Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Older prisoners and the physical health effects of solitary confinement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, B.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2126-2127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303468 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303468_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Information diffusion in the evaluation of medical marijuana laws' impact on risk perception and use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, X.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303443 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303443 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303443_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the December 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2091-2092 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303496 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303496_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race and skin color in latino health: An analytic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cuevas, A.G. Author-Name: Dawson, B.A. Author-Name: Williams, D.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2131-2136 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303452 Abstract: We examined 22 articles to compare Black Latinos/as' with White Latinos/as' health and highlight findings and limitations in the literature. We searched 1153 abstracts, from the earliest on record to those available in 2016. We organized the articles into domains grounded on a framework that incorporates the effects of race on Latinos/as' health and well-being: health and wellbeing, immigration, psychosocial factors, and contextual factors. Most studies in this area are limited by self-reported measures of health status, inconsistent use of race and skin color measures, and omission of a wider range of immigration-related and contextual factors. We give recommendations for future research to explain the complexity in the Latino/a population regarding race, and we provide insight into Black Latinos/as experiences. Keywords: controlled study; health status; Hispanic; human; human experiment; immigration; race; skin color; wellbeing; female; health status; male; psychology; satisfaction; skin pigmentation, Female; Health Status; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Personal Satisfaction; Skin Pigmentation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303452_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safer cycling through improved infrastructure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pucher, J. Author-Name: Buehler, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2089-2091 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303507 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303507 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303507_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kostygina et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kostygina, G. Author-Name: England, L. Author-Name: Ling, P.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303476 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303476_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disaster supply kits Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kirkpatrick, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303444 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303444_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hanna-attisha and lachance respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hanna-Attisha, M. Author-Name: LaChance, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303487 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303487_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population intervention measures to connect research findings to policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahern, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2152-2153 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303494 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303494 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303494_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Conducting accessible research: Including people with disabilities in public health, epidemiological, and outcomes studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rios, D. Author-Name: Magasi, S. Author-Name: Novak, C. Author-Name: Harniss, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2137-2144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303448 Abstract: Peoplewithdisabilitiesarelargely absentfrom mainstream healthresearch.Exclusionof people with disabilities may be explicit, attributable to poorly justified exclusion criteria, or implicit,attributable toinaccessiblestudy documents,interventions, orresearch measures. Meanwhile, people with disabilities experience poorer health, greater incidence of chronic conditions, and higher health care expenditure than people without disabilities.We outline our approach to "accessible research design"-research accessible to and inclusive of people with disabilities. We describe a model that includes 3 tiers: universal design, accommodations, and modifications. Through our work on several large-scale research studies, we provide pragmatic examples of accessible research design. Making efforts to include people with disabilities in public health, epidemiological, and outcomes studies will enhance the interpretability of findings for a significant patient population. Keywords: disabled person; epidemiology; human; nonbiological model; outcome assessment; public health; statistical bias, Bias (Epidemiology); Disabled Persons; Epidemiologic Studies; Humans; Models, Organizational; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303448_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decreases in suicide deaths and attempts linked to the white mountain apache suicide surveillance and prevention system, 2001-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cwik, M.F. Author-Name: Tingey, L. Author-Name: Maschino, A. Author-Name: Goklish, N. Author-Name: Larzelere-Hinton, F. Author-Name: Walkup, J. Author-Name: Barlow, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2183-2189 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303453 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of a comprehensive, multitiered youth suicide prevention program among the White Mountain Apache of Arizona since its implementation in 2006. Methods. Using data from the tribally mandated Celebrating Life surveillance system, we compared the rates, numbers, and characteristics of suicide deaths and attempts from 2007 to 2012 with those from 2001 to 2006. Results.The overall Apache suicide death rates dropped from 40.0 to 24.7 per 100 000 (38.3% decrease), and the rate among those aged 15 to 24 years dropped from 128.5 to 99.0 per 100 000 (23.0% decrease). The annual number of attempts also dropped from 75 (in 2007) to 35 individuals (in 2012). National rates remained relatively stable during this time, at 10 to 13 per 100 000. Conclusions. Although national rates remained stable or increased slightly, the overall Apache suicide death rates dropped following the suicide prevention program. The community surveillance system served a critical role in providing a foundation for prevention programming and evaluation. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; American Indian; Arizona; child; epidemiology; female; health survey; human; male; middle aged; suicide; suicide attempt; trends; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arizona; Child; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303453_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Postneoliberal public health care reforms: Neoliberalism, social medicine, and persistent health inequalities in Latin America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hartmann, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2145-2151 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303470 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303470 Abstract: Several Latin American countries are implementing a suite of so-called "postneoliberal" social and political economic policies to counter neoliberal models that emerged in the 1980s. This article considers the influence of postneoliberalism on public health discourses, policies, institutions, and practices in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Social medicine and neoliberal public health models are antecedents of postneoliberal public healthcaremodels.Postneoliberal public health governance models neither fully incorporate social medicine nor completely reject neoliberal models. Postneoliberal reforms may provide an alternative means of reducing health inequalities and improving population health. Keywords: Bolivia; Ecuador; human; model; public health service; Venezuela; health care policy; health disparity; politics; social medicine; South America, Health Care Reform; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Politics; Social Medicine; South America Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303470_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Schmidt et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schmidt, L.A. Author-Name: Jacobs, L.M. Author-Name: Spetz, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e8-e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303490 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303490_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tuberculosis in jails and prisons: United States, 2002-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lambert, L.A. Author-Name: Armstrong, L.R. Author-Name: Lobato, M.N. Author-Name: Ho, C. Author-Name: France, A.M. Author-Name: Haddad, M.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2231-2237 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303423 Abstract: Objectives. To describe cases and estimate the annual incidence of tuberculosis in correctional facilities. Methods. We analyzed 2002 to 2013 National Tuberculosis Surveillance System case reports to characterize individuals who were employed or incarcerated in correctional facilities at time they were diagnosed with tuberculosis. Incidence was estimated with Bureau of Justice Statistics denominators. Results. Among 299 correctional employees with tuberculosis, 171 (57%) were US-born and 82 (27%) were female. Among 5579 persons incarcerated at the time of their tuberculosis diagnosis, 2520 (45%) were US-born and 495 (9%) were female. Median estimated annual tuberculosis incidence rates were 29 cases per 100 000 local jail inmates, 8 per 100 000 state prisoners, and 25 per 100 000 federal prisoners. The foreign-born proportion of incarcerated men 18 to 64 years old increased steadily from 33% in 2002 to 56% in 2013. Between 2009 and 2013, tuberculosis screenings were reported as leading to 10% of diagnoses among correctional employees, 47% among female inmates, and 42% among male inmates. Conclusions. Systematic screening and treatment of tuberculosis infection and disease among correctional employees and incarcerated individuals remain essential to tuberculosis prevention and control. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; health survey; human; incidence; male; mass screening; middle aged; prison; prisoner; tuberculosis; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Prisoners; Prisons; Tuberculosis; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303423_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lack of cost-effectiveness analyses to address healthy people 2020 priority areas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neumann, P.J. Author-Name: Farquhar, M. Author-Name: Wilkinson, C.L. Author-Name: Lowry, M. Author-Name: Gold, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2205-2207 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303361 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the extent to which recently published cost-utility analyses (cost-effectiveness analyses using quality-adjusted life-years to measure health benefits) have covered the leading health concerns in the US Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2020 report. Methods. We examined data in the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, a database containing 5000 published cost-utility analyses published in the MEDLINE literature through 2014. We focused on US-based cost-utility analyses published from 2011 through 2014 (n = 687). Two reviewers scanned abstracts and met for a consensus on categorization of cost-utility analyses that addressed the specific priorities listed in the 12 Healthy People 2020 areas (n = 120). Results. Although 7.3% of recently published cost-utility analyses addressed key clinical preventive services, only about 2% of recently published cost-utility analyses covered each of the following Healthy People 2020 topics: reproductive and sexual health, nutrition/physical activity/obesity, maternal and infant health, and tobacco. Fewer than 1% addressed priorities such as injuries and violence, mental health or substance abuse, environmental quality, and oral health. Conclusions. Few cost-utility analyses have addressed Healthy People 2020 priority areas. Keywords: cost benefit analysis; economics; female; health care planning; health promotion; health service; human; male; register, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Priorities; Health Services Needs and Demand; Healthy People Programs; Humans; Male; Registries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303361_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: United States and Puerto Rico, 2008-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mitsch, A.J. Author-Name: Irene Hall, H. Author-Name: Babu, A.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2194-2201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303380 Abstract: Objectives. To describe trends in HIV diagnoses and prevalence among persons who inject drugs (PWID), and trend variations by jurisdiction. Methods. We used National HIV Surveillance System data to estimate the number of HIV diagnoses made during 2008 through 2013, and measured trends by estimated annual percent change; and persons living with diagnosed HIV infection at year-end 2008 to 2012, and measured trends in prevalence by the 2012-2008 arithmetic difference. Results. During 2008 through 2013, the number of HIV diagnoses was stable among all persons (< 2% per year), and decreased among PWID (> 10% per year) overall and in 10 jurisdictions. The Black-to-White PWID diagnosis ratio was 2 to 1. During 2008 through 2012, the number of persons living with diagnosed HIV infection increased overall, was stable among PWID, and decreased in 14 jurisdictions. Conclusions. Had the rate of decrease in diagnoses of HIV infection among PWID equaled that of all persons, an additional 1500 diagnoses would have occurred between 2008 and 2013. Prevalence was stable among PWID, and increased overall among all persons living with HIV infection. Pronounced racial inequities persist, particularly for Blacks, and appear to be diminishing. Keywords: drug dependence; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; human; Puerto Rico; United States, HIV Infections; Humans; Puerto Rico; Risk-Taking; Substance-Related Disorders; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303380_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bicycle use and cyclist safety following boston's bicycle infrastructure expansion, 2009-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pedroso, F.E. Author-Name: Angriman, F. Author-Name: Bellows, A.L. Author-Name: Taylor, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2171-2177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303454 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate changes in bicycle use and cyclist safety in Boston, Massachusetts, following the rapid expansion of its bicycle infrastructure between 2007 and 2014. Methods. We measured bicycle lane mileage, a surrogate for bicycle infrastructure expansion, and quantified total estimated number of commuters. In addition, we calculated the number of reported bicycle accidents from 2009 to 2012. Bicycle accident and injury trends over time were assessed via generalized linear models. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with bicycle injuries. Results. Boston increased its total bicycle lane mileage from 0.034 miles in 2007 to 92.2 miles in 2014 (P <.001). The percentage of bicycle commuters increased from 0.9% in 2005 to 2.4% in 2014 (P =.002) and the total percentage of bicycle accidents involving injuries diminished significantly, from 82.7% in 2009 to 74.6% in 2012. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that for every 1-year increase in time from 2009 to 2012, there was a 14% reduction in the odds of being injured in an accident. Conclusions. The expansion of Boston's bicycle infrastructure was associated with increases in both bicycle use and cyclist safety. Keywords: accident; cycling; environmental planning; factual database; human; Massachusetts; safety; statistical model; trends, Accidents; Bicycling; Boston; Databases, Factual; Environment Design; Humans; Logistic Models; Safety Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303454_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in reported sexual orientation following US States recognition of same-sex couples Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Charlton, B.M. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Author-Name: Williams, K. Author-Name: Bryn Austin, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2202-2204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303449 Abstract: Objectives. To compare changes in self-reported sexual orientation of women living in states with any recognition of same-sex relationships (e.g., hospital visitation, domestic partnerships) with those of women living in states without such recognition. Methods. We calculated the likelihood of women in the Nurses' Health Study II (n = 69 790) changing their reported sexual orientation between 1995 and 2009. Results. We used data from the Nurses' Health Study II and found that living in a state with same-sex relationship recognition was associated with changing one's reported sexual orientation, particularly from heterosexual to sexual minority. Individuals who reported being heterosexual in 1995 were 30% more likely to report a minority orientation (i.e., bisexual or lesbian) in 2009 (risk ratio = 1.30; 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 1.61) if they lived in a state with any recognition of same-sex relationships compared with those who lived in a state without such recognition. Conclusions. Policies recognizing same-sex relationships may encourage women to report a sexual minority orientation. Future research is needed to clarify how other social and legal policies may affect sexual orientation self-reports. Keywords: bisexuality; confidence interval; controlled study; female; heterosexuality; homosexual female; human; major clinical study; nurse; recognition; self report; adult; homosexuality; legislation and jurisprudence; male; self disclosure; sexual behavior; spouse; United States; young adult, Adult; Female; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Self Disclosure; Sexual Behavior; Spouses; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303449_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Flint blood lead levels: Four questions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Campbell, A.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303486 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303486 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303486_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood disadvantage, poor social conditions, and cardiovascular disease incidence among African American adults in the Jackson heart study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barber, S. Author-Name: Hickson, D.A. Author-Name: Wang, X. Author-Name: Sims, M. Author-Name: Nelson, C. Author-Name: Diez-Roux, A.V. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2219-2226 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303471 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the impact of neighborhood conditions resulting from racial residential segregation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a socioeconomically diverse African American sample. Methods. The study included 4096 African American women (n = 2652) and men (n = 1444) aged 21 to 93 years from the Jackson Heart Study (Jackson, Mississippi; 2000-2011). We assessed neighborhood disadvantage with a composite measure of 8 indicators from the 2000 US Census. We assessed neighborhood-level social conditions, including social cohesion, violence, and disorder, with self-reported, validated scales. Results. Among African American women, each standard deviation increase in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with a 25% increased risk of CVD after covariate adjustment (hazard ratio = 1.25; 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 1.49). Risk also increased as levels of neighborhood violence and physical disorder increased after covariate adjustment. We observed no statistically significant associations among African American men in adjusted models. Conclusions. Worse neighborhood economic and social conditions may contribute to increased risk of CVD among African American women. Policies directly addressing these issues may alleviate the burden of CVD in this group. Keywords: adult; African American; aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; cohort analysis; female; human; male; middle aged; Mississippi; poverty; very elderly; young adult, Adult; African Americans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mississippi; Poverty Areas; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303471_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of local health interventions on inequality in life expectancy: New publicly available data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chetty, R. Author-Name: Cutler, D. Author-Name: Stepner, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2154-2155 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303492 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303492_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of AIDS Education and Training Centers on the US HIV Medical Workforce Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khamarko, K. Author-Name: Dufour, M.-S.K. Author-Name: Bodach, S. Author-Name: Myers, J.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2190-2193 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303451 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the extent to which the AIDS Education and Training Centers (AETCs) are increasing the number and racial/ethnic diversity of HIV medical providers, in accordance with the US National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS). Methods. We used administrative data from funding year 2012-2013 to describe AETC trainee characteristics, including the types of medical providers trained, compared with national estimates of available US medical providers to estimate the proportion of providers trained for every 1000 available providers by professional group and race/ethnicity. Results. AETCs trained 56 127 unique trainees, of whom 64.1% were medical providers and 45.5% were racial/ethnic minorities. Compared to national proportions, participation in AETC training was higher among racial/ethnic minorities. The proportions of racial/ethnic minority groups trained differed across regional AETCs. Conclusions. AETCs support NHAS goals by expanding the HIV medical workforce and strengthening the skills of minority medical providers to deliver high quality HIV care. Public Health Implications. Some AETCs made greater contributions to training different types of racial/ethnic minorities, which indicates varied approaches are needed to best target these efforts in communities heavily impacted by HIV. Keywords: controlled study; education; ethnic group; ethnicity; funding; human; human experiment; Human immunodeficiency virus; nonhuman; public health; race; skill; student; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; evaluation study; health care manpower; health care personnel; school; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Ethnic Groups; Health Manpower; Health Personnel; Humans; Schools; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303451_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of dietary and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular and diabetes mortality in South Asia: Analysis from the 2010 global burden of disease study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yakoob, M.Y. Author-Name: Micha, R. Author-Name: Khatibzadeh, S. Author-Name: Singh, G.M. Author-Name: Shi, P. Author-Name: Ahsan, H. Author-Name: Balakrishna, N. Author-Name: Brahmam, G.N.V. Author-Name: Chen, Y. Author-Name: Afshin, A. Author-Name: Fahimi, S. Author-Name: Danaei, G. Author-Name: Powles, J.W. Author-Name: Ezzati, M. Author-Name: Mozaffarian, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2113-2125 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303368 Abstract: Objectives. To quantify cardiovascular disease and diabetes deaths attributable to dietary and metabolic risks by country, age, sex, and time in South Asian countries. Methods. We used the 2010 Global Burden of Disease national surveys to characterize risk factor levels by age and sex. We derived etiological effects of risk factors-disease endpoints, by age, from meta-analyses. We defined optimal levels. We combined these inputs with cause-specific mortality rates to compute population-attributable fractions as a percentage of total cardiometabolic deaths. Results. Suboptimal diet was the leading cause of cardiometabolic mortality in 4 of 5countries,withpopulation-attributablefractionsfrom40.7%(95%uncertaintyinterval =37.4, 44.1) in Bangladesh to 56.9% (95% uncertainty interval =52.4, 61.5) in Pakistan. High systolic blood pressure was the second leading cause, except in Bangladesh, where it superseded suboptimal diet.This was followed inall nations by highfasting plasma glucose, low fruitintake, andlow wholegrainintake.Otherprominentburdensweremorevariable,suchaslowintakeof vegetables, low omega-3 fats, and high sodium intake in India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Conclusions. Important similarities and differences are evident in cardiometabolic mortality burdens of modifiable dietary and metabolic risks across these countries, informing health policy and program priorities. Keywords: adult; aged; Asia; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; female; global disease burden; human; male; metabolic syndrome X; middle aged; mortality; risk assessment; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asia; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Global Burden of Disease; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome X; Middle Aged; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303368_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a national birth cohort study in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhang, J. Author-Name: Tian, Y. Author-Name: Wang, W. Author-Name: Huang, H. Author-Name: Shen, X. Author-Name: Sun, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2111-2112 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303484 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303484 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303484_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wassink responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wassink, J.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303460 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303460 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303460_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health coverage for undocumented immigrants: Barriers on the mexican side for effective coverage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arredondo, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303458 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303458_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heagele responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heagele, T.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303445 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303445 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303445_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call to oppose the child nutrition and education act of 2016 (H.R. 5003) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chauvenet, C. Author-Name: Taillie, L.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2129-2130 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303479 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303479_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of a scaled-up arthritis self-management program in Oregon: Walk with ease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conte, K.P. Author-Name: Odden, M.C. Author-Name: Linton, N.M. Author-Name: Marie Harvey, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2227-2230 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303478 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303478 Abstract: Objectives.To evaluate the effectiveness of Walk With Ease (WWE), an evidence-based arthritis self-management program that was scaled up in Oregon in 2012 to 2014. Methods. Guided by the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework, we collected participant surveys and attendance records and conducted observations. Preprogram and postprogram, participants self-reported pain and fatigue (scale: 0-10 points; high scores indicate more pain and fatigue) and estimated episodes of physical activity per week in the last month. Results. Recruitment successfully reached the targeted population-sedentary adults with arthritis (n = 598). Participants reported significant reduction in pain (-0.47 points; P =.006) and fatigue (-0.58 points; P =.021) and increased physical activity (0.86 days/week; P <.001). WWE was adopted by workplaces and medical, community, faith, and retirement centers. Most WWE programs were delivered with high fidelity; average attendance was 47%. Conclusions. WWE is suitable for implementation by diverse organizations. Effect sizes for pain and fatigue were less than those in the original WWE studies, but this is to be expected for a large-scale implementation. Public Health Implications. WWE can be effectively translated to diverse, real-world contexts to help sedentary adults increase physical activity and reduce pain and fatigue. Keywords: aged; arthritis; evaluation study; female; health promotion; human; male; middle aged; Oregon; patient education; program evaluation; self care; very elderly; walking, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthritis; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oregon; Patient Education as Topic; Program Evaluation; Self Care; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303478_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Deaths from unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide during or within 1 year of pregnancy in Philadelphia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mehta, P.K. Author-Name: Bachhuber, M.A. Author-Name: Hoffman, R. Author-Name: Srinivas, S.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2208-2210 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303473 Abstract: Objectives. To understand the effect of unintentional injuries (e.g., drug overdose), suicide, and homicide on pregnancy-associated death (death during or within 1 year of pregnancy). Methods. We analyzed all cases of pregnancy-associated death among Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, residents from 2010 to 2014, examining cause of death, contributing factors, and history of health care use. Results. Approximately half (49%; 42 of 85) of pregnancy-associated deaths were from unintentional injuries (n = 31), homicide (n = 8), or suicide (n = 3); drug overdose was the leading cause (n = 18). Substance use was noted during or around events leading to death in 46% (31 of 67) of nonoverdose deaths. A history of serious mental illness was noted in 39% (32 of 82) of nonsuicide deaths. History of intimate partner violence (IPV) was documented in 19% (15 of 77) of nonhomicide deaths. Regardless of cause of death, approximately half of all decedents had an unscheduled hospital visit documented within a month of death. Conclusions. Unintentionalinjury,homicide,and suicide contribute to manydeathsamong pregnant and recently pregnant women. Interventions focused on substance use, mental health, and IPV may reduce pregnancy-associated and pregnancy-related deaths. Keywords: accident; adult; cause of death; epidemiology; factual database; female; homicide; human; mortality; Pennsylvania; pregnancy; suicide; trends; young adult, Accidents; Adult; Cause of Death; Databases, Factual; Female; Homicide; Humans; Philadelphia; Pregnancy; Suicide; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303473_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Engaging urban universities as anchor institutions for health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harkavy, I. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2155-2157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303475 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303475 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303475_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among reproductive-age women and adolescent girls in rural China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: He, Y. Author-Name: Pan, A. Author-Name: Yang, Y. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: Xu, J. Author-Name: Zhang, Y. Author-Name: Liu, D. Author-Name: Wang, Q. Author-Name: Shen, H. Author-Name: Zhang, Y. Author-Name: Yan, D. Author-Name: Peng, Z. Author-Name: Hu, F.B. Author-Name: Ma, X. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2103-2110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303499 Abstract: Objectives.To provide prevalence and trends of underweight, overweight, and obesity among reproductive-age women and adolescent girls in rural China. Methods. We measured weight and height in 16 742 344 women aged 20 to 49 years and 178 556 girls aged 15 to 19 years from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project between 2010 and 2014. Results. Among women, the prevalence of underweight was 7.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.7%, 7.9%), and overweight or obesity was 16.5% (95% CI = 16.4%, 16.6%; World Health Organization criteria). Among adolescents, prevalence of underweight was 6.0% (95% CI = 5.7%, 6.2%; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria) and overweight or obesity was 8.3% (95% CI = 7.9% to 8.8%; International Obesity Task Force criteria). According to Chinese criteria, overweight and obesity prevalence was 24.8% (95% CI = 24.7%, 24.9%) for women and 17.2% (95% CI = 16.6%, 17.8%) for adolescents, and underweight prevalence was 2.9% (95% CI = 2.8%, 3.1%) for adolescents. Considerable disparities existed in prevalence and trends within subpopulations (age groups, parity, region, education levels, and socioeconomic status). Conclusions. Our results reveal coexisting underweight and overweight or obesity among rural women and adolescents of reproductive age, which requires public health attention. Keywords: adolescent; adult; body mass; body weight; China; female; human; middle aged; obesity; prevalence; rural population; waist to height ratio; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; China; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Prevalence; Rural Population; Thinness; Waist-Height Ratio; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303499_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Vision zero in the United States versus Sweden: Infrastructure improvement for cycling safety Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cushing, M. Author-Name: Hooshmand, J. Author-Name: Pomares, B. Author-Name: Hotz, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2178-2180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303466 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303466 Abstract: Inspired by Swedish legislation, Vision Zero policies are being adopted in the United States with increasing frequency. Although some view the goal of eliminating serious injury and death on the road system as impractical, Sweden's lower rates of road-related injury and death provide compelling evidence that more can be done to improve US cycling safety. We examine existing Vision Zero and cycling-related literature to highlight the central components of the Swedish policy, with the goal of providing evidence-based recommendations for successful implementation of similar policies in the United States. Ultimately, infrastructure design should remain central in US Vision Zero plans, but supplemental initiatives promoting a cycling and safety culture also can be incorporated. Keywords: safety; Sweden; United States; vision; cycling; environmental planning; human; management; prevention and control; Sweden; traffic accident; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Bicycling; Environment Design; Humans; Policy Making; Safety; Sweden; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303466_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of a community dental access program on emergency dental admissions in rural Maryland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rowland, S. Author-Name: Leider, J.P. Author-Name: Davidson, C. Author-Name: Brady, J. Author-Name: Knudson, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2165-2170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303467 Abstract: Objectives. To characterize the expansion of a community dental access program (CDP) in rural Maryland providing urgent dental care to low-income individuals, as well as the CDP's impact on dental-related visits to a regional emergency department (ED). Methods. We used de-identified CDP and ED claims data to construct a data set of weekly counts of CDP visits and dental-related ED visits among Maryland adults. A time series model examined the association over time between visits to the CDP and ED visits for fiscal years (FYs) 2011 through 2015. Results. The CDP served approximately 1600 unique clients across 2700 visits during FYs 2011 through 2015. The model suggested that if the CDP had not provided services during that time period, about 670 more dental-related visits to the ED would have occurred, resulting in $215 000 more in charges. Conclusions. Effective ED dental diversion programs can result in substantial cost savings to taxpayers, and more appropriate and cost-effective care for the patient. Policy Implications. Community dental access programs may be a viable way to patch the dental safety net in rural communities while holistic solutions are developed. Keywords: adult; cost control; emergency ward; human; model; rural population; safety; time series analysis; tooth; community care; dental procedure; emergency health service; health care delivery; insurance; Maryland; middle aged; poverty; rural population; utilization, Adult; Community Networks; Dental Care; Emergency Medical Services; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Maryland; Middle Aged; Poverty; Rural Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303467_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is the prescription opioid epidemic a white problem? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hansen, H. Author-Name: Netherland, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2127-2129 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303483 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303483_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ecological association of human papillomavirus vaccination with cervical dysplasia prevalence in the United States, 2007-2014 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Flagg, E.W. Author-Name: Torrone, E.A. Author-Name: Weinstock, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2211-2218 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303472 Abstract: Objectives. To examine prevalence of low-and high-grade cervical lesions over time in a large cohort of US female adolescents and women. Methods. We used health care claims data from 9 million privately insured female patients aged 15 to 39years to estimate annual prevalence of cytologically detected cervical low-grade (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and high-grade histologically detected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3 (CIN2+) during 2007 through 2014. Werestrictedanalysestothosewhoreceivedcervicalcancerscreeninginagivencalendar year. Results. Prevalence of HSIL and CIN2+ decreased significantly for those aged 15 to 19 years. Average annual percent change in prevalence in this group during 2007 through 2014 for HSIL and CIN2+ was-8.3% and-14.4%, respectively (P <.001 for both estimates). Prevalence of HSIL and CIN2+ also decreased significantly for women aged 20 to 24 years. No decreases were seen in women aged 25 to 39 years. Conclusions. Decreases in high-grade lesions reflected their greater association with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, compared with low-grade lesions, providing ecological evidence of population effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination among young, privately insured women. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; human; insurance; Papillomavirus Infections; prevalence; United States; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; vaccination; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Papillomavirus Infections; Prevalence; United States; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Vaccination; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303472_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Variation in vaccination data available at school entry across the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leslie, T.F. Author-Name: Street, E.J. Author-Name: Delamater, P.L. Author-Name: Tony Yang, Y. Author-Name: Jacobsen, K.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2180-2182 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303455 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303455 Abstract: Objectives. To compile substate-level data on US school-age children's vaccination rates. Methods. For states that did not have suitable data online, in 2015 we submitted information requests to the state health department and followed up with the state's Freedom of Information Act when necessary. Results. The accessibility, scale, and types of vaccination data varied considerably. Whereas 26 states provided data online, 14 released data only after a Freedom of Information Act request. School or school-district data were available for 24 states, 19 at the county level, 2 at the health department level, and 6 provided no substate-level data. Conclusions. Effective vaccination policy requires a robust understanding of vaccination behavior. Some states make it difficult to access data or provide low-resolution data of limited value for identifying vaccination behavior. Keywords: behavior; freedom of information act; human; public health service; United States; vaccination; access to information; child; factual database; government; school; United States, Access to Information; Child; Databases, Factual; Humans; Schools; State Government; United States; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303455_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reaching out to public health professionals in Asia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2086 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303506 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303506 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303506_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The centers for disease control and prevention system in China: Trends from 2002-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, C. Author-Name: Sun, M. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: Luo, L. Author-Name: Yu, M. Author-Name: Zhang, Y. Author-Name: Wang, H. Author-Name: Shi, P. Author-Name: Chen, Z. Author-Name: Wang, J. Author-Name: Lu, Y. Author-Name: Li, Q. Author-Name: Wang, X. Author-Name: Bi, Z. Author-Name: Fan, M. Author-Name: Fu, L. Author-Name: Yu, J. Author-Name: Hao, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2093-2102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303508 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303508 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the improvements of the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs)systembetween2002and2012,andproblemsthesystemhasencountered. Methods. We obtained data from 2 national cross-sectional surveys in 2006 and 2013, including 32 provincial, 139 municipal, and 489 county-level CDCs throughout China. We performed a pre-post comparative analysis to determine trends in resource allocation and service delivery. Results.The overall completeness of public health services significantly increased from 47.4% to 76.6%. Furthermore, the proportion of CDC staff with bachelor's or higher degrees increased from 14.6% to 32.6%, and governmental funding per CDC increased 5.3-fold (1.283-8.098 million yuan). The working area per CDC staff increased from 37.9 square meters to 63.3 square meters, and configuration rate of type A devices increased from 28.1% to 65.0%. Remaining problems included an 11.9% reduction in staff and the fact that financial investments covered only 71.1% of actual expenditures. Conclusions. China's CDC system has progressed remarkably, enabling quicker responses to emergent epidemics. Future challenges include establishing a sustainable financing mechanism and retaining a well-educated, adequately sized public health workforce. Keywords: China; communicable disease control; comparative study; cross-sectional study; government; human; organization and management; preventive medicine; questionnaire; resource allocation; trends, China; Communicable Disease Control; Cross-Sectional Studies; Government Agencies; Humans; Preventive Medicine; Resource Allocation; Surveys and Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303508_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking harm reduction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Payne, T.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303456 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303456_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban blight remediation as a cost-beneficial solution to firearm violence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Branas, C.C. Author-Name: Kondo, M.C. Author-Name: Murphy, S.M. Author-Name: South, E.C. Author-Name: Polsky, D. Author-Name: MacDonald, J.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 12 Pages: 2158-2164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303434 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303434 Abstract: Objectives. To determine if blight remediation of abandoned buildings and vacant lots can be a cost-beneficial solution to firearm violence in US cities. Methods. We performed quasi-experimental analyses of the impacts and economic returns on investment of urban blight remediation programs involving 5112 abandoned buildings and vacant lots on the occurrence of firearm and nonfirearm violence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1999 to 2013.We adjusted before-after percent changes and returns on investment in treated versus control groups for sociodemographic factors. Results. Abandoned building remediation significantly reduced firearm violence-39% (95% confidence interval [CI] =-28%,-50%; P <.05) as did vacant lot remediation (-4.6%; 95% CI =-4.2%,-5.0%; P <.001). Neither program significantly affected nonfirearm violence. Respectively, taxpayer and societal returns on investment for the prevention of firearm violence were $5 and $79 for every dollar spent on abandoned building remediation and $26 and $333 for every dollar spent on vacant lot remediation. Conclusions. Abandoned buildings and vacant lots are blighted structures seen daily by urban residents that may create physical opportunities for violence by sheltering illegal activity and illegal firearms. Urban blight remediation programs can be cost-beneficial strategies that significantly and sustainably reduce firearm violence. Keywords: blight; confidence interval; control group; firearm; human; investment; Pennsylvania; prevention; urban population; violence; city; city planning; cost benefit analysis; economics; prevention and control; United States; violence, Cities; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Firearms; Humans; United States; Urban Renewal; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303434_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Defining ethical placemaking for place-based interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eckenwiler, L.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1944-1946 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303433 Abstract: As place-based interventions expand and evolve, deeper reflection on the meaning of ethical placemaking is essential. I offer a summary account of ethical placemaking, which I propose anddefineas an ethical ideal and practice for health and for health justice, understood as the capability to be healthy. I point to selected wideranging examples-an urban pathway, two long-Term care settings, innovations in refugee health services, and a McDonald's restaurant-to help illustrate these ideas. Keywords: human; justice; long term care; refugee; demography; environmental planning; ethics; health promotion; home for the aged; nursing home; organization and management; public health, Environment Design; Health Promotion; Homes for the Aged; Nursing Homes; Public Health; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303433_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: World health organization: Overhaul or dismantle? