoor falls among older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, W. Author-Name: Procter-Gray, E. Author-Name: Lipsitz, L.A. Author-Name: Leveille, S.G. Author-Name: Hackman, H. Author-Name: Biondolillo, M. Author-Name: Hannan, M.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e30-e37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302104 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the roles of utilitarian and recreational walking in relation to occurrence of outdoor falls in older adults. Methods. We analyzed data on walking habits, falls, and fall injuries among participants of MOBILIZE Boston, a prospective cohort study of 765 community dwelling women and men, mainly aged 70 years or older, in Boston, Massachusetts. Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) indicators were assessed at census block group level. Falls were recorded during a total of 2066.5 person-years of follow-up (September 2005-December 2009), and the median length of follow-up was 2.9 years (range = 0.04-4.3). Results. Lower neighborhood SES indicators were associated with more utilitarian walking and higher rates of falls on sidewalks, streets, and curbs. Falls on sidewalks and streets were more likely to result in an injury than were falls in recreational areas. Utilitarian-only walkers tended to live in neighborhoods with the lowest neighborhood SES and had the highest rate of outdoor falls despite walking 14 and 25 fewer blocks per week than the recreational-only and dual walkers, respectively. Conclusions. Improving the safety of walking environments in areas where older adults shop and do other errands of necessity is an important component of fall prevention. Keywords: aged; article; body mass; demography; environment; falling; female; health behavior; human; injury; male; prospective study; recreation; risk factor; social class; statistics; United States; very elderly; walking, Accidental Falls; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Mass Index; Boston; Environment; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Recreation; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Social Class; Walking; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302104_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing childhood obesity: What are we doing right? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Author-Name: Dowell, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1579-1583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302015 Abstract: After decades of increases, the prevalence of childhood obesity has declined in the past decade in New York City, as measured in children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and public school students, with the greatest reductions occurring in the youngest children. Possible explanations were changes in demographics; WIC, day care, and school food policies; citywide obesity prevention policies, media messages; and family and community food consumption. Although the decreases cannot be attributed to any one cause, the most plausible explanation is changes in food consumption at home, prompted by media messages and reinforced by school and child care center policy changes. Continued media messages and policy changes are needed to sustain these improvements and extend them to other age groups. Keywords: adolescent; ancestry group; article; body mass; breast feeding; child; childhood obesity; diet; ethnology; exercise; female; food assistance; human; male; population dynamics; preschool child; prevalence; school; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Body Mass Index; Breast Feeding; Child; Child, Preschool; Continental Population Groups; Diet; Exercise; Female; Food Assistance; Humans; Male; New York City; Pediatric Obesity; Population Dynamics; Prevalence; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302015_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of public health in the prevention of war: Rationale and competencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiist, W.H. Author-Name: Barker, K. Author-Name: Arya, N. Author-Name: Rohde, J. Author-Name: Donohoe, M. Author-Name: White, S. Author-Name: Lubens, P. Author-Name: Gorman, G. Author-Name: Hagopian, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e34-e37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301778 Abstract: In 2009 the American Public Health Association approved the policy statement, "The Role of Public Health Practitioners, Academics, and Advocates in Relation to Armed Conflict and War." Despite the known health effects of war, the development of competencies to prevent war has received little attention. Public health's ethical principles of practice prioritize addressing the fundamental causes of disease and adverse health outcomes. A working group grew out of the American Public Health Association's Peace Caucus to build upon the 2009 policy by proposing competencies to understand and prevent the political, economic, social, and cultural determinants of war, particularly militarism. The working group recommends that schools of public health and public health organizations incorporate these competencies into professional preparation programs, research, and advocacy. Keywords: article; human; medical society; organization and management; policy; professional competence; professional standard; public health service; standard; United States; war, Humans; Professional Competence; Professional Role; Public Health Administration; Public Policy; Societies, Medical; United States; War Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301778_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disposing of medicines safely Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fain, K.M. Author-Name: Alexander, G.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302296 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302296 Keywords: human; mortality; opiate addiction, Humans; Opioid-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302296_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The tobacco industry, researchers, and ethical access to UK biobank: Using the public interest and public good Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Capps, B.J. Author-Name: Van Der Eijk, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1833-1839 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302138 Abstract: We have asked whether the strategic purpose of the tobacco industry is something that a public resource, such as UK Biobank, should support. Tobacco industry health research has been known to work irreconcilably with the purposes of such institutions, which can be surmised as for the public good and defined to improve the provision, diagnosis, and treatment of illness and the promotion of health throughout society. Keywords: article; conflict of interest; ethics; genetics; health care facility; human; medical research; organization and management; tobacco industry; United Kingdom, Biological Specimen Banks; Biomedical Research; Conflict of Interest; Genetic Research; Great Britain; Humans; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302138_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Politics, profit, and psychiatric diagnosis: A case study of tobacco use disorder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hirshbein, L.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2076-2084 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302125 Abstract: The idea of tobacco or nicotine dependence as a specific psychiatric diagnosis appeared in 1980 and has evolved through successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Not surprisingly, the tobacco industry attempted to challenge this diagnosis through behind-the- scenes influence. But another entity put corporate muscle into supporting the diagnosis - the pharmaceutical industry. Psychiatry's ongoing professional challenges have left it vulnerable to multiple professional, social, and commercial forces. The example of tobacco use disorder illustrates that mental health concepts used to develop public health goals and policy need to be critically assessed. I review the conflicting commercial, professional, and political aims that helped to construct psychiatric diagnoses relating to smoking. This history suggests that a diagnosis regarding tobacco has as much to do with social and cultural circumstances as it does with science. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; drug industry; economics; history; history; human; organization and management; politics; tobacco industry; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Drug Industry; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302125_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to supermarkets and fruit and vegetable consumption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aggarwal, A. Author-Name: Cook, A.J. Author-Name: Jiao, J. Author-Name: Seguin, R.A. Author-Name: Moudon, A.V. Author-Name: Hurvitz, P.M. Author-Name: Drewnowski, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 917-923 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301763 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether supermarket choice, conceptualized as a proxy for underlying personal factors, would better predict access to supermarkets and fruit and vegetable consumption than mere physical proximity. Methods. The Seattle Obesity Study geocoded respondents' home addresses and locations of their primary supermarkets. Primary supermarkets were stratified into low, medium, and high cost according to the market basket cost of 100 foods. Data on fruit and vegetable consumption were obtained during telephone surveys. Linear regressions examined associations between physical proximity to primary supermarkets, supermarket choice, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Descriptive analyses examined whether supermarket choice outweighed physical proximity among lower-income and vulnerable groups. Results. Only one third of the respondents shopped at their nearest supermarket for their primary food supply. Those who shopped at low-cost supermarkets were more likely to travel beyond their nearest supermarket. Fruit and vegetable consumption was not associated with physical distance but, with supermarket choice, after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions. Mere physical distance may not be the most salient variable to reflect access to supermarkets, particularly among those who shop by car. Studies on food environments need to focus beyond neighborhood geographic boundaries to capture actual food shopping behaviors. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; catering service; decision making; demography; female; fruit; geographic information system; human; male; middle aged; poverty; socioeconomics; statistics; vegetable; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Choice Behavior; Female; Food Supply; Fruit; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Vegetables; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301763_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Latent tuberculosis infection screening in foreign-born populations: A successful mobile clinic outreach model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morano, J.P. Author-Name: Zelenev, A. Author-Name: Walton, M.R. Author-Name: Bruce, R.D. Author-Name: Altice, F.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1508-1515 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301897 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301897 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a mobile medical clinic (MMC) screening program for detecting latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis. Methods. A LTBI screening program in a MMC in New Haven, Connecticut, used medical surveys to examine risk factors and tuberculin skin test (TST) screening eligibility. We assessed clinically relevant correlates of total (prevalent; n = 4650) and newly diagnosed (incident; n = 4159) LTBI from 2003 to 2011. Results. Among 8322 individuals, 4159 (55.6%) met TST screening eligibility criteria, of which 1325 (31.9%) had TST assessed. Similar to LTBI prevalence (16.8%; 779 of 4650), newly diagnosed LTBI (25.6%; 339 of 1325) was independently correlated with being foreign-born (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 8.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.54, 13.02), Hispanic (AOR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.88, 5.20), Black (AOR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.31, 3.55), employed (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.28), and of increased age (AOR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.05). Unstable housing (AOR = 4.95; 95% CI = 3.43, 7.14) and marijuana use (AOR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.05, 2.37) were significantly correlated with incident LTBI, and being male, heroin use, interpersonal violence, employment, not having health insurance, and not completing high school were significantly correlated with prevalent LTBI. Conclusions. Screening for TST in MMCs successfully identifies high-risk foreign-born, Hispanic, working, and uninsured populations and innovatively identifies LTBI in urban settings. Keywords: addiction; adult; ancestry group; article; female; human; latent tuberculosis; male; mass screening; methodology; migrant; organization and management; prevalence; preventive health service; risk factor; statistics; tuberculin test; United States, Adult; Connecticut; Continental Population Groups; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Latent Tuberculosis; Male; Mass Screening; Mobile Health Units; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Tuberculin Test Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301897_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethics and obesity prevention: Ethical considerations in 3 approaches to reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kass, N. Author-Name: Hecht, K. Author-Name: Paul, A. Author-Name: Birnbach, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 787-795 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301708 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301708 Abstract: Obesity and overweight prevalence soared to unprecedented levels in the United States, with 1 in 3 adults and 1 in 6 children currently categorized as obese. Althoughmany approaches have been taken to encourage individual behavior change, policies increasingly attempt to modify environments to have a more positive influence on individuals' food and drink choices. Several policy proposals target sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), consumption of which has become the largest contributor to Americans' caloric intake. Yet proposals have been criticized for unduly inhibiting choice, being overly paternalistic, and stigmatizing low-income populations. We explored the ethical acceptability of 3 approaches to reduce SSB consumption: restricting sale of SSBs in public schools, levying significant taxes on SSBs, and prohibiting the use of Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (formerly food stamps) benefits for SSB purchases. Keywords: article; beverage; ethics; food assistance; health care policy; human; legal aspect; obesity; prevalence; public health; school; sugar intake; tax; United States, Beverages; Dietary Sucrose; Food Assistance; Health Policy; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Prevalence; Public Health; Schools; Taxes; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301708_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local medicaid home- and community-based services spending and nursing home admissions of younger adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, K.S. Author-Name: Keohane, L. Author-Name: Mor, V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e15-e17 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302144 Abstract: We used fixed-effect models to examine the relationship between local spending on home- and community-based services (HCBSs) for cash-assisted Medicaid-only disabled (CAMOD) adults and younger adult admissions to nursing homes in the United States during 2001 through 2008, with control for facility and market characteristics and secular trends. We found that increased CAMOD Medicaid HCBS spending at the local level is associated with decreased admissions of younger adults to nursing homes. Our findings suggest that states' efforts to expand HCBS for this population should continue. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: age; community care; economics; home care; human; medicaid; middle aged; nursing home; statistics and numerical data; United States, Age Factors; Community Health Services; Home Care Services; Humans; Medicaid; Middle Aged; Nursing Homes; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302144_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educational disparities in the burden of disability: Contributions of disease prevalence and disabling impact Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klijs, B. Author-Name: Nusselder, W.J. Author-Name: Looman, C.W. Author-Name: Mackenbach, J.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e141-e148 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301924 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the contributions of the prevalence and disabling impact of specific diseases to educational disparities in the prevalence of disability. Methods. We examined a large representative survey of the Dutch population, the Dutch Permanent Survey of Living Conditions (2001-2007; n = 24 883; ages 40-97 years). We attributed the prevalence of disability to chronic diseases by using their empirical associations and assuming independent competing causes of disability. We estimated contributions of prevalence and the disabling impact of diseases to disparities in disability using counterfactuals. Results. We found that the prevalence of disability in individuals with only an elementary education was 19 to 20 percentage points higher than that in individuals with tertiary education. Sixty-five percent of this difference could be attributed to specific chronic diseases, but more so to their disabling impact (49%-51%) than to their prevalence (20%-29%). Back pain, neck or arm conditions, and peripheral vascular disease contributed most to the disparity in men, and arthritis, back pain, and chronic nonspecific lung disease contributed most to the disparity in women. Conclusions. Educational disparities in the burden of disability were primarily caused by high disabling impacts of chronic diseases among low educated groups. Tackling disparities might require more effective treatment or rehabilitation of disability in lower socioeconomic groups. Keywords: adult; aged; article; chronic disease; cost of illness; cross-sectional study; disabled person; education; educational status; female; health disparity; human; male; middle aged; Netherlands; prevalence; psychological aspect; sex difference; statistics; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chronic Disease; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Educational Status; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Prevalence; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301924_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality from sexually transmitted diseases in reproductive-aged women: United states, 1999-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McElligott, K.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e101-e105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302044 Abstract: Objectives. I estimated the sexually transmitted disease-related mortality among US reproductive-aged women from 1999 to 2010. Methods. I estimated mortality from National Center for Health Statistics' Multiple Cause of Death data. I defined reproductive age as 15 to 44 years. For diseases partially caused by sexual transmission, I estimated the proportion attributable to sexual transmission from the literature. To calculate mortality rates, I estimated number of deaths from each disease and Census Bureau population for reproductive-aged women for 1999 to 2010. Results. From1999 to 2010, the cumulative sexually transmitted disease-related mortality rate decreased by 49%, from 5.3 to 2.7 deaths per 100 000. The primary contributors were HIV and human papilloma virus infections. Mortality from sexually transmitted HIV infection decreased by 62%, from 3.4 to 1.3 deaths per 100 000. Mortality fromhuman papilloma virus-associated gynecologic cancers decreased by 19%, from 1.6 deaths per 100 000 in 1999 to 1.3 deaths per 100 000 in 2010. Conclusions. Screening and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases may reduce mortality. Research is needed to determine whether sexually transmitted disease-related morbidity among reproductive-aged women has decreased over the past decade. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; female; female genital tract tumor; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mortality; papillomavirus infection; sexually transmitted disease; United States; virology; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302044_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Geographic variation in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, age of onset, and stage at diagnosis among American Indian and Alaska native people, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perdue, D.G. Author-Name: Haverkamp, D. Author-Name: Perkins, C. Author-Name: Daley, C.M. Author-Name: Provost, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S404-S414 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301654 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301654 Abstract: Objectives. We characterized estimates of colorectal cancer (CRC) in American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) compared with Whites using a linkage methodology to improve AI/AN classification in incidence and mortality data. Methods. We linked incidence and mortality data to Indian Health Service enrollment records. Our analyses were restricted to Contract Health Services Delivery Area counties. We analyzed death and incidence rates of CRC for AI/AN persons and Whites by 6 regions from 1999 to 2009. Trends were described using linear modeling. Results. The AI/AN colorectal cancer incidence was 21% higher and mortality 39% higher than in Whites. Although incidence and mortality significantly declined among Whites, AI/AN incidence did not change significantly, and mortality declined only in the Northern Plains. AI/AN persons had a higher incidence of CRC than Whites in all ages and were more often diagnosed with late stage CRC than Whites. Conclusions. Compared with Whites, AI/AN individuals in many regions had a higher burden of CRC and stable or increasing CRC mortality. An understanding of the factors driving these regional disparities could offer critical insights for prevention and control programs. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; cancer staging; Caucasian; cause of death; colorectal tumor; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; onset age; pathology; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Colorectal Neoplasms; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301654_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The debate on regulating menthol cigarettes: Closing a dangerous loophole vs freedom of choice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cheyne, A. Author-Name: Dorfman, L. Author-Name: Daynard, R.A. Author-Name: Mejia, P. Author-Name: Gottlieb, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e54-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302025 Abstract: The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act exempted menthol from a flavoring additive ban, tasking the Tobacco Products Safety Advisory Committee to advise on the scientific evidence on menthol. To inform future tobacco control efforts, we examined the public debate from 2008 to 2011 over the exemption. Health advocates regularly warned of menthol's public health damages, but inconsistently invoked the health disparities borne by African American smokers. Tobacco industry spokespeople insisted that making menthol available put them on the side of African Americans' struggle for justice and enlisted civil rights groups to help them make that case. In future debates, public health must prioritize and invest in the leadership of communities most affected by health harms to ensure a strong, unrelenting voice in support of health equity. Keywords: menthol, African American; article; decision making; ethnology; human; legal aspect; policy; public health; publication; racism; smoking; tobacco industry, African Americans; Choice Behavior; Humans; Menthol; Newspapers; Policy; Public Health; Racism; Smoking; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302025_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting public health through public art in the digital age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kilaru, A.S. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Author-Name: Sellers, A. Author-Name: Merchant, R.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1633-1635 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302088 Keywords: art; article; defibrillator; health promotion; human; methodology; public health; social media, Art; Defibrillators; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302088_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examining the impact of thewalking school buswith an agent-based model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, Y. Author-Name: Diez-Roux, A. Author-Name: Evenson, K.R. Author-Name: Colabianchi, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1196-1203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301896 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301896 Abstract: We used an agent-based model to examine the impact of the walking school bus (WSB) on children's active travel to school. We identified a synergistic effect of the WSB with other intervention components such as an educational campaign designed to improve attitudes toward active travel to school. Results suggest that to maximize active travel to school, children should arrive on time at "bus stops" to allow faster WSB walking speeds. We also illustrate how an agent-based model can be used to identify the location of routes maximizing the effects of the WSB on active travel. Agent-based models can be used to examine plausible effects of the WSB on active travel to school under various conditions and to identify ways of implementing the WSB that maximize its effectiveness. Keywords: article; attitude; exercise; health behavior; health education; health promotion; human; methodology; public health; safety; school; time; traffic and transport; walking, Attitude; Exercise; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; Safety; Schools; Time Factors; Transportation; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301896_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring risk factors in Latino cardiovascular disease: The role of education, nativity, and gender Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dinwiddie, G.Y. Author-Name: Zambrana, R.E. Author-Name: Garza, M.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1742-1750 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301280 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301280 Abstract: Objectives. We examined 3 cardiovascular disease risk factors by nativity and gender, evaluating evidence for education and health behaviors in explaining the "Hispanic Health Paradox." Methods. We analyzed 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for adults (n = 6032) to compare hypertension, high waist circumference, and diabetes for US- and foreign-born Mexican men and women. We controlled for age, depression, and health insurance. Results. Cardiovascular disease risk factors differed by education, nativity, and gender. Higher education was associated with higher odds of hypertension and high waist circumference for men and women regardless of nativity. As education increased, the odds of diabetes increased for US-born women, showing a gradient for this population. Finally, foreign-born Mexican women with 5 to 19 years in the United States conferred the highest odds of having diabetes, whereas foreign-born men with less than 5 years in the United States had the lowest odds for high waist circumference and presence of diabetes. Conclusions. Results contest assumptions of the Hispanic Health Paradox and suggest new approaches. New research can yield accurate information to ensure the development of appropriate interventions, decreasing health disparities endemic to a subgroup of Latinos. Keywords: adult; aged; article; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; ethnology; female; health behavior; health survey; human; hypertension; male; Mexican American; middle aged; migrant; morphometrics; nutrition; risk factor; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; time; United States, Adult; Aged; Body Weights and Measures; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Mexican Americans; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301280_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examination of a theoretical model for oral health-related quality of life among youths with cleft Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Broder, H.L. Author-Name: Wilson-Genderson, M. Author-Name: Sischo, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 865-871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301686 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated relationships among physical and psychological indicators and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in youths with cleft. Methods. We recruited youths aged 7 to 18 years with cleft palate (n = 282) or cleft lip and palate (n = 918) and their caregivers into a 5-year observational investigation at 6 US treatment centers from 2009 to 2011. At baseline, youths completed surveys to assess psychological status. After clinical evaluation, 433 youths received a recommendation for surgery. We developed structural models from the baseline data incorporating age, gender, race, and cleft diagnosis to examine direct relationships between depressive symptoms and, in separate models, self-concept and sense of mastery and OHRQOL. Subsequent models examined the possible mediating effect of surgical recommendation. Results. Depressive symptoms were negatively and self-concept and selfefficacy were positively associated with OHRQOL. Surgical recommendation appeared to mediate the effect of psychological well-being, but not depression, on OHRQOL, even after adjustment for cleft diagnosis. In some models, individuallevel characteristics were significant. Conclusions. Path analyses support the theoretical model and underscore the importance of examining positive psychosocial characteristics such as resiliency and self-concept in this patient population. Keywords: adolescent; age; ancestry group; article; child; cleft palate; depression; female; health; human; male; psychological aspect; quality of life; self concept; sex difference, Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Cleft Palate; Continental Population Groups; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Oral Health; Quality of Life; Self Concept; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301686_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Age, period and cohort trends in caries of permanent teeth in four developed countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernabé, E. Author-Name: Sheiham, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e115-e121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301869 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the relative influences of age, period, and cohort effects on trends in caries experience of permanent teeth in 4 different populations. Methods. We used data from England and Wales, United States, Japan, and Sweden in which numerous cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys have been conducted periodically since the early 1960s. For each country, trends in caries experience (measured by DMFT index-the number of decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth) were analyzed in an age, period, and cohort (APC) analysis using partial least square regression. Results. A strong effect of age manifested in caries experience, period and cohort effects aside. Caries levels increased through to adolescence; thereafter, there was a larger increase in DMFT in adulthood. Compared with the aging effect, period and cohort effects on caries experience were small. Population DMFT scores decreased over time in all countries except Japan. Cohort effects on caries experience displayed a nonlinear pattern in all 4 countries, with slightly lower caries levels among the oldest and most recent generations. Conclusions. Despite marked recent declines in caries among children, caries levels increase with age and remain problematic in adults. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; child; cross-sectional study; dental caries; developed country; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; preschool child; statistics; time; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Developed Countries; DMF Index; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301869_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The safety of public bicycle share programs in North America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Salomon, A. Author-Name: Kimbrough, G. Author-Name: Bershteyn, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302180 Keywords: Craniocerebral Trauma; cycling; human, Bicycling; Craniocerebral Trauma; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302180_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Language and stigmatization in addiction medicine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hosea, D.F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302019 Keywords: addiction; attitude to health; education; female; human; male; medical education; note; public health; social work, Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Internship and Residency; Male; Public Health; Social Work; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302019_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transitions in smoking behavior during emerging adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effect of home smoking bans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mathur, C. Author-Name: Stigler, M.H. Author-Name: Erickson, D.J. Author-Name: Perry, C.L. Author-Name: Forster, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 715-720 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301642 Abstract: Objectives. We studied the effect of home smoking bans on transitions in smoking behavior during emerging adulthood. Methods. We used latent transition analysis to examine movement between stages of smoking from late adolescence (ages 16-18 years) to young adulthood (ages 18-20 years) and the effect of a home smoking ban on these transitions. We used data from the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort study collected in 2004 to 2006. Results. Overall, we identified 4 stages of smoking: (1) never smokers, (2) experimental smokers, (3) light smokers, and (4) daily smokers. Transition probabilities varied by stage. Young adults with a home ban during late adolescence were less likely to be smokers and less likely to progress to higher use later. Furthermore, the protective effect of a home smoking ban on the prevalence of smoking behavior was evident even in the presence of parental smoking. However, this effect was less clear on transitions over time. Conclusions. In addition to protecting family members from exposure to secondhand smoke, home smoking bans appear to have the additional benefit of reducing initiation and escalation of smoking behavior among young adults. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; family size; female; human; male; parent; prevalence; psychological aspect; smoking; socioeconomics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Age Factors; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Male; Minnesota; Parents; Prevalence; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301642_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reaching children never previously vaccinated for influenza through a school-located vaccination program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kansagra, S.M. Author-Name: Papadouka, V. Author-Name: Geevarughese, A. Author-Name: Hansen, M.A. Author-Name: Konty, K.J. Author-Name: Zucker, J.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e45-e49 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671 Abstract: Objectives: We determined the success of the school-located vaccination (SLV) program, implemented in 2009 in New York City to deliver pandemic influenza A (H1N1) monovalent vaccine (pH1N1), versus provider offices in reaching children who had never previously received influenza vaccine. Methods: We compared the immunization history of children vaccinated in school versus provider offices. We included records in the Citywide Immunization Registry with pH1N1 administered between October 2009 and March 2010 to elementary school-aged children. Results: In total, 96 524 children received pH1N1 vaccine in schools, and 102 933 children received pH1N1 vaccine in provider offices. Of children vaccinated in schools, 34% had never received seasonal influenza vaccination in the past, compared with only 10% of children vaccinated at provider offices (P <.001). Children vaccinated in schools were more likely to have received a second dose of pH1N1 in 2009-2010 than those vaccinated in provider offices (80% vs 45%). Conclusions: The SLV program was more successful at reaching children who had never received influenza immunization in the past and should be considered as a strategy for delivering influenza vaccine in routine and emergency situations. Keywords: influenza vaccine; influenza vaccine, child; female; human; Influenza virus A H1N1; Influenza, Human; male; organization and management; Pandemics; preschool child; preventive health service; program evaluation; school health service; United States; article; influenza; organization and management; pandemic; preventive health service; school health service; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; New York City; Pandemics; Program Evaluation; School Health Services, Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; New York City; Pandemics; Program Evaluation; School Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301671_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide among young alaska native men: Community risk factors and alcohol control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berman, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S329-S335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301503 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301503 Abstract: Objectives. I examined community risk factors that explained variation in suicide rates among young rural Alaska Native men, evaluating the effectiveness of local alcohol control as a public health policy to reduce this population's historically high vulnerability. Methods. I compiled suicide data, alcohol control status, and community-level social, cultural, and economic characteristics for Alaska Native men aged 15 to 34 years in 178 small Alaska communities from 1980 to 2007. Poisson regression equations explained variation in suicide rates as a function of endogenous alcohol control and community characteristics. Results. Suicide rates were higher in communities prohibiting alcohol importation under state law, but the effect was not significant after controlling for other community characteristics. More remote communities, those with fewer non-Natives, and those with evidence of cultural divides had higher suicide risks. Communities with higher incomes, more married couples, and traditional elders had lower risks. Conclusions. Alcohol control is ineffective in preventing suicide among Alaska Natives; suicide instead appears related to particular complex community characteristics that are either protective or increase risk. Communities have limited means to pursue economic and cultural development strategies that might offer more protection. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; drinking behavior; ethnology; human; Inuit; male; risk factor; rural population; statistics; suicide; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Alaska; Alcohol Drinking; Humans; Inuits; Male; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Suicide; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301503_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of vaccination coordinators on socioeconomic disparities in immunization among the 2006 Connecticut birth cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kattan, J.A. Author-Name: Kudish, K.S. Author-Name: Cadwell, B.L. Author-Name: Soto, K. Author-Name: Hadler, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e74-e81 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301418 Abstract: Objectives: We examined socioeconomic status (SES) disparities and the influence of state Immunization Action Plan-funded vaccination coordinators located in low-SES areas of Connecticut on childhood vaccination up-to-date (UTD) status at age 24 months. Methods: We examined predictors of underimmunization among the 2006 birth cohort (n= 34 568) in the state's Immunization Information System, including individual demographic and SES data, census tract SES data, and residence in an area with a vaccination coordinator. We conducted multilevel logistic regression analyses. Results: Overall, 81% of children were UTD. Differences by race/ethnicity and census tract SES were typically under 5%. Not being UTD at age 7 months was the strongest predictor of underimmunization at age 24 months. Among children who were not UTD at age 7 months, only Medicaid enrollment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5, 0.7) and residence in an area with a vaccination coordinator (AOR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.6, 0.9) significantly decreased the odds of subsequent underimmunization. Conclusions: SES disparities associated with underimmunization at age 24 months were limited. Efforts focused on vaccinating infants born in low SES circumstances can minimize disparities. Keywords: ethnic group; female; health care disparity; human; infant; male; manpower; population research; preventive health service; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; vaccination; article; manpower; preventive health service; statistics; vaccination, Censuses; Connecticut; Ethnic Groups; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Male; Socioeconomic Factors; Vaccination, Censuses; Connecticut; Ethnic Groups; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Male; Socioeconomic Factors; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301418_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dynamic interplay among homeostatic, hedonic, and cognitive feedback circuits regulating body weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hall, K.D. Author-Name: Hammond, R.A. Author-Name: Rahmandad, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1169-1175 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301931 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301931 Abstract: Obesity is associatedwith a prolonged imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, both ofwhich are regulated by multiple feedback processes within and across individuals. These processes constitute 3 hierarchical control systems-homeostatic, hedonic, and cognitive-with extensive interaction among them. Understanding complex eating behavior requires consideration of all 3 systems and their interactions. Existing models of these processes are widely scattered, with relatively few attempts to integrate across mechanisms. We briefly review available empirical evidence and dynamicmodels, discussing challenges and potential for better integration. We conclude that developing richer models of dynamic interplay among systems should be a priority in the future study of obesity and that systems science modeling offers the potential to aid in this goal. Keywords: article; body weight; caloric intake; cognition; energy metabolism; feedback system; feeding behavior; homeostasis; human; motivation; obesity; pathophysiology; physiology; psychological aspect; social environment, Body Weight; Cognition; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Feedback; Feeding Behavior; Homeostasis; Humans; Motivation; Obesity; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301931_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Equity in the receipt of oseltamivir in the United States during the H1N1 pandemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Franklin, J.M. Author-Name: Choudhry, N.K. Author-Name: Uscher-Pines, L. Author-Name: Brill, G. Author-Name: Matlin, O.S. Author-Name: Fischer, M.A. Author-Name: Schneeweiss, S. Author-Name: Avorn, J. Author-Name: Brennan, T.A. Author-Name: Shrank, W.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1052-1058 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301762 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301762 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the relationship between individual characteristics and receipt of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in the United States during the H1N1 pandemic and other flu seasons. Methods. In a cohort of individuals enrolled in pharmacy benefit plans, we used a multivariate logistic regression model to measure associations between subscriber characteristics and filling a prescription for oseltamivir during 3 flu seasons (October 2006-May 2007, October 2007-May 2008, and October 2008- May 2010). In 19 states with county-level influenza rates reported, we controlled for disease burden. Results. Approximately 56 million subscribers throughout the United States were included in 1 ormore study periods. During pandemic flu, beneficiaries in the highest income category had 97% greater odds of receiving oseltamivir than those in the lowest category (P < .001). After we controlled for disease burden, subscribers in the 2 highest income categories had 2.18 and 1.72 times the odds of receiving oseltamivir compared with those in the lowest category (P < .001 for both). Conclusions. Income was a stronger predictor of oseltamivir receipt than prevalence of influenza. These findings corroborate concerns about equity of treatment in pandemics, and they call for improved approaches to distributing potentially life-saving treatments. Keywords: antivirus agent; oseltamivir, adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; child; female; health care disparity; human; infant; influenza; Influenza virus A H1N1; male; middle aged; newborn; pandemic; preschool child; sex difference; statistical model; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Oseltamivir; Pandemics; Sex Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301762_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research informs abortion care policy change in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weitz, T.A. Author-Name: Taylor, D. Author-Name: Upadhyay, U.D. Author-Name: Desai, S. Author-Name: Battistelli, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302212 Keywords: female; human; induced abortion; note; nurse midwife; nurse practitioner; physician assistant; pregnancy, Abortion, Induced; Female; Humans; Nurse Midwives; Nurse Practitioners; Physician Assistants; Pregnancy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302212_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental conditions in low-income urban housing: Clustering and associations with self-reported health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adamkiewicz, G. Author-Name: Spengler, J.D. Author-Name: Harley, A.E. Author-Name: Stoddard, A. Author-Name: Yang, M. Author-Name: Alvarez-Reeves, M. Author-Name: Sorensen, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1650-1656 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301253 Abstract: Objectives. We explored prevalence and clustering of key environmental conditions in low-income housing and associations with self-reported health. Methods. The Health in Common Study, conducted between 2005 and 2009, recruited participants (n = 828) from 20 low-income housing developments in the Boston area. We interviewed 1 participant per household and conducted a brief inspection of the unit (apartment). We created binary indexes and a summed index for household exposures: mold, combustion by-products, secondhand smoke, chemicals, pests, and inadequate ventilation. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the associations between each index and household characteristics and between each index and self-reported health. Results. Environmental problems were common; more than half of homes had 3 or more exposure-related problems (median summed index = 3). After adjustment for household-level demographics, we found clustering of problems in site (P < .01) for pests, combustion byproducts, mold, and ventilation. Higher summed index values were associated with higher adjusted odds of reporting fair-poor health (odds ratio = 2.7 for highest category; P < .008 for trend). Conclusions. We found evidence that indoor environmental conditions in multifamily housing cluster by site and that cumulative exposures may be associated with poor health. Keywords: pesticide, adolescent; adult; air conditioning; animal; article; cluster analysis; environmental exposure; female; fungus; health status; housing; human; indoor air pollution; insect; male; middle aged; poverty; prevalence; rodent; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; urban population; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Air Pollution, Indoor; Animals; Boston; Cluster Analysis; Environmental Exposure; Female; Fungi; Health Status; Housing; Humans; Insects; Male; Middle Aged; Pesticides; Poverty; Prevalence; Rodentia; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Ventilation; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301253_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between social stressors and home smoking rules among women with infants in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Onge, J.M.S. Author-Name: Gurley-Calvez, T. Author-Name: Orth, T.A. Author-Name: Okah, F.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e116-e123 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302158 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the role of social stressors on home-smoking rules (HSRs) among women with infants in the United States, with attention on the moderating role of smoking status and depression. Keywords: adult; depression; female; health survey; human; infant; mental stress; mother; newborn; psychology; risk assessment; risk factor; smoking; United States, Adult; Depression; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mothers; Population Surveillance; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Smoking; Stress, Psychological; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302158_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the value of the "man up monday" campaign Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, M.L. Author-Name: Reeder, R.N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302107 Keywords: female; human; male; masculinity; methodology; note; public health, Female; Humans; Male; Masculinity; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302107_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secular trends in fast-food restaurant use among adolescents and maternal caregivers from 1999 to 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Larson, N. Author-Name: Hannan, P.J. Author-Name: Fulkerson, J.A. Author-Name: Laska, M.N. Author-Name: Eisenberg, M.E. Author-Name: Neumark-Sztainer, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e62-e69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301805 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301805 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends from 1999 to 2010 in adolescents' self-reported fast-food restaurant use alongsidematernal reports of fast-food consumption and purchasing from restaurants for family meals. Methods. Middle- and high-school student participants from Minneapolis- St Paul, Minnesota, represented diverse ethnic/racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Adolescents completed classroom-administered surveys and maternal caregivers responded by phone or mail. Results. The overall prevalence of frequent fast-food consumption, defined as 3 or more times per week, decreased from 1999 to 2010 among adolescents (1999: 25%; 2010: 19%; P < .001) and maternal caregivers (1999: 17%; 2010: 11%; P < .001), but sociodemographic disparities were apparent. For example, the prevalence of frequent fast-food consumption remained highest and did not significantly decrease among Black or Native American youths. The overall prevalence of frequent fast-food purchases for family meals did not significantly decrease; large decreases were observed only among Hispanic families (1999: 18%; 2010: 6%; P < .001). Conclusions. In light of previous findings linking frequent fast-food consumption to greater weight gain and poor nutrition, the observed decreases in consumption are encouraging and interventions are needed to address observed disparities. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; cross-sectional study; fast food; female; human; male; mother; prevalence; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; urban population, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fast Foods; Female; Humans; Male; Minnesota; Mothers; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301805_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caregivers who refuse preventive care for their children: The relationship between immunization and topical fluoride refusal Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chi, D.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1327-1333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301927 Abstract: Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine caregivers' refusal of preventive medical and dental care for children. Methods. Prevalence rates of topical fluoride refusal based on dental records and caregiver self-reports were estimated for children treated in 3 dental clinics in Washington State. A 60-itemsurvey was administered to 1024 caregivers to evaluate the association between immunization and topical fluoride refusal. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence rate ratios (PRRs). Results. The prevalence of topical fluoride refusal was 4.9% according to dental records and 12.7% according to caregiver self-reports. The rate of immunization refusalwas 27.4%. In the regressionmodels, immunization refusalwas significantly associated with topical fluoride refusal (dental record PRR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32, 1.96; P < .001; caregiver self-report PRR = 6.20; 95% CI = 3.21, 11.98; P < .001). Caregivers younger than 35 years were significantly more likely than older caregivers to refuse both immunizations and topical fluoride (P < .05). Conclusions. Caregiver refusal of immunizations is associated with topical fluoride refusal. Future research should identify the behavioral and social factors related to caregiver refusal of preventive care with the goal of developing multidisciplinary strategies to help caregivers make optimal preventive care decisions for children. Keywords: fluoride varnish, adult; age; article; caregiver; human; middle aged; prevalence; preventive health service; socioeconomics; statistics; treatment refusal; vaccination, Adult; Age Factors; Caregivers; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Preventive Health Services; Socioeconomic Factors; Treatment Refusal; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301927_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The component model of infrastructure: A practical approach to understanding public health program infrastructure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lavinghouze, S.R. Author-Name: Snyder, K. Author-Name: Rieker, P.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e14-e24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302033 Abstract: Functioning program infrastructure is necessary for achieving public health outcomes. It is what supports program capacity, implementation, and sustainability. The public health program infrastructure model presented in this article is grounded in data from a broader evaluation of 18 state tobacco control programs and previous work. The newly developed Component Model of Infrastructure (CMI) addresses the limitations of a previous model and contains 5 core components (multilevel leadership, managed resources, engaged data, responsive plans and planning, networked partnerships) and 3 supporting components (strategic understanding, operations, contextual influences). The CMI is a practical, implementation-focused model applicable across public health programs, enabling linkages to capacity, sustainability, and outcome measurement. Keywords: article; government; health care planning; health services research; human; leadership; nonbiological model; organization and management; program evaluation; public health service; resource allocation; smoking; United States, Health Planning; Humans; Leadership; Models, Organizational; Organizational Case Studies; Program Evaluation; Public Health Administration; Resource Allocation; Smoking; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302033_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Issuance of patient reminders for influenza vaccination by us-based primary care physicians during the first year of universal influenzavaccination recommendations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maurer, J. Author-Name: Harris, K.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e60-e62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301888 Abstract: To estimate the number of physician-reported influenza vaccination reminders during the 2010- 2011 influenza season, the first influenza season after universal vaccination recommendations for influenza were introduced, we interviewed 493 members of the Physicians Consulting Network. Patient vaccination reminders are a highly effective means of increasing influenza vaccination; nonetheless, only one quarter of the primary care physicians interviewed issued influenza vaccination reminders during the first year of universal vaccination recommendations, highlighting the need to improve office-based promotion of influenza vaccination. Keywords: influenza vaccine, article; female; general practitioner; human; influenza; interview; male; methodology; middle aged; primary health care; reminder system; statistics; United States, Female; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Physicians, Primary Care; Primary Health Care; Reminder Systems; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301888_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Soda and cell aging: Associations between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and leukocyte telomere length in healthy adults from the national health and nutrition examination surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leung, C.W. Author-Name: Laraia, B.A. Author-Name: Needham, B.L. Author-Name: Rehkopf, D.H. Author-Name: Adler, N.E. Author-Name: Lin, J. Author-Name: Blackburn, E.H. Author-Name: Epel, E.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2425-2431 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302151 Abstract: Objectives. We tested whether leukocyte telomere length maintenance, which underlies healthy cellular aging, provides a link between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Keywords: sugar intake, administration and dosage; adult; aged; beverage; cell aging; cross-sectional study; demography; drug effects; female; human; leukocyte; male; middle aged; nutrition; polymerase chain reaction; Southern blotting; sugar intake; telomere shortening; United States, Adult; Aged; Beverages; Blotting, Southern; Cell Aging; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Dietary Sucrose; Female; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Telomere Shortening; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302151_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adding evidence-based behavioral weight loss strategies to a statewide wellness campaign: A randomized clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leahey, T.M. Author-Name: Thomas, G. Author-Name: Fava, J.L. Author-Name: Subak, L.L. Author-Name: Schembri, M. Author-Name: Krupel, K. Author-Name: Kumar, R. Author-Name: Weinberg, B. Author-Name: Wing, R.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1300-1306 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301870 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301870 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of adding an evidence-based Internet behavioral weight loss intervention alone or combined with optional group sessions to ShapeUp Rhode Island 2011 (SURI), a 3-month statewide wellness campaign. Methods. We randomized participants (n = 230; body mass index = 34.3 66.8 kg/m2; 84% female) to the standard SURI program (S) or to 1 of 2 enhanced programs: SURI plus Internet behavioral program (SI) or SI plus optional group sessions (SIG). The primary outcome was weight loss at the end of the 3-month program. Results. Weight losses differed among all 3 conditions (S: 1.1% 60.9%; SI: 4.2% 60.6%; SIG: 6.1% 60.6%; Ps £ .04). Both SI and SIG increased the percentage of individuals who achieved a 5% weight loss (SI: 42%; SIG: 54%; S: 7%; Ps < .001). Cost per kilogram of weight loss was similar for S ($39) and SI ($35); both were lower than SIG ($114). Conclusions. Although weight losses were greatest at the end of SURI with optional group sessions, the addition of an Internet behavioral program was the most cost-effective method to enhance weight losses. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; body mass; cognitive therapy; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; economics; female; health promotion; human; Internet; male; methodology; middle aged; randomized controlled trial; United States; weight reduction; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Cognitive Therapy; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Internet; Male; Middle Aged; Rhode Island; Weight Reduction Programs; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301870_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supporting replication and scale-up of evidence-based home visiting programs: Assessing the implementation knowledge base Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paulsell, D. Author-Name: Del Grosso, P. Author-Name: Supplee, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1624-1632 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301962 Abstract: In recent years, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners have expressed a growing interest in the use of interventions with scientific evidence of effectiveness. Reproducing positive effects shown in research, however, requires more than simply adopting an evidence-based program. There is growing recognition across disciplines of the importance of implementation research to guide adoption, replication, and scale-up of evidence-based interventions. We evaluate the state of the knowledge base supporting replication and scale-up of evidence-based programs by reviewing information on implementation included in the research literature on 22 home visiting programs that have or are building an evidence base. We used the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to assess programs. Keywords: article; evidence based medicine; health services research; home care; human; information dissemination; mass communication; organization and management; social work, Diffusion of Innovation; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Services Research; Home Care Services; Humans; Information Dissemination; Social Work Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301962_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers as the new standard of care: A matter of patient safety and nonmaleficent practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cortes-Penfield, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2060-2065 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301514 Abstract: A growing body of literature defends the efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination for health care workers in reducing the mortality of hospitalized patients. I review the evidence concerning influenza vaccination, concluding that universal vaccination of health care workers against influenza should be considered standard patient care and that nonvaccination represents maleficent care. I further argue that the ethical responsibility to ensure universal vaccination of staff against seasonal influenza lies not only with individual health care providers but with each individual health care institution. Keywords: influenza vaccine, disease transmission; ethics; health care personnel; human; Influenza, Human; mandatory program; patient safety; prevention and control; standards, Health Personnel; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Mandatory Programs; Patient Safety Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301514_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Role of health insurance on the survival of infants with congenital heart defects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kucik, J.E. Author-Name: Cassell, C.H. Author-Name: Alverson, C.J. Author-Name: Donohue, P. Author-Name: Tanner, J.P. Author-Name: Minkovitz, C.S. Author-Name: Correia, J. Author-Name: Burke, T. Author-Name: Kirby, R.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e62-e70 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301969 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between health insurance and survival of infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs), and whether medical insurance type contributed to racial/ethnic disparities in survival. Methods. We conducted a population-based, retrospective study on a cohort of Florida resident infants born with CHDs between 1998 and 2007. We estimated neonatal, post-neonatal, and infant survival probabilities and adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for individual characteristics. Results. Uninsured infants with critical CHDs had 3 times the mortality risk (AHR = 3.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 6.9) than that in privately insured infants. Publicly insured infants had a 30% reduced mortality risk than that of privately insured infants during the neonatal period, but had a 30% increased risk in the post-neonatal period. Adjusting for insurance type reduced the Black- White disparity in mortality risk by 50%. Conclusions. Racial/ethnic disparities in survival were attenuated significantly, but not eliminated, by adjusting for payer status. Keywords: ancestry group; article; birth weight; congenital heart malformation; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health insurance; human; Kaplan Meier method; male; medically uninsured; mortality; newborn; newborn intensive care; prenatal care; register; retrospective study; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Birth Weight; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Florida; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Insurance, Health; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Medically Uninsured; Prenatal Care; Registries; Retrospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301969_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insurer views on reimbursement of preventive services in the dental setting: Results from a qualitative study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feinstein-Winitzer, R.T. Author-Name: Pollack, H.A. Author-Name: Parish, C.L. Author-Name: Pereyra, M.R. Author-Name: Abel, S.N. Author-Name: Metsch, L.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 881-887 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301825 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301825 Abstract: Objectives. We explored insurers' perceptions regarding barriers to reimbursement for oral rapid HIV testing and other preventive screenings during dental care. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews between April and October 2010 with a targeted sample of 13 dental insurance company executives and consultants, whose firms' cumulative market share exceeded 50% of US employer-based dental insurance markets. Participants represented viewpoints from a significant share of the dental insurance industry. Results. Some preventive screenings, such as for oral cancer, received widespread insurer support and reimbursement. Others, such as population-based HIV screening, appeared to face many barriers to insurance reimbursement. The principal barriers were minimal employer demand, limited evidence of effectiveness and return on investment specific to dental settings, implementation and organizational constraints, lack of provider training, and perceived lack of patient acceptance. Conclusions. The dental setting is a promising venue for preventive screenings, and addressing barriers to insurance reimbursement for such services is a key challenge for public health policy. Keywords: article; dentist; diabetes mellitus; health insurance; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; insurance; mass screening; methodology; mouth tumor; qualitative research; reimbursement; smoking; statistics, Dentists; Diabetes Mellitus; HIV Infections; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Insurance Carriers; Insurance, Dental; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; Mass Screening; Mouth Neoplasms; Qualitative Research; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301825_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving upstream: Why rehabilitative justice in military discharge proceedings serves a public health interest Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seamone, E.R. Author-Name: McGuire, J. Author-Name: Sreenivasan, S. Author-Name: Clark, S. Author-Name: Smee, D. Author-Name: Dow, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1805-1811 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302117 Abstract: The cultural divide between US military and civilian institutions amplifies the consequences of military discharge status on public health and criminal justice systems in a manner that is invisible to a larger society. Prompt removal of problematic wounded warriors through retributive justice is more expedient than lengthy mental health treatment. Administrative and punitive discharges usually preclude Department of Veterans Affairs eligibility, posing a heavy public health burden. Moving upstream- through military rehabilitative justice addressing militaryoffenders'mentalhealth needs before discharge- will reduce the downstream consequences of civilianmaladjustment and intergenerational transmission of mental illness. The public health community can play an illuminating role by gathering data about community effect and by advocating for policy change at Department of Veterans Affairs and community levels. Keywords: article; crime; family relation; government; health status; human; mental disease; mental health; psychological aspect; public health; soldier; United States; veteran, Crime; Family Relations; Health Status; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Military Personnel; Public Health; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302117_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dentists' willingness to provide expanded hiv screening in oral health care settings: Results from a nationally representative survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollack, H.A. Author-Name: Pereyra, M. Author-Name: Parish, C.L. Author-Name: Abel, S. Author-Name: Messinger, S. Author-Name: Singer, R. Author-Name: Kunzel, C. Author-Name: Greenberg, B. Author-Name: Gerbert, B. Author-Name: Glick, M. Author-Name: Metsch, L.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 872-880 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301700 Abstract: Objectives. Using a nationally representative survey, we determined dentists' willingness to provide oral rapid HIV screening in the oral health care setting. Methods. From November 2010 through November 2011, a nationally representative survey of general dentists (sampling frame obtained from American Dental Association Survey Center) examined barriers and facilitators to offering oral HIV rapid testing (n = 1802; 70.7% response). Multiple logistic regression analysis examined dentists' willingness to conduct this screening and perceived compatibility with their professional role. Results. Agreement with the importance of annual testing for high-risk persons and familiarity with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommendations regarding routine HIV testing were positively associated with willingness to conduct such screening. Respondents' agreement with patients' acceptance of HIV testing and colleagues' improved perception of them were also positively associated with willingness. Conclusions. Oral HIV rapid testing is potentially well suited to the dental setting. Although our analysis identified many predictors of dentists' willingness to offer screening, there are many barriers, including dentists' perceptions of patients' acceptance, that must be addressed before such screening is likely to be widely implemented. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; attitude to health; dentist; ethnology; female; health personnel attitude; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; mass screening; middle aged; patient referral; perception; psychological aspect; public health service; sex difference; socioeconomics; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Attitude of Health Personnel; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Dentists; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Perception; Referral and Consultation; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301700_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing built environment programs in local health departments: Lessons learned from a nationwide mentoring program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rube, K. Author-Name: Veatch, M. Author-Name: Huang, K. Author-Name: Sacks, R. Author-Name: Lent, M. Author-Name: Goldstein, G.P. Author-Name: Lee, K.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e10-e18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301863 Abstract: Local health departments (LHDs) have a key role to play in developing built environment policies and programs to encourage physical activity and combat obesity and related chronic diseases. However, information to guide LHDs' effective engagement in this arena is lacking. During 2011-2012, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) facilitated a built environment peer mentoring program for 14 LHDs nationwide. Program objectives included supporting LHDs in their efforts to achieve built environment goals, offering examples from DOHMH's built environment work to guide LHDs, and building a healthy built environment learning network. Keywords: article; environmental planning; exercise; government; health promotion; human; leisure; politics; public health service; school; teacher; traffic and transport; United States, Environment Design; Exercise; Health Promotion; Humans; Leisure Activities; Local Government; Mentors; New York City; Politics; Public Health Administration; Schools; Transportation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301863_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the range of 20 to 100 ng/mL and incidence of kidney stones Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, S. Author-Name: Baggerly, L. Author-Name: French, C. Author-Name: Heaney, R.P. Author-Name: Gorham, E.D. Author-Name: Garland, C.F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1783-1787 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301368 Abstract: Objectives. Increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels can prevent a wide range of diseases. There is a concern about increasing kidney stone risk with vitamin D supplementation. We used Grassroots Health data to examine the relationship between vitamin D status and kidney stone incidence. Methods. The study included 2012 participants followed prospectively for a median of 19 months. Thirteen individuals self-reported kidney stones during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess the association between vitamin D status and kidney stones. Results. We found no statistically significant association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and kidney stones (P = .42). Body mass index was significantly associated with kidney stone risk (odds ratio = 3.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 11.3). Conclusions. We concluded that a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 20 to 100 nanograms per milliliter has no significant association with kidney stone incidence. Keywords: 25 hydroxyvitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; drug derivative; vitamin D, adult; age; article; blood; body mass; diet supplementation; female; human; incidence; male; middle aged; nephrolithiasis; risk factor; sex difference, Adult; Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Incidence; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Vitamin D Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301368_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigrant generation and diabetes risk among Mexican Americans: The sacramento area latino study on aging [Las generaciones de inmigrantes y sus descendientes y el riesgo de diabetes en la població n de los Estados Unidos de origen o ascendencia mexicana: el Estudio sobre Envejecimiento en Latinos del Área de Sacramento (estudio SALSA)] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Afable-Munsuz, A. Author-Name: Rose Mayeda, E. Author-Name: Pérez-Stable, E.J. Author-Name: Haan, M.N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: SUPPL.2 Pages: S234-S250 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether acculturation and immigrant generation, a marker for assimilation, are associated with diabetes risk in an aging Mexicanorigin population. Methods. We analyzed data on 1789 adults aged 60 to 101 years from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Weascertained type 2 diabetes on the basis of diabetic medication use, self-report of physician diagnosis, or a fasting glucose of 126 milligrams/deciliter or greater. Logistic regression modeled prevalent diabetes. Results. Adjusting for age and gender, we observed significant but divergent associations between immigrant generation, acculturation, and diabetes risk. Relative to first-generation adults, second-generation adults had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4, 2.4) and third-generation adults had an OR of 2.1 (95% CI = 1.4, 3.1) of having diabetes. Greater US acculturation, however, was associated with a slightly decreased diabetes rate. In the full model adjusting for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, the association between generation (but not acculturation) and diabetes remained significant. Conclusions. Our study lends support to the previously contested notion that assimilation is associated with an increased diabetes risk in Mexican immigrants. Researchers should examine the presence of a causal link between assimilation and health more closely. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:SUPPL.2:S234-S250_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Question context and priming meaning of health: Effect on differences in self-rated health between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S. Author-Name: Schwarz, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 179-185 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301055 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the implications of the current recommended data collection practice of placing self-rated health (SRH) before specific healthrelated questions (hence, without a health context) to remove potential context effects, between Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Methods: We used 2 methodologically comparable surveys conducted in English and Spanish that asked SRH in different contexts: before and after specific health questions. Focusing on the elderly, we compared the influence of question contexts on SRH between Hispanics and non-Hispanics and between Spanish and English speakers. Results: The question context influenced SRH reports of Spanish speakers (and Hispanics) significantly but not of English speakers (and non-Hispanics). Specifically, on SRH within a health context, Hispanics reported more positive health, decreasing the gap with non-Hispanic Whites by two thirds, and the measurement utility of SRH was improved through more consistent mortality prediction across ethnic and linguistic groups. Conclusions: Contrary to the current recommendation, asking SRH within a health context enhanced measurement utility. Studies using SRH may result in erroneous conclusions when one does not consider its question context. Keywords: aged; Caucasian; comparative study; epidemiology; female; health status; health survey; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; mortality; self report; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; article; Caucasian; Hispanic; statistics; United States, Aged; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Self Report; United States, Aged; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Self Report; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301055_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: O'Malley and johnston respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Malley, P.M. Author-Name: Johnston, L.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e7-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301853 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301853 Keywords: addiction; car driving; drinking behavior; female; human; male; note; statistics; student, Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Female; Humans; Male; Students; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301853_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is science public health's BFF? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1798 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302209 Keywords: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin; 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; defoliant agent, childhood obesity; employment; environmental exposure; ethics; firearm; genetics; gunshot injury; health care facility; health care policy; history; homicide; human; management; medical research; neoplasm; note; organization and management; research; statistics; tobacco industry; war, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Biological Specimen Banks; Biomedical Research; Defoliants, Chemical; Employment; Environmental Exposure; Firearms; Genetic Research; Health Policy; Homicide; Humans; Neoplasms; Ownership; Pediatric Obesity; Policy Making; Research; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; Tobacco Industry; Vietnam Conflict; Wounds, Gunshot Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302209_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lee and Schwarz respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S. Author-Name: Schwarz, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301712 Keywords: Caucasian; female; health status; health survey; Hispanic; human; male; note; self report; statistics; Caucasian; Hispanic; statistics and numerical data, European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Self Report, European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Self Report Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301712_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insurance continuity and human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in Oregon and California federally qualified health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cowburn, S. Author-Name: Carlson, M. Author-Name: Lapidus, J. Author-Name: Heintzman, J. Author-Name: Bailey, S. Author-Name: DeVoe, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e71-e79 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302007 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between insurance continuity and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake in a network of federally qualified health clinics (FQHCs). Methods. We analyzed retrospective electronic health record data for females, aged 9-26 years in 2008 through 2010. Based on electronic health record insurance coverage information, patients were categorized by percent of time insured during the study period (0%, 1%-32%, 33%-65%, 66%-99%, or 100%). We used bilevel multivariable Poisson regression to compare vaccine-initiation prevalence between insurance groups, stratified by race/ethnicity and age. We also examined vaccine series completion among initiators who had at least 12 months to complete all 3 doses. Results. Significant interactions were observed between insurance category, age, and race/ethnicity. Juxtaposed with their continuously insured peers, patients were less likely to initiate the HPV vaccine if they were insured for less than 66% of the study period, aged 13 years or older, and identified as a racial/ ethnic minority. Insurance coverage was not associated with vaccine series completion. Conclusions. Disparities in vaccine uptake by insurance status were present in the FQHCs studied here, despite the fact that HPV vaccines are available to many patients regardless of ability to pay. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; adult; age; article; child; electronic medical record; ethnology; female; health insurance; human; insurance; patient attitude; retrospective study; safety net hospital; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; California; Child; Electronic Health Records; Female; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Oregon; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Retrospective Studies; Safety-net Providers; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302007_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Breast cancer mortality among American Indian and Alaska native women, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, A. Author-Name: Richardson, L.C. Author-Name: Li, C. Author-Name: Ekwueme, D.U. Author-Name: Kaur, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S432-S438 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720 Abstract: Objectives. We compared breast cancer death rates and mortality trends among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and White women using data for which racial misclassification was minimized. Methods. We used breast cancer deaths and cases linked to Indian Health Service (IHS) data to calculate age-adjusted rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by IHS-designated regions from 1990 to 2009 for AI/AN and White women; Hispanics were excluded. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) were calculated for 1999 to 2009 as a proxy for prognosis after diagnosis. Results. Overall, the breast cancer death rate was lower in AI/AN women (21.6 per 100 000) than in White women (26.5). However, rates in AI/ANs were higher than rates in Whites for ages 40 to 49 years in the Alaska region, and ages 65 years and older in the Southern Plains region. White death rates significantly decreased (annual percent change [APC] = û2.1; 95% CI = û2.3, û2.0), but regional and overall AI/AN rates were unchanged (APC = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.1, 1.7). AI/AN women had higher MIRs than White women. Conclusions. There has been no improvement in death rates among AI/AN women. Targeted screening and timely, high-quality treatment are needed to reduce mortality from breast cancer in AI/AN women. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; breast tumor; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; middle aged; mortality; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Breast Neoplasms; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National trends in smoking behaviors among mexican, puerto rican, and cuban men and women in the united states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blanco, L. Author-Name: Garcia, R. Author-Name: Pérez-Stable, E.J. Author-Name: White, M.M. Author-Name: Messer, K. Author-Name: Pierce, J.P. Author-Name: Trinidad, D.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 896-903 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301844 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301844 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends in smoking behaviors across 2 periods among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in the United States. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1992-2007 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. We constructed 2 data sets (1990s vs 2000s) to compare smoking behaviors between the 2 periods. Results. Significant decreases in ever, current, and heavy smoking were accompanied by increases in light and intermittent smoking across periods for all Latino groups, although current smoking rates among Puerto Rican women did not decline. Adjusted logistic regression models revealed that in the 2000s, younger Mexicans and those interviewed in English were more likely to be light and intermittent smokers. Mexican and Cuban light and intermittent smokers were less likely to be advised by healthcare professionals to quit smoking. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans who were unemployed and Mexicans who worked outdoors were more likely to be heavy smokers. Conclusions. Increases in light and intermittent smoking among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Americans suggest that targeted efforts to further reduce smoking among Latinos may benefit by focusing on such smokers. Keywords: adult; age; aged; article; comparative study; Cuba; cultural factor; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; male; Mexico; middle aged; Puerto Rico; sex difference; smoking; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Acculturation; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Cuba; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Mexico; Middle Aged; Puerto Rico; Sex Factors; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301844_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities among sexual minority youth: the value of population data. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bradford, J. Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301818 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301818 Keywords: adolescent; editorial; female; health disparity; human; male; minority group; organization and management; research; sexuality; transsexuality; United States, Adolescent; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Research; Sexuality; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301818_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV prevention needs among street-based male sex workers in Providence, Rhode Island Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landers, S. Author-Name: Closson, E.F. Author-Name: Oldenburg, C.E. Author-Name: Holcomb, R. Author-Name: Spurlock, S. Author-Name: Mimiaga, M.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e100-e102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302188 Abstract: We examined data derived from a needs assessment of the personal and social characteristics and HIV risk behavior of street-based male sex workers, in Providence, Rhode Island, who engage in transactional sexual intercourse with other men. Substance use, injected drugs, needle sharing, and psychosocial distress were highly prevalent among the sample. History of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse was associated with increased risk of condomless anal sexual intercourse with paying male clients. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adult; HIV Infections; human; male; male homosexuality; needs assessment; prostitution; statistics and numerical data; United States; unsafe sex, Adult; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Needs Assessment; Rhode Island; Sex Workers; Unsafe Sex Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302188_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term impact on alcohol-involved crashes of lowering the minimum purchase age in New Zealand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huckle, T. Author-Name: Parker, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1087-1091 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301734 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301734 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the long-term effect of lowering theminimum purchase age for alcohol from age 20 to age 18 years on alcohol-involved crashes in New Zealand. Methods. We modeled ratios of drivers in alcohol-involved crashes to drivers in non-alcohol-involved crashes by age group in 3 time periods using logistic regression, controlling for gender and adjusting for multiple comparisons. Results. Before the law change, drivers aged 18 to 19 and 20 to 24 years had similar odds of an alcohol-involved crash (P = .1). Directly following the law change, drivers aged 18 to 19 years had a 15% higher odds of being in an alcohol-involved crash than did drivers aged 20 to 24 years (P = .038). In the long term, drivers aged 18 to 19 years had 21% higher odds of an alcohol-involved crash than did the age control group (P ε .001). We found no effects for fatal alcohol-involved crashes alone and no trickle-down effects for the youngest group. Conclusions. Lowering the purchase age for alcohol was associated with a longterm impact on alcohol-involved crashes among drivers aged 18 to 19 years. Raising the minimumpurchase age for alcohol would be appropriate. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; car driving; drinking behavior; female; human; legal aspect; male; New Zealand; statistics; traffic accident; young adult, Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Female; Humans; Male; New Zealand; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301734_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of texting laws on motor vehicular fatalities in the united states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ferdinand, A.O. Author-Name: Menachemi, N. Author-Name: Sen, B. Author-Name: Blackburn, J.L. Author-Name: Morrisey, M. Author-Name: Nelson, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1370-1377 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301894 Abstract: Using a panel study design, we examined the effects of different types of texting bans on motor vehicular fatalities. We used the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and a difference-in-differences approach to examine the incidence of fatal crashes in 2000 through 2010 in 48 US states with and without texting bans. Age cohorts were constructed to examine the impact of these bans on age-specific traffic fatalities. Primarily enforced laws banning all drivers from texting were significantly associated with a 3% reduction in traffic fatalities in all age groups, and those banning only young drivers from texting had the greatest impact on reducing deaths among those aged 15 to 21 years. Secondarily enforced restrictions were not associated with traffic fatality reductions in any of our analyses. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; car driving; human; incidence; legal aspect; middle aged; mortality; text messaging; traffic accident; United States; young adult, Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Automobile Driving; Humans; Incidence; Middle Aged; Text Messaging; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301894_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of state cigarette taxes on disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hawkins, S.S. Author-Name: Baum, C.F. Author-Person: pba1 Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1464-1470 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301955 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of state tobacco control policies on disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy. Methods. We analyzed 2000-2010 National Vital Statistics System natality files with 17 699 534 births from 28 states and the District of Columbia that used the 1989 revision of the birth certificate. We conducted differences-in-differences regression models to assess whether changes in cigarette taxes and smoke-free legislation were associated with changes in maternal smoking during pregnancy and number of cigarettes smoked. To evaluate disparities, we included interaction terms between maternal race/ethnicity, education, and cigarette taxes. Results. Although maternal smoking decreased from 11.6% to 8.9%, White and Black women without a high school degree had some of the highest rates of smoking (39.7% and 16.4%, respectively). These same women were the most responsive to cigarette tax increases, but not to smoke-free legislation. For every 1.00 cigarette tax increase, low-educated White and Black mothers decreased smoking by nearly 2 percentage points and smoked between 14 and 22 fewer cigarettes per month. Conclusions. State cigarette taxes may be an effective population-level intervention to decrease racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in maternal smoking during pregnancy. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; Black person; Caucasian; economics; female; government; health disparity; human; legal aspect; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; psychological aspect; smoking; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; statistics; tax; tobacco; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; State Government; Taxes; Tobacco Products; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301955_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Resurrecting international and public in global health: Has the pendulum swung too far? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kuhlmann, A.S. Author-Name: Iannotti, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 583-585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301701 Keywords: editorial; health; human; nomenclature; public health; United Nations, Humans; Public Health; Terminology as Topic; United Nations; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301701_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Potential effects of California's new vaccine exemption law on the prevalence and clustering of exemptions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, M. Author-Name: Buttenheim, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e3-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302065 Abstract: Exemptions from childhood immunizations required for school entry have continued to increase among California kindergartners, and exemptions show spatial clustering within the state. A 2014 change in California's school-entry vaccine exemption law requires parents filing for an exemption to submit signed documents from a health care provider. However, the evidence presented here suggests that the policy change will probably not be sufficient to reverse the growing trend in vaccine refusals. Keywords: vaccine, article; cluster analysis; health care policy; human; immunization; legal aspect; prevalence; school; United States, California; Cluster Analysis; Health Policy; Humans; Immunization; Prevalence; Schools; Vaccines Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302065_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family structure and child food insecurity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, D.P. Author-Name: Nepomnyaschy, L. Author-Name: Ibarra, G.L. Author-Name: Garasky, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e70-e76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302000 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether food insecurity was different for children in cohabiting or repartnered families versus those in single-mother or marriedparent (biological) families. Methods. We compared probabilities of child food insecurity (CFI) across different family structures in 4 national data sets: the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (PSID-CDS). Results. Unadjusted probabilities of CFI in cohabiting or repartnered families were generally higher than in married-biological-parent families and often statistically indistinguishable from those of single-mother families. However, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, most differences between family types were attenuated and most were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions. Although children whose biological parents are cohabiting or whose biological mothers have repartnered have risks for food insecurity comparable to those in single-mother families, the probability of CFI does not differ by family structure when household income, family size, and maternal race, ethnicity, education, and age were held at mean levels. Keywords: adolescent; article; catering service; child; cohort analysis; family size; human; marriage; preschool child; single parent; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Family Characteristics; Food Supply; Humans; Marriage; Single-Parent Family; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302000_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social network effects of nonlifesaving early-stage breast cancer detection on mammography rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nowak, S.A. Author-Name: Parker, A.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2439-2444 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302153 Abstract: Objectives.We estimated the effect of anecdotes of early-stage, screen-detected cancer for which screening was not lifesaving on the demand formammography. Keywords: breast tumor; decision making; early diagnosis; female; human; mammography; questionnaire; radiography; social support; statistics and numerical data; theoretical model, Breast Neoplasms; Decision Making; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mammography; Models, Theoretical; Social Support; Surveys and Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302153_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work in multiple jobs and the risk of injury in the US working population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marucci-Wellman, H.R. Author-Name: Willetts, J.L. Author-Name: Lin, T.-C. Author-Name: Brennan, M.J. Author-Name: Verma, S.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 134-142 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301431 Abstract: Objectives: We compared the risk of injury for multiple job holders (MJHs) with that for single job holders (SJHs). Methods: We used information from the National Health Interview Survey for the years 1997 through 2011 to estimate the rate of multiple job holding in the United States and compared characteristics and rates of self-reported injury (work and nonwork) for SJHs versus MJHs. Results: Approximately 8.4% of those employed reported working more than 1 job in the week before the interview. The rate of work and nonwork injury episodes per 100 employed workers was higher for MJHs than for SJHs (4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.5, 4.8; vs 3.3; 95% CI = 3.1, 3.5 work injuries and 9.9; 95% CI = 8.9, 10.9; vs 7.4; 95% CI = 7.1, 7.6 nonwork injuries per 100 workers, respectively). When calculated per 100 full-time equivalents (P <.05), the rate ratio remained higher for MJHs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that working in multiple jobs is associated with an increased risk of an injury, both at work and not at work, and should be considered in injury surveillance. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; employment; epidemiology; female; human; interview; male; middle aged; occupation; occupational accident; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; employment; occupation; occupational accident; statistics; United States, Accidents, Occupational; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Employment; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; United States, Accidents, Occupational; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Employment; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301431_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to care for transgender veterans in the veterans health administration: 2006-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kauth, M.R. Author-Name: Shipherd, J.C. Author-Name: Lindsay, J. Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Brown, G.R. Author-Name: Jones, K.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S532-S534 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302086 Abstract: A 2011 Veterans Health Administration directive mandated medically necessary care for transgender veterans. Internal education efforts informed staff of the directive and promoted greater access to care. For fiscal years 2006 through 2013, we identified 2662 unique individuals with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnoses related to transgender status in Veterans Health Administrationmedical records, with 40%of new cases in the 2 years following the directive. A bottom-up push for services by veterans and top-down education likely worked synergistically to speed implementation of the new policy and increase access to care. Keywords: article; attitude to health; government; human; incidence; organization and management; prevalence; transsexualism; transsexuality; United States; veterans health, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence; Transgendered Persons; Transsexualism; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302086_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tapping into water: Key considerations for achieving excellence in school drinking water access Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patel, A.I. Author-Name: Hecht, K. Author-Name: Hampton, K.E. Author-Name: Grumbach, J.M. Author-Name: Braff-Guajardo, E. Author-Name: Brindis, C.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1314-1319 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301797 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301797 Abstract: Objectives. We examined free drinking water access in schools. Methods. We conducted cross-sectional interviews with administrators from 240 California public schools from May to November 2011 to examine the proportion of schools that met excellent water access criteria (i.e., location, density, type, maintenance, and appeal of water sources), school-level characteristics associated with excellent water access, and barriers to improvements. Results. No schools met all criteria for excellent water access. High schools and middle schools had lower fountain:student ratios than elementary schools (odds ratio [OR] = 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 0.20; OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.70). Rural schools were more likely to offer a nonfountain water source than city schools (OR = 5.0; 95% CI = 1.74, 14.70). Newer schools were more likely to maintain water sources than older schools (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97, 1.00). Schools that offered free water in food service areas increased from pre-to postimplementation of California's school water policy (72%-83%; P < .048). Barriers to improving school water included cost of programs and other pressing concerns. Conclusions. Awareness of the benefits related to school drinking water provision and funding may help communities achieve excellence in drinking water access. Keywords: drinking water, article; catering service; cross-sectional study; demography; human; policy; school; statistics; United States, California; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drinking Water; Food Services; Humans; Policy; Residence Characteristics; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301797_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental therapy: Evolving in Minnesota's safety net Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Self, K. Author-Name: Born, D. Author-Name: Nagy, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e63-e68 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301937 Abstract: Objectives. We identified Minnesota's initial dental therapy employers and surveyed dental safety net providers' perceptions of dental therapy. Methods. In July 2011, we surveyed 32 Minnesota dental safety net providers to assess their prospective views on dental therapy employment options. In October 2013, we used an employment scan to reveal characteristics of the early adopters of dental therapy. Results. Before the availability of licensed dental therapists, safety net dental clinic directors overwhelmingly (77%) supported dental therapy. As dental therapists have become licensed over the past 2 years, the early employers of dental therapists are safety net clinics. Conclusions. Although the concept of dental therapy remains controversial in Minnesota, it now has a firm foundation in the state's safety net clinics. Dental therapists are being used in innovative and diverse ways, so, as dental therapy continues to evolve, further research to identify best practices for incorporating dental therapists into the oral health care team is needed. Keywords: article; dental procedure; female; health care personnel; health care survey; human; male; manpower; organization and management; questionnaire; safety net hospital; United States; utilization review, Dental Care; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Minnesota; Questionnaires; Safety-net Providers Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301937_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Additional benefits of medical screening in a dental setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Giddon, D.B. Author-Name: Hedayatnia, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302020 Keywords: chronic disease; dentist; economics; female; health care cost; human; male; note; statistics, Chronic Disease; Dentists; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302020_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using social network analysis to clarify the role of obesity in selection of adolescent friends Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schaefer, D.R. Author-Name: Simpkins, S.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1223-1229 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301768 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301768 Abstract: Objectives. We used social network analysis to examine how weight status affects friend selection, with an emphasis on homophily and the social marginalization of overweight youths. Methods. We used an exponential random graph model to assess the effects of body mass index (BMI) on friend selection while controlling for several alternative selection processes. Data were derived from 58 987 students in 88 US middle and high schools who took part in the 1994 to 1996 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Results. On average, overweight youths were less likely than nonoverweight youths to be selected as a friend; however, this effect differed according to the BMI of the person initiating the friendship. Nonoverweight youths were 30% more likely to select a nonoverweight friend than an overweight friend, whereas overweight youths were largely indifferent to the weight status of their friends. Friendship ties from overweight youths to nonoverweight peers were more likely than ties in the reverse direction. Conclusions. We found evidence consistent with homophily and social marginalization but only for the selection behavior of nonoverweight youths. We conclude that avoidance of overweight friends is the primary determinant of friendship patterns related to BMI. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; ancestry group; article; body mass; decision making; female; friend; human; male; mental health; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; obesity; psychological aspect; sex difference; social support, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Body Mass Index; Choice Behavior; Continental Population Groups; Female; Friends; Humans; Male; Mental Health; National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health; Obesity; Sex Factors; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301768_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race and genomics in the Veterans Health Administration. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lynch, J. Author-Name: Whatley, A. Author-Name: Uchendu, U.S. Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S522-524 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302202 Keywords: adult; Africa; ancestry group; editorial; electronic medical record; ethnology; genetics; genomics; genotype; government; human; organization and management; risk assessment; socioeconomics; United States; veterans health, Adult; Africa, Western; Continental Population Groups; Electronic Health Records; Genomics; Genotype; Humans; Risk Assessment; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302202_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities calculator: A methodologically rigorous tool for analyzing inequalities in population health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Breen, N. Author-Name: Scott, S. Author-Name: Percy-Laurry, A. Author-Name: Lewis, D. Author-Name: Glasgow, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1589-1591 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301982 Abstract: Historically, researchers and policy planners have selected a single indicator to measure trends in social inequalities. A more rigorous approach is to review the literature and data, select appropriate inequality measures to address the research question, compute results from various indices, and graphically compare resulting trends. The Health Disparities Calculator (HD*Calc, version 1.2.4; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD) computes results from different indices and graphically displays them, making an arduous task easier, more transparent, and more accessible. Keywords: article; health disparity; human; methodology, Health Status Disparities; Humans; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301982_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The cost-effectiveness of school-based eating disorder screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wright, D.R. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Author-Name: Noh, H.L. Author-Name: Jiang, Y. Author-Name: Sonneville, K.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1774-1782 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302018 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to assess the value of school-based eating disorder (ED) screening for a hypothetical cohort of US public school students. Methods. We used a decision-analytic microsimulation model to model the effectiveness (life-years with ED and quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs]), total direct costs, and cost-effectiveness (cost per QALY gained) of screening relative to current practice. Results. The screening strategy cost $2260 (95% confidence interval [CI] = $1892, $2668) per student and resulted in a per capita gain of 0.25 fewer life-years with ED (95% CI = 0.21, 0.30) and 0.04 QALYs (95% CI = 0.03, 0.05) relative to current practice. The base case cost-effectiveness of the intervention was $9041 per life-year with ED avoided (95% CI = $6617, $12 344) and $56 500 per QALY gained (95% CI = $38 805, $71 250). Conclusions. At willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50 000 and $100 000 per QALY gained, school-based ED screening is 41% and 100% likely to be costeffective, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of ED screening is comparable to many other accepted pediatric health interventions, including hypertension screening. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; cost benefit analysis; decision support system; eating disorder; economics; female; human; male; mass screening; quality adjusted life year; statistical model, Adolescent; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Support Techniques; Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Models, Economic; Quality-Adjusted Life Years Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302018_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of HCV infection among clients in community-based health settings in hawaii, 2002-2010: Assessing risk factors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Porter, J.C. Author-Name: Lusk, H.M. Author-Name: Katz, A.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1534-1539 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301282 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the prevalence of HCV infection and identify risk factors associated with HCV infection among at-risk clients presenting to community-based health settings in Hawaii. Methods. Clients from 23 community-based sites were administered risk factor questionnaires and screened for HCV antibodies from December 2002 through May 2010. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results. Of 3306 participants included in the analysis, 390 (11.8%) tested antibody positive for HCV. Highest HCV antibody prevalence (17.0%) was in persons 45 to 64 years old compared with all other age groups. Significant independent risk factors were current or prior injection drug use (P < .001), blood transfusion prior to July 1992 (P = .002), and having an HCV-infected sex partner (P = .03). Stratification by gender revealed sexual exposure to be significant for males (P = .001). Conclusions. Despite Hawaii's ethnic diversity, high hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, and a statewide syringe exchange program in place since the early 1990s, our HCV prevalence and risk factor findings are remarkably consistent with those reported from the mainland United States. Hence, effective interventions identified from US mainland population studies should be generalizable to Hawaii. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; child; female; health center; hepatitis C; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; sex difference; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Child; Community Health Centers; Female; Hawaii; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301282_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating the proportion of cases of lung cancer legally attributable to smoking: A novel approach for class actions against the tobacco industry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siemiatycki, J. Author-Name: Karp, I. Author-Name: Sylvestre, M.-P. Author-Name: Pintos, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e60-e66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302040 Abstract: Objectives. The plaintiffs' lawyers for a class action suit, which was launched in Quebec on behalf of all patients with lung cancer whose disease was caused by cigarette smoking, asked us to estimate what proportion of lung cancer cases in Quebec, if they hypothetically could be individually evaluated, would satisfy the criterion that it is more likely than not that smoking caused the disease. Methods. The novel methodology we developed is based on the dose-response relationship between smoking and lung cancer, for which we use the pack-years as a measure of smoking, and the distribution of pack-years of smoking among cases. Results. We estimated that the amount of smoking required to satisfy the more likely than not criterion is between 3 and 11 pack-years. More than 90% of the Quebec cases satisfied even the most conservative of these thresholds. Conclusions. More than 90% of cases of lung cancer in Quebec are legally attributable to smoking. The methodology enhances the ability to conduct class action suits against the tobacco industry. Keywords: article; Canada; female; human; legal aspect; legal liability; lung tumor; male; middle aged; smoking; statistical model; tobacco industry, Female; Humans; Liability, Legal; Linear Models; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Quebec; Smoking; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302040_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regarding driving after drug and alcohol use among us high school seniors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Acheampong, A. Author-Name: Okafor, C. Author-Name: Scheidell, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301839 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301839 Keywords: addiction; car driving; drinking behavior; female; human; male; note; statistics; student, Alcohol Drinking; Automobile Driving; Female; Humans; Male; Students; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301839_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cohort trends in the body mass-mortality association Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301824 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301824 Keywords: female; human; male; mortality; note; obesity, Female; Humans; Male; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301824_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bringing public health back into public health policy debates. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 772 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301965 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301965 Keywords: editorial; health care policy; human; politics; public health, Health Policy; Humans; Politics; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301965_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanding access to Spanish-speaking communities: A critical partnership [Una alianza estraté gica para ampliar el acceso a las comunidades hispanohablantes] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andrus, J.K. Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Author-Name: Wilson, J. Author-Name: Selzer, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: SUPPL.2 Pages: S195-S199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301985s File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301985s Keywords: access to information; cause of death; Central America; chronic disease; cost of illness; editorial; ethnology; human; language; medical society; Mexico; obesity; public health; publication; United States; world health organization, Access to Information; American Public Health Association; Cause of Death; Central America; Chronic Disease; Cost of Illness; Humans; Language; Mexico; Obesity; Pan American Health Organization; Periodicals as Topic; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301985s_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal mechanisms supporting accountable care principles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramanathan, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2048-2051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302161 Abstract: Public health and private providers and facilities may shape the future of the US health system by engaging in new ways to deliver care to patients. "Accountable care" contracts allow private health care and public health providers and facilities to collaboratively serve defined populations. Accountable care frameworks emphasize health care quality and cost savings, among other goals. In this article, I explore the legal context for accountable care, including the mechanisms by which providers, facilities, and public health coordinate activities, avoid inefficiencies, and improve health outcomes. I highlight ongoing evaluations of the impact of accountable care on public health outcomes. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: accountable care organization; evidence based medicine; human; legislation and jurisprudence; medicaid; medicare; organization and management; procedures; public health service; United States, Accountable Care Organizations; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Medicaid; Medicare; Public Health Administration; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302161_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between social network communities and health behavior: An observational sociocentric network study of latrine ownership in rural india Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shakya, H.B. Author-Name: Christakis, N.A. Author-Name: Fowler, J.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 930-937 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301811 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301811 Abstract: Objectives. We identified communities of interconnected people that might serve as normative reference groups for individual-level behavior related to latrine adoption. Methods. We applied an algorithmic social network method to determine the network community from respondent-reported social ties of 16 403 individuals in 75 villages in rural Karnataka, India; data were collected from 2006 to 2008. We used multilevel modeling to test the association between latrine ownership and community-level and village-level latrine ownership. We also investigated the degree to which network cohesion affected individual latrine ownership. Results. Three levels of social contacts (direct friends, social network community, and village) significantly predicted individual latrine ownership, but the strongest effect was found at the level of social network communities. In communities with high levels of network cohesion, the likelihood was decreased that any individual would own a latrine; this effect was significant only at lower levels of latrine ownership, suggesting a role for network cohesion in facilitating the nonownership norm. Conclusions. Although many international health and development interventions target village units, these results raise the possibility that the optimal target for public health interventions may not be determined through geography but through social network interactions. Keywords: adult; algorithm; article; female; health behavior; human; India; male; rural population; sanitation; social support; socioeconomics, Adult; Algorithms; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; India; Male; Rural Population; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Toilet Facilities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301811_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Triple comorbid trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use as predictors of antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among urban adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brook, J.S. Author-Name: Lee, J.Y. Author-Name: Rubenstone, E. Author-Name: Brook, D.W. Author-Name: Finch, S.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1413-1420 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301880 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301880 Abstract: Objectives. We modeled triple trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood as predictors of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods. We assessed urban African American and Puerto Rican participants (n = 816) in the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study, a psychosocial investigation, at 4 time waves (mean ages = 19, 24, 29, and 32 years). We used Mplus to obtain the 3 variable trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from time 2 to time 5 and then conducted logistic regression analyses. Results. A 5-trajectory group model, ranging from the use of all 3 substances (23%) to a nonuse group (9%), best fit the data. Membership in the trajectory group that used all 3 substances was associated with an increased likelihood of both ASPD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.83; 95% CI = 1.14, 40.74; P < .05) and GAD (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI = 1.63, 11.63; P < .001) in adulthood, as compared with the nonuse group, with control for earlier proxies of these conditions. Conclusions. Adults with comorbid tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use should be evaluated for use of other substances and for ASPD, GAD, and other psychiatric disorders. Treatment programs should address the use of all 3 substances to decrease the likelihood of comorbid psychopathology. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; antisocial personality disorder; anxiety disorder; article; cannabis smoking; comorbidity; drinking behavior; female; human; longitudinal study; male; statistical model; statistics; tobacco use; United States; urban population; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Marijuana Smoking; New York City; Tobacco Use; Urban Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301880_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: A model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meyer, O.L. Author-Name: Castro-Schilo, L. Author-Name: Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1734-1741 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302003 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on mental health and self-rated health (SRH), and evaluated how these relationships might vary by race/ethnicity, age, and gender. Methods. We analyzed data of 44 921 adults who responded to the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. We used a path analysis to test effects of SES, neighborhood safety, and physical activity on mental health and SRH. Results. Low SES was associated with greater neighborhood safety concerns, which were negatively associated with physical activity, which was then negatively related to mental health and SRH. This model was similar across different racial/ethnic and gender groups, but mean levels in the constructs differed across groups. Conclusions. SES plays an important role in SRH and mental health, and this effect is further nuanced by race/ethnicity and gender. Identifying the psychological (neighborhood safety) and behavioral (physical activity) factors that influence mental health and SRH is critical for tailoring interventions and designing programs that can improve overall health. Keywords: age; ancestry group; article; demography; ethnic group; ethnology; exercise; female; health status; health survey; human; male; mental health; middle aged; safety; self report; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics, Age Factors; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Exercise; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; Safety; Self Report; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302003_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tooth loss in appalachia and the mississippi delta relative to other regions in the united states 1999-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gorsuch, M.M. Author-Name: Sanders, S.G. Author-Name: Wu, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e85-e91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301641 Abstract: Objectives. We examined regional variation in tooth loss in the United States from 1999 to 2010. Methods. We used 6 waves of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and data on county characteristics to describe regional trends in tooth loss and decompose diverging trends into the parts explained by individual and county components. Results. Appalachia and the Mississippi Delta had higher levels of tooth loss than the rest of the country in 1999. From 1999 to 2010, tooth loss declined in the United States. However, Appalachia did not converge toward the US average, and the Mississippi Delta worsened relative to the United States. Socioeconomic status explained the largest portion of differences between regions in 1999, but a smaller portion of the trends. The Mississippi Delta is aging more quickly than the rest of the country, which explains 17% of the disparity in the time trend. Conclusions. The disadvantage in tooth loss is persistent in Appalachia and growing in the Mississippi Delta. The increasing disparity is partly explained by changes in the age structure but is also associated with behavioral and environmental factors. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; aging; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; comparative study; dental procedure; female; fluoridation; health; human; male; middle aged; periodontal disease; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aging; Appalachian Region; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Dental Care; Female; Fluoridation; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mississippi; Oral Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Tooth Loss; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301641_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Density and proximity of fast food restaurants and body mass index among African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reitzel, L.R. Author-Name: Regan, S.D. Author-Name: Nguyen, N. Author-Name: Cromley, E.K. Author-Name: Strong, L.L. Author-Name: Wetter, D.W. Author-Name: McNeill, L.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 110-116 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301140 Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to address current gaps in the literature by examining the associations of fast food restaurant (FFR) density around the home and FFR proximity to the home, respectively, with body mass index (BMI) among a large sample of African American adults from Houston, Texas. Methods: We used generalized linear models with generalized estimating equations to examine associations of FFR density at 0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 5-mile road network buffers around the home with BMI and associations of the closest FFR to the home with BMI. All models were adjusted for a range of individual-level covariates and neighborhood socioeconomic status. We additionally investigated the moderating effects of household income on these relations. Data were collected from December 2008 to July 2009. Results: FFR density was not associated with BMI in the main analyses. However, FFR density at 0.5, 1, and 2 miles was positively associated with BMI among participants with lower incomes (P ≤.025). Closer FFR proximity was associated with higher BMI among all participants (P <.001), with stronger associations emerging among those of lower income (P <.013) relative to higher income (P <.014). Conclusions: Additional research with more diverse African American samples is needed, but results supported the potential for the fast food environment to affect BMI among African Americans, particularly among those of lower economic means. Keywords: African American; body mass; catering service; demography; fast food; female; human; income; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; motor activity; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data; television; United States; African American; article; statistics, African Americans; Body Mass Index; Fast Foods; Female; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Questionnaires; Residence Characteristics; Restaurants; Television; Texas, African Americans; Body Mass Index; Fast Foods; Female; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Questionnaires; Residence Characteristics; Restaurants; Television; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301140_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health for all: the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adult Project. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Storey, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: 226 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301621 Keywords: aging; article; health disparity; human; quality of life; sexuality; transsexuality; United States, Aging; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Quality of Life; Sexuality; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301621_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Traffic fatality reductions: United states compared with 25 other countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Evans, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1501-1507 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301922 Abstract: Objectives. I comparedUS traffic fatality trendswith those in 25 other countries. Methods. I have introduced a new measure for comparing safety in different countries: traffic deaths in a specific year relative to largest annual number recorded. I used only data from the International Road Traffic Accident Database. Results. The United States is a unique outlier. Fatalities in all 25 other countries declined further after reaching their maximum values. For example, the United States and the Netherlands both reached maximum values in 1972. From 1972 to 2011 US deaths declined by 41%, whereas those in the Netherlands declined by 81%. If US fatalities had declined by 81% there would have been 22 000 fewer US road deaths in 2011. If the United States matched percentage declines of 6 additional countries, US deaths would have declined by more than 20 000. Conclusions. If US traffic deaths had declined by the same percentage as in any 1 of 7 other countries, more than 20 000 fewer Americans would have been killed in 2011. Keywords: article; Australia; Canada; car driving; comparative study; human; mortality; Netherlands; safety; statistics; traffic accident; United Kingdom; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Australia; Automobile Driving; Canada; Great Britain; Humans; Netherlands; Safety; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301922_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation, adult connectedness, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents: Findings From the 2009 New York city youth risk behavior survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seil, K.S. Author-Name: Desai, M.M. Author-Name: Smith, M.V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1950-1956 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302050 Abstract: Objectives: We examined associations between identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) and lacking a connection with an adult at school on adolescent substance use and mental health outcomes including suicidality. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; article; depression; female; high risk behavior; human; male; mental health; psychological aspect; sexuality; social support; socioeconomics; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide; suicide attempt; United States, Adolescent; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; New York City; Risk-Taking; Sexuality; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302050_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statewide pandemic influenza vaccination reminders for children with chronic conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dombkowski, K.J. Author-Name: Cowan, A.E. Author-Name: Potter, R.C. Author-Name: Dong, S. Author-Name: Kolasa, M. Author-Name: Clark, S.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e39-e44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301662 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301662 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the use of a statewide immunization information system (IIS) to target influenza vaccine reminders to high-risk children during a pandemic. Methods: We used Michigan's IIS to identify high-risk children (i.e., those with ≥ 1 chronic condition) aged 6 months to 18 years with no record of pH1N1 vaccination among children currently or previously enrolled in Medicaid (n=202 133). Reminders were mailed on December 7, 2009. We retrospectively assessed children's eligibility for evaluation and compared influenza vaccination rates across 3 groups on the basis of their high-risk and reminder status. Results: Of the children sent reminders, 53 516 were ineligible. Of the remaining 148 617 children, vaccination rates were higher among the 142 383 high-risk children receiving reminders than among the 6234 high-risk children with undeliverable reminders and the 142 383 control group children without chronic conditions who were not sent reminders. Conclusions: Midseason reminders to parents of unvaccinated high-risk children with current or past Medicaid enrollment were associated with increased pH1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccination rates. Future initiatives should consider strategies to expand targeting of high-risk groups and improve IIS reporting during pandemic events. Keywords: influenza vaccine; influenza vaccine, adolescent; article; child; chronic disease; feasibility study; female; human; infant; influenza; Influenza virus A H1N1; male; pandemic; preschool child; preventive health service; reminder system; retrospective study; United States; virology; Influenza, Human; Pandemics; United States, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; Michigan; Pandemics; Reminder Systems; Retrospective Studies, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Male; Michigan; Pandemics; Reminder Systems; Retrospective Studies Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301662_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking public health: Promoting public engagement through a new discursive environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sun, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e6-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301638 Abstract: I reexamine the notion of public health after reviewing critiques of the prevalent individualistic conception of health. I argue that public health should mean not only the health of the public but also health in the public and by the public, and I expound on the social contingency of health and highlight the importance of the interpersonal dimensions of health conditions and health promotion efforts. Promoting public health requires activating health-enhancing communicative behaviors (such as interpersonal advocacy and mutual responsibility taking) in addition to individual behavioral change. To facilitate such communicative behaviors, it is imperative to first construct a new discursive environment in which to think and talk about health in a language of interdependence and collective efforts. Keywords: article; consumer advocacy; health education; health promotion; human; human relation; organization; public health service; social behavior; social control; social justice; social marketing; social status, Consumer Advocacy; Health Education; Health Promotion; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Organizational Innovation; Public Health Administration; Social Conditions; Social Control Policies; Social Justice; Social Marketing; Social Responsibility, Consumer Advocacy; Health Education; Health Promotion; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Organizational Innovation; Public Health Administration; Social Conditions; Social Control Policies; Social Justice; Social Marketing; Social Responsibility Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301638_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tanzanian adolescent boys' transitions through puberty: The importance of context Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sommer, M. Author-Name: Likindikoki, S. Author-Name: Kaaya, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2290-2297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302178 Abstract: We explored the masculinity norms shaping transitions through puberty in rural and urban Tanzania and how these norms and their social-ecological context contribute to high-risk health behaviors. We conducted a qualitative case study of adolescent boys in and out of school in 2011 and 2012. Tanzania's social and economic development is reshaping the transition into young manhood. Adolescent boys are losing traditional mechanisms of pubertal guidance, and new meanings of manhood are arising from globalization. Traditional masculinity norms, including pressures to demonstrate virility and fertility, remain strong. Adolescent boys in modernizing Tanzania receive inadequate guidance on their burgeoning sexuality. Contradictory masculinity norms from family and society are shaping their sexual expectations, with implications for their engagement in unsafe sexual behaviors. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; attitude to health; human; interview; male; masculinity; physiology; puberty; qualitative research; sexual behavior; sexual maturation; social change; social environment; Tanzania, Adolescent; Attitude to Health; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Masculinity; Puberty; Qualitative Research; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Maturation; Social Change; Social Environment; Tanzania Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302178_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race and genomics in the veterans health administration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lynch, J. Author-Name: Whatley, A. Author-Name: Uchendu, U.S. Author-Name: Ibrahim, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S522-S524 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302202 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302202_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Miller et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, N.A. Author-Name: Kirk, A. Author-Name: Kaiser, M. Author-Name: Glos, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301891 Keywords: disabled person; female; health care disparity; health insurance; human; insurance; male; note; statistics; utilization review, Disabled Persons; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301891_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ludwik Rajchman (1881-1965): World leader in social medicine and director of the league of nations health organization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1636-1639 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301988 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301988_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dorfman et al. respond. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dorfman, L. Author-Name: Cheyne, A. Author-Name: Gottlieb, M.A. Author-Name: Mejia, P. Author-Name: Nixon, L. Author-Name: Friedman, L.C. Author-Name: Daynard, R.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301915 Keywords: government; human; legal aspect; note; public health; smoking; smoking cessation; tobacco industry, Federal Government; Humans; Public Health; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301915_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Excellence and equality in health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clancy, C.M. Author-Name: Uchendu, U.S. Author-Name: Jones, K.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S527-S528 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302217 Keywords: editorial; government; health care disparity; health care quality; health disparity; organization and management; United States, Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Quality of Health Care; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302217_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The eradication of poliomyelitis from Peru, 1991 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sobti, D. Author-Name: Cueto, M. Author-Name: He, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2298-2305 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301995 Abstract: The fight to achieve global eradication of poliomyelitis continues. Although native transmission of poliovirus was halted in the Western Hemisphere by the early 1990s, and only a few cases have been imported in the past few years, much of Latin America's story remains to be told. Peru conducted a successful flexible, or flattened, vertical campaign in 1991. The initial disease-oriented programs began to collaborate with community-oriented primary health care systems, thus strengthening public- private partnerships and enabling the common goal of poliomyelitis eradication to prevail despite rampant terrorism, economic instability, and political turmoil. Committed leaders in Peru's Ministry of Health, the Pan American Health Organization, and Rotary International, as well as dedicated health workers who acted with missionary zeal, facilitated acquisition of adequate technologies, coordinated work at the local level, and increased community engagement, despite sometimes being unable to institutionalize public health improvements. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: developing country; epidemiology; health survey; history; history; human; Peru; poliomyelitis; preventive health service; public health service; world health organization, Developing Countries; History, 20th Century; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pan American Health Organization; Peru; Poliomyelitis; Public Health Practice; Public Health Surveillance Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301995_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between race/ethnicity and major birth defects in the United States, 1999-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Canfield, M.A. Author-Name: Mai, C.T. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: O'Halloran, A. Author-Name: Marengo, L.K. Author-Name: Olney, R.S. Author-Name: Borger, C.L. Author-Name: Rutkowski, R. Author-Name: Fornoff, J. Author-Name: Irwin, N. Author-Name: Copeland, G. Author-Name: Flood, T.J. Author-Name: Meyer, R.E. Author-Name: Rickard, R. Author-Name: Alverson, C.J. Author-Name: Sweatlock, J. Author-Name: Kirby, R.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e14-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302098 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and 27 major birth defects. Methods. We pooled data from 12 population-based birth defects surveillance systems in the United States that included 13.5million live births (1 of 3 of US births) from 1999 to 2007. Using Poisson regression, we calculated prevalence estimates for each birth defect and 13 racial/ethnic groupings, along with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs). Non-Hispanic Whites served as the referent group. Results. American Indians/Alaska Natives had a significantly higher and 50% or greater prevalence for 7 conditions (aPR = 3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.89, 5.44 for anotia or microtia); aPRs of 1.5 to 2.1 for cleft lip, trisomy 18, and encephalocele, and lower, upper, and any limb deficiency). Cubans and Asians, especially Chinese and Asian Indians, had either significantly lower or similar prevalences of these defects compared with non-Hispanic Whites, with the exception of anotia or microtia among Chinese (aPR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.30, 3.33) and Filipinos (aPR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.10, 3.30) and tetralogy of Fallot among Vietnamese (aPR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.32). Conclusions. This is the largest population-based study to our knowledge to systematically examine the prevalence of a range of major birth defects across many racial/ethnic groups, including Asian and Hispanic subgroups. The relatively high prevalence of birth defects in American Indians/Alaska Natives warrants further attention. Keywords: ancestry group; article; birth certificate; congenital disorder; ethnic group; ethnology; health survey; human; prevalence; risk factor; statistics; United States, Birth Certificates; Congenital Abnormalities; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302098_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The next generation of users: Prevalence and longitudinal patterns of tobacco use among us young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson, A. Author-Name: Williams, V. Author-Name: Rath, J. Author-Name: Villanti, A.C. Author-Name: Vallone, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1429-1436 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301802 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301802 Abstract: Objectives. We monitored the prevalence and patterns of use of the array of tobacco products available to young adults, who are at risk for initiation and progression to established tobacco use. Methods. We used data from waves 1 to 3 of GfK's KnowledgePanel (2011- 2012), a nationally representative cohort of young adults aged 18 to 34 years (n = 2144). We examined prevalence and patterns of tobacco product use over time, associated demographics, and state-level tobacco policy. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine predictors of initiation of cigarettes as well as noncombustible and other combustible products. Results. The prevalence of ever tobacco use rose from 57.28% at wave 1 to 67.43% at wave 3. Use of multiple products was the most common pattern (66.39% of tobacco users by wave 3). Predictors of initiation differed by product type and included age, race/ethnicity, policy, and use of other tobacco products. Conclusions. Tobacco use is high among young adults and many are using multiple products. Efforts to implement policy and educate young adults about the risks associated with new and emerging products are critical to prevent increased initiation of tobacco use. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cannabis smoking; female; government; human; longitudinal study; male; prevalence; smoking; socioeconomics; tobacco use; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Prevalence; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; State Government; Tobacco Use; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301802_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public bicycle share programs and head injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Graves, J.M. Author-Name: Pless, B. Author-Name: Moore, L. Author-Name: Nathens, A.B. Author-Name: Hunte, G. Author-Name: Rivara, F.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e106-e111 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302012 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effect of North American public bicycle share programs (PBSPs), which typically do not offer helmets with rentals, on the occurrence of bicycle-related head injuries. Methods. We analyzed trauma center data for bicycle-related injuries from 5 cities with PBSPs and 5 comparison cities. We used logistic regression models to compare the odds that admission for a bicycle-related injury would involve a head injury 24 months before PBSP implementation and 12 months afterward. Results. In PBSP cities, the proportion of head injuries among bicycle-related injuries increased from 42.3% before PBSP implementation to 50.1% after (P < .01). This proportion in comparison cities remained similar before (38.2%) and after (35.9%) implementation (P = .23). Odds ratios for head injury were 1.30 (95% confidence interval = 1.13, 1.67) in PBSP cities and 0.94 (95% confidence interval = 0.79, 1.11) in control cities (adjusted for age and city) when we compared the period after implementation to the period before. Conclusions. Results suggest that steps should be taken to make helmets available with PBSPs. Helmet availability should be incorporated into PBSP planning and funding, not considered an afterthought following implementation. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; bicycle; Canada; city; head injury; human; injury; middle aged; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Bicycling; Canada; Cities; Craniocerebral Trauma; Humans; Middle Aged; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302012_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recent violence in a community-based sample of homeless and unstably housed women with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riley, E.D. Author-Name: Cohen, J. Author-Name: Knight, K.R. Author-Name: Decker, A. Author-Name: Marson, K. Author-Name: Shumway, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1657-1663 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301958 Abstract: Objectives. We determined associations between co-occurring psychiatric conditions and violence against homeless and unstably housed women. Methods. Between 2008 and 2010, we interviewed homeless and unstably housed women recruited from community venues about violence, socioeconomic factors, and psychiatric conditions. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine independent correlates of violence. Results. Among 291 women, 97% screened positive for 1 or more psychiatric conditions. Types of violence perpetrated by primary partners and persons who were not primary partners (non-primary partners) included emotional violence (24% vs 50%; P < .01), physical violence (11% vs 19%; P < .01), and sexual violence (7% vs 22%; P < .01). The odds of primary partner and non-primary partner violence increased with each additional psychiatric diagnosis and decreasing levels of social isolation. Conclusions. All types of violence were more commonly perpetrated by non- primary partners, suggesting that an exclusive focus on domestic violence screening in health care or social service settings will miss most of the violence in this population. Contrary to some previous studies, the odds of violence decreased as social isolation increased, suggesting that social isolation may be protective in homeless and unstably housed communities with high levels of comorbidity and limited options. Keywords: adult; article; female; health behavior; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental disease; middle aged; partner violence; risk factor; sexual crime; social isolation; socioeconomics; statistics; violence, Adult; Female; Health Behavior; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sex Offenses; Social Isolation; Socioeconomic Factors; Spouse Abuse; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301958_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medical marijuana laws and suicides by gender and age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anderson, D.M. Author-Name: Rees, D.I. Author-Name: Sabia, J.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2369-2376 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the association between legalizing medical marijuana and suicides. Keywords: medical cannabis, adult; age; drug control; epidemiology; female; human; male; sex difference; statistics and numerical data; suicide; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Drug and Narcotic Control; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Marijuana; Sex Factors; Suicide; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting the successful development of sexual and gender minority youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mayer, K.H. Author-Name: Garofalo, R. Author-Name: Makadon, H.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 976-981 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301876 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301876 Abstract: Because of societal discomfort with atypical expressions of sexual orientation and gender identity, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) youths have experienced enhanced developmental challenges compared with their heterosexual peers. A recent special issue of the American Journal of Public Health delineated how social stigma affecting LGBT youths has resulted inawide range of health disparities, ranging from increased prevalenceofdepressionandsubstance use to downstream effects, such as an increased risk for cancer and cardiovascular diseasewhen older. We review the clinical significance of these findings for health care professionals, whoneedtobecomeinformed about these associations to provide better care for their sexual and gender minority youth patients, and to be able to educate their parents and other caregivers. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent development; article; coping behavior; health care delivery; health disparity; health promotion; homophobia; homosexuality; human; methodology; minority group; psychological aspect; social distance; transsexuality; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Delivery of Health Care; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Homophobia; Homosexuality; Humans; Minority Groups; Resilience, Psychological; Social Distance; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301876_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood food environment and obesity in community-dwelling older adults: Individual and neighborhood effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pruchno, R. Author-Name: Wilson-Genderson, M. Author-Name: Gupta, A.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 924-929 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301788 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301788 Abstract: Objectives. We tested hypotheses about the relationship between neighborhoodlevel food sources and obesity, controlling for individual-level characteristics. Methods. Data (collected November 2006-April 2008) derived from a randomdigit- dial sample of 5688 community-dwelling adults aged 50 to 74 years residing in 1644 census tracts in New Jersey. Using multilevel structural equation models, we created latent constructs representing density of fast-food establishments and storefronts (convenience stores, bars and pubs, grocery stores) and an observed indicator for supermarkets at the neighborhood level, simultaneously modeling obesity and demographic characteristics (age, gender, race, education, household income) at the individual level. Results. When we controlled for individual-level age, gender, race, education, and household income, densities of fast-food establishments and storefronts were positively associated with obesity. Supermarkets were not associated with obesity. Conclusions. Because people living in neighborhoods with a higher density of fast food and storefronts are more likely to be obese, these neighborhoods may be optimal sites for interventions. Keywords: aged; article; catering service; demography; fast food; female; human; male; middle aged; obesity; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Aged; Fast Foods; Female; Food Supply; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New Jersey; Obesity; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301788_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic among puerto rican people who inject drugs: The need for a multiregion approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deren, S. Author-Name: Gelpí-Acosta, C. Author-Name: Albizu-García, C.E. Author-Name: González, Á. Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Santiago-Negrón, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2030-2036 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302114 Abstract: High levels of HIV risk behaviors and prevalence have been reported among Puerto Rican people who inject drugs (PRPWID) since early in the HIV epidemic. Advances in HIV prevention and treatment have reduced HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the UnitedStates. We examined HIV-related data for PRPWID in Puerto Rico and the US Northeast to assess whether disparities continue. Injection drug use as a risk for HIV is still overrepresented among Puerto Ricans. Lower availability of syringe exchanges, drug abuse treatment, and antiretroviral treatment for PWID in Puerto Rico contribute to higher HIV risk and incidence. These disparities should be addressed by the development of a federally supported Northeast-Puerto Rico collaboration to facilitate and coordinate efforts throughout both regions. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: complication; drug dependence treatment; epidemiology; ethnology; health disparity; Hispanic; HIV Infections; human; incidence; preventive health service; Puerto Rico; risk factor; substance abuse; United States; United States, Health Status Disparities; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Needle-Exchange Programs; New England; New York City; Puerto Rico; Risk Factors; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302114_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of the availability of hepatitis c testing services in Opioid treatment programs: Results from a national study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frimpong, J.A. Author-Name: D'Aunno, T. Author-Name: Jiang, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e75-e82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301827 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends and organizational-level correlates of the availability of HCV testing in opioid treatment programs. Methods. We used generalized ordered logit models to examine associations between organizational characteristics of 383 opioid treatment programs from the 2005 and 2011 National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey and HCV testing availability. Results. Between 2005 and 2011, the proportion of opioid treatment programs offering HCV testing increased but largely because of increases in off-site referrals rather than on-site testing. HCV testing availability was higher in opioid treatment programs affiliated with a hospital and those receiving federal funds. Opioid treatment programs providing both methadone and buprenorphine were more likely to offer any HCV testing, whereas opioid treatment programs providing only buprenorphine treatment were less likely to offer on-site testing. HCV testing availability was associated with more favorable staff-to-client ratios. Conclusions. The increasing use of off-site referrals for HCV testing in opioid treatment programs likely limits opportunities for case finding, prevention, and treatment. Declines in federal funding for opioid treatment programs may be a key determinant of the availability ofHCVtesting in opioid treatment programs. Keywords: article; drug dependence treatment; financial management; health care delivery; health care survey; hepatitis C; human; opiate addiction; opiate substitution treatment; organization and management; statistics; United States, Financing, Government; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Hepatitis C; Humans; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-Related Disorders; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301827_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of physical activity on psychological distress: A prospective analysis of an Australian national sample Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perales, F. Author-Name: Del Pozo-Cruz, J. Author-Name: Del Pozo-Cruz, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e91-e97 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302169 Abstract: Methods. We used 3 waves of panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, consisting of 34 000 observations from 17 000 individuals and covering 2007, 2009, and 2011. We used fixed-effects panel regression models accounting for observable and unobservable confounders to examine the relationships between the weekly frequency of MVPA and summary measures of psychological distress based on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; Australia; epidemiology; exercise; female; health survey; human; longitudinal study; male; mental stress; middle aged; prevention and control; prospective study; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Australia; Exercise; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302169_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorials: 50 years since the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health: A happy anniversary? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301722 Keywords: epidemiology; history; human; public health service; smoking; United States; editorial; smoking; United States, Anniversaries and Special Events; Humans; Smoking; United States; United States Public Health Service, Anniversaries and Special Events; Humans; Smoking; United States; United States Public Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301722_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communication about childhood obesity on twitter Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harris, J.K. Author-Name: Moreland-Russell, S. Author-Name: Tabak, R.G. Author-Name: Ruhr, L.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e62-e69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301860 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301860 Abstract: Objectives. Little is known about the use of social media as a tool for health communication. We used a mixed-methods design to examine communication about childhood obesity on Twitter. Methods. NodeXL was used to collect tweets sent in June 2013 containing the hashtag #childhoodobesity. Tweets were coded for content; tweeters were classified by sector and health focus. Data were also collected on the network of follower connections among the tweeters. We used descriptive statistics and exponential random graph modeling to examine tweet content, characteristics of tweeters, and the composition and structure of the network of connections facilitating communication among tweeters. Results. We collected 1110 tweets originating from 576 unique Twitter users. More individuals (65.6%) than organizations (32.9%) tweeted. More tweets focused on individual behavior than environment or policy. Few government and educational tweeters were in the network, but they were more likely than private individuals to be followed by others. Conclusions. There is an opportunity to better disseminate evidence-based information to a broad audience through Twitter by increasing the presence of credible sources in the #childhoodobesity conversation and focusing the content of tweets on scientific evidence. Keywords: article; childhood obesity; environment; government; health behavior; human; information dissemination; interpersonal communication; mass medium; organization; policy; public health; school; social media; statistics, Communication; Environment; Government Agencies; Health Behavior; Humans; Information Dissemination; Mass Media; Organizations; Pediatric Obesity; Policy; Public Health; Schools; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301860_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of the it's your game . . . keep it real program on dating violence in ethnic-minority middle school youths: A group randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peskin, M.F. Author-Name: Markham, C.M. Author-Name: Shegog, R. Author-Name: Baumler, E.R. Author-Name: Addy, R.C. Author-Name: Tortolero, S.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1471-1477 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301902 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether It's Your Game . . . Keep It Real (IYG) reduced dating violence among ethnic-minority middle school youths, a population at high risk for dating violence. Methods. We analyzed data from 766 predominantly ethnic-minority students from 10 middle schools in southeast Texas in 2004 for a group randomized trial of IYG. We estimated logistic regression models, and the primary outcome was emotional and physical dating violence perpetration and victimization by ninth grade. Results. Control students had significantly higher odds of physical dating violence victimization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20, 1.92), emotional dating violence victimization (AOR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.36, 2.24), and emotional dating violence perpetration (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.26) than did intervention students. The odds of physical dating violence perpetration were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Program effects varied by gender and race/ethnicity. Conclusions. IYG significantly reduced 3 of 4 dating violence outcomes among ethnic-minority middle school youths. Although further study is warranted to determine if IYG should be widely disseminated to prevent dating violence, it is one of only a handful of school-based programs that are effective in reducing adolescent dating violence behavior. Keywords: adolescent; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; ethnic group; health education; human; human relation; male; methodology; minority group; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; school health service; statistics; United States; violence, Adolescent; Ethnic Groups; Health Education; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Minority Groups; School Health Services; Texas; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301902_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in cancer mortality and incidence among American Indians and Alaska natives in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, M.C. Author-Name: Espey, D.K. Author-Name: Swan, J. Author-Name: Wiggins, C.L. Author-Name: Eheman, C. Author-Name: Kaur, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S377-S387 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301673 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301673 Abstract: Objectives. We used improved data on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) ancestry to provide an updated and comprehensive description of cancer mortality and incidence among AI/AN populations from 1990 to 2009. Methods. We linked the National Death Index and central cancer registry records independently to the Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registration database to improve identification of AI/AN persons in cancer mortality and incidence data, respectively. Analyses were restricted to non-Hispanic persons residing in Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in 6 geographic regions of the United States. We compared age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates for AI/AN populations with White populations using rate ratios and mortality-to-incidence ratios. Trends were described using joinpoint analysis. Results. Cancer mortality and incidence rates for AI/AN persons compared with Whites varied by region and type of cancer. Trends in death rates showed that greater progress in cancer control was achieved for White populations compared with AI/AN populations over the last 2 decades. Conclusions. Spatial variations in mortality and incidence by type of cancer demonstrated both persistent and emerging challenges for cancer control in AI/AN populations. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; neoplasm; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301673_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal and policy barriers to sharing data between public health programs in New York City: A case study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rose Gasner, M. Author-Name: Fuld, J. Author-Name: Drobnik, A. Author-Name: Varma, J.