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wibulpolprasert, S. Author-Name: Chowdhury, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1910-1911 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303469 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303469_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes to the design of the national health interview survey to support enhanced monitoring of health reform impacts at the state level Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blewett, L.A. Author-Name: Dahlen, H.M. Author-Name: Spencer, D. Author-Name: Drew, J.A.R. Author-Name: Lukanen, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1961-1966 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303430 Abstract: Pursuant to passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the National Center for Health Statistics has enhanced the content of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)-the primary source of information for monitoring health and health care use of the US population at the national level-in several key areas and has positioned the NHIS as a source of population health information at the national and state levels. We review recent changes to the NHIS that support enhanced health reform monitoring, including new questions and responsecategories, samplingdesign changes to improve state-level analysis, and enhanced dissemination activities. Wediscuss the importance of theNHIS, the continued need for state-level analysis, and suggestions for future consideration. Keywords: cell culture monitoring; health care policy; health care utilization; human; interview; medical information; national health organization; health care delivery; health survey; interview; procedures; standards; statistics and numerical data; United States, Health Services Accessibility; Health Surveys; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Population Surveillance; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303430_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From compassionate conservatism to obamacare: Funding for the Ryan white program during the obama administration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatcher, W. Author-Name: Pund, B. Author-Name: Khatiashvili, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1955-1957 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303413 Abstract: Objectives. To examine President Obama's fiscal commitment to the Ryan White Program (formerly Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act), which provides funding for economically disadvantaged people and families affected by HIV. Methods. We analyzed budgetary request and congressional appropriation data from 2009 to 2016. The data are available from the Health Resources and Services Administration and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Results. Increased coverage for people living with HIV/AIDS provided by the Affordable Care Act most likely led theObama administration to request small increases and at times decreases in funding for the Ryan White Program. Congress passed either small increases or decreases in appropriations for the Ryan White Program. Conclusions. Decreases or small increases in the Ryan White Program funding risk progress madein treating HIVamongeconomically disadvantagedpatients. Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; economics; financial management; health care delivery; HIV Infections; human; organization and management; politics; poverty; public health; United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Financing, Government; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Politics; Poverty; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303413_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lock-in programs and the opioid epidemic: A call for evidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, A.W. Author-Name: Gellad, W.F. Author-Name: Skinner, A.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1918-1919 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303404 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303404_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care use and spending for medicaid enrollees in federally qualified health centers versus other primary care settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nocon, R.S. Author-Name: Lee, S.M. Author-Name: Sharma, R. Author-Name: Ngo-Metzger, Q. Author-Name: Mukamel, D.B. Author-Name: Gao, Y. Author-Name: White, L.M. Author-Name: Shi, L. Author-Name: Chin, M.H. Author-Name: Laiteerapong, N. Author-Name: Huang, E.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1981-1989 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303341 Abstract: Objectives. To compare health care use and spending of Medicaid enrollees seen at federally qualified health centers versus non-health center settings in a context of significant growth. Methods. Using fee-for-service Medicaid claims from 13 states in 2009, we compared patients receiving the majority of their primary care in federally qualified health centers with propensity score-matched comparison groups receiving primary care in other settings. Results. We found that health center patients had lower use and spending than did non-health center patients across all services, with 22% fewer visits and 33% lower spending on specialty care and 25% fewer admissions and 27% lower spending on inpatient care. Total spending was 24% lower for health center patients. Conclusions.Our analysis of 2009 Medicaid claims, which includes the largest sample of states and more recent data than do previous multistate claims studies, demonstrates that the health center program has provided a cost-efficient setting for primary care for. Keywords: health care utilization; health center; hospital patient; human; medicaid; primary medical care; propensity score; adult; cross-sectional study; economics; female; financial management; male; medicaid; middle aged; primary health care; safety net hospital; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Financing, Personal; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Middle Aged; Primary Health Care; Safety-net Providers; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303341_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of sugar-sweetened beverages purchased for children at fast-food restaurants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cantor, J. Author-Name: Breck, A. Author-Name: Elbel, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2038-2041 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303427 Abstract: Objectives. To determine consumer and fast-food purchase characteristics associated with the purchase of a sugar-sweetened beverage, as well as calories and grams of sugar, for children at a fast-food restaurant. Methods. We completed cross-sectional analyses of fast-food restaurant receipts and point-of-purchase surveys (n = 483) collected during 2013 and 2014 in New York City and Newark and Jersey City, New Jersey. Results. Caregivers purchased beverages for half of all children in our sample. Approximately 60% of these beverages were sugar-sweetened beverages. Fast-food meals with sugar-sweetened beverages had, on average, 179 more calories than meals with non-sugar-sweetened beverages. Being an adolescent or male, having a caregiver with a high school degree or less, having a caregiver who saw the posted calorie information, ordering a combination meal, and eating the meal in the restaurant were associated with ordering a sugar-sweetened beverage. Purchases that included a combination meal or were consumed in the restaurant included more beverage grams of sugar and calories. Conclusions. Characteristics of fast-food purchases appear to have the largest and most important association to beverage calories for children at fast-food restaurants. Targeting fast-food restaurants, particularly combination meals, may improve childhood obesity rates. Keywords: sugar intake, adolescent; age; beverage; caloric intake; catering service; child; cross-sectional study; fast food; female; human; male; New Jersey; New York; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; sugar intake, Adolescent; Age Factors; Beverages; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Sucrose; Energy Intake; Fast Foods; Female; Humans; Male; New Jersey; New York City; Restaurants; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303427_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The South Carolina comprehensive health education act needs to be amended Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Orekoya, O. Author-Name: White, K. Author-Name: Samson, M. Author-Name: Robillard, A.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1950-1952 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303378 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303378 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303378_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A prospective study of social isolation, loneliness, and mortality in Finland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tanskanen, J. Author-Name: Anttila, T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2042-2048 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303431 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate the simultaneous effects of social isolation and loneliness on mortality. Methods. We analyzed a representative Finnish sample (n = 8650) from the crosssectional Living Conditions Survey of 1994, with a 17-year follow-up period (1995-2011), by using Cox regression models adjusted for several possible confounding variables. We examined the possible nonlinear threshold effect of social isolation on mortality. Results. The analyses revealed that social isolation predicted mortality even after we controlled for loneliness and control variables. The connection between social isolation and mortality was linear in nature and there was no synergistic effect between social isolation and loneliness. The effect of loneliness became nonsignificant when studied simultaneously with social isolation. Conclusions. This study reveals strong evidence for an adverse effect of social isolation on mortality. Social isolation and loneliness seem to have distinct pathways to mortality and health.The results imply that the risk of mortality exists along a continuum, affecting not only those who experience extreme social isolation, but also those who suffer from mild to progressively increasing intensity of isolation. Keywords: confounding variable; Finland; follow up; human; loneliness; major clinical study; mortality risk; proportional hazards model; prospective study; social isolation; adolescent; adult; aged; body mass; cross-sectional study; drinking behavior; epidemiology; exercise; female; Finland; health status; male; middle aged; mortality; prospective study; risk factor; social support; socioeconomics; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Female; Finland; Health Status; Humans; Loneliness; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Social Isolation; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303431_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The election of the next world health organization director-general explained to a visitor from mars Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dussault, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1908-1909 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303457 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303457 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303457_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Predicting the population health impacts of community interventions: The case of alcohol outlets and binge drinking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahern, J. Author-Name: Ellicott Colson, K. Author-Name: Margerson-Zilko, C. Author-Name: Hubbard, A. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1938-1943 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303425 Abstract: A substitution estimator can be used to predict how shifts in population exposures might change health. We illustrated this method by estimating how an upper limit on alcohol outlet density might alter binge drinking in the New York Social Environment Study (n = 4000), and provided statistical code and sample data. The largest differences in binge drinking were for an upper limit of 70 outlets per square mile; there was a -0.7% difference in binge drinking prevalence for New York City overall (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.2%, -1.3%) and a -2.4% difference in binge drinking prevalence for the subset of communities the intervention modified(95%CI=-0.5%,-4.0%). A substitution estimator is a flexible tool for estimating population intervention parameters and improving the translation of public health research results to practitioners. Keywords: binge drinking; commercial phenomena; demography; drinking behavior; epidemiology; female; human; male; New York; public health; social environment; statistics and numerical data, Alcohol Drinking; Binge Drinking; Commerce; Female; Humans; Male; New York City; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303425_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Whither who? Our global health leadership Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1903-1904 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303481 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303481_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The cuban experience in the elimination of mother-To-child transmission of congenital syphilis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rodríguez, I. Author-Name: Noda, A.A. Author-Name: Ale, K. Author-Name: Stamm, L.V. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1975-1976 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303441 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303441_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: At the roots of the world health organization's challenges: Politics and regionalization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Cueto, M. Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1912-1917 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303480 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303480 Abstract: The World Health Organization's (WHO's) leadership challenges can be traced to its first decades of existence. Central to its governance and practice is regionalization: The division of its member countries into regions, each representing 1 geographical or cultural area. The particular composition of each region has varied over time-reflecting political divisions and especially decolonization. Currently, the 194 member countries belong to 6 regions: The Americas (35 countries), Europe (53 countries), the Eastern Mediterranean (21 countries), South-East Asia (11 countries), the WesternPacific (27 countries), and Africa (47 countries). The regions have considerable autonomy with their own leadership, budget, and priorities. This regional organization has been controversial since its beginnings in the first days of WHO, when representatives of the European countries believed that each country should have a direct relationship with the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, whereas others (especially the United States) argued in favor of the regionalization plan. Over time, regional directors have inevitably challenged the WHO directors-general over their degree of autonomy, responsibilities and duties, budgets, and national composition; similar tensions have occurred within regions. This article traces the historical roots of these challenges. Keywords: Africa; Asia; budget; leadership; politics; regionalization; responsibility; Switzerland; tension; United States; world health organization; developed country; developing country; Eastern Europe; economics; global health; history; human; organization and management; USSR; world health organization, Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Europe, Eastern; Global Health; History, 20th Century; Humans; Politics; United States; USSR; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303480_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: DA Henderson, smallpox eradicator Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tarantola, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1895 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303477 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303477 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303477_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing assistance and blood lead levels: Children in the United States, 2005-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ahrens, K.A. Author-Name: Haley, B.A. Author-Name: Rossen, L.M. Author-Name: Lloyd, P.C. Author-Name: Aoki, Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2049-2056 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303432 Abstract: Objectives. To compare blood lead levels (BLLs) among US children aged 1 to 5 years according to receipt of federal housing assistance. Methods. In our analyses, we used 2005 to 2012 data for National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) respondents thatwere linked to 1999 to 2014 administrative records from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). After we restricted the analysis to children with family income-To-poverty ratios below 200%, we compared geometricmean BLLs and the prevalence of BLLs of 3micrograms per deciliter or higheramongchildrenwhowerelivingin assisted housing at the time of theirNHANESblood draw (n = 151) with data for children who did not receive housing assistance (n = 1099). Results. After adjustment, children living in assisted housing had a significantly lower geometric mean BLL (1.44 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31, 1.57) than comparable children who did not receive housing assistance (1.79 mg/dL; 95% CI = 1.59, 2.01; P < .01). The prevalence ratio for BLLs of 3 micrograms per deciliter or higher was 0.51 (95% CI = 0.33, 0.81; P < .01). Conclusions. Children aged 1 to 5 years during 2005 to 2012 who were living in HUD-Assisted housing had lower BLLs than expected given their demographic, socioeconomic, and family characteristics. Keywords: child; confidence interval; controlled study; family income; family size; housing; human; infant; information processing; lead blood level; major clinical study; nutrition; poverty; prevalence; public health; United States; blood; female; housing; male; preschool child; propensity score; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States, lead, Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Lead; Male; Poverty; Prevalence; Propensity Score; Public Housing; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303432_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cardboard Commentary: A qualitative analysis of the signs from america's Streets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Golinkoff, A. Author-Name: Hall, M. Author-Name: Baronet, W. Author-Name: Cannuscio, C. Author-Name: Frasso, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1977-1978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303290 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303290_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Roles of health care providers and patients in initiation of unnecessary papanicolaou testing after total hysterectomy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guo, F. Author-Name: Kuo, Y.-F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2005-2011 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303360 Abstract: Objectives. To assess Papanicolaou (Pap) testing use among US adult women with a history of a total hysterectomy for a benign condition and the roles of health care providers and patients in the initiation of screening Pap tests. Methods. We used 2000 to 2013 data from the National Health Interview Survey on women aged 20 years or older who had undergone a hysterectomy (n = 11 616) to estimate unnecessary Pap test use. Results. The percentage of self-reported Pap testing in the preceding 3 years among women who had undergone a hysterectomy decreased from 72.2% in 2000 to 53.3% in 2013. In 2013, 42.4% of women who had undergone a hysterectomy reported receiving recommendations for screening from a health care provider in the past year (32% of which were unnecessary), and 32.1% reported undergoing Pap tests in the preceding year (22.1% of which were unnecessary). Although the majority of Pap tests were performed at a clinician's recommendation, approximately one fourth were initiated by patients without clinician recommendations. Conclusions. Health care providers should advisewomenwhohave had a total hysterectomy for a benign condition on appropriate use of screening services. Keywords: adult; controlled study; doctor patient relation; female; health care personnel; human; hysterectomy; interview; major clinical study; male; Papanicolaou test; screening; young adult; aged; cross-sectional study; health service; middle aged; patient; professional standard; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Hysterectomy; Medical Overuse; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Patients; Professional Role; Socioeconomic Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303360_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A new leader for a new world health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pablos-Mendez, A. Author-Name: Baker, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1907-1908 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303474 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303474_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pediatric asthma care coordination in underserved communities: A quasiexperimental study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Janevic, M.R. Author-Name: Stoll, S. Author-Name: Wilkin, M. Author-Name: Song, P.X.K. Author-Name: Baptist, A. Author-Name: Lara, M. Author-Name: Ramos-Valencia, G. Author-Name: Bryant-Stephens, T. Author-Name: Persky, V. Author-Name: Uyeda, K. Author-Name: Lesch, J.K. Author-Name: Wang, W. Author-Name: Malveaux, F.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2012-2018 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303373 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303373 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the effect of care coordination on asthma outcomes among children in underserved urban communities. Methods. We enrolled children, most of whom had very poorly or not well-controlled asthma, in medical-social care coordination programs in Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Juan, Puerto Rico in 2011 to 2014. Participants (n = 805; mean age = 7 years) were 60% male, 50% African American, and 42% Latino.We assessed asthma symptoms and health care utilization via parent interview at baseline and 12 months. To prevent overestimation of intervention effects, we constructed a comparison group using bootstrap resampling of matched control cases from previous pediatric asthma trials. Results. At follow-up, intervention participants had 2.2 fewer symptom days per month (SD = 0.3; P < .01) and 1.9 fewer symptom nights per month (SD = 0.35; P < .01) than did the comparison group. The relative risk in the past year associated with the intervention was 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45, 0.89) for an emergency department visit and 0.69 (95% CI = 0.47, 1.01) for hospitalization. Conclusions. Care coordination may improve pediatric asthma symptom control and reduce emergency department visits. Policy Implications. Expanding third-party reimbursement for care coordination services may help reduce pediatric asthma disparities. Keywords: adolescent; African American; asthma; child; disease management; ethnology; female; health care planning; health service; Hispanic; home visit; human; male; patient education; preschool child; urban population; utilization, Adolescent; African Americans; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Management; Female; Health Services; Hispanic Americans; House Calls; Humans; Male; Medically Underserved Area; Patient Education as Topic; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303373_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: World health organization reform-A normative or an operational organization? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yach, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1904-1906 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303376 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303376_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Should we continue to perform pap smears on women who no longer have a cervix? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, A.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1900-1901 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303411 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303411_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A research agenda for racial equity: Applications of the ferguson commission report to public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Furtado, K. Author-Name: Banks, K.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1926-1931 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303390 Abstract: The Ferguson Commission was an independent body of 16 commissioners in operation from November 2014 to December 2015 and appointed by Missouri governor Jay Nixon to examine the root causes underlying the death of Michael Brown Jr. Its report, "Forward Through Ferguson: A Path Toward Racial Equity," raises many issues on racial equity that public health is well suited to address, such as trends in police use of force, the health implications of the school-based discipline gap, and the health benefits of a coordinated housing strategy. Public health can also learn from the principles the commission adopted, including being unflinching in the questions asked and conclusions drawn, applying a racial equity lens to public health work, and moving beyond programmatic solutions to policy solutions. Keywords: death; housing; human; Missouri; police; public health; demography; health care policy; health disparity; human rights; law enforcement; organization and management; procedures; racism; school; social justice, Health Policy; Health Status Disparities; Human Rights; Humans; Law Enforcement; Public Health; Racism; Residence Characteristics; Schools; Social Justice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303390_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality of care in a safe-Abortion hotline in Indonesia: Beyond harm reduction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gerdts, C. Author-Name: Hudaya, I. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2071-2075 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303446 Abstract: Objectives. To examine services offered by safe-Abortion hotlines in contexts in which abortion is legally restricted and to document the experiences of women contacting a safe-Abortion hotline in Indonesia. Methods. We analyzed 1829 first-Time contacts to a safe-Abortion hotline in Indonesia as a part of routine service provision between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2014. Results.Nearly one third (29.9%) of initial contacts reported their age as between 18 and 24 years, and most (51.2%) reported being unmarried. When asked about their reason for calling the hotline, the majority of initial contacts stated that they were pregnant and not ready to have a child.More than one third reported gestational ages below 12 weeks, and nearly one fifth (18.3%) reported a gestation of 13 weeks or greater. Conclusions. These unique data provide a window of understanding into who contacts safe-Abortion hotlines and why, and enable exploration of future directions for research on the role of safe-Abortion hotlines in women's access to safe abortion. Public Health Implications. Safe-Abortion hotlines should be evaluated not only for reducing harm but also for providing high-quality abortion care. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; gestational age; health care delivery; health care quality; hotline; human; Indonesia; induced abortion; marriage; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gestational Age; Health Services Accessibility; Hotlines; Humans; Indonesia; Marital Status; Quality of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303446_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing an evidence-based fall prevention intervention in community senior centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, F. Author-Name: Harmer, P. Author-Name: Fitzgerald, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2026-2031 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303386 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the impact of implementing an evidence-based fall prevention intervention in community senior centers. Methods. We used a single-group design to evaluate the Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance (TJQMBB) program's adoption, population reach, implementation, effectiveness, and maintenance among 36 senior centers in 4 Oregon counties between 2012 and 2016. The primary outcome measure, as part of the effectiveness evaluation, was number of falls as ascertained by self-report. Trained TJQMBB instructors delivered the program to community-dwelling older adults for 48 weeks, with a 6-month postintervention follow-up. Results. TJQMBB was adopted by 89% of the senior centers approached and reached 90% of the target population. The program resulted in a 49% reduction in the total number of falls and improved physical performance. Participation was well maintained after the program's completion. The average cost-effectiveness ratio for the 48-week program implementation was $917 per fall prevented and $676 per fall prevented for multiple falls. Conclusions. TJQMBB is an effective public health program that can be broadly implemented in community senior centers for primary prevention of falls among community-dwelling older adults. Keywords: adoption; adult; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; follow up; human; multicenter study; Oregon; physical performance; primary prevention; public health; self report; senior center; Tai Chi; aged; body equilibrium; cost benefit analysis; economics; falling; female; fitness; male; organization and management; prevention and control; procedures; senior center; very elderly, Accidental Falls; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Humans; Male; Physical Fitness; Postural Balance; Senior Centers; Tai Ji Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303386_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Continuing versus new prescriptions for sedative-hypnotic medications: United States, 2005-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufmann, C.N. Author-Name: Spira, A.P. Author-Name: Depp, C.A. Author-Name: Mojtabai, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2019-2025 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303382 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303382 Abstract: Objectives.To assess trends in continuing and new prescriptions for sedative-hypnotic medications, including benzodiazepines (BZDs) and non-BZD receptor agonists (nBZRAs). Methods. Data came from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and comprised 287 288 randomly sampled patient visits. Physicians reported medications prescribed and whether they were "continuing" or "new" prescriptions. We assessed trends in continuing BZD, new BZD, continuing nBZRA, and new nBZRA prescriptions from 2005 to 2012. Results. Proportions of visits with continuing prescriptions increased from 3.4% in 2005 to 4.7% in 2012 (P < .01) for BZDs, and from 1.0% to 1.7% (P < .01) for nBZRAs. We noted no changes in new prescriptions. We observed the same patterns across patient age and physician specialties, except psychiatry. Despite no growth over time, the prevalence of visits involving continuing and new BZD and nBZRA prescriptions was much higher in psychiatry than in primary care and other specialties. Conclusions. Increased sedative-hypnotic prescribing in recent years may be attributable to long-Term growth in continuing prescriptions, rather than new prescriptions. Public Health Implications. Findings call for renewed efforts to limit continuing prescribing of sedative-hypnotics to reduce their use in the population. Keywords: hypnotic sedative agent, adolescent; adult; age; aged; clinical practice; female; health care survey; human; male; medicine; middle aged; prescription; statistics and numerical data; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Medicine; Middle Aged; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303382_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Islamophobia and public health in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samari, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1920-1925 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374 Abstract: Anti-Muslim sentiments are increasingly common globally and in the United States. The recent rise in Islamophobia calls for a public health perspective that considers the stigmatized identity of Muslim Americans and health implications of Islamophobic discrimination. Drawing on a stigma, discrimination, and healthframework, I expandthedialogue on the rise of Islamophobia to a discussion of how Islamophobia affects the health of Muslim Americans. Islamophobia can negatively influence health by disrupting several systems- individual (stress reactivity andidentity concealment), interpersonal (social relationships and socialization processes), and structural (institutional policies and media coverage). Islamophobia deserves attention as a source of negative health outcomes and health disparities. Future public health research should explore themultilevel and multidimensional pathways between Islamophobia and population health. Keywords: American; attention; drawing; health disparity; human; identity; Muslim; public health; social interaction; socialization; stigma; stress; health status; Islam; prejudice; psychology; social stigma; United States, Health Status; Humans; Islam; Prejudice; Public Health; Social Stigma; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospitals should help communities prepare for climate change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lavey, W.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1952-1954 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303436 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303436_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Penn Center for community health workers: Step-by-step approach to sustain an evidence-based community health worker intervention at an academic medical center Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morgan, A.U. Author-Name: Grande, D.T. Author-Name: Carter, T. Author-Name: Long, J.A. Author-Name: Kangovi, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1958-1960 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303366 Abstract: Community-engaged researchers who work with low-income communities can be reliant on grant funding. We use the illustrative case of the Penn Center for Community Health Workers (PCCHW) to describe a step-by-step framework for achieving financial sustainability for community-engaged research interventions. PCCHW began as a small grant-funded research project but followed an 8-step framework to engage both low-income patients and funders, determine outcomes, and calculate return on investment. PCCHW is now fully funded by Penn Medicine and delivers the Individualized Management for Patient-Centered Targets (IMPaCT) community health worker intervention to 2000 patients annually. Keywords: funding; health auxiliary; human; investment; lowest income group; major clinical study; medicine; scientist; chronic disease; economics; financial management; health auxiliary; health care delivery; organization and management; patient satisfaction; poverty; primary prevention; program evaluation; university hospital, Academic Medical Centers; Chronic Disease; Community Health Workers; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Patient Satisfaction; Poverty; Primary Prevention; Program Evaluation; Research Support as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303366_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moderation of the relation of county-level cost of living to nutrition by the supplemental nutrition assistance program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Basu, S. Author-Name: Wimer, C. Author-Name: Seligman, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2064-2070 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303439 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303439 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the association of county-level cost of living with nutrition among low-income Americans. Methods. We used the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (2012-2013; n = 14 313; including 5414 persons in households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program [SNAP]) to examine associations between county-level cost-of-living metrics and both food acquisitions and the Healthy Eating Index, with control for individual-, household-, and county-level covariates and accounting for unmeasured confounders influencing both area of living and food acquisition. Results. Living in a higher-cost county-particularly one with high rent costs-was associated with significantly lower volume of acquired vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; greater volume of acquired refined grains, fats and oils, and added sugars; and an 11% lower Healthy Eating Index score. Participation in SNAP was associated with nutritional improvements among persons living in higher-cost counties. Conclusions. Living in a higher-cost county (particularly with high rent costs) is associated with poorer nutrition among low-income Americans, and SNAP may mitigate the negative nutritional impact of high cost of living. Keywords: adult; catering service; cost; demography; diet; economics; female; food assistance; human; male; middle aged; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diet; Female; Food Assistance; Food Supply; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303439_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leading-Brand advertisement of quitting smoking benefits for E-Cigarettes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramamurthi, D. Author-Name: Gall, P.A. Author-Name: Ayoub, N. Author-Name: Jackler, R.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2057-2063 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303437 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303437 Abstract: Objectives. To provide regulators and the US Food and Drug Administration with a description of cessation-Themed advertising among electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) brands. Methods. We performed a content analysis of 6 months (January through June 2015) of advertising by e-cigarette brands on their company-sponsored social media channels and blogs as well as user-generated content (testimonials) appearing within brandsponsored Web sites. An explicit claim of cessation efficacy unambiguously states that e-cigarettes help in quitting smoking, and implicit claims use euphemisms such as "It works." We selected a cohort of 23 leading e-cigarette brands, either by their rank in advertising spending or their prevalence in Internet searches. Results. Among leading e-cigarette brands, 22 of 23 used cessation-Themed advertisements. Overall, 23% of the advertisements contained cessation claims, of which 18% were explicit and 82% were implicit. Conclusions. Among leading e-cigarette advertisers, cessation themes are prevalent with implicit messaging predominating over explicit quit claims. Policy implications. These results can help the Food and Drug Administration clarify whether tobacco products should be regulated as drugs with therapeutic purpose or as recreational products. Keywords: advertising; electronic cigarette; human; procedures; smoking cessation; social media; statistics and numerical data; United States, Advertising as Topic; Electronic Cigarettes; Humans; Smoking Cessation; Social Media; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303437_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Provider bias in long-Acting reversible contraception (LARC) promotion and removal: Perceptions of young adult women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higgins, J.A. Author-Name: Kramer, R.D. Author-Name: Ryder, K.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1932-1937 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303393 Abstract: Long-Acting reversible contraception (LARC) is effective and acceptable. However, concern exists about potential provider bias inLARCpromotion.No study has documented contraceptive users' attitudes toward or experiences with provider influence and bias regarding LARC. We collected qualitative data in 2014 to address this gap. Participants were 50 young adult women with any history of contraceptive use (including LARC) in Dane County,Wisconsin.Women often described providers as a trusted source of contraceptive information. However, several women reported that their preferences regarding contraceptive selection or removal were not honored. Furthermore, many participants believed that providers recommend LARC disproportionately to socially marginalized women. Weencourage contraceptive counseling and removal protocols that directly address historical reproductive injustices and that honor patients' wishes. Keywords: contraceptive agent; drug implant, administration and dosage; adolescent; adult; attitude to health; drug implant; family planning; female; health personnel attitude; human; medical care; patient education; patient preference; perception; procedures; qualitative research; socioeconomics; statistical bias; Wisconsin; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Bias (Epidemiology); Contraceptive Agents, Female; Drug Implants; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Medical Assistance; Patient Education as Topic; Patient Preference; Perception; Qualitative Research; Socioeconomic Factors; Wisconsin; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303393_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenges and innovations in surveying the governmental public health workforce Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leider, J.P. Author-Name: Shah, G. Author-Name: Rider, N. Author-Name: Beck, A. Author-Name: Castrucci, B.C. Author-Name: Harris, J.K. Author-Name: Sellers, K. Author-Name: Varda, D. Author-Name: Ye, J. Author-Name: Erwin, P.C. Author-Name: Brownson, R.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1967-1974 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303424 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303424 Abstract: Surveying governmental public health practitioners is a critical means of collecting data about public health organizations, their staff, and their partners. A greater focus on evidencebased practices, practice-based systems research, and evaluation has resulted in practitioners consistently receiving requests to participate in myriad surveys. This can result in a substantial survey burden for practitioners and declining response rates for researchers. This is potentially damaging to practitioners and researchers aswell as thefield of public health more broadly. We have examined recent developments in survey research, especially issues highly relevant for public health practice. We have also proposed a process by which researchers can engage with practitioners and practitioner groups on research questions of mutual interest. Keywords: human; physician; public health service; scientist; health services research; information dissemination; methodology; organization and management; professional standard; public health service; questionnaire; reproducibility; research; time factor; United States, Health Services Research; Humans; Information Dissemination; Professional Role; Reproducibility of Results; Research; Research Design; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; United States; United States Public Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303424_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Harnessing the question-behavior effect to enhance colorectal cancer screening in an mHealth experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagoel, L. Author-Name: Neter, E. Author-Name: Stein, N. Author-Name: Rennert, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1998-2004 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303364 Abstract: Objectives. To assess whether asking questions about a future behavior changes this behavior (i.e., the question-behavior effect) when applied to a population-level intervention to enhance colorectal cancer screening. Methods. In 2013, text-message reminders were sent to a national sample of 50 000 Israeli women and men aged 50 to 74 years following a fecal occult blood test invitation. Participants were randomized into 4 intervention groups (2 interrogative reminders, with or without reference to social context; 2 noninterrogative reminders, with or without social context) and a no-intervention control group. The outcome was fecal occult blood test uptake (n = 48 091, following attrition). Results. Performance of fecal occult blood test was higher in the interrogative-reminder groups than in the other 3 groups (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 1.19); the effect size was small, varying in the different group comparisons from 0.03 to 0.06. Conclusions. The question-behavior effect appears to be modestly effective in colorectal cancer screening, but the absolute number of potential screenees may translate into a clinically significant health promotion change. Keywords: aged; Colorectal Neoplasms; controlled study; early cancer diagnosis; female; health promotion; human; Israel; male; middle aged; occult blood; odds ratio; procedures; psychological model; randomized controlled trial; reminder system; socioeconomics; telemedicine; text messaging, Aged; Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Israel; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Psychological; Occult Blood; Odds Ratio; Reminder Systems; Socioeconomic Factors; Telemedicine; Text Messaging Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303364_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building inclusion: Toward an agingand disability-friendly city Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yeh, J.C. Author-Name: Walsh, J. Author-Name: Spensley, C. Author-Name: Wallhagen, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1947-1949 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303435 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303435 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303435_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State medical marijuana laws and the prevalence of opioids detected among fatally injured drivers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, J.H. Author-Name: Santaella-Tenorio, J. Author-Name: Mauro, C. Author-Name: Wrobel, J. Author-Name: Cerda, M. Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hasin, D. Author-Name: Martins, S.S. Author-Name: Li, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 2032-2037 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303426 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303426 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the association between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and the odds of a positive opioid test, an indicator for prior use. Methods. We analyzed 1999-2013 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 18 states that tested for alcohol and other drugs in at least 80% of drivers who died within 1 hour of crashing (n = 68 394). Within-state and between-state comparisons assessed opioid positivity among drivers crashing in states with an operational MML (i.e., allowances for home cultivation or active dispensaries) versus drivers crashing in states before a future MML was operational. Results. State-specific estimates indicated a reduction in opioid positivity for most states after implementation of an operational MML, although none of these estimates were significant. When we combined states, we observed no significant overall association (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61, 1.03). However, age-stratified analyses indicated a significant reduction in opioid positivity for drivers aged 21 to 40 years (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.37, 0.67; interaction P < .001). Conclusions. Operational MMLs are associated with reductions in opioid positivity among 21-to 40-year-old fatally injured drivers and may reduce opioid use and overdose. Keywords: alcohol blood level; medical cannabis; narcotic analgesic agent, adolescent; adult; age distribution; alcohol blood level; blood; car driving; female; human; male; mortality; prevalence; statistics and numerical data; traffic accident; young adult, Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Analgesics, Opioid; Automobile Driving; Blood Alcohol Content; Female; Humans; Male; Medical Marijuana; Prevalence; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303426_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Finance and governance: Critical challenges for the next who director-general Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frenk, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1906-1907 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303399 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303399 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303399_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community response to a public health advertisement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Maio, F. Author-Name: Shah, R.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1979 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303258 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303258_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the November 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1901-1902 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303464 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303464 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303464_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work-related depression in primary care teams in Brazil Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Da Silva, A.T.C. Author-Name: De Souza Lopes, C. Author-Name: Susser, E. Author-Name: Menezes, P.