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 993-997 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301775 Abstract: Integration of public health surveillance data within health departments is important for public health activities and costefficient coordination of care. Access to and use of surveillance data are governed by public health law and by agency confidentiality and security policies. In New York City, we examined public health laws and agency policies for data sharing across HIV, sexually transmitted disease, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis surveillance programs. We found that recent changes to state laws provide greater opportunities for data sharing but that agency policies must be updated because they limit increased data integration. Our case study can help other health departments conduct similar reviews of laws and policies to increase data sharing and integration of surveillance data. Keywords: article; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information dissemination; legal aspect; lung tuberculosis; methodology; policy; public health service; public relations; sexually transmitted disease; United States; virus hepatitis, Hepatitis, Viral, Human; HIV Infections; Humans; Information Dissemination; Interinstitutional Relations; New York City; Population Surveillance; Public Health Administration; Public Policy; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301775_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood Ethnic composition, spatial assimilation, and change in body mass index over time among hispanic and Chinese immigrants: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lê-Scherban, F. Author-Name: Albrecht, S.S. Author-Name: Osypuk, T.L. Author-Name: Sánchez, B.N. Author-Name: Diez Roux, A.V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2138-2146 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302154 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated relations between changes in neighborhood ethnic composition and changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference among Chinese and Hispanic immigrants in the United States. Methods. We used Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis data over a median 9-year follow-up (2000-2002 to 2010-2012) among Chinese (n = 642) and Hispanic (n = 784) immigrants aged 45 to 84 years at baseline. We incorporated information about residential moves and used econometric fixed-effects models to control for confounding by time-invariant characteristics. We characterized neighborhood racial/ethnic composition with census tract-level percentage Asian for Chinese participants and percentage Hispanic for Hispanic participants (neighborhood coethnic concentration). Results. In covariate-adjusted longitudinal fixed-effects models, results suggested associations between decreasing neighborhood coethnic concentration and increasing weight, although results were imprecise: within-person BMI increases associated with an interquartile range decrease in coethnic concentration were 0.15 kilograms per meters squared (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00, 0.30) among Chinese and 0.17 kilograms per meters squared (95% CI = -0.17, 0.51) among Hispanic participants. Results did not differ between those who did and did not move during follow-up. Conclusions. Residential neighborhoods may help shape chronic disease risk among immigrants. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: African American; aged; Asian American; body mass; Caucasian; clinical trial; demography; epidemiology; female; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; migrant; multicenter study; statistics and numerical data; United States; very elderly; waist circumference; weight gain, African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asian Americans; Body Mass Index; Emigrants and Immigrants; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; United States; Waist Circumference; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302154_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feasibility of a web-based training system for peer community health advisors in cancer early detection among African Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santos, S.L.Z. Author-Name: Tagai, E.K. Author-Name: Wang, M.Q. Author-Name: Scheirer, M.A. Author-Name: Slade, J.L. Author-Name: Holt, C.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2282-2289 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302237 Abstract: We describe the feasibility of a Web-based portal for training peer community health advisors (CHAs). We conducted a community-based implementation trial in African American churches between 2012 and 2014. TheWeb-based portal allows CHAs to log in and view 13 training videos, preparing them to deliver 3 cancer early detection workshops in their churches. Of 8 churches, 6 completed the training, each certifying 2 CHAs. These CHAs took an average of 26 days to complete the training, requiring little technical assistance. Additional technical assistance was required to implement the workshops. The Web-based system appears to be a feasible method for training lay individuals for the CHA role and has implications for increasing the reach of evidencebased interventions. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adult; African American; controlled study; curriculum; early diagnosis; education; feasibility study; female; health auxiliary; human; Internet; interpersonal communication; male; middle aged; program development; randomized controlled trial; teaching, Adult; African Americans; Communication; Community Health Workers; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Curriculum; Early Detection of Cancer; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Middle Aged; Program Development Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302237_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cantrell et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cantrell, J. Author-Name: Kreslake, J. Author-Name: Ganz, O. Author-Name: Pearson, J.L. Author-Name: Vallone, D.M. Author-Name: Anesetti-Rothermel, A. Author-Name: Xiao, H. Author-Name: Kirchner, T.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301826 Keywords: advertizing; demography; economics; human; note; tobacco, Advertising as Topic; Humans; Residence Characteristics; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301826_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of increased opioid-related mortality in the united states and canada, 1990-2013: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, N.B. Author-Name: Fraser, V. Author-Name: Boikos, C. Author-Name: Richardson, R. Author-Name: Harper, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e32-e42 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301966 Abstract: We review evidence of determinants contributing to increased opioid-related mortality in the United States and Canada between 1990 and 2013. We identified 17 determinants of opioid-relatedmortality andmortality increases that we classified into 3 categories: prescriber behavior, user behavior and characteristics, and environmental and systemic determinants. These determinants operate independently but interact in complex ways that vary according to geography and population,making generalization from single studies inadvisable. Researchers in this area face significant methodological difficulties; most of the studies in our review were ecological or observational and lacked control groups or adjustment for confounding factors; thus, causal inferences are difficult. Preventing additional opioid-related mortality will likely require interventions that address multiple determinants and are tailored to specific locations and populations. Keywords: methadone; narcotic analgesic agent; noscapine; oxycodone, Canada; clinical practice; human; mortality; opiate addiction; psychological aspect; review; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Analgesics, Opioid; Canada; Humans; Methadone; Noscapine; Opioid-Related Disorders; Oxycodone; Physician's Practice Patterns; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301966_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incorrect analyses of radiation and mesothelioma. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhou, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 2 Pages: e1 Keywords: uranium, female; human; lung tumor; male; mesothelioma; mortality; note; occupational disease; radiation induced neoplasm; register, Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mesothelioma; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Occupational Diseases; Registries; Uranium Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:2:e1_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of cuts in medicaid on dental-related visits and costs at a safety-net hospital Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neely, M. Author-Name: Jones, J.A. Author-Name: Rich, S. Author-Name: Gutierrez, L.S. Author-Name: Mehra, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e13-e16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301903 Abstract: Weuseddata fromBoston Medical Center, Massachusetts, to determine whether dental-related emergency department (ED) visits and costs increased when Medicaid coverage for adult dental care was reduced in July 2010. In this retrospective study of existing data, we examined the safety-net hospital's dental-related ED visits and costs for 3 years before and 2 years after Massachusetts Health Care Reform. Dental-related ED visits increased 2% the first and 14% the second year after Medicaid cuts. Percentage increases were highest amongolderadults,minorities, and persons receiving charity care, Medicaid, and Medicare. Keywords: adult; aged; article; budget; dental procedure; economics; emergency health service; female; health care policy; hospital cost; human; male; medicaid; middle aged; mouth disease; organization and management; retrospective study; safety net hospital; statistics; United States; utilization review; young adult, Adult; Aged; Budgets; Dental Care; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Care Reform; Hospital Costs; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Medicaid; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Safety-net Providers; Stomatognathic Diseases; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301903_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local health departments as essential community providers for health benefits exchange plans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Costich, J.F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e12-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301830 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301830 Abstract: The Affordable Care Act requires health plans' networks to include "essential community providers" (ECPs). Local health departments (LHDs) can be ECPs, typically for tuberculosis and sexually transmitted disease- related services or family planning. An ECP status may be controversial if it jeopardizes core population health services or competes with community partners. Some LHDs already bill for ECP services, but independent billing functions could exceed projected revenue. Thus, LHDs may wish to investigate contractual arrangements as alternatives to billing multiple issuers. Keywords: article; community care; government; health care policy; health insurance; human; organization and management; United States, Community Health Services; Health Insurance Exchanges; Health Policy; Humans; Local Government; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301830_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Death rates from human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis among American Indians/Alaska natives in the United States, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reilley, B. Author-Name: Bloss, E. Author-Name: Byrd, K.K. Author-Name: Iralu, J. Author-Name: Neel, L. Author-Name: Cheek, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S453-S459 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301746 Abstract: Objectives. We used race-corrected data and comprehensive diagnostic codes to better compare HIV and tuberculosis (TB) mortality from 1999 to 2009 between American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites. Methods. National Vital Statistics Surveillance System mortality data were adjusted for AI/AN racial misclassification through linkage with Indian Health Service registration records. We compared average annual 1990 to 2009 HIV and TB death rates (per 100 000 people) for AI/AN persons with those for Whites; Hispanics were excluded. Results. Although death rates from HIV in AI/AN persons were significantly lower than those in Whites from 1990 to 1998 (4.2 vs 7.0), they were significantly higher than those in Whites from 1999 to 2009 (3.6 vs 2.0). Death rates from TB in AI/AN persons were significantly higher than those in Whites, with a significant disparity during both 1990 to 1998 (3.3 vs 0.3) and 1999 to 2009 (1.5 vs 0.1). Conclusions. The decrease in death rates from HIV and TB was greater among Whites, and death rates remained significantly higher among AI/AN individuals. Public health interventions need to be prioritized to reduce the TB and HIV burden and mortality in AI/AN populations. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; child; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; preschool child; register; statistics; tuberculosis; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; Tuberculosis; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301746_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Noncommunicable diseases and human rights: A promising synergy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruskin, S. Author-Name: Ferguson, L. Author-Name: Tarantola, D. Author-Name: Beaglehole, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 773-775 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301849 Abstract: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have finally emerged onto the global health and development agenda. Despite the increasingly important role human rights play in other areas of global health, their contribution to NCD prevention and control remains nascent. TherecentlyadoptedGlobal Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013- 2020 is an important step forward, but the lack of concrete attention to human rights is amissed opportunity. With practical implications for policy development, priority setting, and strategic design, human rights offer a logical, robust set of norms and standards; define the legal obligations of governments; and provide accountability mechanisms that can be used to enhance current approaches to NCD prevention andcontrol.Harnessingthepowerofhumanrights can strengthen action for NCDs at the local, national, and global levels. Keywords: article; chronic disease; health; health care planning; health care policy; health disparity; health promotion; human; human rights; public health; social determinants of health, Chronic Disease; Health Policy; Health Priorities; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Human Rights; Humans; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301849_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women's health and the affordable care act: High hopes versus harsh realities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hall, K.S. Author-Name: Fendrick, A.M. Author-Name: Zochowski, M. Author-Name: Dalton, V.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e10-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302045 Abstract: Ourpopulation-basedsurvey of 1078 randomly sampled US women, aged 18 to 55 years, sought to characterize their understanding of and attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Most women, especially socially disadvantaged groups, had negative or uncertain attitudes toward the ACA and limited understanding of its health benefits, including its relevance for their own health service coverage and utilization. Our findings are important for continued research, policy, and practice, with implications for whether, when, and how improved coverage will translate to improved access and outcomes for US women. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; cross-sectional study; female; health care policy; human; information processing; middle aged; statistics; United States; women's health; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States; Women's Health; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302045_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acute use of alcohol and methods of suicide in a US national sample Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conner, K.R. Author-Name: Huguet, N. Author-Name: Caetano, R. Author-Name: Giesbrecht, N. Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Author-Name: Nolte, K.B. Author-Name: Kaplan, M.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 171-178 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301352 Abstract: Objectives: We explored age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences with alcohol use and firearms, hanging or asphyxiation, and poisoning methods of suicide. Methods: We analyzed data for 37 993 suicide decedents aged 18 years and older from the 2005-2010 National Violent Death Reporting System database. Multinomial logistic regressions examined associations of method with alcohol use defined by blood alcohol content. Two-way interactions tested the effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity on the associations between alcohol use and method of suicide. Results: Alcohol was present among decedents who used the 3 leading methods of suicide: firearm (35.0%), hanging (36.8%), and poisoning (32.7%). Two-way interaction tests suggested that in young and middle adulthood, individuals were more likely to drink alcohol when they used a firearm or hanging (compared with poisoning), but in older adulthood, the reverse was true, with alcohol use more likely with poisoning. Interaction tests also suggested that Asians and Pacific Islanders were most likely to use alcohol in poisonings and that Blacks were least likely to use alcohol in hangings. Conclusions: The results suggested that alcohol use before suicide was influenced by several factors, including age, race/ethnicity, and suicide method. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; cause of death; drinking behavior; epidemiology; ethnology; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; suicide; United States; article; drinking behavior; mortality; statistics; suicide; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Suicide; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Suicide; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301352_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Analyzing whether countries are equally efficient at improving longevity for men and women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barthold, D. Author-Name: Nandi, A. Author-Name: Mendoza Rodríguez, J.M. Author-Name: Heymann, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2163-2169 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301494 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the efficiency of country-specific health care spending in improving life expectancies for men and women. Methods. We estimated efficiencies of health care spending for 27 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries during the period 1991 to 2007 using multivariable regression models, including country fixed-effects and controlling for time-varying levels of national social expenditures, economic development, and health behaviors. Results. Findings indicated robust differences in health-spending efficiency. A 1% annual increase in health expenditures was associated with percent changes in life expectancy ranging from0.020 in the United States (95%confidence interval [CI] = 0.008, 0.032) to 0.121 in Germany (95% CI = 0.099, 0.143). Health-spending increases were associated with greater life expectancy improvements for men than for women in nearly every OECD country. Conclusions. This is the first study to our knowledge to estimate the effect of country-specific health expenditures on life expectancies ofmen and women. Future work understanding the determinants of these differences has the potential to improve the overall efficiency and equity of national health systems. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adult; aged; female; health care cost; health disparity; human; life expectancy; longevity; male; middle aged; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; sex difference; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Aged; Female; Health Expenditures; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Male; Middle Aged; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development; Sex Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301494_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Persistent organic pollutants in dust from older homes: Learning from lead Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitehead, T.P. Author-Name: Metayer, C. Author-Name: Ward, M.H. Author-Name: Colt, J.S. Author-Name: Gunier, R.B. Author-Name: Deziel, N.C. Author-Name: Rappaport, S.M. Author-Name: Buffler, P.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1320-1326 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301835 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301835 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to (1) evaluate the relation between home age and concentrations of multiple chemical contaminants in settled dust and (2) discuss the feasibility of using lead hazard controls to reduce children's exposure to persistent organic pollutants. Methods. As part of the California Childhood Leukemia Study, from 2001 to 2007, we used a high-volume small surface sampler and household vacuum cleaners to collect dust samples from 583 homes and analyzed the samples for 94 chemicals with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We evaluated relations between chemical concentrations in dust and home age with Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Results. Dust concentrations of lead, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine insecticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were correlated with home age (q > 0.2; P < .001), whereas concentrations of pyrethroid insecticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were not. Conclusions. Dust in older homes contains higher levels of multiple, persistent chemicals than does dust in newer homes. Further development of strategies to reduce chemical exposures for children living in older homes is warranted. Keywords: hydrocarbon; insecticide; lead, article; dust; environmental exposure; housing; human; indoor air pollution; mass fragmentography; socioeconomics; statistics; time; United States, Air Pollution, Indoor; California; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Housing; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Insecticides; Lead; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301835_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asian American and Pacific islander military veterans in the united states: Health service use and perceived barriers to mental health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, J. Author-Name: Whealin, J.M. Author-Name: Pietrzak, R.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S538-S547 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302124 Abstract: Objectives. We (1) compared use of various health services nationally between Asian American and Pacific Islander (AA/PI) veterans and veterans of other racial/ ethnic groups and (2) specifically compared perceived barriers and stigma related to mental health services. Methods. Using bivariate and multivariable statistics, we analyzed a population weighted sample of 8315 veterans from the 2010 National Survey of Veterans and a random sample of 567 recent veterans from Hawaii. Results. A total of 1.5% of veterans were AA/PI compared with 0.4% a decade ago. Compared with other veterans, AA/PI veterans reported higher socioeconomic status and better mental health, although these findings may be specific to AA veterans. Adjusting for sociodemographic and health differences, we found no differences in health service use or perceived barriers or stigma related to mental health services. Conclusions. AA/PIs are a small but fast-growing racial/ethnic group within the veteran population that deserves attention. Although veteran status may be protective against some barriers to mental health care found in the general AA/PI population, efforts to reduce barriers to health care among veterans should be continued. Keywords: adult; aged; ancestry group; article; Asian American; female; health care delivery; health service; health status; human; male; mental health; mental health service; middle aged; Oceanic ancestry group; social class; statistics; United States; utilization review; veteran; veterans health, Adult; Aged; Asian Americans; Continental Population Groups; Female; Health Services; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Social Class; United States; Veterans; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302124_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of the transparent reporting of evaluations with nonrandomized designs reporting guideline: Ten years on Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fuller, T. Author-Name: Peters, J. Author-Name: Pearson, M. Author-Name: Anderson, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e110-e117 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302195 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed how the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) reporting guideline was used by authors and journal editors in journals' instructions to authors. We also evaluated its impact on reporting completeness and study quality. Methods. We extracted data from publications that cited TREND on how TREND was used in those reports; we also extracted information on journals' instructions to authors. We then undertook a case-control study of relevant publications to evaluate the impact of using TREND. Results. Between 2004 and 2013, TREND was cited 412 times, but it was only evidently applied to study reports 47 times. TREND was specifically mentioned 14 times in the sample of 61 instructions to authors. Some evidence suggested that use of TREND was associated with more comprehensive reporting and higher study quality ratings. Conclusions. TREND appeared to be underutilized by authors and journal editors despite its potential application and benefits. We found evidence that suggested that using TREND could contribute to more transparent and complete study reports. Even when authors reported using TREND, reporting completeness was still suboptimal. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: clinical trial (topic); human; practice guideline; practice guideline; publication; publishing; standards; statistics and numerical data, Clinical Trials as Topic; Editorial Policies; Guideline Adherence; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Periodicals as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302195_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco use screening and treatment by outpatient psychiatrists before and after release of the American Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines for nicotine dependence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rogers, E. Author-Name: Sherman, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 90-95 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301584 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301584 Abstract: Objectives. We examined tobacco use screening and treatment by US psychiatrists before and after release of the 1996 American Psychiatric Association (APA) nicotine dependence treatment guidelines. Methods. We used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to identify rates of tobacco screening and treatment by psychiatrists before the release of the guidelines (1993-1996) and during 2 postguidelines periods: 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare preguidelines and postguidelines rates. Results. Psychiatrists screened for tobacco use during 77% of visits from 1993 to 1996, 69% of visits from 2001 to 2005 (odds ratio [OR] =0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64, 0.75), and 60% of visits from 2006 to 2010 (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.50). Psychiatrists provided cessation counseling to 12% of smokers from 1993 to 1996, 11% from 2001 to 2005 (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.74, 1.26), and 23% from 2006 to 2010 (OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.74, 2.86). Psychiatrists prescribed nicotine replacement therapy to fewer than 1% of smokers during all 3 time periods. Conclusions. Psychiatrists are screening for tobacco use at declining rates, and the proportion of smokers provided with treatment remains low. Keywords: article; history; human; medical society; practice guideline; psychiatry; psychological aspect; smoking cessation; tobacco dependence; United States; psychiatry; psychology; smoking cessation; tobacco dependence, History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Psychiatry; Smoking Cessation; Societies, Medical; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States, History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Psychiatry; Smoking Cessation; Societies, Medical; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301584_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in exposure to automobile and truck traffic and vehicle emissions near the Los Angeles-long beach port complex Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Houston, D. Author-Name: Li, W. Author-Name: Wu, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 156-164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301120 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed how traffic and mobile-source air pollution impacts are distributed across racial/ethnic and socioeconomically diverse groups in port-adjacent communities in southern Los Angeles County, which may experience divergent levels of exposure to port-related heavy-duty diesel truck traffic because of existing residential and land use patterns. Methods: We used spatial regression techniques to assess the association of neighborhood racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition with residential parcel-level traffic and vehicle-related fine particulate matter exposure after accounting for built environment and land use factors. Results: After controlling for factors associated with traffic generation, we found that a higher percentage of nearby Black and Asian/Pacific Islander residents was associated with higher exposure, a higher percentage of Hispanic residents was associated with higher traffic exposure but lower vehicle particulate matter exposure, and areas with lower socioeconomic status experienced lower exposure. Conclusions: Disparities in traffic and vehicle particulate matter exposure are nuanced depending on the exposure metric used, the distribution of the traffic and emissions, and pollutant dispersal patterns. Future comparative research is needed to assess potential disparities in other transportation and goods movement corridors. Keywords: exhaust gas, analysis; ancestry group; car; demography; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; exhaust gas; female; human; male; motor vehicle; population density; procedures; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; environmental exposure; environmental monitoring; exhaust gas; methodology; race; statistics, Automobiles; Continental Population Groups; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Motor Vehicles; Population Density; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Vehicle Emissions, Automobiles; Continental Population Groups; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Motor Vehicles; Population Density; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Vehicle Emissions Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301120_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: American Indian and Alaska Native infant and pediatric mortality, United States, 1999-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wong, C.A. Author-Name: Gachupin, F.C. Author-Name: Holman, R.C. Author-Name: MacDorman, M.F. Author-Name: Cheek, J.E. Author-Name: Holve, S. Author-Name: Singleton, R.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S320-S328 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301598) File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301598) Abstract: Objectives. We described American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) infant and pediatric death rates and leading causes of death. Methods. We adjusted National Vital Statistics System mortality data for AI/AN racial misclassification by linkage with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records. We determined average annual death rates and leading causes of death for 1999 to 2009 for AI/AN versus White infants and children. We limited the analysis to IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties. Results. The AI/AN infant death rate was 914 (rate ratio [RR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 1.67). Sudden infant death syndrome, unintentional injuries, and influenza or pneumonia were more common in AI/AN versus White infants. The overall AI/AN pediatric death rates were 69.6 for ages 1 to 4 years (RR = 2.56; 95% CI = 2.38, 2.75), 28.9 for ages 5 to 9 years (RR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.34), 37.3 for ages 10 to 14 years (RR = 2.22; 95% CI = 2.04, 2.40), and 158.4 for ages 15 to 19 years (RR = 2.71; 95% CI = 2.60, 2.82). Unintentional injuries and suicide occurred at higher rates among AI/AN youths versus White youths. Conclusions. Death rates for AI/AN infants and children were higher than for Whites, with regional disparities. Several leading causes of death in the AI/AN pediatric population are potentially preventable. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301598)_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of childhood mobility on exposure to neighborhood socioeconomic context over time Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Root, E.D. Author-Name: Humphrey, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 80-82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301467 Abstract: We used the 1998-1999 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, with data collected in kindergarten, first, third, fifth, and eighth grades, in a descriptive analysis of associations between early childhood residential mobility frequency and neighborhood context changes. We found that children who move frequently appear initially to move into higher-socioeconomic- status neighborhoods but eventually move back to lower-socioeconomicstatus neighborhoods, exposing frequent movers to diverse neighborhood contexts. These findings have implications for policy and research that seeks to link neighborhood context to health. Keywords: child; female; human; longitudinal study; male; population dynamics; preschool child; social class; United States; article, Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Population Dynamics; Social Class; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Population Dynamics; Social Class; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301467_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intervention model for contaminated consumer products: A multifaceted tool for protecting public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hore, P. Author-Name: Ahmed, M. Author-Name: Nagin, D. Author-Name: Clark, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1377-1383 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301912 Abstract: Lead-based paint and occupational lead hazards remain the primary exposure sources of lead in New York City (NYC) childrenandmen, respectively. Lead poisoning has also been associated with the use of certain consumer products in NYC. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene developed the Intervention Model for Contaminated Consumer Products, a comprehensive approach to identify and reduce exposure to lead and other hazards in consumer products. The model identifies hazardous consumer products, determines their availability in NYC, enforces on these products, and provides risk communication and public education. Implementation of the model has resulted in removal of thousands of contaminated products from local businesses and continues to raise awareness of these hazardous products. Keywords: domestic chemical, article; environmental exposure; health education; human; lead poisoning; legal aspect; methodology; nonbiological model; product safety; program evaluation; public health; United States, Consumer Product Safety; Environmental Exposure; Health Education; Household Products; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Models, Organizational; New York City; Program Evaluation; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301912_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing children's physical activity during school recess periods [Cómo aumentar la actividad física de los niños durante el período del recreo en las escuelas] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chin, J.J. Author-Name: Ludwig, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: SUPPL.2 Pages: S200-S213 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether schools' participation in the Recess Enhancement Program (REP) in the spring of 2011 was associated with higher rates of children's vigorous physical activity. Methods. In REP, a coach guides children through age-appropriate games aimed at increasing their physical activity. During recess at 25 New York City public elementary schools (15 REP, 10 non-REP), researchers visually scanned predetermined areas (n = 1339 scans), recording the number of sedentary, walking, and very active children. Results. Multivariate statistical analysis found that participation in REP was a significant predictor (P= .027) of the rate of vigorous physical activity (percentage very active in scan area) whose least-squares meanswere 41% in REP schools and 27%in non-REP schools. A significantly higher rate in REP schools persisted when the coach was not in the scan area, suggesting a change in the recess culture of REP schools. Conclusions. The rate of vigorous physical activity in REP schools was 14 percentage points, or 52%, higher than the rate in non-REP schools. This low-cost intervention might be a valuable addition to the tools for combating childhood obesity and worth replicating elsewhere. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:SUPPL.2:S200-S213_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cohen and Story respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, D.A. Author-Name: Story, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302295 Keywords: catering service; human; standards, Humans; Restaurants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302295_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Short-term medical service trips: A systematic review of the evidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sykes, K.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e38-e48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301983 Abstract: Short-term medical service trips (MSTs) aim to address unmet health care needs of low- and middleincome countries. The lack of critically reviewed empirical evidence of activities and outcomes is a concern. Developing evidence-based recommendations for health care delivery requires systematic research review. I focused on MST publications with empirical results. Searches in May 2013 identified 67 studies published since 1993, only 6% of the published articlesonthe topic in the past 20 years. Nearly 80% reported on surgical trips. Although the MST field is growing, its medical literature lags behind,with nearly all of the scholarly publications lacking significant data collection. By incorporating data collection into service trips, groups can validate practices and provide information about areas needing improvement. Keywords: attitude to health; cost benefit analysis; developing country; economics; health personnel attitude; human; international cooperation; needs assessment; organization and management; patient care; religion; review; statistics; student; treatment outcome; volunteer, Attitude of Health Personnel; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Developing Countries; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Medical Missions, Official; Needs Assessment; Patient Care Team; Religion; Students; Treatment Outcome; Volunteers Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301983_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influence of point-of-sale tobacco displays and graphic health warning signs on adults: Evidence from a virtual store experimental study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, A.E. Author-Name: Nonnemaker, J.M. Author-Name: Loomis, B.R. Author-Name: Shafer, P.R. Author-Name: Shaikh, A. Author-Name: Hill, E. Author-Name: Holloway, J.W. Author-Name: Farrelly, M.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 888-895 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301723 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301723 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the impact of banning tobacco displays and posting graphic health warning signs at the point of sale (POS). Methods. We designed 3 variations of the tobacco product display (open, enclosed [not visible], enclosed with pro-tobacco ads) and 2 variations of the warning sign (present vs absent) with virtual store software. In December 2011 and January 2012, we randomized a national convenience sample of 1216 adult smokers and recent quitters to 1 of 6 store conditions and gave them a shopping task. We tested for the main effects of the enclosed display, the sign, and their interaction on urge to smoke and tobacco purchase attempts. Results. The enclosed display significantly lowered current smokers' (B = -7.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -13.20, -0.91; P < .05) and recent quitters' (? = -6.00, 95% CI = -11.00, -1.00; P < .01) urge to smoke and current smokers' purchase attempts (adjusted odds ratio = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.11; P < .01). The warning sign had no significantmain effect on study outcomes or interactionwith enclosed display. Conclusions. These data show that POS tobacco displays influence purchase behavior. Banning them may reduce cues to smoke and unplanned tobacco purchases. Keywords: adolescent; adult; advertizing; article; commercial phenomena; computer interface; computer simulation; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; health behavior; human; male; methodology; middle aged; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; smoking; tobacco; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Advertising as Topic; Commerce; Computer Simulation; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking; Tobacco Products; United States; User-Computer Interface; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301723_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Budget-and priority-setting criteria at state health agencies in times of Austerity: A mixed-methods study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leider, J.P. Author-Name: Resnick, B. Author-Name: Kass, N. Author-Name: Sellers, K. Author-Name: Young, J. Author-Name: Bernet, P. Author-Name: Jarris, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1092-1099 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301732 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301732 Abstract: Objectives. We examined critical budget and priority criteria for state health agencies to identify likely decision-making factors, pressures, and opportunities in times of austerity. Methods. We have presented findings from a 2-stage, mixed-methods study with state public health leaders regarding public health budget- and prioritysetting processes. In stage 1, we conducted hour-long interviews in 2011 with 45 health agency executive and division or bureau leaders from 6 states. Stage 2 was an online survey of 207 executive and division or bureau leaders from all state health agencies (66% response rate). Results. Respondents identified 5 key criteria: whether a program was viewed as "mission critical," the seriousness of the consequences of not funding the program, financing considerations, external directives and mandates, and the magnitude of the problem the program addressed. Conclusions. We have presented empirical findings on criteria used in state health agency budgetary decision-making. These criteria suggested a focus and interest on core public health and the largest public health problems with the most serious ramifications. Keywords: article; budget; economics; female; government; health care disparity; health care planning; human; information processing; male; methodology; organization; organization and management; politics; public health service; United States, Budgets; Data Collection; Decision Making, Organizational; Female; Health Priorities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Politics; Public Health Administration; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301732_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adapting to the effects of climate change on inuit health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, J.D. Author-Name: Willox, A.C. Author-Name: Chatwood, S. Author-Name: Furgal, C. Author-Name: Harper, S. Author-Name: Mauro, I. Author-Name: Pearce, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: e9-e17 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724 Abstract: Climate change will have far-reaching implications for Inuit health. Focusing on adaptation offers a proactive approach for managing climate-related health risks-one that views Inuit populationsasactiveagents in planning and responding at household, community, and regional levels. Adaptation can direct attention to the root causes of climate vulnerability and emphasize the importance of traditional knowledge regarding environmental change and adaptive strategies. An evidence base on adaptation options and processes for Inuit regions is currently lacking, however,thusconstrainingclimate policy development. In this article, we tackled this deficit, drawing upon our understanding of the determinants of health vulnerability to climate change in Canada to propose key considerations for adaptation decision-making in an Inuit context. Keywords: adaptive behavior; Arctic; Canada; catering service; climate change; health status; human; Inuit; review; vulnerable population, Adaptation, Psychological; Arctic Regions; Canada; Climate Change; Food Supply; Health Status; Humans; Inuits; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301724_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial disparities in cancer care in the veterans affairs health care system and the role of site of care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samuel, C.A. Author-Name: Landrum, M.B. Author-Name: McNeil, B.J. Author-Name: Bozeman, S.R. Author-Name: Williams, C.D. Author-Name: Keating, N.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S562-S571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302079 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed cancer care disparities within the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system and whether between-hospital differences explained disparities. Methods. We linked VA cancer registry data with VA and Medicare administrative data and examined 20 cancer-related quality measures among Black and White veterans diagnosed with colorectal (n = 12 897), lung (n = 25 608), or prostate (n = 38 202) cancer from 2001 to 2004. We used logistic regression to assess racial disparities for each measure and hospital fixed-effects models to determine whether disparities were attributable to between- or within-hospital differences. Results. Compared with Whites, Blacks had lower rates of early-stage colon cancer diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72, 0.90), curative surgery for stage I, II, or III rectal cancer (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.41, 0.78), 3-year survival for colon cancer (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.89) and rectal cancer (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.87), curative surgery for early-stage lung cancer (AOR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.41, 0.60), 3-dimensional conformal or intensity-modulated radiation (3-D CRT/IMRT; AOR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.47, 0.59), and potent antiemetics for highly emetogenic chemotherapy (AOR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.78, 0.98). Adjustment for hospital fixed-effects minimally influenced racial gaps except for 3-D CRT/IMRT (AOR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.87) and potent antiemetics (AOR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.82, 1.10). Conclusions. Disparities in VA cancer care were observed for 7 of 20 measures and were primarily attributable to within-hospital differences. Keywords: African American; aged; article; cancer registry; cancer staging; Caucasian; ethnology; female; government; health care disparity; human; male; medicare; middle aged; neoplasm; statistics; United States; veterans health, African Americans; Aged; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Medicare; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms; SEER Program; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302079_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal associations between poverty and obesity from birth through adolescence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, H. Author-Name: Andrew, M. Author-Name: Gebremariam, A. Author-Name: Lumeng, J.C. Author-Name: Lee, J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e70-e76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301806 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the relationship between timing of poverty and risk of first-incidence obesity from ages 3 to 15.5 years. Methods. We used the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (1991-2007) to study 1150 children with repeated measures of income, weight, and height from birth to 15.5 years in 10 US cities. Our dependent variable was the first incidence of obesity (body mass index ‡ 95th percentile). We measured poverty (incometo- needs ratio < 2) prior to age 2 years and a lagged, time-varying measure of poverty between ages 2 and 12 years. We estimated discrete-time hazard models of the relative risk of first transition to obesity. Results. Poverty prior to age 2 years was associated with risk of obesity by age 15.5 years in fully adjusted models. These associations did not vary by gender. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that there are enduring associations between early life poverty and adolescent obesity. This stage in the life course may serve as a critical period for both poverty and obesity prevention. Keywords: adolescent; article; body mass; child; childhood obesity; female; human; longitudinal study; male; morphometrics; poverty; preschool child; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics, Adolescent; Body Mass Index; Body Weights and Measures; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Pediatric Obesity; Poverty; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301806_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cumulative risk of guillain-barré syndrome among vaccinated and unvaccinated populations during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vellozzi, C. Author-Name: Iqbal, S. Author-Name: Stewart, B. Author-Name: Tokars, J. Author-Name: DeStefano, F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 696-701 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301651 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301651 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to assess risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) among influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent (pH1N1) vaccinated and unvaccinated populations at the end of the 2009 pandemic. Methods. We applied GBS surveillance data from a US population catchment area of 45 million from October 15, 2009, through May 31, 2010. GBS cases meeting Brighton Collaboration criteria were included. We calculated the incidence density ratio (IDR) among pH1N1 vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. We also estimated cumulative GBS risk using life table analysis. Additionally, we used vaccine coverage data and census population estimates to calculate denominators. Results. There were 392 GBS cases; 64 (16%) occurred after pH1N1vaccination. The vaccinated population had lower average risk (IDR = 0.83, 95% confidence interval = 0.63, 1.08) and lower cumulative risk (6.6 vs 9.2 cases per million persons, P = .012) of GBS. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that at the end of the influenza season cumulative GBS risk was less among the pH1N1vaccinated than the unvaccinated population, suggesting the benefit of vaccination as it relates to GBS. The observed potential protective effect on GBS attributed to vaccination warrants further study. Keywords: influenza vaccine, adult; age; aged; article; female; Guillain Barre syndrome; human; influenza; Influenza virus A H1N1; life table; male; middle aged; pandemic; risk factor; statistics; United States; young adult, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Female; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Life Tables; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; Risk Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301651_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing population health and health inequalities: The role of fundamental causes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cerdá, M. Author-Name: Tracy, M. Author-Name: Ahern, J. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S609-S619 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302055 Abstract: Objectives. As a case study of the impact of universal versus targeted interventions on population health and health inequalities, we used simulations to examine (1) whether universal or targeted manipulations of collective efficacy better reduced population-level rates and racial/ethnic inequalities in violent victimization; and (2) whether experiments reduced disparities without addressing fundamental causes. Methods. We applied agent-based simulation techniques to the specific example of an intervention on neighborhood collective efficacy to reduce populationlevel rates and racial/ethnic inequalities in violent victimization. The agent population consisted of 4000 individuals aged 18 years and older with sociodemographic characteristics assigned to match distributions of the adult population in New York City according to the 2000 US Census. Results. Universal experiments reduced rates of victimization more than targeted experiments. However, neither experiment reduced inequalities. To reduce inequalities, it was necessary to eliminate racial/ethnic residential segregation. Conclusions. These simulations support the use of universal intervention but suggest that it is not possible to address inequalities in health without first addressing fundamental causes. Keywords: aging; ancestry group; article; computer simulation; crime victim; demography; ethnic group; health disparity; human; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; statistics; theoretical model, Aging; Computer Simulation; Continental Population Groups; Crime Victims; Ethnic Groups; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302055_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Providing culturally competent services for American Indian and Alaska native veterans to reduce health care disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Noe, T.D. Author-Name: Kaufman, C.E. Author-Name: Kaufmann, L.J. Author-Name: Brooks, E. Author-Name: Shore, J.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S548-S554 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302140 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted an exploratory study to determine what organizational characteristics predict the provision of culturally competent services for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) veterans in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health facilities. Methods. In 2011 to 2012, we adapted the Organizational Readiness to Change Assessment (ORCA) for a survey of 27 VA facilities in the Western Region to assess organizational readiness and capacity to adopt and implement native-specific services and to profile the availability of AI/AN veteran programs and interest in and resources for such programs. Results. Several ORCA subscales (Program Needs, Leader's Practices, and Communication) statistically significantly predicted whether VA staff perceived that their facilities were meeting the needs of AI/AN veterans. However, none predicted greater implementation of native-specific services. Conclusions. Our findings may aid in developing strategies for adopting and implementing promising native-specific programs and services for AI/AN veterans, and may be generalizable for other veteran groups. Keywords: American Indian; article; cultural competence; government; health care delivery; health service; human; interpersonal communication; Inuit; leadership; organization; organization and management; program evaluation; United States; veteran; veterans health, Communication; Cultural Competency; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Leadership; Organizational Innovation; Program Evaluation; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302140_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing disparities in the health of american indian and alaska native people: The importance of improved public health data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bauer, U.E. Author-Name: Plescia, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S255-S257 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301602 Keywords: American Indian; editorial; health care delivery; health disparity; health service; health survey; human; information processing; Inuit; mortality; public health; public health service; statistics; United States, Data Collection; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Mortality; Population Surveillance; Public Health; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301602_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Framing obesity-drawing on the margins Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lekkas, P. Author-Name: Stankov, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301963 Keywords: environment; health care policy; human; lifestyle; note; obesity; public health, Environment; Health Policy; Humans; Life Style; Obesity; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301963_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring migratory dynamics on hiv transmission: The case of mexicans in new york city and Puebla, Mexico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruiz, Y. Author-Name: Guilamo-Ramos, V. Author-Name: McCarthy, K. Author-Name: Muñoz-Laboy, M.A. Author-Name: De Lourdes Rosas López, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1036-1044 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301770 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301770 Abstract: Migration and population movement are increasingly viewed as important factors associated with HIV transmission risk. With growing awareness of the potential impact of migration on HIV transmission, several perspectives have emerged that posit differing dynamics of risk. We considered available data on the role of migration on HIV transmission among Mexicanmigrants inNew York City and Puebla, Mexico. Specifically, we examined 3 distinct models of migratory dynamics of HIV transmission-namely, the structural model, the local contextual model, and the interplay model. In doing so, we reframed current public health perspectives on the role of migration on HIV transmission. Keywords: article; disease transmission; ethnology; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; Mexico; migration; risk factor; sexual behavior; statistics; theoretical model; United States, Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mexico; Models, Theoretical; New York City; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Transients and Migrants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301770_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and physical inactivity among adolescents living in Boston, Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pabayo, R. Author-Name: Molnar, B.E. Author-Name: Cradock, A. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e142-e149 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302109 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether the socioeconomic environment was associated with no participation in physical activity among adolescents in Boston, Massachusetts. Methods. We used cross-sectional data from 1878 urban adolescents living in 38 neighborhoods who participated in the 2008 Boston Youth Survey, a biennial survey of high school students (aged 14-19 years). We used multilevel multiple regression models to determine the association between neighborhood-level exposures of economic deprivation, social fragmentation, social cohesion, danger and disorder, and students' reports of no participation in physical activity in the previous week. Results. High social fragmentation within the residential neighborhood was associated with an increased likelihood of being inactive (odds ratio = 1.53; 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 2.05). No other neighborhood exposures were associated with physical inactivity. Conclusions. Social fragmentation might be an important correlate of physical inactivity among youths living in urban settings. Interventions might be needed to assist youths living in unstable neighborhoods to be physically active. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; cross-sectional study; demography; epidemiology; female; human; male; motor activity; poverty; sedentary lifestyle; socioeconomics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Boston; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Poverty Areas; Residence Characteristics; Sedentary Lifestyle; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302109_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing the elimination of health disparities in veterans through quality, access, and equity. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jesse, R.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S510 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302194 Keywords: editorial; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care quality; human; organization and management; standard; United States; veteran; veterans health, Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Quality of Health Care; United States; Veterans; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302194_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The future is born every day. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christopher, G.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S1 Pages: S7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301846 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301846 Keywords: editorial; forecasting; human; methodology; public health; social determinants of health; technology, Forecasting; Humans; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health; Technology Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301846_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perspectives on mortality data from the Indian Health Service. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roubideaux, Y. Author-Name: Karol, S.V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301987 Keywords: American Indian; editorial; human; mortality; public health service; statistics; United States, Humans; Indians, North American; Mortality; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301987_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National Public Health Week 2014: start here together. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Golembeski, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 580 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301892 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301892 Keywords: article; firearm; health promotion; human; methodology; organization and management; public health; United States; violence, Firearms; Health Promotion; Humans; Public Health; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301892_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The cost-effectiveness of New York City's Safe Routes to School program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muennig, P.A. Author-Name: Epstein, M. Author-Name: Li, G. Author-Name: DiMaggio, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1294-1299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301868 Abstract: Objective. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a package of roadway modifications in New York City funded under the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program. Methods. We used a Markov model to estimate long-term impacts of SRTS on injury reduction and the associated savings in medical costs, lifelong disability, and death.Model inputs included societal costs (in 2013 US dollars) and observed spatiotemporal changes in injury rates associated with New York City's implementation of SRTS relative to control intersections. Structural changes to roadways were assumed to last 50 years before further investment is required. Therefore, costs were discounted over 50 consecutive cohorts of modified roadway users under SRTS. Results. SRTS was associated with an overall net societal benefit of $230 million and 2055 quality-adjusted life years gained in New York City. Conclusions. SRTS reduces injuries and saves money over the long run. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; cost benefit analysis; economics; health promotion; human; methodology; probability; quality adjusted life year; safety; school; statistical model; United States; walking, Adolescent; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Health Promotion; Humans; Markov Chains; Models, Economic; New York City; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Safety; Schools; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301868_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Vaccination interest and trends in human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in young adult women aged 18 to 26 years in the united states: An analysis using the 2008-2012 national health interview survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schmidt, S. Author-Name: Parsons, H.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 946-953 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301828 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301828 Abstract: Objectives. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been approved since 2006, yet vaccination rates remain low. We investigated HPV vaccination trends, interest, and reasons for nonvaccination in young adult women. Methods. We used data from the 2008-2012 National Health Interview Survey to analyze HPV vaccine uptake trends (‡ 1 dose) in women aged 18 to 26 years. We used data from the 2008 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey to examine HPV vaccination interest and reasons for nonvaccination among unvaccinated women. Results. We saw significant increases in HPV vaccination for all young women from 2008 to 2012 (11.6% to 34.1%); however, Hispanics and women with limited access to care continued to have lower vaccination rates. Logistic regression demonstrated lower vaccination interest among unvaccinated women in 2010 than 2008. Respondents in 2010 were significantly less likely to give lack of knowledge as a primary reason for nonvaccination. Conclusions. Uptake of HPV vaccine has increased from 2008 to 2012 in young women. Yet vaccination rates remain low, especially among women with limited access to care. However, unvaccinated women with limited health care access were more likely to be interested in receiving the vaccine. Keywords: Acanthopanax gracilistylus, extract; herbaceous agent; Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; adult; article; cross-sectional study; female; health care delivery; health survey; human; patient attitude; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Surveys; Humans; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301828_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A framework for evaluating the impact of obesity prevention strategies on socioeconomic inequalities in weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Backholer, K. Author-Name: Beauchamp, A. Author-Name: Ball, K. Author-Name: Turrell, G. Author-Name: Martin, J. Author-Name: Woods, J. Author-Name: Peeters, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e43-e50 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302066 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302066 Abstract: We developed a theoretical framework to organize obesity prevention interventions by their likely impact on the socioeconomic gradient of weight. The degree to which an intervention involves individual agency versus structural change influences socioeconomic inequalities in weight. Agentic interventions, such as standalone social marketing, increase socioeconomic inequalities. Structural interventions, such as food procurement policies and restrictions on unhealthy foods in schools, show equal or greater benefit for lower socioeconomic groups. Many obesity prevention interventions belong to the agento- structural types of interventions, and account for the environment in whichhealth behaviors occur, but they require a level of individual agency for behavioral change, including workplace design to encourage exercise and fiscal regulation of unhealthy foods or beverages. Obesity prevention interventionsdiffer in their effectiveness across socioeconomic groups. Limiting further increases in socioeconomic inequalities in obesity requires implementation of structural interventions. Further empirical evaluation, especially of agento- structural type interventions, remains crucial. Keywords: article; environment; health behavior; health care policy; health disparity; health promotion; human; morphometrics; obesity; organization and management; socioeconomics, Body Weights and Measures; Environment; Health Behavior; Health Policy; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Obesity; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302066_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relation between higher physical activity and public transit use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saelens, B.E. Author-Name: Moudon, A.V. Author-Name: Kang, B. Author-Name: Hurvitz, P.M. Author-Name: Zhou, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 854-859 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301696 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301696 Abstract: Objectives. We isolated physical activity attributable to transit use to examine issues of substitution between types of physical activity and potential confounding of transit-related walking with other walking. Methods. Physical activity and transit use data were collected in 2008 to 2009 from 693 Travel Assessment and Community study participants from King County, Washington, equipped with an accelerometer, a portable Global Positioning System, and a 7-day travel log. Physical activity was classified into transit- and non-transit-related walking and nonwalking time. Analyses compared physical activity by type between transit users and nonusers, between less and more frequent transit users, and between transit and nontransit days for transit users. Results. Transit users had more daily overall physical activity and more total walking than did nontransit users but did not differ on either non-transit-related walking or nonwalking physical activity. Most frequent transit users had more walking time than least frequent transit users. Higher physical activity levels for transit users were observed only on transit days, with 14.6 minutes (12.4 minutes when adjusted for demographics) of daily physical activity directly linked with transit use. Conclusions. Because transit use was directly related to higher physical activity, future research should examine whether substantive increases in transit access and use lead to more physical activity and related health improvements. Keywords: adult; age; article; body mass; demography; exercise; female; geographic information system; human; male; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; traffic and transport; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Exercise; Female; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Male; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Transportation; Washington Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301696_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life-Course accumulation of neighborhood disadvantage and allostatic load: Empirical integration of three social determinants of health frameworks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gustafsson, P.E. Author-Name: Miguel, S.S. Author-Name: Janlert, U. Author-Name: Theorell, T. Author-Name: Westerlund, H. Author-Name: Hammarström, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 904-910 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301707 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301707 Abstract: Objectives. We examined if the accumulation of neighborhood disadvantages from adolescence to mid-adulthood were related to allostatic load, a measure of cumulative biological risk, in mid-adulthood, and explored whether this association was similar in women and men. Methods. Data were from the participants in the Northern Swedish Cohort (analytical n = 818) at ages 16, 21, 30, and 43 years in 1981, 1986, 1995, and 2008. Personal living conditions were self-reported at each wave. At age 43 years, 12 biological markers were measured to operationalize allostatic load. Registered data for all residents in the cohort participants' neighborhoods at each wave were used to construct a cumulative measure of neighborhood disadvantage. Associations were examined in ordinary least-squares regression models. Results. We found that cumulative neighborhood disadvantage between ages 16 and 43 years was related to higher allostatic load at age 43 years after adjusting for personal living conditions in the total sample (B = 0.11; P = .004) and in men (B = 0.16; P = .004), but not in women (B = 0.07; P = .248). Conclusions. Our findings suggested that neighborhood disadvantage acted cumulatively over the life course on biological wear and tear, and exemplified the gains of integrating social determinants of health frameworks. Keywords: biological marker, adolescent; adult; article; demography; female; health disparity; human; longitudinal study; male; poverty; social determinants of health; socioeconomics; statistics; Sweden; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Biological Markers; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Social Determinants of Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Sweden; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301707_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Untangling gestational weight gain from gestational age in infant mortality studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hutcheon, J.A. Author-Name: Bodnar, L.M. Author-Name: Abrams, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302053 Keywords: female; human; infant mortality; note; pregnancy; weight gain, Female; Humans; Infant Mortality; Pregnancy; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302053_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health behaviors and risk factors among American Indians and Alaska natives, 2000û2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cobb, N. Author-Name: Espey, D. Author-Name: King, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S481-S489 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301879 Abstract: Objectives. We provided contextual risk factor information for a special supplement on causes of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). We analyzed 11 years of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data for AI/AN respondents in the United States. Methods. We combined BRFSS data from 2000 to 2010 to determine the prevalence of selected risk factors for AI/AN and White respondents residing in Indian Health Service Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties. Regional prevalence estimates for AI/AN respondents were compared with the estimates for White respondents for all regions combined; respondents of Hispanic origin were excluded. Results. With some regional exceptions, AI/AN people had high prevalence estimates of tobacco use, obesity, and physical inactivity, and low prevalence estimates of fruit and vegetable consumption, cancer screening, and seatbelt use. Conclusions. These behavioral risk factors were consistent with observed patterns of mortality and chronic disease among AI/AN persons. All are amenable to public health intervention. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; Caucasian; ethnology; female; health behavior; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; male; middle aged; risk factor; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301879_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of the cigarette ignition propensity standard in preventing unintentional residential fires in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Alpert, H.R. Author-Name: Christiani, D.C. Author-Name: Orav, E.J. Author-Name: Dockery, D.W. Author-Name: Connolly, G.N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e56-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the Massachusetts Fire Safe Cigarette Law's (FSCL's) effectiveness in preventing residential fires. Methods. We examined unintentional residential fires reported to the Massachusetts Fire Incident Reporting Systemfrom 2004 to 2010.We analyzed FSCL effect on the likelihood of cigarette- versus noncigarette-caused fires and effect modification by fire scenario factors by using an interrupted time series regression model. We analyzed the effect of FSCL on monthly fire rates with Poisson regression. Results. Cigarettes caused 1629 unintentional residential fires during the study period. The FSCL was associated with a 28% (95% confidence interval = 12%, 41%) reduction in the odds of cigarette- versus noncigarette-caused fires, although not in analyses restricted to casualty fires, with smaller sample size. The largest reductions were among fires in which human factors were involved; that were first ignited on furniture, bedding, or soft goods; that occurred in living areas; or that occurred in the summer or winter. Conclusions. The FSCL appears to have decreased the likelihood of cigarettecaused residential fires, particularly in scenarios for which the ignition propensity standard was developed. Current standards should be adopted, and the need for strengthening should be considered. Keywords: article; fire; housing; human; law; legal aspect; safety; standard; statistics; tobacco; United States, Fires; Housing; Humans; Legislation as Topic; Massachusetts; Safety; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection among newly arrived refugees in san diego county, january 2010-october 2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bennett, R.J. Author-Name: Brodine, S. Author-Name: Waalen, J. Author-Name: Moser, K. Author-Name: Rodwell, T.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e95-e102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301637 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301637 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the prevalence and treatment rates of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in newly arrived refugees in San Diego County, California, and assessed demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these outcomes. Methods. We analyzed data from LTBI screening results of 4280 refugees resettled in San Diego County between January 2010 and October 2012. Using multivariate logistic regression, we calculated the associations between demographic and clinical risk factors and the outcomes of LTBI diagnosis and LTBI treatment initiation. Results. The prevalence of LTBI was highest among refugees from sub- Saharan Africa (43%) and was associated with current smoking and having a clinical comorbidity that increases the risk for active tuberculosis. Although refugees from sub-Saharan Africa had the highest prevalence of infection, they were significantly less likely to initiate treatment than refugees from the Middle East. Refugees with postsecondary education were significantly more likely to initiate LTBI treatment. Conclusions. Public health strategies are needed to increase treatment rates among high-risk refugees with LTBI. Particular attention is required among refugees from sub-Saharan Africa and those with less education. Keywords: tuberculostatic agent, adolescent; adult; Africa south of the Sahara; article; ethnology; female; human; latent tuberculosis; male; medication compliance; middle aged; Middle East; prevalence; refugee; risk factor; smoking; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Antitubercular Agents; California; Female; Humans; Latent Tuberculosis; Male; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Middle East; Prevalence; Refugees; Risk Factors; Smoking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301637_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why is life expectancy declining among low-educated women in the United States? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montez, J.K. Author-Name: Zajacova, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e5-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302146 Keywords: editorial; educational status; female; health disparity; human; life expectancy; United States, Educational Status; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Life Expectancy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302146_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Home renovation, family history of atopy, and respiratory symptoms and asthma among children living in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dong, G.-H. Author-Name: Qian, Z. Author-Name: Wang, J. Author-Name: Trevathan, E. Author-Name: Liu, M.-M. Author-Name: Wang, D. Author-Name: Ren, W.-H. Author-Name: Chen, W. Author-Name: Simckes, M. Author-Name: Zelicoff, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1920-1927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301438 Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the association of indoor air pollution with the respiratory health of children, we evaluated the associations of children's respiratory symptoms with asthma and recent home renovation. Keywords: adolescent; article; asthma; child; China; cross-sectional study; female; genetic screening; housing; human; indoor air pollution; male; preschool child; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; statistics, Adolescent; Air Pollution, Indoor; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Genetic Testing; Housing; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Questionnaires; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301438_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: All-cause, cardiovascular,and cancer mortality in Western Alaska native people: Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health (WATCH) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Howard, B.V. Author-Name: Metzger, J.S. Author-Name: Koller, K.R. Author-Name: Jolly, S.E. Author-Name: Asay, E.D. Author-Name: Wang, H. Author-Name: Wolfe, A.W. Author-Name: Hopkins, S.E. Author-Name: Kaufmann, C. Author-Name: Raymer, T.W. Author-Name: Trimble, B. Author-Name: Provost, E.M. Author-Name: Ebbesson, S.O.E. Author-Name: Austin, M.A. Author-Name: Howard, W.J. Author-Name: Umans, J.G. Author-Name: Boyer, B.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1334-1340 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301614 Abstract: Objectives. We determined all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in western Alaska Native people and examined agreement between death certificate information and adjudicated cause of deaths. Methods. Data from 4 cohort studies were consolidated. Death certificates and medical records were reviewed and adjudicated according to standard criteria. We compared adjudicated CVD and cancer deaths with death certificates by calculating sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and j statistics. Results. Men (n = 2116) and women (n = 2453), aged 18 to 95 years, were followed an average of 6.7 years. The major cause of death in men was trauma (25%), followed by CVD (19%) and cancer (13%). The major cause of death in women was CVD (24%), followed by cancer (19%) and trauma (8%). Stroke rates in both genders were higher than those of US Whites. Only 56% of deaths classified as CVD by death certificate were classified as CVD by standard criteria; discordance was higher among men (55%) than women (32%; js = 0.4 and 0.7). Conclusions. We found lower rates for coronary heart disease death but high rates of stroke mortality. Death certificates overestimated CVD mortality; concordance between the 2 methods is better for cancer mortality. The results point to the importance of cohort studies in this population in providing data to assist in health care planning. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; cardiovascular disease; cause of death; ethnology; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; mortality; neoplasm; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301614_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social branding to decrease smoking among young adults in bars Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Author-Name: Lee, Y.O. Author-Name: Hong, J. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Author-Name: Jordan, J.W. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 751-760 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301666 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301666 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated a Social Branding antitobacco intervention for "hipster" young adults that was implemented between 2008 and 2011 in San Diego, California. Methods. We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of random samples of young adults going to bars at baseline and over a 3-year follow-up. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate changes in daily smoking, nondaily smoking, and binge drinking, controlling for demographic characteristics, alcohol use, advertising receptivity, trend sensitivity, and tobacco-related attitudes. Results. During the intervention, current (past 30 day) smoking decreased from 57% (baseline) to 48% (at follow-up 3; P = .002), and daily smoking decreased from 22% to 15% (P > .001). There were significant interactions between hipster affiliation and alcohol use on smoking. Among hipster binge drinkers, the odds of daily smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.63) and nondaily smoking (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.77) decreased significantly at follow-up 3. Binge drinking also decreased significantly at follow-up 3 (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.53, 0.78). Conclusions. Social Branding campaigns are a promising strategy to decrease smoking in young adult bar patrons. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; cross-sectional study; female; health promotion; human; male; methodology; psychological aspect; smoking; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; California; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Smoking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301666_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of undiagnosed acute and chronic HIV in a lower-prevalence urban emergency department Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moschella, P.C. Author-Name: Hart, K.W. Author-Name: Ruffner, A.H. Author-Name: Lindsell, C.J. Author-Name: Wayne, D.B. Author-Name: Sperling, M.I. Author-Name: Trott, A.T. Author-Name: Fichtenbaum, C.J. Author-Name: Lyons, M.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1695-1699 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301953 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the seroprevalence of both acute and chronic HIV infection by using a random sample of emergency department (ED) patients from a region of the United States with low-to-moderate HIV prevalence. Methods. This cross-sectional seroprevalence study consecutively enrolled patients aged 18 to 64 years within randomly selected sampling blocks in aMidwestern urban ED in a region of lower HIV prevalence in 2008 to 2009. Participants were compensated for providing a blood sample and health information. After deidentification, we assayed samples for HIV antibody and nucleic acid. Results. There were 926 participants who consented and enrolled. Overall, prevalence of undiagnosed HIV was 0.76% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30%, 1.56%). Three participants (0.32%; 95%CI = 0.09%, 0.86%)were nucleic acid-positive but antibody-negative and 4 (0.43%; 95% CI = 0.15%, 1.02%) were antibody-positive. Conclusions. Even when the absolute prevalence is low, a considerable proportion of undetected HIV cases in an ED population are acute. Identification of acuteHIV in ED settings should receive increased priority. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus antibody, acute disease; adolescent; adult; article; blood; chronic disease; cross-sectional study; emergency health service; female; hospital; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; male; middle aged; prevalence; risk factor; statistics; United States; young adult, Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV Seroprevalence; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301953_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating Wisconsin asthma prevalence using clinical electronic health records and public health data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tomasallo, C.D. Author-Name: Hanrahan, L.P. Author-Name: Tandias, A. Author-Name: Chang, T.S. Author-Name: Cowan, K.J. Author-Name: Guilbert, T.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e65-e73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301396 Abstract: Objectives: We compared a statewide telephone health survey with electronic health record (EHR) data from a large Wisconsin health system to estimate asthma prevalence in Wisconsin. Methods: We developed frequency tables and logistic regression models using Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and University of Wisconsin primary care clinic data. We compared adjusted odds ratios (AORs) from each model. Results: Between 2007 and 2009, the EHR database contained 376 000 patients (30 000 with asthma), and 23 000 (1850 with asthma) responded to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System telephone survey. AORs for asthma were similar in magnitude and direction for the majority of covariates, including gender, age, and race/ethnicity, between survey and EHR models. The EHR data had greater statistical power to detect associations than did survey data, especially in pediatric and ethnic populations, because of larger sample sizes. Conclusions: EHRs can be used to estimate asthma prevalence in Wisconsin adults and children. EHR data may improve public health chronic disease surveillance using high-quality data at the local level to better identify areas of disparity and risk factors and guide education and health care interventions. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; asthma; child; comparative study; cross-sectional study; electronic medical record; female; health survey; human; male; prevalence; public health; risk factor; telephone; United States; asthma; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Asthma; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronic Health Records; Female; Humans; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Public Health; Risk Factors; Telephone; Wisconsin, Adolescent; Adult; Asthma; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electronic Health Records; Female; Humans; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Public Health; Risk Factors; Telephone; Wisconsin Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301396_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unintentional injury mortality among American Indians and Alaska natives in the United States, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murphy, T. Author-Name: Pokhrel, P. Author-Name: Worthington, A. Author-Name: Billie, H. Author-Name: Sewell, M. Author-Name: Bill, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S470-S480 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301854 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301854 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the burden of unintentional injury (UI) deaths among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States. Methods. National Death Index records for 1990 to 2009 were linked with Indian Health Service registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN deaths. Most analyses were restricted to Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in 6 geographic regions of the United States. We compared age-adjusted death rates for AI/AN persons with those for Whites; Hispanics were excluded. Results. From 2005 to 2009, the UI death rate for AI/AN people was 2.4 times higher than for Whites. Death rates for the 3 leading causes of UI death-motor vehicle traffic crashes, poisoning, and falls-were 1.4 to 3 times higher among AI/AN persons than among Whites. UI death rates were higher among AI/AN males than among females and highest among AI/AN persons in Alaska, the Northern Plains, and the Southwest. Conclusions. AI/ANpersonshadconsistently higherUIdeathrates thandidWhites. This disparity in overall rates coupledwith recent increases in unintentional poisoning deaths requires that injury prevention be a major priority for improving health and preventing death among AI/AN populations. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; child; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; infant; injury; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; preschool child; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301854_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fully integrated e-services for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections: Results of a 4-county study in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spielberg, F. Author-Name: Levy, V. Author-Name: Lensing, S. Author-Name: Chattopadhyay, I. Author-Name: Venkatasubramanian, L. Author-Name: Acevedo, N. Author-Name: Wolff, P. Author-Name: Callabresi, D. Author-Name: Philip, S. Author-Name: Lopez, T.P. Author-Name: Padian, N. Author-Name: Blake, D.R. Author-Name: Gaydos, C.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2313-2320 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302302 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the acceptability, feasibility, and cost of a fully integrated online system (eSTI) for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, treatment, and linkage to care with 4 Northern California health departments. Keywords: adolescent; adult; clinical trial; electronic medical record; feasibility study; female; health survey; human; Internet; multicenter study; patient satisfaction; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; vagina smear, Adolescent; Adult; California; Electronic Health Records; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Internet; Patient Satisfaction; Public Health Surveillance; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Vaginal Smears Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302302_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in mental health services utilization and stigma in US soldiers from 2002 to 2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quartana, P.J. Author-Name: Wilk, J.E. Author-Name: Thomas, J.L. Author-Name: Bray, R.M. Author-Name: Olmsted, K.L.R. Author-Name: Brown, J.M. Author-Name: Williams, J. Author-Name: Kim, P.Y. Author-Name: Clarke-Walper, K. Author-Name: Hoge, C.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1671-1679 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301971 Abstract: Objectives. We characterized trends in mental health services utilization and stigma over the course of the Afghanistan and Iraq warsamong active-component US soldiers. Methods. We evaluated trends in mental health services utilization and stigma using US Army data from the Health-Related Behavior (HRB) surveys from 2002, 2005, and 2008 (n = 12 835) and the Land Combat Study (LCS) surveys administered to soldiers annually from 2003 to 2009 and again in 2011 (n = 22 627). Results. HRB and LCS data suggested increasedmental health services utilization and decreased stigma in US soldiers between 2002 and 2011. These trends were evident in soldiers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), or PTSD and MDD. Despite the improving trends, more than half of soldiers with mental health problems did not report seeking care. Conclusions. Mental health services utilization increased and stigma decreased over the course of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Although promising, these findings indicate that a significant proportion of US soldiers meeting criteria for PTSD or MDD do not utilize mental health services, and stigma remains a pervasive problem requiring further attention. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; female; health survey; human; major depression; male; mental disease; mental health service; posttraumatic stress disorder; psychological aspect; social stigma; socioeconomics; soldier; United States; utilization review; war; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Afghan Campaign 2001-; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Iraq War, 2003-2011; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Military Personnel; Social Stigma; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301971_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health literacy: A pathway to better oral health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guo, Y. Author-Name: Logan, H.L. Author-Name: Dodd, V.J. Author-Name: Muller, K.E. Author-Name: Marks, J.G. Author-Name: Riley III, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e85-e91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301930 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301930 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether health literacy was associated with selfrated oral health status and whether the relationship was mediated by patient-dentist communication and dental care patterns. Methods. We tested a path model with data collected from 2 waves of telephone surveys (baseline, 2009-2010; follow-up, 2011) of individuals residing in 36 rural census tracts in northern Florida (final sample size n = 1799). Results. Higher levels of health literacy were associated with better self-rated oral health status (B = 0.091; P < .001). In addition, higher levels of health literacy were associated with better patient-dentist communication, which in turn corresponded with patterns of regular dental care and better self-rated oral health (B = 0.003; P = .01). Conclusions. Our study showed that, beyond the often-reported effects of gender, race, education, financial status, and access to dental care, it is also important to consider the influence of health literacy and quality of patient-dentist communication on oral health status. Improved patient-dentist communication is needed as an initial step in improving the population's oral health. Keywords: adult; African American; age; aged; article; dental procedure; doctor patient relation; ethnology; female; health; health literacy; human; interpersonal communication; male; middle aged; self report; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics, Adult; African Americans; Age Factors; Aged; Communication; Dental Care; Dentist-Patient Relations; Female; Health Literacy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Self Report; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301930_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A statewide collaboration to initiate mental health screening and assess services for detained youths in Indiana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aalsma, M.C. Author-Name: Schwartz, K. Author-Name: Perkins, A.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e82-e88 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302054 Abstract: Objectives: We describe a statewide effort to implement detention-based mental health screening and assess follow-up services offered to detained youths in Indiana. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; cooperation; female; human; juvenile delinquency; male; mass screening; mental disease; mental health service; organization and management; patient referral; public relations; sex difference; socioeconomics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Humans; Indiana; Interinstitutional Relations; Juvenile Delinquency; Male; Mass Screening; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Referral and Consultation; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302054_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality differentials by immigrant groups in Sweden: The contribution of socioeconomic position Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rostila, M. Author-Name: Fritzell, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 686-695 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301613 Abstract: Objectives. We studied mortality differentials between specific groups of foreign-born immigrants in Sweden and whether socioeconomic position (SEP) could account for such differences. Methods. We conducted a follow-up study of 1 997 666 men and 1 964 965 women ages 30 to 65 years based on data from national Swedish total population registers. We examined mortality risks in the 12 largest immigrant groups in Sweden between 1998 and 2006 using Cox regression. We also investigated deaths from all causes, circulatory disease, neoplasms, and external causes. Results. We found higher all-cause mortality among many immigrant categories, although some groups had lower mortality. When studying causespecific mortality, we found the largest differentials in deaths from circulatory disease, whereas disparities in mortality from neoplasms were smaller. SEP, especially income and occupational class, accounted for most of the mortality differentials by country of birth. Conclusions. Our findings stressed that different aspects of SEP were not interchangeable in relation to immigrant health. Although policies aimed at improving immigrants' socioeconomic conditions might be beneficial for health and longevity, our findings indicated that such policies might have varying effects depending on the specific country of origin and cause of death. Keywords: adult; aged; article; cardiovascular disease; ethnology; female; follow up; health disparity; human; male; middle aged; migrant; mortality; neoplasm; proportional hazards model; socioeconomics; statistics; Sweden, Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neoplasms; Proportional Hazards Models; Socioeconomic Factors; Sweden Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301613_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary prevention of lead poisoning: Protecting children from unsafe housing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rogers, M.L. Author-Name: Lucht, J.A. Author-Name: Sylvaria, A.J. Author-Name: Cigna, J. Author-Name: Vanderslice, R. Author-Name: Vivier, P.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e119-e124 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301908 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of changes in Rhode Island's Lead Hazard Mitigation Law in 2005 on children's blood lead levels. Methods. We used 2005 to 2009 data from Rhode Island's Lead Elimination Surveillance System; city tax assessor records in Central Falls, Pawtucket, Providence, and Woonsocket, Rhode Island; and records of conformance to the state's lead hazard mitigation law, to assess the extent to which legislation changes resulted in minimizing children's exposure to lead. Results. During the 5-year study, the proportion of properties that complied with the new law increased for properties that housed young children. However, the majority of rental properties did not comply with the law. Children's lead levels declined by approximately 1 microgram per deciliter on average in properties that did comply, demonstrating that the law could have a protective effect for children. Conclusions. Legislation changes increased the proportion of properties that were certified as nonhazardous, leading to decreased blood lead levels for children living in these properties. However, legislation cannot be a highly effective primary prevention strategy if it does not cover all properties where children live and is not strictly enforced. Keywords: lead, article; blood; child; demography; environmental exposure; housing; human; lead poisoning; legal aspect; mass screening; methodology; preschool child; primary prevention; standard; statistics; United States, Child; Child, Preschool; Environmental Exposure; Housing; Humans; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Mass Screening; Primary Prevention; Residence Characteristics; Rhode Island Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301908_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Applied public health training: A graduate's perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Callahan, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301913 Keywords: curriculum; education; educational model; human; note; public health; vocational education, Curriculum; Education, Professional; Humans; Models, Educational; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301913_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Standardizing portion sizes may not benefit human or environmental health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lucan, S.C. Author-Name: DiNicolantonio, J.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302294 Keywords: catering service; human; standards, Humans; Restaurants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302294_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On agent orange in Vietnam Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clapp, R.W. Author-Name: Baraldi, C. Author-Name: Grassman, J. Author-Name: Mirer, F. Author-Name: Robie, D. Author-Name: Schnall, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1860-1861 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302089 Keywords: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin; 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; defoliant agent, environmental exposure; history; neoplasm; note; war, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Defoliants, Chemical; Environmental Exposure; Neoplasms; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; Vietnam Conflict Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302089_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prescription medication sharing: A systematic review of the literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beyene, K.A. Author-Name: Sheridan, J. Author-Name: Aspden, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e15-e26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301823 Abstract: We reviewed the literature on nonrecreational prescriptionmedication sharing.We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO,andacustomized multidatabase for all relevant articles published through 2013; our final sample comprised 19 studies from 9 countries with 36 182 participants, ranging in age from children to older adults, and published between 1990 and 2011. The prevalence rate for borrowing someone's prescription medication was 5% to 51.9% and for lending prescription medication to someone else was 6% to 22.9%. Awide range ofmedicines were shared between family members, friends, and acquaintances. Sharingofmanyclassesof prescriptionmedicationwas common. Further research should explore why people share, how they decide to lend or borrow, whether they are aware of the risks, and how they assess the relevance of those risks. Keywords: prescription drug, adult; drug misuse; human; review; statistics, Adult; Humans; Prescription Drug Misuse; Prescription Drugs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301823_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality caused by chronic liver disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Suryaprasad, A. Author-Name: Byrd, K.K. Author-Name: Redd, J.T. Author-Name: Perdue, D.G. Author-Name: Manos, M.M. Author-Name: McMahon, B.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S350-S358 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301645 Abstract: Objectives. We compared chronic liver disease (CLD)mortality from 1999 to 2009 between American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites in the United States after improving CLD case ascertainment and AI/AN race classification. Methods. We defined CLD deaths and causes by comprehensive death certificate-based diagnostic codes. To improve race classification, we linked US mortality data to Indian Health Service enrollment records, and we restricted analyses to Contract Health Service Delivery Areas and to non-Hispanic populations. We calculated CLD death rates (per 100 000) in 6 geographic regions. We then described trends using linear modeling. Results. CLD mortality increased from 1999 to 2009 in AI/AN persons and Whites. Overall, the CLD death rate ratio (RR) of AI/ANindividuals to Whites was 3.7 and varied by region. The RR was higher in women (4.7), those aged 25 to 44 years (7.4),persons residing in the Northern Plains (6.4), and persons dying of cirrhosis (4.0) versus hepatocellular carcinoma (2.5), particularly those aged 25 to 44 years (7.7). Conclusions. AI/AN persons had greater CLD mortality, particularly from premature cirrhosis, than Whites, with variable mortality by region. Comprehensive prevention and care strategies are urgently needed to stem the CLD epidemic among AI/AN individuals. Keywords: adult; age distribution; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; chronic disease; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; human; Inuit; liver disease; male; middle aged; mortality; sex ratio; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Chronic Disease; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301645_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcoming inertia: Increasing public health departments' access to evidence-based information and promoting usage to inform practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: La Pelle, N.R. Author-Name: Dahlen, K. Author-Name: Gabella, B.A. Author-Name: Juhl, A.L. Author-Name: Martin, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 77-80 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301404 Abstract: In 2010, the New England Region-National Network of Libraries of Medicine at University of Massachusetts Medical School received funding to improve information access for public health departments in 6 New England states and Colorado. Public health departments were provided with desktop digital access to licensed e-resources available through special pricing. In January through mid-April 2012, we evaluated the effectiveness of providing access to and training for using e-resources to public health department staff to motivate usage in practice. We found that additional strategies are needed to accomplish this. Keywords: access to information; article; evidence based practice; human; information processing; interview; library; public health; questionnaire; United States, Access to Information; Colorado; Evidence-Based Practice; Focus Groups; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Libraries; New England; Public Health; Questionnaires, Access to Information; Colorado; Evidence-Based Practice; Focus Groups; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Libraries; New England; Public Health; Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301404_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the impact of a pertussis active surveillance program on provider testing behavior, minnesota 2005-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kenyon, C. Author-Name: Banerjee, E. Author-Name: Sweet, K. Author-Name: Miller, C. Author-Name: Ehresmann, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e34-e39 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301815 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301815 Abstract: Objectives. The Minnesota Department of Health, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, implemented the Pertussis Active Surveillance Project to better understand pertussis epidemiology. We evaluated the program's impact. Methods. Clinics in 2 counties were offered free diagnostic testing and an educational presentation covering pertussis epidemiology. Clinics were identified as either active or intermittent, with active clinics testing 33% or more of the total number of months enrolled. We used generalized estimating equations to assess changes in provider testing behavior over the project period. Results. Ninety-seven clinics enrolled, with 38% classified as active. Active clinics were more likely to use the state lab for diagnostic testing and had a larger staff. During the project period, a decline in days coughing at the time of visit occurred in both jurisdictions. Conclusions. Providing clinics with free diagnostic testing influenced their participation levels. Among active clinics, results suggest changes in provider testing behavior over the course of the project. However, given the lack of robust participation, this resource-intensive strategy may not be a cost-effective approach to evaluating trends in pertussis epidemiology. Keywords: article; health survey; human; manpower; methodology; pertussis; program evaluation; public health service; United States, Humans; Minnesota; Population Surveillance; Program Evaluation; Public Health Administration; Whooping Cough Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301815_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association of age and comorbidity on 2009 influenza a pandemic H1N1-related intensive care unit stay in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Placzek, H.E.D. Author-Name: Madoff, L.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e118-e125 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302197 Abstract: Objectives. We compared comorbidity measures by age group and risk factors for influenza-like illness (ILI)-related intensive care unit (ICU) stay during the 2009 seasonal influenza and influenza A (pH1N1) pandemic. Methods. We identified all patients discharged from Massachusetts hospitals with ILI-related diagnoses between October 1, 2008, and April 25, 2009, and pH1N1-related diagnoses between April 26 and September 30, 2009. We calculated the Diagnostic Cost Group (DxCG) risk score as a measure of comorbidity. We used logistic regression predictive models to compare ICU stay predictors. Results. Mean DxCG scores were similar for pH1N1 and seasonal influenza time periods (0.69 and 0.70). Compared with those aged 45 to 64 years, patients younger than 5, 5 to 12, and 13 to 18 years had an increased risk of pH1N1-related ICU stay. Within the pH1N1 cohort, an asthma diagnosis was highly predictive of ICU admission among those younger than 5, 5 to 12, and 13 to 18 years, and pregnancy among those aged 26 to 44 years. Conclusion. High-risk groups, including children with asthma or pregnant women, would benefit from improved surveillance and resource allocation during influenza outbreaks to prevent serious ILI-related complications. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; asthma; child; comorbidity; epidemiology; female; human; Influenza virus A H1N1; Influenza, Human; intensive care unit; middle aged; pandemic; pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; preschool child; risk factor; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Intensive Care Units; Logistic Models; Massachusetts; Middle Aged; Pandemics; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302197_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems science and obesity policy: A novel framework for analyzing and rethinking population-level planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnston, L.M. Author-Name: Matteson, C.L. Author-Name: Finegood, D.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1270-1278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301884 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301884 Abstract: Objectives. We demonstrate the use of a systems-based framework to assess solutions to complex health problems such as obesity. Methods. We coded 12 documents published between 2004 and 2013 aimed at influencing obesity planning for complex systems design (9 reports from US and Canadian governmental or health authorities, 1 Cochrane review, and 2 Institute of Medicine reports). We sorted data using the intervention-level framework (ILF), a novel solutions-oriented approach to complex problems. An in-depth comparison of 3 documents provides further insight into complexity and systems design in obesity policy. Results. The majority of strategies focused mainly on changing the determinants of energy imbalance (food intake and physical activity). ILF analysis brings to the surface actions aimed at higher levels of system function and points to a need for more innovative policy design. Conclusions. Although many policymakers acknowledge obesity as a complex problem, many strategies stem from the paradigm of individual choice and are limited in scope. The ILF provides a template to encourage natural systems thinking and more strategic policy design grounded in complexity science. Keywords: article; caloric intake; Canada; diet; energy metabolism; exercise; health promotion; human; motivation; obesity; organization and management; policy; systems theory; United States, Canada; Diet; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Goals; Health Promotion; Humans; Obesity; Policy; Systems Theory; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301884_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mexican american trial of community health workers: A randomized controlled trial of a community health worker intervention for mexican americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothschild, S.K. Author-Name: Martin, M.A. Author-Name: Swider, S.M. Author-Name: Lynas, C.M.T. Author-Name: Janssen, I. Author-Name: Avery, E.F. Author-Name: Powell, L.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1540-1548 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301439 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether community health workers (CHWs) could improve glycemic control among Mexican Americans with diabetes. Methods. We recruited 144 Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes between January 2006 and September 2008 into the single-blinded, randomized controlled Mexican American Trial of Community Health Workers (MATCH) and followed them for 2 years. Participants were assigned to either a CHW intervention, delivering self-management training through 36 home visits over 2 years, or a bilingual control newsletter delivering the same information on the same schedule. Results. Intervention participants showed significantly lower hemoglobin A1c levels than control participants at both year 1 D = -0.55; P = .021) and year 2 (D = -0.69; P = .005). We observed no effect on blood pressure control, glucose self-monitoring, or adherence to medications or diet. Intervention participants increased physical activity from a mean of 1.63 days per week at baseline to 2.64 days per week after 2 years. Conclusions. A self-management intervention delivered by CHWs resulted in sustained improvements in glycemic control over 2 years among Mexican Americans with diabetes. MATCH adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of CHWs to reduce diabetes-related health disparities. Keywords: glycosylated hemoglobin; hemoglobin A1c protein, human, article; blood pressure; community care; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; ethnology; female; health auxiliary; human; male; methodology; Mexican American; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial; self care; single blind procedure; statistics, Blood Pressure; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Male; Mexican Americans; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Self Care; Single-Blind Method Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301439_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drinking water systems, hydrology, and childhood gastrointestinal illness in central and northern wisconsin Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Uejio, C.K. Author-Name: Yale, S.H. Author-Name: Malecki, K. Author-Name: Borchardt, M.A. Author-Name: Anderson, H.A. Author-Name: Patz, J.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 639-646 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301659 Abstract: Objectives. This study investigated if the type of drinking water source (treated municipal, untreated municipal, and private well water) modifies the effect of hydrology on childhood (aged > 5 years) gastrointestinal illness. Methods. We conducted a time series study to assess the relationship between hydrologic and weather conditions with childhood gastrointestinal illness from 1991 to 2010. The Central and Northern Wisconsin study area includes households using all 3 types of drinking water systems. Separate time series models were created for each system and half-year period (winter/spring, summer/fall). Results. More precipitation (summer/fall) systematically increased childhood gastrointestinal illness in municipalities accessing untreated water. The relative risk of contracting gastrointestinal illness was 1.4 in weeks with 3 centimeters of precipitation and 2.4 in very wet weeks with 12 centimeters of precipitation. By contrast, gastrointestinal illness in private well and treated municipal areas was not influenced by hydrologic conditions, although warmer winter temperatures slightly increased incidence. Conclusions. Our study suggests that improved drinking water protection, treatment, and delivery infrastructure may improve public health by specifically identifying municipal water systems lacking water treatment that may transmit waterborne disease. Keywords: drinking water, article; female; gastrointestinal disease; human; hydrology; infant; male; preschool child; socioeconomics; United States; water supply; weather, Child, Preschool; Drinking Water; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hydrology; Infant; Male; Socioeconomic Factors; Water Supply; Weather; Wisconsin Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301659_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between nonspecific severe psychological distress as an indicator of serious mental illness and increasing levels of medical multimorbidity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swartz, J.A. Author-Name: Jantz, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2350-2358 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302165 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether severe psychological distress (SPD) and serious mental illnesses (SMIs) are associated with a specific set of chronic medical conditions (CMCs) and the association between SPD-SMIs and increasing levels of medical multimorbidity and complexity (i.e., from 1 to 3 or more CMCs). Keywords: adult; aged; chronic disease; comorbidity; demography; epidemiology; female; health survey; human; male; Mental Disorders; mental stress; middle aged; prevalence; psychological rating scale; risk factor; socioeconomics; Substance-Related Disorders, Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Demography; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302165_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A profile of north Carolina lesbian, gay, and bisexual health disparities, 2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matthews, D.D. Author-Name: Lee, J.G.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e98-e105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301751 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301751 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated the health profile of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults in North Carolina, the first state in the South to include a measure of sexual orientation identity in a probability-based statewide health survey. Methods. Using data from 9876 respondents in the 2011 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, we compared sexual minorities to heterosexuals on a variety of health indicators. Results. LGB respondents were younger and more likely to be reached by cell phone. Many examined indicators were not different by sexual orientation. Significant results, however, were consistent with findings from state population surveys in other regions of the country, including disparities inmental health and, among women, smoking. Conclusions. Reporting LGB identity in North Carolina is associated with poorer health. The concentration of anti-LGB policies in the South warrants ongoing monitoring of LGB health disparities in North Carolina and in other Southeastern states for potential effects on the health and well-being of LGB populations. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; bisexuality; female; health disparity; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; mental disease; middle aged; policy; smoking; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Bisexuality; Female; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; North Carolina; Public Policy; Smoking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301751_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cancer incidence among Arab Americans in California, Detroit, and new jersey SEER Registries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bergmans, R. Author-Name: Soliman, A.S. Author-Name: Ruterbusch, J. Author-Name: Meza, R. Author-Name: Hirko, K. Author-Name: Graff, J. Author-Name: Schwartz, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e83-e91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301954 Abstract: Objectives. We calculated cancer incidence for Arab Americans in California; Detroit, Michigan; and New Jersey, and compared rates with non-Hispanic, non-Arab Whites (NHNAWs); Blacks; and Hispanics. Methods. We conducted a study using population-based data. We linked new cancers diagnosed in 2000 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) to an Arab surname database. We used standard SEER definitions and methodology for calculating rates. Population estimates were extracted from the 2000 US Census. We calculated incidence and rate ratios. Results. Arab American men and women had similar incidence rates across the 3 geographic regions, and the rates were comparable to NHNAWs. However, the thyroid cancer rate was elevated among Arab American women compared with NHNAWs, Hispanics, and Blacks. For all sites combined, for prostate and lung cancer, Arab American men had a lower incidence than Blacks and higher incidence than Hispanics in all 3 geographic regions. Arab American male bladder cancer incidence was higher than that in Hispanics and Blacks in these regions. Conclusions. Our results suggested that further research would benefit from the federal recognition of Arab Americans as a specified ethnicity to estimate and address the cancer burden in this growing segment of the population. Keywords: adult; age; aged; Arab; article; bladder tumor; cancer registry; ethnology; female; human; incidence; lung tumor; male; middle aged; neoplasm; prostate tumor; statistics; United States; young adult, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Arabs; California; Female; Humans; Incidence; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Michigan; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; New Jersey; Prostatic Neoplasms; SEER Program; United States; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301954_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wesseling et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wesseling, C. Author-Name: Crowe, J. Author-Name: Hogstedt, C. Author-Name: Jakobsson, K. Author-Name: Lucas, R. Author-Name: Wegman, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e9-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302029 Keywords: chronic kidney failure; consensus development; human; note, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302029_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual-orientation disparities in school: The mediational role of indicators of victimization in achievement and truancy because of feeling unsafe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Russell, S.T. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1124-1128 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301785 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301785 Abstract: Objectives. We examined sexual-orientation identity disparities in truancy and academic achievement, and the mediational role of victimization in a large high-school sample. Methods. We utilized pooled data, measuring sexual identity, from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression modeling estimated the odds of low grades and truancy because of feeling unsafe comparing lesbian/gay, bisexual, (LGB) and unsure students to heterosexuals. We stratified models by gender. Indicators of victimization were examined to mediate the relationship between identifying as a sexual minority and school achievement or truancy. Results. LGB-identified youths reported significantly elevated odds of truancy and low grades (odds ratios = 1.6-3.2; all P < .05). Additionally, both genders noting uncertainty about their sexual identity showed increased odds of truancy. Victimization indicators mediated the relationship between identifying as a sexual minority and experiencing negative school outcomes, with greater victimization indicators being associated with increased truancy and lower grades, and the extent of mediation differed by gender. Conclusions. As early disparities in academic achievement and school engagement have indicated a lifetime of increased health and behavioral risk factors, early intervention targeting school victimization is necessary. Keywords: absenteeism; adolescent; article; bisexuality; crime victim; educational status; female; health disparity; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; psychological aspect; school; sexual behavior; statistics; United States, Absenteeism; Adolescent; Bisexuality; Crime Victims; Educational Status; Female; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Schools; Sexual Behavior; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301785_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fewer hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in communities with smoke-free public policies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hahn, E.J. Author-Name: Rayens, M.K. Author-Name: Adkins, S. Author-Name: Simpson, N. Author-Name: Frazier, S. Author-Name: Mannino, D.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1059-1065 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301887 Abstract: Objectives. We determined the impact of smoke-free municipal public policies on hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods. We conducted a secondary analysis of hospital discharges with a primary diagnosis of COPD in Kentucky between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2011 using Poisson regression. We compared the hospitalization rates of regions with and without smoke-free laws, adjusting for personal and population covariates, seasonality, secular trends over time, and geographic region. Results. Controlling for covariates such as sex, age, length of stay, race/ ethnicity, education, income, and urban-rural status, among others, we found that those living in a community with a comprehensive smoke-free law or regulation were 22% less likely to experience hospitalizations for COPD than those living in a community with a moderate-weak law or no law. Those living in a community with an established law were 21% less likely to be hospitalized for COPD than those with newer laws or no laws. Conclusions. Strong smoke-free public policiesmayprovide protection against COPD hospitalizations, particularly after 12 months, with the potential to save lives and decrease health care costs. Keywords: aged; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; chronic obstructive lung disease; female; hospitalization; human; length of stay; male; middle aged; policy; smoking ban; statistics; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Kentucky; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Public Policy; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Smoke-Free Policy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301887_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond the bridge: Evaluating a novel mental health program in the New York City jail system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glowa-Kollisch, S. Author-Name: Lim, S. Author-Name: Summers, C. Author-Name: Cohen, L. Author-Name: Selling, D. Author-Name: Venters, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2212-2218 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302126 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated Beyond the Bridge, a novel mental health program in the New York City jail system designed to provide residentially based cognitive behavioral therapy in jail mental observation units. Methods. We used propensity score matching and a dose-response analysis. Outcome measures included reduction in violent incidents and fights, reduction in uses of force by corrections officers, reduction in time spent on suicidewatch and incidents of self-injurious behavior, and increased length of community survival. Results. There were significant reductions in all outcomes when we compared program participants (n = 218) with an earlier cohort of patients residing on the mental observation unit before programming began (n = 413). However, when we compared program participants with a cohort of other patients residing on the units at the same time but who chose not to participate (n = 267), only time spent on suicide watch unit (rate ratio [RR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 0.89) and recidivism (RR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.59,0.83) were significantly reduced. Conclusions. This evaluation and the model we piloted may provide useful information for other settings contemplating similar interventions. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adult; cognitive therapy; human; male; Mental Disorders; mental health service; middle aged; organization and management; prison; prisoner; program evaluation; psychology; United States; young adult, Adult; Cognitive Therapy; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; New York City; Prisoners; Prisons; Program Evaluation; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302126_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Samuel and Keating respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samuel, C.A. Author-Name: Keating, N.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e10-e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302370 Keywords: African American; Caucasian; ethnology; female; government; health care disparity; human; male; neoplasm; statistics and numerical data, African Americans; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302370_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Graves et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Graves, J.M. Author-Name: Pless, I.B. Author-Name: Rivara, F.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302215 Keywords: Craniocerebral Trauma; cycling; human, Bicycling; Craniocerebral Trauma; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302215_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Big publishing and the economics of competition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Camargo, K.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 8-10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301719 Keywords: bibliometrics; economic aspect; economics; human; publication; publishing; economics; editorial; publishing, Bibliometrics; Economic Competition; Humans; Periodicals as Topic; Publishing, Bibliometrics; Economic Competition; Humans; Periodicals as Topic; Publishing Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301719_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eliminating Tuberculosis One Neighborhood at a Time [Eliminació n de la tuberculosis, un vecindario por vez] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cegielski, J.P. Author-Name: Griffith, D.E. Author-Name: McGaha, P.K. Author-Name: Wolfgang, M. Author-Name: Robinson, C.B. Author-Name: Clark, P.A. Author-Name: Hassell, W.L. Author-Name: Robison, V.A. Author-Name: Walker Jr., K.P. Author-Name: Wallace, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: SUPPL.2 Pages: S214-S233 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated a strategy for preventing tuberculosis (TB) in communities most affected by it. Methods. In 1996, we mapped reported TB cases (1985-1995) and positive tuberculin skin test (TST) reactors (1993-1995) in Smith County, Texas. We delineated the 2 largest, densest clusters, identifying 2 highest-incidence neighborhoods (180 square blocks, 3153 residents). After extensive community preparation, trained health care workers went door-to-door offering TST to all residents unless contraindicated. TST-positive individuals were escorted to a mobile clinic for radiography, clinical evaluation, and isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT) as indicated. To assess long-term impact, we mapped all TB cases in Smith County during the equivalent time period after the project. Results. Of 2258 eligible individuals, 1291 (57.1%) were tested, 229 (17.7%) were TST positive, and 147 were treated. From 1996 to 2006, there were no TB cases in either project neighborhood, in contrast with the preintervention decade and the continued occurrence of TB in the rest of Smith County. Conclusions. Targeting high-incidence neighborhoods for active, communitybased screening and IPT may hasten TB elimination in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:SUPPL.2:S214-S233_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self, medicated. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gross, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1348 Keywords: analgesic agent, addiction; adolescent; adult; analgesia; editorial; human; middle aged; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Analgesics; Humans; Middle Aged; Pain Management; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:8:1348_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in body mass index and prevalence of extreme high obesity among pennsylvania children and adolescents, 2007-2011: Promising but cautionary Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lohrmann, D. Author-Name: Agha, A.Y. Author-Name: Jayawardene, W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e62-e68 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301851 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301851 Abstract: Objectives. We determined current trends and patterns in overweight, obesity, and extreme high obesity among Pennsylvania pre-kindergarten (pre-K) to 12th grade students and simulated future trends. Methods. We analyzed body mass index (BMI) of pre-K to 12th grade students from 43 of 67 Pennsylvania counties in 2007 to 2011 to determine trends and to discern transition patterns among BMI status categories for 2009 to 2011. Vinsem simulation, confirmed by Markov chain modeling, generated future prevalence trends. Results. Combined rates of overweight, obesity, and extreme high obesity decreased among secondary school students across the 5 years, and among elementary students, first increased and then markedly decreased. BMI status remained constant for approximately 80% of normal and extreme high obese students, but both decreased and increased among students who initially were overweight and obese; the increase in BMI remained significant. Conclusions. Overall trends in child and adolescent BMI status seemed positive. BMI transition patterns indicated that although overweight and obesity prevalence leveled off, extreme high obesity, especially among elementary students, is projected to increase substantially over time. If current transition patterns continue, the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme high obesity among Pennsylvania students in 2031 is projected to be 16.0%, 6.6%, and 23.2%, respectively. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; body mass; child; female; human; male; morbid obesity; obesity; prevalence; school; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Body Mass Index; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid; Overweight; Pennsylvania; Prevalence; Schools Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301851_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use and taxonomy of social media in cancer-related research: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koskan, A. Author-Name: Klasko, L. Author-Name: Davis, S.N. Author-Name: Gwede, C.K. Author-Name: Wells, K.J. Author-Name: Kumar, A. Author-Name: Lopez, N. Author-Name: Meade, C.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e20-e37 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301980 Abstract: Little is known about how social media are used in cancercare. Weconductedasystematic review of the use and taxonomy of social media in cancer-related studies, in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. We located 1350 articles published through October 2013; 69 met study inclusion criteria. Early research (1996-2007) was predominantly descriptive studies of online forums. Later, researchers began analyzing blogs, videos shared on YouTube, and social networking sites. Most studies (n = 62) were descriptive, and only 7 reported intervention studies published since 2010. Future research should include more intervention studies to determine how social media can influence behavior, and more empirical research is needed on how social media may be used to reduce health disparities. Keywords: health disparity; health services research; human; interpersonal communication; medical research; methodology; neoplasm; psychological aspect; review; social media; social support; statistics; time, Biomedical Research; Communication; Health Services Research; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Neoplasms; Social Media; Social Support; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301980_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The origins of personal responsibility rhetoric in news coverage of the tobacco industry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mejia, P. Author-Name: Dorfman, L. Author-Name: Cheyne, A. Author-Name: Nixon, L. Author-Name: Friedman, L. Author-Name: Gottlieb, M. Author-Name: Daynard, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1048-1051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301754 Abstract: The tobacco industry consistently frames smoking as a personal issue rather than the responsibility of cigarette companies. To identify when personal responsibility framing became amajor element of the tobacco industry's discourse, we analyzed news coverage from 1966 to 1991. Industry representatives began to regularly use these arguments in 1977. By the mid 1980s, this frame dominated the industry's public arguments. This chronology illustrates that the tobacco industry's use of personal responsibility rhetoric in public preceded the ascension of personal responsibility rhetoric commonly associated with the Reagan Administration in the 1980s. Keywords: article; history; human; mass medium; methodology; psychological aspect; publication; smoking; social behavior; tobacco industry, History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mass Media; Newspapers; Smoking; Social Responsibility; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301754_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feasibility and effectiveness of a community-based smoking cessation intervention in a racially diverse, urban smoker cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Asvat, Y. Author-Name: Cao, D. Author-Name: Africk, J.J. Author-Name: Matthews, A. Author-Name: King, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S620-S627 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302097 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness, in addition to the effects of a psychoeducation-based orientation on smoking cessation knowledge for Courage to Quit (CTQ), an evidence-based smoking cessation intervention disseminated to racially diverse, urban community sites in Chicago, Illinois. Methods. Smokers (n = 1494; 55% African American) enrolled in 6-session full (n = 945) or 3-session short (n = 549) versions of CTQ in 2008 to 2012. Results. Orientation improved knowledge of efficacious and nonefficacious treatments. Acceptability was outstanding: more than 90% of participants would recommend CTQ. Feasibility was good: completion rates were 53% in the full and 75% in the short programs. Intent-to-treat quit rates were 19% in the full and 17% in the short programs (completer quit rates were 36% and 22%, respectively). Among completers, smoking cessation medication use was associated with higher quit rates. There were no racial disparities: African Americans and Whites showed similar completion and quit rates. Predictors of successful quitting were higher readiness to quit and smoking cessation medication use. Conclusions. CTQ is moderately successful in the short term as delivered in community-based settings for urban-dwelling, largely minority smokers. Further evaluation of longer-term outcomes and cost effectiveness is warranted. Keywords: nicotine gum, adolescent; adult; age; aged; ancestry group; article; attitude to health; community care; female; health promotion; human; male; methodology; middle aged; organization and management; psychological aspect; sex difference; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Community Health Services; Continental Population Groups; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco Use Cessation Products; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302097_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A longitudinal analysis of cigarette prices in military retail outlets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haddock, C.K. Author-Name: Hyder, M.L. Author-Name: Poston, W.S.C. Author-Name: Jahnke, S.A. Author-Name: Williams, L.N. Author-Name: Lando, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e82-e87 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301660 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301660 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a longitudinal assessment of tobacco pricing in military retail outlets, including trends within each service branch. Methods. We determined the price of a single pack of Marlboro Red cigarettes at military retail stores located in the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii and at their nearest Walmarts in spring 2011 and 2013 (n = 128 for pairs available at both assessments). Results. The average difference between cigarettes sold in military retail outlets and Walmarts decreased from 24.5% in 2011 to 12.5% in 2013. The decrease was partially attributable to significant price decreases at Walmarts. The largest increases in cigarette prices occurred on naval installations. Potential savings at stores on several installations remained substantial in 2013; the largest approached $6 per pack. Stores on 17 military installations decreased cigarette prices during the study period. Conclusions. Tobacco can be purchased in military retail stores at substantial savings over civilian stores. If tobacco pricing is to cease to be an incentive for use among personnel, a revised military tobacco pricing policy is needed. Keywords: article; cost; economics; human; longitudinal study; military phenomena; statistics; tobacco; United States, Costs and Cost Analysis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Military Facilities; Tobacco Products; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301660_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarettes become a dangerous product: Tobacco in the rearview mirror, 1952-1965 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dorfman, L. Author-Name: Cheyne, A. Author-Name: Gottlieb, M.A. Author-Name: Mejia, P. Author-Name: Nixon, L. Author-Name: Friedman, L.C. Author-Name: Daynard, R.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 37-46 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301475 Abstract: Tobacco control's unparalleled success comes partly from advocates broadening the focus of responsibility beyond the smoker to include industry and government. To learn how this might apply to other issues, we examined how early tobacco control events were framed in news, legislative testimony, and internal tobacco industry documents. Early debate about tobaccois stunning for its absence of the personal responsibility rhetoric prominent today, focused instead on the health harms from cigarettes. The accountabilityofgovernment, rather than the industry or individual smokers, is mentioned often; solutions focused not on whether government had a responsibility to act, but on how to act. Tobacco lessons can guide advocates fighting the food and beverage industry, but must be reinterpreted in current political contexts. Keywords: article; economics; government; health promotion; human; legal aspect; mass medium; packaging; policy; politics; public health; smoking; smoking cessation; social behavior; tobacco industry; United States; legislation and jurisprudence; smoking; tobacco industry, Federal Government; Health Promotion; Humans; Mass Media; Politics; Product Labeling; Public Health; Public Policy; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Social Responsibility; Tobacco Industry; United States, Federal Government; Health Promotion; Humans; Mass Media; Politics; Product Labeling; Public Health; Public Policy; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Social Responsibility; Tobacco Industry; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301475_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessment of hepatitis C risk factors and infection prevalence in a jail population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wenger, P.J. Author-Name: Rottnek, F. Author-Name: Parker, T. Author-Name: Crippin, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1722-1727 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301996 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to validate previous reports of HCV prevalence in jails, identify HCV risk factors prevalence, and identify risk factors associated with HCV infection in this population. Methods. Inmates at the Buzz Westfall Justice Center (BWJC) in St. Louis, Missouri, were offered risk factor screening for HCV and anti-HCV antibody testing from December 2012 through May 2013. Demographic and risk factor information were assessed for significant associations with positive HCV antibody results. Risk factors that were significantly associated in univariate analysis were assessed using binary logistic regression to model the relationship between positive HCV results and the risk factors and demographics. Results. Fifty of 304 inmates were positive for HCV, with a prevalence of 16.4%. The risk factors significantly associated with increased risk for positive HCV antibody were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.15 for each year), injection drug use (OR = 53.87; 95% CI = 17.78, 163.21), sex with HCV-positive partner (OR = 7.35; 95% CI = 1.41, 38.20), and tattoos by a nonlicensed provider (OR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.09, 6.33). Prevalence for women was 3 times that of men (38% vs 12%). Conclusions. Prevalence of HCV at BWJC was similar to previous jail studies, which is lower than reported prison rates and higher than the general population. Keywords: hepatitis C antibody, adult; article; blood; female; hepatitis C; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; prevalence; prison; risk factor; sex difference; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; substance abuse; United States, Adult; Female; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C Antibodies; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Missouri; Prevalence; Prisons; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301996_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differences in time use and activity patterns when adding a second job: Implications for health and safety in the united states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marucci-Wellman, H.R. Author-Name: Lin, T.-C. Author-Name: Willetts, J.L. Author-Name: Brennan, M.J. Author-Name: Verma, S.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1488-1500 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301921 Abstract: Objectives. We compared work and lifestyle activities for workers who work in 1 job with those who work in multiple jobs during a 1-week period. Methods. We used information from the 2003-2011 American Time Use Survey to classify workers into 6 work groups based on whether they were a single (SJH) or multiple (MJH) job holder and whether they worked their primary, other, multiple, or no job on the diary day. Results. The MJHs often worked 2 part-time jobs (20%), long weekly hours (27% worked 60+ hours), and on weekends. The MJHs working multiple jobs on the diary day averaged more than 2 additional work hours (2.25 weekday, 2.75 weekend day; P < .05), odd hours (more often between 5 PM and 7 AM), with more work travel time (10 minutes weekday, 9 minutes weekend day; P < .05) and less sleep (-45 minutes weekday, -62 minutes weekend day; P < .05) and time for other household (P < .05) and leisure (P < .05) activities than SJHs. Conclusions. Because of long work hours, long daily commutes, multiple shifts, and less sleep and leisure time, MJHs may be at heightened risk of fatigue and injury. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; cross-sectional study; employment; female; health status; human; lifestyle; male; middle aged; occupational health; psychological aspect; statistics; time; United States; work schedule, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Employment; Female; Health Status; Humans; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Health; Time Factors; United States; Work Schedule Tolerance Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301921_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Real men don't": Constructions of masculinity and inadvertent harm in public health interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fleming, P.J. Author-Name: Lee, J.G.L. Author-Name: Dworkin, S.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1029-1035 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301820 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301820 Abstract: Research shows that constraining aspects of male gender norms negatively influence both women's and men's health. Messaging that draws on norms of masculinity in health programming has been shown to improve bothwomen's and men's health, but some types of public health messaging (e.g., Man Up Monday, a media campaign to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections) can reify harmful aspects of hegemonic masculinity that programs are working to change. We critically assess the deployment of hegemonic male norms in the Man Up Monday campaign. We draw on ethical paradigms in public health to challenge programs that reinforce harmful aspects of gender norms and suggest the use of gender-Transformative interventions that challenge constraining masculine norms and have been shown to have a positive effect on health behaviors. Keywords: article; ethics; female; gender identity; health promotion; human; male; masculinity; men's health; methodology; public health; sexism; sexually transmitted disease, Female; Gender Identity; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Masculinity; Men's Health; Public Health; Sexism; Sexually Transmitted Diseases Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301820_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of effective interventions for reducing multiple health risk behaviors in adolescence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hale, D.R. Author-Name: Fitzgerald-Yau, N. Author-Name: Viner, R.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e19-e41 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301874 Abstract: Wesystematically searched 9 biomedical and social science databases (1980-2012) for primary and secondary interventions that prevented or reduced 2 or more adolescent health risk behaviors (tobacco use, alcohol use, illicit drug use, risky sexual behavior, aggressive acts). We identified 44 randomized controlled trials of universal or selective interventions and were effective for multiple health risk behaviors. Most were school based, conducted in the United States, and effectiveformultiple forms of substance use. Effects were small, in line with findings for other universal prevention programs. In some studies, effects for more than 1 health risk behavior only emerged at long-term follow-up. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; aggression; child; demography; family; health behavior; health promotion; high risk behavior; human; Internet; methodology; organization and management; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial (topic); review; school; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; young adult, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Aggression; Child; Family; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; Internet; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Residence Characteristics; Risk-Taking; Schools; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301874_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community violence perpetration and victimization among adults with mental illnesses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Desmarais, S.L. Author-Name: Van Dorn, R.A. Author-Name: Johnson, K.L. Author-Name: Grimm, K.J. Author-Name: Douglas, K.S. Author-Name: Swartz, M.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2342-2349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680 Abstract: Objectives. In a large heterogeneous sample of adults with mental illnesses, we examined the 6-month prevalence and nature of community violence perpetration and victimization, as well as associations between these outcomes. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; crime victim; epidemiology; female; human; male; mental disease; middle aged; prevalence; statistics and numerical data; United States; violence; Wounds and Injuries, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Prevalence; United States; Violence; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The promise of community-based participatory research for health equity: A conceptual model for bridging evidence with policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cacari-Stone, L. Author-Name: Wallerstein, N. Author-Name: Garcia, A.P. Author-Name: Minkler, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1615-1623 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301961 Abstract: Insufficient attention has been paid to how research can be leveraged to promote health policy or how locality-based research strategies, in particular community-based participatory research (CBPR), influences health policy to eliminate racial and ethnic health inequities. To address this gap, we highlighted the efforts of 2 CBPR partnerships in California to explore how these initiatives made substantial contributions to policymaking for health equity. We presented a new conceptual model and 2 case studies to illustrate the connections among CBPR contexts and processes, policymaking processes and strategies, and outcomes. We extended the critical role of civic engagement by those communities that were most burdened by health inequities by focusing on their political participation as research brokers in bridging evidence and policymaking. Keywords: ancestry group; article; consumer; cooperation; environmental exposure; ethnic group; health care policy; health disparity; human; legal aspect; management; organization and management; participatory research; politics; pollution; social justice; United States, California; Community-Based Participatory Research; Consumer Participation; Continental Population Groups; Cooperative Behavior; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollution; Ethnic Groups; Health Policy; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Policy Making; Politics; Social Justice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301961_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: I did it for us and i would do it again: Perspectives of rural latinos on providing biospecimens for research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hohl, S.D. Author-Name: Gonzalez, C. Author-Name: Carosso, E. Author-Name: Ibarra, G. Author-Name: Thompson, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 911-916 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301726 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301726 Abstract: Objectives. We elicited perspectives of rural Latino farmworkers and nonfarmworkers about their participation in a community-based participatory pesticides exposure study in which they provided multiple biospecimens. Methods. Between March and April 2012, we conducted semistructured, oneon- one interviews with 39 rural Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers in Washington State (n = 39). Nineteen open-ended interview questions aimed to elicit participants' attitudes toward, expectations and experiences of biospecimen collection for research, and willingness to participate in future biomedical research studies. We reviewed and coded transcriptions using qualitative principles of grounded theory in which concepts were identified and themes derived from interview data. Results. We grouped themes into 3 major categories: (1) motivation to participate, (2) challenges of participation, and (3) perceived rewards of participation. Many participants were motivated by the perceived importance of the study topic and a desire to acquire and contribute to new knowledge. Respondents said that the benefits of participation outweighed the challenges, and many expressed satisfaction to be able to contribute to research that would benefit future generations. Conclusions. Our findings supported the use of community-based participatory research to engage minorities as participants and invested parties in such studies. Keywords: pesticide, adult; agriculture; article; female; Hispanic; human; male; methodology; middle aged; motivation; occupational exposure; participatory research; psychological aspect; research subject; rural population; socioeconomics, Adult; Agriculture; Community-Based Participatory Research; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides; Research Subjects; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301726_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Confronting the emerging epidemic of hcv infection among young injection drug users Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Valdiserri, R. Author-Name: Khalsa, J. Author-Name: Dan, C. Author-Name: Holmberg, S. Author-Name: Zibbell, J. Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Author-Name: Lubran, R. Author-Name: Compton, W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 816-821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301812 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301812 Abstract: Hepatitis C virus infection is a significant public health problem in the United States and an important cause ofmorbidity andmortality. Recent reports document HCV infection increases among young injection drug users in several US regions, associated with America's prescription opioid abuse epidemic. Incident HCV infection increases among young injectors who have recently transitioned from oral opioid abuse present an important public health challenge requiring a comprehensive, community-based response. We summarize recommendations from a 2013 Office of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Disease Policy convening of experts in epidemiology, behavioral science, drug prevention and treatment, and other research; community service providers; and federal, state, and local government representatives. Their observations highlight gaps in our surveillance, program, and research portfolios and advocate a syndemic approach to this emerging public health problem. Keywords: adolescent; age distribution; article; epidemic; female; hepatitis C; human; incidence; male; mass screening; opiate addiction; primary prevention; public health; research; sentinel surveillance; sex ratio; substance abuse; United States, Adolescent; Age Distribution; Epidemics; Female; Hepatitis C; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Opioid-Related Disorders; Primary Prevention; Public Health; Research; Sentinel Surveillance; Sex Distribution; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301812_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of care seeking for children with pneumonia and diarrhea in guatemala: Implications for intervention strategies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bruce, N. Author-Name: Pope, D. Author-Name: Arana, B. Author-Name: Shiels, C. Author-Name: Romero, C. Author-Name: Klein, R. Author-Name: Stanistreet, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 647-657 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301658 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301658 Abstract: Objectives. We identified barriers to care seeking for pneumonia and diarrhea among rural Guatemalan children. Methods. A population-based survey was conducted twice from 2008 to 2009 among 1605 households with children younger than 5 years. A 14-day calendar recorded episodes of carer-reported pneumonia (n = 364) and diarrhea (n = 481), and formal (health services, public, private) and informal (neighbors, traditional, local shops, pharmacies) care seeking. Results. Formal care was sought for nearly half of severe pneumonias but only for 27% within 2 days of onset, with 31% and 18%, respectively, for severe diarrhea. In multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with formal care seeking were knowing the Community Emergency Plan, mother's perception of illness severity, recognition of World Health Organization danger signs, distance from the health center, and having someone to care for family in an emergency. Conclusions. Proximal factors associated with recognizing need for care were important in determining formal care, and were strongly linked to social determinants. In addition to specific action by the health system with an enhanced community health worker role, a systems approach can help ensure barriers are addressed among poorer and more remote homes. Keywords: adult; article; attitude to health; diarrhea; female; Guatemala; health care delivery; human; infant; information processing; interview; male; patient attitude; pneumonia; preschool child; rural population; severity of illness index; socioeconomics; statistics, Adult; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Diarrhea; Female; Guatemala; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Male; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pneumonia; Rural Population; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301658_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Control systems engineering for optimizing a prenatal weight gain intervention to regulate infant birth weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Savage, J.S. Author-Name: Downs, D.S. Author-Name: Dong, Y. Author-Name: Rivera, D.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1247-1254 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301959 Abstract: Objectives. We used dynamical systems modeling to describe how a prenatal behavioral intervention that adapts to the needs of each pregnant woman may help manage gestational weight gain and alter the obesogenic intrauterine environment to regulate infant birth weight. Methods. This approach relies on integrating mechanistic energy balance, theory of planned behavior, and self-regulation models to describe how internal processes can be impacted by intervention dosages, and reinforce positive outcomes (e.g., healthy eating and physical activity) to moderate gestational weight gain and affect birth weight. Results. A simulated hypothetical case study from MATLAB with Simulink showed how, in response to our adaptive intervention, self-regulation helps adjust perceived behavioral control. This, in turn, changes the woman's intention and behavior with respect to healthy eating and physical activity during pregnancy, affecting gestational weight gain and infant birth weight. Conclusions. This article demonstrates the potential for real-world applications of an adaptive intervention to manage gestational weight gain and moderate infant birth weight. This model could be expanded to examine the long-term sustainable impacts of an intervention that varies according to the participant's needs on maternal postpartum weight retention and child postnatal eating behavior. Keywords: article; behavior; birth weight; caloric intake; computer simulation; diet; energy metabolism; exercise; health behavior; human; methodology; prenatal care; psychological model; weight gain, Birth Weight; Computer Simulation; Diet; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Health Behavior; Humans; Intention; Models, Psychological; Prenatal Care; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301959_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State firearm laws, firearm ownership, and safety practices among families of preschool-aged children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prickett, K.C. Author-Name: Martin-Storey, A. Author-Name: Crosnoe, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1080-1086 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301928 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated how state-level firearms legislation is associated with firearm ownership and storage among families with preschool-aged children. Methods. Using 2005 nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (n = 8100), we conducted multinomial regression models to examine the associations between state-level firearms legislation generally, child access prevention (CAP) firearms legislation specifically, and parental firearm ownership and storage safety practices. Results. Overall, 8% of families with children aged 4 years living in states with stronger firearm laws and CAP laws owned firearms compared with 24% of families in states with weaker firearm laws and no CAP laws. Storage behaviors of firearm owners differed minimally across legislative contexts. When we controlled for familyand state-level characteristics, we found that firearm legislation and CAP laws interacted to predict ownership and storage behaviors, with unsafe storage least likely among families in states with both CAP laws and stronger firearm legislation. Conclusions. Broader firearm legislation is linked with the efficacy of child-specific legislation in promoting responsible firearm ownership. Keywords: article; family; firearm; government; human; legal aspect; organization and management; preschool child; safety; statistics; United States, Child, Preschool; Family; Firearms; Humans; Ownership; Safety; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301928_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems science: a tool for understanding obesity. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bures, R.M. Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Author-Name: Orleans, C.T. Author-Name: Esposito, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1156 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302082 Keywords: diet; editorial; environment; exercise; human; obesity; public health service; systems theory; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Diet; Environment; Exercise; Humans; Obesity; Systems Theory; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302082_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality and economic costs from regular cigar use in the United States, 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nonnemaker, J. Author-Name: Rostron, B. Author-Name: Hall, P. Author-Name: MacMonegle, A. Author-Name: Apelberg, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e86-e91 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated annual mortality, years of potential life lost, and associated economic costs attributable to regular cigar smoking among US adults aged 35 years or older. Methods. We estimated cigar-attributable mortality for the United States in 2010 using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs methodology for smoking-related causes of death. We obtained cigar prevalence from the National Adult Tobacco Survey, relative risks from the Cancer Prevention Studies I and II, and annual US deaths from the National Vital Statistics System.We also estimated the economic cost of this premature mortality using the value of a statistical life-year. Results. Regular cigar smoking was responsible for approximately 9000 premature deaths and more than 140 000 years of potential life lost among US adults aged 35 years or older in 2010. These years of life had an economic value of approximately $23 billion. Conclusions. The health and economic burden of cigar smoking in the United States is large and may increase over time because of the increasing consumption of cigars in the United States. Keywords: adult; aged; article; cardiovascular disease; chemically induced disorder; cost of illness; economics; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; neoplasm; prevalence; respiratory tract disease; smoking; statistical model; United States, Adult; Aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cost of Illness; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Economic; Neoplasms; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regulating alcohol advertising: Content analysis of the adequacy of federal and self-regulation of magazine advertisements, 2008-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, K.C. Author-Name: Cukier, S. Author-Name: Jernigan, D.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1901-1911 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301483 Abstract: Objectives: We analyzed beer, spirits, and alcopop magazine advertisements to determine adherence to federal and voluntary advertising standards. We assessed the efficacy of these standards in curtailing potentially damaging content and protecting public health. Keywords: advertizing; age; alcoholic beverage; article; human; legal aspect; practice guideline; public health; statistics, Advertising as Topic; Age Factors; Alcoholic Beverages; Guideline Adherence; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301483_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leading causes of death and all-cause mortality in American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Espey, D.K. Author-Name: Jim, M.A. Author-Name: Cobb, N. Author-Name: Bartholomew, M. Author-Name: Becker, T. Author-Name: Haverkamp, D. Author-Name: Plescia, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S303-S311 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301798 Abstract: Objectives. We present regional patterns and trends in all-cause mortality and leading causes of death in American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Methods. US National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We analyzed temporal trends for 1990 to 2009 and comparisons between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Hispanic White persons by geographic region for 1999 to 2009. Results focus on IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in which less race misclassification occurs. Results. From 1990 to 2009 AI/AN persons did not experience the significant decreases in all-cause mortality seen for Whites. For 1999 to 2009 the all-cause death rate in CHSDA counties for AI/AN persons was 46% more than that for Whites. Death rates for AI/AN persons varied as much as 50% among regions. Except for heart disease and cancer, subsequent ranking of specific causes of death differed considerably between AI/AN and White persons. Conclusions. AI/AN populations continue to experience much higher death rates than Whites. Patterns of mortality are strongly influenced by the high incidence of diabetes, smoking prevalence, problem drinking, and social determinants. Much of the observed excess mortality can be addressed through known public health interventions. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; cause of death; child; female; human; infant; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; preschool child; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301798_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-Term consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gilman, A.B. Author-Name: Hill, K.G. Author-Name: Hawkins, J.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 938-945 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301821 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the possible public health consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning. Methods. Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study focusing on the development of positive and problem outcomes. Using propensity score matching and logistic regression analyses, we assessed the effects of adolescent gang membership on illegal behavior, educational and occupational attainment, and physical and mental health at the ages of 27, 30, and 33 years. Results. In comparison with their nongang peers, who had been matched on 23 confounding risk variables known to be related to selection into gang membership, those who had joined a gang in adolescence had poorer outcomes in multiple areas of adult functioning, including higher rates of selfreported crime, receipt of illegal income, incarceration, drug abuse or dependence, poor general health, and welfare receipt and lower rates of high school graduation. Conclusions. The finding that adolescent gang membership has significant consequences in adulthood beyond criminal behavior indicates the public health importance of the development of effective gang prevention programs. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; article; child; crime; female; health status; human; longitudinal study; male; mental health; peer group; risk factor; social care; statistics; violence, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Child; Crime; Female; Health Status; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Peer Group; Public Assistance; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301821_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Science as an early driver of policy: Child labor reform in the early progressive era, 1870-1900 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perera, F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1862-1871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302030 Abstract: Scientific evidence is an increasingly important driver of social and environmental policy concerning child health. This trend began earlier than generally recognized. The child labor reform movement of the Gilded Age and early Progressive Era reflected not only moral and economic forces but also the dramatic advances during the later decades of the 19th century in scientific knowledge concerning children's biological and psychological vulnerability to environmental and psychosocial stressors. The growing importance of scientific information in shaping policy concerning children's health between 1870 and 1900 is illustrated by the events leading up to and following the New York State Child Labor Law of 1886. Child labor reform during this period was a critical step in the development of a science-based as well as a valuedriven movement to protect children's environmental health and well-being that continues today. Keywords: article; child; employment; environmental exposure; ethics; family; history; human; legal aspect; morality; occupational exposure; research; social change; socioeconomics; United States, Child; Employment; Environmental Exposure; Family; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Morals; New York; Occupational Exposure; Research; Social Change; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302030_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the connection between health and education: Identifying potential leverage points for public health to improve school attendance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gase, L.N. Author-Name: Kuo, T. Author-Name: Coller, K. Author-Name: Guerrero, L.R. Author-Name: Wong, M.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e47-e54 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301977 Abstract: Objectives. We examined multiple variables influencing school truancy to identify potential leverage points to improve school attendance. Methods. A cross-sectional observational design was used to analyze innercity data collected in Los Angeles County, California, during 2010 to 2011. We constructed an ordinal logistic regression model with cluster robust standard errors to examine the association between truancy and various covariates. Results. The sample was predominantly Hispanic (84.3%). Multivariable analysis revealed greater truancy among students (1) with mild (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 2.01) and severe (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.04, 3.13) depression (referent: no depression), (2) whose parents were neglectful (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.21, 4.03) or indulgent (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.04, 2.82; referent: authoritative parents), (3) who perceived less support from classes, teachers, and other students regarding college preparation (AOR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.81, 0.95), (4) who had low grade point averages (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.49, 4.38), and (5) who reported using alcohol (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI = 2.34, 5.14) or marijuana (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.06, 2.38) during the past month. Conclusions. Study findings suggest depression, substance use, and parental engagement as potential leverage points for public health to intervene to improve school attendance. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; African American; age; article; child parent relation; cross-sectional study; demography; depression; ethnology; female; health behavior; Hispanic; human; male; public health; school; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; urban population, Adolescent; African Americans; Age Factors; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Female; Health Behavior; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Schools; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301977_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work organization and health among immigrant women: Latina manual workers in North Carolina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arcury, T.A. Author-Name: Grzywacz, J.G. Author-Name: Chen, H. Author-Name: Mora, D.C. Author-Name: Quandt, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2445-2452 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301587 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301587 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to describe work organization attributes for employed immigrant Latinas and determine associations of work organization with physical health, mental health, and health-related quality of life. Keywords: adult; cross-sectional study; female; health status indicator; Hispanic; human; interview; Mental Disorders; migrant; Musculoskeletal Diseases; occupation; Occupational Diseases; occupational health; quality of life; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Status Indicators; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Mental Disorders; Musculoskeletal Diseases; North Carolina; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Health; Occupations; Quality of Life Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301587_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Design of implementation studies for quality improvement programs: An effectiveness-cost-effectiveness framework Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cheung, K. Author-Name: Duan, N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e23-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301579 Abstract: Translational research applies basic science discoveries in clinical and community settings. Implementation research is often limited by tremendous variability among settings; therefore, generalization of findings may be limited. Adoption of a novel procedure in a community practice is usually a local decision guided by setting-specific knowledge. The conventional statistical framework that aims to produce generalizable knowledge is inappropriate for local quality improvement investigations. We propose an analytic framework based on cost-effectiveness of the implementation study design, taking into account prior knowledge from local experts. When prior knowledge does not indicate a clear preference between the new and standard procedures, local investigation should guide the choice. The proposed approach requires substantially smaller sample sizes than the conventional approach. Sample size formulae and general guidance are provided. Keywords: cost benefit analysis; economics; evidence based medicine; human; methodology; procedures; program development; total quality management; translational research; article; economics; program development, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Program Development; Quality Improvement; Research Design; Translational Medical Research, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Program Development; Quality Improvement; Research Design; Translational Medical Research Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301579_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health response to data interoperability to prevent child maltreatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, L.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2043-2048 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302143 Abstract: The sharing of data, particularly health data, has been an important tool for the public health community, especially in terms of data sharing across systems (i.e., interoperability). Child maltreatment is a serious publichealthissuethatcould be better mitigated if there were interoperability. There are challenges to addressing child maltreatment interoperability that include the current lack of data sharing among systems, the lack of laws that promote interoperability to address child maltreatment, and the lack of data sharing at the individual level. There are waivers in federal law that allow for interoperability to prevent communicable diseases at the individual level. Child maltreatment has a greater long-term impact than a number of communicable diseases combined, and interoperability should be leveraged to maximize public health strategies to prevent child maltreatment. Keywords: child; child abuse; child welfare; human; information dissemination; prevention and control; procedures; public health; standards; statistics and numerical data, Child; Child Abuse; Child Welfare; Humans; Information Dissemination; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302143_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bikes, helmets, and public health: Decision-making when goods collide Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bateman-House, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 986-992 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301810 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301810 Abstract: How ought public officials address policy choices that entail trade-offs between desirable public health goods? Increasing cycling improves public health both by promoting physical activity and by decreasing vehicle use, thus reducing vehicular emissions. Proponents of bicycle helmets argue that, used properly, they protect individual cyclists; however, there is concern that mandating helmet use may result in a decrease in cycling. In 2012, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg opposed a bicycle helmet mandate, concerned that it would have a negative impact on the city's cycling rate, which he had sought to increase. The mayor did not explain his rationale, leaving constituents unsure why he opposed the proposal. This case study underscores the challenge of creating public policy in the context of competing public health goods. Keywords: article; bicycle; head injury; health promotion; helmet; human; injury; legal aspect; management; mandatory program; methodology; policy; United States, Bicycling; Craniocerebral Trauma; Head Protective Devices; Health Promotion; Humans; Mandatory Programs; New York City; Policy Making; Public Policy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301810_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of applied epidemiology methods in the disaster management cycle Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Malilay, J. Author-Name: Heumann, M. Author-Name: Perrotta, D. Author-Name: Wolkin, A.F. Author-Name: Schnall, A.H. Author-Name: Podgornik, M.N. Author-Name: Cruz, M.A. Author-Name: Horney, J.A. Author-Name: Zane, D. Author-Name: Roisman, R. Author-Name: Greenspan, J.R. Author-Name: Thoroughman, D. Author-Name: Anderson, H.A. Author-Name: Wells, E.V. Author-Name: Simms, E.F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2092-2102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302010 Abstract: Disaster epidemiology (i.e., applied epidemiology in disaster settings) presents a source of reliable and actionable information for decision-makers and stakeholders in the disaster management cycle. However, epidemiological methods have yet to be routinely integrated into disaster response and fully communicated to response leaders. We present a framework consisting of rapid needs assessments, health surveillance, tracking and registries, and epidemiological investigations, including risk factor and health outcome studies and evaluation of interventions, which can be practiced throughout the cycle. Applying each method can result in actionable information for planners and decision-makers responsible for preparedness, response, and recovery. Disaster epidemiology, once integrated into the disaster management cycle, can provide the evidence base to inform and enhance response capability within the public health infrastructure. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: disaster; disaster medicine; epidemiology; health survey; human; needs assessment; procedures; public health; register; risk factor, Disaster Medicine; Disasters; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Needs Assessment; Population Surveillance; Public Health; Registries; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302010_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Colorectal cancer screening among the homeless population of New York City shelter-based clinics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Asgary, R. Author-Name: Garland, V. Author-Name: Jakubowski, A. Author-Name: Sckell, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1307-1313 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301792 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301792 Abstract: Objectives. We determined colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates, predictors, and barriers in 2 major New York City shelter-based clinics. Methods. We extracted screening rates, sociodemographic characteristics, and factors associated with homelessness from medical records of domiciled and homeless patients aged 50 years and older (n = 443) with at least 3 clinic visits between 2010 and 2012. Results. The majority of patients were African American or Hispanic, 76% were male, and 60.7% were homeless (mean = 2.4 years; SD = 2.8 years). Domiciled patients were more likely than homeless patients to be screened (41.3% vs 19.7%; P < .001). Homeless and domiciled patients received equal provider counseling, but more homeless patients declined screening (P < .001). In logistic regression, gender, race, duration of homelessness, insurance status, substance and alcohol abuse, chronic diseases, and mental health were not associated with screening, but housing, provider counseling, and older age were. Conclusions. Proposed interventions to improve CRC screening include respite shelter rooms for colonoscopy prepping, patient navigators to help navigate the health system and accompany patients to and from the procedure, counseling at all clinical encounters, and tailored patient education to address misconceptions. Keywords: addiction; aged; ancestry group; article; colorectal tumor; early diagnosis; ethnology; female; homelessness; housing; human; male; mental health; middle aged; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; time; United States; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Colorectal Neoplasms; Continental Population Groups; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; New York City; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301792_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Six components necessary for effective public health program implementation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 17-22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301608 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301608 Abstract: Public health programs succeed and survive if organizations and coalitions address 6 key areas. (1) Innovation to develop the evidence base for action; (2) a technical package of a limited number of highpriority, evidence-based interventions that together will have a major impact; (3) effective performance management, especially through rigorous, real-time monitoring, evaluation, and program improvement; (4) partnerships and coalitions with public- and privatesector organizations; (5) communication of accurate and timely information to the health care community, decision makers, and the public to effect behavior change and engage civil society; and (6) political commitment to obtain resources and support for effective action. Programs including smallpox eradication, tuberculosis control, tobacco control, polio eradication, and others have made progress by addressing these 6 areas. Keywords: article; decision making; evidence based practice; human; interpersonal communication; mass communication; politics; public health service; public relations; standard; total quality management; public health service; standards, Communication; Community-Institutional Relations; Decision Making; Diffusion of Innovation; Evidence-Based Practice; Humans; Politics; Public Health Practice; Quality Improvement, Communication; Community-Institutional Relations; Decision Making; Diffusion of Innovation; Evidence-Based Practice; Humans; Politics; Public Health Practice; Quality Improvement Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301608_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early effects of the San Francisco paid sick leave policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colla, C.H. Author-Name: Dow, W.H. Author-Name: Dube, A. Author-Name: Lovell, V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2453-2460 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301575 Abstract: Objectives. We examined employers' responses to San Francisco, California's 2007 Paid Sick Leave Ordinance. Keywords: female; human; male; medical leave; policy; questionnaire; salary and fringe benefit; statistics and numerical data; United States, Female; Humans; Male; Organizational Policy; Questionnaires; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; San Francisco; Sick Leave Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301575_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of lowering the minimum alcohol purchasing age on weekend assaults resulting in hospitalization in New Zealand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kypri, K. Author-Name: Davie, G. Author-Name: McElduff, P. Author-Name: Connor, J. Author-Name: Langley, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1396-1401 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301889 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the effects on assault rates of lowering the minimum alcohol purchasing age in New Zealand from 20 to 18 years. We hypothesized that the law change would increase assaults among young people aged 18 to 19 years (the target group) and those aged 15 to 17 years via illegal sales or alcohol supplied by older friends or family members. Methods. Using Poisson regression, we examined weekend assaults resulting in hospitalization from 1995 to 2011. Outcomes were assessed separately by gender among young people aged 15 to 17 years and those aged 18 to 19 years, with those aged 20 and 21 years included as a control group. Results. Relative to young men aged 20 to 21 years, assaults increased significantly among young men aged 18 to 19 years between 1995 and 1999 (the period before the law change), as well as the postchange periods 2003 to 2007 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 1.39) and 2008 to 2011 (IRR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.37). Among boys aged 15 to 17 years, assaults increased during the postchange periods 1999 to 2003 (IRR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.49) and 2004 to 2007 (IRR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.45). There were no statistically significant effects among girls and young women. Conclusions. Lowering the minimum alcohol purchasing age increased weekend assaults resulting in hospitalization among young males 15 to 19 years of age. Keywords: adolescent; age; alcoholic beverage; article; drinking behavior; female; hospitalization; human; legal aspect; male; New Zealand; statistics; violence; young adult, Adolescent; Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; New Zealand; Violence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301889_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of preventive dental care among medicaid-enrolled, school-aged US children in immigrant and nonimmigrant families: Trends in Pennsylvania from 2005 through 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yun, K. Author-Name: Chesnokova, A. Author-Name: Shults, J. Author-Name: Pinto, A. Author-Name: Rubin, D.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2400-2408 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302157 Abstract: Objectives. We describe trends in receipt of preventive dental care among Medicaid-enrolled children in Pennsylvania between 2005 and 2010, comparing the US children of immigrants with their co-ethnic peers in nonimmigrant families. Keywords: adolescent; child; comparative study; dental procedure; economics; ethnic group; female; human; infant; longitudinal study; male; medicaid; migrant; preschool child; preventive health service; United States; utilization, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Care for Children; Emigrants and Immigrants; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medicaid; Pennsylvania; Preventive Health Services; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302157_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preparing for rectal microbicides: Sociocultural factors affecting product uptake among potential South American users Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, J.T. Author-Name: Kinsler, J.J. Author-Name: Imrie, J. Author-Name: Nureña, C.R. Author-Name: Ruiz, L. Author-Name: Galarza, L.F. Author-Name: Sánchez, J. Author-Name: Cunningham, W.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e113-e120 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301731 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301731 Abstract: Objectives. We examined views on rectal microbicides (RMs), a potential HIV prevention option, among men who have sex with men and transgender women in 3 South American cities. Methods. During September 2009 to September 2010, we conducted 10 focus groups and 36 in-depth interviews (n = 140) in Lima and Iquitos, Peru, and Guayaquil, Ecuador, to examine 5 RM domains: knowledge, thoughts and opinions about RM as an HIV prevention tool, use, condoms, and social concerns. We coded emergent themes in recorded and transcribed data sets and extracted representative quotes. We collected sociodemographic information with a self-administered questionnaire. Results. RM issues identified included limited knowledge; concerns regarding plausibility, side effects, and efficacy; impact on condomuse; target users (insertive vs receptive partners); and access concerns. Conclusions. Understanding the sociocultural issues affecting RMs is critical to their uptake and should be addressed prior to product launch. Keywords: antiinfective agent, adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; condom; Ecuador; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; interview; male; male homosexuality; Peru; psychological aspect; rectal drug administration; sexual behavior; transsexuality; utilization review; young adult, Administration, Rectal; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Attitude to Health; Condoms; Ecuador; Female; Focus Groups; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Peru; Sexual Behavior; Transgendered Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301731_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Coulter et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coulter, R.W.S. Author-Name: Kenst, K.S. Author-Name: Bowen, D.J. Author-Name: Scout Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e7-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302028 Keywords: female; financial management; human; male; national health organization; note; research; sexuality; statistics; transsexuality, Female; Humans; Male; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Research; Research Support as Topic; Sexuality; Transgendered Persons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302028_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bridging the divide: HIV prevention research and black men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andrasik, M.P. Author-Name: Chandler, C. Author-Name: Powell, B. Author-Name: Humes, D. Author-Name: Wakefield, S. Author-Name: Kripke, K. Author-Name: Eckstein, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 708-714 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301653 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301653 Abstract: Objectives. We obtained contextual information regarding documented barriers to HIV clinical trial participation among Black men who have sex with men (MSM), and explored current preventive HIV clinical trial attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions among Black MSM leaders in the United States. Methods. We conducted 2 focus groups with Black MSM leaders attending an annual African American MSM Leadership Conference on HIV/AIDS. Focus group questions explored biomedical research perceptions and attitudes, barriers to participation in biomedical prevention research, and steps that need to be taken to address these barriers. A feedback and member checking (participants presented with final themes to provide feedback and guidance) session was also held at the 2012 conference. Results. Three distinct themes emerged regarding Black MSM engagement and participation in HIV vaccine research: (1) community-based organizations as true partners, (2) investment in the Black gay community, and (3) true efforts to inform and educate the community. Conclusions. A key focus for improving efforts to engage the Black MSM community in preventive HIV clinical trials is building and maintaining equitable and reciprocal partnerships among research institutions, Black-led AIDS service organizations and community-based organizations, and community members. Keywords: adult; article; attitude to health; Black person; demography; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; male; male homosexuality; medical research; psychological aspect; United States, Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Attitude to Health; Biomedical Research; Focus Groups; Health Education; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Residence Characteristics; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301653_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Retaining homeless veterans in outpatient care: A pilot study of mobile phone text message appointment reminders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McInnes, D.K. Author-Name: Petrakis, B.A. Author-Name: Gifford, A.L. Author-Name: Rao, S.R. Author-Name: Houston, T.K. Author-Name: Asch, S.M. Author-Name: O'Toole, T.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S588-S594 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302061 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the feasibility of using mobile phone text messaging with homeless veterans to increase their engagement in care and reduce appointment no-shows. Methods.We sent 2 text message reminders to participants (n = 20) before each of their outpatient appointments at an urban Veterans Affairs medical center. Evaluation included pre- and postsurvey questionnaires, open-ended questions, and review of medical records. We estimated costs and savings of large-scale implementation. Results. Participants were satisfied with the text-messaging intervention, had very few technical difficulties, and were interested in continuing. Patientcancelled visits and no-shows trended downward from 53 to 37 and from 31 to 25, respectively. Participants also experienced a statistically significant reduction in emergency department visits, from 15 to 5 (difference of 10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2, 17.8; P = .01), and a borderline significant reduction in hospitalizations, from 3 to 0 (difference of 3; 95% CI =-0.4, 6.4; P = .08). Conclusions. Text message reminders are a feasible means of reaching homeless veterans, and users consider it acceptable and useful. Implementation may reduce missed visits and emergency department use, and thus produce substantial cost savings. Keywords: adult; ambulatory care; article; female; health status; homelessness; hospital management; human; male; middle aged; mobile phone; patient satisfaction; pilot study; reminder system; socioeconomics; text messaging; veteran, Adult; Ambulatory Care; Appointments and Schedules; Cellular Phone; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Pilot Projects; Reminder Systems; Socioeconomic Factors; Text Messaging; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302061_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating health into disaster risk reduction strategies: Key considerations for success Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dar, O. Author-Name: Buckley, E.J. Author-Name: Rokadiya, S. Author-Name: Huda, Q. Author-Name: Abrahams, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1811-1816 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302134 Abstract: The human and financial costs of disasters are vast. In 2011, disasters were estimated to have cost $378 billion worldwide; disasters have affected 64% of the world's population since 1992. Consequently, disaster risk reduction strategies have become increasingly prominent on national and international policy agendas. However, the function of health in disaster risk reduction strategies often has been restricted to emergency response. Keywords: article; attitude to health; disaster planning; economics; health; health care delivery; health care organization; health status; human; mental health; organization and management; policy; risk factor; risk reduction; vulnerable population, Disaster Planning; Health Care Rationing; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Humans; Mental Health; Policy; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Vulnerable Populations; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302134_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health practice is not research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Otto, J.L. Author-Name: Holodniy, M. Author-Name: DeFraites, R.F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 596-602 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301663 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301663 Abstract: Scientific and clinical activities undertaken by public health agencies may be misconstrued asmedical research. Most discussions of regulatory and legal oversight of medical research focus on activities involving either patients in clinical practice or volunteers in clinical trials. These discussions often exclude similar activities that constitute or support core functions of public health practice. As a result, public health agencies and practitioners may be held to inappropriate regulatory standards regarding research. Through the lens of the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs, and using several case studies from these departments, we offer a framework for the adjudication of activities common to research and public health practice that could assist public health practitioners, research oversight authorities, and scientific journals in determining whether such activities require regulatory review and approval as research. Keywords: article; epidemic; government; government regulation; health survey; human; legal aspect; medical research; program evaluation; public health; public health service; United States, Biomedical Research; Disease Outbreaks; Government Regulation; Humans; Population Surveillance; Program Evaluation; Public Health; Public Health Administration; United States; United States Department of Defense; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301663_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reproductive rights denied: The hyde amendment and access to abortion for native American women using indian health service facilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arnold, S.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1892-1893 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302084 Abstract: Restrictions on the use of federal funds to provide abortions have limited the access to abortion services for Native American women receiving care at Indian Health Service facilities. Current data suggest that the vast majority of Indian Health Service facilities are unequipped to provide abortions under any circumstances. Native American women experience disproportionately high rates of sexual assault and unintended pregnancy. Hyde Amendment restrictions systematically infringe on the reproductive rights of Native American women and present a pressing public health policy concern. Keywords: American Indian; article; economics; female; health care delivery; human; induced abortion; organization and management; pregnancy; public health service; reproductive rights; statistics; United States, Abortion, Induced; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Indians, North American; Pregnancy; Reproductive Rights; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302084_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Importance of relationship context in HIV transmission: results from a qualitative case-control study in Rakai, Uganda (Am J Public Health. (2014) 104 (612-620) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higgins, J.A. Author-Name: Mathur, S. Author-Name: Eckel, E. Author-Name: Kelley, L. Author-Name: Nakyanjo, N. Author-Name: Sekamwa, R. Author-Name: Namatovu, J. Author-Name: Ddaaki, W. Author-Name: Nakubulwa, R. Author-Name: Namakula, S. Author-Name: Nalugoda, F. Author-Name: Santelli, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670e Keywords: article; China; epidemic; flooding; history; human; public health service; refugee; sanitation; statistics, China; Epidemics; Floods; History, 20th Century; Humans; Public Health Administration; Refugees; Sanitation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301670e_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fleming et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fleming, P.J. Author-Name: Lee, J.G.L. Author-Name: Dworkin, S.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302128 Keywords: female; human; male; masculinity; methodology; note; public health, Female; Humans; Male; Masculinity; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302128_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors influencing adoption of and adherence to indoor smoking bans among health disparity communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rees, V.W. Author-Name: Keske, R.R. Author-Name: Blaine, K. Author-Name: Aronstein, D. Author-Name: Gandelman, E. Author-Name: Lora, V. Author-Name: Savage, C. Author-Name: Geller, A.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1928-1934 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301735 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301735 Abstract: Methods: We used a cross-sectional design to assess home smoking rules, smoking status, cigarettes smoked in the home, and barriers and benefits to attaining a smoke-free home among 138 caregivers (mean age = 30.0 years; 92% women) of children aged 0 to 6 years, between April 2010 and September 2012. Indoor SHS was assessed using a nicotine dosimeter. Keywords: adult; article; cross-sectional study; demography; ethnology; female; human; infant; male; methodology; parent; passive smoking; poverty; preschool child; smoking; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adult; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Massachusetts; Parents; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301735_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco retailer proximity and density and nicotine dependence among smokers with serious mental illness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young-Wolff, K.C. Author-Name: Henriksen, L. Author-Name: Delucchi, K. Author-Name: Prochaska, J.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1454-1463 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301917 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the density and proximity of tobacco retailers and associations with smoking behavior and mental health in a diverse sample of 1061 smokers with serious mental illness (SMI) residing in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Methods. Participants' addresses were geocoded and linked with retailer licensing data to determine the distance between participants' residence and the nearest retailer (proximity) and the number of retailers within 500-meter and 1-kilometer service areas (density). Results. More than half of the sample lived within 250 meters of a tobacco retailer. A median of 3 retailers were within 500 meters of participants' residences, and a median of 12 were within 1 kilometer. Among smokers with SMI, tobacco retailer densities were 2-fold greater than for the general population and were associated with poorer mental health, greater nicotine dependence, and lower self-efficacy for quitting. Conclusions. Our findings provide further evidence of the tobacco retail environment as a potential vector contributing to tobacco-related disparities among individuals with SMI and suggest that this group may benefit from progressive environmental protections that restrict tobacco retail licenses and reduce aggressive point-of-sale marketing. Keywords: adult; age; article; demography; female; human; male; mental disease; psychological aspect; sex; smoking; socioeconomics; statistics; tobacco; tobacco dependence; United States, Adult; Age Factors; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Residence Characteristics; San Francisco; Sex; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Use Disorder Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301917_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The implications of fundamental cause theory for priority setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldberg, D.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1839-1843 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302058 Abstract: Application of fundamental cause theory to Powers and Faden's model of social justice highlights the ethical superiority of upstream public health interventions. Keywords: article; ethics; health care planning; health care policy; health disparity; human; public health; social determinants of health; social justice; socioeconomics, Health Policy; Health Priorities; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health; Social Justice; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302058_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wounds on wheels: Implementing a specialized wound clinic within an established syringe exchange program in Baltimore, Maryland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robinowitz, N. Author-Name: Smith, M.E. Author-Name: Serio-Chapman, C. Author-Name: Chaulk, P. Author-Name: Johnson, K.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2057-2059 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302111 Abstract: People who inject drugs (PWID) experience a high incidence of abscesses and chronic wounds. However, many PWID delay seeking care for their wounds. In 2012, the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program (BNEP) in Baltimore, Maryland, partnered with the Johns Hopkins Wound Healing Center to establish a mobile BNEP Wound Clinic. This clinic provided specialized wound care for BNEP patients. In sixteen months, the clinic treated 78 unique patients during 172 visits overall. On average, each visit cost the program $146.45, which was substantially less than clinic-based treatment. This program demonstrates that specialized wound care can be effectively provided through mobile outreach. A community-based service delivery approach might serve as a model for local health departments looking to improve the health of PWID. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; complication; female; human; male; middle aged; Needlestick Injuries; organization and management; outpatient department; preventive health service; program development; substance abuse; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Baltimore; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Needle-Exchange Programs; Needlestick Injuries; Program Development; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302111_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Restoring justice: from punishment to public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Drucker, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 3 Pages: 388 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301808 Keywords: criminal law; editorial; female; human; human rights abuse; male; prisoner; public health; punishment; statistics; United States, Criminal Law; Female; Human Rights Abuses; Humans; Male; Prisoners; Public Health; Punishment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301808_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prostate cancer deaths and incident cases among American Indian/Alaska native men, 1999û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hoffman, R.M. Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Henderson, J.A. Author-Name: Ajani, U.A. Author-Name: Wiggins, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S439-S445 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301690 Abstract: Objectives. We linked databases to improve identification of American Indians/ Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in determining prostate cancer death and incidence rates. Methods. We linked prostate cancer mortality and incidence data with Indian Health Service (IHS) patient records; analyses focused on residents of HIS Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. We calculated age-adjusted incidence and death rates for AI/AN and White men for 1999 to 2009; men of Hispanic origin were excluded. Results. Prostate cancer death rates were higher for AI/AN men than for White men. Death rates declined for White men (û3.0% per year) but not for AI/AN men. AI/AN men had lower prostate cancer incidence rates than White men. Incidence rates declined among Whites (û2.2% per year) and AI/ANs (û1.9% per year). Conclusions. AI/AN men had higher prostate cancer death rates and lower prostate cancer incidence rates than White men. Disparities in accessing health care could contribute to mortality differences, and incidence differences could be related to lower prostate-specific antigen testing rates among AI/AN men. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; prostate tumor; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Prostatic Neoplasms; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301690_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preconception stress, birth weight, and birth weight disparities among us women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strutz, K.L. Author-Name: Hogan, V.K. Author-Name: Siega-Riz, A.M. Author-Name: Suchindran, C.M. Author-Name: Halpern, C.T. Author-Name: Hussey, J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e125-e132 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301904 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of preconception acute and chronic stressors on offspring birth weight and racial/ethnic birth weight disparities. Methods. We included birth weights for singleton live first (n = 3512) and second (n = 1901) births to White, Mexican-origin Latina, other-origin Latina, and Black women reported at wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2007-2008; ages 24-32 years). We generated factor scores for preconception acute and chronic stressors from wave I (1994-1995; ages 11-19 years) or wave III (2001-2002; ages 18-26 years) for the same cohort of women. Results. Linear regression models indicated that chronic stressors, but not acute stressors, were inversely associated with birth weight for both first and second births (b = -192; 95% confidence interval = -270, -113; and b = -180; 95% confidence interval = -315, -45, respectively), and partially explained the disparities in birth weight between the minority racial/ethnic groups and Whites. Conclusions. Preconception chronic stressors contribute to restricted birth weight and to racial/ethnic birth weight disparities. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; birth weight; Black person; Caucasian; child; female; health disparity; Hispanic; human; longitudinal study; mental stress; Mexican American; newborn; pregnancy; statistical model; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Birth Weight; Child; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Longitudinal Studies; Mexican Americans; Pregnancy; Stress, Psychological; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301904_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in binge eating: Disorder prevalence, symptom presentation, and help-seeking among Asian Americans and non-Latino Whites Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee-Winn, A. Author-Name: Mendelson, T. Author-Name: Mojtabai, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1263-1265 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301932 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301932 Abstract: Asian Americans are more likely than non-Latino Whites to report binge eating, but are equally likely to meet binge eating disorder (BED) criteria. Using nationally representative data, we assessed whether differences in symptom reporting contributed to this disparity. Asian Americans were less likely than Whites to endorse BED symptoms related to distress or loss of control despite a higher prevalence of binge eating; they were also less likely to receive services for eating problems. Findings suggest cultural differences might lead to under-recognition of binge eating in Asian Americans. Keywords: adult; article; Asian American; binge eating disorder; Caucasian; cultural factor; ethnology; female; health disparity; human; male; mental stress; middle aged; patient attitude; prevalence; psychological aspect; statistics, Adult; Asian Americans; Binge-Eating Disorder; Cultural Characteristics; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prevalence; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301932_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal depression as a risk factor for family homelessness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curtis, M.A. Author-Name: Corman, H. Author-Name: Noonan, K. Author-Name: Reichman, N.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1664-1670 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301941 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the effects of maternal depression during the postpartum year, which is often an unexpected event, on subsequent homelessness and risk of homelessness in a national sample of urban, mostly low-income mothers. Methods. We used logistic regression models to estimate associations between maternal depression during the postpartum year and both homelessness and risk of homelessness 2 to 3 years later, controlling for maternal and family history of depression, prenatal housing problems, and other covariates. Risk factors for homelessness included experiencing evictions or frequent moves and moving in with family or friends and not paying rent. Results. We found robust associations between maternal depression during the postpartum year and subsequent homelessness and risk of homelessness, even among mothers who had no history of mental illness, whose own mothers did not have a history of depressive symptoms, and who had no previous housing problems. Conclusions. This study provides robust evidence that maternal mental illness places families with young children at risk for homelessness, contributes to the scant literature elucidating directional and causal links between mental illness and homelessness, and contributes to a stagnant but important literature on family homelessness. Keywords: adult; article; female; homelessness; human; puerperal depression; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistical model; statistics, Adult; Depression, Postpartum; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Logistic Models; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301941_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Important considerations when analyzing health survey data collected using a complex sample design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sakshaug, J.W. Author-Name: West, B.T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301515 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301515 Keywords: article; health survey; human; methodology; public health; statistical analysis; United States, Data Interpretation, Statistical; Health Surveys; Humans; Public Health; Research Design; United States, Data Interpretation, Statistical; Health Surveys; Humans; Public Health; Research Design; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301515_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental care coverage and use: Modeling limitations and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Manski, R.J. Author-Name: Moeller, J.F. Author-Name: Chen, H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 2002-2009 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301693 Abstract: Conclusions: Providing dental care coverage to uninsured olderUS adultswithout use will not necessarily result in use rates similar to those with prior coverage and use. We have offered a model using modifiable factors that may help policy planners facilitate programs to increase dental care coverage uptake and use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301693_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparing medical and dental providers of oral health services on early dental caries experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kranz, A.M. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Author-Name: Preisser, J.S. Author-Name: Stearns, S.C. Author-Name: Weinberger, M. Author-Name: Lee, J.Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e92-e99 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301972 Abstract: Objectives. Most state Medicaid programs reimburse nondental primary care providers (PCPs) for providing preventive oral health services to young children. We examined the association between who (PCP, dentist, or both) provides these services to Medicaid enrollees before age 3 years and oral health at age 5 years. Methods. We linked North Carolina Medicaid claims (1999-2006) to oral health surveillance data (2005-2006). Regression models estimated oral health status (number of decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth) and untreated disease (proportion of untreated decayed teeth), with adjustment for relevant characteristics and by using inverse-probability-of-treatmentweights to address confounding. Results. We analyzed data for 5235 children with 2 or more oral health visits from a PCP, dentist, or both. Children with multiple PCP or dentist visits had a similar number of overall mean decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth in kindergarten, whereas children with only PCP visits had a higher proportion of untreated decayed teeth. Conclusions. The setting and provider type did not influence the effectiveness of preventive oral health services on children's overall oral health. However, children having only PCP visits may encounter barriers to obtaining dental treatment. Keywords: ancestry group; article; dental caries; dentist; female; health survey; human; infant; insurance; male; medicaid; organization and management; preschool child; primary health care; statistics; United States, Child, Preschool; Continental Population Groups; Dental Caries; Dentists; DMF Index; Female; Humans; Infant; Insurance Claim Review; Male; Medicaid; North Carolina; Primary Health Care; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301972_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Infectious disease mortality among American Indians and Alaska natives, 1999û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cheek, J.E. Author-Name: Holman, R.C. Author-Name: Redd, J.T. Author-Name: Haberling, D. Author-Name: Hennessy, T.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S446-S452 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301721 Abstract: Objectives. We described death rates and leading causes of death caused by infectious diseases (IDs) in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons. Methods. We analyzed national mortality data, adjusted for AI/AN race by linkage with Indian Health Service registration records, for all US counties and Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. The average annual 1999 to 2009 ID death rates per 100 000 persons for AI/AN persons were compared with corresponding rates for Whites. Results. The ID death rate in AI/AN populations was significantly higher than that of Whites. A reported 8429 ID deaths (rate 86.2) in CHSDA counties occurred among AI/AN persons; the rate was significantly higher than the rate in Whites (44.0; rate ratio [RR] = 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.91, 2.00). The rates for the top 10 ID underlying causes of death were significantly higher for AI/AN persons than those for Whites. Lower respiratory tract infection and septicemia were the top-ranked causes. The greatest relative rate disparity was for tuberculosis (RR = 13.51; 95% CI = 11.36, 15.93). Conclusions. Health equity might be furthered by expansion of interventions to reduce IDs among AI/AN communities. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; communicable disease; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Communicable Diseases; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301721_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The adoption and discontinuation of clinical services by local health departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hsuan, C. Author-Name: Rodriguez, H.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 124-133 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301426 Abstract: Objectives: We identified factors associated with local health department (LHD) adoption and discontinuation of clinical services. Methods: We used multivariate regression with 1997 and 2008 LHD survey and area resource data to examine factors associated with LHDs maintaining or offering more clinical services (adopter) versus offering fewer services (discontinuer) over time and with the number of clinical services discontinued among discontinuers. Results: Few LHDs (22.2%) were adopters. The LHDs were more likely to be adopters if operating in jurisdictions with local boards of health and not in health professional shortage areas, and if experiencing larger percentage increase in non-White population and Medicaid managed care penetration. Discontinuer LHDs eliminated more clinical services in jurisdictions that decreased core public health activities' scope over time, increased community partners' involvement in these activities, had larger increases in Medicaid managed care penetration, and had lower LHD expenditures per capita over time. Conclusions: Most LHDs are discontinuing clinical services over time. Those that cover awide range ofcore public health functions are less likelytodiscontinue services when residents lack care access. Thus, the impact of discontinuation on population health may be mitigated. Keywords: government; health care delivery; health care facility; health services research; human; organization; organization and management; public health service; risk factor; standards; United States; article; health care delivery; organization and management; public health service; standard, Delivery of Health Care; Health Facility Closure; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Research; Humans; Local Government; Organizational Objectives; Public Health Administration; Risk Factors; United States, Delivery of Health Care; Health Facility Closure; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Research; Humans; Local Government; Organizational Objectives; Public Health Administration; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301426_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of network social capital on the chances of smoking relapse: A two-year follow-up study of urban-dwelling adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, S. Author-Name: Teixeira, A. Author-Name: Stewart, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e72-e76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302239 Abstract: Results. Of the 1400 MoNNET-HA follow-up participants, 1087 were nonsmokers in 2008. Among nonsmokers, 42 were smokers in 2010. Results revealed that participants with higher network social capital were less likely (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.47, 0.96), whereas socially isolated participants (OR = 3.69; 95% CI = 1.36, 10.01) or those who had ties to smokers within the household (OR = 4.22; 95% CI = 1.52, 11.73) were more likely to report smoking in 2010. Keywords: adult; aged; Canada; female; follow up; human; male; middle aged; prevention and control; recurrent disease; smoking; social support; urban population, Adult; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Quebec; Recurrence; Smoking; Social Support; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302239_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation, a human rights and health concern Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sorenson, S.B. Author-Name: Joshi, M. Author-Name: Sivitz, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e54-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191 Abstract: We reviewed the literature on the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation (also, albeit incorrectly, called choking) by an intimate partner. We searched 6 electronic databases to identify cross-sectional, primary research studies from 1960 to 2014 that reported national prevalence estimates of nonfatal strangulation by an intimate partner among community-residing adults. Of 7260 identified references, 23 articles based on 11 self-reported surveys in 9 countries met the inclusion criteria. The percentage of women who reported ever having been strangled by an intimate partner ranged from 3.0% to 9.7%; past-year prevalence ranged from 0.4% to 2.4%, with 1.0% being typical. Althoughmanyepidemiological surveys inquire about strangulation, evidence regarding its prevalence is scarce. Modifying or adding a question to ongoing national surveys, particularly the Demographic and Health Surveys, would remedy the lack of data for low- and middle-income countries. In addition, when questions about strangulation are asked, findings should be reported rather than only combined with other questions to form broader categories (e.g., severe violence). Such action is merited because of the multiple negative short- and long-term sequelae of strangulation. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; adult; airway obstruction; domestic violence; female; human; human rights; male; prevalence; public health; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Airway Obstruction; Domestic Violence; Female; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Public Health; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating the implementation process of a citywide smoke-Free multiunit housing ordinance: Insights from community stakeholders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yerger, V.B. Author-Name: Battle, R.S. Author-Name: Moore, R.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1889-1891 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302075 Abstract: We evaluated the implementation process of Richmond, California's citywide smoke-free multiunit housing ordinance. We conducted semistructured focus groups with multiunit housing tenants, owners, and managers. Residents understood the harms of secondhand smoke but lacked accurate information about the ordinance and questioned its enforceability. They shared concerns that the city lacked cessation resources for smokers wishing to quit because of the ordinance. To increase compliance with the ordinance, tenants, owners, and managers need accurate information. Keywords: adult; aged; ancestry group; article; attitude to health; demography; female; housing; human; information processing; legal aspect; male; methodology; middle aged; passive smoking; smoking cessation; United States, Adult; Aged; California; Continental Population Groups; Female; Focus Groups; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Housing; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302075_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental therapists: Improving access to oral health care for underserved children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, J.W. Author-Name: Mathu-Muju, K.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1005-1009 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301895 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301895 Abstract: Disparities in dental health care that characterize poor populations are well known. Children suffer disproportionately and most severely from dental diseases. Many countries have school-based dental therapist programs to meet children's primary oral health care needs. Although dental therapists in the United States face opposition from national and state dental associations,many state governments are considering funding the training and deployment of dental therapists to care for underserved populations. Dental therapists care for American Indians/ Alaska Natives in Alaska, and Minnesota became the first state to legislate dental therapist training. Children should receive priority preference; therefore, the most effective and economical utilization of dental therapists will be as salaried employees in school-based programs, beginning in underserved rural areas and inner cities. Keywords: article; child; dental procedure; economics; health care delivery; health care disparity; human; methodology; organization and management; school health service; social justice; United States; vulnerable population, Alaska; Child; Dental Care for Children; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Minnesota; School Health Services; Social Justice; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301895_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From the sidelines to the frontline: How the substance abuse and mental health services administration embraced smoking cessation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santhosh, L. Author-Name: Meriwether, M. Author-Name: Saucedo, C. Author-Name: Reyes, R. Author-Name: Cheng, C. Author-Name: Clark, B. Author-Name: Tipperman, D. Author-Name: Schroeder, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 796-802 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301852 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301852 Abstract: Smoking is a major contributor to premature mortality among people with mental illness and substance abuse. Historically, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) did not include smoking cessation in its mission. We describe the development of a unique partnership between SAMHSA and the University of California, San Francisco's Smoking Cessation Leadership Center. Starting with an educational summit in Virginia in 2007, it progressed to a jointly sponsored "100 Pioneers for Smoking Cessation" campaign that provided grants and technical assistance to organizations promoting cessation. By 2013, the partnership established 7 "Leadership Academies," state-level multidisciplinary collaboratives of organizations focused on cessation. This academic-public partnership increased tobacco quit attempts, improved collaboration across multiple agencies, and raised awareness about tobacco use in vulnerable populations. Keywords: article; cooperation; government; health care policy; health education; human; leadership; legal aspect; organization and management; passive smoking; public relations; smoking cessation; United States; university, Cooperative Behavior; Health Education; Health Policy; Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; Leadership; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; United States; United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301852_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychological first aid: A consensus-derived, empirically supported, competency-based training model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCabe, O.L. Author-Name: Everly Jr., G.S. Author-Name: Brown, L.M. Author-Name: Wendelboe, A.M. Author-Name: Hamid, N.H.A. Author-Name: Tallchief, V.L. Author-Name: Links, J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 621-628 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219 Abstract: Surges in demand for professional mental health services occasioned by disasters represent a major public health challenge. To build response capacity, numerous psychological first aid (PFA) training models for professional and lay audiences have been developed that, although often concurring on broad intervention aims, have not systematically addressed pedagogical elements necessary for optimal learning or teaching. We describe a competency-based model of PFA training developed under the auspices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Association of Schools of Public Health.We explain the approach used for developing and refining the competency set and summarize the observable knowledge, skills, and attitudes underlying the 6 core competency domains. We discuss the strategies for model dissemination, validation, and adoption in professional and lay communities. Keywords: article; consensus; curriculum; disaster; education; educational model; emergency; emergency health service; first aid; human; methodology; organization and management; psychological aspect; self care, Competency-Based Education; Consensus; Disasters; Education; Emergencies; First Aid; Humans; Models, Educational; Self Care; Triage Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301219_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementation of tobacco cessation quitline practices in the United States and Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saul, J.E. Author-Name: Bonito, J.A. Author-Name: Provan, K. Author-Name: Ruppel, E. Author-Name: Leischow, S.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e98-e105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302074 Abstract: Objectives: We examined relationships between implementation of tobacco quitline practices, levels of evidence of practices, and quitline reach and spending. Keywords: article; Canada; clinical protocol; counseling; human; information processing; methodology; smoking cessation; telephone; text messaging; United States, Canada; Clinical Protocols; Counseling; Data Collection; Humans; Smoking Cessation; Telephone; Text Messaging; Tobacco Use Cessation; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302074_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol-attributable mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landen, M. Author-Name: Roeber, J. Author-Name: Naimi, T. Author-Name: Nielsen, L. Author-Name: Sewell, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S343-S349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301648 Abstract: Objectives. We describe the relative burden of alcohol-attributable death among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) in the United States. Methods. National Death Index records were linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records to identify AI/AN deaths misclassified as non-AI/AN. We calculated age-adjusted alcohol-attributable death rates from 1999 to 2009 for AI/AN and White persons by sex, age, geographic region, and leading causes; individuals of Hispanic origin were excluded. Results. AI/AN persons had a substantially higher rate of alcohol-attributable death than Whites from 2005 to 2009 in IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties (rate ratio = 3.3). The Northern Plains had the highest rate of AI/AN deaths (123.8/100 000), and the East had the lowest (48.9/100 000). For acute causes, the largest relative risks for AI/AN persons compared with Whites were for hypothermia (14.2) and alcohol poisoning (7.6). For chronic causes, the largest relative risks were for alcoholic psychosis (5.0) and alcoholic liver disease (4.9). Conclusions. Proven strategies that reduce alcohol consumption and make the environment safer for excessive drinkers should be further implemented in AI/AN communities. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; death certificate; drinking behavior; ethnology; female; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; risk factor; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Alcohol Drinking; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301648_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The sexual victimization of men in America: New data challenge old assumptions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stemple, L. Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e19-e26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946 Abstract: We assessed 12-month prevalence and incidence data on sexual victimization in 5 federal surveys that the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted independently in 2010 through 2012. We used these data to examine the prevailing assumption that men rarely experience sexual victimization. We concluded that federal surveys detect a high prevalence of sexual victimization among men-in many circumstances similar to the prevalence found among women. We identified factors that perpetuate misperceptions aboutmen's sexual victimization: reliance on traditional gender stereotypes, outdated and inconsistent definitions, and methodological sampling biases that exclude inmates. We recommend changes that move beyond regressive gender assumptions, which can harm both women and men. Keywords: article; crime victim; female; human; male; prisoner; rape; sex difference; statistical bias; statistics; United States, Bias (Epidemiology); Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Male; Prisoners; Rape; Sex Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Workers: The climate canaries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roelofs, C. Author-Name: Wegman, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1799-1801 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302145 Keywords: climate change; editorial; human; occupational exposure; occupational health; United States, Climate Change; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302145_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of weatherization combined with community health worker in-home education on asthma control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Breysse, J. Author-Name: Dixon, S. Author-Name: Gregory, J. Author-Name: Jacobs, D.E. Author-Name: Krieger, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e57-e64 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301402 Abstract: Objectives: We assessed the benefits of adding weatherization-plus-health interventions to an in-home, community health worker (CHW) education program on asthma control. Methods: Weusedaquasi-experimentaldesigntocompare studygroup homes (n = 34) receiving CHW education and weatherization-plus-health structural interventions with historical comparison group homes (n = 68) receiving only education. Data were collected in King County, Washington, from October 2009 to September 2010. Results: Over the 1-year study period, the percentage of study group children with not-well-controlled or very poorly controlled asthma decreased more than the comparison group percentage (100% to 28.8% vs 100% to 51.6%; P =.04). Study group caregiver quality-of-life improvements exceeded comparison group improvements (P =.002) by 0.7 units, a clinically important difference. The decrease in study home asthma triggers (evidence of mold, water damage, pests, smoking) was marginally greater than the comparison group decrease (P =.089). Except for mouse allergen, the percentage of study group allergen floor dust samples at or above the detection limit decreased, although most reductions were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Combining weatherization and healthy home interventions (e.g., improved ventilation, moisture and mold reduction, carpet replacement, and plumbing repairs) with CHW asthma education significantly improves childhood asthma control. Keywords: adolescent; asthma; child; environmental exposure; ethnology; female; health auxiliary; health education; housing; human; interview; male; organization and management; preschool child; propensity score; United States; weather; article; asthma; environmental exposure; health education; organization and management; United States, Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Workers; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Education; Housing; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Propensity Score; Washington; Weather, Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Workers; Environmental Exposure; Female; Health Education; Housing; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Propensity Score; Washington; Weather Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301402_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adverse outcomes among Homeless Adolescents and young adults who report a history of traumatic brain injury Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mackelprang, J.L. Author-Name: Harpin, S.B. Author-Name: Grubenhoff, J.A. Author-Name: Rivara, F.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1986-1992 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302087 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302087 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the prevalence of self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI) among homeless young people and explored whether sociodemographic characteristics, mental health diagnoses, substance use, exposure to violence, or difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs) were associated with TBI. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; article; brain injury; child; female; health status; homelessness; human; male; mental health; prevalence; psychological aspect; risk factor; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; violence; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Brain Injuries; Child; Female; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Minnesota; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sexuality; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Violence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302087_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acceptability of home self-tests for HIV in New York City, 2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myers, J.E. Author-Name: Bodach, S. Author-Name: Cutler, B.H. Author-Name: Shepard, C.W. Author-Name: Philippou, C. Author-Name: Branson, B.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e46-e48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302271 Abstract: Data from a 2006 telephone survey representative of New York City adults showed that more than half (56.2%) of those aged 18 to 64 years responded favorably to a question about acceptability of a rapid home HIV test. More than two thirds of certain subpopulations at high risk for HIV reported that they would use a rapid home HIV test, but approximately half who expressed interest had indications of financial hardship. The match of acceptability and HIV risk bodes well for selftesting utility, but cost might impede uptake. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: diagnostic kit, adolescent; adult; cross-sectional study; diagnostic kit; female; HIV Infections; human; male; middle aged; patient attitude; United States; urban population, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302271_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aggressive policing and the mental health of young urban men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geller, A. Author-Name: Fagan, J. Author-Name: Tyler, T. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2321-2327 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046 Abstract: Objectives. We surveyed young men on their experiences of police encounters and subsequent mental health. Keywords: adolescent; adult; Anxiety Disorders; demography; health survey; human; interview; male; mental health; police; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; United States; urban population, Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Demography; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mental Health; New York City; Police; Population Surveillance; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethnic density and depressive symptoms among African Americans: Threshold and differential effects across social and demographic subgroups Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bécares, L. Author-Name: Nazroo, J. Author-Name: Jackson, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2334-2341 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302047 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between Black ethnic density and depressive symptoms among African Americans. We sought to ascertain whether a threshold exists in the association between Black ethnic density and an important mental health outcome, and to identify differential effects of this association across social, economic, and demographic subpopulations. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; Caucasian; demography; demography; depression; ethnology; female; health survey; human; interview; male; middle aged; population density; prejudice; propensity score; psychology; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Demography; Depression; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Population Density; Prejudice; Propensity Score; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302047_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recommendations for third molar removal: A practice-based cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cunha-Cruz, J. Author-Name: Rothen, M. Author-Name: Spiekerman, C. Author-Name: Drangsholt, M. Author-Name: McClellan, L. Author-Name: Huang, G.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 735-743 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301652 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated general dentists' reasons for recommending removal or retention of third molars and whether patients adhered to dentists' recommendations. Methods. In a 2-year prospective cohort study (2009-2011) in the Pacific Northwest, we followed 801 patients aged 16 to 22 years from 50 general dental practices. Generalized estimating equations logistic regressions related patient and dentist characteristics to dentists' recommendations to remove third molars and to patient adherence. Results. General dentists recommended removal of 1683 third molars from 469 (59%) participants, mainly to prevent future problems (79%) or because a third molar had an unfavorable orientation or was unlikely to erupt (57%). Dentists recommended retention and monitoring of 1244 third molars from 366 (46%) participants, because it was too early to decide (73%), eruption path was favorable (39%), or space for eruption was sufficient (26%). When dentists recommended removal, 55% of participants adhered to this recommendation during follow-up, and the main reason was availability of insurance (88%). Conclusions. General dentists frequently recommended removal of third molars for reasons not related to symptoms or pathology, but rather to prevent future problems. Keywords: adolescent; article; clinical practice; female; human; male; molar tooth; patient compliance; psychological aspect; standard; statistics; tooth extraction; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Dentist's Practice Patterns; Female; Humans; Male; Molar, Third; Northwestern United States; Patient Compliance; Tooth Extraction; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301652_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of receipt of recommended preventive services: implications for the affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McMorrow, S. Author-Name: Kenney, G.M. Author-Name: Goin, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2392-2399 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301569 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301569 Abstract: Objectives. We examined preventive care use by nonelderly adults (aged 18- 64 years) before the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and considered the contributions of insurance coverage and other factors to service use patterns. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; health care policy; human; income; insurance; male; middle aged; organization and management; preventive health service; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization, Adolescent; Adult; Eligibility Determination; Female; Humans; Income; Insurance Coverage; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Preventive Health Services; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301569_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of a "maintain, don't gain" approach to weight management on depression among black women: Results from a randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steinberg, D.M. Author-Name: Askew, S. Author-Name: Lanpher, M.G. Author-Name: Foley, P.B. Author-Name: Levine, E.L. Author-Name: Bennett, G.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1766-1773 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302004 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the effect of a weight gain prevention intervention (Shape Program) on depression among socioeconomically disadvantaged overweight and obese Black women. Methods. Between 2009 and 2012, we conducted a randomized trial comparing a 12-month electronic health-based weight gain prevention intervention to usual primary care at 5 central North Carolina community health centers. We assessed depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).We analyzed change in depression score from baseline to 12- and 18-month follow-up across groups with mixed models. We used generalized estimating equation models to analyze group differences in the proportion above the clinical threshold for depression (PHQ-8 score ≥ 10). Results. At baseline, 20% of participants reported depression. Twelve-month change in depression scores was larger for intervention participants (mean difference = -1.85; 95% confidence interval = -3.08, -0.61; P = .004). There was a significant reduction in the proportion of intervention participants with depression at 12 months with no change in the usual-care group (11% vs 19%; P = .035). All effects persisted after we controlled for weight change and medication use. We saw similar findings at 18 months. Conclusions. The Shape Program, which includes no mention of mood, improved depression among socioeconomically disadvantaged Black women. Keywords: adult; African American; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; depression; ethnology; female; health behavior; health center; health promotion; human; motivation; obesity; organization and management; poverty; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; socioeconomics; United States; weight gain, Adult; African Americans; Community Health Centers; Depression; Female; Goals; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; North Carolina; Overweight; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302004_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing hand washing compliance with a simple visual cue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, E.W. Author-Name: Boyer, B.T. Author-Name: Menachemi, N. Author-Name: Huerta, T.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1851-1856 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301477 Abstract: We tested the efficacy of a simple, visual cue to increase hand washing with soap and water. Automated towel dispensers in 8 public bathrooms were set to present a towel either with or without activation by users. We set the 2 modes to operate alternately for 10 weeks. Wireless sensors were used to record entry into bathrooms. Towel and soap consumption rates were checked weekly. There were 97 351 hand-washing opportunities across all restrooms. Towel use was 22.6% higher (P = .05) and soap use was 13.3% higher (P = .003) when the dispenser presented the towel without user activation than when activation was required. Results showed that a visual cue can increase hand-washing compliance in public facilities. Keywords: soap, article; attitude to health; audiovisual aid; clinical trial; female; hand washing; human; male, Audiovisual Aids; Female; Hand Disinfection; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Soaps Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301477_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Entre los valores y el pragmatism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: De Camargo, K.R., Jr. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: Pages: S193 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986s File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986s Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986s_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Agent orange in Vietnam Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dwyer, J.H. Author-Name: Flesch-Janys, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1857-1860 Keywords: 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin; 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; defoliant agent, article; chemically induced disorder; environmental exposure; history; neoplasm; war, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Defoliants, Chemical; Environmental Exposure; History, 20th Century; Neoplasms; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; Vietnam Conflict Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:10:1857-1860_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: Transforming public health delivery systems with open science principles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mays, G.P. Author-Name: Scutchfield, F.