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1990-1997 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303342 Abstract: Objectives. To identify work-related factors associated with depressive symptoms and probable major depression in primary care teams. Methods. Cross-sectional study among primary care teams (community health workers, nursing assistants, nurses, and physicians) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (2011-2012; n = 2940), to assess depressive symptoms and probable major depression and their associations with job strain and other work-related conditions. Results. Community health workers presented higher prevalence of probable major depression (18%) than other primary care workers. Higher odds ratios for depressive symptoms or probable major depression were associated with longer duration of employment in primary care; having a passive, active, or high-strain job; lack of supervisor feedback regarding performance; and lowsocial support fromcolleagues and supervisors. Conclusions. Observed levels of job-related depression can endanger the sustainability of primary care programs. Public Health implications. Strategies are needed to deliver care to primary care workers with depression, facilitating diagnosis and access to treatment, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. Preventive interventions can include training managers to provide feedback and creating strategies to increase job autonomy and social support at work. Keywords: adolescent; adult; Brazil; cross-sectional study; depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; female; health auxiliary; health care personnel; human; male; mental stress; middle aged; nurse; nursing assistant; physician; prevalence; primary health care; psychology; social support; statistics and numerical data; workload; workplace; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Brazil; Community Health Workers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nurses; Nurses' Aides; Physicians; Prevalence; Primary Health Care; Social Support; Stress, Psychological; Workload; Workplace; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303342_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fathers' Representation in Observational Studies on Parenting and Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Content Analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davison, K.K. Author-Name: Gicevic, S. Author-Name: Aftosmes-Tobio, A. Author-Name: Ganter, C. Author-Name: Simon, C.L. Author-Name: Newlan, S. Author-Name: Manganello, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: 1980 Abstract: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: For each of the 667 studies, 4 coders were trained to code characteristics of the study (e.g., publication year, geographic region, journal, study focus) and parent research participants (e.g., parent gender, demographic background, biological relationship with child, and residential status). We established intercoder reliability before coding the full sample of studies (mean Krippendorf's alpha = .79; average percentage agreement = 94%). Keywords: child parent relation; diet; exercise; father; female; human; male; methodology; mother; observational study; Pediatric Obesity; statistics and numerical data, Diet; Exercise; Fathers; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Observational Studies as Topic; Parenting; Pediatric Obesity; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2016:106:11:1980_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fathers' representation in observational studies on parenting and childhood obesity: A systematic review and content analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davison, K.K. Author-Name: Gicevic, S. Author-Name: Aftosmes-Tobio, A. Author-Name: Ganter, C. Author-Name: Simon, C.L. Author-Name: Newlan, S. Author-Name: Manganello, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 11 Pages: e14-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303391 Abstract: Background. The involvement of fathers in caregiving has increased substantially over the past 30 years. Yet in child and adolescent psychopathology, few studies include fathers as research participants and few present results for fathers separate fromthoseformothers.We test for thefirst time whether a similar pattern exists in research on parenting and childhood obesity. Objectives. To conduct a systematic review and quantitative content analysis of observational studies on parenting and childhood obesity to (1) document the inclusion of fathers, relative to mothers, as research participants and (2) examine characteristics of studies that did and did not include fathers. This study presents new data on the number and gender of parent research participants. Search methods. We searched title, abstract, and Medical Subject Headings term fields in 5 research databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Academic Search Premier, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) using terms combining parents or parenting (e.g., mother, father, caregiver, parenting style, food parenting) and obesity (e.g., obesity, body weight, overweight) or obesity-related lifestyle behaviors (e.g., diet, snacking, physical activity, outdoor play, exercise, media use). Selection criteria. We identified and screened studies as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) published between January 2009 and December 2015, examining links between parenting and childhood obesity, including parents or caregivers as research participants, and written in English.We excluded interventions, nonhuman studies, dissertations, conference abstracts, and studies on youths with specific medical conditions. Of 5557 unique studies, 667 studies were eligible. Data collection and analysis. For each of the 667 studies, 4 coders were trained to code characteristics of the study (e.g., publication year, geographic region, journal, study focus) and parent research participants (e.g., parent gender, demographic background, biological relationship with child, and residential status). We established intercoder reliability before coding the full sample of studies (mean Krippendorf's alpha = .79; average percentage agreement = 94%). Main results. Of the studies, 1% included only fathers. By contrast, 36% included only mothers. Although slightly more than 50% of studies (n = 347) included at least 1 father, only 57 studies reported results for fathers separate from those for mothers. When we combined them with studies including only fathers, 10% of studies overall reported results for fathers. Samples sizes of fathers were small compared with mothers. Of studies with fathers, 59% included 50 or fewer fathers, whereas 22% of studies with mothers included 50 or fewer mothers. The mean sample size for fathers across all eligible studies was 139, compared with 672 formothers.Overall, fathers represented 17%of parent participants across all eligible studies. Conclusions. This study unequivocally demonstrates that fathers are underrepresented in recent observational research on parenting and childhood obesity. Public health implications. The underrepresentation of fathers in obesity research compromises the development of effective family interventions for childhood obesity prevention. Targeted opportunities and incentives are needed to support research with fathers. Keywords: child parent relation; diet; exercise; father; female; human; male; methodology; mother; observational study; Pediatric Obesity; statistics and numerical data, Diet; Exercise; Fathers; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Observational Studies as Topic; Parenting; Pediatric Obesity; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303391_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Black lives matter: Claiming a space for evidence-based outrage in obstetrics and gynecology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eichelberger, K.Y. Author-Name: Doll, K. Author-Name: Ekpo, G.E. Author-Name: Zerden, M.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1771-1772 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303313 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303313 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303313_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The homeless status is also considered in pediatrics in the emergency department Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Noel, G. Author-Name: Djoumoi, B. Author-Name: Laporte, R. Author-Name: Viudes, G. Author-Name: Minodier, P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303356 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303356_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Monforton responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monforton, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1760 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303388 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303388 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303388_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asking the right questions: Research of consequence to solve problems of significance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thomas, A.F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1778-1779 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303416 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303416 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303416_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence and causes of paralysis - United States, 2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Armour, B.S. Author-Name: Courtney-Long, E.A. Author-Name: Fox, M.H. Author-Name: Fredine, H. Author-Name: Cahill, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1855-1857 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303270 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303270 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate the prevalence and causes of functional paralysis in the United States. Methods. We used the 2013 US Paralysis Prevalence & Health Disparities Survey to estimate the prevalence of paralysis, its causes, associated sociodemographic characteristics, and health effects among this population. Results. Nearly 5.4 million persons live with paralysis. Most persons with paralysis were younger than 65 years (72.1%), female (51.7%), White (71.4%), high school graduates (64.8%), married or living with a partner (47.4%), and unable to work (41.8%). Stroke is the leading cause of paralysis, affecting 33.7% of the population with paralysis, followed by spinal cord injury (27.3%), multiple sclerosis (18.6%), and cerebral palsy (8.3%). Conclusions. According to the functional definition, persons living with paralysis represent a large segment of the US population, and two thirds of them are between ages 18 and 64 years. Targeted health promotion that uses inclusion strategies to account for functional limitations related to paralysis can be undertaken in partnership with state and local health departments. Keywords: disabled person; female; health status; health survey; human; male; middle aged; paralysis; prevalence; procedures; self report; United States, Disabled Persons; Female; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paralysis; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Self Report; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303270_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: One outcome, many trends: Understanding national data sources for road traffic fatalities in China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, Q. Author-Name: He, H. Author-Name: Liang, H. Author-Name: Bishai, D.M. Author-Name: Hyder, A.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1793-1795 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303287 Abstract: Objectives. To better understand national data sources and evaluate time trends in road traffic fatalities (RTF) in China. Methods. Were viewed national sources on RTF data. These included population-based report from the Ministry of Public Security (MPS), sample-based estimates from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Disease Surveillance Points System (DSP), as well as model-based estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). Results. All data sources have limitations in coverage, representativeness or overreliance on model specifications. Despite the discrepancies in methodologies and estimates, all sources indicated an increase in RTF before 2005. Since then, MPS and GBD indicated a decrease, DSP showed plateauing, and MOH and WHO suggested increasing fatalities. However, despite any recent decline, RTF remain high. Conclusions. The divergent trends in RTF across data sets in China implies a challenge to understanding China's experience with addressing RTF. China needs to reconcile data sources and further improve road safety. Keywords: China; epidemiology; health survey; human; information retrieval; mortality; procedures; safety; statistics and numerical data; time factor; traffic accident; trends, Accidents, Traffic; China; Humans; Information Storage and Retrieval; Population Surveillance; Safety; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303287_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efforts to consume less salt: A public health success in the making Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kumanyika, S.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1725-1726 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303415 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303415_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A community-powered, asset-based approach to intersect oral urban health system planning in Chicago Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lindau, S.T. Author-Name: Vickery, K.D. Author-Name: Choi, H. Author-Name: Makelarski, J. Author-Name: Matthews, A. Author-Name: Davis, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1872-1878 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303302 Abstract: Objectives. To describe, and provide a nomenclature and taxonomy for classifying, the economic sectors and functional assets that could be mobilized as partners in an intersect oral health system. Methods. MAPS Corps (Meaningful, Active, Productive Science in Service to Community) employed local youths to conduct a census of all operating assets (businesses and organizations) on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, in 2012. We classified assets by primary function into sectors and described asset and sector distribution and density per 100 000 population. We compared empirical findings with the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) conceptual representation and description of intersect oral health system partners. Results. Fifty-four youths mapped a 62-square-mile region over 6 weeks; we classified 8376 assets into 23 sectors. Sectors with the most assets were food (n = 1214; 230/100 000 population), trade services (n = 1113; 211/100 000), and religious worship (n = 974;185/100 000). Several large, health-relevant sectors (2499 assets) were identified in the region but not specified in the IOM's representation. Governmental public health, central to the IOM concept, had no physical presence in the region. Conclusions. Local youths identified several thousand assets across a broad diversity of sectors that could partner in an intersect oral health system. Empirically informed iteration of the IOM concept will facilitate local translation and propagation. Keywords: controlled study; human; Illinois; juvenile; major clinical study; organization; public health; city planning; commercial phenomena; demography; health care delivery; Illinois; information processing; population research; procedures; statistics and numerical data; urban health, Censuses; Chicago; City Planning; Commerce; Data Collection; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Residence Characteristics; Urban Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303302_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: US food industry progress during the national salt reduction initiative: 2009-2014 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curtis, C.J. Author-Name: Clapp, J. Author-Name: Niederman, S.A. Author-Name: Ng, S.W. Author-Name: Angell, S.Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1815-1819 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303397 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303397 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the US packaged food industry's progress from 2009 to 2014, when the National Salt Reduction Initiative had voluntary, category-specific sodium targets with the goal of reducing sodium in packaged and restaurant foods by 25% over 5 years. Methods. Using the National Salt Reduction Initiative Packaged Food Database, we assessed target achievement and change in sales-weighted mean sodium density in top-selling products in 61 food categories in 2009 (n = 6336), 2012 (n = 6898), and 2014 (n = 7396). Results. In 2009, when the targets were established, no categories met National Salt Reduction Initiative 2012 or 2014 targets. By 2014, 26% of categories met 2012 targets and 3% met 2014 targets. From 2009 to 2014, the sales-weighted mean sodium density declined significantly in almost half of all food categories (43%; 26/61 categories). Overall, sales-weighted mean sodium density declined significantly (by 6.8%; P < .001). Conclusions. National target setting with monitoring through a partnership of local, state, and national health organizations proved feasible, but industry progress was modest. Public Health Implications. The US Food and Drug Administration's proposed voluntary targets will be an important step in achieving more substantial sodium reductions. Keywords: sodium intake, adverse effects; catering service; fast food; food and drug administration; food industry; food packaging; human; nutrition policy; sodium intake; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Fast Foods; Food Industry; Food Labeling; Humans; Nutrition Policy; Restaurants; Sodium, Dietary; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303397_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: White coats for black lives: Young voices within medicine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garvey, A. Author-Name: Gomez, J. Author-Name: Pottinger, S. Author-Name: White-Stern, A.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1752-1753 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303401 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303401_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Working with the panthers to transform health care for poor black communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1756-1757 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303402 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303402_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental benefits: "because Medicaid has, how do you call it? A limit" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, M.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1726-1728 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303295 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303295_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a regulatory framework for the waterpipe Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Salloum, R.G. Author-Name: Asfar, T. Author-Name: Maziak, W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1773-1777 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303322 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303322 Abstract: Waterpipe smoking has been dramatically increasing among youth worldwide and in the United States.Despite its general association with misperceptions of reduced harm, evidence suggests this is a harmful and dependence-inducing tobacco use method that represents a threat to public health. Waterpipe products continue to be generally unregulated, which likely has contributed to their spread. The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 granted the US Food andDrugAdministration (FDA) the authority to regulate waterpipe products, and the FDA finalized a rule extending its authority over waterpipe products in May 2016. This critical step in addressing the alarming increase in waterpipe smoking in the United States has created urgency for research to provide the evidence needed for effective regulatory initiatives for waterpipe products. We aim to stimulate such research by providing a framework that addresses the scope of waterpipe products and their unique context and use patterns. The proposed framework identifies regulatory targets for waterpipe product components (i.e., tobacco, charcoal, and device), thewaterpipe café setting, and its marketing environment dominated by Internet promotion. Keywords: adolescent; attitude to health; food and drug administration; harm reduction; human; legislation and jurisprudence; marketing; prevention and control; procedures; public health; smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder; trends; United States, Adolescent; Harm Reduction; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Marketing; Public Health; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303322_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State-level voting patterns and adolescent vaccination coverage in the United States, 2014 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bernstein, S. Author-Name: North, A. Author-Name: Schwartz, J. Author-Name: Niccolai, L.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1879-1881 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303381 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303381 Abstract: Objectives.To examine state-level associations between voting patterns and adolescent coverage for at least 1 dose of human papillomavirus (HPV), tetanus-containing (Tdap), and meningococcal (MCV4) vaccination. Methods. We classified states as "blue" (Democratic affiliation) or "red" (Republican affiliation) basedonthe Presidential electionresults in2012.Weusedmultivariablemodels to adjust for potential confounding by sociodemographic and health care access characteristics and vaccination policies. ForHPV, separatemodelswerefitted for boys and girls. Results. Adolescent vaccination coverage was significantly higher in blue states than red states for each vaccine (P< .05).The adjusted percentdifferences between blue and red states were 10.2% for HPV among girls, 24.9% for HPV among boys, 6.2% for tetanus-containing vaccine, and 14.1% for MCV4. Conclusions. State-level voting patterns are independently and significantly associated with coverage for routinely recommended adolescent vaccines. These differences may reflect population-level differences in cultural norms and social values. Public Health Implications. Strategies to increase coverage at the individual, community, or structural level should consider local political settings that may facilitate or hinder effectiveness. Keywords: diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; Meningococcus vaccine; Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; female; human; immunization; male; mass immunization; politics; sex difference; statistics and numerical data; United States; vaccination, Adolescent; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Female; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Male; Mass Vaccination; Meningococcal Vaccines; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Politics; Sex Factors; United States; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303381_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Birth outcomes soon after 9/11 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolff, M.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1724 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303355 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303355 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303355_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bullying victimization and racial discrimination among Australian children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Priest, N. Author-Name: King, T. Author-Name: Bécares, L. Author-Name: Kavanagh, A.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1882-1884 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303328 Abstract: Objectives. To compare the prevalence of bullying victimization and racial discrimination by ethnicity. Methods. We completed a cross-sectional analysis of 3956 children aged 12 to 13 years from wave 5 (2011-2012) of the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Results. Bullying victimization and racial discrimination were weakly associated and differently patterned by ethnicity. Children from visible minorities reported less bullying victimization but more racial discrimination than did their peers with Australian-born parents. Indigenous children reported the highest risk of bullying victimization and racial discrimination. Conclusions. Peer victimization and racial discrimination each require specific attention as unique childhood stressors. A focus on general bullying victimization alone may miss unique stress exposures experienced by children from stigmatized ethnic backgrounds. Keywords: adolescent; attention; Australian; bullying; child; childhood; cross-sectional study; ethnicity; exposure; human; longitudinal study; major clinical study; racism; stress; Australia; bullying; crime victim; epidemiology; ethnic group; ethnology; female; male; peer group; prevalence; questionnaire; racism; social stigma; statistics and numerical data, Adolescent; Australia; Bullying; Child; Crime Victims; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Male; Peer Group; Prevalence; Racism; Social Stigma; Surveys and Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303328_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community engagement compared with technical assistance to disseminate depression care among low-income, minority women: A randomized controlled effectiveness study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ngo, V.K. Author-Name: Sherbourne, C. Author-Name: Chung, B. Author-Name: Tang, L. Author-Name: Wright, A.L. Author-Name: Whittington, Y. Author-Name: Wells, K. Author-Name: Miranda, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1833-1841 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303304 Abstract: Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of a (CEP) versus a technical assistance approach (Resources for Services, or RS) to disseminate depression care for low-income ethnic minority women. Methods. We conducted secondary analyses of intervention effects for largely low income, minority women subsample (n = 595; 45.1% Latino and 45.4% African American) in a matched, clustered, randomized control trial conducted in 2 low-resource communities in Los Angeles, California, between 2010 and 2012. Outcomes assessed included mental health, socioeconomic factors, and service use at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Results. Although we found no intervention difference for depressive symptoms, there were statistically significant effects for mental health quality of life, resiliency, homelessness risk, and financial difficulties at 6 months, as well as missed work days, self-efficacy, and care barriers at 12 months favoring CEP relative to RS. CEP increased use of outpatient substance abuse services and faith-based depression visits at 6 months. Conclusions. Engaging health care and social community programs may offer modest improvements on key functional and socioeconomic outcomes, reduce care barriers, and increase engagement in alternative depression services for low-income, predominantly ethnic minority women. Keywords: California; controlled study; depression; ethnic group; female; human; mental health service; middle aged; minority group; participatory research; poverty; procedures; randomized controlled trial; socioeconomics; utilization, Community Mental Health Services; Community-Based Participatory Research; Depression; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Los Angeles; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303304_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population-Attributable risk percentages for racialized risk environments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, H.L.F. Author-Name: Arriola, K.J. Author-Name: Haardorfer, R. Author-Name: McBride, C.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1789-1792 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303385 Abstract: Research about relationships between place characteristics and racial/ethnic inequities in health has largely ignored conceptual advances about race and place within the discipline of geography. Research has also almost exclusively quantified these relationships using effect estimates (e.g., odds ratios), statistics that fail to adequately capture the full impact of place characteristics on inequities and thus undermine our ability to translate research into action. We draw on geography to further develop the concept of "racialized risk environments," and we argue for the routine calculation of race/ethnicity-specific population-Attributable risk percentages. Keywords: attributable risk; calculation; ethnicity; geography; race; ancestry group; Black person; Caucasian; environment; ethnology; health disparity; human; information processing; poverty; procedures; research; risk assessment; United States, African Continental Ancestry Group; Continental Population Groups; Data Collection; Environment; European Continental Ancestry Group; Geography; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Poverty; Research; Risk Assessment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303385_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The first community health center in Mississippi: Communities empowering themselves Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geiger, H.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1738-1740 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303421 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303421 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303421_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond berets: The black panthers as health activists Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1741-1743 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303412 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303412 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303412_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Koenig et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koenig, L.J. Author-Name: Purcell, D.W. Author-Name: Zaza, S. Author-Name: Mermin, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303340 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303340_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of hearing loss by severity in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goman, A.M. Author-Name: Lin, F.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1820-1822 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303299 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303299 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate the age- and severity-specific prevalence of hearing impairment in the United States. Methods.We conducted cross-sectional analyses of 2001 through 2010 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on 9648 individuals aged 12 years or older. Hearing loss was defined as mild (> 25 dB through 40 dB), moderate (> 40 dB through 60 dB), severe (> 60 dB through 80 dB), or profound (> 80 dB). Results. An estimated 25.4 million, 10.7 million, 1.8 million, and 0.4 million US residents aged 12 years or older, respectively, have mild, moderate, severe, and profound better-ear hearing loss. Older individuals displayed a higher prevalence of hearing loss and more severe levels of loss. Across most ages, the prevalence was higher among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites than among non-Hispanic Blacks and was higher among men than women. Conclusions. Hearing loss directly affects 23% of Americans aged 12 years or older. The majority of these individuals have mild hearing loss; however, moderate loss is more prevalent than mild loss among individuals aged 80 years or older. Public Health Implications. Our estimates can inform national public health initiatives on hearing loss and help guide policy recommendations currently being discussed at the Institute of Medicine and the White House. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; Black person; Caucasian; child; cross-sectional study; female; health survey; Hearing Loss; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; prevalence; procedures; severity of illness index; sex ratio; statistics and numerical data; United States; very elderly, Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Surveys; Hearing Loss; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Distribution; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303299_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medication costs and adherence of treatment before and after the affordable care act: 1999-2015 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kennedy, J. Author-Name: Wood, E.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1804-1807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303269 Abstract: To examine national changes in rates of cost-related prescription nonadherence (CRN) by age group, we used data from the 1999-2015 Sample Adult and Sample Child National Health Interview Surveys (n = 768 781). In a logistic regression analysis of 2015 data, we identified subgroups at risk for cost-related nonadherence. The proportion of all Americans who did not fill a prescription in the previous 12 months because they could not afford it grew from 1999 to 2009, peaking at 8.3% at the height of the Great Recession and dropping to 5.2% by 2015. CRN among seniors, however, peaked in 2004 at 5.4% and dropped to 3.6% after implementation ofMedicare PartDin 2006. CRN is responsive to improved access related to implementation of Medicare Part D and the Affordable Care Act. Keywords: adult; American; child; height; human; interview; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; medicare; prescription; public health; adolescent; aged; drug cost; female; health care policy; health survey; legislation and jurisprudence; male; medication compliance; middle aged; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Costs; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Medicare Part D; Medication Adherence; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303269_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universal health coverage: Assessing service coverage and financial protection for all Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ataguba, J.E. Author-Name: Ingabire, M.-G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1780-1781 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303375 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303375_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toward a national climate change health coalition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moulton, A.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1763-1764 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303331 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303331 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303331_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The hearing aid industry is more helpful than suggested Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stein, Z.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303351 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303351_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unveiling the black panther party legacy to public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1732-1733 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303405 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303405_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quentin young on the black panther party free clinic in Chicago Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, Q. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1754-1755 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.106101754 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.106101754 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.106101754_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health as a cornerstone of good business and sustainable development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yach, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1758-1759 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303387 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303387_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blustein and Weinstein respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blustein, J. Author-Name: Weinstein, B.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303384 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303384 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303384_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the October 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1730-1731 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303417 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303417_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety and health support for home care workers: The COMPASS randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olson, R. Author-Name: Thompson, S.V. Author-Name: Elliot, D.L. Author-Name: Hess, J.A. Author-Name: Rhoten, K.L. Author-Name: Parker, K.N. Author-Name: Wright, R.R. Author-Name: Wipfli, B. Author-Name: Bettencourt, K.M. Author-Name: Buckmaster, A. Author-Name: Marino, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1823-1832 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303327 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303327 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of the Community of Practice And Safety Support (COMPASS) Total Worker Health intervention for home care workers. Methods. We randomized 16 clusters of workers (n = 149) to intervention or usual practice control conditions. The 12-month intervention was scripted and peer-led, and involved education on safety, health, and well-being; goal setting and self-monitoring; and structured social support. We collected measures at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, which included workers' experienced community of practice (i.e., people engaged in a common activity who interact regularly for shared learning and improvement). Implementation occurred during 2013 and 2014 in Oregon. Results. In an intent-to-treat analysis, relative to control, the intervention produced significant and sustained improvements in workers' experienced community of practice. Additional significant improvements included the use of ergonomic tools or techniques for physical work, safety communication with consumer-employers, hazard correction in homes, fruit and vegetable consumption, lost work days because of injury, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and grip strength. Consumer-employers' reports of caregiver safety behaviors also significantly improved. Conclusions. COMPASS was effective for improving home care workers' social resources and simultaneously impacted both safety and health factors. Keywords: controlled study; education; female; health behavior; health care personnel; health status; home care; human; in service training; male; middle aged; occupational health; Oregon; physiology; procedures; psychology; randomized controlled trial; safety; social support; standards, Female; Health Behavior; Health Status; Home Care Services; Home Health Aides; Humans; Inservice Training; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Health; Oregon; Safety; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303327_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The rush to drill for natural gas: A five-year update Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finkel, M.L. Author-Name: Law, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1728-1730 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303398 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303398 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303398_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Job satisfaction and expected turnover among federal, state, and local public health practitioners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leider, J.P. Author-Name: Harper, E. Author-Name: Shon, J.W. Author-Name: Sellers, K. Author-Name: Castrucci, B.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1782-1788 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303305 Abstract: Objectives. To use data on the governmental public health workforce to examine demographics and elucidate drivers of job satisfaction and intent to leave one's organization. Methods. Using microdata from the 2014 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey and 2014 Public Health Workforce Interests andNeeds Survey,we drew comparisons between federal, state, and local public health staff. We fitted logistic regressions to examine correlates of both job satisfaction and intent to leave one's organization within the coming year. Results. Correlates of job satisfaction included pay satisfaction, organizational support, and employee involvement. Approximately 40% of federal, state, and local staff said they were either considering leaving their organization in the next year or were planning to retire by 2020. Conclusions. Public health practitioners largely like their jobs, but many are dissatisfied with their pay and are consideringworking elsewhere.More should be done to understand the determinants of job satisfaction and how to successfully retain high-quality staff. Public Health Implications. Public health is at a crossroads. Significant turnover is expected in the coming years. Retention efforts should engage staff across all levels of public health. Keywords: controlled study; employee; human; human experiment; job satisfaction; logistic regression analysis; physician; public health; staff; turnover time; adult; behavior; female; government employee; male; middle aged; personnel management; questionnaire; retirement; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adult; Female; Government Employees; Humans; Intention; Job Satisfaction; Male; Middle Aged; Personnel Turnover; Public Health; Retirement; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303305_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effective referral of low-income women at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer to genetic counseling: A randomized delayed intervention control trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pasick, R.J. Author-Name: Joseph, G. Author-Name: Stewart, S. Author-Name: Kaplan, C. Author-Name: Lee, R. Author-Name: Luce, J. Author-Name: Davis, S. Author-Name: Marquez, T. Author-Name: Nguyen, T. Author-Name: Guerra, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1842-1848 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303312 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of a statewide telephone service in identifying low-income women at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and referring them to free genetic counseling. Methods. From June 2010 through August 2011, eligible callers to California's toll-free breast and cervical cancer telephone service were screened for their family histories of breast and ovarian cancer. High-risk women were identified and called for a baseline survey and randomization to an immediate offer of genetic counseling or a mailed brochure on how to obtain counseling. Clinic records were used to assess receipt of genetic counseling after 2 months. Results. Among 1212 eligible callers, 709 (58.5%) agreed to answer family history questions; 102 (14%) were at high risk (25% Hispanic, 46% White, 10% Black, 16% Asian, 3% of other racial/ethnic backgrounds). Of the high-risk women offered an immediate appointment, 39%received counseling during the intervention period, as compared with 4.5% of those receiving the brochure. Conclusions. A public health approach to the rare but serious risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer can be successful when integrated into the efforts of existing safety net organizations. Keywords: African American; Asian continental ancestry group; Breast Neoplasms; California; Caucasian; controlled study; female; genetic counseling; genetic predisposition; genetic screening; genetics; Hispanic; human; middle aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; patient referral; poverty; procedures; randomized controlled trial; risk factor, African Americans; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Breast Neoplasms; California; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Genetic Counseling; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Testing; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Poverty; Referral and Consultation; Risk Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303312_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities in uptake of HIV Preexposure prophylaxis in a large integrated health care system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marcus, J.L. Author-Name: Hurley, L.B. Author-Name: Hare, C.B. Author-Name: Silverberg, M.J. Author-Name: Volk, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303339 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303339_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prices for tobacco and nontobacco products in pharmacies versus other stores: Results from retail marketing surveillance in California and in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henriksen, L. Author-Name: Schleicher, N.C. Author-Name: Barker, D.C. Author-Name: Liu, Y. Author-Name: Chaloupka, F.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1858-1864 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303306 Abstract: Objectives. To examine disparities in the price of tobacco and nontobacco products in pharmacies compared with other types of stores. Methods. We recorded the prices of Marlboro, Newport, the cheapest cigarettes, and bottled water in a random sample of licensed tobacco retailers (n = 579) in California in 2014.Wecollected comparable data from retailers (n = 2603) in school enrollment zones for representative samples of US 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in 2012. Ordinary least squares regressions modeled pretax prices as a function of store type and neighborhood demographics. Results. In both studies, the cheapest cigarettes cost significantly less in pharmacies than other stores; the average estimated difference was $0.47 to $1.19 less in California. We observed similar patterns for premium-brand cigarettes. Conversely, bottled water cost significantly more in pharmacies than elsewhere. Newport cost less in areas with higher proportions of African Americans; other cigarette prices were related to neighborhood income and age. Neighborhood demographics were not related to water prices. Conclusions. Compared with other stores, pharmacies charged customers less for cigarettes and more for bottled water. State and local policies to promote tobacco-free pharmacies would eliminate an important source of discounted cigarettes. Keywords: drinking water, adolescent; child; classification; commercial phenomena; demography; economics; ethnic group; human; marketing; pharmacy; preschool child; procedures; statistics and numerical data; tobacco; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Commerce; Drinking Water; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Marketing; Pharmacies; Residence Characteristics; Tobacco Products; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303306_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The longue durée of black lives matter Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1734-1737 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303422 Abstract: Black Lives Matter was first articulated just a few years ago, but it has been the leitmotif of antiracist struggles for generations. The Movement for Black Lives extends the work of previous movements that challenged forms of oppression that act on Black bodies with impunity. It should be understood in the context of Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign, Fannie Lou Hamer's reproductive justice demands, and the Black Panther Party's health activism. The 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party is an occasion to recall that its work confronted the callous neglect and the corporeal surveillance and abuse of poor Black communities. Similar demands have been the centrifugal force of social movements that for centuries have refused to have Black lives cast beyond the human boundary. Keywords: human; justice; neglect; recall; African American; ethnology; health disparity; history; poverty; prejudice; racism; social problem, African Americans; Health Status Disparities; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Poverty; Prejudice; Racism; Social Problems Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303422_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Human papillomavirus vaccination requirements in US Schools: Recommendations for moving forward Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: North, A.L. Author-Name: Niccolai, L.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1765-1770 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303286 Abstract: Safe and effective human papillomavirus (HPV)vaccineshavebeen available and recommended for adolescents for a decade in the United States, yet vaccination rates remain suboptimal. School entry requirements have increased uptake of other vaccines for adolescents and made coverage more equitable. However, only 3 jurisdictions require HPV vaccine for school. We summarize the current status of HPV vaccine requirements and discuss the rationales for and against these policies. The rationales for requirements include HPV vaccine efficacy and safety, effectiveness of requirements for increasing vaccine uptake and making it more equitable, and use of requirements as "safety nets" and to achieveherd immunity. The rationales against requirements include low parental acceptance of HPV vaccine, the financial burden on educational systems and health departments, and the possibility for alternatives to increase vaccine uptake. Many challenges to HPV vaccine requirements are addressable, and we conclude with recommendations on how to approach these challenges. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; child; economics; education; female; human; immunization; male; Papillomavirus Infections; parent; postmarketing surveillance; preventive health service; procedures; safety; school; United States, Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Immunization Programs; Immunization Schedule; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Parents; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Safety; Schools; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303286_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A traffic-light label intervention and dietary choices in college cafeterias Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seward, M.W. Author-Name: Block, J.P. Author-Name: Chatterjee, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1808-1814 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303301 Abstract: Objectives. To examine whether traffic-light labeling and choice architecture interventions improved dietary choices among students at a northeastern US university. Methods. In 6 cafeterias at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, we implemented a 7-week intervention including traffic-light labeling (red: Least nutrient rich; yellow: nutrient neutral; green: Most nutrient rich), choice architecture (how choices are presented to consumers), and "healthy-plate" tray stickers. During the 2014-2015 academic year, 2 cafeterias received all interventions, 2 received choice architecture only, and 2 were controls. We analyzed sales for 6 weeks before and 7 weeks during interventions. Using interrupted time-series analyses, we measured changes in red, yellow, and green items served. We collected 1329 surveys to capture perceptions of labeling. Results. Among 2.6 million portions served throughout the study, we found no significant changes in red (-0.8% change/week; P = .2) or green (+1.1% change/week; P = .4) items served at intervention sites compared with controls. In surveys, 58% of students reported using traffic-light labels at least a few times per week, and 73% wanted them to continue. Conclusions. Although many students reported using traffic-light labels regularly and wanted interventions to continue, cafeteria interventions did not demonstrate clear improvements in dietary quality. Keywords: college; consumer; controlled study; diet; human; major clinical study; Massachusetts; nutrient; perception; student; time series analysis; university; catering service; decision making; female; food packaging; food preference; health behavior; male; psychology; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Choice Behavior; Diet; Female; Food Labeling; Food Preferences; Food Services; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Surveys and Questionnaires; Universities; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303301_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Genuine Struggle and Care": An interview with Cleo silvers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1744-1748 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303407 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303407_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of the Berkeley excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Falbe, J. Author-Name: Thompson, H.R. Author-Name: Becker, C.M. Author-Name: Rojas, N. Author-Name: McCulloch, C.E. Author-Name: Madsen, K.