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e37-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302390 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302390_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obesity prevention: Gore-tex or sunscreen? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Drewnowski, A. Author-Name: Rehm, C.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302179 Keywords: environment; human; obesity; season; temperature, Environment; Humans; Obesity; Seasons; Temperature Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302179_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Employment impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Powell, L.M. Author-Name: Wada, R. Author-Name: Persky, J.J. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 672-677 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301630 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301630 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes on net employment. Methods. We used a macroeconomic simulation model to assess the employment impact of a 20% SSB tax accounting for changes in SSB demand, substitution to non-SSBs, income effects, and government expenditures of tax revenues for Illinois and California in 2012. Results. We found increased employment of 4406 jobs in Illinois and 6654 jobs in California, representing a respective 0.06% and 0.03% change in employment. Declines in employment within the beverage industry occurred but were offset by new employment in nonbeverage industry and government sectors. Conclusions. SSB taxes do not have a negative impact on state-level employment, and industry claims of regional job losses are overstated and may mislead lawmakers and constituents. Keywords: article; carbonated beverage; economics; employment; food industry; human; manpower; statistical model; statistics; tax; United States, California; Carbonated Beverages; Employment; Food Industry; Humans; Illinois; Models, Economic; Taxes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301630_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexually transmitted infections among incarcerated women: Findings from a decade of screening in a Los Angeles County Jail, 2002-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Javanbakht, M. Author-Name: Boudov, M. Author-Name: Anderson, L.J. Author-Name: Malek, M. Author-Name: Smith, L.V. Author-Name: Chien, M. Author-Name: Guerry, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e103-e109 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302186 Abstract: Objectives. We describe and report findings from a screening program to identify sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV among female inmates in Los Angeles County Jail. Methods. Chlamydia and gonorrhea screening was offered to entering female inmates. Women were eligible if they were (1) aged 30 years or younger, or (2) pregnant or possibly pregnant, or (3) booked on prostitution or sex-related charges. Voluntary syphilis and HIV testing was offered to all women between 2006 and 2009. This analysis reports on data collected from 2002 through 2012. Results. A total of 76 207 women participated in the program. Chlamydia prevalence was 11.4% and gonorrhea was 3.1%. Early syphilis was identified in 1.4% (141 of 9733) and the overall prevalence of HIV was 1.1% (83 of 7448). Treatment levels for early syphilis and HIV were high (99% and 100%, respectively), but only 56% of chlamydia and 58% of gonorrhea cases were treated. Conclusions. Screening incarcerated women in Los Angeles County revealed a high prevalence of STIs and HIV. These inmates represent a unique opportunity for the identification of STIs and HIV, although strategies to improve chlamydia and gonorrhea treatment rates are needed. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate; morpholine derivative, adolescent; adult; Chlamydia Infections; epidemiology; female; gonorrhea; HIV Infections; human; prison; prisoner; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; statistics and numerical data; syphilis; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Gonorrhea; HIV Infections; Humans; Los Angeles; Morpholines; Prisoners; Prisons; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Syphilis; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302186_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The lifetime effect of residential school attendance on indigenous health status Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaspar, V. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2184-2190 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301479 Abstract: Objectives. I examined the health impact of lifetime Indian Residential school (IRS) attendance and the mediating influences of socioeconomic status and community adversity on health outcomes in a national sample of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Methods. In an analysis of data on 13 881 Inuit, Métis, and off-reserve First Nations or North American Indian adults responding to the postcensus 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey administered October 2006 to March 2007, I tested the direct effect of IRS attendance on health and indirect effects through socioeconomic and community factors using logistic regression procedures. Results. Negative health status was significantly more likely with IRS attendance than nonattendance. The direct effect of IRS attendance remained significant although it attenuated substantially when adjusting for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and community-level adversities. Community adversity and socioeconomic factors, primarily income, employment status, and educational attainment mediated the effect of IRS on health. Conclusions. Residential school attendance is a significant health determinant in the Indigenous population and is adversely associated with subsequent health status both directly and through the effects of attendance on socioeconomic and community-level risks. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; adult; American Indian; Canada; educational status; epidemiology; female; health status; health survey; human; male; middle aged; multivariate analysis; school; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Canada; Educational Status; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Schools; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301479_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insidious trends and social/ environmental justice: Public health's challenge for responding to hazard events Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1802-1804 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302162 Keywords: cost control; disaster planning; economics; editorial; environment; health; human; organization and management; public health; safety; social justice, Cost Control; Disaster Planning; Environment; Humans; Public Health; Safety Management; Social Justice; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302162_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence: Reconsidering the role of chronic stress Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hicken, M.T. Author-Name: Lee, H. Author-Name: Morenoff, J. Author-Name: House, J.S. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 117-123 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301395 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the association between anticipatory stress, also known as racism-related vigilance, and hypertension prevalence in Black, Hispanic, and White adults. Methods: We used data from the Chicago Community Adult Health Study, a population-representative sample of adults (n = 3105) surveyed in 2001 to 2003, to regress hypertension prevalence on the interaction between race/ethnicity and vigilance in logit models. Results: Blacks reported the highest vigilance levels. For Blacks, each unit increase in vigilance (range= 0-12) was associated with a 4% increase in the odds of hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 1.09). Hispanics showed a similar but nonsignificant association (OR =1.05; 95% CI= 0.99, 1.12), and Whites showed no association (OR = 0.95; 95% CI= 0.87, 1.03). Conclusions: Vigilance may represent an important and unique source of chronic stress that contributes to the well-documented higher prevalence of hypertension among Blacks than Whites; it is a possible contributor to hypertension among Hispanics but not Whites. Keywords: adult; African American; Caucasian; chronic disease; complication; cross-sectional study; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; hypertension; interview; male; mental stress; prevalence; statistics and numerical data; United States; article; ethnology; hypertension; mental stress; statistics; United States, Adult; African Americans; Chicago; Chronic Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Hypertension; Interviews as Topic; Male; Prevalence; Stress, Psychological, Adult; African Americans; Chicago; Chronic Disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Hypertension; Interviews as Topic; Male; Prevalence; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301395_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using population reach as a proxy metric for intervention impact to prioritize selection of obesity prevention strategies in Los Angeles County, 2010-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robles, B. Author-Name: Kuo, T. Author-Name: Leighs, M. Author-Name: Wang, M.C. Author-Name: Simon, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e14-e19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301979 Abstract: Recent federal initiatives have used estimates of population reach as a proxymetric for intervention impact, in part to inform resource allocation and programmatic decisions about competing priorities in the community. However, in spite of its utility, population reach as a singular metric of intervention impact may be insufficient for guiding multifaceted program decisions. A more comprehensive, validated approach to measure or forecast dose may complement reach estimates to inform decision makers about optimal ways to use limited resources. Keywords: article; diet; exercise; human; methodology; obesity; program development; public health; public health service; resource allocation; socioeconomics; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Diet; Exercise; Humans; Los Angeles; Obesity; Program Development; Public Health; Resource Allocation; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301979_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing tobacco use and access through strengthened minimum price laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLaughlin, I. Author-Name: Pearson, A. Author-Name: Laird-Metke, E. Author-Name: Ribisl, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1844-1850 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302069 Abstract: Higher prices reduce consumption and initiation of tobacco products. A minimum price lawthat establishes a high statutory minimum price and prohibits the industry's discounting tactics for tobacco products is a promising pricing strategy as an alternative to excise tax increases. Keywords: article; commercial phenomena; economics; human; legal aspect; public health; tax; tobacco; tobacco use; United States, Commerce; Humans; New York City; Public Health; Taxes; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Use Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302069_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in the educational gradient of mortality among US adults aged 45 to 84 years: Bringing regional context into the explanation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montez, J.K. Author-Name: Berkman, L.F. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e82-e90 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301526 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301526 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated trends in the educational gradient of US adult mortality, which has increased at the national level since the mid-1980s, within US regions. Methods: We used data from the 1986-2006 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File on non-Hispanic White and Black adults aged 45 to 84 years (n = 498 517). We examined trends in the gradient within 4 US regions by race-gender subgroup by using age-standardized death rates. Results: Trends in the gradient exhibited a few subtle regional differences. Among women, the gradient was often narrowest in the Northeast. The region's distinction grew over time mainly because low-educated women in the Northeast did not experience a significant increase in mortality like their counterparts in other regions (particularly for White women). Among White men, the gradient narrowed to a small degree in the West. Conclusions: The subtle regional differences indicate that geographic context can accentuate or suppress trends in the gradient. Studies of smaller areas may provide insights into the specific contextual characteristics (e.g., state tax policies) that have shaped the trends, and thus help explain and reverse the widening mortality disparities among US adults. Keywords: African American; aged; Caucasian; educational status; epidemiology; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; mortality; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; very elderly; article; mortality; statistics; United States, African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Educational Status; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; United States, African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Educational Status; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301526_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between alcohol calorie intake and overweight and obesity in english adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shelton, N.J. Author-Name: Knott, C.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 629-631 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301643 Abstract: We investigated the contribution of alcohol-derived calories to the alcohol-obesity relation. Adult alcohol calorie intake was derived from consumption volume and drink type in the Health Survey for England 2006 (n = 8864). We calculated the odds of obesity with survey-adjusted logistic regression. Mean alcohol calorie consumption was 27% of the recommended daily calorie intake in men and 19% in women on the heaviest drinking day in the last week, with a positive association between alcohol calories and obesity. Alcohol caloriesmay be a significant contributor to the rise in obesity. Keywords: adult; alcoholic beverage; article; beer; caloric intake; cross-sectional study; dietary reference intake; drinking behavior; female; health survey; human; male; obesity; statistical model; statistics; United Kingdom; wine, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Beer; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Intake; England; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Obesity; Overweight; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Wine Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301643_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital junk: Food and beverage marketing on facebook Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeman, B. Author-Name: Kelly, B. Author-Name: Baur, L. Author-Name: Chapman, K. Author-Name: Chapman, S. Author-Name: Gill, T. Author-Name: King, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e56-e64 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302167 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the amount, reach, and nature of energy-dense, nutrientpoor (EDNP) food and beverage marketing on Facebook. Keywords: Australia; beverage; food; human; marketing; procedures; social media; utilization, Australia; Beverages; Food; Humans; Marketing; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302167_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Skin cancer risk behaviors among US men: The role of sexual orientation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blashill, A.J. Author-Name: Safren, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1640-1641 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301993 Abstract: The current study assessed skin cancer risk behaviors by sexual orientation in a nationally representative prospective sample of US men (n = 1767), sampled at ages 16 and 29 years. At age 16 years, sexual minority men were 3.9 times as likely as heterosexual men to indoor tan. Participants did not significantly differ in the use of sunscreen or the frequency of outdoor tanning. Thus, sexual minority men might be an at-risk group for developing skin cancers because of their indoor tanning behaviors. Keywords: sunscreen, adolescent; adult; article; comparative study; cosmetic industry; health behavior; high risk behavior; human; male; male homosexuality; prospective study; skin tumor; socioeconomics; statistics; sunbathing; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Beauty Culture; Health Behavior; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Risk-Taking; Skin Neoplasms; Socioeconomic Factors; Sunbathing; Sunscreening Agents; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301993_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sodium intake in a cross-sectional, representative sample of New York City adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Angell, S.Y. Author-Name: Yi, S. Author-Name: Eisenhower, D. Author-Name: Kerker, B.D. Author-Name: Curtis, C.J. Author-Name: Bartley, K. Author-Name: Silver, L.D. Author-Name: Farley, T.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2409-2416 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301542 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301542 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated sodium intake, which is associated with elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and assessed its association with related variables among New York City adults. Keywords: creatinine; potassium; sodium intake, administration and dosage; adolescent; adult; aged; cross-sectional study; epidemiology; ethnology; female; human; hypertension; male; middle aged; questionnaire; risk factor; sodium intake; United States; urine, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Potassium; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Sodium, Dietary Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301542_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of race and comorbidity on the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy among older persons living with HIV/AIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abara, W.E. Author-Name: Smith, L. Author-Name: Zhang, S. Author-Name: Fairchild, A.J. Author-Name: Heiman, H.J. Author-Name: Rust, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e135-e141 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302227 Abstract: Objectives. We examined whether the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) differed by race and comorbidity among older (≥ 50 years) people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Methods. We conducted frequency and descriptive statistics analysis to characterize our sample, which we drew from 2005-2007 Medicaid claims data from 14 states. We employed univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses to evaluate the relationship between race, comorbidity, and timely ART initiation (≤ 90 days post-HIV/AIDS diagnosis). Results. Approximately half of the participants did not commence ART promptly. After we adjusted for covariates, we found that older PLWHA who reported a comorbidity were 40% (95% confidence interval = 0.26, 0.61) as likely to commence ART promptly. We found no racial differences in the timely initiation of ART among older PLWHA. Conclusions. Comorbidities affect timely ART initiation in older PLWHA. Older PLWHA may benefit from integrating and coordinating HIV care with care for other comorbidities and the development of ART treatment guidelines specific to older PLWHA. Consistent Medicaid coverage helps ensure consistent access to HIV treatment and care and may eliminate racial disparities in timely ART initiation among older PLWHA. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: anti human immunodeficiency virus agent, African American; ancestry group; Caucasian; comorbidity; epidemiology; female; HIV Infections; human; Kaplan Meier method; male; middle aged; proportional hazards model; statistics and numerical data; time; United States, African Americans; Anti-HIV Agents; Comorbidity; Continental Population Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Proportional Hazards Models; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302227_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of early dental office visits on dental caries experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beil, H. Author-Name: Rozier, R.G. Author-Name: Preisser, J.S. Author-Name: Stearns, S.C. Author-Name: Lee, J.Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1979-1985 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301325 Abstract: Objectives: We determined the association between timing of a first dentist office visit before age 5 years and dental disease in kindergarten. Keywords: age; ambulatory care; article; dental caries; dentist; female; human; infant; male; medicaid; preschool child; public health; statistics; United States, Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dentists; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Medicaid; North Carolina; Office Visits; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301325_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The 2013 US government shutdown (#Shutdown) and health: An emerging role for social media Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Merchant, R.M. Author-Name: Ha, Y.P. Author-Name: Wong, C.A. Author-Name: Schwartz, H.A. Author-Name: Sap, M. Author-Name: Ungar, L.H. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2248-2250 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302118 Abstract: In October 2013, multiple United States (US) federal health departments and agencies posted on Twitter, "We're sorry, but we will not be tweeting or responding to @replies during the shutdown. We'll be back as soon as possible!" These "last tweets" and the millions of responses they generated revealed social media's role as a forum for sharing and discussing information rapidly. Social media are now among the few dominant communication channels used today. We used social media to characterize the public discourse and sentiment about the shutdown. The 2013 shutdown represented an opportunity to explore the role social media might play in events that could affect health. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: government; human; information dissemination; Internet; public health service; social media; United States, Federal Government; Humans; Information Dissemination; Internet; Public Health Administration; Social Media; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302118_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chronic kidney disease in Central America: The big picture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hanson, L. Author-Name: Haynes, L.K. Author-Name: Turiano, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301984 Keywords: chronic kidney failure; consensus development; human; note, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301984_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The public health foundation of health services for American Indians & Alaska natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rhoades, E.R. Author-Name: Rhoades, D.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S278-S285 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301767 Abstract: The integration of public health practices with federal health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) largely derives from three major factors: the sovereign nature of AI/AN tribes, the sociocultural characteristics exhibited by the tribes, and that AI/ANs are distinct populations residing in defined geographic areas. The earliest services consisted of smallpox vaccination to a few AI/AN groups, a purely public health endeavor. Later, emphasis on public health was codified in the Snyder Act of 1921, which provided for, among other things, conservation of the health of AI/AN persons. Attention to the community was greatly expanded with the 1955 transfer of the Indian Health Service from the US Department of the Interior to the Public Health Service and has continued with the assumption of program operations by many tribes themselves. We trace developments in integration of community and public health practices in the provision of federal health care services for AI/AN persons and discuss recent trends. Keywords: American Indian; article; cultural factor; health care delivery; health care policy; health service; history; human; Inuit; public health service; United States, Alaska; Cultural Characteristics; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services, Indigenous; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Public Health Practice; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301767_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: MDPHnet: Secure, distributed sharing of electronic health record data for public health surveillance, evaluation, and planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vogel, J. Author-Name: Brown, J.S. Author-Name: Land, T. Author-Name: Platt, R. Author-Name: Klompas, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2265-2270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302103 Abstract: Electronic health record systems contain clinically detailed data from large populations of patients that could significantly enrich public health surveillance. Clinical practices' security, privacy, and proprietary concerns, however, have limited their willingness to share these data with public health agencies. We describe a novel distributed network for public health surveillance called MDPHnet. The systemallows the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) to initiate custom queries against participating practices'electronichealth records while the data remainbehind each practice's firewall. Practices can review proposed queries before execution and approve query results before releasing them to the health department. MDPH is using the system for routine surveillance for priority conditionsandtoevaluatetheimpact of public health interventions. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: computer program; computer security; computer system; electronic medical record; health care planning; health survey; human; medical informatics; procedures; United States, Computer Security; Computer Systems; Electronic Health Records; Health Planning; Humans; Massachusetts; Public Health Informatics; Public Health Surveillance; Software Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302103_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mediation by peer violence victimization of sexual orientation disparities in cancer-related tobacco, alcohol, and sexual risk behaviors: Pooled youth risk behavior surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Everett, B.G. Author-Name: Russell, S.T. Author-Name: Buchting, F.O. Author-Name: Birkett, M.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1113-1123 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301764 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301764 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the role of adolescent peer violence victimization (PVV) in sexual orientation disparities in cancer-related tobacco, alcohol, and sexual risk behaviors. Methods. We pooled data from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys.We classified youths with any same-sex sexual attraction, partners, or identity as sexual minority and the remainder as heterosexual. We had 4 indicators of tobacco and alcohol use and 4 of sexual risk and 2 PVV factors: victimization at school and carrying weapons. We stratified associations by gender and race/ethnicity. Results. PVV was related to disparities in cancer-related risk behaviors of substance use and sexual risk, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.6) to 11.3 (95% CI = 6.2, 20.8), and to being a sexual minority, with ORs of 1.4 (95% CI = 1.1, 1.9) to 5.6 (95% CI = 3.5, 8.9). PVV mediated sexual orientation disparities in substance use and sexual risk behaviors. Findings were pronounced for adolescent girls and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Conclusions. Interventions are needed to reduce PVV in schools as a way to reduce sexual orientation disparities in cancer risk across the life span. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; crime victim; drinking behavior; female; health disparity; high risk behavior; human; male; male homosexuality; neoplasm; peer group; sexual behavior; smoking; statistics; United States; unsafe sex; violence, Adolescent; Alcohol Drinking; Child; Crime Victims; Female; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Peer Group; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Smoking; United States; Unsafe Sex; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301764_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: John Hatch on community organizing in the Mississippi Delta, 1965 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatch, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2066-2067 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.104112066 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.104112066 Keywords: community care; history; history; human; organization and management; poverty; rural health care; United States, Community Health Services; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mississippi; Poverty Areas; Rural Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.104112066_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The "long tail" and public health: New thinking for addressing health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kreuter, M.W. Author-Name: Hovmand, P. Author-Name: Pfeiffer, D.J. Author-Name: Fairchild, M. Author-Name: Rath, S. Author-Name: Golla, B. Author-Name: Casey, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2271-2278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302039 Abstract: The prevailing approach to improving population health focuseson shifting population means through a fewtargeted and universal interventions. The success of this approach for eliminating health disparities depends on an assumption about the distribution of demand for such interventions. We explored whether long tail thinking from business might yield greater progress in eliminating disparities. We examined 2011 to 2013 data from 513 state and local health agency representatives in 47 states who used an online system to create 4351 small media and client reminder products promoting colorectal cancer screening. Products in the long tail were more likely to target minority groups with higher rates of colorectal cancer and lower rates of screening than Whites. Long tail thinking could help improve the public's health and eliminate disparities. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: Canada; Colorectal Neoplasms; decision making; early diagnosis; health care delivery; health care disparity; human; mass screening; program development; public health service; reminder system; United States; vulnerable population, Choice Behavior; Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Mass Screening; Ontario; Program Development; Public Health Practice; Reminder Systems; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302039_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of paid sick leave policy: A social planner's perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marathe, A. Author-Name: Chen, J. Author-Name: Eubank, S. Author-Name: Liao, S. Author-Name: Ma, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301639 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301639 Keywords: human; influenza; nonbiological model; note; policy; workplace; Influenza, Human, Humans; Influenza, Human; Models, Organizational; Organizational Policy; Workplace, Humans; Influenza, Human; Models, Organizational; Organizational Policy; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301639_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Military service, exposure to trauma, and health in older adulthood: An analysis of northern vietnamese survivors of the vietnam war Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Korinek, K. Author-Name: Teerawichitchainan, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1478-1487 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301925 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to better understand the association between early life exposure to war and trauma and older adult health status in a developing setting. Methods. We analyzed data of 405 Vietnamese men and women in 1 northern Vietnam commune who entered early adulthood during the Vietnam War and who are now entering late adulthood (i.e., ages 55 years and older in 2010). Results. The toll of war's trauma in the aging northern Vietnamese population was perceptible in the association between exposure to war trauma and various measures of physical health, including negative self-reported health and somatic symptoms. Killing another person and being exposed to toxic substances in warfare was especially detrimental to health in older adulthood. War traumas were likely implicated more strongly as determinants of late adulthood health in men than in women. The weak association between trauma exposure and reported depressive symptoms raised questions about measuring mental health. Conclusions. Military service and war trauma were important determinants of older adult health beyond the US context, given the widespread waging of war and concentration of recent armed conflicts within developing societies. Keywords: aged; article; depression; female; health status; human; male; mental health; middle aged; psychological aspect; soldier; statistical model; statistics; survivor; Viet Nam; war, Aged; Depression; Female; Health Status; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Military Personnel; Survivors; Vietnam; Vietnam Conflict Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301925_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Historical trends and regional differences in all-cause and amenable mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives since 1950 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kunitz, S.J. Author-Name: Veazie, M. Author-Name: Henderson, J.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S268-S277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301684 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301684 Abstract: American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) death rates declined over most of the 20th century, even before the Public Health Service became responsible for health care in 1956. Since then, rates have declined further, although they have stagnated since the 1980s. These overall patterns obscure substantial regional differences. Most significant, rates in the Northern and Southern Plains have declined far less since 1949 to 1953 than those in the East, Southwest, or Pacific Coast. Data for Alaska are not available for the earlier period, so its trajectory of mortality cannot be ascertained. Socioeconomic measures do not adequately explain the differences and rates of change, but migration, changes in selfidentification as an AI/AN person, interracial marriage, and variations in health care effectiveness all appear to be implicated. Keywords: American Indian; article; cause of death; health survey; human; Inuit; mortality; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Cause of Death; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Mortality; Population Surveillance; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301684_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of household smoking bans on household smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hennessy, M. Author-Name: Bleakley, A. Author-Name: Mallya, G. Author-Name: Romer, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 721-727 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301634 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301634 Abstract: Objectives. Because household smoking levels and adoption of domestic smoking rules may be endogenously related, we estimated a nonrecursive regression model to determine the simultaneous relationship between home smoking restrictions and household smoking. Methods. We used data from a May-June 2012 survey of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, households with smokers (n = 456) to determine the simultaneous association between smoking levels in the home and the presence of home restrictions on smoking. Results. We found that home smoking rules predicted smoking in the home but smoking in the home had no effect on home smoking restrictions. Conclusions. Absent in-home randomized experiments, a quasi-experimental causal inference suggesting that home smoking rules result in lower home smoking levels may be plausible. Keywords: adult; article; child; family size; female; human; information processing; male; parent; smoking; socioeconomics; United States, Adult; Child; Data Collection; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Male; Parents; Philadelphia; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301634_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of computerized decision support systems linked to electronic health records: A systematic review and meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moja, L. Author-Name: Kwag, K.H. Author-Name: Lytras, T. Author-Name: Bertizzolo, L. Author-Name: Brandt, L. Author-Name: Pecoraro, V. Author-Name: Rigon, G. Author-Name: Vaona, A. Author-Name: Ruggiero, F. Author-Name: Mangia, M. Author-Name: Iorio, A. Author-Name: Kunnamo, I. Author-Name: Bonovas, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e12-e22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302164 Abstract: We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effectiveness ofcomputerized decision support systems (CDSSs) featuring rule- or algorithm-based software integrated with electronic health records (EHRs) and evidence-based knowledge. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Information on system design, capabilities, acquisition, implementation context, and effects on mortality, morbidity, and economic outcomes were extracted. Twenty-eight RCTs were included. CDSS use did not affect mortality (16 trials, 37395 patients; 2282 deaths; risk ratio [RR] = 0.96; 95%confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 1.08; I2 = 41%).Astatistically significant effect was evident in the prevention ofmorbidity, any disease (9 RCTs; 13868 patients;RR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99; I2 = 64%), but selectiveoutcomereporting or publication bias cannot be excluded. We observed differences for costs and health service utilization, although these were often small in magnitude. Across clinical settings, new generation CDSSs integrated with EHRs do not affect mortality and might moderately improvemorbidity outcomes. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: algorithm; computer program; decision support system; electronic medical record; health care quality; human; meta analysis; mortality; randomized controlled trial (topic); trends, Algorithms; Decision Support Techniques; Electronic Health Records; Humans; Mortality; Quality Assurance, Health Care; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Software Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302164_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of tobacco control on adult per capita cigarette consumption in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Author-Name: Sexton, D.W. Author-Name: Gillespie, B.W. Author-Name: Levy, D.T. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 83-89 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301591 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301591 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed the impact of tobacco control on adult per capita cigarette consumption in the United States from 1964 to 2011. Methods. We used logit regression to model the diffusion of smoking from 1900 to 2011. We also projected hypothetical cigarette consumption after 1963 in the absence of tobacco control. Model predictors included historical events such as wars, specific tobacco control interventions, and other influences. Results. Per capita consumption increased rapidly through 1963, consistent with S-shaped (sigmoid) diffusion. The course reversed beginning in 1964, the year of publication of the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health. Subsequent tobacco control policy interventions significantly reduced consumption. Had the tobacco control movement never occurred, per capita consumption would have been nearly 5 times higher than it actually was in 2011. Conclusions. Tobacco control has been one of the most successful public health endeavors of the past half century. Still, the remaining burden of smoking in the United States augurs hundreds of thousands of deaths annually for decades to come. Reinvigorating the tobacco control movement will require novel interventions as well as stronger application of existing evidence-based policies. Keywords: adult; article; female; human; male; public health; risk factor; smoking; smoking cessation; statistical model; United States; epidemiology; prevention and control; smoking; United States, Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; Public Health; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; United States, Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Statistical; Public Health; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301591_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Losing the forest for the trees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Azrael, D. Author-Name: Barber, C. Author-Name: Bossarte, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301843 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301843 Keywords: classification; female; human; male; note; statistics; suicide; veteran, Female; Humans; Male; Suicide; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301843_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Partners for a Healthy City: Implementing policies and environmental changes within organizations to promote health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feyerherm, L. Author-Name: Tibbits, M. Author-Name: Wang, H. Author-Name: Schram, S. Author-Name: Balluff, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1165-1168 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301875 Abstract: Current research has suggested that obesity prevention efforts should promote policy and environmental changes. The Partners for a Healthy City project, implemented in Douglas County, Nebraska, focused on collaborating with local organizations to help them select and implement 1 or more policies that promoted healthy eating and physical activity. Of the 346 organizations participating in the project and completing the follow-up assessment, 92% implemented at least 1 new policy or expanded an existing policy related to healthy food and drink options and physical activity, totaling 952 individual policy changes. Common policies included providing water as the primary beverage and installing bike racks to support active commuting to and from work. These findings suggest widespread support for policy changes that promote community health. Keywords: article; cooperation; diet; environment; exercise; health promotion; human; obesity; organization and management; policy; public relations; sedentary lifestyle; United States, Community-Institutional Relations; Cooperative Behavior; Diet; Environment; Exercise; Health Promotion; Humans; Nebraska; Obesity; Policy; Sedentary Lifestyle Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301875_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Huguet et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Huguet, N. Author-Name: Kaplan, M.S. Author-Name: McFarland, B.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301856 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301856 Keywords: classification; female; human; male; note; statistics; suicide; veteran, Female; Humans; Male; Suicide; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301856_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epigenome: Biosensor of cumulative exposure to chemical and nonchemical stressors related to environmental justice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olden, K. Author-Name: Lin, Y.-S. Author-Name: Gruber, D. Author-Name: Sonawane, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1816-1821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302130 Abstract: Understanding differential disease susceptibility requires new tools to quantify the cumulative effects of environmental stress. Evidence suggests that social, physical, and chemical stressors can influence disease through the accumulation of epigenetic modifications. Keywords: article; demography; environment; genetic epigenesis; genetic procedures; genetics; genotype environment interaction; health disparity; human; methodology; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; phenotype, Biosensing Techniques; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Environment; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene-Environment Interaction; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Phenotype; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302130_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using research evidence to reframe the policy debate around mental illness and guns: Process and recommendations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGinty, E.E. Author-Name: Frattaroli, S. Author-Name: Appelbaum, P.S. Author-Name: Bonnie, R.J. Author-Name: Grilley, A. Author-Name: Horwitz, J. Author-Name: Swanson, J.W. Author-Name: Webster, D.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e22-e26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302171 Abstract: Recent mass shootings have prompted a national dialogue around mental illness and gun policy. To advance anevidence-informedpolicy agendaonthis controversial issue, we formed a consortium of national gun violence prevention and mental health experts. The consortium agreed on a guiding principle for future policy recommendations: restricting firearm access on the basis of certain dangerous behaviors is supported by the evidence; restricting access on the basis of mental illness diagnoses is not. We describe the group's process and recommendations. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: evidence based practice; firearm; human; legislation and jurisprudence; management; mental disease; policy; prevention and control; psychology; risk factor; United States; violence, Evidence-Based Practice; Firearms; Humans; Mental Disorders; Policy Making; Public Policy; Risk Factors; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302171_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letters:Marketing little cigars and cigarillos in African American communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sheehan, D.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301784 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301784 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301784_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Creating quality improvement culture in public health agencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, M.V. Author-Name: Mahanna, E. Author-Name: Joly, B. Author-Name: Zelek, M. Author-Name: Riley, W. Author-Name: Verma, P. Author-Name: Fisher, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e98-e104 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301413 Abstract: Objectives: We conducted case studies of 10 agencies that participated in early quality improvement efforts. Methods: The agencies participated in a project conducted by the National Association of County and City Health Officials (2007-2008). Case study participants included health directors and quality improvement team leaders and members. We implemented multiple qualitative analysis processes, including cross-case analysis and logic modeling. We categorized agencies according to the extent to which they had developed a quality improvement culture. Results: Agencies were conducting informal quality improvement projects (n = 4), conducting formal quality improvement projects (n = 3), or creating a quality improvement culture (n= 4). Agencies conducting formal quality improvement and creating a quality improvement culture had leadership support for quality improvement, participated in national quality improvement initiatives, had a greater number of staff trained in quality improvement and quality improvement teams that met regularly with decision-making authority. Agencies conducting informal quality improvement were likely to report that accreditation is the major driver for quality improvement work. Agencies creating a quality improvement culture were more likely to have a history of evidence-based decision-making and use quality improvement to address emerging issues. Conclusions: Our findings support previous research and add the roles of national public health accreditation and emerging issues as factors in agencies' ability to create and sustain a quality improvement culture. Keywords: article; health services research; human; interview; organization; public health; qualitative research; standard; total quality management; United States; public health; standards, Humans; Interviews as Topic; Organizational Case Studies; Organizational Culture; Organizational Innovation; Public Health; Qualitative Research; Quality Improvement; United States, Humans; Interviews as Topic; Organizational Case Studies; Organizational Culture; Organizational Innovation; Public Health; Qualitative Research; Quality Improvement; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301413_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Twenty thousand more americans killed annually because us traffic-safety policy rejects science Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Evans, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1349-1351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301919 Keywords: human; mortality; note; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301919_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of research evidence in state policymaking for childhood obesity prevention in minnesota Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gollust, S.E. Author-Name: Kite, H.A. Author-Name: Benning, S.J. Author-Name: Callanan, R.A. Author-Name: Weisman, S.R. Author-Name: Nanney, M.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1894-1900 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302137 Abstract: Objectives: We describe how scientific evidence about obesity has been used in Minnesota legislative materials to understand how research evidence might more effectively be translated into policymaking. Keywords: article; childhood obesity; health care policy; human; management; medical research; statistics; United States, Biomedical Research; Health Policy; Humans; Minnesota; Pediatric Obesity; Policy Making Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302137_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stop and listen to the people: An enhanced approach to cancer cluster investigations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simpson, B.W. Author-Name: Truant, P. Author-Name: Resnick, B.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1204-1208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301836 Abstract: Cancer cluster investigations need to address the disconnect between traditional public health approaches and human needs. Cancer cluster investigations often magnify fear and uncertainty because they rarely find a definitive environmental cause. Traditional approaches emphasize population-level data analysis and undervalue active listening. Because few studies have explored active listening in cancer cluster investigations, we conducted a descriptive oral history case study of a Frederick, Maryland, investigation. We interviewed 12 community members and 9 public health professionals about the investigation of a perceived cancer cluster. Many believed it was linked to environmental contamination at Fort Detrick, a local US Army base. We propose enhanced active listening that seeks out peoples' perspectives, validates their concerns, and engages them in the investigative process. Keywords: article; cluster analysis; consumer; environment; environmental exposure; health education; human; interpersonal communication; methodology; neoplasm; psychological aspect; public health; public health service; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Cluster Analysis; Communication; Consumer Participation; Environment; Environmental Exposure; Health Education; Humans; Maryland; Neoplasms; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301836_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and HCV among injection drug users in Connecticut: Understanding infection and coinfection risks in a nonurban population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Akselrod, H. Author-Name: Grau, L.E. Author-Name: Barbour, R. Author-Name: Heimer, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1713-1721 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301357 Abstract: Objectives. We examined HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and HCV sero prevalence in an interim analysis and the potential risk factors associated with these infections among injection drug users (IDUs) residing in nonurban communities of south western Connecticut. Methods. We recruited and interviewed active adult IDUs about their injection associated risk and conducted serological tests for HIV, HBV, and HCV. Regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for infection and coinfection. Results. Among 446 participants, 51.6% carried at least 1 infection, and 16.3% were coinfected. Infection risk was associated with longer duration of injection use, overdose, substance abuse treatment, depression, and involvement with the criminal justice system. Co infection was associated with longer injection drug use, lower education, overdose, and criminal justice involvement. Multivariate models identified injection drug use duration, substance abuse treatment, and criminal justice involvement as the most significant predictors of infection; injection drug use duration and education were the most significant predictors of coinfection. Conclusions. Suburban IDUs are at significant risk for acquiring single and multiple viral infections. Effective harm reduction strategies are needed to reach users early. There might be roles for interventions in the treatment and justice systems in which IDUs interact. Keywords: adult; article; blood; depression; drug overdose; epidemiology; female; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; mixed infection; risk factor; socioeconomics; substance abuse; time; United States, Adult; Coinfection; Connecticut; Depression; Drug Overdose; Female; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301357_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A situated practice of ethics for participatory visual and digital methods in public health research and practice: A focus on digital storytelling Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gubrium, A.C. Author-Name: Hill, A.L. Author-Name: Flicker, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1606-1614 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301310 Abstract: This article explores ethical considerations related to participatory visual and digital methods for public health research and practice, through the lens of an approach known as "digital storytelling." We begin by briefly describing the digital storytelling process and its applications to public health research and practice. Next, we explore 6 common challenges: fuzzy boundaries, recruitment and consent to participate, power of shaping, representation and harm, confidentiality, and release of materials. We discuss their complexities and offer some considerations for ethical practice. We hope this article serves as a catalyst for expanded dialogue about the need for high standards of integrity and a situated practice of ethics wherein researchers and practitioners reflexively consider ethical decision-making as part of the ongoing work of public health. Keywords: article; confidentiality; ethics; health services research; informed consent; interpersonal communication; methodology; patient selection; public health; verbal communication, Communication; Confidentiality; Health Services Research; Informed Consent; Narration; Patient Selection; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301310_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status and bullying: A meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tippett, N. Author-Name: Wolke, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e48-e59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301960 Abstract: We examined whether socioeconomic status (SES) could be used to identify which schools or children are at greatest risk of bullying, which can adversely affect children's healthand life. We conducted a review of published literature on school bullying and SES. We identified 28 studies that reported an association between roles in school bullying (victim, bully, and bully-victim) and measures of SES. Random effects models showed SES was weakly related to bullying roles. Adjusting for publication bias, victims (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.58) and bully-victims (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.36, 1.74) were more likely to come from low socioeconomic households. Bullies (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97, 0.99) and victims (OR = 0.95;95%CI = 0.94,0.97)were slightly less likely to come from high socioeconomic backgrounds. SES provides little guidance for targeted intervention, and all schools and children, not just those with more socioeconomic deprivation, should be targeted to reduce the adverse effects of bullying. Keywords: bullying; crime victim; economics; human; meta analysis; psychological aspect; review; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics, Bullying; Crime Victims; Humans; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301960_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: McGovern's Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human needs versus the meat industry on the diet-heart question (1976-1977) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oppenheimer, G.M. Author-Name: Daniel Benrubi, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 59-69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301464 Abstract: For decades, public health advocates have confronted industry over dietary policy, their debates focusing on how to address evidentiary uncertainty. In 1977, enough consensus existed among epidemiologists that the Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Need used the diet-heart association to perform an extraordinary act: advocate dietary goals for a healthier diet. During its hearings, the meat industry tested that consensus. In one year, the committee produced two editions of its Dietary Goals for the United States, the second containing a conciliatory statement about coronary heart disease and meat consumption. Critics have characterized the revision as a surrender to special interests. But the senators faced issues for which they were professionally unprepared: conflicts within science over the interpretation of data and notions of proof. Ultimately, it was lack of scientific consensus on these factors, not simply political acquiescence, that allowed special interests to secure changes in the guidelines. Keywords: animal; diet; food industry; government; health care policy; Heart Diseases; history; human; meat; policy; United States; article; food industry; government; health care policy; heart disease; policy; United States, Animals; Diet; Federal Government; Food Industry; Health Policy; Heart Diseases; History, 20th Century; Humans; Meat; Public Policy; United States, Animals; Diet; Federal Government; Food Industry; Health Policy; Heart Diseases; History, 20th Century; Humans; Meat; Public Policy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301464_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking among adults with mobility impairments: A us population-based survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrelli, B. Author-Name: Busch, A. Author-Name: Dunsiger, S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1943-1949 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301772 Abstract: Objectives: Smokers with mobility impairments have greater health risks than the general population. We report the prevalence of cigarette smoking and quit attempts among people with mobility impairments. Keywords: adult; age distribution; aged; article; disabled person; female; health behavior; health survey; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; sex ratio; smoking; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; statistics; very elderly; walking difficulty, Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Disabled Persons; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mobility Limitation; Prevalence; Sex Distribution; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301772_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Partnership, research, and leadership to advance health equity and eliminate health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gracia, J.N. Author-Name: Ruffin, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S520-S521 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302201 Keywords: ancestry group; cultural competence; editorial; ethnic group; government; health disparity; health services research; human; leadership; organization and management; program evaluation; public-private partnership; United States, Continental Population Groups; Cultural Competency; Efficiency, Organizational; Ethnic Groups; Health Services Research; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Leadership; Program Evaluation; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; United States; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302201_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using vignettes to tap into moral reasoning in public health policy: Practical advice and design principles from a study on food advertising to children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mah, C.L. Author-Name: Taylor, E. Author-Name: Hoang, S. Author-Name: Cook, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1826-1832 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302005 Abstract: In this article, we describe a process for designing and applying vignettes in public health policy research and practice. We developed this methodology for a study on moral reasoning underpinning policy debate on food advertising to children. Keywords: advertizing; article; beverage; child; food; health care policy; human; methodology; morality, Advertising as Topic; Beverages; Child; Food; Health Policy; Humans; Morals; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302005_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Masters et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Masters, R.K. Author-Name: Reither, E.N. Author-Name: Powers, D.A. Author-Name: Yang, Y.C. Author-Name: Burger, A.E. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e5-e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301916 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301916 Keywords: female; human; male; mortality; note; obesity, Female; Humans; Male; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301916_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recessions, job loss, and mortality among older us adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Noelke, C. Author-Name: Beckfield, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e126-e134 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302210 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed how recessions and job loss jointly shape mortality risks among older US adults. Methods. We used data for 50 states fromthe Health and Retirement Study and selected individuals who were employed at ages 45 to 66 years during 1992 to 2011. We assessed whether job loss affects mortality risks, whether recessions moderate the effect of job loss on mortality, and whether individuals who do and do not experience job loss are differentially affected by recessions. Results. Compared with individuals not experiencing job loss, mortality risks among individuals losing their job in a recession were strongly elevated (hazard ratio = 1.6; 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 2.3). Job loss during normal times or booms is not associated with mortality. For employed workers, we found a reduction in mortality risks if local labor market conditions were depressed, but this result was not consistent across different model specifications. Conclusions. Recessions increase mortality risks among older US adults who experience job loss. Health professionals and policymakers should target resources to this group during recessions. Future research should clarify which health conditions are affected by job loss during recessions andwhether access to health care following job loss moderates this relation. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: aged; economic recession; epidemiology; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; unemployment; United States, Aged; Economic Recession; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Risk Factors; Unemployment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302210_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systems science for obesity-related research questions: An introduction to the theme issue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Author-Name: Bures, R.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157-1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302083 Keywords: biological model; health care policy; human; note; obesity, Health Policy; Humans; Models, Biological; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302083_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of statewide job losses on adolescent suicide-Related behaviors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gassman-Pines, A. Author-Name: Oltmans Ananat, E. Author-Name: Gibson-Davis, C.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1964-1970 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302081 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated the impact of statewide job loss on adolescent suicide-Related behaviors. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; article; economic recession; ethnology; female; health survey; high risk behavior; human; male; sex difference; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide; suicide attempt, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Economic Recession; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Risk-Taking; Sex Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302081_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health equity research in the veterans health administration: We've come far but aren't there yet Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Atkins, D. Author-Name: Kilbourne, A. Author-Name: Lipson, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S525-S526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302216 Keywords: attitude to health; editorial; government; health care delivery; health disparity; health literacy; human; mass communication; minority group; organization and management; outcome assessment; total quality management; United States; veterans health, Diffusion of Innovation; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Literacy; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Minority Groups; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Quality Improvement; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302216_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial disparities in life expectancy in Brazil: Challenges from a multiracial society Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chiavegatto Filho, A.D.P. Author-Name: Beltrań-Sánchez, H. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2156-2162 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301565 Abstract: Objectives. We calculated life expectancy at birth for Whites, Blacks, and mixed races in Brazil, and decomposed the differences by causes of death. Methods. We used Ministry of Health death records and 2010 Census population data (190 755 799 residents and 1 136 947 deaths). We applied the Arriaga methodology to calculate decomposition of life expectancy by cause of death. We performed sensitivity analyses for underreporting of deaths, missing data, and numerator-denominator bias. Results. Using standard life table methods, female life expectancy was highest for mixed races (78.80 years), followed by Whites (77.54 years), then Blacks (76.32 years). Male life expectancy was highest for Whites (71.10 years) followed closely by mixed races (71.08 years), and lower for Blacks (70.11 years). Homicides contributed the most to the relative life expectancy increase for Whites, and cancer decreased the gap. After adjustment for underreporting, missing data, and numerator-denominator bias, life expectancy was higher for Whites than for Blacks and mixed races. Conclusions. Despite wide socioeconomic differences between Whites and mixed races, standard life table methods showed that mixed races had higher life expectancy than Whites for women, and similar for men. With the increase of multiracial populations, measuring racial disparities in life expectancy will be a fast-growing challenge. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; ancestry group; Black person; Brazil; Caucasian; child; epidemiology; female; health disparity; human; infant; life expectancy; life table; male; middle aged; preschool child; statistics and numerical data; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Continental Population Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Infant; Life Expectancy; Life Tables; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301565_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends and disparities in stroke mortality by region for American Indians and Alaska Natives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schieb, L.J. Author-Name: Ayala, C. Author-Name: Valderrama, A.L. Author-Name: Veazie, M.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S368-S376 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301698 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301698 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated trends and disparities in stroke death rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and White people by Indian Health Service region. Methods. We identified stroke deaths among AI/AN persons and Whites (adults aged 35 years or older) using National Vital Statistics System data for 1990 to 2009. We used linkages with Indian Health Service patient registration data to adjust for misclassification of race for AI/AN persons. Analyses excluded Hispanics and focused on Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. Results. Stroke death rates among AI/AN individuals were higher than among Whites for both men and women in CHSDA counties and were highest in the youngest age groups. Rates and AI/AN:White rate ratios varied by region, with the highest in Alaska and the lowest in the Southwest. Stroke death rates among AI/AN persons decreased in all regions beginning in 2001. Conclusions. Although stroke death rates among AI/AN populations have decreased over time, rates are still higher for AI/AN persons than for Whites. Interventions that address reducing stroke risk factors, increasing awareness of stroke symptoms, and increasing access to specialty care for stroke may be more successful at reducing disparities in stroke death rates. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cerebrovascular accident; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; risk factor; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Stroke; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301698_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unaccompanied evacuation and adult mortality: Evaluating the finnish policy of evacuating children to foster care during world war II Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santavirta, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1759-1765 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301939 Abstract: Objectives. I examined associations between evacuation of Finnish children to temporary foster care in Sweden during World War II and all-cause mortality between ages 38 and 78 years. Methods. I used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate mortality risk according towhether the individualwas evacuated during childhood or not. I used within-sibling analysis to control for all unobserved socioeconomic and genetic characteristics shared among siblings. Individual-level data for Finnish cohorts born in 1933 to 1944 were derived from wartime government records, Finnish census data from 1950 and 1970, and death cause registry from 1971 to 2011. Results. I found no statistically significant association between evacuation and all-cause mortality when all exposed individuals were included in the analysis. However, subgroup analysis showed that men evacuated before age 4 years had a 1.31 higher mortality risk (95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.69) than their nonevacuated counterparts. Conclusions. In the aggregate, individuals do not have elevated mortality risk as a consequence of foster care during early childhood owing to the onset of sudden external shocks (e.g., wars). Keywords: adult; age; article; child; ethnology; female; Finland; human; male; mortality; preschool child; proportional hazards model; refugee; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; Sweden; war, Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Finland; Humans; Male; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Refugees; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Sweden; World War II Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301939_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The community part in health center program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robinson, P.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2067-2069 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.104112067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.104112067 Keywords: community care; history; history; human; organization and management; rural health care; United States, Community Health Services; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mississippi; Rural Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.104112067_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Termination of medicaid policies and implications for the affordable care ACT Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Birnbaum, N. Author-Name: Lavoie, M. Author-Name: Redmond, N. Author-Name: Wildeman, C. Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e3-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302017 Keywords: human; medicaid; note; policy; prison; statistics; utilization review, Humans; Medicaid; Organizational Policy; Prisons Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302017_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating the effect of state regulation of federally licensed firearm dealers on firearm homicide Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Irvin, N. Author-Name: Rhodes, K. Author-Name: Cheney, R. Author-Name: Wiebe, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1384-1386 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301999 Abstract: Effective federal regulation of firearm dealers has proven difficult. Consequently, many states choose to implement their own regulations. We examined the impact of state-required licensing, record keeping of sales, allowable inspections, and mandatory theft reporting on firearm homicide from 1995 to 2010. We found that lower homicide rates were associated with states that required licensing and inspections. We concluded that firearm dealer regulations might be an effective harm reduction strategy for firearm homicide. Keywords: article; firearm; government; government regulation; gunshot injury; homicide; human; legal aspect; mortality; Poisson distribution; statistics; United States, Federal Government; Firearms; Government Regulation; Homicide; Humans; Poisson Distribution; State Government; United States; Wounds, Gunshot Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301999_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of international travel-associated Campylobacter infections in the United States, 2005-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ricotta, E.E. Author-Name: Palmer, A. Author-Name: Wymore, K. Author-Name: Clogher, P. Author-Name: Oosmanally, N. Author-Name: Robinson, T. Author-Name: Lathrop, S. Author-Name: Karr, J. Author-Name: Hatch, J. Author-Name: Dunn, J. Author-Name: Ryan, P. Author-Name: Blythe, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e108-e114 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301867 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301867 Abstract: Objectives. The objective of this study was to determine the role international travel plays in US Campylobacter epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance. Methods. In this study, epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance data, encompassing the years 2005 to 2011, from10 sites participating in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network were linked. The 10 sites are represented by 7 states that conducted surveillance on a statewide level, and 3 states which conducted county-level surveillance. Cases of Campylobacter among persons with history of international travel in the week prior to illness were compared with cases among individuals with no international travel. Results. Approximately 18% of Campylobacter infections were estimated to be associated with international travel, and 60% of international travel-associated infections had a quinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolate. Conclusions. We confirm that international travel plays a significant role in campylobacteriosis diagnosed in the United States. Recognizing this is important to both medical management decisions and understanding burden and attribution estimates of US campylobacteriosis and antibiotic-resistant campylobacteriosis. Keywords: quinolone derivative, adolescent; adult; age; aged; antibiotic resistance; article; campylobacteriosis; child; female; food poisoning; human; infant; male; middle aged; multidrug resistance; newborn; preschool child; sex difference; socioeconomics; travel; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Travel; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301867_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An analysis of state public health emergency declarations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rutkow, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1601-1605 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301948 Abstract: Disaster responses often involve coordination among multiple levels of government and public and private sector collaboration. When emergencies raise health concerns, governments must include public health and health care systems in their response. A state government's declaration of "public health emergency" can provide that state's health sector with flexibility and guidance about response parameters. Although events including Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy and the H1N1 influenza outbreak provided opportunities for states to deploy their public health emergency powers, little has been reported about how states have used their authority to declare a public health emergency. I present a systematic identification and analysis of states' public health emergency declarations, examine why these declarations were issued, and discuss their potential value. Keywords: article; disaster; disaster planning; emergency; epidemic; government; human; influenza; Influenza virus A H1N1; public health, Disaster Planning; Disasters; Disease Outbreaks; Emergencies; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Public Health; State Government Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301948_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Same strategy different industry: Corporate influence on public policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shelley, D. Author-Name: Ogedegbe, G. Author-Name: Elbel, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e9-e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301832 Abstract: In March 2013 a state judge invalidated New York City's proposal to ban sales of sugar-sweetened beverages larger than 16 ounces; the case is under appeal. This setback was attributable in part to opposition from the beverage industry and racial/ethnic minority organizations they support. We provide lessons from similar tobacco industry efforts to block policies that reduced smoking prevalence. We offer recommendations that draw on the tobacco control movement's success in thwarting industry influence and promoting public health policies that hold promise to improve population health. Keywords: article; carbonated beverage; food industry; human; law; legal aspect; obesity; policy; smoking; tobacco industry; United States, Carbonated Beverages; Food Industry; Humans; Legislation, Food; New York City; Obesity; Public Policy; Smoking; Tobacco Industry Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301832_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cervical cancer incidence and mortality among American Indian and Alaska native women, 1999û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Watson, M. Author-Name: Benard, V. Author-Name: Thomas, C. Author-Name: Brayboy, A. Author-Name: Paisano, R. Author-Name: Becker, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S415-S422 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301681 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed cervical cancer incidence and mortality data in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women compared with women of other races. Methods. We improved identification of AI/AN race, cervical cancer incidence, and mortality data using Indian Health Service (IHS) patient records; our analyses focused on residents of IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties. Age-adjusted incidence and death rates were calculated for AI/AN and White women from 1999 to 2009. Results. AI/AN women in CHSDA counties had a death rate from cervical cancer of 4.2, which was nearly twice the rate in White women (2.0; rate ratio [RR] = 2.11). AI/AN women also had higher incidence rates of cervical cancer compared with White women (11.0 vs 7.1; RR = 1.55) and were more often diagnosed with later-stage disease (RR = 1.84 for regional stage and RR = 1.74 for distant stage). Death rates decreased for AI/AN women from 1990 to 1993 (û25.8%/year) and remained stable thereafter. Conclusions. Although rates decreased over time, AI/AN women had disproportionately higher cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The persistently higher rates among AI/AN women compared with White women require continued improvements in identifying and treating cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; incidence; Inuit; middle aged; mortality; register; statistics; United States; uterine cervix tumor; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Incidence; Indians, North American; Inuits; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301681_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health literacy environmental scans of community-based dental clinics in maryland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horowitz, A.M. Author-Name: Maybury, C. Author-Name: Kleinman, D.V. Author-Name: Radice, S.D. Author-Name: Wang, M.Q. Author-Name: Child, W. Author-Name: Rudd, R.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e85-e93 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302036 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted health literacy environmental scans in 26 Maryland community-based dental clinics to identify institutional characteristics and provider practices that affect dental services access and dental caries education. Methods. In 2011-2012 we assessed user friendliness of the clinics including accessibility, signage, facility navigation, educational materials, and patient forms. We interviewed patients and surveyed dental providers about their knowledge and use of communication techniques. Results. Of 32 clinics, 26 participated. Implementation of the health literacy environmental scan tools was acceptable to the dental directors and provided clinic directors with information to enhance care and outreach. We found considerable variation among clinic facilities, operations, and content of educational materials. There was less variation in types of insurance accepted, no-show rates, methods of communicating with patients, and electronic health records use. Providers who had taken a communication skills course were more likely than those who had not to use recommended communication techniques. Conclusions. Our findings provide insight into the use of health literacy environmental scan tools to identify clinic and provider characteristics and practices that can be used to make dental environments more user friendly and health literate. Keywords: article; construction work and architectural phenomena; dental caries; dental clinic; dental procedure; female; health; health care facility; health education; health literacy; human; interview; male; methodology; organization and management; statistics; United States, Community Dentistry; Dental Caries; Dental Clinics; Female; Health Education; Health Facility Environment; Health Literacy; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Location Directories and Signs; Male; Maryland; Oral Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302036_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of a process improvement intervention on delivery of HIV services to offenders: A multisite trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearson, F.S. Author-Name: Shafer, M.S. Author-Name: Dembo, R. Author-Name: Del Mar Vega-Debién, G. Author-Name: Pankow, J. Author-Name: Duvall, J.L. Author-Name: Belenko, S. Author-Name: Frisman, L.K. Author-Name: Visher, C.A. Author-Name: Pich, M. Author-Name: Patterson, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2385-2391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302035 Abstract: Objectives. We tested a modified Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx) process improvement model to implement improved HIV services (prevention, testing, and linkage to treatment) for offenders under correctional supervision. Keywords: adult; clinical trial; controlled study; female; health care delivery; health care quality; HIV Infections; human; male; multicenter study; offender; randomized controlled trial; standards; total quality management; United States, Adult; Criminals; Delivery of Health Care; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Process Assessment (Health Care); Quality Improvement; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302035_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Carving out tobacco from trade agreements Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaffer, E.R. Author-Name: Brenner, J.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302266 Keywords: commercial phenomena; human; international cooperation; legislation and jurisprudence; public health; tobacco; tobacco industry, Commerce; Humans; International Cooperation; Public Health; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302266_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status, food security, and dental caries in us children: Mediation analyses of data from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007-2008 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chi, D.L. Author-Name: Masterson, E.E. Author-Name: Carle, A.C. Author-Name: Mancl, L.A. Author-Name: Coldwell, S.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 860-864 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301699 Abstract: Objectives. We examined associations of household socioeconomic status (SES) and food security with children's oral health outcomes. Methods. We analyzed 2007 and 2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for children aged 5 to 17 years (n = 2206) to examine the relationship between food security and untreated dental caries and to assess whether food security mediates the SES-caries relationship. Results. About 20.1% of children had untreated caries. Most households had full food security (62%); 13% had marginal, 17% had low, and 8% had very low food security. Higher SES was associated with significantly lower caries prevalence (prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval = 0.63, 0.94; P = .01). Children from households with low or very low food security had significantly higher caries prevalence (PR = 2.00 and PR = 1.70, respectively) than did children living in fully food-secure households. Caries prevalence did not differ among children from fully and marginally food-secure households (P = .17). Food insecurity did not appear to mediate the SES-caries relationship. Conclusions. Interventions and policies to ensure food security may help address the US pediatric caries epidemic. Keywords: adolescent; article; child; cross-sectional study; dental caries; diet; female; health status; human; male; nutrition; poverty; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Diet; Female; Health Status; Humans; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301699_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rates and predictors of suicidal ideation during the first year after traumatic brain injury Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mackelprang, J.L. Author-Name: Bombardier, C.H. Author-Name: Fann, J.R. Author-Name: Temkin, N.R. Author-Name: Barber, J.K. Author-Name: Dikmen, S.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e100-e107 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301794 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301794 Abstract: Objectives. We examined rates of suicidal ideation (SI) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigated whether demographic characteristics, preinjury psychiatric history, or injury-related factors predicted SI during the first year after injury. Methods. We followed a cohort of 559 adult patients who were admitted to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, with a complicated mild to severe TBI between June 2001 and March 2005. Participants completed structured telephone interviews during months 1 through 6, 8, 10, and 12 after injury. We assessed SI using item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results. Twenty-five percent of the sample reported SI during 1 or more assessment points. The strongest predictor of SI was the first PHQ-8 score (i.e., PHQ-9 with item 9 excluded) after injury. Other significant multivariate predictors included a history of a prior suicide attempt, a history of bipolar disorder, and having less than a high school education. Conclusions. Rates of SI among individuals who have sustained a TBI exceed those found among the general population. Increased knowledge of risk factors for SI may assist health care providers in identifying patients who may be vulnerable to SI after TBI. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; article; brain injury; female; health status; human; incidence; male; mental health; middle aged; prevalence; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; suicidal ideation; time; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Brain Injuries; Female; Health Status; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicidal Ideation; Time Factors; Washington; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301794_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction in fatalities, ambulance calls, and hospital admissions for road trauma after implementation of new traffic laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brubacher, J.R. Author-Name: Chan, H. Author-Name: Brasher, P. Author-Name: Erdelyi, S. Author-Name: Desapriya, E. Author-Name: Asbridge, M. Author-Name: Purssell, R. Author-Name: Macdonald, S. Author-Name: Schuurman, N. Author-Name: Pike, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e89-e97 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302068 Abstract: Results: In the 2 years after implementation of the new laws, significant decreases occurred in fatal crashes (21.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 15.3, 26.4) and in hospital admissions (8.0%; 95% CI = 0.6, 14.9) and ambulance calls (7.2%; 95% CI = 1.1, 13.0) for road trauma. We found a very large reduction in alcohol-related fatal crashes (52.0%; 95% CI = 34.5, 69.5), and the benefits of the new laws are likely primarily the result of a reduction in drinking and driving. Keywords: alcohol intoxication; article; Canada; car driving; hospitalization; human; legal aspect; statistics; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; British Columbia; Hospitalization; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302068_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: MPH education for the 21st century: Design of Columbia University's new public health curriculum Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Begg, M.D. Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Bayer, R. Author-Name: Walker, J.R. Author-Name: Fried, L.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-36 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301518 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301518 Abstract: Because public health challenges are changing rapidly, over the past 3 years, we have turned a critical eye to the master of public health program at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Under a process dubbed "curriculum renewal," we engaged more than 170 faculty, staff, and students (and hundreds of alumni and employers of our graduates) in an initiative to develop a completely new design for master of public health education that launched in fall 2012. We have described its design and structure and presented some preliminary evaluation data. Keywords: article; curriculum; education; educational model; human; public health; United States; university; vocational education; education; public health; trends; vocational education, Curriculum; Education, Professional; Humans; Models, Educational; New York City; Public Health; Universities, Curriculum; Education, Professional; Humans; Models, Educational; New York City; Public Health; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301518_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthography Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2022 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302232 Keywords: human; medical geography; public health; statistics and numerical data, Geography, Medical; Humans; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302232_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Net effects of bicycle share programs on bike safety Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cowling, K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302166 Keywords: Craniocerebral Trauma; cycling; human, Bicycling; Craniocerebral Trauma; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302166_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology of hepatitis c virus in pennsylvania state prisons, 2004-2012: Limitations of 1945-1965 birth cohort screening in correctional settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Larney, S. Author-Name: Mahowald, M.K. Author-Name: Scharff, N. Author-Name: Flanigan, T.P. Author-Name: Beckwith, C.G. Author-Name: Zaller, N.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: e69-e74 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301943 Abstract: Objectives. We described hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) prevalence in a state prison system and retrospectively evaluated the case-finding performance of targeted testing of the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort in this population. Methods. We used observational data from universal testing of Pennsylvania state prison entrants (June 2004-December 2012) to determine anti-HCV prevalence by birth cohort. We compared anti-HCV prevalence and the burden of anti-HCV in the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort with that in all other birth years. Results. Anti-HCV prevalence among 101 727 adults entering prison was 18.1%. Prevalence was highest among those born from 1945 to 1965, but most anti-HCV cases were in people born after 1965. Targeted testing of the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort would have identified a decreasing proportion of cases with time. Conclusions. HCV is endemic in correctional populations. Targeted testing of the 1945 to 1965 birth cohort would produce a high yield of positive test results but would identify only a minority of cases. We recommend universal anti-HCV screening in correctional settings to allow for maximum case identification, secondary prevention, and treatment of affected prisoners. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; cohort analysis; female; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; prison; prisoner; sex difference; statistics; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cohort Studies; Female; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pennsylvania; Prevalence; Prisoners; Prisons; Sex Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301943_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Age and the impact of obesity on mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, Z. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301799 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301799 Keywords: female; human; male; mortality; note; obesity, Female; Humans; Male; Obesity Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301799_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The drinking water disparities framework: On the origins and persistence of inequities in exposure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Balazs, C.L. Author-Name: Ray, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 603-611 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301664 Abstract: With this article, we develop the Drinking Water Disparities Framework to explain environmental injustice in the context of drinking water in the United States. The framework builds on the social epidemiology and environmental justice literatures, and is populated with 5 years of field data (2005-2010) from California's San Joaquin Valley. We trace the mechanisms through which natural, built, and sociopolitical factors work through state, county, community, and household actors to constrain access to safe water and to financial resources for communities. These constraints and regulatory failures produce social disparities in exposure to drinking water contaminants. Water system and household coping capacities lead, at best, to partial protection against exposure. This composite burden explains the origins and persistence of social disparities in exposure to drinking water contaminants. Keywords: drinking water, article; environmental exposure; health disparity; human; nonbiological model; policy; standard; statistics; United States; water supply, California; Drinking Water; Environmental Exposure; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Models, Organizational; Public Policy; Water Supply Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301664_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in bullying, physical fighting, and weapon carrying among 6th-Through 10th-grade students from 1998 to 2010: Findings from a National study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perlus, J.G. Author-Name: Brooks-Russell, A. Author-Name: Wang, J. Author-Name: Iannotti, R.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1100-1106 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301761 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301761 Abstract: Objectives. We examined trends from 1998 to 2010 in bullying, bullying victimization, physical fighting, and weapon carrying and variations by gender, grade level, and race/ethnicity among US adolescents. Methods. The Health Behavior in School-Aged Children surveys of nationally representative samples of students in grades 6 through 10 were completed in 1998 (n = 15 686), 2002 (n = 14 818), 2006 (n = 9229), and 2010 (n = 10 926). Weassessed frequency of bullying behaviors, physical fighting, and weapon carrying as well as weapon type and subtypes of bullying. We conducted logistic regression analyses, accounting for the complex sampling design, to identify trends and variations by demographic factors. Results. Bullying perpetration, bullying victimization, and physical fighting declined from 1998 to 2010. Weapon carrying increased for White students only. Declines in bullying perpetration and victimization were greater for boys than for girls. Declines in bullying perpetration and physical fighting were greater for middle-school students than for high-school students. Conclusions. Declines in most violent behaviors are encouraging; however, lack of decline in weapon carrying merits further attention. Keywords: adolescent; age; ancestry group; article; bullying; female; firearm; human; male; questionnaire; sex difference; statistics; United States; violence, Adolescent; Age Factors; Bullying; Continental Population Groups; Female; Firearms; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; Sex Factors; United States; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301761_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rules and values: A coordinated regulatory and educational approach to the public health crises of chronic pain and addiction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katzman, J.G. Author-Name: Comerci, G.D. Author-Name: Landen, M. Author-Name: Loring, L. Author-Name: Jenkusky, S.M. Author-Name: Arora, S. Author-Name: Kalishman, S. Author-Name: Marr, L. Author-Name: Camarata, C. Author-Name: Duhigg, D. Author-Name: Dillow, J. Author-Name: Koshkin, E. Author-Name: Taylor, D.E. Author-Name: Geppert, C.M.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1356-1362 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301881 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301881 Abstract: Chronic pain and opioid addiction are 2 pressing public health problems, and prescribing clinicians often lack the skills necessary to manage these conditions.Our study sought to address the benefits of a coalition of an academic medical center pain faculty and government agencies in addressing the high unintentional overdose death rates in New Mexico. New Mexico's 2012-2013 mandated chronic pain and addiction education programs studied more than 1000 clinicians. Positive changes were noted in precourse and postcourse surveys of knowledge, self-efficacy, and attitudes. Controlled substance dispensing data from the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy also demonstrated safer prescribing. The total morphine and Valium milligram equivalents dispensed have decreased continually since 2011. There was also a concomitant decline in total drug overdose deaths. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, analgesia; article; chronic pain; drug overdose; human; medical education; methodology; opiate addiction; prescription; public health; United States, Analgesics, Opioid; Chronic Pain; Drug Overdose; Drug Prescriptions; Education, Medical, Continuing; Humans; New Mexico; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain Management; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301881_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's choice: Public health in action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301743 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301743_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health and suicidality among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bostwick, W.B. Author-Name: Meyer, I. Author-Name: Aranda, F. Author-Name: Russell, S. Author-Name: Hughes, T. Author-Name: Birkett, M. Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1129-1136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301749 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301749 Abstract: Objectives. Weexamined the relationships among sexual minority status, sex, and mental health and suicidality, in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of adolescents. Methods. Using pooled data from 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys within 14 jurisdictions, we used hierarchical linear modeling to examine 6 mental health outcomes across 6 racial/ethnic groups, intersecting with sexual minority status and sex. Based on an omnibus measure of sexual minority status, there were 6245 sexual minority adolescents in the current study. The total sample was n = 72 691. Results. Compared with heterosexual peers, sexual minorities reported higher odds of feeling sad; suicidal ideation, planning and attempts; suicide attempt treated by a doctor or nurse, and self-harm. Among sexual minorities, compared with White youths, Asian and Black youths had lower odds of many outcomes, whereas American Native/Pacific Islander, Latino, and Multiracial youths had higher odds. Conclusions. Although in general, sexual minority youths were at heightened risk for suicidal outcomes, risk varied based on sex and on race/ethnicity. More research is needed to better understand the manner in which sex and race/ ethnicity intersect among sexual minorities to influence risk and protective factors, and ultimately, mental health outcomes. Keywords: adolescent; ancestry group; article; ethnic group; female; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; mental health; minority group; psychological aspect; risk factor; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; United States, Adolescent; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Minority Groups; Risk Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301749_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community characteristics and mortality: The relative strength of association of different community characteristics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chan, K.S. Author-Name: Roberts, E. Author-Name: McCleary, R. Author-Name: Buttorff, C. Author-Name: Gaskin, D.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1751-1758 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301944 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the strength of association between average 5-year county-level mortality rates and area-level measures, including air quality, sociodemographic characteristics, violence, and economic distress. Methods. We obtained mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and linked it to socioeconomic and demographic data from the Census Bureau, air quality data, violent crime statistics, and loan delinquency data. We modeled 5-year average mortality rates (1998-2002) for all-cause, cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory diseases as a function of county-level characteristics using ordinary least squares regression models. We limited analyses to counties with population of 100 000 or greater (n = 458). Results. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, particularly the percentage older than 65 years and near poor, were top predictors of all-cause and condition-specific mortality, as were a high concentration of construction and service workers. We found weaker associations for air quality, mortgage delinquencies, and violent crimes. Protective characteristics included the percentage of Hispanics, Asians, and married residents. Conclusions. Multiple factors influence county-level mortality. Although county demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are important, there are independent, although weaker, associations of other environmental characteristics. Future studies should investigate these factors to better understand community mortality risk. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; air pollution; article; cardiovascular disease; child; crime; demography; human; infant; middle aged; mortality; neoplasm; newborn; occupation; poverty; preschool child; respiratory tract disease; socioeconomics; statistics; very elderly; violence; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Air Pollution; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Crime; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Mortality; Neoplasms; Occupations; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors; Violence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301944_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Period life tables for the non-hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native Population, 2007-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arias, E. Author-Name: Xu, J. Author-Name: Jim, M.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S312-S319 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301635 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated complete period life tables for the non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) population residing in Contract Health Service Delivery Area (CHSDA) counties for the period 2007-2009. Methods. We used National Vital Statistics System mortality data files for years 2007-2009 corrected for AI/AN misclassification on death certificates, midyear 2008 revised census bridged race intercensal population estimates, and National Vital Statistics System birth data for years 2006-2009. We used the same methodology as that used to estimate official US annual life tables, with some minor modifications. Results. For the period 2007-2009, the non-Hispanic AI/AN population in CHSDA counties had the lowest life expectancy at birth (71.1 years) of any racial/ethnic group for which official US life tables are estimated. By comparison, in 2008, life expectancy at birth was 73.9 years for the non-Hispanic Black population, 78.4 years for the non-Hispanic White population, and 80.8 years for the Hispanic population. Conclusions. The life tables showed a clear mortality disadvantage for the non-Hispanic AI/AN population in CHSDA counties relative to other national populations. The findings suggested that further research is necessary to explore the causes behind these disadvantages. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; birth certificate; child; death certificate; ethnology; female; human; infant; Inuit; life expectancy; life table; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; pregnancy; preschool child; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Birth Certificates; Child; Child, Preschool; Death Certificates; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inuits; Life Expectancy; Life Tables; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Pregnancy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301635_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on pandemic H1N1-related outcomes in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Placzek, H. Author-Name: Madoff, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e31-e38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301626 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301626 Abstract: Objectives: We linked hospital discharge and American Community Survey and US Census data to investigate 2009 H1N1 influenza (H1N1)-related outcomes by racial/ethnic groups and socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: We examined the population discharged from any acute care hospital in Massachusetts and calculated rates of intensive care unit (ICU) stay by racial/ethnic and SES groups between April 26 and September 30, 2009. We used logistic regression models to identify predictors of ICU stay. Results: Of 4874 H1N1-related hospitalizations, 526 (11%) were admitted to the ICU. Those in less affluent SES groups had lower risk of ICU stay than the most affluent SES group. Compared with Whites, Hispanics had significantly lower risk of 2009 H1N1-related ICU stay (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval = 0.32, 0.86). Only 13% of Whites admitted to the ICU were in the lowest SES group, compared with 63% of Hispanics and 43% of Blacks. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first statewide description of 2009 H1N1 influenza-related ICU stays according to racial/ethnic group and SES in the United States. Future work should investigate evidence related to social determinants of health among racial/ethnic groups to reduce disparities in relation to pandemic influenza. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; ancestry group; child; economics; ethnology; female; health disparity; human; Influenza virus A H1N1; Influenza, Human; intensive care; male; pandemic; risk factor; sex difference; social class; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; virology; article; economics; ethnology; influenza; race; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Continental Population Groups; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Intensive Care; Male; Massachusetts; Pandemics; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Continental Population Groups; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Influenza, Human; Intensive Care; Male; Massachusetts; Pandemics; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301626_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Case management to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in American Indians and Alaska Natives with diabetes: Results from the special diabetes program for Indians healthy heart demonstration project Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, K. Author-Name: Jiang, L. Author-Name: Manson, S.M. Author-Name: Beals, J. Author-Name: Henderson, W. Author-Name: Pratte, K. Author-Name: Acton, K.J. Author-Name: Roubideaux, Y. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e158-e164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302108 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) with diabetes in the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Healthy Heart (SDPI-HH) Demonstration Project. Methods. Multidisciplinary teams implemented an intensive case management intervention among 30 health care programs serving 138 tribes. The project recruited 3373 participants, with and without current CVD, between 2006 and 2009. We examined data collected at baseline and 1 year later to determine whether improvements occurred in CVD risk factors and in Framingham coronary heart disease (CHD) risk scores, aspirin use, and smoking status. Results. A1c levels decreased an average of 0.2% (P < .001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels decreased, with the largest significant reduction in LDL cholesterol (Δ = -5.29 mg/dL; P < .001). Average Framingham CHD risk scores also decreased significantly. Aspirin therapy increased significantly, and smoking decreased. Participants with more case management visits had significantly greater reductions in LDL cholesterol and A1c values. Conclusions. SDPI-HH successfully translated an intensive case management intervention. Creative retention strategies and an improved understanding of organizational challenges are needed for future Indian health translational efforts. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: glycosylated hemoglobin; hemoglobin A1c protein, human; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol, adolescent; adult; American Indian; blood; blood pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; case management; Diabetic Angiopathies; female; human; male; middle aged; patient care; pilot study; prevention and control; risk reduction; smoking; United States; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Alaska; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case Management; Cholesterol, LDL; Diabetic Angiopathies; Female; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Care Team; Pilot Projects; Risk Reduction Behavior; Smoking; Triglycerides; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302108_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using medicare data to identify individuals who are electricity dependent to improve disaster preparedness and response Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeSalvo, K. Author-Name: Lurie, N. Author-Name: Finne, K. Author-Name: Worrall, C. Author-Name: Bogdanov, A. Author-Name: Dinkler, A. Author-Name: Babcock, S. Author-Name: Kelman, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1160-1164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302009 Abstract: Duringadisasterorprolonged power outage, individuals who use electricity-dependent medical equipment are often unable to operate it and seek care in acute care settings or local shelters. Public health officials often report that they do not have proactive and systematic ways to rapidly identify and assist these individuals. In June 2013, we piloted a first-in-the-nation emergency preparedness drill in which we used Medicare claims data to identify individuals with electricitydependent durable medical equipment during a disaster and securely disclosed it to a local health department. We found that Medicare claims data were 93% accurate in identifying individuals using a home oxygen concentrator or ventilator. The drill findings suggest that claims data can be useful in improving preparedness and response for electricitydependent populations. Keywords: article; disaster planning; electricity; human; insurance; medicare; methodology; power supply; public health; reproducibility; statistics; United States, Disaster Planning; Electric Power Supplies; Electricity; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Medicare; Public Health; Reproducibility of Results; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302009_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ludwik Rajchman (1881-1965): world leader in social medicine and director of the League of Nations Health Organization. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1638-1639 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301988 Keywords: article; health; history; international cooperation; social medicine, History, 20th Century; International Agencies; Social Medicine; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301988_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Davis et al. respond. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, R.R. Author-Name: Hofferth, S.L. Author-Name: Shenassa, E.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302073 Keywords: female; human; infant mortality; note; pregnancy; weight gain, Female; Humans; Infant Mortality; Pregnancy; Weight Gain Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302073_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bombak responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bombak, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302031 Keywords: environment; health care policy; human; lifestyle; note; obesity; public health, Environment; Health Policy; Humans; Life Style; Obesity; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302031_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Learning goals may prevent "goals gone wild" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benzer, J.K. Author-Name: Creech, S.K. Author-Name: Mohr, D.C. Author-Name: Charns, M.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302264 Keywords: government; human; learning; organization; organization and management; United States, Humans; Learning; Organizational Objectives; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302264_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The case for improving the health of ex-prisoners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kinner, S.A. Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1352-1355 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301883 Abstract: The global prison population exceeds 10 million and continues to grow; more than 30 million people are releasedfromcustody annually. These individuals are disproportionatelypoor,disenfranchised, and chronically ill. There are compelling, evidence-based arguments for improving health outcomes for ex-prisoners on human rights, public health, criminal justice, and economic grounds. These arguments stand in stark contrast to current policy and practice inmost settings. There is also a dearth of evidence to guide clinicians and policymakers on how best to care for this large andgrowingpopulationduring and after their transition fromcustody to community. Well-designed longitudinal studies, clinical trials, and burden of disease studies are pivotal to closing this evidence gap. Keywords: article; health; health care delivery; health status; human; human rights; prisoner; public health; safety, Delivery of Health Care; Health Status; Human Rights; Humans; Prisoners; Public Health; Safety; World Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301883_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The association between food prices and the blood Glucose Level of US adults with Type 2 diabetes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anekwe, T.D. Author-Name: Rahkovsky, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 678-685 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301661 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the association between the price of healthy and less-healthy food groups and blood sugar among US adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods. We linked 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey health information to food prices contained in the Quarterly Food-at- Home Price Database. We regressed blood sugar levels on food prices from the previous calendar quarter, controlling for market region and a range of other covariates. We also examined whether the association between food prices and blood sugar varies among different income groups. Results. The prices of produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with blood sugar levels of people with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, higher prices for produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose 3 months later. Food prices had a greater association with blood sugar for low-income people than for higherincome people, and in the expected direction. Conclusions. Higher prices of healthy foods were associated with increased blood sugar among people with type 2 diabetes. The association was especially pronounced among low-income people with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: article; blood; commercial phenomena; economics; fat intake; female; food; glucose blood level; human; income; male; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; nutrition; statistics; United States, Blood Glucose; Commerce; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Female; Food; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301661_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicidal ideation and mental distress among adults with military service history: Results from 5 US States, 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Gordon, A.J. Author-Name: Bossarte, R.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S595-S602 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302064 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of military service history with past-year suicidal ideation and past-30-days mental distress in a probability-based sample of adults. Methods. We gathered 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 5 states that asked about past-year suicidal ideation. Military service was defined as current or former active-duty service or National Guard or Reserves service. We stratified analyses into 18 to 39 years, 40 to 64 years, and 65 years and older age groups and used multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for demographic confounders, to discern the association of military service history with past-year suicidal ideation and past-30-days mental distress. Results. Among the 26 736 respondents, 13.1% indicated military service history. After adjusting for several confounders, we found military history status among those aged 40 to 64 years was associated with both past-year suicidal ideation and past-30-days mental distress. We found no significant associations among the younger or older age groups. Conclusions. Differences in suicidal ideation between military and nonmilitary individuals may occur in midlife. Future research should examine the possibility of cohort effects, service era effects, or both. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; female; human; male; mental health; mental stress; middle aged; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide; United States; veteran; veterans health; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; United States; Veterans; Veterans Health; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302064_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predicted long-term cardiovascular risk among young adults in the national longitudinal study of adolescent health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clark, C.J. Author-Name: Alonso, A. Author-Name: Spencer, R.A. Author-Name: Pencina, M. Author-Name: Williams, K. Author-Name: Everson-Rose, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e108-e115 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302148 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the distribution of predicted long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among young adults in the United States. Keywords: adolescent; adult; body mass; Cardiovascular Diseases; diabetes mellitus; ethnology; female; forecasting; human; hypertension; longitudinal study; male; risk factor; smoking; socioeconomics; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Hypertension; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Risk Factors; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302148_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health treatment patterns among adults with recent suicide attempts in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Han, B. Author-Name: Compton, W.M. Author-Name: Gfroerer, J. Author-Name: McKeon, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2359-2368 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302163 Abstract: Objectives. We examined mental health treatment patterns among adults with suicide attempts in the past 12 months in the United States. Keywords: adult; female; health service; health survey; human; male; Mental Disorders; mental health service; middle aged; organization and management; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; suicide attempt, Adult; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health Services; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Suicide, Attempted Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302163_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recognizing resilience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Svendsen, E.S. Author-Name: Baine, G. Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: Campbell, L.K. Author-Name: Metcalf, S.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 581-583 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301848 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301848 Keywords: coping behavior; demography; disaster; editorial; environment; human; public health; terrorism; tornado; United States, Disasters; Environment; Humans; Missouri; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Resilience, Psychological; September 11 Terrorist Attacks; Tornadoes; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301848_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of suicidality among hispanic and African American veterans following surgery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Copeland, L.A. Author-Name: McIntyre, R.T. Author-Name: Stock, E.M. Author-Name: Zeber, J.E. Author-Name: MacCarthy, D.J. Author-Name: Pugh, M.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S603-S608 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301938 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated factors associated with suicidal behavior and ideation (SBI) during 3 years of follow-up among 89 995 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients who underwent major surgery from October 2005 to September 2006. Methods. We analyzed administrative data using Cox proportional hazards models. SBI was ascertained by International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision codes. Results. African Americans (18% of sample; 16 252)were at an increased risk for SBI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10, 1.32), whereas Hispanics were not (HR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.95, 1.28). Other risk factors included schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, pain disorders, postoperative new-onset depression, and postoperative complications; female gender and married status were protective against SBI. Conclusions. The postoperative period might be a time of heightened risk for SBI among minority patients in the VHA. Tailored monitoring and postoperative management by minority status might be required to achieve care equity. Keywords: African American; aged; article; ethnology; female; government; Hispanic; human; male; mental disease; middle aged; pain; postoperative complication; prevalence; proportional hazards model; psychological aspect; risk factor; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; suicidal ideation; suicide; United States; veteran; veterans health, African Americans; Aged; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Pain; Postoperative Complications; Prevalence; Proportional Hazards Models; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301938_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual minority women and depressive symptoms throughout adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pyra, M. Author-Name: Weber, K.M. Author-Name: Wilson, T.E. Author-Name: Cohen, J. Author-Name: Murchison, L. Author-Name: Goparaju, L. Author-Name: Golub, E.T. Author-Name: Cohen, M.H. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e83-e90 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302259 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the associations between depressive symptoms and sexual identity and behavior among women with or at risk for HIV. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; bisexuality; demography; depression; female; human; lesbianism; middle aged; psychology, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bisexuality; Demography; Depression; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Humans; Middle Aged Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302259_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary prevention of falls: Effectiveness of a statewide program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Albert, S.M. Author-Name: King, J. Author-Name: Boudreau, R. Author-Name: Prasad, T. Author-Name: Lin, C.J. Author-Name: Newman, A.B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e77-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301829 Abstract: Objectives. We examined a population-wide program, Pennsylvania's Healthy Steps for Older Adults (HSOA), designed to reduce the incidence of falls among older adults. Older adults completing HSOA are screened and educated regarding fall risk, and those identified as being at high risk are referred to primary care providers and home safety resources. Methods. From 2010 to 2011, older adults who completed HSOA at various senior center sites (n = 814) and a comparison group of older adults from the same sites who did not complete the program (n = 1019) were recruited and followed monthly. Although participants were not randomly allocated to study conditions, the 2 groups did not differ in fall risk at baseline or attrition. We used a telephone interactive voice response system to ascertain the number of falls that occurred each month. Results. In multivariate models, adjusted fall incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were lower in the HSOA group than in the comparison group for both total (IRR = 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72, 0.96) and activity-adjusted (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.70, 0.93) months of follow-up. Conclusions. Use of existing aging services in primary prevention of falls is feasible, resulting in a 17% reduction in our sample in the rate of falls over the follow-up period. Keywords: aged; aging; article; body equilibrium; daily life activity; exercise; falling; female; human; incidence; male; organization and management; pain; patient education; primary prevention; self care; self concept; socioeconomics; United States; very elderly; walking difficulty, Accidental Falls; Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Exercise; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mobility Limitation; Pain; Patient Education as Topic; Pennsylvania; Postural Balance; Primary Prevention; Self Care; Self Efficacy; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301829_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancing condom use among black male youths: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crosby, R.A. Author-Name: Charnigo, R.J. Author-Name: Salazar, L.F. Author-Name: Pasternak, R. Author-Name: Terrell, I.W. Author-Name: Ricks, J. Author-Name: Smith, R.V. Author-Name: Taylor, S.N. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2219-2225 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302131 Abstract: Objectives. We tested the efficacy of a brief intervention to promote correct and consistent use of condoms among Black male youths attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in 3 southern US cities. Methods. In 2010 to 2012, we screened (n = 1102) and enrolled (n = 702) youths aged 15 to 23 years who identified as Black and reported recent (past 2 months) sexual activity and randomized them to a private, brief, interactive intervention (n = 349) or an attention-equivalent control condition (n = 353). Assessments occurred at baseline and 2 and 6 months after the intervention. Results. At 6 months, with adjustment for age and pretest nonequivalence of the outcome variable, an estimated odds ratio (EOR) of 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 2.49; P = .02) indicated efficacy for correct condom use. An adjusted generalized estimating equations model with both 2- and 6-month condom use variables produced an EOR of 1.49 (95% CI = 1.06, 2.08; P = .02). We did not observe significant effects on chlamydia and gonorrhea incidence. Conclusions. This brief intervention, delivered as part of STI clinical care, could help alleviate the disproportionate STI-HIV burden among young Black men. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; African American; condom; controlled study; epidemiology; health education; health promotion; human; male; procedures; psychology; randomized controlled trial; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; statistics and numerical data; United States; United States; utilization; young adult, Adolescent; African Americans; Condoms; Health Education; Health Promotion; Humans; Louisiana; Male; North Carolina; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302131_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender-specific associations of objective and perceived neighborhood characteristics with body mass index and waist circumference among older adults in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bell, J.A. Author-Name: Hamer, M. Author-Name: Shankar, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1279-1286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301947 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301947 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether objective and perceived neighborhood characteristics are independently associated with obesity indicators among older adults and whether associations differ by gender. Methods. Linear regression was used to examine mutually adjusted associations of objective area-level neighborhood deprivation and perceived individuallevel neighborhood disorder in 2002-2003 with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) 2 years later among 6297 community-dwelling older adults in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Results. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and obesity indicators were evident for women only. Being in the most deprived quintile of neighborhood deprivation was associated with a BMI that was 1.18 kilograms per meters squared higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54, 1.83) and a WC that was 2.42 centimeters higher (95% CI = 0.90, 3.94) at follow-up in women after adjustment for baseline health status, socioeconomic factors, and neighborhood disorder.Neighborhood disorder was not independently associated with BMI orWC. Conclusions. Among women, greater objective neighborhood deprivation was independently associated with higher BMI and WC after 2 years. Public efforts to reduce obesity among community-dwelling older women may benefit most from addressing objective residential characteristics, over and above subjective perceptions. Keywords: age; aged; aging; article; body mass; demography; environment; female; health status; human; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; obesity; sex difference; socioeconomics; United Kingdom; waist circumference, Age Factors; Aged; Aging; Body Mass Index; England; Environment; Female; Health Status; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Overweight; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Waist Circumference Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301947_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early life conditions, adverse life events and chewing ability at middle and later adulthood Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Listl, S. Author-Name: Watt, R.G. Author-Name: Tsakos, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: e55-e61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301918 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the extent to which early life conditions and adverse life events impact chewing ability in middle and later adulthood. Methods. Secondary analyses were conducted based on data from waves 2 and 3 of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected in the years 2006 to 2009 and encompassing information on current chewing ability and the life history of persons aged 50 years or older from 13 European countries. Logistic regression models were estimated with sequential inclusion of explanatory variables representing living conditions in childhood and adverse life events. Results. After controlling for current determinants of chewing ability at age 50 years or older, certain childhood and later life course socioeconomic, behavioral, and cognitive factors became evident as correlates of chewing ability at age 50 years or older. Specifically, childhood financial hardship was identified as an early life predictor of chewing ability at age 50 years or older (odds ratio = 1.58; 95% confidence interval = 1.22, 2.06). Keywords: aged; aging; article; cognition; Europe; female; health; health behavior; health disparity; health survey; human; male; mastication; middle aged; mouth hygiene; socioeconomics, Aged; Aging; Cognition; Europe; Female; Health Behavior; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mastication; Middle Aged; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301918_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and risk of coronary heart disease in younger, middle-aged, and older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tolstrup, J.S. Author-Name: Hvidtfeldt, U.A. Author-Name: Flachs, E.M. Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Author-Name: Heitmann, B.L. Author-Name: Bälter, K. Author-Name: Goldbourt, U. Author-Name: Hallmans, G. Author-Name: Knekt, P. Author-Name: Liu, S. Author-Name: Pereira, M. Author-Name: Stevens, J. Author-Name: Virtamo, J. Author-Name: Feskanich, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 96-102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301091 Abstract: Objectives: We investigated associations of smoking and coronary heart disease (CHD) by age. Methods: Data came from the Pooling Project on Diet and Coronary Heart Disease (8 prospective studies, 1974-1996; n = 192 067 women and 74 720 men, aged 40-89 years). Results: During follow-up, 4326 cases of CHD were reported. Relative to never smokers, CHD risk among current smokers was highest in the youngest and lowest in the oldest participants. For example, among women aged 40 to 49 years the hazard ratio was 8.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 5.0, 14) and 3.1 (95% CI = 2.0, 4.9) among those aged 70 years or older. The largest absolute risk differences between current smokers and never smokers were observed among the oldest participants. Finally, the majority of CHD cases among smokers were attributable to smoking. For example, attributable proportions of CHD by age group were 88% (40-49 years), 81% (50-59 years), 71% for (60-69 years), and 68% (≥70 years) among women who smoked. Conclusions: Among smokers, the majority of CHD cases are attributable to smoking in all age groups. Smoking prevention is important, irrespective of age. Keywords: adult; aged; article; coronary artery disease; female; human; male; middle aged; risk; smoking; Coronary Disease; smoking, Adult; Aged; Coronary Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk; Smoking, Adult; Aged; Coronary Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301091_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends and disparities in heart disease mortality among American Indians/Alaska Natives, 1990-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Veazie, M. Author-Name: Ayala, C. Author-Name: Schieb, L. Author-Name: Dai, S. Author-Name: Henderson, J.A. Author-Name: Cho, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S359-S367 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301715 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301715 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated heart disease death rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites after improving identification of AI/AN populations. Methods. Indian Health Service (IHS) registration data were linked to the National Death Index for 1990 to 2009 to identify deaths among AI/AN persons aged 35 years and older with heart disease listed as the underlying cause of death (UCOD) or 1 of multiple causes of death (MCOD). We restricted analyses to IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Areas and to non-Hispanic populations. Results. Heart disease death rates were higher among AI/AN persons than Whites from 1999 to 2009 (1.21 times for UCOD, 1.30 times for MCOD). Disparities were highest in younger age groups and in the Northern Plains, but lowest in the East and Southwest. In AI/AN persons, MCOD rates were 84% higher than UCOD rates. From 1990 to 2009, UCOD rates declined among Whites, but only declined significantly among AI/AN persons after 2003. Conclusions. Analysis with improved race identification indicated that AI/AN populations experienced higher heart disease death rates than Whites. Better prevention and more effective care of heart disease is needed for AI/AN populations. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; comparative study; ethnology; female; heart disease; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301715_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community mobilization and empowerment of female sex workers in karnataka state, south india: Associations with hiv and sexually transmitted infection risk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beattie, T.S.H. Author-Name: Mohan, H.L. Author-Name: Bhattacharjee, P. Author-Name: Chandrashekar, S. Author-Name: Isac, S. Author-Name: Wheeler, T. Author-Name: Prakash, R. Author-Name: Ramesh, B.M. Author-Name: Blanchard, J.F. Author-Name: Heise, L. Author-Name: Vickerman, P. Author-Name: Moses, S. Author-Name: Watts, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1516-1525 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301911 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the impact of community mobilization (CM) on the empowerment, risk behaviors, and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infection in female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India. Methods. We conducted behavioral-biological surveys in 2008 and 2011 in 4 districts of Karnataka, India.We defined exposure to CMas low,medium(attended nongovernmental organization meeting or drop-in centre), or high (member of collective or peer group). We used regression analyses to explore whether exposure to CM was associated with the preceding outcomes. Pathway analyses explored the degree to which effects could be attributable to CM. Results. By the final survey, FSWs with high CM exposure were more likely to have been tested for HIV (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 25.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.07, 48.34) and to have used a condom at last sex with occasional clients (AOR = 4.74; 95% CI = 2.17, 10.37), repeat clients (AOR = 4.29; 95% CI = 2.24, 8.20), and regular partners (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.43, 5.45) than FSWs with low CM exposure. They were also less likely to be infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.87). Pathway analyses suggested CM acted above and beyond peer education; reduction in gonorrhea or chlamydia was attributable to CM. Conclusions. CM is a central part of HIV prevention programming among FSWs, empowering them to better negotiate condom use and access services, as well as address other concerns in their lives. Keywords: adolescent; adult; article; behavior; chlamydiasis; community care; condom; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; female; gonorrhea; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; India; middle aged; prevalence; prostitution; psychological aspect; risk factor; serodiagnosis; sexually transmitted disease; statistics; utilization review; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Chlamydia Infections; Community Networks; Condoms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gonorrhea; HIV Infections; Humans; India; Middle Aged; Power (Psychology); Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Workers; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301911_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of race/ethnicity and gender on HCV screening and prevalence among US veterans in department of veterans affairs care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Backus, L.I. Author-Name: Belperio, P.S. Author-Name: Loomis, T.P. Author-Name: Mole, L.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S4 Pages: S555-S561 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302090 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed HCV screening and prevalence among veterans and estimated the potential impact of complete birth cohort screening, accounting for the disparate HCV disease burden by race/ethnicity and gender. Methods. We used the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse to identify birth dates, gender, race/ethnicity, and laboratory tests for veterans with at least 1 VA outpatient visit in 2012. We calculated HCV screening rates, prevalence, and HCV infection incident diagnosis. Results. Among 5 499 743 veterans, 54.7% had HCV screening through the VA. In more than 2.9 million veterans screened, HCV prevalence was 6.1% overall and highest among Blacks (11.8%), particularly Black men born in 1945 to 1965 (17.7%). HCV infection incident diagnosis in 2012 was 5.9% for men and 2.3% for women. An estimated additional 48 928 male veterans, including 12 291 Black men, and 1484 female veterans would potentially be identified as HCV infected with full birth cohort screening. Conclusions. HCV prevalence was markedly elevated among veterans born in 1945 to 1965, with substantial variation by race/ethnicity and gender. Full adoption of birth cohort screening may reveal substantial numbers of veterans with previously unknown HCV infection. Keywords: age; ancestry group; article; ethnic group; ethnology; female; government; hepatitis C; human; male; mass screening; prevalence; retrospective study; sex difference; statistics; United States; veteran; veterans health, Age Factors; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans; Veterans Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302090_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-management: A comprehensive approach to management of chronic conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grady, P.A. Author-Name: Gough, L.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e25-e31 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302041 Abstract: For both clinical and economic reasons, the increasing number of persons living with chronic conditions represents a public health issue of growing importance. Emphasizing patient responsibility, and acting in concert with the provider community, self-management represents a promising strategy for treating chronic conditions-moving beyond education to teaching individuals to actively identify challenges and solve problems associated with their illness. Self-management also shows potential as an effective paradigm across the prevention spectrum (primary, secondary, and tertiary) by establishing a pattern for health early in life and providing strategies for mitigating illness and managing it in later life. We suggest ways to advance research methods and practical applications of self-management as steps in its future development and implementation. Keywords: chronic disease; community care; human; methodology; patient education; review; self care, Chronic Disease; Community Health Services; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Self Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302041_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State medicaid expansion, community interventions, and health care disparities in a united states-mexico border community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Langellier, B.A. Author-Name: De Zapien, J.G. Author-Name: Rosales, C. Author-Name: Ingram, M. Author-Name: Carvajal, S.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e94-e100 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302013 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether access to and use of health care services increased among residents of a low-income, predominantly Mexican American border community affected by the expansion of Arizona's Medicaid program in 2001 and multiple community-level programs and policies. Methods. We used data from a probability sample of 1623 adult residents of Douglas, Arizona, who participated in cross-sectional health surveys in 1998 and 2010. Response rates were 83% and 86%, respectively. Results. In 2010, participants were more likely to have a usual source of care, to have visited a provider in the previous year, and to have been screened for diabetes and hypertension and less likely to have delayed needed care or to have seen a regular provider in Mexico (P < .001 for all outcomes). Improvements in access to and use of health care were most pronounced among residents with less than a high school education, which reduced or eliminated educational disparities in health care. Conclusions. Expansion of public insurance programs can effectively reduce health care disparities when paired with other community-level policies and programs that target medically underserved populations. Keywords: adult; article; community care; cross-sectional study; educational status; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care survey; health insurance; human; insurance; male; medicaid; Mexican American; middle aged; organization and management; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; utilization review, Adult; Arizona; Community Health Services; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Medicaid; Mexican Americans; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302013_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comprehensive adolescent health programs that include sexual and reproductive health services: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kågesten, A. Author-Name: Parekh, J. Author-Name: Tunçalp, O. Author-Name: Turke, S. Author-Name: Blum, R.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e23-e36 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302246 Abstract: We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature on comprehensive adolescent health (CAH) programs (1998-2013), including sexual and reproductive health services. We screened 36 119 records and extracted articles using predefined criteria. We synthesized data into descriptive characteristics and assessed quality by evidence level. We extracted data on 46 programs, of which 19 were defined as comprehensive. Tenmet all inclusioncriteria. Most were US based; others were implemented in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Mexico. Three programs displayed rigorous evidence; 5 had strong and 2 had modest evidence. Thosewith rigorous or strong evidence directly or indirectly influenced adolescent sexual and reproductive health. The long-term impact of manyCAHprograms cannot be proven because of insufficient evaluations. Evaluation approaches that take into account the complex operating conditions of many programs are needed to better understand mechanisms behind program effects. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adolescent development; child health care; female; human; male; reproductive behavior; reproductive health; sexual behavior; trends, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Development; Adolescent Health Services; Female; Humans; Male; Reproductive Behavior; Reproductive Health; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302246_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Network exposure and homicide victimization in an African American community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Papachristos, A.V. Author-Name: Wildeman, C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 143-150 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301441 Abstract: Objectives: We estimated the association of an individual's exposure to homicide in a social network and the risk of individual homicide victimization across a high-crime African American community. Methods: Combining 5 years of homicide and police records, we analyzed a network of 3718 high-risk individuals that was created by instances of cooffending. We used logistic regression to model the odds of being a gunshot homicide victim by individual characteristics, network position, and indirect exposure to homicide. Results: Forty-one percent of all gun homicides occurred within a network component containing less than 4% of the neighborhood's population. Network-level indicators reduced the association between individual risk factors and homicide victimization and improved the overall prediction of individual victimization. Network exposure to homicide was strongly associated with victimization: the closer one is to a homicide victim, the greater the risk of victimization. Regression models show that exposure diminished with social distance: each social tie removed from a homicide victim decreased one's odds of being a homicide victim by 57%. Conclusions: Risk of homicide in urban areas is even more highly concentrated than previously thought. We found that most of the risk of gun violence was concentrated in networks of identifiable individuals. Understanding these networks may improve prediction of individual homicide victimization within disadvantaged communities. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; aged; article; crime victim; female; homicide; human; male; middle aged; risk factor; social support; statistics; United States; African American; crime victim; epidemiology; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Chicago; Crime Victims; Female; Homicide; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Social Support, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Chicago; Crime Victims; Female; Homicide; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301441_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clustering of midlife lifestyle behaviors and subsequent cognitive function: A longitudinal study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kesse-Guyot, E. Author-Name: Andreeva, V.A. Author-Name: Lassale, C. Author-Name: Hercberg, S. Author-Name: Galan, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e170-e177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302121 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between individual and clustered lifestyle behaviors in middle age and later in cognitive functioning. Methods. Middle-aged participants (n = 2430) in the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Mine? raux Antioxydant study self-reported their low physical activity, sedentary behavior, alcohol use, smoking, low fruit and vegetable consumption, and low fish consumption. We assessed cognition 13 years later via 6 neuropsychological tests. After standardization, we summed the scores for a composite cognitive measure. We estimated executive functioning and verbal memory scores using principal component analysis. We estimated the mean differences (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) in cognitive performance by the number of unhealthy behaviors using analysis of covariance. We identified latent unhealthy behavior factor via structural equation modeling. Results. Global cognitive function and verbal memory were linearly, negatively associated with the number of unhealthy behaviors: adjusted mean differences = -0.36 (95% CI = -0.69, -0.03) and -0.46 (95% CI = -0.80, -0.11), respectively, per unit increase in the number of unhealthy behaviors. The latent unhealthy behavior factor with low fruit and vegetable consumption and low physical activity as main contributors was associated with reduced verbal memory (RMSEA = 0.02; CFI = 0.96; P = .004). No association was found with executive functioning. Conclusions. Comprehensive public health strategies promoting healthy lifestyles might help deter cognitive aging. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: aged; cognition; Cognition Disorders; diet; female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; motor activity; neuropsychological test; sedentary lifestyle, Aged; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Diet; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Neuropsychological Tests; Sedentary Lifestyle Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302121_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statistics at the forefront of public health analysis and reporting. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, J.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1575 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302160 Keywords: article; public health; statistical analysis; statistics, Data Interpretation, Statistical; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302160_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating knowledge for public health action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Casey, C.G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302321 Keywords: human; infection control; public health; public health service; publishing; United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Communicable Disease Control; Editorial Policies; Humans; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302321_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health response to the Ryan war on poverty report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e11-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302026 Keywords: editorial; human; politics; poverty; public health, Humans; Politics; Poverty; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302026_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Question context, ethnic difference, and self-rated health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kawada, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301640 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301640 Keywords: Caucasian; female; health status; health survey; Hispanic; human; male; self report; statistics and numerical data; Caucasian; Hispanic; note; statistics, European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Self Report, European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Self Report Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301640_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of bias in estimates of early childhood obesity from parent-reported heights and weights Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rendall, M.S. Author-Name: Weden, M.M. Author-Name: Lau, C. Author-Name: Brownell, P. Author-Name: Nazarov, Z. Author-Name: Fernandes, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1255-1262 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302001 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated bias in estimated obesity prevalence owing to error in parental reporting. We also evaluated bias mitigation through application of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's biologically implausible value (BIV) cutoffs. Methods. We simulated obesity prevalence of children aged 2 to 5 years in 2 panel surveys after counterfactually substituting parameters estimated from 1999-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for prevalence of extreme height and weight and for proportions obese in extreme height or weight categories. Results. Heights reported below the first and fifth height-for-age percentiles explained between one half and two thirds, respectively, of total bias in obesity prevalence. Bias was reduced by one tenth when excluding cases with heightfor-age and weight-for-age BIVs and by one fifth when excluding cases with body mass-index-for-age BIVs. Applying BIVs, however, resulted in incorrect exclusion of nonnegligible proportions of obese children. Conclusions. Correcting the reporting of children's heights in the first percentile alonemay reduce overestimation of early childhood obesity prevalence in surveys with parental reporting by one half to two thirds. Excluding BIVs has limited effectiveness inmitigating this bias. Keywords: article; body height; body mass; body weight; childhood obesity; female; health survey; human; information processing; male; parent; preschool child; prevalence; self report; statistical bias, Bias (Epidemiology); Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Parents; Pediatric Obesity; Prevalence; Self Report Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302001_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A systematic review of community interventions to improve aboriginal child passenger safety Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ishikawa, T. Author-Name: Oudie, E. Author-Name: Desapriya, E. Author-Name: Turcotte, K. Author-Name: Pike, I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: e1-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301683 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301683 Abstract: We evaluated evidence of community interventions to improve Aboriginal child passenger safety (CPS) in terms of its scientific merit and cultural relevance. We included studies if they reported interventions to improve CPS in Aboriginal communities, compared at least pre-and postintervention conditions, and evaluated rates and severity of child passenger injuries, child restraint use, or knowledge of CPS. We also appraised quality and cultural relevance of studies. Study quality was associated with community participation and cultural relevance. Strong evidence showed that multicomponent interventions tailored to each community improves CPS. Interventions in Aboriginal communities should incorporate Aboriginal views of health, involve the community, and be multicomponent and tailored to the community's circumstances and culture. Keywords: American Indian; child; child restraint system; cultural factor; ethnology; health care planning; health promotion; human; injury; methodology; Oceanic ancestry group; review; traffic accident; utilization review, Accidents, Traffic; American Native Continental Ancestry Group; Child; Child Restraint Systems; Community Health Planning; Cultural Characteristics; Health Promotion; Humans; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301683_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hidden in plain sight: A crowdsourced public art contest to make automated external defibrillators more visible Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Merchant, R.M. Author-Name: Griffis, H.M. Author-Name: Ha, Y.P. Author-Name: Kilaru, A.S. Author-Name: Sellers, A.M. Author-Name: Hershey, J.C. Author-Name: Hill, S.S. Author-Name: Kramer-Golinkoff, E. Author-Name: Nadkarni, L. Author-Name: Debski, M.M. Author-Name: Padrez, K.A. Author-Name: Becker, L.B. Author-Name: Asch, D.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2306-2312 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302211 Abstract: Results. Over 8 weeks, there were 13 992 unique Web site visitors; 119 submitted designs and 2140 voted. The designs were shared 48 254 times on Facebook and Twitter. Most designers-voters reported that they participated to contribute to an important cause (44%) rather than to win money (0.8%). Design themes included: empowerment, location awareness, objects (e.g., wings, lightning, batteries, lifebuoys), and others. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; art; defibrillator; feasibility study; female; health care delivery; human; male; middle aged; mortality; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; prospective study; social media; statistics and numerical data, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Art; Defibrillators; Feasibility Studies; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Prospective Studies; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302211_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender abuse and major depression among transgender women: A prospective study of vulnerability and resilience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nuttbrock, L. Author-Name: Bockting, W. Author-Name: Rosenblum, A. Author-Name: Hwahng, S. Author-Name: Mason, M. Author-Name: Macri, M. Author-Name: Becker, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2191-2198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301545 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the social and interpersonal context of gender abuse and its effects on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition major depression among transgender women. Methods. We conducted a 3-year prospective study (2004-2007) among 230 transgender women aged 19 to 59 years from the New York City Metropolitan Area. Statistical techniques included generalized estimating equations (logistic regression). Results. We observed significant associations of psychological and physical gender abuse with major depression during follow-up. New or persistent experiences of both types of abuse were associated with 4- to 7-fold increases in the likelihood of incident major depression. Employment, transgender presentation, sex work, and hormone therapy correlated across time with psychological abuse; the latter 2 variables correlated with physical abuse. The association of psychological abuse with depression was stronger among younger than among older transgender women. Conclusions. Psychological and physical gender abuse is endemic in this population and may result from occupational success and attempts to affirm gender identity. Both types of abuse have serious mental health consequences in the form of major depression. Older transgender women have apparently developed some degree of resilience to psychological gender abuse. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adult; coping behavior; Depressive Disorder, Major; epidemiology; female; human; middle aged; partner violence; prevalence; prospective study; psychology; statistical model; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; transgender; United States; young adult, Adult; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Logistic Models; Middle Aged; New York City; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Resilience, Psychological; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Transgendered Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301545_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The prevalence of harmful content on outdoor advertising in Los Angeles: Land use, community characteristics, and the spatial inequality of a public health nuisance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lowery, B.C. Author-Name: Sloane, D.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 658-664 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301694 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301694 Abstract: Objectives. Our study sought to examine associations between the content of outdoor advertising and neighborhood ethnic/racial and socioeconomic composition to see whether particular communities disproportionately host harmful content. Methods. We constructed a spatial database of photographs taken from June 2012 until December 2012 in 7 identically zoned communities in Los Angeles, California, to compare outdoor advertising area and content. We selected communities to contrast by ethnicity/race, income, education, and youth population. Results. At-risk communities and communities of color hosted more outdoor advertising depicting harmful content than other communities. Among included neighborhoods, harmful content and the proportion of outdoor advertising overall were most prevalent in communities of Asian Americans and Latino Americans. In all communities, harmful content represented at least 24% of outdoor advertising space. Conclusions. This study provides evidence of the potential for land-use decisions to result in spatially inequitable health impacts. Although dictating the placement of outdoor advertising through zoning may seem sensible, such a decision might have the unintended consequence of disadvantaging the well-being of local communities. Neighborhood factors require more contextually nuanced public health and land-use policy. Keywords: advertizing; ancestry group; article; demography; educational status; ethnic group; human; prevalence; public health; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; vulnerable population, Advertising as Topic; Continental Population Groups; Educational Status; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Los Angeles; Prevalence; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301694_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population health and technology: Placing people first Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barclay, G. Author-Name: Sabina, A. Author-Name: Graham, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2246-2247 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302334 Keywords: health care disparity; human; mass communication; medical informatics; public health; technology, Diffusion of Innovation; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Medical Informatics Applications; Public Health; Technology Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302334_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Classifying local health departments on the basis of the constellation of services they provide Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bekemeier, B. Author-Name: Pantazis, A. Author-Name: Dunbar, M.D. Author-Name: Herting, J.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e77-e82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302281 Abstract: Results. A 3-class solution produced the best fit for this data set of 2294 LHDs. The 3 configurations of LHD services depicted an interrelated set of narrow or limited service provision (limited), a comprehensive (core) set of key services provided, and a third class of core and expanded services (core plus), which often included rare services. The classes demonstrated high geographic variability and were weakly associated with expenditure quintile and urban or rural location. Keywords: classification; government; health care delivery; human; policy; public health service; United States, Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Local Government; Public Health Practice; Public Policy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302281_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of county disadvantage on behavior problems among US children with cognitive delay Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cheng, E.R. Author-Name: Park, H. Author-Name: Robert, S.A. Author-Name: Palta, M. Author-Name: Witt, W.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2114-2121 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302119 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated relationships among cognitive delay, community factors, and behavior problems over 2 years in early childhood with a national sample of US families. Methods. Data were from 3 waves of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (2001-2005; n = 7650). We defined cognitive delay as the lowest 10% of mental scores from the Bayley Short Form-Research Edition, administered at 9 and 24 months. At 24 months, we classified children as typically developing or as having resolved, newly developed, or persistent cognitive delays. Behavior was measured at age 4 years with the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales (range = 0-36). Community factors included perceived neighborhood safety and an index of county disadvantage. Results. Behavior scores at age 4 years (mean = 12.4; SD = 4.9) were higher among children with resolved (B = 0.70; SE = 0.20), newly developed (B = 1.92; SE = 0.25), and persistent (B = 2.96; SE = 0.41) cognitive delays than for typically developing children. The interaction between county disadvantage and cognitive delay status was statistically significant (P < .01), suggesting that county disadvantage was particularly detrimental for children with persistent delays. Conclusions. The community context may provide an opportunity for public health interventions to improve the behavioral health of children with cognitive delays. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Chilaiditi syndrome; Child Behavior Disorders; demography; Developmental Disabilities; epidemiology; female; human; infant; longitudinal study; male; poverty; preschool child; psychologic test; psychology; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States, Chilaiditi Syndrome; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Poverty Areas; Psychological Tests; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302119_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-based surveillance and case management for suicide prevention: An American Indian Tribally Initiated System Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cwik, M.F. Author-Name: Barlow, A. Author-Name: Goklish, N. Author-Name: Larzelere-Hinton, F. Author-Name: Tingey, L. Author-Name: Craig, M. Author-Name: Lupe, R. Author-Name: Walkup, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: e18-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301872 Abstract: The National Strategy for Suicide Prevention highlights the importance of improving the timeliness, usefulness, and quality of national suicide surveillance systems, and expanding local capacity to collect relevant data. This article describes the background, methods, process data, and implications from the first-of-its-kind community-based surveillance system for suicidal and selfinjurious behavior developed by the White Mountain Apache Tribe with assistance from Johns Hopkins University. The system enables local, detailed, and real-time data collection beyond clinical settings, with in-person follow-up to facilitate connections to care. Total reporting and the proportion of individuals seeking treatment have increased over time, suggesting that this innovative surveillance system is feasible, useful, and serves as a model for other communities and the field of suicide prevention. Keywords: American Indian; article; case management; female; health survey; human; information processing; male; risk factor; statistics; suicide; United States, Arizona; Case Management; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Suicide Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301872_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health of prisoners: Identifying barriers to mental health treatment and medication continuity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gonzalez, J.M.R. Author-Name: Connell, N.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2328-2333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302043 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed mental health screening and medication continuity in a nationally representative sample of US prisoners. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; epidemiology; female; human; interview; male; Mental Disorders; mental health; middle aged; patient care; prisoner; psychology; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Continuity of Patient Care; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Prisoners; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302043_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic status, race, and mortality: A prospective cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Signorello, L.B. Author-Name: Cohen, S.S. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Author-Name: Munro, H.M. Author-Name: Hargreaves, M.K. Author-Name: Blot, W.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e98-e107 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302156 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the independent and joint effects of race, individual socioeconomic status (SES), and neighborhood SES on mortality risk. Keywords: adult; African American; aged; Caucasian; demography; epidemiology; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; prospective study; risk factor; social class; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Adult; African Americans; Aged; Demography; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Social Class; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302156_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Retention in care and viral suppression among persons living with HIV/AIDS in New York City, 2006-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Torian, L.V. Author-Name: Xia, Q. Author-Name: Wiewel, E.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e24-e29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302080 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302080 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the proportions of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in New York City (NYC) retained in care and virally suppressed. Methods. We used routinely reported laboratory surveillance data to measure trends in retention in care and viral suppression in PLWHA in NYC from 2006 through 2010. Our denominator excluded persons lacking any HIV-related laboratory tests during the 5 years prior to the year of analysis. Results. The proportion of patients retained in care (≥ 1 care visit in a calendar year) was stable, at 82.5% in 2006 and 81.8% in 2010. However, the proportion of persons with evidence of viral suppression increased significantly, from 44.3% to 59.1%. Blacks were least likely to have viral suppression (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 0.90). A U-shaped relationship between age and viral suppression was observed, with the 20- to 29-year age group least likely to have a suppressed viral load. Conclusions. Higher and more plausible proportions retained in care and virally suppressed than national estimates may reflect the difference in methodology and our comprehensive HIV-related laboratory reporting system. Keywords: acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; age distribution; ancestry group; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; infant; male; methodology; middle aged; patient compliance; preschool child; prevalence; sex ratio; United States; virus load; young adult, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Child; Child, Preschool; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Patient Compliance; Prevalence; Public Health Surveillance; Sex Distribution; Viral Load; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302080_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medical-legal partnerships as a strategy to improve social causes of stress and disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Teufel, J. Author-Name: Heller, S.M. Author-Name: Dausey, D.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302268 Keywords: birth weight; complication; female; health disparity; human; mental stress; pregnancy, Birth Weight; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302268_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors influencing parental involvement among minors seeking an abortion: A qualitative study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hasselbacher, L.A. Author-Name: Dekleva, A. Author-Name: Tristan, S. Author-Name: Gilliam, M.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2207-2211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302116 Abstract: Objectives. We explored factors that influenced whether minors involved or excluded a parent when seeking an abortion. Methods. In the summer of 2010, we conducted interviews with 30 minors who sought an abortion in a state that did not require parental involvement at the time. Interviews were coded and analyzed following the principles of the grounded theory method. Results. The majority of minors involved a parent. Commonly cited factors were close or supportive parental relationships, a sense that disclosure was inevitable, a need for practical assistance, and compelled disclosure. Motivations for not wanting to involve a parent, although some minors ultimately did, included preservation of the parent-daughter relationship, fear or detachment, and preservation of autonomy. Conclusions. Minors were motivated to involve parents and other adults who were engaged in their lives at the time of the pregnancy, particularly those who supported them in obtaining an abortion. Motivations to exclude a parent were often based on particular family circumstances or experiences that suggested that involvement would not be helpful, might be harmful, or might restrict a minor's ability to obtain an abortion. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: adolescent; child parent relation; father; female; human; interview; legal abortion; male; mother; parent; pregnancy; qualitative research; United States, Abortion, Legal; Adolescent; Chicago; Fathers; Female; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Mothers; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Pregnancy; Qualitative Research Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302116_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Connecting race and place: A county-level analysis of White, Black, and Hispanic HIV prevalence, poverty, and level of urbanization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vaughan, A.S. Author-Name: Rosenberg, E. Author-Name: Shouse, R.L. Author-Name: Sullivan, P.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: e77-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301997 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the role of poverty in racial/ethnic disparities in HIV prevalence across levels of urbanization. Methods. Using national HIV surveillance data fromthe year 2009, we constructed negative binomial models, stratified by urbanization,withanoutcomeof race-specific, county-level HIV prevalence rates and covariates of race/ethnicity, poverty, and other publicly available data. We estimated model-based Black-White and Hispanic-White prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) across levels of urbanization and poverty. Results. We observed racial/ethnic disparities for all strata of urbanization across 1111 included counties. Poverty was associated with HIV prevalence only in major metropolitan counties. At the same level of urbanization, Black-White and Hispanic-White PRRs were not statistically different from 1.0 at high poverty rates (Black-White PRR = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4, 2.9; Hispanic-White PRR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.1, 1.6). In nonurban counties, racial/ethnic disparities remained after we controlled for poverty. Conclusions. The association between HIV prevalence and poverty varies by level of urbanization. HIV prevention interventions should be tailored to this understanding. Reducing racial/ethnic disparities will require multifactorial interventions linking social factors with sexual networks and individual risks. Keywords: African American; ancestry group; article; Caucasian; demography; ethnology; health disparity; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; poverty; prevalence; statistics, African Americans; Continental Population Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Health Status Disparities; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Humans; Poverty; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301997_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting ethical research with American Indian and Alaska native people living in urban areas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yuan, N.P. Author-Name: Bartgis, J. Author-Name: Demers, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2085-2091 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302027 Abstract: Most health research with American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) people has focused on tribal communities on reservation lands. Few studies have been conducted with AI/AN people living in urban settings despite their documented health disparities compared with other urban populations. There are unique considerations for working with this population. Engaging key stakeholders, including urban Indian health organization leaders, tribal leaders, research scientists and administrators, and policymakers, is critical to promoting ethical research and enhancing capacity of urban AI/AN communities. Recommendations for their involvement may facilitate an open dialogue and promote the development of implementation strategies. Future collaborations are also necessary for establishing research policies aimed at improving the health of the urban AI/AN population. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: American Indian; ethics; human; management; medical research; organization and management; research ethics; United States; United States; urban population, Alaska; Biomedical Research; Ethics, Research; Humans; Indians, North American; Policy Making; United States; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302027_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strutz responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strutz, K.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302318 Keywords: birth weight; complication; female; health disparity; human; mental stress; pregnancy, Birth Weight; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302318_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Breast cancer mortality among American Indian and Alaska Native women, 1990-2009 (Am J Public Health (2014) 104 (S432-S438) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, A. Author-Name: Richardson, L.C. Author-Name: Li, C. Author-Name: Ekwueme, D.U. Author-Name: Kaur, J.S. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301720e_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health in action. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 4 Keywords: editorial; human; public health service; smoking; United States; prevention and control; smoking, Humans; Public Health Practice; Smoking; United States, Humans; Public Health Practice; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:1:4_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nuclear arms control, nonproliferation, and counterterrorism: Impacts on public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dreicer, M. Author-Name: Pregenzer, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: 591-595 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301665 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301665 Abstract: Reducing the risks of nuclear war, limiting the spread of nuclear weapons, and reducing global nuclear weapons stockpiles are key national and international security goals. They are pursued through a variety of international arms control, nonproliferation, and counterterrorism treaties and agreements. These legally binding and political commitments, together with the institutional infrastructure that supports them, work to establish global norms of behavior and have limited the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Beyond the primary security objectives, reducing the likelihood of the use of nuclear weapons, preventing environmental releases of radioactive material, increasing the availability of safe and secure nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, and providing scientific data relevant to predicting and managing the consequences of natural or human-caused disasters worldwide provide significant benefits to global public health. Keywords: article; atomic bomb; atomic warfare; human; international cooperation; nuclear accident; public health; terrorism, Humans; International Cooperation; Nuclear Warfare; Nuclear Weapons; Public Health; Radioactive Hazard Release; Terrorism Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301665_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence, harm perceptions, and reasons for using noncombustible tobacco products among current and former smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richardson, A. Author-Name: Pearson, J. Author-Name: Xiao, H. Author-Name: Stalgaitis, C. Author-Name: Vallone, D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1437-1444 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301804 Abstract: Objectives. We provided estimates of noncombustible tobacco product (electronic nicotine delivery systems [ENDS]; snus; chewing tobacco, dip, or snuff; and dissolvables) use among current and former smokers and examined harm perceptions of noncombustible tobacco products and reasons for their use. Methods. We assessed awareness of, prevalence of, purchase of, harm perceptions of, and reasons for using noncombustible tobacco products among 1487 current and former smokers from 8 US designated market areas. We used adjusted logistic regression to identify correlates of noncombustible tobacco product use. Results. Of the sample, 96% were aware of at least 1 noncombustible tobacco product, but only 33% had used and 21% had purchased one. Noncombustible tobacco product use was associated with being male, non-Hispanic White, younger, and more nicotine dependent. Respondents used noncombustible tobacco products to cut down or quit cigarettes, but only snus was associated with a higher likelihood of making a quit attempt. Users of noncombustible tobacco products, particularly ENDS, were most likely to endorse the product as less harmful than cigarettes. Conclusions. Smokers may use noncombustible tobacco products to cut down or quit smoking. However, noncombustible tobacco product use was not associated with a reduction in cigarettes per day or cessation. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; ancestry group; article; attitude to health; female; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; psychological aspect; sex difference; smoking cessation; statistics; tobacco dependence; tobacco use; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Continental Population Groups; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301804_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption by providing caloric information: How black adolescents alter their purchases and whether the effects persist Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bleich, S.N. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Author-Name: Gary-Webb, T.L. Author-Name: Herring, B.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2417-2424 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302150 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the ways in which adolescents altered the type and size of their purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), together with whether the effects persisted after removing caloric information signs in stores. Keywords: sugar intake, administration and dosage; adolescent; African American; beverage; consumer health information; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; economics; ethnology; female; health promotion; human; male; obesity; procedures; statistics and numerical data; sugar intake; tax, Adolescent; African Americans; Beverages; Consumer Health Information; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Sucrose; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Obesity; Taxes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302150_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ESalud: Designing and implementing culturally competent ehealth research with latino patient populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Victorson, D. Author-Name: Banas, J. Author-Name: Smith, J. Author-Name: Languido, L. Author-Name: Shen, E. Author-Name: Gutierrez, S. Author-Name: Cordero, E. Author-Name: Flores, L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2259-2265 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302187 Abstract: eHealth is characterized by technology-enabled processes, systems, and applications that expedite accurate, real-time health information, feedback, and skill development to advance patientcentered care.When designed and applied in a culturally competent manner, eHealth tools can be particularly beneficial for traditionally marginalized ethnic minority groups, such as Latinos, a group that has been identified as being at the forefront of emerging technologyuse in the United States. In this analytic overview, we describe current eHealth research that has been conducted with Latino patient populations. In addition, we highlight cultural and linguistic factors that should be considered duringthe design and implementation of eHealth interventions with this population. With increasing disparities in preventive care information, behaviors, and services, as well as health care access in general, culturally competent eHealth tools hold great promise to help narrow this gap and empower communities. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: cultural competence; health promotion; Hispanic; human; information seeking; program development; research; telemedicine, Cultural Competency; Health Promotion; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Information Seeking Behavior; Program Development; Research; Telemedicine Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302187_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diabetes-related mortality among American Indians and Alaska natives, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cho, P. Author-Name: Geiss, L.S. Author-Name: Burrows, N.R. Author-Name: Roberts, D.L. Author-Name: Bullock, A.K. Author-Name: Toedt, M.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S496-S503 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301968 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed diabetes-related mortality for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and Whites. Methods. Study populations were non-Hispanic AI/AN and White persons in Indian Health Service (IHS) Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties; Hispanics were excluded. We used 1990 to 2009 death certificate data linked to IHS patient registration records to identify AI/AN decedents aged 20 years or older. We examined disparities and trends in mortality related to diabetes as an underlying cause of death (COD) and as a multiple COD. Results. After increasing between 1990 and 1999, rates of diabetes as an underlying COD and a multiple COD subsequently decreased in both groups. However, between 2000 and 2009, age-adjusted rates of diabetes as an underlying COD and a multiple COD remained 2.5 to 3.5 times higher among AI/AN persons than among Whites for all age groups (20û44, 45û54, 55û64, 65û74, and < 75 years), both sexes, and every IHS region except Alaska. Conclusions. Declining trends in diabetes-related mortality in both AI/AN and White populations are consistent with recent improvements in their health status. Reducing persistent disparities in diabetes mortality will require developing effective approaches to not only control but also prevent diabetes among AI/AN populations. Keywords: adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; death certificate; diabetes mellitus; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; Diabetes Mellitus; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301968_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garland, C.F. Author-Name: Kim, J.J. Author-Name: Mohr, S.B. Author-Name: Gorham, E.D. Author-Name: Grant, W.B. Author-Name: Giovannucci, E.L. Author-Name: Baggerly, L. Author-Name: Hofflich, H. Author-Name: Ramsdell, J.W. Author-Name: Zeng, K. Author-Name: Heaney, R.P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e43-e50 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302034 Abstract: We examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD(25[OH]D) and all-cause mortality. We searched biomedical databases for articles that assessed 2 ormore categories of 25(OH)D from January 1, 1966, to January 15, 2013. We identified 32 studies and pooled the data. The hazard ratio for allcause mortality comparing the lowest (0-9 nanograms per milliliter [ng/mL]) to the highest (> 30 ng/mL) category of 25(OH)D was 1.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.6, 2.2; P < .001). Serum 25 (OH)D concentrations less than or equal to 30 ng/mL were associated with higher all-causemortality than concentrations greater than 30 ng/mL (P < .01). Our findings agree with a National Academy of Sciences report, except the cutoff point for all-cause mortality reduction in this analysis was greater than 30 ng/mL rather than greater than 20 ng/mL. Keywords: 25 hydroxyvitamin D; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; drug derivative; vitamin D, article; blood; human; meta analysis; mortality; proportional hazards model; vitamin D deficiency, Humans; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302034_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herne, M.A. Author-Name: Bartholomew, M.L. Author-Name: Weahkee, R.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S336-S342 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301929 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301929 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed national and regional suicide mortality for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons. Methods. We used 1999 to 2009 death certificate data linked with Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registration data to examine death rates from suicide in AI/AN and White persons. Analysis focused primarily on residents of IHS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties; Hispanics were excluded. We used age-adjusted death rates per 100 000 population and stratified our analyses by age and IHS region. Results. Death rates from suicide were approximately 50% higher among AI/AN persons (21.2) than Whites (14.2). By region, rates for AI/AN people were highest in Alaska (rates = 65.4 and 19.3, for males and females, respectively) and in the Northern Plains (rates = 41.6 and 11.9 for males and females, respectively). Disparities between AI/AN and White rates were also highest in these regions. Conclusions. A coordinated, multidisciplinary effort involving federal, state, local, and tribal health officials is needed to address this important public health issue. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; statistics; suicide; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Death Certificates; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Suicide; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301929_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between gun ownership and stranger and nonstranger firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegel, M. Author-Name: Negussie, Y. Author-Name: Vanture, S. Author-Name: Pleskunas, J. Author-Name: Ross, C.S. Author-Name: King, C., III Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1912-1919 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302042 Abstract: Objectives: We examined the relationship between gun ownership and stranger versus nonstranger homicide rates. Keywords: article; crime; firearm; gunshot injury; homicide; human; organization and management; prevalence; statistics; United States, Crime; Firearms; Homicide; Humans; Ownership; Prevalence; United States; Wounds, Gunshot Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302042_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systematic review of the effect of pictorial warnings on cigarette packages in smoking behavior Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monárrez-Espino, J. Author-Name: Liu, B. Author-Name: Greiner, F. Author-Name: Bremberg, S. Author-Name: Galanti, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e11-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302129 Abstract: We used a structured approach to assess whether active smokers presented with pictorial warnings on cigarette packages (PWCP) had a higher probability of quitting, reducing, and attempting to quit smoking than did unexposed smokers. Keywords: behavior; human; methodology; motivation; packaging; psychological aspect; review; smoking; smoking cessation; tobacco, Humans; Intention; Motivation; Product Labeling; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302129_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent immunization coverage and implementation of new school requirements in michigan, 2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potter, R.C. Author-Name: De Vita, S.F. Author-Name: Vranesich, P.A. Author-Name: Boulton, M.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1526-1533 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301910 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effect of Michigan's new school rules and vaccine coadministration on time to completion of all the school-required vaccine series, the individual adolescent vaccines newly required for sixth grade in 2010, and initiation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series, which was recommended but not required for girls. Methods. Data were derived from the Michigan Care Improvement Registry, a statewide Immunization Information System. We assessed the immunization status of Michigan children enrolled in sixth grade in 2009 or 2010. We used univariable and multivariable Cox regression models to identify significant associations between each factor and school completeness. Results. Enrollment in sixth grade in 2010 and coadministration of adolescent vaccines at the first adolescent visit were significantly associated with completion of the vaccines required for Michigan's sixth graders. Children enrolled in sixth grade in 2010 had higher coverage with the newly required adolescent vaccines by age 13 years than did sixth graders in 2009, but there was little difference in the rate of HPV vaccine initiation among girls. Conclusions. Education and outreach efforts, particularly regarding the importance and benefits of coadministration of all recommended vaccines in adolescents, should be directed toward health care providers, parents, and adolescents. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; age; article; child; female; human; male; mandatory program; organization and management; preventive health service; proportional hazards model; school health service; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Male; Mandatory Programs; Michigan; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Proportional Hazards Models; School Health Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301910_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic disparities in telephone-based treatment of tobacco dependence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Varghese, M. Author-Name: Sheffer, C. Author-Name: Stitzer, M. Author-Name: Landes, R. Author-Name: Brackman, S.L. Author-Name: Munn, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e76-e84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301951 Abstract: Objectives. We examined socioeconomic disparities in tobacco dependence treatment outcomes from a free, proactive telephone counseling quitline. Methods. We delivered cognitive-behavioral treatment and nicotine patches to 6626 smokers and examined socioeconomic differences in demographic, clinical, environmental, and treatment use factors. We used logistic regressions and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to model abstinence and account for socioeconomic differences in the models. Results. The odds of achieving long-term abstinence differed by socioeconomic status (SES). In the GEE model, the odds of abstinence for the highest SES participants were 1.75 times those of the lowest SES participants. Logistic regression models revealed no treatment outcome disparity at the end of treatment, but significant disparities 3 and 6 months after treatment. Conclusions. Although quitlines often increase access to treatment for some lower SES smokers, significant socioeconomic disparities in treatment outcomes raise questions about whether current approaches are contributing to tobaccorelated socioeconomic health disparities. Strategies to improve treatment outcomes for lower SES smokers might include novel methods to address multiple factors associated with socioeconomic disparities. Keywords: nicotine gum, adolescent; adult; aged; article; cognitive therapy; directive counseling; economics; female; health care disparity; health disparity; human; male; methodology; middle aged; smoking; smoking cessation; socioeconomics; statistical model; statistics; telephone; treatment outcome; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arkansas; Cognitive Therapy; Directive Counseling; Female; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Socioeconomic Factors; Telephone; Tobacco Use Cessation Products; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301951_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Proposed actions for the US food and drug administration to implement to minimize adverse effects associated with energy drink consumption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thorlton, J. Author-Name: Colby, D.A. Author-Name: Devine, P. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1175-1180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301967 Abstract: Energy drink sales are expected to reach $52 billion by 2016. These products, often sold as dietary supplements, typically contain stimulants. The Dietary Supplement Protection Act claims an exemplary public health safety record. However, in 2011 the number of emergency department visits related to consumption of energy drinks exceeded 20 000. Nearly half of these visits involved adverse effects occurring from product misuse. Political,social, economic, practical, and legal factors shape the landscape surrounding this issue. In this policy analysis, we examine 3 options: capping energy drink caffeine levels, creating a public education campaign, and increasing regulatory scrutiny regarding the manufacture and labeling of energy drinks. Increased regulatory scrutiny may be in order, especially in light of wrongful death lawsuits related to caffeine toxicity resulting from energy drink consumption. Keywords: caffeine; central stimulant agent, article; diet supplementation; energy drink; food and drug administration; health education; human; law; organization and management; policy; politics; socioeconomics; United States, Caffeine; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dietary Supplements; Energy Drinks; Health Education; Humans; Legislation, Food; Policy; Politics; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301967_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of sexual risk among sexual minority and heterosexual South African youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thurston, I.B. Author-Name: Dietrich, J. Author-Name: Bogart, L.M. Author-Name: Otwombe, K.N. Author-Name: Sikkema, K.J. Author-Name: Nkala, B. Author-Name: Gray, G.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1265-1269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301865 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301865 Abstract: We explored psychosocial correlates of sexual risk among heterosexual and sexual minority youths (SMYs) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Young people 16 to 18 years old (n = 822) were administered surveys assessing demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, mental health, and parent-child communication. Adjusted multivariate regressions examining correlates of sexual risk revealed that SMYs had more sexual partners than heterosexual youths (B = 3.90; SE = 0.95; P < .001) and were more likely to engage in sex trading (OR = 3.11; CI = 1.12-8.62; P < .05). South African SMYs are at increased risk relative to their heterosexual peers. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; article; child parent relation; condom; female; heterosexuality; high risk behavior; homosexuality; human; male; mental health; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistics; utilization review, Adolescent; Condoms; Female; Heterosexuality; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Parent-Child Relations; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301865_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of different policies on unhealthy dietary behaviors in an urban adult population: An agent-based simulation model Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, D. Author-Name: Giabbanelli, P.J. Author-Name: Arah, O.A. Author-Name: Zimmerman, F.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1217-1222 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301934 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301934 Abstract: Objectives. Unhealthy eating is a complex-system problem. We used agentbased modeling to examine the effects of different policies on unhealthy eating behaviors. Methods. We developed an agent-based simulation model to represent a synthetic population of adults in Pasadena, CA, and how they make dietary decisions. Data from the 2007 Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey and other empirical studies were used to calibrate the parameters of the model. Simulations were performed to contrast the potential effects of various policies on the evolution of dietary decisions. Results. Our model showed that a 20% increase in taxes on fast foods would lower the probability of fast-food consumption by 3 percentage points, whereas improving the visibility of positive social norms by 10%, either through community-based or mass-media campaigns, could improve the consumption of fruits and vegetables by 7 percentage points and lower fast-food consumption by 6 percentage points. Zoning policies had no significant impact. Conclusions. Interventions emphasizing healthy eating norms may be more effective than directly targeting food prices or regulating local food outlets. Agent-basedmodelingmay be a useful tool for testing the population-level effects of various policies within complex systems. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; behavior; computer simulation; cost; decision making; diet; educational status; feeding behavior; female; human; male; middle aged; policy; sex difference; theoretical model; United States; urban population; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Behavior; California; Computer Simulation; Costs and Cost Analysis; Decision Making; Diet; Educational Status; Female; Food Habits; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Policy; Sex Factors; Urban Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301934_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of cessation counseling received by current smokers at us dentist and physician offices during 2010-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Agaku, I.T. Author-Name: Ayo-Yusuf, O.A. Author-Name: Vardavas, C.I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e67-e75 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302049 Abstract: Objectives. We compared patient-reported receipt of smoking cessation counseling from US dentists and physicians. Methods. We analyzed the 2010 to 2011 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey to assess receipt of smoking cessation advice and assistance by a current smoker from a dentist or physician in the past 12 months. Results. Current adult smokers were significantly less likely to be advised to quit smoking during a visit to a dentist (31.2%) than to a physician (64.8%). Among physician patients who were advised to quit, 52.7% received at least 1 form of assistance beyond the simple advice to quit; 24.5% of dental patients received such assistance (P < .05). Approximately 9.4 million smokers who visited a dentist in 2010 to 2011 did not receive any cessation counseling. Conclusions. Our results indicate a need for intensified efforts to increase dentist involvement in cessation counseling. System-level changes, coupled with regular training, may enhance self-efficacy of dentists in engaging patients in tobacco cessation counseling. Keywords: adult; aged; article; comparative study; dentist; directive counseling; female; health care survey; human; male; methodology; middle aged; physician; smoking; smoking cessation; statistics; United States; young adult, Adult; Aged; Dentists; Directive Counseling; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physicians; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302049_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pneumonia and influenza mortality among American Indian and Alaska native people, 1990û2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Groom, A.V. Author-Name: Hennessy, T.W. Author-Name: Singleton, R.J. Author-Name: Butler, J.C. Author-Name: Holve, S. Author-Name: Cheek, J.E. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S460-S469 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301740 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301740 Abstract: Objectives. We compared pneumonia and influenza death rates among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people with rates among Whites and examined geographic differences in pneumonia and influenza death rates for AI/AN persons. Methods. We adjusted National Vital Statistics Surveillance mortality data for racial misclassification of AI/AN people through linkages with Indian Health Service (IHS) registration records. Pneumonia and influenza deaths were defined as those who died from 1990 through 1998 and 1999 through 2009 according to codes for pneumonia and influenza from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revision, respectively. We limited the analysis to HIS Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties, and compared pneumonia and influenza death rates between AI/ANs and Whites by calculating rate ratios for the 2 periods. Results. Compared with Whites, the pneumonia and influenza death rate for AI/AN persons in both periods was significantly higher. AI/AN populations in the Alaska, Northern Plains, and Southwest regions had rates more than 2 times higher than those of Whites. The pneumonia and influenza death rate for AI/AN populations decreased from 39.6 in 1999 to 2003 to 33.9 in 2004 to 2009. Conclusions. Although progress has been made in reducing pneumonia and influenza mortality, disparities between AI/AN persons and Whites persist. Strategies to improve vaccination coverage and address risk factors that contribute to pneumonia and influenza mortality are needed. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; article; Caucasian; cause of death; child; comparative study; death certificate; ethnology; female; health survey; human; infant; influenza; Inuit; male; middle aged; mortality; newborn; pneumonia; preschool child; register; statistics; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alaska; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Influenza, Human; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia; Population Surveillance; Registries; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301740_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Industry actors, think tanks, and alcohol policy in the United Kingdom Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hawkins, B. Author-Name: McCambridge, J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1363-1369 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301858 Abstract: Corporate actors seek to influence alcohol policies through various means, including attempts to shape the evidential content of policy debates. In this case study, we examined how SABMiller engaged the think tank Demos to produce reports on binge drinking, which were heavily promoted among policymakers at crucial stages in the development of the UK government's 2012 alcohol strategy. One key report coincided with other SABMiller-funded publications, advocating measures to enhance parenting as an alternative to minimum unit pricing. In this instance, the perceived independence of an influential think tank was used to promote industry interests in tactics similar to those of transnational tobacco corporations. This approach is in keeping with other alcohol industry efforts to marginalize the peer-reviewed literature. Keywords: alcoholic beverage; article; binge drinking; economics; food industry; health care policy; human; law; management; politics; United Kingdom, Alcoholic Beverages; Binge Drinking; Food Industry; Great Britain; Health Policy; Humans; Legislation as Topic; Lobbying; Policy Making Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301858_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The convention on the rights of persons with disabilities: A foundation for ethical disability and health research in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Durham, J. Author-Name: Brolan, C.E. Author-Name: Mukandi, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2037-2043 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302006 Abstract: The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has foregrounded disability as a human rights and equity issue, elevating it to a priority global research area. Academics from Western universities are likely to play an increasing role in disability health research in developing countries. In such contexts, there is a need to bridge the gap between procedural ethics and the realities of disability research in cross-cultural contexts. We provide guidance on engaging in ethical disability health research that intersects with and upholds the CRPD. We highlight challenges and tensions in doing so, underscoring the need to be sensitive to the sociocultural and political context of disability that determines how ethical research should proceed. We conclude with 5 recommendations. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: cultural factor; developing country; disabled person; health services research; human; human rights; research ethics, Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Disabled Persons; Ethics, Research; Health Services Research; Human Rights; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302006_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Values and pragmatism. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: de Camargo Jr., K.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S2 Pages: S193-194 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986s File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986s Keywords: cooperation; editorial; international cooperation; medical society; organization; public health; publication; publishing, American Public Health Association; Cooperative Behavior; Editorial Policies; Internationality; Organizational Objectives; Periodicals as Topic; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986s_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Values and pragmatism [Entre los valores y el pragmatismo] Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Author-Name: De Camargo Jr., K.R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: SUPPL.2 Pages: S193-S194 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301986_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: Why it is hard to find genes associated with social science traits: Theoretical and empirical considerations (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103 (S152-S166)) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chabris, C.F. Author-Name: Lee, J.J. Author-Name: Benjamin, D.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301327e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301327e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301327e_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual identity, partner gender, and sexual health among adolescent girls in the united states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riskind, R.G. Author-Name: Tornello, S.L. Author-Name: Younger, B.C. Author-Name: Patterson, C.J. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1957-1963 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302037 Abstract: Objectives: We examined associations between adolescent girls' sexual identity and the gender of their sexual partners, on one hand, and their reportsof sexual health behaviors and reproductive health outcomes, on the other. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adolescent pregnancy; article; ethnology; female; health behavior; health survey; high risk behavior; human; pregnancy; reproductive health; sexual behavior; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistics, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Reproductive Health; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexuality; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302037_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation disparities in Sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors and risk determinants among sexually active adolescent males: Results from a school-based sample Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Everett, B.G. Author-Name: Schnarrs, P.W. Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Garofalo, R. Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1107-1112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301759 Abstract: Objectives. We examined disparities in risk determinants and risk behaviors for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) between gay-identified, bisexualidentified, and heterosexual-identified young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and heterosexual-identified young men who have sex with women (YMSW) using a school-based sample of US sexually active adolescent males. Methods. We analyzed a pooled data set of Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 2005 and 2007 that included information on sexual orientation identity, sexual behaviors, and multiple STI risk factors. Results. Bisexual-identified adolescents were more likely to report multiple STI risk behaviors (number of sex partners, concurrent sex partners, and age of sexual debut) compared with heterosexual YMSW as well as heterosexual YMSM and gay-identified respondents. Gay, bisexual, and heterosexual YMSM were significantly more likely to report forced sex compared with heterosexual YMSW. Conclusions. Our results provide evidence that sexual health disparities emerge early in the life course and vary by both sexual orientation identity and sexual behaviors. In particular, they show that bisexual-identified adolescent males exhibit a unique risk profile that warrants targeted sexual health interventions. Keywords: adolescent; article; bisexuality; child; health disparity; heterosexuality; human; male; male homosexuality; rape; risk factor; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; statistics; United States; unsafe sex, Adolescent; Bisexuality; Child; Health Status Disparities; Heterosexuality; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Rape; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States; Unsafe Sex Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301759_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Older jail inmates and community acute care use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chodos, A.H. Author-Name: Ahalt, C. Author-Name: Cenzer, I.S. Author-Name: Myers, J. Author-Name: Goldenson, J. Author-Name: Williams, B.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: 1728-1733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301952 Abstract: Objectives. We examined older jail inmates' predetainment acute care use (emergency department or hospitalization in the 3 months before arrest) and their plans for using acute care after release. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional study of 247 jail inmates aged 55 years or older assessing sociodemographic characteristics, health, and geriatric conditions associated with predetainment and anticipated postrelease acute care use. Results. We found that 52% of older inmates reported predetainment acute care use and 47% planned to use the emergency department after release. In modified Poisson regression, homelessness was independently associated with predetainment use (relative risk = 1.42; 95% confidence interval = 1.10, 1.83) and having a primary care provider was inversely associated with planned use (relative risk = 0.69; 95% confidence interval = 0.53, 0.89). Conclusions. The Affordable Care Act has expanded Medicaid eligibility to all persons leaving jail in an effort to decrease postrelease acute care use in this high-risk population. Jail-to-community transitional care models that address the health, geriatric, and social factors prevalent in older adults leaving jail, and that focus on linkages to housing and primary care, are needed to enhance the impact of the act on acute care use for this population. Keywords: age; aged; article; cross-sectional study; emergency health service; female; geriatric assessment; health behavior; health status; homelessness; hospitalization; human; male; middle aged; prisoner; socioeconomics; statistics; time, Age Factors; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Health Behavior; Health Status; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prisoners; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301952_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Davis et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, R.R. Author-Name: Hofferth, S.L. Author-Name: Shenassa, E.D. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 9 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302073 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302073_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crosbie et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crosbie, E. Author-Name: Gonzalez, M. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302317 Keywords: commercial phenomena; human; international cooperation; legislation and jurisprudence; public health; tobacco; tobacco industry, Commerce; Humans; International Cooperation; Public Health; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302317_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dentist Sand children's oral health in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guarnizo-Herreño, C.C. Author-Name: Wehby, G.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: e51-e57 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302139 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the relationship between dentist Sand children's oral health and explored heterogeneity by children's age and urbanicity. Keywords: adolescent; age; article; child; demography; dental caries; dental procedure; dentist; female; health; health care delivery; health status; human; infant; male; periodontal disease; preschool child; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Care for Children; Dental Caries; Dentists; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Male; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302139_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A social network-informed latent class analysis of patterns of substance use, sexual behavior, and mental health: Social network study iii, winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hopfer, S. Author-Name: Tan, X. Author-Name: Wylie, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 834-839 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301833 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301833 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether a meaningful set of latent risk profiles could be identified in an inner-city population through individual and network characteristics of substance use, sexual behaviors, and mental health status. Methods. Data came from 600 participants in Social Network Study III, conducted in 2009 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify risk profiles and, with covariates, to identify predictors of class. Results. A 4-class model of risk profiles fit the data best: (1) solitary users reported polydrug use at the individual level, but low probabilities of substance use or concurrent sexual partners with network members; (2) social-allsubstance users reported polydrug use at the individual and network levels; (3) social-noninjection drug users reported less likelihood of injection drug and solvent use; (4) low-risk users reported low probabilities across substances. Unstable housing, preadolescent substance use, age, and hepatitis C status predicted risk profiles. Conclusions. Incorporation of social network variables into LCA can distinguish important subgroups with varying patterns of risk behaviors that can lead to sexually transmitted and bloodborne infections. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; aged; article; Canada; female; hepatitis C; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; mental health; middle aged; psychological aspect; risk factor; sexual behavior; social support; socioeconomics; statistics; urban population; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Manitoba; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Urban Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301833_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Modeling US adult obesity trends: A system dynamics model for estimating energy imbalance gap Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fallah-Fini, S. Author-Name: Rahmandad, H. Author-Name: Huang, T.T.-K. Author-Name: Bures, R.M. Author-Name: Glass, T.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1230-1239 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301882 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301882 Abstract: Objectives. We present a system dynamics model that quantifies the energy imbalance gap responsible for the US adult obesity epidemic among gender and racial subpopulations. Methods. We divided the adult population into gender-race/ethnicity subpopulations and body mass index (BMI) classes. We defined transition rates between classes as a function of metabolic dynamics of individuals within each class. We estimated energy intake in each BMI class within the past 4 decades as a multiplication of the equilibrium energy intake of individuals in that class. Through calibration, we estimated the energy gap multiplier for each gender-race-BMI group by matching simulated BMI distributions for each subpopulation against national data with maximum likelihood estimation. Results. No subpopulation showed a negative or zero energy gap, suggesting that the obesity epidemic continues to worsen, albeit at a slower rate. In the past decade the epidemic has slowed for non-Hispanic Whites, is starting to slow for non-Hispanic Blacks, but continues to accelerate among Mexican Americans. Conclusions. The differential energy balance gap across subpopulations and over time suggests that interventions should be tailored to subpopulations' needs. Keywords: adult; ancestry group; article; body mass; caloric intake; diet; energy metabolism; ethnology; female; health survey; human; male; obesity; sex difference; theoretical model; United States, Adult; Body Mass Index; Continental Population Groups; Diet; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Obesity; Sex Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301882_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation data collection policy in the United States: Public health malpractice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sell, R.L. Author-Name: Holliday, M.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 967-969 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301814 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301814 Keywords: editorial; female; government; health care policy; homosexuality; human; information processing; male; organization and management; sexual behavior; statistics; United States, Data Collection; Female; Health Policy; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Sexual Behavior; United States; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301814_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Extendingn public health: The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission and Hookworm in the American South Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elman, C. Author-Name: McGuire, R.A. Author-Name: Wittman, B. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-58 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301472 Abstract: The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease (1909-1914) fielded a philanthropic public health project that had three goals: to estimate hookworm prevalence in the American South, provide treatment, and eradicate the disease. Activities covered 11 Southern states, and Rockefeller teams found that about 40% of the population surveyed was infected. However, the commission met strong resistance and lacked the time and resources to achieve universal county coverage and meet project goals. We explore how these constraints triggered project changes that systematically reshaped project operations and the characteristics of the counties surveyed and treated. We show that county selectivity reduced the project's initial potential to affect hookworm prevalence estimates, treatment, and eradication in the American South. Keywords: history; Hookworm Infections; human; prevalence; public health service; sanitation; United States; article; hookworm infection; public health service; sanitation; United States, History, 20th Century; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Prevalence; Public Health Practice; Sanitation; Southeastern United States, History, 20th Century; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Prevalence; Public Health Practice; Sanitation; Southeastern United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301472_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of initiating tobacco dependence treatment in inpatient psychiatry: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prochaska, J.J. Author-Name: Hall, S.E. Author-Name: Delucchi, K. Author-Name: Hall, S.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1557-1565 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301403 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a motivational tobacco cessation treatment combined with nicotine replacement relative to usual care initiated in inpatient psychiatry. Methods. We randomized participants (n = 224; 79% recruitment rate) recruited from a locked acute psychiatry unit with a 100% smoking ban to intervention or usual care. Prior to hospitalization, participants averaged 19 (SD = 12) cigarettes per day; only 16% intended to quit smoking in the next 30 days. Results. Verified smoking 7-day point prevalence abstinence was significantly higher for intervention than usual care at month 3 (13.9% vs 3.2%), 6 (14.4% vs 6.5%), 12 (19.4% vs 10.9%), and 18 (20.0% vs 7.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 8.14; P = .018; retention>80%). Psychiatric measures did not predict abstinence; measures of motivation and tobacco dependence did. The usual care group had a significantly greater likelihood than the intervention group of psychiatric rehospitalization (adjusted OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.06, 3.49). Conclusions. The findings support initiation of motivationally tailored tobacco cessation treatment during acute psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric severity did not moderate treatment efficacy, and cessation treatment appeared to decrease rehospitalization risk, perhaps by providing broader therapeutic benefit. Keywords: adult; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; hospital patient; hospital readmission; human; male; mental disease; methodology; patient compliance; psychiatric department; psychological aspect; randomized controlled trial; smoking cessation; statistics; treatment outcome, Adult; Female; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Mental Disorders; Patient Compliance; Patient Readmission; Psychiatric Department, Hospital; Smoking Cessation; Treatment Outcome Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301403_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sources of racial/ethnic differences in awareness of hiv vaccine trials Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arnold, M.P. Author-Name: Andrasik, M. Author-Name: Landers, S. Author-Name: Karuna, S. Author-Name: Mimiaga, M.J. Author-Name: Wakefield, S. Author-Name: Mayer, K. Author-Name: Buchbinder, S. Author-Name: Koblin, B.A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: e112-e118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301893 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301893 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the relative effects of 2 awareness components-exposure and attention-on racial/ethnic differences in HIV vaccine trial awareness among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. Surveys assessing awareness of and attitudes toward HIV vaccine trials were administered to 1723MSMin 6 US cities. Proxy measures of exposure included use of HIV resources and other health care services, community involvement, income, and residence. Attention proxy measures included research attitudes, HIV susceptibility, and HIV message fatigue. Using logistic regression models, we assessed the extent to which these proxies accounted for racial/ethnic differences in vaccine trial awareness. Results. White MSM reported significantly (P < .01) higher rates of HIV vaccine trial awareness (22%) compared with Latino (17%), Black (13%) and other (13%) MSM. Venue-based exposure proxies and research-directed attitudinal attention proxies were significantly associated with awareness, but only accounted for the White-Latino disparity in awareness. No proxies accounted for the White-Black or White-other differentials in awareness. Conclusions. Sources of disparities in awareness of HIV vaccine trials remain to be explained. Future trials seeking to promote diverse participation should explore additional exposure and attention mediators. Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine, adolescent; adult; ancestry group; article; attitude to health; Black person; Caucasian; clinical trial (topic); ethnic group; Hispanic; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; statistics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; AIDS Vaccines; Attitude to Health; Clinical Trials as Topic; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301893_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates in the united states, 1989-2006 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rossen, L.M. Author-Name: Schoendorf, K.C. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 8 Pages: 1549-1556 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301272 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to measure overall disparities in pregnancy outcome, incorporating data from the many race and ethnic groups that compose the US population, to improve understanding of how disparities may have changed over time. Methods. We used Birth Cohort Linked Birth-Infant Death Data Files from US Vital Statistics from 1989-1990 and 2005-2006 to examine multigroup indices of racial and ethnic disparities in the overall infant mortality rate (IMR), preterm birth rate, and gestational age-specific IMRs. We calculated selected absolute and relative multigroup disparity metrics weighting subgroups equally and by population size. Results. Overall IMR decreased on the absolute scale, but increased on the population-weighted relative scale. Disparities in the preterm birth rate decreased on both the absolute and relative scales, and across equally weighted and population-weighted indices. Disparities in preterm IMR increased on both the absolute and relative scales. Conclusions. Infant mortality is a common bellwether of general and maternal and child health. Despite significant decreases in disparities in the preterm birth rate, relative disparities in overall and preterm IMRs increased significantly over the past 20 years. Keywords: ancestry group; article; Asian American; Black person; Caucasian; ethnic group; ethnology; gestational age; health disparity; Hispanic; human; infant; infant mortality; newborn; prematurity; statistics; United States, African Continental Ancestry Group; Asian Americans; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Gestational Age; Health Status Disparities; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301272_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Workplace wellness programs: How regulatory flexibility might undermine success Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: 2052-2056 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302149 Abstract: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act revised the law related to workplace wellness programs, which have become part of the nation's broader health strategy. Health-contingent programs are required to be reasonably designed. However, the regulatory requirements are lax and might undermine program efficacy in terms of both health gains and financial return. I propose a method for the government to support a best-practices approach by considering an accreditation or certification process. Additionally I discuss the need for program evaluation and the potential for employers to be subject to litigation if programs are not carefully implemented. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: government regulation; health care policy; health promotion; human; legislation and jurisprudence; organization and management; program evaluation; United States; workplace, Government Regulation; Health Promotion; Humans; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Program Evaluation; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302149_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Confronting death from drug self-intoxication (DDSI): Prevention through a better definition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rockett, I.R.H. Author-Name: Smith, G.S. Author-Name: Caine, E.D. Author-Name: Kapusta, N.D. Author-Name: Hanzlick, R.L. Author-Name: Larkin, G.L. Author-Name: Naylor, C.P.E. Author-Name: Nolte, K.B. Author-Name: Miller, T.R. Author-Name: Putnam, S.L. Author-Name: De Leo, D. Author-Name: Kleinig, J. Author-Name: Stack, S. Author-Name: Todd, K.H. Author-Name: Fraser, D.W. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: e49-e55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302244 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302244 Abstract: Suicide and other selfdirected violence deaths are likely grossly underestimated, reflecting inappropriate classification ofmany drug intoxication deaths as accidents or unintentional and heterogeneous ascertainment and coding practices across states. As the tide of prescription and illicit drug-poisoning deaths is rising, public health and research needs would be better satisfied by considering most of these deaths a result of self-intoxication. Epidemiologists and prevention scientists could design better intervention strategies by focusing on premorbid behavior. We propose incorporating deaths from drug selfintoxication and investigations of all poisoning deaths into the National Violent Death Reporting System, which contains misclassified homicides and undetermined intent deaths, to facilitate efforts to comprehend and reverse the surging rate of drug intoxication fatalities. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: cause of death; drug overdose; epidemiology; female; health survey; human; intoxication; male; mortality; nomenclature; prevention and control; statistics and numerical data; suicide; United States, Cause of Death; Drug Overdose; Female; Humans; Male; Poisoning; Population Surveillance; Suicide; Terminology as Topic; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302244_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation disparities in adolescent cigarette smoking: Intersections with race/ethnicity, gender, and age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Birkett, M.A. Author-Name: Newcomb, M.E. Author-Name: Buchting, F.O. Author-Name: Matthews, A.K. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 1137-1147 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301819 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301819 Abstract: Objectives. We examined sexual orientation differences in adolescent smoking and intersections with race/ethnicity, gender, and age. Methods. We pooled Youth Risk Behavior Survey data collected in 2005 and 2007 from 14 jurisdictions; the analytic sample comprised observations from 13 of those jurisdictions (n = 64 397). We compared smoking behaviors of sexual minorities and heterosexuals on 2 dimensions of sexual orientation: identity (heterosexual, gay-lesbian, bisexual, unsure) and gender of lifetime sexual partners (only opposite sex, only same sex, or both sexes). Multivariable regressions examined whether race/ethnicity, gender, and age modified sexual orientation differences in smoking. Results. Sexual minorities smoked more than heterosexuals. Disparities varied by sexual orientation dimension: they were larger when we compared adolescents by identity rather than gender of sexual partners. In some instances race/ethnicity, gender, and age modified smoking disparities: Black lesbians- gays, Asian American and Pacific Islander lesbians-gays and bisexuals, younger bisexuals, and bisexual girls had greater risk. Conclusions. Sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, gender, and age should be considered in research and practice to better understand and reduce disparities in adolescent smoking. Keywords: adolescent; age; ancestry group; article; bisexuality; ethnic group; female; health disparity; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; psychological aspect; sex difference; sexual behavior; smoking; statistics; United States, Adolescent; Age Factors; Bisexuality; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status Disparities; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Smoking; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301819_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of a learning collaborative to support implementation of integrated care for smoking cessation for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ebert, L. Author-Name: Malte, C. Author-Name: Hamlett-Berry, K. Author-Name: Beckham, J. Author-Name: McFall, M. Author-Name: Saxon, A. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1935-1942 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301776 Abstract: Objectives: We evaluated the feasibility of incorporating integrated care (IC) for smoking cessation into routine treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers and the utility of the Learning Collaborative (LC) model in facilitating implementation. Keywords: adult; article; cooperation; female; human; male; methodology; organization and management; patient care; posttraumatic stress disorder; questionnaire; smoking cessation; tobacco dependence; United States; veteran, Adult; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Care Team; Questionnaires; Smoking Cessation; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301776_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sex and gender in the US health surveillance system: A call to action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conron, K.J. Author-Name: Landers, S.J. Author-Name: Reisner, S.L. Author-Name: Sell, R.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 6 Pages: 970-976 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301831 Abstract: Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data have exposed significant sexual orientation disparities in health. Interest in examining the health of transgender youths, whose gender identities or expressions are not fully congruent with their assigned sex at birth, highlights limitations of theYRBS and the broader US health surveillance system. In 2009, we conducted the mixed-methods Massachusetts Gender Measures Project to develop and cognitively test measures for adolescent health surveillance surveys. A promising measure of transgender status emerged through this work. Further research is needed to produce accurate measures of assigned sex at birth and several dimensions of gender to further our understanding of determinants of gender disparities in health and enable strategic responses to address them. Keywords: adolescent; article; female; health survey; human; male; methodology; sexual behavior; statistics; transsexuality; United States, Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Population Surveillance; Sexual Behavior; Transgendered Persons; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301831_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Marketing little cigars and cigarillos in African American communities. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sheehan, D.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 4 Pages: e1 Keywords: advertizing; demography; economics; human; note; tobacco, Advertising as Topic; Humans; Residence Characteristics; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2014:104:4:e1_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An Education in contrast: State-by-state assessment of school immunization records requirements Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hedden, E.M. Author-Name: Jessop, A.B. Author-Name: Field, R.I. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 10 Pages: 1993-2001 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302078 Abstract: Objectives: We reviewed the complexities of school-related immunization policies, their relation to immunization information systems (IIS) and immunization registries, and the historical context to better understand this convoluted policy system. Keywords: article; child; child care; health care policy; human; infant; information system; legal aspect; organization and management; preschool child; register; school; United States; vaccination, Child; Child Care; Child, Preschool; Health Policy; Humans; Infant; Information Systems; Registries; Schools; United States; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302078_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Von Hippel and Benson respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Von Hippel, P.T. Author-Name: Benson, R. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302204 Keywords: environment; human; obesity; season; temperature, Environment; Humans; Obesity; Seasons; Temperature Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302204_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Innovations to improve population health and address chronic disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Graham, G. Author-Name: Sabina, A. Author-Name: Barclay, G. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 12 Pages: 2245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302335 Keywords: chronic disease; evidence based medicine; health behavior; human; mass communication; microcomputer; mobile phone; public health; telecommunication; United States; vulnerable population, Cell Phones; Chronic Disease; Computers, Handheld; Diffusion of Innovation; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Behavior; Humans; Public Health; Telecommunications; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302335_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community socioeconomic disadvantage and the survival of infants with congenital heart defects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kucik, J.E. Author-Name: Nembhard, W.N. Author-Name: Donohue, P. Author-Name: Devine, O. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: Minkovitz, C.S. Author-Name: Burke, T. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 11 Pages: e150-e157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302099 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association between survival of infants with severe congenital heart defects (CHDs) and community-level indicators of socioeconomic status. Methods. We identified infants born to residents of Arizona, New Jersey, New York, and Texas between 1999 and 2007 with selected CHDs from 4 population-based, statewide birth defect surveillance programs. We linked data to the 2000 US Census to obtain 11 census tract-level socioeconomic indicators. We estimated survival probabilities and hazard ratios adjusted for individual characteristics. Results. We observed differences in infant survival for 8 community socioeconomic indicators (P <.05). The greatest mortality risk was associated with residing in communities in the most disadvantaged deciles for poverty (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 1.99), education (AHR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.96), and operator or laborer occupations (AHR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.96). Survival decreased with increasing numbers of indicators that were in the most disadvantaged decile. Community-level mortality risk persisted when we adjusted for individual-level characteristics. Conclusions. The increased mortality risk among infants with CHDs living in socioeconomically deprived communities might indicate barriers to quality and timely care at which public health interventions might be targeted. © 2014, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: congenital heart malformation; demography; epidemiology; health care disparity; human; infant; Kaplan Meier method; mortality; newborn; poverty; proportional hazards model; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; survival; United States, Healthcare Disparities; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Poverty; Proportional Hazards Models; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Survival Analysis; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302099_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mainstreaming modeling and simulation to accelerate public health innovation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maglio, P.P. Author-Name: Sepulveda, M.-J. Author-Name: Mabry, P.L. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1181-1186 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.301873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301873 Abstract: Dynamic modeling and simulation are systems science tools that examine behaviors and outcomes resulting from interactions among multiple system components over time. Although there are excellent examples of their application, they have not been adopted as mainstream tools in population health planning and policymaking. Impediments to their use include the legacy and ease of use of statistical approaches that produce estimates with confidence intervals, the difficulty of multidisciplinary collaboration for modeling and simulation, systems scientists' inability to communicate effectively the added value of the tools, and low funding for population health systems science. Proposed remedies include aggregation of diverse data sets, systems science training for public health and other health professionals, changing research incentives toward collaboration, and increased funding for population health systems science projects. Keywords: article; computer simulation; cooperation; health behavior; health care planning; human; interpersonal communication; management; methodology; obesity; public health; systems theory; theoretical model, Communication; Computer Simulation; Cooperative Behavior; Health Behavior; Health Planning; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Obesity; Policy Making; Public Health; Research Design; Systems Theory Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301873_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A metabolic-epidemiological microsimulation model to estimate the changes in energy intake and physical activity necessary to meet the Healthy People 2020 obesity objective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Basu, S. Author-Name: Seligman, H. Author-Name: Winkleby, M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 7 Pages: 1209-1216 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301674 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301674 Abstract: Objectives. We combined a metabolic and an epidemiological model of obesity to estimate changes in calorie intake and physical activity necessary to achieve the Healthy People 2020 objective of reducing adult obesity prevalence from 33.9% to 30.5%. Methods. We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2010) to construct and validate amicrosimulation model of the US population aged 10 years and older, for 2010 to 2020. Results. Obesity prevalence is expected to shift toward older adults, and disparities are expected to widen between White, higher-income groups and minority, lowerincome groups if recent calorie consumption and expenditure trends continue into the future. Although a less than 10% reduction in daily calorie intake or increase in physical activity would in theory achieve the Healthy People 2020 objective, no single population-level intervention is likely to achieve the target alone, and individual weight-loss attempts are even more unlikely to achieve the target. Conclusions. Changes in calorie intake and physical activity portend rising inequalities in obesity prevalence. These changes require multiple simultaneous population interventions. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; article; caloric intake; child; computer simulation; energy metabolism; exercise; female; health disparity; health promotion; health survey; human; male; methodology; middle aged; obesity; policy; sex difference; socioeconomics; theoretical model; time; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Computer Simulation; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Female; Health Promotion; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Obesity; Policy; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301674_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linkages to improve mortality data for American Indians and Alaska Natives: A new model for death reporting? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anderson, R.N. Author-Name: Copeland, G. Author-Name: Hayes, J.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: S3 Pages: S258-S262 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301647 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301647 Abstract: Racial misclassification is a well-documented weakness of mortality data taken from death certificates. As a result, mortality statistics for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) present, at best, an inaccurate and misleading assessment of mortality in this population. Studies evaluating the quality of race/ethnicity reporting on death certificates have linked data from death certificates to other data sources collected when the decedent was still alive (e.g., Census, Current Population Survey). Such studies have shown substantial misclassification of AI/AN decedents. Despite limitations, linkingmortality data fromdeath certificates with data from other sources collected when decedents were living provides opportunities to evaluate and correct misclassificationofpopulations such as AI/AN persons and facilitatesthecalculationand presentation of more accurate mortality statistics. Keywords: American Indian; article; cause of death; death certificate; ethnology; health survey; human; information processing; Inuit; mortality; statistics; United States, Alaska; Cause of Death; Data Collection; Death Certificates; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Mortality; Population Surveillance Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301647_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Resistant to the recession: Low-income adults' maintenance of cooking and away-from-home eating behaviors during times of economic turbulence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, L.P. Author-Name: Ng, S.W. Author-Name: Popkin, B.M. Year: 2014 Volume: 104 Issue: 5 Pages: 840-846 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301677 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of state-level unemployment rates during the recession of 2008 on patterns of home food preparation and away-fromhome (AFH) eating among low-income and minority populations. Methods. We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data on 118 635 adults aged 18 years or older who took part in the American Time Use Study. Multinomial logistic regression models stratified by gender were used to evaluate the associations between state-level unemployment, poverty, race/ethnicity, and time spent cooking, and log binomial regression was used to assess respondents' AFH consumption patterns. Results. High state-level unemployment was associated with only trivial increases in respondents' cooking patterns and virtually no change in their AFH eating patterns. Low-income and racial/ethnic minority groupswere not disproportionately affected by the recession. Conclusions. Even during a major economic downturn, US adults are resistant to food-related behavior change. More work is needed to understand whether this reluctance to change is attributable to time limits, lack of knowledge or skill related to food preparation, or lack of access to fresh produce and raw ingredients. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; article; cooking; cross-sectional study; economic recession; feeding behavior; female; human; male; middle aged; poverty; socioeconomics; statistics; time; unemployment; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Cooking; Cross-Sectional Studies; Economic Recession; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Habits; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Unemployment; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301677_9