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1865-1871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303362 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the impact of the excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in Berkeley, California, which became the first US jurisdiction to implement such a tax ($0.01/oz) in March 2015. Methods. We used a repeated cross-sectional design to examine changes in pre- to post tax beverage consumption in low-income neighborhoods in Berkeley versus in the comparison cities of Oakland and San Francisco, California. A beverage frequency questionnaire was interviewer administered to 990 participants before the tax and 1689 after the tax (approximately 8 months after the vote and 4 months after implementation) to examine relative changes in consumption. Results. Consumption of SSBs decreased 21% in Berkeley and increased 4% in comparison cities (P = .046). Water consumption increased more in Berkeley (+63%) than in comparison cities (+19%; P < .01). Conclusions. Berkeley's excise tax reduced SSB consumption in low-income neighborhoods. Evaluating SSB taxes in other cities will improve understanding of their public health benefit and their generalizability. Keywords: California; city; cross-sectional study; fluid intake; human; lowest income group; major clinical study; neighborhood; public health; questionnaire; sugar-sweetened beverage; tax; adult; beverage; commercial phenomena; drinking behavior; economics; female; male; middle aged; statistics and numerical data; sugar intake; supply and distribution; trends, sugar intake; sweetening agent, Adult; Beverages; California; Commerce; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Sucrose; Drinking Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sweetening Agents; Taxes Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303362_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reclaiming the white coat for black lives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garvey, A. Author-Name: Woode, D.R. Author-Name: Austin, C.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1749-1751 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303400 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303400_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stand-biased versus seated classrooms and childhood obesity: A randomized experiment in Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wendel, M.L. Author-Name: Benden, M.E. Author-Name: Zhao, H. Author-Name: Jeffrey, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1849-1854 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303323 Abstract: Objectives.To measure changes in body mass index (BMI) percentiles among third- and fourth-grade students in stand-biased classrooms and traditional seated classrooms in 3 Texas elementary schools. Methods. Research staff recorded the height and weight of 380 students in 24 classrooms across the 3 schools at the beginning (2011-2012) and end (2012-2013) of the 2-year study. Results. After adjustment for grade, race/ethnicity, and gender, there was a statistically significant decrease in BMI percentile in the group that used stand-biased desks for 2 consecutive years relative to the group that used standard desks during both years. Mean BMI increased by 0.1 and 0.4 kilograms per meter squared in the treatment and control groups, respectively. The between-group difference in BMI percentile change was 5.24 (SE = 2.50; P = .037). No other covariates had a statistically significant impact on BMI percentile changes. Conclusions. Changing a classroom to a stand-biased environment had a significant effect on students' BMI percentile, indicating the need to redesign traditional classroom environments. Keywords: body mass; child; controlled study; devices; female; furniture; human; male; Pediatric Obesity; randomized controlled trial; school; standards; statistics and numerical data; Texas, Body Mass Index; Child; Female; Humans; Interior Design and Furnishings; Male; Pediatric Obesity; Schools; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303323_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feeling no buzz or a slight buzz is common when legally drunk Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rossheim, M.E. Author-Name: Thombs, D.L. Author-Name: Gonzalez-Pons, K.M. Author-Name: Killion, J.A. Author-Name: Clapp, J.D. Author-Name: Reed, M.B. Author-Name: Croff, J.M. Author-Name: Ruderman, D.E. Author-Name: Weiler, R.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1761-1762 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303321 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303321_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcoming helplessness, overcoming fear, overcoming inaction in the face of need Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, C.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1717 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303406 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303406_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feral-Pierssens et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feral-Pierssens, A.-L. Author-Name: Aubry, A. Author-Name: Freund, Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303357 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303357_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reproductive outcomes following maternal exposure to the events of September 11, 2001, at the World Trade Center, in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maslow, C.B. Author-Name: Caramanica, K. Author-Name: Li, J. Author-Name: Stellman, S.D. Author-Name: Brackbill, R.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 10 Pages: 1796-1803 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303303 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate associations between exposure to the events of September 11, 2001, (9/11) and low birth weight (LBW), preterm delivery (PD), and small size for gestational age (SGA). Methods. We matched birth certificates filed in New York City for singleton births between 9/11 and the end of 2010 to 9/11-related exposure data provided by mothers who were World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees. Generalized estimating equations estimated associations between exposures and LBW, PD, and SGA. Results. Among 3360 births, 5.8% were LBW, 6.5% were PD, and 9% were SGA. Having incurred at least 2 of 4 exposures, having performed rescue or recovery work, and probable 9/11-related posttraumatic stress disorder 2 to 3 years after 9/11 were associated with PD and LBW during the early study period. Conclusions. Disasters on the magnitude of 9/11 may exert effects on reproductive outcomes for several years. Women who are pregnant during and after a disaster should be closely monitored for physical and psychological sequelae. Public Health Implications. In utero and maternal disaster exposure may affect birth outcomes. Researchers studying effects of individual disasters should identify commonalities that may inform postdisaster responses to minimize disaster-related adverse birth outcomes. Keywords: adult; adverse effects; female; human; low birth weight; maternal exposure; New York; newborn; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; Premature Birth; psychology; register; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; terrorism, Adult; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Maternal Exposure; New York City; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Registries; Risk Factors; September 11 Terrorist Attacks; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303303_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Colorectal cancer epidemiology in the nurses' health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, D.H. Author-Name: Keum, N. Author-Name: Giovannucci, E.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1599-1607 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303320 Abstract: Objectives.To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to identifying risk and protective factors for colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods.Weperformed a narrative review of the publications using the NHS between 1976 and 2016. Results. Existing epidemiological studies using the NHS have reported that red and processed meat, alcohol, smoking, and obesity were associated with an increased risk of CRC, whereas folate, calcium, Vitamin D, aspirin, and physical activity were associated with decreased risk of CRC. Moreover, modifiable factors, such as physical activity, Vitamin D, folate, insulin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, and diet quality, were identified to be associated with survival among CRC patients. In recent years, molecular pathological epidemiological studies have been actively conducted and have shown refined results by molecular subtypes of CRC. Conclusions. The NHS has provided new insights into colorectal adenomas, CRC etiology, and pathogenic mechanisms. With its unique strengths, the NHS should continue to contribute to the field of CRC epidemiology and play a major role in public health. Keywords: adult; Colorectal Neoplasms; female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Colorectal Neoplasms; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303320_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A clustered randomized controlled trial of the positive prevention PLUS adolescent pregnancy prevention program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: LaChausse, R.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S91-S96 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303414 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303414 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the impact of Positive Prevention PLUS, a school-based adolescent pregnancy prevention program on delaying sexual intercourse, birth control use, and pregnancy. Methods. I randomly assigned a diverse sample of ninth grade students in 21 suburban public high schools in California into treatment (n = 2483) and control (n = 1784) groups that participated in a clustered randomized controlled trial. Between October 2013 and May 2014, participants completed baseline and 6-month follow-up surveys regarding sexual behavior and pregnancy. Participants in the treatment group were offered Positive Prevention PLUS, an 11-lesson adolescent pregnancy prevention program. Results. The program had statistically significant impacts on delaying sexual intercourse and increasing the use of birth control. However, I detected no program effect on pregnancy rates at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions.The Positive Prevention PLUS program demonstrated positive impacts on adolescent sexual behavior. This suggests that programs that focus on having students practice risk reduction skills may delay sexual activity and increase birth control use. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; adolescent sexual behavior; birth control; California; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; follow up; high school; human; major clinical study; pregnancy rate; prevention; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; sexual intercourse; skill; student Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303414_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scalability of an evidence-based adolescent pregnancy prevention program: New evidence from 5 cluster-randomized evaluations of the teen outreach program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Francis, K. Author-Name: Philliber, S. Author-Name: Walsh-Buhi, E.R. Author-Name: Philliber, A. Author-Name: Seshadri, R. Author-Name: Daley, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S32-S38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303307 Abstract: Objectives. To determine if the Teen Outreach Program (TOP), a youth development and service learning program, can reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors compared with a business as usual or benign counterfactual. Methods. We synthesized results of 5 independent studies conducted in 5 geographically and ethnically diverse locations between 2011 and 2015 with 17 194 middle and high school students. Each study cluster-randomized classes, teachers, or schools to treatment or control groups and included the students enrolled in those clusters at baseline in an intent-to-treat analysis. Multilevel models tested impacts on recent sexual activity, recent unprotected sexual activity, and sexual initiation among the sexually inexperienced at baseline at approximately 1 and 2 years after baseline. Results. Precision-weighted average effect sizes showed nonsignificant reductions of 1 percentage point or less in recent sexual activity (5 studies:-0.6; P =.32), recent unprotected sex (5 studies:-0.2; P =.76), and sexual initiation (4 studies:-1.1; P =.10) after 1 year. Conclusions. There was little evidence of the effectiveness of TOP in reducing sexual risk-taking behaviors. Results underscored the importance of continually evaluating evidence-based programs that have previously been shown to be effective. Keywords: adolescent pregnancy; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; effect size; evidence based practice center; high risk behavior; high school student; human; human experiment; juvenile; learning; randomized controlled trial; statistical model; teacher; unprotected sex Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303307_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the be the exception sixth-grade program in rural communities to delay the onset of sexual behavior Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harry Piotrowski, Z. Author-Name: Hedeker, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S132-S139 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303438 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the impact of Be the Exception, a newly developed program to delay onset of sexual behaviors, in a White, rural population. Methods. A cluster randomized controlled trial in northwestern Indiana (14 schools, 1776 students, 2011-2015) compared an intervention (5 group sessions and multimedia assembly) with a no-intervention group; both continued usual standard health education. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regressions with 1455 students measured long-term outcomes 12 months after baseline questionnaire. Results. Intervention group students reported ever having had sexual intercourse and sexual intercourse in past 3 months significantly less often than did the comparison group (1.91% vs 6.29% and 1.09% vs 4.26%, respectively). No statistical differences were observed for reported sexual intercourse in past 3 months with risky behavior (1.23% vs 2.24%), without condom use (1.04% vs 1.73%), or without birth control (1.00% vs 1.53%). Cumulatively, intervention group students significantly more often reported no activity, holding hands, hugging and kissing and less often reported touching above and below the waist, other sex, or sexual intercourse. Conclusions. Be the Exception is effective in delaying the onset of sexual behavior among rural middle school students. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303438_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Replicating cuídate: 6-month impact findings of a randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelsey, M. Author-Name: Layzer, C. Author-Name: Layzer, J. Author-Name: Price, C. Author-Name: Juras, R. Author-Name: Blocklin, M. Author-Name: Mendez, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S70-S77 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303371 Abstract: Objectives. To test whether Cuídate, a program culturally adapted for Hispanic youths, affects sexual risk behavior. Methods. We evaluated 3 replications of Cuídate in California, Arizona, and Massachusetts in a randomized controlled trial (registry no. NCT02540304) in which 2169 primarily Hispanic participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 1326) or a control (n = 870) group.Youths were surveyed at baseline (September 2012-April 2014) and 6 months postbaseline (March 2013-October 2014). We estimated pooled and subgroup impacts using a regression framework with baseline covariates to increase statistical precision (1216 youths analyzed in the treatment group, 806 analyzed in the control group). Results. We found no impacts on the study's primary outcomes of recent sexual activity or recent unprotected sexual activity. However, Cuídate improved knowledge (10%-20% increase; P <.001), attitudes (effect size =.24; P <.001), and skills (effect size =.14; P =.002). Exploratory subgroup analyses suggest potentially problematic effects for some groups. Conclusions. Findings suggest that Cuídate was effective in improving youths' knowledge and attitudes. However, after 6 months, these changes did not translate to improvements in reported sexual risk behaviors. Keywords: Arizona; California; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; effect size; exploratory research; Hispanic; human; juvenile; major clinical study; Massachusetts; randomized controlled trial; register; sexual behavior; skill Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303371_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenges and lessons learned from providing large-scale evaluation technical assistance to build the adolescent pregnancy evidence base Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knab, J. Author-Name: Cole, R.P. Author-Name: Zief, S.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S26-S28 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303358 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303358_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The real world: Six strangers connecting AJPH to the next generation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Makinde, O. Author-Name: Little, T.V. Author-Name: Enad, R. Author-Name: Hayes, T. Author-Name: Kercy, M. Author-Name: Sumibcay, J.R.C. Author-Name: Desgouttes, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303347 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303347 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303347_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of an intervention designed to reduce sexual health risk behaviors of african American adolescents: Results of a randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jenner, E. Author-Name: Jenner, L.W. Author-Name: Walsh, S. Author-Name: Demby, H. Author-Name: Gregory, A. Author-Name: Davis, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S78-S84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303291 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303291 Abstract: Objectives. To replicate an evidence-based HIV risk reduction program and assess its impact on 2 behavioral outcomes-inconsistency of condom use and frequency of sex-6 months after the program. Methods. The study was an individual-level randomized controlled trial in which we randomly assigned 850 youths (aged 14-18 years) to 1 of 2 conditions. The treatment (Becoming a Responsible Teen) is a group-level sociocognitive and skills training sexual education course; the control is a general health intervention that includes the same initial informational component as the treatment. Participants were recruited over 3 summers (2012-2014) from a summer employment program in New Orleans, Louisiana, that serves primarily African American adolescents. Results. Six months after program exposure, we found no statistically significant difference between treatment and control group members' self-reported inconsistency of condom use or frequency of sex (P >.05). Conclusions. Although previous evidence has indicated that this particular program can be effective, this study's findings indicate that it was not effective in this setting with this specific population. Results should provide an incentive to learn why the intervention works in some cases and what conditions are necessary for causal impacts. Keywords: adolescent; African American; condom use; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; employment; exposure; human; human experiment; juvenile; Louisiana; randomized controlled trial; sexual education; sexual health; skill; summer Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303291_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building the evidence to prevent adolescent pregnancy: Contents of the volume Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oberlander, S.E. Author-Name: Trivits, L.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303442 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303442_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Text messaging, teen outreach program, and sexual health behavior: A cluster randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bull, S. Author-Name: Devine, S. Author-Name: Schmiege, S.J. Author-Name: Pickard, L. Author-Name: Campbell, J. Author-Name: Shlay, J.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S117-S124 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303363 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303363 Abstract: Objectives. To consider whether Youth All Engaged! (a text message intervention) intensified the effects of the adolescent pregnancy prevention Teen Outreach Program (control) for youths. Methods. In this trial performed in Denver, Colorado, from 2011 to 2014, we randomized 8 Boys &Girls Clubs each of 4 years into 32 clubs per year combinations to ensure each club would serve as a treatment site for 2 years and a control site for 2 years. Control intervention consisted of the Teen Outreach Program only. We enrolled 852 youths (aged 14-18 years), and 632 were retained at follow-up, with analytic samples ranging from 50 to 624 across outcomes. We examined program costs, and whether the intervention increased condom and contraceptive use, access to care, and pregnancy prevention. Results. Control program costs were $1184 per participant, and intervention costs were an additional $126 per participant (+10.6%). There were no statistically significant differences in primary outcomes for the full sample. Hispanic participants in the intervention condition had fewer pregnancies at follow-up (1.79%) than did those in the control group (6.72%; P =.02). Conclusions.Youth All Engaged is feasible, low cost, and could have potential benefits for Hispanic youths. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303363_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of two adolescent pregnancy prevention interventions on risky sexual behavior: A three-arm cluster randomized control trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barbee, A.P. Author-Name: Cunningham, M.R. Author-Name: Van Zyl, M.A. Author-Name: Antle, B.F. Author-Name: Langley, C.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S85-S90 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303429 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303429 Abstract: Objectives. To test the efficacy of Reducing the Risk (RTR) and Love Notes (LN) on reducing risky sexual behavior among youths yet to experience or cause a pregnancy. Methods. The four dependent variables were ever had sex, condom use, birth control use, and number of sexual partners at 3-and 6-month follow-up in a 3-arm cluster randomized controlled trial of 1448 impoverished youths, aged 14 to 19 years, in 23 community-based organizations in Louisville, Kentucky, from September 2011 through March 2014. Results. At 3 and 6 months, compared with the control condition, youths in RTR reported fewer sexual partners and greater use of birth control. At 6 months, LN participants reported greater use of birth control and condoms, fewer sexual partners, and were less likely to have ever had sex compared with the control condition. Conclusions. We provided additional evidence for the continued efficacy of RTR and the first rigorous study of LN, which embeds sex education into a larger curriculum on healthy relationships and violence prevention. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; adult; birth control; condom use; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; curriculum; dependent variable; follow up; human; human experiment; juvenile; Kentucky; organization; prevention; randomized controlled trial; sexual education; violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303429_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants and consequences of obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hruby, A. Author-Name: Manson, J.E. Author-Name: Qi, L. Author-Name: Malik, V.S. Author-Name: Rimm, E.B. Author-Name: Sun, Q. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Hu, F.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1656-1662 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303326 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303326 Abstract: Objectives.To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS and NHS II) in addressing hypotheses regarding risk factors for and consequences of obesity. Methods. Narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1976 and 2016. Results. Long- Term NHS research has shown that weight gain and being overweight or obese are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain types of cancers, and premature death. The cohorts have elucidated the role of dietary and lifestyle factors in obesity, especially sugar-sweetened beverages, poor diet quality, physical inactivity, prolonged screen time, short sleep duration or shift work, and built environment characteristics. Genome-wide association and gene-lifestyle interaction studies have shown that genetic factors predispose individuals to obesity but that such susceptibility can be attenuated by healthy lifestyle choices. This research has contributed to evolving clinical and public health guidelines on the importance of limiting weight gain through healthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions. The NHS cohorts have contributed to our understanding of the risk factors for and consequences of obesity and made a lasting impact on clinical and public health guidelines on obesity prevention. Keywords: adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; complication; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; diet; female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; Neoplasms; nurse; obesity; premature mortality; prospective study; risk factor; sedentary lifestyle; United States; women's health, Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Mortality, Premature; Neoplasms; Nurses; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sedentary Lifestyle; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303326_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building the evidence to prevent adolescent pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kappeler, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303440 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303440 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303440_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Max et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Max, W. Author-Name: Stark, B. Author-Name: Sung, H.-Y. Author-Name: Offen, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303272 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303272_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Replication typology and guidelines for adolescent pregnancy prevention initiatives Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLeroy, K.R. Author-Name: Farmer, J. Author-Name: Wilson, K.L. Author-Name: Garney, W.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S17-S18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303354 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303354 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303354_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiological assessments of skin outcomes in the nurses' health studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Li, W.-Q. Author-Name: Cho, E. Author-Name: Weinstock, M.A. Author-Name: Mashfiq, H. Author-Name: Qureshi, A.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1677-1683 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303315 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHSs) to identifying epidemiological factors associated with multiple skin diseases, including skin cancer, psoriasis, and other inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases. Methods. We carried out a narrative review of NHS articles published between 1976 and 2016. Results. The NHSs have identified environmental and lifestyle factors related to psoriasis, supporting obesity and smoking as psoriasis risk factors; associations between psoriasis and diabetes, myocardial infarction, and Crohn's disease, supporting psoriasis as a systemic disorder; and associations of pigmentary traits, ultraviolet radiation, and lifestyle factors such as citrus consumption with risk of skin cancer. Genetic studies have identified novel genetic loci for skin pigmentation (e.g., IRF4, SLC24A4, NID1, and EDNRB) and skin cancer (e.g., TET2 and HERC2-OCA2).Work continues on highly prevalent but less studied skin conditions such as rosacea, acne, and atopic dermatitis.The NHS results have influenced public health policies on indoor tanning devices. Conclusions.TheNHSshaveprovidedinvaluableresourcesonskin diseasepopulation science and contributed to the etiological understanding of multiple skin disorders. Keywords: adult; epidemiology; female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prevalence; prospective study; risk factor; Skin Diseases; United States; women's health, Adult; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Skin Diseases; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303315_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A framework for evaluation technical assistance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zief, S.G. Author-Name: Cole, R.P. Author-Name: Knab, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S24-S26 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303365 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303365 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303365_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Origin, methods, and evolution of the three nurses' health studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bao, Y. Author-Name: Bertoia, M.L. Author-Name: Lenart, E.B. Author-Name: Stampfer, M.J. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Speizer, F.E. Author-Name: Chavarro, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1573-1581 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303338 Abstract: We have summarized the evolution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), a prospective cohort study of 121 700 married registered nurses launched in 1976; NHS II, which began in 1989 and enrolled 116 430 nurses; and NHS3, which began in 2010 and has ongoing enrollment. Over 40 years, these studies have generated long- Term, multidimensional data, including lifestyle- And health-related information across the life course and an extensive repository of various biological specimens.We have described the questionnaire data collection, disease followup methods, biorepository resources, and data management and statistical procedures. Through integrative analyses, these studies have sustained a high level of scientific productivity and substantially influenced public health recommendations. We have highlighted recent interdisciplinary research projects and discussed future directions for collaboration and innovation. Keywords: adult; demography; epidemiology; female; human; longitudinal study; methodology; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; questionnaire; United States; women's health, Adult; Demography; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Research Design; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303338_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: It's your game..keep it real in South Carolina: A group randomized trial evaluating the replication of an evidence-based adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection prevention program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potter, S.C. Author-Name: Coyle, K.K. Author-Name: Glassman, J.R. Author-Name: Kershner, S. Author-Name: Prince, M.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S60-S69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303419 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of an evidence-based HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI)/pregnancy prevention program for middle schools implemented by school staff in South Carolina. Methods. Twenty-four schools, representing 3143 youths, participated in a randomized trial from 2011 to 2014. Students completed surveys before programming (fall of seventh grade), after completing the 2-year It's Your Game..Keep It Real program (spring of eighth grade), and 1-year postprogram (spring of ninth grade). Results.There was no statistically significant effect on initiation of vaginal sex between baseline and eighth grade. Significantly fewer students in the comparison condition reported initiating sex at ninth grade, relative to the intervention condition. No group differences existed on other behavioral outcomes that addressed sexual activity in the past 3 months at ninth grade. Seven of 26 psychosocial outcomes (3 knowledge, 1 attitude, 1 self-efficacy, 2 personal limits) were positively affected at eighth grade; 4 remained significant at ninth grade. Conclusions. The original studies' behavioral effects were not replicated in this population, possibly as a result of this being an effectiveness trial instead of an efficacy trial, counterfactual exposure design issues, or postprogram exposure to evidence-based programming. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303419_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contribution of the nurses' health studies to uncovering risk factors for type 2 diabetes: diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, and genetics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ley, S.H. Author-Name: Korat, A.V.A. Author-Name: Sun, Q. Author-Name: Tobias, D.K. Author-Name: Zhang, C. Author-Name: Qi, L. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Manson, J.E. Author-Name: Hu, F.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1624-1630 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303314 Abstract: Objectives.To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHS II to addressing hypotheses regarding risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Methods. We carried out a narrative review of 1976 to 2016 NHS and NHS II publications. Results. The NHS and NHS II have uncovered important roles in type 2 diabetes for individual nutrients, foods, dietary patterns, and physical activity independent of excess body weight.Up to 90% of type 2 diabetes cases are potentially preventable if individuals follow a healthy diet and lifestyle. The NHS investigations have also identified novel biomarkers for diabetes, including adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, nutrition metabolites, and environmental pollutants, offering new insights into the pathophysiology of the disease. Global collaborative efforts have uncovered many common genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes and improved our understanding of gene- environment interactions. Continued efforts to identify epigenetic, metagenomic, and metabolomic risk factors for type 2 diabetes have the potential to reveal new pathways and improve prediction and prevention. Conclusions. Over the past several decades, the NHS and NHS II have made major contributions to public health recommendations and strategies designed to reduce the global burden of diabetes. Keywords: biological marker, adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; diet; female; genetics; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303314_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Breast cancer research in the nurses' health studies: Exposures across the life course Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, M.S. Author-Name: Eliassen, A.H. Author-Name: Hankinson, S.E. Author-Name: Lenart, E.B. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Tamimi, R.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1592-1598 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303325 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303325 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Heath Study (NHS) and the NHS II in identifying risk and protective factors for breast cancer incidence and survival. Methods.We conducted a narrative review of NHS and NHS II articles on breast cancer incidence and survival published from 1976 to 2016, with a focus on exogenous and endogenous hormones; lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, and aspirin use; intermediate markers of risk; and genetic factors. Results. With the investigation of individual risk factors, as well as their incorporation into risk predictionmodels, the NHS has contributed to the identification of ways in which women may reduce breast cancer risk, including limiting alcohol consumption, reducing the duration of postmenopausal estrogen-plus-progestin use, avoiding weight gain, and increasing vegetable consumption. In addition, the NHS has helped elucidate the roles of several biomarkers and contributed to the identification of risk alleles. Conclusions.The NHS has contributed to our understanding of lifestyle, hormonal, and genetic risk factors for breast cancer, highlighting the importance of exposures across the life course, and has helped identify lifestyle changes that may reduce risk and improve survival after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Keywords: adult; Breast Neoplasms; female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303325_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the September 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1531-1532 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303346 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303346_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Video for adolescent pregnancy prevention: Promises, challenges, and future directions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Downs, J.S. Author-Name: Ashcraft, A.M. Author-Name: Murray, P.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S29-S31 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303428 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303428 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303428_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A coordinated emergency response: A color dust explosion at a 2015 concert in Taiwan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yang, C.-C. Author-Name: Shih, C.-L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1582-1585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303261 Abstract: In June 2015, nearly 500 concert attendees suffered injuries from smoke inhalation and severe burns following a color-dust explosion at a waterpark in Taiwan. Wereport on the progressions of the incident and government responses, share crossdepartmental mobilization and case management lessons, and reflect on clinical and complex policy issues emerged. The timely and coordinated emergency responses, a high-quality universal health care system, and dedicated clinicians voluntarily working overtime resulted in an unprecedented 2.4% mortality rate (international statistics predicted 26.8%). Keywords: dust, Blast Injuries; Burns; dust; emergency health service; emergency treatment; explosion; female; human; male; mass disaster; mortality; organization and management; public policy; Smoke Inhalation Injury; Taiwan; young adult, Blast Injuries; Burns; Dust; Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Treatment; Explosions; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Casualty Incidents; Public Policy; Smoke Inhalation Injury; Taiwan; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303261_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Healthy futures program and adolescent sexual behaviors in 3 Massachusetts cities: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Calise, T.V. Author-Name: Chow, W. Author-Name: Dore, K.F. Author-Name: O'Brien, M.J. Author-Name: Heitz, E.R. Author-Name: Millock, R.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S103-S109 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303389 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated the impact of the 3-year Healthy Futures program on reducing sexual behaviors among middle school students. Methods. Fifteen public middle schools in Haverhill, Lowell, and Lynn, Massachusetts, participated in this longitudinal school-cluster randomized controlled trial (2011-2015), which included 1344 boys and girls. We collected student survey data at baseline, immediately after each Nu-CULTURE curriculum (classroom component of Healthy Futures) in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades, and at a 1-year follow-up in the ninth grade (cohort 1 students only). Results. Healthy Futures did not reduce the overall prevalence of eighth-grade students who reported ever having vaginal sex. In the eighth-grade follow-up, fewer girls in the treatment group than in the control group reported ever having vaginal sex (P =.04), and fewer Hispanic treatment students than Hispanic control students reported ever having vaginal sex (P =.002). Conclusions. There was some evidence of delaying sexual initiation by the end of Nu-CULTURE, for girls and Hispanics, but not for boys. Future research should focus on improving implementation of the supplemental components intended to foster interpersonal and environmental protective factors associated with sustained delays in sexual activity. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent sexual behavior; child; city; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; curriculum; female; follow up; girl; Hispanic; human; major clinical study; male; Massachusetts; middle school student; prevalence; randomized controlled trial Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303389_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing pregnancy in high school students: Observations from a 3-year longitudinal, quasi-experimental study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gelfond, J. Author-Name: Dierschke, N. Author-Name: Lowe, D. Author-Name: Plastino, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S97-S102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303379 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303379 Abstract: Objectives. To assess whether a sexual health education intervention reduces pregnancy rates in high school students. Methods. We performed a secondary analysis of a 3-year quasi-experimental study performed in South Texas from 2011 to 2015 in which 1437 students without a history of pregnancy at baseline were surveyed each fall and spring. Potentially confounding risk factors considered included sexual behaviors, intentions, and demographics. The outcome measure was self-reported pregnancy status for male and female students. We performed analyses for male and female students using separate discrete time-toevent models. Results. We found no difference in pregnancy rates between intervention and comparison students within the first 3 years of high school. Female and male students in the intervention groups had pregnancy hazard ratios of, respectively, 1.62 (95% CI = 0.9, 2.61; P =.1) and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.44, 1.48; P =.4) relative to the comparison groups. Conclusions. The educational intervention had no impact on the pregnancy rate. Social media tools in pregnancy prevention programs should be adaptive to new technologies and rapidly changing adolescent preferences for these services. Keywords: adolescent; female; hazard ratio; high school student; human; major clinical study; male; model; pregnancy rate; quasi experimental study; risk factor; secondary analysis; sexual behavior; sexual health; social media; spring; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303379_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ebola "ring" vaccine trial was ethically innovative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haire, B.G. Author-Name: Folayan, M.O. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303311 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303311 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303311_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The promise of technology to advance rigorous evaluation of adolescent pregnancy prevention programs in American Indian and Alaska native tribal communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, C.E. Author-Name: Black, K. Author-Name: Keane, E.M. Author-Name: Schwinn, T.M. Author-Name: Crow, C.K.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S18-S20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303335 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303335_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Place-based initiatives to improve health in disadvantaged communities: cross-sector characteristics and networks of local actors in North Carolina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dupre, M.E. Author-Name: Moody, J. Author-Name: Nelson, A. Author-Name: Willis, J.M. Author-Name: Fuller, L. Author-Name: Smart, A.J. Author-Name: Easterling, D. Author-Name: Silberberg, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1548-1555 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303265 Abstract: Objectives.To examine the leadership attributes and collaborative connections of local actors from the health sector and those outside the health sector in a major place-based health initiative. Methods.We used survey data from 340 individuals in 4 Healthy Places North Carolina counties from 2014 to assess the leadership attributes (awareness, attitudes, and capacity) and network connections of local actors by their organizational sector. Results. Respondents' leadership attributes-scored on 5-point Likert scales-were similar across Healthy Places North Carolina counties. Although local actors reported high levels of awareness and collaboration around community health improvement, we found lower levels of capacity for connecting diversity, identifying barriers, and using resources in new ways to improve community health. Actors outside the health sector had generally lower levels of capacity than actors in the health sector.Those in the health sector exhibited the majority of network ties in their community; however, they were also the most segregated from actors in other sectors. Conclusions. More capacity building around strategic action-particularly in nonhealth sectors-is needed to support efforts in making widespread changes to community health. Keywords: awareness; capacity building; human; leadership; Likert scale; major clinical study; North Carolina; public health; community care; cooperation; health care organization; health care planning; health care policy; health services research; North Carolina; organization; organization and management; questionnaire; total quality management; vulnerable population, Capacity Building; Community Health Planning; Community Health Services; Cooperative Behavior; Decision Making, Organizational; Health Care Coalitions; Health Policy; Health Priorities; Health Services Research; Humans; Leadership; North Carolina; Organizational Objectives; Quality Improvement; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303265_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Replicating reducing the risk: 12-month impacts of a cluster randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelsey, M. Author-Name: Blocklin, M. Author-Name: Layzer, J. Author-Name: Price, C. Author-Name: Juras, R. Author-Name: Freiman, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S45-S52 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303409 Abstract: Objectives. To test the effectiveness of Reducing the Risk, an evidence-based sexual health curriculum designed to help prevent adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, on youth sexual behavior and intermediate outcomes thought to lead to these behaviors. Methods. Classes within schools in St. Louis, Missouri; Austin, Texas; and San Diego, California; were randomly assigned to receive Reducing the Risk or "business as usual." Youths completedWeb-based surveys at baseline (preintervention, August 2012-January 2014) and 12 months later (August 2013-January 2015). Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted across sites; we tested for differences in impacts between sites and other subgroups. Results. The program had no overall impact on sexual behaviors. However, at 1 site, program participants were significantly less likely to have engaged in recent sexual intercourse than were control group members. There were positive overall impacts on intermediate outcomes (e.g., knowledge, attitudes). Conclusions. After 12 months, Reducing the Risk was unsuccessful at changing sexual behaviors. Other results were mixed, but promising evidence (e.g., behavioral impacts at 1 site, impacts on intermediate outcomes) suggests potential for more widespread behavioral impacts over a longer term. Keywords: California; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; human; human experiment; juvenile; Missouri; randomized controlled trial; sexual intercourse; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303409_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genomics, telomere length, epigenetics, and metabolomics in the nurses' health studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Townsend, M.K. Author-Name: Aschard, H. Author-Name: De Vivo, I. Author-Name: Michels, K.B. Author-Name: Kraft, P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1663-1668 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303344 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303344 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II to genomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics research. Methods. We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1990 and 2016 based on biospecimens, including blood and tumor tissue, collected from participants. Results.TheNHShas contributed to the discovery of genetic loci influencingmore than 45 complex human phenotypes, including cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, reproductive characteristics, and anthropometric traits. The combination of genomewide genotype data with extensive exposure and lifestyle data has enabled the evaluation of gene-environment interactions. Furthermore, data suggest that longer telomere length increases risk of cancers not related to smoking, and that modifiable factors (e.g., diet) may have an impact on telomere length. "Omics" research in the NHS continues to expand, with epigenetics and metabolomics becoming greater areas of focus. Conclusions.Thecombination ofprospectivebiomarker dataandbroadexposure information has enabled the NHS to participate in a variety of "omics" research, contributing to understanding of the epidemiology and biology of multiple complex diseases. Keywords: biological marker, adult; epidemiology; epigenetics; female; genomics; genotype; genotype environment interaction; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; metabolomics; middle aged; nurse; phenotype; prospective study; risk factor; telomere; United States; women's health, Adult; Biomarkers; Epidemiologic Studies; Epigenomics; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genomics; Genotype; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Metabolomics; Middle Aged; Nurses; Phenotype; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Telomere; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303344_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Culturally responsive adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection prevention program for middle school students in Hawai'i Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abe, Y. Author-Name: Barker, L.T. Author-Name: Chan, V. Author-Name: Eucogco, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S110-S116 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303395 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303395 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of Pono Choices, a culturally responsive adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention program targeting middle school youths in Hawai'i. Methods. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial with the school as the unit of random assignment over 3 semesters between 2012 and 2013.The sample consisted of 36 middle schools and 2203 students. We administered student surveys to collect baseline outcomes, student demographic data, and outcomes at 12 months after baseline. Results.We found statistically significant effects for the knowledge assessment, which focused on basic understanding of adolescent pregnancy and STI prevention. The average percentage of correct responses was 73.6 for the treatment group and 60.4 for the control group (P <.001). We did not find statistically significant effects on behavioral outcomes (initiation of sexual activity or engagement in high-risk sexual behavior) or on other nonbehavioral outcomes (attitudes, skills, intentions). Conclusions. Pono Choices had a statistically significant impact on knowledge of adolescent pregnancy and STI prevention among middle school students at 12 months after baseline, though it did not lead to detectable changes in behavioral outcomes within the 1-year observation period. These results call for an exploration of longer-term outcomes to assess effects on knowledge retention and behavioral changes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303395_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychiatric, psychological, and social determinants of health in the nurses' health study cohorts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trudel-Fitzgerald, C. Author-Name: Chen, Y. Author-Name: Singh, A. Author-Name: Okereke, O.I. Author-Name: Kubzansky, L.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1644-1649 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303318 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303318 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS) on factors that influence mental and physical health. Methods. Narrative review of all published articles using data from theNHS, theNHS II, and the Growing Up Today Study focusing on mental health conditions (e.g., depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety) and psychosocial resources and stressors (e.g., job strain, interpersonal violence, social relationships, sexual orientation) between 1990 and 2016. Results. Studies have considered a broad array of determinants (e.g., genes, biomarkers, air pollution) and consequent behavioral and disease-related outcomes (e.g., body weight, smoking, cardiometabolic diseases, cancer, autism). Findings suggest anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood violence, caregiver burden, and job insecurity may increase the risk of coronary heart disease and diabetes, whereas findings with cancer are mixed. This work directly affects public health actions, as demonstrated by recent inclusion of a gender expression measure in state surveys. Conclusions. The NHS cohorts have produced novel and influential research on the interplay of psychological and social factors with health. Psychological and social variables are important contributors to the maintenance or decline of physical and mental health. Keywords: adult; epidemiology; female; human; longitudinal study; Mental Disorders; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; psychology; risk factor; social determinants of health; United States; women's health, Adult; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Social Determinants of Health; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303318_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insights into nephrolithiasis from the nurses' health studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prochaska, M.L. Author-Name: Taylor, E.N. Author-Name: Curhan, G.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1638-1643 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303319 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contributions of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I and NHS II to understanding the role of dietary factors, beverages, body size, and urinary factors in the development of kidney stones. Methods. We conducted a review of kidney stone-related publications of NHS I and NHS II between 1976 and 2016. Results. Studies using NHS I and NHS II data have demonstrated the importance of many factors in kidney stone formation and were the first to report that higher dietary calcium was associated with a lower risk of incident kidney stones in women. Data from these cohorts were instrumental in emphasizing that nephrolithiasis is a systemic disease and suggesting that a kidney stone or shared risk factors may lead to hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Conclusions. Findings from the NHSs have changed the scientific understanding and the clinical practice of stone prevention and have been incorporated into widely consulted textbooks and the American Urological Association Medical Management of Kidney Stones guidelines. Keywords: adult; body size; diet; epidemiology; female; human; longitudinal study; middle aged; nephrolithiasis; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Body Size; Diet; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nephrolithiasis; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303319_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Large cohorts: Toward routine databases for public health science Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stoltenberg, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1536-1537 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303369 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303369_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring alternative outcome measures to improve pregnancy prevention programming in younger adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coyle, K.K. Author-Name: Glassman, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S20-S22 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303383 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303383_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The teen pregnancy prevention program (2010-2015): Synthesis of impact findings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farb, A.F. Author-Name: Margolis, A.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S9-S15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303367 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303367_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Do men really benefit more from marriage than women? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strohschein, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303308 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303308 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303308_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How the nurses' health study helped americans take the trans fat out Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curtis, C.J. Author-Name: Clapp, J. Author-Name: Goldstein, G. Author-Name: Angell, S.Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1537-1539 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303353 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303353_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contributions of the nurses' health studies to reproductive health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chavarro, J.E. Author-Name: Rich-Edwards, J.W. Author-Name: Gaskins, A.J. Author-Name: Farland, L.V. Author-Name: Terry, K.L. Author-Name: Zhang, C. Author-Name: Missmer, S.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1669-1676 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303350 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303350 Abstract: Objectives.To review the Nurses' Health Study's (NHS's) contribution to identifying risk factors and long- Term health consequences of reproductive events. Methods.We performed a narrative review of the NHS I, NHS II, NHS3, and Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) publications between 1976 and 2016. Results. Collection of detailed reproductive history to identify breast cancer risk factors allowed the NHS to document an association between menstrual irregularities, a proxy for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The NHS II found that infertility associated with ovulation problems and gestational diabetes are largely preventable through diet and lifestyle modification. It also identified developmental and nutritional risk factors for pregnancy loss, endometriosis, and uterine leiomyomata. As women in NHS II age, it has become possible to address questions regarding long- Term health consequences of pregnancy complications and benign gynecologic conditions on chronic disease risk. Furthermore, the NHS3 and GUTS are allowing new lines of research into human fertility, PCOS, and transgenerational effects of environmental exposures. Conclusions. The multigenerational resources of the NHSs and GUTS, including linkages of related individuals across cohorts, can improve women's health from preconception through late adulthood and onto the next generation. Keywords: adult; diet; epidemiology; female; Genital Diseases, Female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; prospective study; reproductive health; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Diet; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prospective Studies; Reproductive Health; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303350_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of the nurses' health study on population health: Prevention, translation, and control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colditz, G.A. Author-Name: Philpott, S.E. Author-Name: Hankinson, S.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1540-1545 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303343 Abstract: Objectives. To summarize the overall impact of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) over the past 40 years on the health of populations through its contributions on prevention, translation, and control. Methods. We performed a narrative review of the findings of the NHS, NHS II, and NHS3 between 1976 and 2016. Results.TheNHShas generated significantfindings about the associations between (1) smoking and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, colorectal and pancreatic cancer, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and eye diseases; (2) physical activity and cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, psoriasis, and neurodegeneration; (3) obesity and cardiovascular diseases, numerous cancer sites, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, kidney stones, and eye diseases; (4) oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease, melanoma, and breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancer; (5) hormone therapy and cardiovascular diseases, breast and endometrial cancer, and neurodegeneration; (6) endogenous hormones and breast cancer; (7) dietary factors and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, breast and pancreatic cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, neurodegeneration, multiple sclerosis, kidney stones, and eye diseases; and (8) sleep and shift work and chronic diseases. Conclusions. The NHS findings have influenced public health policy and practice both locally and globally to improve women's health. Keywords: adult; epidemiology; female; health care policy; health survey; human; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; public health; total quality management; United States; women's health, Adult; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Health Policy; Health Surveys; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Public Health; Quality Improvement; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303343_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sociodemographic disparities in proximity of schools to tobacco outlets and fast-food restaurants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: D'Angelo, H. Author-Name: Ammerman, A. Author-Name: Gordon-Larsen, P. Author-Name: Linnan, L. Author-Name: Lytle, L. Author-Name: Ribisl, K.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1556-1562 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303259 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the association of school sociodemographic characteristics with tobacco outlet and fast-food restaurant availability near schools in a national study. Methods. Business lists and data from the National Center for Education Statistics were used to calculate the numbers of tobacco outlets and fast-food restaurants within 800 meters of public schools in 97 US counties. Results. More than 50% of schools with a majority of Hispanic students had both a fast-food restaurant and tobacco outlet nearby, compared with 21% of schools with a majority of White students. In adjusted models, each 10% increase in the number of low-income and Hispanic students enrolled in a school led to a 3% to 5% increase in the odds of the school having both a fast-food restaurant and a tobacco outlet nearby. Conclusions. Low-income and Hispanic students are disproportionately exposed to both tobacco outlets and fast-food restaurants near their schools. Easy access to tobacco products and fast food may influence youth smoking initiation and contribute to poor dietary intake. Keywords: catering service; dietary intake; education; exposure; fast food; Hispanic; human; human experiment; juvenile; lowest income group; model; smoking; statistics; student; adolescent; commercial phenomena; demography; female; male; poverty; school; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; tobacco; United States, Adolescent; Commerce; Fast Foods; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Restaurants; Schools; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303259_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating public health interventions: 4. The nurses' health study and methods for eliminating bias attributable to measurement error and misclassification Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1563-1566 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303377 Abstract: The Nurses' Health Study and many other large longitudinal cohorts around the world use the food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intake over time, and to relate diet to health. Controversies concerning this questionnaire's ability to adequately measure diet have led to a flurry of methods for evaluating the magnitude of measurement error and misclassification in exposure assessment, and for correcting the point and interval estimates of effect on the basis of these assessment methods for this error. Nurses' Health Study investigators have been in the forefront of these developments and their applications, although hundreds of other investigators have also used them. This commentary provides an overview of the methods and their uses, and concludes with remarks on their potential applications in the evaluation of public health interventions. (Am J Public Health. 2016;106: 1563-1566. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2016.303377). Keywords: diet; dietary intake; exposure; food frequency questionnaire; human; human experiment; measurement error; nurse; adult; epidemiology; female; longitudinal study; mass screening; medical record; methodology; middle aged; observational study; public health; questionnaire; statistical bias; statistical model; United States; women's health, Adult; Bias (Epidemiology); Diet Records; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Nurses; Observational Studies as Topic; Public Health; Research Design; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303377_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acute gastroenteritis and recreational water: Highest burden among young US children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arnold, B.F. Author-Name: Wade, T.J. Author-Name: Benjamin-Chung, J. Author-Name: Schiff, K.C. Author-Name: Griffith, J.F. Author-Name: Dufour, A.P. Author-Name: Weisberg, S.B. Author-Name: Colford, J.M., Jr. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1690-1697 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303279 Abstract: Objectives. To provide summary estimates of gastroenteritis risks and illness burden associated with recreational water exposure and determine whether children have higher risks and burden. Methods. We combined individual participant data from 13 prospective cohorts at marine and freshwater beaches throughout the United States (n = 84 411).Wemeasured incident outcomes within 10 days of exposure: diarrhea, gastrointestinal illness, missed daily activity (work, school, vacation), and medical visits. We estimated the relationship between outcomes and 2 exposures: body immersion swimming and Enterococcus spp. fecal indicator bacteria levels in the water.We also estimated the population- Attributable risk associated with these exposures. Results. Water exposure accounted for 21% of diarrhea episodes and 9% of missed daily activities but was unassociated with gastroenteritis leading to medical consultation. Children aged 0 to 4 and 5 to 10 years had the most water exposure, exhibited stronger associations between levels of water quality and illness, and accounted for the largest attributable illness burden. Conclusions. The higher gastroenteritis risk and associated burden in young children presents important new information to inform future recreational water quality guidelines designed to protect public health. Keywords: acute disease; child; feces; female; gastroenteritis; human; incidence; infant; male; microbiology; preschool child; public health; recreation; risk factor; United States; water quality, Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Public Health; Recreation; Risk Factors; United States; Water Microbiology; Water Quality Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303279_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comprehensive reporting of adolescent pregnancy prevention programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cole, R.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S15-S16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303332 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303332_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contribution of the nurses' health study to the epidemiology of cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kang, J.H. Author-Name: Wu, J. Author-Name: Cho, E. Author-Name: Ogata, S. Author-Name: Jacques, P. Author-Name: Taylor, A. Author-Name: Chiu, C.-J. Author-Name: Wiggs, J.L. Author-Name: Seddon, J.M. Author-Name: Hankinson, S.E. Author-Name: Schaumberg, D.A. Author-Name: Pasquale, L.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1684-1689 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303317 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303317 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to understanding the genetic and lifestyle factors that influence the risk of cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Methods. We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS between 1976 and 2016. Results. The NHS has helped to elucidate the roles of genetics, lifestyle factors (e.g., cigarette smoking associated with cataract extraction and age-related macular degeneration), medical conditions (e.g., diabetes associated with cataract extraction and glaucoma), and dietary factors (e.g., greater carotenoid intake and lower glycemic diet associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration) in the etiology of degree and progression of lens opacities, cataract extraction, age-related macular degeneration, primary open- Angle glaucoma, and exfoliation glaucoma. Conclusions. The findings from the NHS, combined with those of other studies, have provided compelling evidence to support public health recommendations for helping to prevent age-related eye diseases: Abstinence from cigarette smoking, maintenance of healthy weight and diabetes prevention, and a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Keywords: adult; cataract; female; glaucoma; human; longitudinal study; macular degeneration; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Cataract; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Glaucoma; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Macular Degeneration; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303317_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diet, lifestyle, biomarkers, genetic factors, and risk of cardiovascular disease in the nurses' health studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yu, E. Author-Name: Rimm, E. Author-Name: Qi, L. Author-Name: Rexrode, K. Author-Name: Albert, C.M. Author-Name: Sun, Q. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Hu, F.B. Author-Name: Manson, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1616-1623 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303316 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303316 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contributions of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHSs) to the understanding of cardiovascular disease etiology in women. Methods.We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1976 and 2016. Results.Diets lowin trans fat, saturatedfat, refinedcarbohydrates, andsugar-sweetened beverages and rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and sources of unsaturated fats are associatedwith reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Healthy lifestyle choices include smoking avoidance, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body mass index, and moderate alcohol consumption. Adherence to a combination of these healthy diet and lifestyle behaviors may prevent most vascular events. Studies also covered oral contraceptive use, postmenopausal hormone therapy, shift work, sleep duration, psychosocial factors, and various biomarkers and genetic factors. Findings, such as the association of trans fat with cardiovascular disease, have helped shaped medical guidelines and government policies. Conclusions. The NHS has provided compelling evidence that the majority of vascular events may be prevented by avoiding smoking, participating in regular physical activity, maintaining normal body mass index, and eating a healthy diet. Keywords: biological marker, adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; diet; female; genetics; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303316_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preparing students to engage in public health research of consequence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rimer, B.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1546-1547 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303310 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303310 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303310_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: APHA Voices from the nurses' health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1530-1531 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303370 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303370_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impacts of an enhanced family health and sexuality module of the health teacher middle school curriculum: A cluster randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goesling, B. Author-Name: Scott, M.E. Author-Name: Cook, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S125-S131 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303392 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303392 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the impacts of an enhanced version of the Family Life and Sexuality Module of the HealthTeacher middle school curriculum. Methods. We conducted a cluster randomized trial of Chicago, Illinois, middle schools. We randomly assigned schools to a treatment group that received the intervention during the 2010-2011 school year or a control group that did not. The primary analysis sample included 595 students (7 schools) in the treatment group and 594 students (7 schools) in the control group. Results. Students in the treatment schools reported greater exposure to information on reproductive health topics such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs; 78% vs 60%; P<.01), abstinence (64% vs 37%; P<.01), and birth control (45% vs 29%; P<.01). They also reported higher average scores on an index of knowledge of contraceptive methods and STI transmission (0.5 vs 0.3; P=.02). We found no statistically significant differences in rates of sexual intercourse(12%vs12%;P=.99),oralsex(12%vs9%;P=.18),orotherintermediateoutcomes. Conclusions.The program had modest effects when tested among Chicago middle school students. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303392_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Informing the evidence base on adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections: Important lessons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goesling, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S7-S8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303334 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303334_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent pregnancy prevention programs and research: A time to revisit theory Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jenner, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S28-S29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303333 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303333_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The nurses' health study and the australian longitudinal study on women's health: Providing infrastructure for public health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dobson, A.J. Author-Name: Byles, J.E. Author-Name: Brown, W.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1533-1534 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303352 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303352_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Replicating the safer sex intervention: 9-month impact findings of a randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelsey, M. Author-Name: Walker, J.T. Author-Name: Layzer, J. Author-Name: Price, C. Author-Name: Juras, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S53-S59 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303372 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303372 Abstract: Objectives. To test the effects of the Safer Sex Intervention (SSI) on female adolescents' sexual behavior and possible antecedents of behavior such as sexual health attitudes, knowledge, motivation, intentions, and skills. Methods. A randomized controlled trial compared SSI (n = 1196) with no intervention (n = 613) among female adolescents aged 13 to 20 years at 3 sites across the United States from 2012 to 2015. Intent-to-treat impacts were estimated at 9 months after baseline, overall, and for key subgroups. Results. Compared with control participants, SSI participants were less likely to have sexual intercourse without birth control, more likely to report positive attitudes toward protection and intention to use condoms, and more confident of their ability to refuse sex. SSI did not affect sexual risk knowledge or motivation to delay childbearing. Positive impacts on sexual behavior and sexual risk were observed among key subgroups of youths who were aged 18 years or older, Hispanic, not sexually experienced at baseline, and enrolled at the Minnesota site. Conclusions. SSI produced meaningful changes in sexual behavior and sexual risk and successfully addressed some potential antecedents of sexual risk behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303372_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exogenous hormone use: Oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and health outcomes in the nurses' health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bhupathiraju, S.N. Author-Name: Grodstein, F. Author-Name: Stampfer, M.J. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Hu, F.B. Author-Name: Manson, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1631-1637 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303349 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to our understanding of the complex relationship between exogenous hormones and health outcomes in women. Methods.We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II from 1976 to 2016. Results. Oral contraceptive and postmenopausal hormone use were studied in relation to major health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Current or recent oral contraceptive use is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (mainly among smokers), melanoma, and breast cancer, and a lower risk of colorectal and ovarian cancer. Although hormone therapy is not indicated primarily for chronic disease prevention, findings from theNHS and a recent analysis of theWomen's Health Initiative indicate that younger women who are closer to menopause onset have a more favorable risk-benefit profile than do older women from use of hormone therapy for relief of vasomotor symptoms. Conclusions. With updated information on hormone use, lifestyle factors, and other variables, the NHS and NHS II continue to contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between exogenous hormones and health outcomes in women. Keywords: oral contraceptive agent, adult; epidemiology; female; hormone substitution; human; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; outcome assessment; postmenopause; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Contraceptives, Oral; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Postmenopause; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303349_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long- Term cohort studies in Brazil: on the tracks of the nurses' health study and beyond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barreto, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1534-1536 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303330 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303330_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Randomized trials of the teen outreach program in Louisiana and Rochester, New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robinson, W.T. Author-Name: Seibold-Simpson, S.M. Author-Name: Crean, H.F. Author-Name: Spruille-White, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S39-S44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303403 Abstract: Objectives.To evaluate the Teen Outreach Program, a pregnancy prevention program, in 2 community-based settings. Methods. We evaluated the Teen Outreach Program, a 9-month positive youth development program, in 3 cohorts of youths from 2012 to 2015 in 2 states. In Louisiana, 7 agencies participated in an individualized randomized controlled trial, with youths randomly assigned to a treatment or control condition. Fourteen agencies in Rochester, New York, participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial. Results. We found no differences between the intervention and control youths on delay of sexual onset in Louisiana (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62, 1.03) or in Rochester, New York (AOR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.45, 1.77), or for sex with no effective means of birth control (Louisiana, AOR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.78, 1.78; Rochester,AOR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.13, 1.27) after controlling for relevant covariates. Conclusions. We found no short-term effects for the offer of the intervention. Research might be needed for the long-term and intermediate impacts of youth development programs on these and other adolescent risk behaviors. Keywords: adolescent; behavior; birth control; case report; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; human; juvenile; Louisiana; New York; odds ratio; randomized controlled trial Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303403_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A strategic approach to eliminating sexual orientation-related health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cochran, S.D. Author-Name: Mays, V.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303271 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303271_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 120 000 Nurses who shook public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1528-1529 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303345 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303345 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303345_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology of major neurodegenerative diseases in women: Contribution of the nurses' health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagan, K.A. Author-Name: Munger, K.L. Author-Name: Ascherio, A. Author-Name: Grodstein, F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1650-1655 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303324 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303324 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to identifying the role of lifestyle, diet, and genetic or biological factors in several neurodegenerative diseases, including cognitivedecline,multiplesclerosis,Parkinson'sdisease,andamyotrophiclateral sclerosis. Methods. We completed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1976 and 2016. Results. In primary findings for cognitive function, higher intake of nuts, moderate alcohol consumption, and higher physical activity levels were associated with better cognitive function. Flavonoids, physical activity, and postmenopausal hormone therapywere related to cognitive decline over 2 to 6 years.TheNHS also has been integral in establishing Epstein-Barr virus infection, inadequatevitaminDnutrition, cigarette smoking, and obesity as risk factors for multiple sclerosis and inverse associations between cigarette smoking and caffeine and risk of Parkinson's disease. Increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been associated with cigarette smoking and decreased risk associated with obesity. Conclusions. The NHS has provided invaluable resources on neurodegenerative diseases and contributed to their etiological understanding. We anticipate that the NHS cohorts will contin. Keywords: adult; epidemiology; female; human; longitudinal study; middle aged; Neurodegenerative Diseases; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303324_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diet assessment methods in the nurses' health studies and contribution to evidence-based nutritional policies and guidelines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hu, F.B. Author-Name: Satija, A. Author-Name: Rimm, E.B. Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Author-Name: Sampson, L. Author-Name: Rosner, B. Author-Name: Camargo, C.A., Jr. Author-Name: Stampfer, M. Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1567-1572 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303348 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Studies (NHSs) to diet assessment methods and evidence-based nutritional policies and guidelines. Methods.We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1976 and 2016. Results. Through periodic assessment of diet by validated dietary questionnaires over 40 years, the NHSs have identified dietary determinants of diseases such as breast and other cancers; obesity; type 2 diabetes; cardiovascular, respiratory, and eye diseases; and neurodegenerative and mental health disorders. Nutritional biomarkers were assessed using blood, urine, and toenail samples. Robust findings, from the NHSs, together with evidence from other large cohorts and randomized dietary intervention trials, have contributed to the evidence base for developing dietary guidelines and nutritional policies to reduce intakes of trans fat, saturated fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meats, and refined carbohydrates while promoting higher intake of healthy fats and carbohydrates and overall healthful dietary patterns. Conclusions. The long- Term, periodically collected dietary data in the NHSs, with documented reliability and validity, have contributed extensively to our understanding of the dietary determinants of various diseases, informing dietary guidelines and shaping nutritional policy. Keywords: biological marker, adult; epidemiology; evidence based medicine; female; human; longitudinal study; medical record; middle aged; nurse; nutrition policy; prospective study; public health; United States, Adult; Biomarkers; Diet Records; Epidemiologic Studies; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Nutrition Policy; Prospective Studies; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303348_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nurses' health study contributions on the epidemiology of less common cancers: Endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, and hematologic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Birmann, B.M. Author-Name: Barnard, M.E. Author-Name: Bertrand, K.A. Author-Name: Bao, Y. Author-Name: Crous-Bou, M. Author-Name: Wolpin, B.M. Author-Name: De Vivo, I. Author-Name: Tworoger, S.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1608-1615 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303337 Abstract: Objectives. To review the contributions of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) to epidemiologic knowledge of endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, and hematologic cancers. Methods. We reviewed selected NHS publications from 1976 to 2016, including publications from consortia and other pooled studies. Results. NHS studies on less common cancers have identified novel risk factors, such as a reduced risk of endometrial cancer in women of advanced age at last birth, and have clarified or prospectively confirmed previously reported associations, including an inverse association between tubal ligation andovarian cancer.Throughbiomarker research, theNHS has furthered understanding of the pathogenesis of rare cancers, such as the role of altered metabolism in pancreatic cancer risk and survival. NHS investigations have also demonstrated the importance of the timing of exposure, such as the finding of a positive association of early life body fatness, but not of usual adult body mass index, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. Conclusions. Evidence from theNHS has informed prevention strategies and contributed to improved survival from less common but often lethal malignancies, including endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, and hematologic cancers. Keywords: adult; Endometrial Neoplasms; female; Hematologic Neoplasms; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; Ovarian Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Endometrial Neoplasms; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Hematologic Neoplasms; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Ovarian Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303337_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Key findings on alcohol consumption and a variety of health outcomes from the nurses' health study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mostofsky, E. Author-Name: Mukamal, K.J. Author-Name: Giovannucci, E.L. Author-Name: Stampfer, M.J. Author-Name: Rimm, E.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1586-1591 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303336 Abstract: Objectives. To review critical contributions from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) on alcohol consumption and health outcomes. Methods. We performed a narrative review of NHS (1980-2012) and NHS II (1989- 2011) publications. Results. Using detailed information on self-reported alcohol drinking patterns obtained approximately every 4 years combined with extensive information on diet, lifestyle habits, and physician-diagnosed health conditions, NHS investigators have prospectively examined the risks and benefits associated with alcohol consumption. Moderate intake, defined as up to 1 drink a day, is associated with a lower risk of hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, sudden cardiac death, gallstones, cognitive decline, and all-cause mortality. However, even moderate intake places women at higher risk for breast cancer and bone fractures, and higher intake increases risk for colon polyps and colon cancer. Conclusions. Regular alcohol intake has both risks and benefits. In analyses using repeated assessments of alcohol over time and deaths from all causes, women with low to moderate intake and regular frequency (> 3 days/week) had the lowest risk of mortality compared with abstainers and women who consumed substantially more than 1 drink per day. Keywords: adult; adverse effects; drinking behavior; epidemiology; female; human; lifestyle; longitudinal study; middle aged; nurse; prospective study; risk factor; United States; women's health, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Life Style; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nurses; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303336_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weight control intervention for truck drivers: The SHIFT Randomized controlled trial, United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Olson, R. Author-Name: Wipfli, B. Author-Name: Thompson, S.V. Author-Name: Elliot, D.L. Author-Name: Anger, W.K. Author-Name: Bodner, T. Author-Name: Hammer, L.B. Author-Name: Perrin, N.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: 1698-1706 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303262 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Safety and Health Involvement For Truckers (SHIFT) intervention with a randomized controlled design. Methods. The multicomponent intervention was a weight-loss competition supported with body weight and behavioral self-monitoring, computer-based training, and motivational interviewing. We evaluated intervention effectiveness with a cluster-randomized design involving 22 terminals from 5 companies in the United States in 2012 to 2014. Companies were required to provide interstate transportation services and operate at least 2 larger terminals. We randomly assigned terminals to intervention or usual practice control conditions. We assessed participating drivers (n = 452) at baseline and 6 months. Results. In an intent- To- Treat analysis, the postintervention difference between groups in mean body mass index change was 1.00 kilograms per meters squared (P < .001; intervention = -0.73; control = +0.27). Behavioral changes included statistically significant improvements in fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity. Conclusions. Results establish the effectiveness of a multicomponent and remotely administered intervention for producing significant weight loss among commercial truck drivers. Keywords: behavior change; body mass; comparative effectiveness; competition; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; driver; fruit; human; major clinical study; motivational interviewing; physical activity; randomized controlled trial; self monitoring; United States; vegetable; weight control; weight reduction; car driving; competitive behavior; female; health behavior; male; middle aged; motor vehicle; obesity; program evaluation; treatment outcome; United States; weight reduction, Automobile Driving; Competitive Behavior; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivational Interviewing; Motor Vehicles; Obesity; Program Evaluation; Treatment Outcome; United States; Weight Loss Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303262_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Establishing an evaluation technical assistance contract to support studies in meeting the US department of health and human services evidence standards Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cole, R.P. Author-Name: Zief, S.G. Author-Name: Knab, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: Pages: S22-S24 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303359 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303359_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ploubidis et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ploubidis, G.B. Author-Name: Silverwood, R. Author-Name: De Stavola, B. Author-Name: Grundy, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 9 Pages: e2-e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303309 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303309 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303309_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Could raising the minimum wage improve the public's health? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leigh, J.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1355-1356 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303288 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303288_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health detailing-A successful strategy to promote judicious opioid analgesic prescribing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kattan, J.A. Author-Name: Tuazon, E. Author-Name: Paone, D. Author-Name: Dowell, D. Author-Name: Vo, L. Author-Name: Starrels, J.L. Author-Name: Jones, C.M. Author-Name: Kunins, H.V. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1430-1438 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303274 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate knowledge and prescribing changes following a 2-month public health detailing campaign (one-to-one educational visits) about judicious opioid analgesic prescribing conducted among health care providers in Staten Island, New York City, in 2013. Methods. Three detailing campaign recommendations were (1) a 3-day supply of opioids is usually sufficient for acute pain, (2) avoid prescribing opioids for chronic noncancer pain, and (3) avoid high-dose opioid prescriptions. Evaluation consisted of a knowledge survey, and assessing prescribing rates and median day supply per prescription. Prescribing data from the 3-month period before the campaign were compared with 2 sequential 3-month periods after the campaign. Results. Among 866 health care providers visited, knowledge increased for all 3 recommendations (P < .01). After the campaign, the overall prescribing rate decreased similarly in Staten Island and other New York City counties (boroughs), but the high-dose prescribing rate decreased more in Staten Island than in other boroughs (P < .01). Median day supply remained stable in Staten Island and increased in other boroughs. Conclusions. The public health detailing campaign improved knowledge and likely prescribing practices and could be considered by other jurisdictions to promote judicious opioid prescribing. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, attitude to health; chronic pain; clinical practice; dose response; human; medical education; New York; organization and management; pain; prescription; public health service; statistics and numerical data, Analgesics, Opioid; Chronic Pain; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Prescriptions; Education, Medical, Continuing; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; New York City; Pain; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Public Health Practice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303274_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Repeated concussions: Time to spur action among vulnerable veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Uchendu, U.S. Author-Name: Omalu, B.I. Author-Name: Cifu, D.X. Author-Name: Egede, L.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1366-1368 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303293 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303293_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young people's more permissive views about marijuana: Local impact of state laws or national trend? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schmidt, L.A. Author-Name: Jacobs, L.M. Author-Name: Spetz, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1498-1503 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303153 Abstract: Objectives. To determine whether state medical marijuana laws "send the wrong message," that is, have a local influence on the views of young people about the risks of using marijuana. Methods.Weperformed multilevel, serial, cross-sectional analyses on 10 annual waves of the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2004-2013) nationally and for states with marijuana laws using individual- and state-level controls. Results. Living in medical marijuana states was associated with more permissive views regarding marijuana across 5 different measures. However, these associations became non-statistically significant after we adjusted for state-level differences. By contrast, there was a consistent and significant national time trend toward more permissive attitudes, which was less pronounced among children of middle school age than it was among their older counterparts. Conclusions. Passing medical marijuana laws does not seem to directly affect the views of young people in medical marijuana states. However, there is a national trend toward young people taking more permissive views about marijuana independent of any effects within states. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: medical cannabis, adolescent; adult; age; attitude; cannabis smoking; child; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; psychology; risk assessment; socioeconomics; time factor; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Attitude; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Medical Marijuana; Risk Assessment; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303153_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Returns on investment in California county departments of public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1477-1482 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303233 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate the average return on investment for the overall activities of county departments of public health in California. Methods. I gathered the elements necessary to estimate the average return on investment for county departments of public health in California during the period 2001 to 2008-2009. These came from peer-reviewed journal articles published as part of a larger project todevelop amethod for determiningreturnon investment forpublic health by using a health economics framework. I combined these elements by using the standard formula for computing return on investment, and performed a sensitivity analysis. Then I compared the return on investment for county departments of public health with the returns on investment generated for various aspects of medical care. Results. The estimated return on investment from $1 invested in county departments of public health in California ranges from $67.07 to $88.21. Conclusions. The very large estimated return on investment for California county departments of public health relative to the return on investment for selected aspects of medical care suggests that public health is a wise investment. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: California; health economics; investment; medical care; public health; California; economic model; economics; health status; human; investment; public health; statistics and numerical data, California; Economics, Medical; Health Status; Humans; Investments; Models, Economic; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303233_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Capitalizing on natural experiments to improve our understanding of population health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bor, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1388-1389 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303294 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303294_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The ongoing opioid prescription epidemic: Historical context Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meldrum, M.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1365-1366 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303297 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303297_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing hepatitis B vaccine prevalence among refugee children arriving in the United States, 2006-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yun, K. Author-Name: Urban, K. Author-Name: Mamo, B. Author-Name: Matheson, J. Author-Name: Payton, C. Author-Name: Scott, K.C. Author-Name: Song, L. Author-Name: Stauffer, W.M. Author-Name: Stone, B.L. Author-Name: Young, J. Author-Name: Lin, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1460-1462 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303203 Abstract: Objectives. To determine whether the addition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine to national immunization programs improved vaccination rates among refugee children, a marginalized population with limited access to care. Methods.The sample included 2291 refugees younger than 19 years who completed HBV screening after arrival in the United States. Children were categorized by having been born before or after the addition of the 3-dose HBV vaccine to their birth country's national immunization program. The outcome was serological evidence of immunization. Results. The odds of serological evidence of HBV immunization were higher for children born after the addition of HBV vaccine to their birth country's national immunization program (adjusted odds ratio = 2.54; 95% confidence interval = 2.04, 3.15). Conclusions. National HBV vaccination programs have contributed to the increase in HBV vaccination coverage observed among US-bound refugee children. Public Health Implications. Ongoing public health surveillance is needed to ensure that vaccine rates are sustained among diverse, conflict-affected, displaced populations. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: hepatitis B antibody; hepatitis B surface antigen; hepatitis B vaccine, adolescent; blood; child; female; global health; health survey; human; immunology; infant; male; preschool child; prevalence; preventive health service; refugee; retrospective study; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Global Health; Hepatitis B Antibodies; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Male; Prevalence; Public Health Surveillance; Refugees; Retrospective Studies; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303203_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intersection of living in a rural versus urban area and race/ethnicity in explaining access to health care in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Caldwell, J.T. Author-Name: Ford, C.L. Author-Name: Wallace, S.P. Author-Name: Wang, M.C. Author-Name: Takahashi, L.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1463-1469 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303212 Abstract: Objectives. To examine whether living in a rural versus urban area differentially exposes populations to social conditions associated with disparities in access to health care. Methods. We linked Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2005-2010) data to geographic data from the American Community Survey (2005-2009) and Area Health Resource File (2010). We categorized census tracts as rural and urban by using the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. Respondent sample sizes ranged from 49 839 to 105 306. Outcomes were access to a usual source of health care, cholesterol screening, cervical screening, dental visit within recommended intervals, and health care needs met. Results. African Americans in rural areas had lower odds of cholesterol screening (odds ratio[OR] = 0.37;95%confidence interval[CI] = 0.25,0.57) andcervical screening(OR= 0.48; 95% CI = 0.29, 0.80) than African Americans in urban areas. Whites had fewer screenings and dental visits in rural versus urban areas. There were mixed results for which racial/ ethnic group had better access. Conclusions. Rural status confers additional disadvantage for most of the health care use measures, independently of poverty and health care supply. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: cholesterol, adolescent; adult; African American; ancestry group; blood; Caucasian; dental procedure; ethnic group; female; health care delivery; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; patient care; rural population; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; urban population; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Cholesterol; Continental Population Groups; Dental Care; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient-Centered Care; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Urban Population; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303212_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intimate partner victimization and health risk behaviors among pregnant adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Udo, I.E. Author-Name: Lewis, J.B. Author-Name: Tobin, J.N. Author-Name: Ickovics, J.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1457-1459 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303202 Abstract: Objectives. To provide lifetime estimates of intimate partner victimization among pregnant adolescents and examine associations between victimization and health risk behaviors identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as leading causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality. Methods. Participants (n = 1233) were predominantly Latina (58%) and non-Latina Black (34%) pregnant adolescents (aged 14-21 years) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of group prenatal care in 14 clinical sites in New York City (2008-2012). They completed surveys to assess interpersonal victimization and risk behaviors: substance use, risky sexual behaviors, injuries or violence, unhealthy dietary behavior, and inadequate physical activity. Results. Fifty-two percent reported intimate partner victimization, which was associated with nearly all health risk behaviors. Conclusions. Pregnant adolescents who experienced intimate partner victimization were significantly more likely to engage in health risk behaviors, which can have adverse health consequences. Expanded prevention programs tailored to specific needs of pregnant adolescents are needed. Health care providers and others who work with pregnant adolescents should consistently screen for and intervene in intimate partner victimization. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; African American; crime victim; diet; drug dependence; epidemiology; ethnology; exercise; female; health behavior; high risk behavior; Hispanic; human; New York; partner violence; pregnancy; pregnant woman; risk factor; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; African Americans; Crime Victims; Diet; Exercise; Female; Health Behavior; Hispanic Americans; Humans; New York City; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303202_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The terminology of community health workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wennerstrom, A. Author-Name: Rush, C.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303248 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303248_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Outstanding services to negro health": Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women physicians' public health activism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gamble, V.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1397-1404 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303252 Abstract: An examination of the lives and careers of physician-activists Dorothy Boulding Ferebee (1898-1972) and Virginia M. Alexander (1899-1949) demonstrates how Black physicians in the first half of the 20th century used public health to improve the health of Black Americans and provides insights into the experiences of Black women physicians. I discuss their professional and personal backgrounds and analyze their divergent strategies to address health inequities. Ferebee used her leadership in Black women's organizations to develop public health programs and become a national advocate for Black health. Alexander, a Quaker, used her religious connections to urge Whites to combat racism in medicine. She also conducted public health research and connected it to health activism. Both were passionate advocates of health equity long before it gained prominence as a major public health issue. An analysis of their work illuminates past efforts to improve the health of Black Americans. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: African American; career; Caucasian; female; female physician; health equity; human; human experiment; leadership; organization; public health; Quaker; racism; female physician; history; public health, African Americans; Female; History, 20th Century; Humans; Leadership; Physicians, Women; Public Health; Racism Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303252_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Formative work and community engagement approaches for implementing an HIV intervention in Botswana schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, K.S. Author-Name: Cham, H.J. Author-Name: Taylor, E.M. Author-Name: Berrier, F.L. Author-Name: Duffy, M. Author-Name: Vig, J. Author-Name: Chipazi, L. Author-Name: Chakalisa, C. Author-Name: Sidibe, S. Author-Name: Swart, K. Author-Name: Tau, N.S. Author-Name: Clark, L.F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1439-1441 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303225 Abstract: Providing adolescents with evidence-based sexual risk reduction interventions is critical to addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Project AIM (Adult Identity Mentoring) is an innovative, evidence-based, youth development intervention that is being evaluated for the first time in Botswana through a 3-year (2015-2017), 50-school cluster randomized controlled trial, including testing for herpes simplex virus type 2 as a sexual activity biomarker. Conducting a trial of this magnitude requires the support and collaboration of government and community stakeholders. All school staff, including teachers, must be well informed about the study; dedicated staff placed at each school can help to improve school and community familiarity with the study, improve the information flow, and relieve some of the burden study activities places on schools. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; Botswana; child; clinical trial; community participation; controlled study; female; Herpes simplex virus 2; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; human; in service training; isolation and purification; male; multicenter study; organization and management; procedures; program evaluation; randomized controlled trial; sexual behavior; sexual education, Adolescent; Botswana; Child; Community Participation; Female; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; Humans; Inservice Training; Male; Program Evaluation; Risk-Taking; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303225_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population survey features and response rates: A randomized experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guo, Y. Author-Name: Kopec, J.A. Author-Name: Cibere, J. Author-Name: Li, L.C. Author-Name: Goldsmith, C.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1422-1426 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303198 Abstract: Objectives. To study the effects of several survey features on response rates in a general population health survey. Methods. In 2012 and 2013, 8000 households in British Columbia, Canada, were randomly allocated to 1 of 7 survey variants, each containing a different combination of survey features. Features compared included administration modes (paper vs online), prepaid incentive ($2 coin vs none), lottery incentive (instant vs end-of-study), questionnaire length (10minutes vs 30minutes), and sampling frame (InfoCanada vs Canada Post). Results. The overall response rate across the 7 groups was 27.9% (range = 17.1-43.4). All survey features except the sampling frame were associated with statistically significant differences in response rates. The survey mode elicited the largest effect on the odds of response (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.61, 2.59), whereas the sampling frame showed the least effect (OR = 1.14; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.34).The highest response was achieved by mailing a short paper survey with a prepaid incentive. Conclusions. In a mailed general population health survey in Canada, a 40% to 50% response rate can be expected. Questionnaire administration mode, survey length, and type of incentive affect response rates. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: British Columbia; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; health survey; household; human; odds ratio; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; sampling; adult; aged; controlled study; female; male; methodology; middle aged; motivation; postal mail; procedures; statistics and numerical data; time factor, Adult; Aged; British Columbia; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Odds Ratio; Postal Service; Research Design; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303198_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Willingness to use health insurance at a sexually transmitted disease clinic: A survey of patients at 21 US clinics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearson, W.S. Author-Name: Cramer, R. Author-Name: Tao, G. Author-Name: Leichliter, J.S. Author-Name: Gift, T.L. Author-Name: Hoover, K.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1511-1513 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303263 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303263 Abstract: Objectives. To survey patients of publicly funded sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics across the United States about their willingness to use health insurance for their visit. Methods. In 2013, we identified STD clinics in 21 US metropolitan statistical areas with the highest rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance reports. Patients attending the identified STD clinics completed a total of 4364 surveys (response rate = 86.6%). Results. Nearly half of the insured patients were willing to use their health insurance. Patients covered by government insurance were more likely to be willing to use their health insurance compared with those covered by private insurance (odds ratio [OR] = 3.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.79, 4.65), and patients covered by their parents' insurance were less likely to be willing to use their insurance compared with those covered by private insurance (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.52, 1.00). Reasons for unwillingness to use insurance were privacy and out-of-pocket cost. Conclusions. Before full implementation of the Affordable Care Act, privacy and cost were barriers to using health insurance for STD services. Public Health Implications. Barriers to using health insurance for STD services could be reduced through addressing issues of stigma associated with STD care and considering alternative payment sources for STD services. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; financial management; health insurance; human; male; medical care; outpatient department; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; social stigma; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Female; Financing, Personal; Humans; Insurance, Health; Male; Medical Assistance; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Stigma; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303263_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The protection to women's fundamental rights violated by the zika virus epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Diniz, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303246 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303246_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parental race/ethnicity and adverse birth outcomes in New York City: 2000-2010 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borrell, L.N. Author-Name: Rodriguez-Alvarez, E. Author-Name: Savitz, D.A. Author-Name: Baquero, M.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1491-1497 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303242 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the association of maternal race/ethnicity only and parental race/ethnicity jointly with adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight, small for gestational age, preterm birth, and infant mortality) among New York City women. Methods. We used Bureau of Vital Statistics, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene birth- and death-linked data from 2000 to 2010 (n = 984 807) to quantify the association of maternal race/ethnicity and parental race/ethnicity concordance or discordance with each outcome. Results. By maternal race/ethnicity, infants of non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Asian women had risks of adverse birth outcomes between 10% and 210% greater than infants of non-Hispanic White women. Infants of non-Hispanic Black, Asian, and Hispanic couples exhibited higher risk of adverse birth outcomes than infants of non-Hispanic White couples. Moreover, parental racial/ethnic discordance was associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, with highest risks for pairings of Asian men with non- Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic women, and of Asian women with non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic men. Conclusions. Parental race/ethnicity discordance may add stress to women during pregnancy, affecting birth outcomes. Thus, parental race/ethnicity should be considered when examining such outcomes. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adult; African American; Asian American; Caucasian; epidemiology; ethnology; father; female; gestational age; health behavior; Hispanic; human; infant; infant mortality; low birth weight; male; mother; New York; parent; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; prematurity; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data, Adult; African Americans; Asian Americans; European Continental Ancestry Group; Fathers; Female; Gestational Age; Health Behavior; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Male; Mothers; New York City; Parents; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303242_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Austin responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Austin, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e12-e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303255 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303255_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality among adults with intellectual disability in England: Comparisons with the general population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hosking, F.J. Author-Name: Carey, I.M. Author-Name: Shah, S.M. Author-Name: Harris, T. Author-Name: DeWilde, S. Author-Name: Beighton, C. Author-Name: Cook, D.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1483-1490 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303240 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303240 Abstract: Objectives.To describe mortality among adults with intellectual disability in England in comparison with the general population. Methods. We conducted a cohort study from 2009 to 2013 using data from 343 general practices. Adults with intellectual disability (n = 16 666; 656 deaths) were compared with age-, gender-, and practice-matched controls (n = 113 562; 1358 deaths). Results. Adults with intellectual disability had higher mortality rates than controls (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3, 3.9). This risk remained high after adjustment for comorbidity, smoking, and deprivation (HR = 3.1; 95%CI = 2.7, 3.4); it was even higher among adults with intellectual disability and Down syndrome or epilepsy. A total of 37.0% of all deaths among adults with intellectual disability were classified as being amenable to health care intervention, compared with 22.5% in the general population (HR = 5.9; 95% CI = 5.1, 6.8). Conclusions. Mortality among adults with intellectual disability is markedly elevated in comparison with the general population, with more than a third of deaths potentially amenable to health care interventions. This mortality disparity suggests the need to improve access to, and quality of, health care among people with intellectual disability. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; adult; autism; cause of death; comorbidity; Down syndrome; England; epidemiology; epilepsy; female; human; intellectual impairment; male; middle aged; mortality; premature mortality; retrospective study; risk factor; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cause of Death; Comorbidity; Down Syndrome; England; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality, Premature; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303240_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: First medicare demonstration of concurrent provision of curative and hospice services for end-of-life care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harrison, K.L. Author-Name: Connor, S.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1405-1408 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303238 Abstract: Hospice developed in the United States in the 1970s as a way to address unmet needs for endof- life care: support for pain and symptommanagementprovided in the location and manner that the patient and family prefer. In Europe and Australia, hospice is available from the time of diagnosis of an advanced lifelimiting illness onward, but in the United States, the Medicare hospice benefit restricts eligibility for these services to patients who no longer receive curative treatment. We provide background and analysis of the first Medicare hospice demonstration in 35 years that will test the concurrent provision of curative and hospice services for terminally ill individuals with a life expectancy of sixmonths or less. This demonstration is a harbinger of potential policy changes tohospiceandpalliative care in the United States that could reduce barriers to end-oflife care that aligns with patient and family preferences as the demand for care increases with an aging population. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: government; health care delivery; hospice care; human; legislation and jurisprudence; medicare; organization and management; policy; terminal care; United States, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (U.S.); Eligibility Determination; Health Services Accessibility; Hospice Care; Humans; Medicare; Policy; Terminal Care; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303238_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Employment status and poor adult health outcomes among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greene, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303254 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303254_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Projecting the impact of the affordable care act provisions on accessibility and availability of primary care providers for the adult population in Georgia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gentili, M. Author-Name: Harati, P. Author-Name: Serban, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1470-1476 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303222 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate how met need for accessibility and availability of primary care among nonelderly individuals in Georgia will be affected by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) over the next 10 years. Methods. We used a stock-and-flow model to predict the number of available visits from 2013 to 2025, regression models to project needed visits, and an optimization model to estimatemet need.The outputs of thesemodelswere used to estimate unmet need and the availability and accessibility of primary care. Results. Our findings showed that the number of primary care providers will increase by 9.2% to 11.7% by 2025 and that the number of needed visits will increase by 20%. Under Medicaid expansion, the percentage of met need will increase from 67% to 80%. Accessibility will improve by 20% under expansion, and availability will decrease by 13% to 19% under expansion. Conclusions. The ACAs' provisions will reduce unmet need and positively affect accessibility while reducing availability in some communities. Increased need because of a larger Medicaid population under Medicaid expansion will not be a significant burden on the privately insured population. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adult; human; medicaid; primary medical care; statistical model; female; Georgia; health care delivery; health care policy; male; medically uninsured; middle aged; primary health care; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adult; Female; Georgia; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Primary Health Care; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303222_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the August 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1354-1355 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303298 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303298_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of an increased minimum wage on infant mortality and birth weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Komro, K.A. Author-Name: Livingston, M.D. Author-Name: Markowitz, S. Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1514-1516 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the effects of state minimum wage laws on low birth weight and infant mortality in the United States. Methods.Weestimatedtheeffectsof state-levelminimumwage lawsusingadifferencein- differences approach on rates of lowbirthweight (< 2500 g) and postneonatalmortality (28-364 days) by state andmonth from1980 through 2011. All models included state and year fixed effects as well as state-specific covariates. Results. Across all models, a dollar increase in the minimum wage above the federal level was associated with a 1% to 2% decrease in low birth weight births and a 4% decrease in postneonatal mortality. Conclusions. If all states in 2014 had increased their minimum wages by 1 dollar, there would likely have been 2790 fewer low birth weight births and 518 fewer postneonatal deaths for the year. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: birth weight; epidemiology; human; infant; infant mortality; salary and fringe benefit; statistics and numerical data; United States, Birth Weight; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ability of HIV advocacy to modifybehavioral norms and treatment impact: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sunguya, B.F. Author-Name: Munisamy, M. Author-Name: Pongpanich, S. Author-Name: Yasuoka, J. Author-Name: Jimba, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e1-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303179 Abstract: Background. HIV advocacy programs are partly responsible for the global community's success in reducing the burden of HIV. The rising wave of the globalburdenofnoncommunicablediseases (NCDs)has promptedtheWorld Health Organization to espouse NCD advocacy efforts as a possible preventive strategy. HIV and NCDs share some similarities in their chronicity and risky behaviors, which are their associated etiology. Therefore, pooled evidence on the effectiveness ofHIV advocacy programs and ideas shared could be replicated and applied during the conceptualization of NCD advocacy programs. Such evidence, however, has not been systematically reviewed to address the effectiveness of HIV advocacy programs, particularly programs that aimed at changing public behaviors deemed as risk factors. Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of HIV advocacy programs and draw lessons from those that are effective to strengthen future noncommunicable disease advocacy programs. Search methods. We searched for evidence regarding the effectiveness of HIV advocacy programs in medical databases: PubMed, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus, Educational Resources and Information Center, andWeb of Science, with articles dated from 1994 to 2014. Search criteria. The review protocol was registered before this review. The inclusion criteria were studies on advocacy programs or interventions. We selected studies with the following designs: randomized controlled design studies, pre-post intervention studies, cohorts and other longitudinal studies, quasi-experimental design studies, and cross-sectional studies that reported changes in outcome variables of interest following advocacy programs. We constructed Boolean search terms and used them in PubMed as well as other databases, in line with a population, intervention, comparator, and outcome question. The flow of evidence search and reporting followed the standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Data collection and analysis. We selected 2 outcome variables (i.e., changing social norms and a change in impact) out of 6 key outcomes of advocacy interventions.We assessed the riskof bias for all selected studies by using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized studies and using the Risk of Bias for Nonrandomized Observational Studies for observational studies. We did not grade the collective quality of evidence because of differences between the studies, with regard to methods, study designs, and context. Moreover, we could not carry out meta-analyses because of heterogeneity and the diverse study designs; thus,we used a narrative synthesis to report the findings. Main results. Atotal of25studieswereeligible, ofthe1463studies retrieved from selected databases. Twenty-two of the studies indicated a shift in social norms as a result of HIV advocacyprograms, and3indicateda changein impact. We drew 6 lessons from these programs that may be useful for noncommunicable disease advocacy: (1) involving at-risk populations in advocacy programs, (2) working with laypersons and community members, (3) working with peer advocates and activists, (4) targeting specific age groups and asking support from celebrities, (5) targeting several, but specific, risk factors, and (6) using an evidence-based approach through formative research. Author conclusions. HIV advocacy programs have been effective in shifting social norms and facilitating a change in impact. Public health implications. The lessons learned from these effective programs could be used to improve the design and implementation of future noncommunicable disease advocacy programs. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: health behavior; health promotion; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; human; organization and management; patient attitude; psychology; self concept; sexual behavior; social norm; social stigma, Health Behavior; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Risk-Taking; Self Efficacy; Sexual Behavior; Social Norms; Social Stigma Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303179_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of American Indian health service training in pain management and opioid substance use disorder Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katzman, J.G. Author-Name: Fore, C. Author-Name: Bhatt, S. Author-Name: Greenberg, N. Author-Name: Salvador, J.G. Author-Name: Comerci, G.C. Author-Name: Camarata, C. Author-Name: Marr, L. Author-Name: Monette, R. Author-Name: Arora, S. Author-Name: Bradford, A. Author-Name: Taylor, D. Author-Name: Dillow, J. Author-Name: Karol, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1427-1429 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303193 Abstract: Weexamined thebenefits of a collaboration between the IndianHealth Service and an academic medical center to address the high rates of unintentional drug overdose in American Indians/Alaska Natives. In January 2015, the Indian Health Service became the first federal agency to mandate training in pain and opioid substance use disorder for all prescribing clinicians. More than 1300 Indian Health Service clinicians were trained in 7 possible 5-hour courses specific to pain and addiction. We noted positive changes in pre- and postcourse knowledge, self-efficacy, and attitudes aswell as thematic responses showing the trainings to be comprehensive, interactive, and convenient. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, American Indian; analgesia; attitude to health; clinical practice; cooperation; ethnology; health personnel attitude; human; Inuit; medical education; Opioid-Related Disorders; organization and management; procedures; public health service; self concept; teaching; United States; university hospital, Academic Medical Centers; Analgesics, Opioid; Attitude of Health Personnel; Computer-Assisted Instruction; Cooperative Behavior; Education, Medical, Continuing; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Opioid-Related Disorders; Pain Management; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Self Efficacy; United States; United States Indian Health Service Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303193_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family-focused preventive interventions with cancer cosurvivors: A call to action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Niemelä, M. Author-Name: Marshall, C.A. Author-Name: Kroll, T. Author-Name: Curran, M. Author-Name: Koerner, S.S. Author-Name: Räsänen, S. Author-Name: García, F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1381-1387 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303178 Abstract: Health promotion and preventive action in the context of public health interventions for highly prevalent, long-term conditions such as cancer are rarely geared toward the family as a whole. Yet familymembers, as cancer cosurvivors,must manage their own substantial stress and multiple caregiving responsibilities and often constitute a critical nexus between individual patients and clinicians. We drew on 2 examples of cancer cosurvivorship from 2 different health service contexts, the United States and Finland. A systemic approach in public health is needed to support family members who not only have to confront the meaning of long-term conditions such as cancer but also may have to manage concurrent social life challenges and stressors such as economic hardship. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: caregiver; child of impaired parents; coping behavior; family; Finland; health promotion; human; mental stress; neoplasm; organization and management; psychology; social support; socioeconomics; United States, Adaptation, Psychological; Caregivers; Child of Impaired Parents; Family; Finland; Health Promotion; Humans; Neoplasms; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303178_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The elusive promise of LGBT equality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meyer, I.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1356-1358 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303221 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303221_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Framing strategies to avoid mother-blame in communicating the origins of chronic disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Winett, L.B. Author-Name: Wulf, A.B. Author-Name: Wallack, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1369-1373 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303239 Abstract: Evolving research in epigenetics and the developmental origins of health and disease offers tremendous promise in explaining how the social environment, place, and resources available to us have enduring effects on our health. Troubling from a communications perspective, however, is the tendency in framing the science to hold mothers almost uniquely culpable for their offspring's later disease risk. The purpose of this article is to add to the conversation about avoiding this unintended outcome by (1) discussing the importance of cognitive processing and issue frames, (2) describing framing challenges associated with communicating about developmental origins of health and disease and offering principles to address them, and (3) providing examples of conceptualmetaphors thatmay be helpful in telling this complex and contextual story for public health. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: causality; chronic disease; cognition; epigenetics; female; human; interpersonal communication; mother; organization and management; pregnancy; prenatal exposure; psychology; public health; social determinants of health, Causality; Chronic Disease; Cognition; Communication; Epigenomics; Female; Humans; Mothers; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303239_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduced prevalence of obesity in 14 disadvantaged black communities in the United States: A successful 4-year place-based participatory intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liao, Y. Author-Name: Siegel, P.Z. Author-Name: Garraza, L.G. Author-Name: Xu, Y. Author-Name: Yin, S. Author-Name: Scardaville, M. Author-Name: Gebreselassie, T. Author-Name: Stephens, R.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1442-1448 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303253 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the impact of a large-scale place-based intervention on obesity prevalence in Black communities. Methods. The Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health across the United States (REACH US) project was conducted in 14 predominantly Black communities in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia. We measured trends from 2009 to 2012 in the prevalence of obesity. We used Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to compare these trends with trends among non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks in the United States and in the 10 states where REACH communities were located, and with a propensity score-matched national sample of non-Hispanic Blacks. Results. The age-standardized prevalence of obesity decreased in REACH US communities (P = .045), but not in the comparison populations (P = .435 to P = .996). The relative change was -5.3% in REACH US communities versus +2.4% in propensity score-matched controls (P value for the difference = .031). The net effect on the reduction of obesity prevalence was about 1 percentage point per year for REACH. Conclusions. Obesity prevalence was reduced in 14 disadvantaged Black communities that participated in the REACH project. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; aged; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; body mass; ethnology; female; health promotion; human; male; middle aged; obesity; organization and management; poverty; prevalence; program evaluation; propensity score; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Body Mass Index; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Poverty; Prevalence; Program Evaluation; Propensity Score; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303253_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work-family trajectories and the higher cardiovascular risk of American women relative to women in 13 european countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Van Hedel, K. Author-Name: Mejía-Guevara, I. Author-Name: Avendaño, M. Author-Name: Sabbath, E.L. Author-Name: Berkman, L.F. Author-Name: Mackenbach, J.P. Author-Name: Van Lenthe, F.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1449-1456 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303264 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate whether less-healthy work-family life histories contribute to the higher cardiovascular disease prevalence in older American compared with European women. Methods. We used sequence analysis to identify distinct work-family typologies for women born between 1935 and 1956 in the United States and 13 European countries. Data came from the US Health and Retirement Study (1992-2006) and the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (2004-2009). Results. Work-family typologies were similarly distributed in the United States and Europe. Being a lone working mother predicted a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, and smoking among American women, and smoking for European women. Lone working motherhood was more common and had a marginally stronger association with stroke in the United States than in Europe. Simulations indicated that the higher stroke risk among American women would only be marginally reduced if American women had experienced the same work-family trajectories as European women. Conclusions. Combining work and lone motherhood was more common in the United States, but differences in work-family trajectories explained only a small fraction of the higher cardiovascular risk of American relative to European women. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; Cardiovascular Diseases; computer simulation; Europe; female; human; middle aged; obesity; single parent; smoking; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Computer Simulation; Europe; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Single Parent; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Women, Working; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303264_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of the affordable care act on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buchmueller, T.C. Author-Name: Levinson, Z.M. Author-Name: Levy, H.G. Author-Name: Wolfe, B.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1416-1421 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303155 Abstract: Objectives.To document howhealth insurance coverage changed for White, Black, and Hispanic adults after the Affordable Care Act (ACA) went into effect. Methods. We used data from the American Community Survey from 2008 to 2014 to examine changes in the percentage of nonelderly adults who were uninsured, covered by Medicaid, or covered by private health insurance. In addition to presenting overall trends by race/ethnicity, we stratified the analysis by income group and state Medicaid expansion status. Results. In 2013, 40.5% of Hispanics and 25.8% of Blacks were uninsured, compared with 14.8% of Whites. We found a larger gap in private insurance, which was partially offset by higher rates of public coverage among Blacks and Hispanics. After the main ACA provisions went into effect in 2014, coverage disparities declined slightly as the percentage of adults who were uninsured decreased by 7.1 percentage points for Hispanics, 5.1 percentage points for Blacks, and 3 percentage points for Whites. Coverage gains were greater in states that expanded Medicaid programs. Conclusions. The ACA has reduced racial/ethnic disparities in coverage, although substantial disparities remain. Further increases in coverage will require Medicaid expansion by more states and improved program take-up in states that have already done so. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adult; Black person; Caucasian; ethnicity; human; human experiment; medicaid; medically uninsured; private health insurance; ancestry group; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care policy; health insurance; income; insurance; male; medicaid; middle aged; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adult; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Income; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303155_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical and psychosocial considerations in informing HIV-exposed uninfected children that they were exposed to HIV and antiretroviral medications in utero Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klitzman, R. Author-Name: Mellins, C.A. Author-Name: Philbin, M.M. Author-Name: Abrams, E.J. Author-Name: Remien, R.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1390-1396 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303257 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303257 Abstract: We build onwhat is known about the potential long-term health effects of perinatal antiretroviral medication exposure to examine ethical and psychosocial issues associated with disclosure by applying lessons from other health conditions, theories of child and adolescent development and rights, and the relevant literature and legal contexts. We present 2 cases to highlight potential issues; apply a bioethical framework that includes principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice; and explore other factors, including the current uncertainty about these exposures' possible long-term health risks. This ethical framework can help clinicians and researchers consider and balance relevant concerns in deciding whether to inform offspring of HIV and related exposures. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: beneficence; case report; child; exposure; health hazard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; justice; progeny; scientist; uncertainty; confidentiality; ethics; female; health insurance; HIV Infections; interpersonal communication; morality; personal autonomy; pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; prenatal exposure; prevention and control; psychology; social justice; social stigma; United States; vertical transmission, antiretrovirus agent, Anti-Retroviral Agents; Confidentiality; Disclosure; Female; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Morals; Personal Autonomy; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Social Justice; Social Stigma; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303257_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Teixeira and rodrigues respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Teixeira, M.G. Author-Name: Rodrigues, L.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303249 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303249_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ability of HIV Advocacy to Modify Behavioral Norms and Treatment Impact: A Systematic Review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sunguya, B.F. Author-Name: Munisamy, M. Author-Name: Pongpanich, S. Author-Name: Yasuoka, J. Author-Name: Jimba, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1517 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303179a File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303179a Abstract: BACKGROUND: HIV advocacy programs are partly responsible for the global community's success in reducing the burden of HIV. The rising wave of the global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has prompted the World Health Organization to espouse NCD advocacy efforts as a possible preventive strategy. HIV and NCDs share some similarities in their chronicity and risky behaviors, which are their associated etiology. Therefore, pooled evidence on the effectiveness of HIV advocacy programs and ideas shared could be replicated and applied during the conceptualization of NCD advocacy programs. Such evidence, however, has not been systematically reviewed to address the effectiveness of HIV advocacy programs, particularly programs that aimed at changing public behaviors deemed as risk factors. Keywords: health behavior; health promotion; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; human; organization and management; patient attitude; psychology; self concept; sexual behavior; social norm; social stigma, Health Behavior; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Risk-Taking; Self Efficacy; Sexual Behavior; Social Norms; Social Stigma Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303179a_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The battle over bathrooms: A solution without a problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Laylor, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303300 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303300_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editors on the campaign trail: Why bernie sanders is wrong on health care (and hillary clinton is right) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grant, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1361-1362 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303285 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303285_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping engagement in twitter-based support networks for adult smoking cessation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lakon, C.M. Author-Name: Pechmann, C. Author-Name: Wang, C. Author-Name: Pan, L. Author-Name: Delucchi, K. Author-Name: Prochaska, J.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1374-1380 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303256 Abstract: We examined engagement in novel quit-smoking private social support networks on Twitter, January 2012 to April 2014. We mapped communication patterns within 8 networks of adult smokers (n = 160) with network ties defined by participants' tweets over 3 time intervals, and examined tie reciprocity, tie strength, in-degree centrality (popularity), 3-person triangles, 4-person cliques, network density, and abstinence status. On average, more than 50% of ties were reciprocated in most networks and most ties were between abstainers and nonabstainers. Tweets formed into more aggregated patterns especially early in the study. Across networks, 35.00% (7 days after the quit date), 49.38% (30 days), and 46.88% (60 days) abstained from smoking. We demonstrated that abstainers and nonabstainers engaged with one another in dyads and small groups. This study preliminarily suggests potential for Twitter as a platform for adult smoking-cessation interventions. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adult; human; major clinical study; smoking cessation; social support; adolescent; female; health promotion; interpersonal communication; male; middle aged; procedures; smoking cessation; social media; social support; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; time factor; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Communication; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking Cessation; Social Media; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303256_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Brown responds: Why hillary clinton is wrong and bernie sanders is right Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1362-1364 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303277 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303277_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evolution of well-being and happiness after increases in consumption of fruit and vegetables Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mujcic, R. Author-Name: Oswald, A.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1504-1510 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303260 Abstract: Objectives. To explore whether improvements in psychological well-being occur after increases in fruit and vegetable consumption. Methods. We examined longitudinal food diaries of 12 385 randomly sampled Australian adults over 2007, 2009, and 2013 in the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We adjusted effects on incident changes in happiness and life satisfaction for people's changing incomes and personal circumstances. Results. Increased fruit and vegetable consumption was predictive of increased happiness, life satisfaction, and well-being. They were up to 0.24 life-satisfaction points (for an increase of 8 portions a day), which is equal in size to the psychological gain of moving from unemployment to employment. Improvements occurred within 24 months. Conclusions. People's motivation to eat healthy food is weakened by the fact that physical health benefits accrue decades later, but well-being improvements from increased consumption of fruit and vegetables are closer to immediate. Policy implications. Citizens could be shown evidence that "happiness" gains from healthy eating can occur quickly and many years before enhanced physical health. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: Australia; Australian; eating; fruit; happiness; household; human; human tissue; life satisfaction; major clinical study; motivation; psychological well being; unemployment; vegetable; adolescent; adult; aged; cross-sectional study; diet; female; fruit; health behavior; longitudinal study; male; medical record; mental health; middle aged; psychology; satisfaction; socioeconomics; vegetable; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Australia; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet Records; Female; Fruit; Happiness; Health Behavior; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Motivation; Personal Satisfaction; Socioeconomic Factors; Vegetables; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303260_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kim et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, K. Author-Name: Gitlin, L.N. Author-Name: Han, H.-R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: e10-e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303276 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303276_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Delivering fresh water: Critical infrastructure, environmental justice, and flint, Michigan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenberg, M.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1358-1360 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303235 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303235 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303235_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access and quality of care by insurance type for low-income adults before the affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, K.H. Author-Name: Sommers, B.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 8 Pages: 1409-1415 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303156 Abstract: Objectives. To compare access to care and perceived health care quality by insurance type among low-income adults in 3 southern US states, before Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act. Methods. We conducted a telephone survey in 2013 of 2765 low-income US citizens, aged 19 to 64 years, in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Texas. We compared 11 measures of access and quality of care for respondents with Medicaid, private insurance, Medicare, and no insurance with adjustment for sociodemographics and health status. Results. Low-income adults with Medicaid, private insurance, and Medicare reported significantly better health care access and quality than uninsured individuals. Medicaid beneficiaries reported greater difficulty accessing specialists but less risk of high out-ofpocket spending than those with private insurance. For other outcomes, Medicaid and private coverage performed similarly. Conclusions. Low-income adults with insurance report significantly greater access and quality of care than uninsured adults, regardless of whether they have private or public insurance. Access to specialty care in Medicaid may require policy attention. Public Health Implications. Many states are still considering whether to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act and whether to pursue alternative models for coverage expansion. Our results suggest that access to quality health care will improve under the Affordable Care Act's coverage expansions, regardless of the type of coverage. © 2013 American Public Health Association. Keywords: adult; American; Arkansas; attention; health care quality; health status; human; Kentucky; lowest income group; medicaid; medically uninsured; medicare; model; public health; telephone interview; Texas; female; health care cost; health care delivery; health care policy; health insurance; insurance; male; medicaid; middle aged; poverty; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adult; Female; Health Expenditures; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Poverty; Quality of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303156_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why the world will never be tobacco-free: Reframing "tobacco control" into a traditional tobacco movement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boudreau, G. Author-Name: Hernandez, C. Author-Name: Hoffer, D. Author-Name: Preuss, K.S. Author-Name: Tibbetts-Barto, L. Author-Name: Toves Villaluz, N. Author-Name: Scott, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1188-1195 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303125 Abstract: As successes mount in reducing commercial tobacco use, an alarming disparity has taken shape in Minnesota. Recent studies revealed that overall smoking rates have dropped to 14%,whereasAmerican Indians' rates remain higher than 50%.With support from ClearWay Minnesota, the organization created from the state's tobacco settlement, advocates working within sovereign tribal governments to create smoke-free policies came together to discuss effective strategies within tribal Nations. We discussed the history behind mainstream tobacco control's failure to resonate with Native audiences and the need to reframe the movement to a goal of restoring traditional tobacco practices. We share our insights on this critical area for achieving health equity and provide recommendations for tribes, non-Indian advocates, and funders, with a plea for tribal inclusion in commercial tobacco "end-game" strategies. Keywords: government; health equity; human; Indian; Minnesota; smoking ban; adverse effects; American Indian; cultural competence; cultural factor; ethnology; health care policy; leadership; mortality; smoking; smoking ban; social norm, Cultural Characteristics; Cultural Competency; Health Policy; Humans; Indians, North American; Leadership; Minnesota; Smoke-Free Policy; Smoking; Social Norms Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303125_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quantitative bias analysis in regulatory settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lash, T.L. Author-Name: Fox, M.P. Author-Name: Cooney, D. Author-Name: Lu, Y. Author-Name: Forshee, R.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1227-1230 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303199 Abstract: Nonrandomized studies are essential in the postmarket activities of the US Food and Drug Administration, which, however, must often act on the basis of imperfect data. Systematic errors can lead to inaccurate inferences, so it is critical to develop analytic methods that quantify uncertainty and bias and ensure that these methods are implemented when needed. "Quantitative bias analysis" is an overarching term for methods that estimate quantitatively the direction, magnitude, and uncertainty associated with systematic errors influencing measures of associations. The Food and Drug Administration sponsored a collaborative project to develop tools to better quantify the uncertainties associated with postmarket surveillance studies used in regulatory decision making. We have described the rationale, progress, and future directions of this project. Keywords: food and drug administration; human; methodology; organization and management; postmarketing surveillance; procedures; statistical bias; uncertainty; United States, Bias (Epidemiology); Humans; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Research Design; Uncertainty; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303199_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paul and Brookes respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paul, C. Author-Name: Brookes, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1209-1210 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303234 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303234 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303234_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: (American Journal of Public Health (2016) 106:6 (8-9) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adams, S.A. Author-Name: Choi, S.K. Author-Name: Eberth, J.M. Author-Name: Brandt, H.M. Author-Name: Friedman, D.B. Author-Name: Hébert, J.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231e_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond LARC:Advancing reproductive health to include men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gollub, E.L. Author-Name: Stein, Z.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1169-1170 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303245 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303245_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Counterproductive consequences of a conservative ideology: Medicaid expansion and personal responsibility requirements Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, A.M. Author-Name: Hunt, L.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1181-1187 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303192 Abstract: Medicaid expansion, a key part of the Affordable Care Act, has been opposed by conservative politicians despite its fiscal and public health benefits. In response, some Republican-led states have expanded Medicaid with new reforms, including requirements for cost sharing and behavioral incentives, that promote conservative political values tied to an ideology of personal responsibility. We examine this trend using Michigan's Medicaid expansion as a case example. We explore the origins, evidence base, and possible consequences of these reforms. We argue that these reforms prioritize ideology over sound public health knowledge, deflecting attention away from the social, economic, and structural factors that influence the health of the poor, and may ultimately contribute to counterproductive public health and fiscal outcomes. Keywords: attention; human; ideology; medicaid; Michigan; public health; responsibility; sound; cost; government; health behavior; medicaid; motivation; organization and management; politics; public policy; United States, Cost Sharing; Health Behavior; Humans; Medicaid; Michigan; Motivation; Politics; Public Policy; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303192_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lagging life expectancy for black men: A public health imperative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bond, M.J. Author-Name: Herman, A.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1167-1169 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303251 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303251_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peer Support for the Hardly Reached: A Systematic Review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sokol, R. Author-Name: Fisher, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e1-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303180 Abstract: BACKGROUND: Health disparities are aggravated when prevention and care initiatives fail to reach those they are intended to help. Groups can be classified as hardly reached according to a variety of circumstances that fall into 3 domains: individual (e.g., psychological factors), demographic (e.g., socioeconomic status), and cultural-environmental (e.g., social network). Several reports have indicated that peer support is an effective means of reaching hardly reached individuals. However, no review has explored peer support effectiveness in relation to the circumstances associated with being hardly reached or across diverse health problems. Keywords: cultural anthropology; environment; health behavior; health education; human; Mental Disorders; organization and management; peer group; social support; socioeconomics; vulnerable population, Culture; Environment; Health Behavior; Health Education; Humans; Mental Disorders; Peer Group; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303180_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Academic dysfunction after a concussion among US high school and college students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wasserman, E.B. Author-Name: Bazarian, J.J. Author-Name: Mapstone, M. Author-Name: Block, R. Author-Name: Van Wijngaarden, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1247-1253 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303154 Abstract: Objectives. To determine whether concussed students experience greater academic dysfunction than students who sustain other injuries. Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study from September 2013 through January 2015 involving high school and college students who visited 3 emergency departments in the Rochester, New York, area. Using telephone surveys, we compared self-reported academic dysfunction between 70 students with concussions and a comparison group of 108 students with extremity injuries at 1 week and 1 month after injury. Results. At 1 week after injury, academic dysfunction scores were approximately 16 points higher (b = 16.20; 95% confidence interval = 6.39, 26.00) on a 174-point scale in the concussed group than in the extremity injury group. Although there were no differences overall at 1-month after injury, female students in the concussion group and those with a history of 2 or more prior concussions were more likely to report academic dysfunction. Conclusions. Our results showed academic dysfunction among concussed students, especially female students and those with multiple prior concussions, 1 week after their injury. Such effects appeared to largely resolve after 1 month. Our findings support the need for academic adjustments for concussed students. Keywords: adolescent; brain concussion; Cognition Disorders; complication; female; human; male; neuropsychological test; New York; prospective study; psychology; sex ratio; sport injury; student; time factor, Adolescent; Athletic Injuries; Brain Concussion; Cognition Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; New York; Prospective Studies; Sex Distribution; Students; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303154_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Locating LARC within the context of sexual and reproductive justice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, L. Author-Name: Kaplan, D. Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Author-Name: Kaplan, D.L. Author-Name: Roberts, S.P. Author-Name: Steinberg, A.B. Author-Name: Whitten, A. Author-Name: Quinones-Lugo, J. Author-Name: Diaz-Tello, F. Author-Name: Askew, G. Author-Name: Reyes, K.S. Author-Name: Maybank, A. Author-Name: Srivastava, K. Author-Name: Cortes, V. Author-Name: Betancourt, G.S. Author-Name: Breitbart, V. Author-Name: Clark, N. Author-Name: Gaston, C. Author-Name: Irani, K. Author-Name: Lesane, D. Author-Name: Ma'at, Z.Q.B. Author-Name: McConey, R. Author-Name: Mercer, A. Author-Name: Porchia-Albert, C.L. Author-Name: Raboni, E. Author-Name: Gutierrez, G. Author-Name: Hernandez, P. Author-Name: Schuett-Lefkowitz, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e13-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303206 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303206_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Northridge and coupey respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, J.L. Author-Name: Coupey, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303210 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303210_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Men's health: Beyond masculinity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elder, K. Author-Name: Griffith, D.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1157 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303237 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303237_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Woolhandler and Himmelstein respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303218 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303218_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the overdose education and naloxone distribution program of the Baltimore Student Harm Reduction Coalition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lewis, D.A. Author-Name: Park, J.N. Author-Name: Vail, L. Author-Name: Sine, M. Author-Name: Welsh, C. Author-Name: Sherman, S.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1243-1246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303141 Abstract: Although historically the majority of overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programs have targeted opioid users, states are increasingly passing laws that enable third-party prescriptions of naloxone to individuals who may be able to respond to an overdose, including friends and family members of individuals who use opioids. In this report, we discuss the Baltimore Student Harm Reduction Coalition (BSHRC) OEND program,Maryland's first community-based, state-authorized training program under a new law allowing third-party naloxone prescription. In an 8-month pilot period, 250 free naloxone kits were distributed, and 3 overdose reversals were reported to BSHRC. Trainings were effective in increasing self-efficacy surrounding overdose prevention and response, which appears to persist at up to 12 months following the training. Keywords: naloxone; narcotic antagonist, attitude to health; drug overdose; harm reduction; health education; human; Maryland; organization and management; program evaluation; self concept; student, Baltimore; Drug Overdose; Harm Reduction; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Program Evaluation; Self Efficacy; Students Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303141_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minimum ages of legal access for tobacco in the United States from 1863 to 2015 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Apollonio, D.E. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1200-1207 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303172 Abstract: In the United States, state laws establish a minimum age of legal access (MLA) for most tobacco products at 18 years.We reviewed the history of these laws with internal tobacco industry documents and newspaper archives from 1860 to 2014. The laws appeared in the 1880s; by 1920, half of states had set MLAs of at least 21 years. After 1920, tobacco industry lobbying eroded them to between 16 and 18 years. By the 1980s, the tobacco industry viewed restoration of higher MLAs as a critical business threat. The industry's political advocacy reflects its assessment that recruiting youth smokers is critical to its survival. The increasing evidence on tobacco addiction suggests that restoring MLAs to 21 years would reduce smoking initiation and prevalence, particularly among those younger than 18 years. Keywords: adolescent; attitude to health; history; human; legislation and jurisprudence; smoking; tobacco industry; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States, Adolescent; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Smoking; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Use Disorder; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303172_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Revising the American Public Health Association's Public Health Code of Ethics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, L.M. Author-Name: Fisher, C.B. Author-Name: Jennings, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1198-1199 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303208 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303208_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco control: How are we doing? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Healton, C.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1164-1166 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303209 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303209_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Emotional feedback and the viral spread of social media messages about autism spectrum disorders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bail, C.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1173-1180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303181 Abstract: Objective. To determine whether exchanges of emotional language between health advocacy organizations and social media users predict the spread of posts about autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Methods. I created a Facebook application that tracked views of ASD advocacy organizations' posts between July 19, 2011, and December 18, 2012. I evaluated the association between exchanges of emotional language and viral views of posts, controlling for additional characteristics of posts, the organizations that produced them, the social media users who viewed them, and the broader social environment. Results. Exchanges of emotional language between advocacy organizations and social media users are strongly associated with viral views of posts. Conclusions. Social media outreach may be more successful if organizations invite emotional dialogue instead of simply conveying information about ASDs. Yet exchanges of angry language may contribute to the viral spread of misinformation, such as the rumor that vaccines cause ASDs. Keywords: autism; emotion; health education; human; procedures; psychology; social media; statistics and numerical data, Autism Spectrum Disorder; Emotions; Health Education; Humans; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303181_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pediatric care provider density and personal belief exemptions from vaccine requirements in California kindergartens Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walker, E.T. Author-Name: Rea, C.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1336-1341 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303177 Abstract: Objectives. To understand contextual associations between medical care providers- pediatricians, family medical practitioners, and alternative medicine practitioners-and personal belief exemptions (PBEs) from mandated school entry vaccinations. Methods. Data on kindergarten PBEs from the California Department of Public Health were analyzed for 2010, 2011, and 2012, with each school sorted into Primary Care Service Areas (PCSAs). Provider data from federal sources and state records of alternative medicine providers, alongside controls for school factors, were used to estimate panel models. Results. Each 10% increase in the relative proportion of pediatricians in a given PCSA was associated with a statistically significant 11% decrease in PBE prevalence. The same increase in the proportion of family medical practitioners was associated with a 3.5% relative increase. Access to alternative medicine practitioners was also associated with a significantly higher PBE prevalence. Conclusions. Medical provider contexts are associated with PBEs, reflecting a combination of contextual effects and self-selection of families into schools and PCSAs that share their preferences. The geographic distribution of child primary care services may be a key factor in a school's health risk associated with lack of immunization or underimmunization. Keywords: California; human; pediatrics; preschool child; prevalence; primary health care; public health; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; treatment refusal; vaccination, California; Child, Preschool; Humans; Pediatrics; Prevalence; Primary Health Care; Public Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Treatment Refusal; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303177_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Firearm ownership and suicide rates among US men and women, 1981-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegel, M. Author-Name: Rothman, E.F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1316-1322 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303182 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. Keywords: female; firearm; human; legislation and jurisprudence; male; sex ratio; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; suicide; United States, Female; Firearms; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Sex Distribution; Suicide; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303182_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Suicide rates in aboriginal communities in Labrador, Canada Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollock, N.J. Author-Name: Mulay, S. Author-Name: Valcour, J. Author-Name: Jong, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1309-1315 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303151 Abstract: Objectives. To compare suicide rates in Aboriginal communities in Labrador, including Innu, Inuit, and Southern Inuit, with the general population of Newfoundland, Canada. Methods. In partnership with Aboriginal governments, we conducted a population-based study to understand patterns of suicide mortality in Labrador. We analyzed suicide mortality data from 1993 to 2009 from the Vital Statistics Death Database. We combined this with community-based methods, including consultations with Elders, youths, mental health and community workers, primary care clinicians, and government decision-makers. Results. The suicide rate was higher in Labrador than in Newfoundland. This trend persisted across all age groups; however, the disparity was greatest among those aged 10 to 19 years. Males accounted for the majority of deaths, although suicide rates were elevated among females in the Inuit communities. When comparing Aboriginal sub-regions, the Innu and Inuit communities had the highest age-standardized mortality rates of, respectively, 165.6 and 114.0 suicides per 100 000 person-years. Conclusions. Suicide disproportionately affects Innu and Inuit populations in Labrador. Suicide rates were high among male youths and Inuit females. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; American Indian; child; demography; epidemiology; ethnology; female; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; Newfoundland and Labrador; politics; retrospective study; sex ratio; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; suicide; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Newfoundland and Labrador; Politics; Residence Characteristics; Retrospective Studies; Sex Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors; Suicide; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303151_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ten things i wish someone had told me when i became a health officer Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frieden, T.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1214-1218 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303204 Abstract: Public health, like politics, is the art of the possible.To maximize effectiveness, public health officers in any jurisdiction should (1) get good data and ensure timely and effective dissemination; (2) prioritize and tackle more difficult initiatives first; (3) find, fight, and win winnable battles in areas where progress is possible but not ensured without focused, strategic effort; (4) support andhire greatpeople and protect themso they can do their jobs; (5) address communicable diseases and environmental health effectively; (6) do not cede the clinical realm - public health programs depend on clinical care and on effective coordination between health care and public health; (7) learn and manage the budget cycle; (8)manage the context; (9) never surprise their boss; and (10) follow core principles. Keywords: budget; Communicable Diseases; economics; environmental health; human; information dissemination; organization and management; personnel management; politics; procedures; public health service, Budgets; Communicable Diseases; Environmental Health; Humans; Information Dissemination; Personnel Management; Politics; Public Health Administration; Public Health Practice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303204_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A novel indicator of life-course smoking prevalence in the United States combining popularity, duration, quantity, and quality of smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christopoulou, R. Author-Name: Lillard, D.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1329-1335 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303130 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303130 Abstract: Objectives. To develop a smoking indicator that combines the popularity and duration of smoking and the quantity and quality of consumed cigarettes, factors that vary dramatically over time and across generations. Methods. We used retrospective reports on smoking behavior and a time series of cigarette tar yields to standardize nationally representative life-course smoking prevalence rates of 11 generations of US men and women, spanning 120 years. For each generation and gender, we related the standardized data with the corresponding rates of smoking-attributable mortality. Results. Our indicator suggests that US cigarette consumption spread, peaked, and contracted faster than commonly perceived; predicts a significantly stronger smoking- mortality correlation than unadjusted smoking prevalence; and reveals the emergence of a delay (by up to 8 years) in premature death from smoking that is consistent with increasing population access to effective treatments. In fact, we show that, among recent cohorts, smoking health-risk exposure is at a historic low and will account for less than 5% of deaths. Conclusions. Relative to unstandardized measures, our novel, standardized indicator of smoking prevalence describes a different history of smoking diffusion in the United States, and more strongly predicts later-life mortality. Keywords: clinical article; death; diffusion; exposure; female; gender; health hazard; human; male; mortality; prevalence; smoking; time series analysis; United States; economics; epidemiology; gross national product; premature mortality; prevalence; retrospective study; smoking; United States, tar; tobacco tar, Female; Gross Domestic Product; Humans; Male; Mortality, Premature; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Smoking; Tars; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303130_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends over 4 decades in disability-free life expectancy in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crimmins, E.M. Author-Name: Zhang, Y. Author-Name: Saito, Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1287-1293 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303120 Abstract: Objectives. To examine changes over 40 years (1970-2010) in life expectancy, life expectancy with disability, and disability-free life expectancy for American men and women of all ages. Methods. We used mortality rates from US Vital Statistics and data on disability prevalence in the community-dwelling population from the National Health Interview Survey; for the institutional population, we computed disability prevalence from the US Census. We used the Sullivan method to estimate disabled and disability-free life expectancy for 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010. Results. Over the 40 years, there was a steady increase in both disability-free life expectancy and disabled life expectancy. At birth, increases in disabled life and nondisabled life were equal for men (4.5 years); for women, at birth the increase in life with disability (3.6 years) exceeded the increase in life free of disability (2.7 years). At age 65 years, the increase in disability-free life was greater than the increase in disabled life. Conclusions. Across the life cycle, there was no compression of morbidity, but at age 65 years some compression occurred. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; child; disabled person; female; health status; human; infant; life expectancy; male; middle aged; newborn; preschool child; prevalence; sex ratio; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; very elderly; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Disabled Persons; Female; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Life Expectancy; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sex Distribution; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303120_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating public health interventions: 3. the two-stage design for confounding bias reduction-having your cake and eating it two Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Author-Name: Rivera-Rodriguez, C.L. Author-Name: Haneuse, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1223-1226 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303250 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303250 Abstract: In public health evaluations, confounding bias in the estimate of the intervention effect will typically threaten the validity of the findings. It is a common misperception that the only way to avoid this bias is to measure detailed, high-quality data on potential confounders for every intervention participant, but this strategy for adjusting for confounding bias is often infeasible. Rather than ignoring confounding altogether, the twophase design and analysis-in which detailed high-quality confounding data are obtained among a small subsample-can be considered. We describe the two-stage design and analysis approach, and illustrate its use in the evaluation of an intervention conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, of an enhanced community health worker program to improve antenatal care uptake. Keywords: eating; health auxiliary; human; human experiment; prenatal care; Tanzania; epidemiology; health auxiliary; maternal welfare; measurement accuracy; methodology; organization and management; public health; reproducibility; socioeconomics; standards, Community Health Workers; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Data Accuracy; Humans; Maternal Health; Prenatal Care; Public Health; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303250_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New product marketing blurs the line between nicotine replacement therapy and smokeless tobacco products Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kostygina, G. Author-Name: England, L. Author-Name: Ling, P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1219-1222 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303057 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303057 Abstract: Tobacco companies have begun to acquire pharmaceutical subsidiaries and recently started to market nicotine replacement therapies, such as Zonnic nicotine gum, in convenience stores. Conversely, tobacco companies are producing tobacco products such as tobacco chewing gum and lozenges that resemble pharmaceutical nicotine replacement products, including a nicotine pouch product that resembles snus pouches. This convergence of nicotine and tobacco product marketing has implications for regulation and tobacco cessation. Keywords: nicotine gum, advertising; economics; human; legislation and jurisprudence; marketing; organization and management; procedures; smokeless tobacco; smoking cessation, Advertising as Topic; Humans; Marketing; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Cessation Products; Tobacco, Smokeless Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303057_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of text message reminders on caregivers' adherence to a home fortification program against child anemia in rural western China: A cluster-randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zhou, H. Author-Name: Sun, S. Author-Name: Luo, R. Author-Name: Sylvia, S. Author-Name: Yue, A. Author-Name: Shi, Y. Author-Name: Zhang, L. Author-Name: Medina, A. Author-Name: Rozelle, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1256-1262 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303140 Abstract: Objectives. To test whether text message reminders sent to caregivers improve the effectiveness of a home micronutrient fortification program in western China. Methods.We carried out a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 351 villages (clusters) in Shaanxi Province in 2013 and 2014, enrolling children aged 6 to 12 months. We randomly assigned each village to 1 of 3 groups: free delivery group, text messaging group, or control group. We collected information on compliance with treatments and hemoglobin concentrations from all children at baseline and 6-month follow-up. We estimated the intent-to-treat effects on compliance and child anemia using a logistic regression model. Results. There were 1393 eligible children. We found that assignment to the text messaging group led to an increase in full compliance (marginal effect = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03, 0.16) compared with the free delivery group and decrease in the rate of anemia at end line relative to the control group (marginal effect = -0.07; 95%CI = -0.12, -0.01), but not relative to the free delivery group (marginal effect = -0.03; 95% CI = -0.09, 0.03). Conclusions. Text messages improved compliance of caregivers to a home fortification program and children's nutrition. Keywords: hemoglobin; iron, anemia; caregiver; China; controlled study; dietary supplement; female; human; infant; male; mobile phone; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial; reminder system; rural population; statistics and numerical data; text messaging, Anemia; Caregivers; Cell Phones; China; Dietary Supplements; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Patient Compliance; Reminder Systems; Rural Population; Text Messaging Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303140_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beverage policy article too limited to show consequences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bohme, S.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303189 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303189 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303189_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Berman and Johnson respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berman, E.R. Author-Name: Johnson, R.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e9-e10 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303247 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303247_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lower sodium intake and risk of headaches: Results from the trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, L. Author-Name: Zhang, Z. Author-Name: Chen, W. Author-Name: Whelton, P.K. Author-Name: Appel, L.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1270-1275 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303143 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the effect of sodium (Na) reduction on occurrence of headaches. Methods. In the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly, 975 men and woman (aged 60-80 years) with hypertension were randomized to a Na-reduction intervention or control group and were followed for up to 36 months. The study was conducted between 1992 and 1995 at 4 clinical centers (Johns Hopkins University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and the University of Tennessee). Results. Mean difference in Na excretion between the Na-reduction intervention and control group was significant at each follow-up visit (P < .001) with an average difference of 38.8 millimoles per 24 hours. The occurrence of headaches was significantly lower in the Na-reduction intervention group (10.5%) compared with control (14.3%) with a hazard ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval = 0.40, 0.88; P = .009). The risk of headaches was significantly associated with average level of Na excretion during follow-up, independent of most recent blood pressure. The relationship appeared to be nonlinear with a spline relationship and a knot at 150 millimoles per 24 hours. Conclusions. Reduced sodium intake, currently recommended for blood pressure control,may also reduce the occurrence of headaches in older persons with hypertension. Keywords: sodium intake, administration and dosage; aged; blood pressure; clinical trial; controlled study; diet therapy; dose response; female; headache; human; hypertension; male; middle aged; multicenter study; randomized controlled trial; single blind procedure; sodium intake; urine; very elderly, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Pressure; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Headache; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Single-Blind Method; Sodium, Dietary Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303143_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peer support for the hardly reached: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sokol, R. Author-Name: Fisher, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e1-e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303180 Abstract: Background. Health disparities are aggravated when prevention and care initiatives fail to reach those they are intended to help. Groups can be classified as hardly reached according to a variety of circumstances that fall into 3 domains: individual (e.g., psychological factors), demographic (e.g., socioeconomic status), and cultural-environmental (e.g., social network). Several reports have indicated that peer support is an effective means of reaching hardly reached individuals. However, no review has explored peer support effectiveness in relation to the circumstances associated with being hardly reached or across diverse health problems. Objectives. To conduct a systematic review assessing the reach and effectiveness of peer support among hardly reached individuals, as well as peer support strategies used. Search methods. Three systematic searches conducted in PubMed identified studies that evaluated peer support programs among hardly reached individuals. In aggregate, the searches covered articles published from 2000 to 2015. Selection criteria. Eligible interventions provided ongoing support for complex health behaviors, including prioritization of hardly reached populations, assistance in applying behavior change plans, and social- emotional support directed toward disease management or quality of life. Studies were excluded if they addressed temporally isolated behaviors, were limited to protocol group classes, included peer support as the dependent variable, did not include statistical tests of significance, or incorporated comparison conditions that provided appreciable social support. Data collection and analysis. We abstracted data regarding the primary health topic, categorizations of hardly reached groups, program reach, outcomes, and strategies employed. We conducted a 2-sample t test to determine whether reported strategies were related to reach. Results. Forty-seven studies met our inclusion criteria, and these studies represented each of the 3 domains of circumstances assessed (individual, demographic, and cultural-environmental). Interventions addressed 8 health areas, most commonly maternal and child health (25.5%), diabetes (17.0%), and other chronic diseases (14.9%). Thirty-six studies (76.6%) assessed program reach, which ranged from 24% to 79% of the study population. Forty-four studies (94%) reported significant changes favoring peer support. Eleven strategies emerged for engaging and retaining hardly reached individuals. Among them, programs that reported a strategy of trust and respect had higher participant retention (82.8%) than did programs not reporting such a strategy (48.1%; P =.003). In 5 of the 6 studies examining moderators of the effects of peer support, peer support benefits were greater among individuals characterized by disadvantage (e.g., low health literacy). Conclusions. Peer support is a broad and robust strategy for reaching groups that health services too often fail to engage. The wide range of audiences and health concerns among which peer support is successful suggests that a basis for its success may be its flexible response to different contexts, including the intended audience, health problems, and setting. Public health implications. The general benefits of peer support and findings suggesting that it may be more effective among those at heightened disadvantage indicate that peer support should be considered in programs intended to reach and benefit those too often hardly reached. Because engendering trust and respect was significantly associated with participant retention, programs should emphasize this strategy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303180_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallace, S. Author-Name: Nazroo, J. Author-Name: Bécares, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1294-1300 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the longitudinal association between cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and changes in the mental health of ethnic minority people. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (2009-2013) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal household panel survey of approximately 40 000 households, including an ethnic minority boost sample of approximately 4000 households. Results. Ethnic minority people who reported exposure to racial discrimination at 1 time point had 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental component scores 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = -3.31, -0.56) points lower than did those who reported no exposure to racial discrimination, whereas those who had been exposed to 2 or more domains of racial discrimination, at 2 different time points, had SF-12 mental component scores 8.26 (95% CI = -13.33, -3.18) points lower than did those who reported no experiences of racial discrimination. Controlling for racial discrimination and other socioeconomic factors reduced ethnic inequalities in mental health. Conclusions. Cumulative exposure to racial discrimination has incremental negative long-term effects on the mental health of ethnic minority people in the United Kingdom. Studies that examine exposure to racial discrimination at 1 point in time may underestimate the contribution of racismto poor health. Keywords: confidence interval; ethnic group; exposure; household; human; longitudinal study; mental health; racism; Short Form 12; socioeconomics; United Kingdom; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health disparity; health status; male; mental health; mental stress; minority group; psychology; racism; United Kingdom, hexetidine, Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Status; Health Status Disparities; Hexetidine; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Mental Health; Minority Groups; Racism; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; United Kingdom Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Calorie underestimation when buying high-calorie beverages in fast-food contexts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Franckle, R.L. Author-Name: Block, J.P. Author-Name: Roberto, C.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1254-1255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303200 Abstract: We asked 1877 adults and 1178 adolescents visiting 89 fast-food restaurants in New England in 2010 and 2011 to estimate calories purchased. Calorie underestimation was greater among those purchasing a high-calorie beverage than among those who did not (adults: 324 ± 698 vs 102 ± 6591 calories; adolescents: 360 ± 602 vs 198 ± 509 calories). This difference remained significant for adults but not adolescents after adjusting for total calories purchased. Purchasing high-calorie beverages may uniquely contribute to calorie underestimation among adults. Keywords: adolescent; adult; beverage; calorie; catering service; fast food; human; major clinical study; purchasing; United States; age; beverage; body mass; caloric intake; catering service; child; decision making; female; male; middle aged; sex difference; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Beverages; Body Mass Index; Child; Choice Behavior; Energy Intake; Fast Foods; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New England; Restaurants; Sex Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303200_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What is "public" about public health: Lessons from Michigan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: El-Sayed, A.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1171-1172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303243 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303243 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303243_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Misrepresentation of the National Women's Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baird, M.A.H. Author-Name: Barlev, N. Author-Name: Bryder, L. Author-Name: Burls, A. Author-Name: Carrell, R.W. Author-Name: Chalmers, I. Author-Name: Cooper, G.J.S. Author-Name: Obs, D. Author-Name: Dow, D.A. Author-Name: Hicks, K. Author-Name: Keirse, M. Author-Name: Mantell, C. Author-Name: Nobbs, P. Author-Name: Overton, E. Author-Name: Overton, H. Author-Name: Patten, P. Author-Name: Sandercock, J. Author-Name: Smith, V. Author-Name: Trubuhovich, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1208-1209 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303162 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303162_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenges in identifying refugees in national health data sets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Semere, W. Author-Name: Yun, K. Author-Name: Ahalt, C. Author-Name: Williams, B. Author-Name: Wang, E.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1231-1232 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303201 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate publicly available data sets to determine their utility for studying refugee health. Methods. We searched for keywords describing refugees in data sets within the Society of General Internal Medicine Dataset Compendium and the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research database. We included in our analysis US-based data sets with publicly available documentation and a self-defined, health-related focus that allowed for an examination of patientlevel factors. Results. Of the 68 data sets that met the study criteria, 37 (54%) registered keyword matches related to refugees, but only 2 uniquely identified refugees. Conclusions. Few health data sets identify refugee status among participants, presenting barriers to understanding refugees' health and health care needsPublic Health Implications. Information about refugee status in national health surveys should include expanded demographic questions and focus on mental health and chronic disease. Keywords: chronic disease; epidemiology; ethnology; health survey; human; mental health; procedures; refugee; socioeconomics; standards; statistics and numerical data; United States, Chronic Disease; Health Surveys; Humans; Mental Health; Refugees; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303201_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hepatitis C screening of the "birth cohort" (born 1945-1965) and younger inmates of New York City jails Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Akiyama, M.J. Author-Name: Kaba, F. Author-Name: Rosner, Z. Author-Name: Alper, H. Author-Name: Holzman, R.S. Author-Name: MacDonald, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1276-1277 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303163 Abstract: Objectives. To examine uptake of screening for all individuals born between 1945 and 1965 (referred to by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the "birth cohort") and outline preliminary HCV prevalence data in the NewYork City jail system. Methods. Data were extracted from electronic health records for all individuals screened for HCV between June 13, 2013, and June 13, 2014, in New York City jails. We used the Abbott EIA 2.0 HCV antibody assay for testing. Results. In the year of study, 56 590 individuals were incarcerated; 15.1% were born between 1945 and 1965, and 84.6% were born after 1965. HCV screening was completed for 64.1% of the birth cohort and for 11.1% born after 1965, with 55.1% and 43.8% of cases found in these groups, respectively. The overall seropositivity rate was 20.6%. Conclusions. Birth cohort screening in a large jail system identified many HCV cases, but HCV infection was common among younger age groups. Public Health Implications. Universal screening may be warranted pending further study including cost-effectiveness analyses. Keywords: hepatitis C antibody, age distribution; aged; electronic health record; female; hepatitis C; human; male; mass screening; middle aged; New York; prevalence; prison; prisoner; seroepidemiology; statistics and numerical data, Age Distribution; Aged; Electronic Health Records; Female; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; New York City; Prevalence; Prisoners; Prisons; Seroepidemiologic Studies Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303163_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strengthening the efferent arm in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bishai, D. Author-Name: Xu, J. Author-Name: Sherry, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1196-1197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303216 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303216_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mobilizing local authorities around public health priorities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lévesque, B. Author-Name: Huppé, V. Author-Name: Tourigny, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1233-1234 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303224 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303224 Abstract: Large Analysis and Review of European Housing and Health Status (LARES) was conducted in Europe in 2002 to 2003 to study the relationship between citizens' health and built environments.One of its objectiveswas to put public health priorities on the agenda of local decision-makers to implement solutions for the community. We adapted the LARES protocol as a pilot project in a small French-Canadian town in Quebec Province in 2012. The distinguishing feature of this project was the collaborative approach taken with local actors, specially the municipality,which was committed a priori to using survey data from an urban planning perspective. The project produced interesting results that were used to motivate actions concerning people living in bad sanitary conditions; to draft the urban plan including the development of parks, green spaces, and bicycle paths; and to allow the municipality to meet eligibility criteria for access to renovationprograms. If apartnership with the local actors and their commitment to promote and realize the project were obtained at the beginning, then the survey could be replicated in other communities. Keywords: demography; environment; environmental planning; health care planning; health status; housing; pilot study; public health; Quebec; statistics and numerical data, Environment; Environment Design; Health Priorities; Health Status; Housing; Pilot Projects; Public Health; Quebec; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303224_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of food assistance programs on obesity in mothers and children: A prospective cohort study in Peru Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carrillo-Larco, R.M. Author-Name: Miranda, J.J. Author-Name: Bernabé-Ortiz, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1301-1307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303191 Abstract: Objectives. To assess obesity risk among mothers participating in Community Kitchens and children participating in Glass of Milk (Peru food assistance programs). Methods. We analyzed prospective data from the Young Lives study. The exposure consisted in varying degrees of benefit from any of the programs (no participation in any of the programs, program participation forsome months, or program participation nearly every month) at baseline (2006-2007). The outcome was overweight and obesity in mothers and children at follow-up (2009-2010). Results. Prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity was 15.5% and 5.1%, respectively; the corresponding figures for mothers were 40.5% and 14.6%. Children exposed nearly every month to the Glass of Milk program had a 65% lower risk of becoming obese compared with children not participating in the program (relative risk [RR] = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.18, 0.66). Mothers participating frequently in the Community Kitchens program had almost twice the risk of becoming obese compared with those who did not participate (RR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.18, 3.15). Conclusions. Participating in food assistance programs in Peru was associated with a lower risk of obesity in children and greater risk of obesity inmothers. Keywords: adolescent; adult; child; female; food assistance; human; incidence; male; middle aged; mother; obesity; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Peru; poverty; preschool child; prevalence; prospective study; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Food Assistance; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Obesity; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Peru; Poverty; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303191_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From design to dissemination: Implementing community-based participatory research in postdisaster communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lichtveld, M. Author-Name: Kennedy, S. Author-Name: Krouse, R.Z. Author-Name: Grimsley, F. Author-Name: El-Dahr, J. Author-Name: Bordelon, K. Author-Name: Sterling, Y. Author-Name: White, L. Author-Name: Barlow, N. Author-Name: DeGruy, S. Author-Name: Paul, D. Author-Name: Denham, S. Author-Name: Hayes, C. Author-Name: Sanders, M. Author-Name: Mvula, M.M. Author-Name: Thornton, E. Author-Name: Chulada, P. Author-Name: Mitchell, H. Author-Name: Martin, W.J., II Author-Name: Stephens, K.U. Author-Name: Cohn, R.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1235-1242 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303169 Abstract: Objectives. To review how disasters introduce unique challenges to conducting population-based research and community-based participatory research (CBPR). Methods. From 2007-2009, we conducted the Head-off Environmental Asthma in Louisiana (HEAL) Study in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in a Gulf Coast community facing an unprecedented triple burden: Katrina's and other disasters' impact on the environment and health, historic health disparities, and persistent environmental health threats. Results. The unique triple burden influenced every research component; still, most existing CBPR principles were applicable, even though full adherence was not always feasible and additional tailored principles govern postdisaster settings. Conclusions. Even in the most challenging postdisaster conditions, CBPR can be successfully designed, implemented, and disseminated while adhering to scientific rigor. Keywords: capacity building; disaster; environment; female; health status; human; hurricane; interpersonal communication; Louisiana; male; methodology; organization and management; participatory research; public relations; socioeconomics, Capacity Building; Communication; Community-Based Participatory Research; Cyclonic Storms; Disasters; Environment; Female; Health Status; Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; Louisiana; Male; Research Design; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303169_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care visits as a risk factor for tuberculosis in Taiwan: A population-based case-control study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pan, S.-C. Author-Name: Chen, C.-C. Author-Name: Chiang, Y.-T. Author-Name: Chang, H.-Y. Author-Name: Fang, C.-T. Author-Name: Lin, H.-H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1323-1328 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303152 Abstract: Objectives. To assess whether health care visits of nontuberculous patients are a risk factor for contracting tuberculosis. Methods. We conducted a case-control study nested within the cohort of 1 million individuals from the health insurance database in Taiwan between 2003 and 2010. We identified incident cases of tuberculosis through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes and prescription of antituberculosis drugs. We identified 4202 case participants and 16 808 control participants matched by age, gender, and date of diagnosis to estimate the association between frequency of health care visits and incidence of tuberculosis. Results. Frequency of health care visits was associated with increased risk of tuberculosis in a dose-dependent manner after adjustment for other medical comorbidities (P for trend <.001). Compared with individuals with fewer than 5 visits per year, those with more than 30 had a77%increase in tuberculosis risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.77;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60, 1.97). Conclusions. Frequent health care visits of nontuberculous patients appear to be a risk factor for contracting tuberculosis. Public Health Implications. Efforts should focus on educating the general population to avoid unnecessary hospital visits, strengthening active case finding, and intensifying infection control in all health care settings. Keywords: tuberculostatic agent, adult; age distribution; aged; ambulatory care; case control study; comorbidity; female; human; incidence; male; middle aged; odds ratio; risk factor; sex ratio; statistics and numerical data; Taiwan; tuberculosis; very elderly, Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antitubercular Agents; Case-Control Studies; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Office Visits; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Taiwan; Tuberculosis Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303152_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Demographic, insurance, and health characteristics of newly enrolled HIV-positive patients after implementation of the affordable care act in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Satre, D.D. Author-Name: Parthasarathy, S. Author-Name: Altschuler, A. Author-Name: Silverberg, M.J. Author-Name: Storholm, E. Author-Name: Campbell, C.I. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1211-1213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303126 Abstract: Objectives. To examine changes in HIV-positive patient enrollment in a large healthv care delivery system before and after key Affordable Care Act (ACA) provisions went into effect in 2014. Methods. Analyses compared HIV-positive patients newly enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern California between January and June 2012 (n = 339) to those newly enrolled between January and June 2014 through the California insurance exchange or via other mechanisms (n = 549). Results. After the ACA, the HIV-positive patient enrollment increased. These new enrollees were more likely to be male (93.6% vs 89.1%; P = .01), to be enrolled in high-deductible benefit plans († $1000; 18.8% vs 5.5%; P = .01), and to have better HIV viral control (HIV RNA levels below limits of quantification 79.5% vs 73.6%; P = .05) compared with pre-ACA new enrollees. Among post-ACA new enrollees, there were more patients in the lowest and highest age groups. Post-ACA exchange enrollees (22%) were more likely to be male and to have high-deductible plans than those enrolled through other mechanisms. Conclusions. More men, higher deductibles, and better HIV viral control characterize newly enrolled HIV-positive patients after the ACA in California. Public health implications. Evolving characteristics of HIV-positive enrollees may affect HIV policy, patient care needs, and service utilization. Keywords: California; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; insurance; limit of quantitation; major clinical study; male; normal human; patient care; public health; transcription regulation; adult; age distribution; blood; California; cost; female; health care policy; health insurance; HIV Infections; middle aged; sex ratio; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States, virus RNA, Adult; Age Distribution; California; Cost Sharing; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Insurance, Health; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; RNA, Viral; Sex Distribution; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303126_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health's share of us health spending Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bishai, D. Author-Name: Leider, J.P. Author-Name: Resnick, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303213 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303213_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Restorative justice and restorative history for the sexually transmitted disease inoculation experiments in Guatemala Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reverby, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1163-1164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303205 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303205_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual risk behaviors and substance use among men sexually victimized by women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cook, M.C. Author-Name: Morisky, D.E. Author-Name: Williams, J.K. Author-Name: Ford, C.L. Author-Name: Gee, G.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1263-1269 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303136 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate whether forced sex of men by women was associated with sexual risk behaviors, and whether this association was mediated by substance use. Methods. Data from US men aged 18 years or older at interview in the National Survey of Family Growth 2006-2010 (n = 8108) who reported sexual behavior history. Outcome variables were condom use at most recent sex and number of lifetime sexual partners. Sexual activity covariates included age at first consensual sex and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Alcohol and drug use were the mediating factors. Results. Six percent of men reported forced sex by a woman at a mean age of 18 years. On average, victimized men had 3 more lifetime sexual partners than nonvictimized men (P < .01). Furthermore, victimized men who reported drug use had, on average, 4 more female sexual partners (P < .01) than nonvictimized men. Marijuana (P < .05) and crack cocaine use (P < .05) partially mediated the association between forced sex and number of female partners. Neither condom use nor number of male partners differed between victimized and nonvictimized men. Conclusions. A nontrivial fraction of men experience forced sex by women; some of them have elevated sexual risk behaviors. Keywords: adolescent; adult; alcoholism; condom; crime victim; high risk behavior; human; male; men's health; partner violence; psychology; risk factor; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; utilization; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Condoms; Crime Victims; Humans; Male; Men's Health; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Socioeconomic Factors; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303136_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of a computerized intervention on HIV and intimate partner violence among substance-using women in community corrections: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gilbert, L. Author-Name: Goddard-Eckrich, D. Author-Name: Hunt, T. Author-Name: Ma, X. Author-Name: Chang, M. Author-Name: Rowe, J. Author-Name: McCrimmon, T. Author-Name: Johnson, K. Author-Name: Goodwin, S. Author-Name: Almonte, M. Author-Name: Shaw, S.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: 1278-1286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303119 Abstract: Objectives. To test the efficacy of a computerized, group-based HIV and intimate partner violence (IPV) intervention on reducing IPV victimization among substance-using women mandated to community corrections. Methods. Between November 2009 and January 2012, we randomly allocated 306 women from community corrections in New York City to 3 study arms of a computerized HIV and IPV prevention trial: (1) 4 group sessions intervention with computerized self-paced IPV prevention modules (Computerized Women on the Road to Health [WORTH]), (2) traditional HIV and IPV prevention intervention group covering the same HIV and IPV content as Computerized WORTH without computers (Traditional WORTH), and (3) a Wellness Promotion control group. Primary outcomes were physical, injurious, and sexual IPV victimization in the previous 6 months at 12-month follow-up. Results. Computerized WORTH participants reported significantly lower risk of physical IPV victimization, severe injurious IPV victimization, and severe sexual IPV victimization at 12-month follow-up when compared with control participants. No significant differences were seen between TraditionalWORTHand control participants for any IPV outcomes. Conclusions. The efficacy of Computerized WORTH across multiple IPV outcomes highlights the promise of integrating computerized, self-paced IPV prevention modules in HIV prevention groups. Keywords: adult; controlled study; crime victim; female; health promotion; HIV Infections; human; middle aged; New York; organization and management; partner violence; prevention and control; prison; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; sexual behavior; single blind procedure; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders, Adult; Crime Victims; Female; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Intimate Partner Violence; Middle Aged; New York City; Prisons; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Single-Blind Method; Socioeconomic Factors; Spouse Abuse; Substance-Related Disorders Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303119_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Erratum: The impact of obesity on US mortality levels: The importance of age and cohort factors in population estimates (American Journal of Public Health (2013) 103:10 (1895-1901) DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Masters, R.K. Author-Name: Reither, E.N. Author-Name: Powers, D.A. Author-Name: Yang, Y.C. Author-Name: Burger, A.E. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 7 Pages: e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379e File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379e Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301379e_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social workers: Continuing to address the social determinants of health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Saxe Zerden, L. Author-Name: Jones, A. Author-Name: Lanier, P. Author-Name: Fraser, M.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303147 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303147_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spiegelman responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e13-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303171 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303171_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: E-cigarette: A lesson from Finland and Austria Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braillon, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e6 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303190 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303190_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When herd immunity is the only protection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adashek, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 965 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303150 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303150 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303150_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual identity disparities in smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in California: 2003-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Max, W.B. Author-Name: Stark, B. Author-Name: Sung, H.-Y. Author-Name: Offen, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1136-1142 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303071 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303071 Abstract: Objectives. To determine smoking prevalence, smoking behavior, and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)-identified Californians; compare these with that of heterosexuals; and analyze changes over time. Methods. We analyzed self-reported variables from 111 965 heterosexual, 1667 lesbian, and 1706 bisexual women, and 79 881 heterosexual, 2505 gay, and 911 bisexual men, aged 18 to 70 years, in the 2003-2013 California Health Interview Surveys. Results. Sexual minority women had higher smoking prevalence, and female bisexual smokers were less likely to be light smokers, than heterosexuals. Smoking prevalence was higher among sexual minority men, and gay smokers were more likely to be daily smokers than were heterosexuals; and male bisexual smokers were more likely to be light smokers than were gay or heterosexual smokers. Sexual minority adults were more likely to have SHS exposure at home than were heterosexuals. Current smoking prevalence decreased annually 4% and 7% for lesbian and bisexual women, and 5% and 6% for gay and bisexual men, respectively. Exposure to SHS fell an average of 11% annually for sexual minority men and women. Conclusions. Sexual identity disparities in smoking and SHS exposure exist in California, with bisexuals particularly at risk. Keywords: adult; aged; bisexual female; bisexual male; California; exposure; female; gender identity; heterosexuality; homosexual female; human; interview; major clinical study; male; passive smoking; prevalence; adolescent; California; epidemiology; health survey; middle aged; passive smoking; sexual minority; smoking; statistics and numerical data, passive smoking, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; California; Female; Health Surveys; Heterosexuality; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Sexual Minorities; Smoking; Tobacco Smoke Pollution Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303071_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of labor unions in creating working conditions that promote public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagedorn, J. Author-Name: Paras, C.A. Author-Name: Greenwich, H. Author-Name: Hagopian, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 989-995 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303138 Abstract: We sought to portray how collective bargaining contracts promote public health, beyond their known effect on individual, family, and community well-being. In November 2014, we created an abstraction tool to identify health-related elements in 16 union contracts from industries in the Pacific Northwest. After enumerating the contract-protected benefits and working conditions, we interviewed union organizers and members to learn how these promoted health. Labor union contracts create higher wage and benefit standards, working hours limits, workplace hazards protections, and other factors. Unions also promote well-being by encouraging democratic participation and a sense of community among workers. Labor union contracts are largely underutilized, but a potentially fertile ground for public health innovation. Public health practitioners and labor unions would benefit by partnering to create sophisticated contracts to address social determinants of health. Keywords: family; human; human experiment; physician; public health; social determinants of health; trade union; wellbeing; work environment; worker; workplace; cross-sectional study; legislation and jurisprudence; occupational health; organization and management; public health; standards; trade union; United States, Collective Bargaining; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Labor Unions; Northwestern United States; Occupational Health; Public Health; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303138_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prescription and Illicitopioid deaths and the prescription drug monitoring program in Florida Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Delcher, C. Author-Name: Wang, Y. Author-Name: Wagenaar, A.C. Author-Name: Goldberger, B.A. Author-Name: Cook, R.L. Author-Name: Maldonado-Molina, M.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e10-e11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303104 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303104_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diffusion of an evidence-based smoking cessation intervention through facebook: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cobb, N.K. Author-Name: Jacobs, M.A. Author-Name: Wileyto, P. Author-Name: Valente, T. Author-Name: Graham, A.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1130-1135 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303106 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the diffusion of an evidence-based smoking cessation application ("app") through Facebook social networks and identify specific intervention components that accelerate diffusion. Methods. Between December 2012 and October 2013, we recruited adult US smokers ("seeds") via Facebook advertising and randomized them to 1 of 12 app variants using a factorial design. App variants targeted components of diffusion: duration of use (t), "contagiousness" (β), and number of contacts (Z). The primary outcome was the reproductive ratio (R), defined as the number of individuals installing the app ("descendants") divided by the number of a seed participant's Facebook friends. Results. We randomized 9042 smokers. App utilization metrics demonstrated between-variant differences in expected directions. The highest level of diffusion (R = 0.087) occurred when we combined active contagion strategies with strategies to increase duration of use (incidence rate ratio = 9.99; 95% confidence interval = 5.58, 17.91; P < .001). Involving nonsmokers did not affect diffusion. Conclusions. The maximal R value (0.087) is sufficient to increase the numbers of individuals receiving treatment if applied on a large scale. Online interventions can be designed a priori to spread through social networks. Keywords: adult; advertising; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; diffusion; factorial design; friend; human; incidence; major clinical study; plant seed; randomized controlled trial; smoking cessation; social network; controlled study; evidence based practice; female; health promotion; Internet; male; mass communication; procedures; social media, Adult; Diffusion of Innovation; Evidence-Based Practice; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Internet; Male; Smoking Cessation; Social Media Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303106_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Phantom policies and public health in the presidential election Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marchildon, G.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 975-976 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303223 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303223_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of disaster supply kits Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heagele, T.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 979-982 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303148 Abstract: We reviewed the available evidence in support of the effectiveness of disaster supply kits presently used in household emergency preparedness in the United States. The expectation that people should take responsibility for their own disaster preparedness has largely not taken into account contextual influences on disaster preparedness. The efficiency of current disaster supply kits used during critical postdisaster periods has not been empirically tested. Professional recommendations regarding the composition of disaster supply kits containing at least water, food, first aid, hygiene, and clothing have not been universally defined. This lack of consensus may lead to the assembling of disaster supply kits yielding suboptimal results. The use of disaster supply kits should continue to be nationally recommended, although additional research is needed to demonstrate their beneficial impact on survival and resilience after a disaster. Keywords: drinking water, catering service; disaster; disaster planning; family size; food storage; human; procedures; standards; United States, Disaster Planning; Disasters; Drinking Water; Family Characteristics; Food Storage; Food Supply; Humans; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303148_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Birth cohorts analysis of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent marijuana and cocaine use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Hamilton, A. Author-Name: Kandel, D.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1143-1149 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303128 Abstract: Objectives. To examine whether the drug behavior of adults from different birth cohorts is shaped by adolescent drug experiences and whether adult prevalence of marijuana and cocaine use depends on adolescent cigarette or alcohol use prevalence. Methods. We analyzed 18 birth cohorts comprising 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, sampled from 1991 to 2008, from Monitoring the Future, an annual nationally representative cross-sectional survey of high school students in the United States (n =864443). Results. Within cohorts, lifetime rates of 8th and 10th grade cigarette use were significantly associated with subsequent lifetime rates of marijuana and cocaine use, controlling for trends in use and social norms toward drug use. Each percent increase (or decrease) in 8th and 10th grade smoking was associated with an8% increase (or decrease) in prevalence of latermarijuana use and 14%to 23%increase (or decrease) in prevalence of later cocaine use. Relationships were consistent by gender and race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Prevalences of smoking in 8th and 10th grade and of marijuana and cocaine use in 12th grade are associated. Public health campaigns should focus on early stages of adolescence, when drug use habits are forming. Keywords: cocaine; street drug, adolescent; adolescent behavior; cannabis smoking; cohort analysis; cross-sectional study; drinking behavior; epidemiology; ethnology; female; human; male; prevalence; risk factor; smoking; United States, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Alcohol Drinking; Cocaine; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana Smoking; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Smoking; Street Drugs; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303128_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hanna-Attisha and Lachance respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hanna-Attisha, M. Author-Name: LaChance, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303184 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303184_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What is program evaluation? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gargani, J. Author-Name: Miller, R.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303159 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303159_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The merits of adopting a 0.05 administrative blood alcohol concentration limit for driving Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fell, J.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 977-978 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303187 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303187_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Benzodiazepine use and hepatitis C seroconversion in a cohort of persons who inject drugs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bach, P. Author-Name: Walton, G. Author-Name: Hayashi, K. Author-Name: Milloy, M.-J. Author-Name: Dong, H. Author-Name: Kerr, T. Author-Name: Montaner, J. Author-Name: Wood, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1067-1072 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303090 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303090 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the relationship between benzodiazepine (BZD) use and HCV seroconversion in 2 linked prospective cohorts of persons who inject drugs (PWID). Methods.We examined prospective cohorts of 440 PWID (baseline BZD users: n = 102; 23.2%) from the AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Access to Survival Services (ACCESS) and the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study (VIDUS) cohorts, followed-up from 1996 to 2013 in Vancouver, Canada. Results. At baseline, the prevalence of HCV was higher among those who used BZD (80.5% vs 61.5%; P < .001). After adjustment, BZD use remained independently associated with increased rates of HCV seroconversion (adjusted rate ratio = 1.67; 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 2.66). Conclusions. BZD use is independently associated with HCV seroconversion in a population of PWID. Keywords: benzodiazepine derivative, Canada; female; Hepacivirus; hepatitis C; human; immunology; male; prevalence; prospective study; seroconversion; substance abuse; transmission; young adult, Benzodiazepines; Canada; Female; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Seroconversion; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303090_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial and social disparities in bystander support during medical emergencies on US streets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cornwell, E.Y. Author-Name: Currit, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1049-1051 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303127 Abstract: Objectives.To examine rates at which people suffering medical emergencies on public streets receive help from bystanders, that is, laypersons who first arrive on the scene, and how this varies across patient race and incident locations. Methods. We analyzed data on 22 487 patients from the 2011 National Emergency Medical Services Information System, which we linked to characteristics of counties where the incidents occurred. Results. Bystanders provided help to patients suffering a wide range of medical emergencies, but only about 1 in 39 patients (2.57%) received bystander support. Black patients were significantly less likely to receive bystander support (odds ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval = 0.35, 0.50). Bystander support and county socioeconomic status have a curvilinear relationship; patients in the most disadvantaged counties are least likely to receive bystander support. Conclusions. Help from bystanders is rare and less likely among Black patients and those in the poorest counties. Keywords: confidence interval; emergency health service; human; information system; major clinical study; odds ratio; social status; African American; ancestry group; Caucasian; emergency health service; out of hospital cardiac arrest; social class; statistics and numerical data; United States, African Americans; Continental Population Groups; Emergency Medical Services; European Continental Ancestry Group; Humans; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Social Class; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303127_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Falling through the cracks:" Young adults, drugs, and incarceration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohall, A.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 972-973 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303214 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303214_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence and co-occurrence of heavy drinking and anxiety and mood disorders among gay, Lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual Canadians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pakula, B. Author-Name: Shoveller, J. Author-Name: Ratner, P.A. Author-Name: Carpiano, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1042-1048 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303083 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303083 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of heavy drinking, anxiety, and Mood disorders among Canadians who self-identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual. Methods. Pooled data from the 2007 to 2012 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (n = 222 548) were used to fit logistic regression models controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results. In adjusted logistic regression models, gay or lesbian respondents had greater odds than heterosexual respondents of reporting anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety-mood disorders. Bisexual respondents had greater odds of reporting anxiety disorders, mood disorders, anxiety-mood disorders, and heavy drinking. Gay or lesbian and bisexual respondents had greater odds than heterosexuals of reporting co-occurring anxiety or mood disorders and heavy drinking. The highest rates of disorders were observed among bisexual respondents, with nearly quadruple the rates of anxiety, mood, and combined anxiety and mood disorders relative to heterosexuals and approximately twice the rates of gay or lesbian respondents. Conclusions. Members of sexual minority groups in Canada, in particular those self identifying as bisexual, experience disproportionate rates of anxiety and mood disorders, heavy drinking, and co-occurring disorders. Keywords: adolescent; adult; Anxiety Disorders; Canada; drinking behavior; female; heterosexuality; human; male; middle aged; Mood Disorders; prevalence; psychology; questionnaire; sexual behavior; sexual minority, Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Anxiety Disorders; Canada; Female; Heterosexuality; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mood Disorders; Prevalence; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Minorities; Surveys and Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303083_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons for flint's officials and parents from our 1970s Newark lead program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oleske, J.M. Author-Name: Bogden, J.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303149 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303149_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social support, sexual violence, and transactional sex among female transnational migrants to South Africa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Giorgio, M. Author-Name: Townsend, L. Author-Name: Zembe, Y. Author-Name: Guttmacher, S. Author-Name: Kapadia, F. Author-Name: Cheyip, M. Author-Name: Mathews, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1123-1129 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303107 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the relationship between sexual violence and transactional sex and assess the impact of social support on this relationship among female transnational migrants in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods. In 2012 we administered a behavioral risk factor survey using respondentdriven sampling to transnational migrant women aged between 16 and 39 years, born outside South Africa, living in Cape Town, and speaking English, Shona, Swahili, Lingala, Kirundi, Kinyarwanda, French, or Somali. Results. Controlling for study covariates, travel-phase sexual violence was positively associated with engagement in transactional sex (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 1.77), and social support was shown to be a protective factor (APR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.75, 0.95). The interaction of experienced sexual violence during migration and social support score was APR = 0.85 (95% CI = 0.66, 1.10). In the stratified analysis, we found an increased risk of transactional sex among the low social support group (APR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.22, 2.00). This relationship was not statistically significant among the moderateor high social support group (APR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.58, 1.87). Conclusions. Programs designed to strengthen social support may reduce transactional sex among migrant women after they have settled in their receiving communities. Keywords: adolescent; adult; confidence interval; female; human; human experiment; human tissue; migrant; prevalence; risk factor; sampling; sexual violence; social support; South Africa; speech; transactional sex; travel; migration; psychology; sex worker; sexual crime; South Africa, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Risk Factors; Sex Offenses; Sex Workers; Social Support; South Africa; Transients and Migrants Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303107_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Variability and limits of US state laws regulating workplace wellness programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pomeranz, J.L. Author-Name: Garcia, A.M. Author-Name: Vesprey, R. Author-Name: Davey, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1028-1031 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303144 Abstract: We examined variability in state laws related to workplace wellness programs for public and private employers. We conducted legal research using LexisNexis and Westlaw to create a master list of US state laws that existed in 2014 dedicated to workplace wellness programs. The master list was then divided into laws focusing on public employers and private employers. We created 2 codebooks to describe the variables used to examine the laws. Coders used LawAtlasSM Workbench tocodethe laws related to workplace wellness programs. Thirty-two states and the District of Columbia had laws related to workplace wellness programs in 2014.Sixteen states and the District of Columbia had laws dedicated to public employers, and16stateshad laws dedicated to private employers. Nine states and the District of Columbia had laws that did not specify employer type. State laws varied greatly in their methods of encouraging or shaping wellness program requirements. Few states have comprehensive requirements or incentives to support evidence-based workplace wellness programs. Keywords: District of Columbia; employer; evidence based practice center; human; workplace; health care policy; health promotion; legislation and jurisprudence; motivation; occupational health; private sector; psychology; public sector; trends; United States; workplace, Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Motivation; Occupational Health; Private Sector; Public Sector; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303144_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adams et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adams, S.A. Author-Name: Choi, S.K. Author-Name: Eberth, J.M. Author-Name: Brandt, H.M. Author-Name: Friedman, D.B. Author-Name: Hébert, J.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e8-e9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303231_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medical debt and related financial consequences among older African American and white adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiltshire, J.C. Author-Name: Elder, K. Author-Name: Kiefe, C. Author-Name: Allison, J.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1086-1091 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303137 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate African American-White differences in medical debt among older adults and the extent to which economic and health factors explained these. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2007 and 2010 US Health Tracking Household Survey (n = 5838) and computed population-based estimates of medical debt attributable to economic and health factors with adjustment for age, gender, marital status, and education. Results. African Americans had 2.6 times higher odds of medical debt (odds ratio = 2.62; 95% confidence interval = 1.85, 3.72) than did Whites. Health status explained 22.8% of the observed disparity, and income and insurance explained 19.4%. These factors combined explained 42.4% of the observed disparity. In addition, African Americans were more likely to be contacted by a collection agency and to borrow money because of medical debt, whereas Whites were more likely to use savings. Conclusions. African Americans incur substantial medical debt compared with Whites, andmore than 40% of this ismediated by health status, income, and insurance disparities. Public health implications. In Medicare, low-income beneficiaries, especially lowincome African Americans with poor health status, should be protected from the unintended financial consequences of cost-reduction strategies. Keywords: adult; African American; Caucasian; confidence interval; education; female; gender; health status; household; human; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; marriage; medicare; money; odds ratio; public health; accounting; African American; aged; cross-sectional study; economics; health insurance; health service; health survey; income; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States, African Americans; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Services; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Income; Insurance, Health; Male; Patient Credit and Collection; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303137_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quentin Young (1923-2016): Advocate, activist, and "rebel without a pause" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Healey, M.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1025-1027 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303219 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303219_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of nutrition standards on competitive food quality in Massachusetts middle and high schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gorski, M.T. Author-Name: Cohen, J.F.W. Author-Name: Hoffman, J.A. Author-Name: Rosenfeld, L. Author-Name: Chaffee, R. Author-Name: Smith, L. Author-Name: Rimm, E.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1101-1108 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303139 Abstract: Objectives. To examine changes in competitive foods (items sold in à la carte lines, vending machines, and school stores that "compete" with school meals) in Massachusetts middle and high schools before and after implementation of a statewide nutrition law in 2012. Methods. We photographed n = 10 782 competitive foods and beverages in 36 Massachusetts school districts and 7 control state districts to determine availability and compliance with the law at baseline (2012), 1 year (2013), and 2 years (2014) after the policy (overall enrollment: 71 202 students). We examined availability and compliance trends over time. Results. By 2014, 60% of competitive foods and 79% of competitive beverages were compliant. Multilevel models showed an absolute 46.2% increase for foods (95% confidence interval = 36.2, 56.3) and 46.8% increase for beverages (95% confidence interval = 39.2, 54.4) in schools' alignment with updated standards from 2012 to 2014. Conclusions. The law's implementation resulted in major improvements in the availability and nutritional quality of competitive foods and beverages, but schools did not reach 100% compliance. This law closely mirrors US Department of Agriculture Smart Snacks in School standards, suggesting that complying with strict nutrition standards is feasible, and schools may experience challenges and improvements over time. Keywords: agriculture; beverage; confidence interval; controlled study; food quality; high school; human; major clinical study; Massachusetts; nutritional value; statistical model; student; beverage; catering service; food; government; legislation and jurisprudence; Massachusetts; nutrition policy; nutritional status; school; standards; statistics and numerical data; United States, Beverages; Food; Food Quality; Food Services; Humans; Massachusetts; Nutrition Policy; Nutritional Status; Schools; United States; United States Department of Agriculture Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303139_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drug repurposing for terminal-stage cancer patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cvek, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e3 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303129 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303129_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Affirmatively furthering fair housing": A platform for public health advocates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smedley, B.D. Author-Name: Tegeler, P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1013-1014 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303175 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303175_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Human trafficking and health: A survey of male and female survivors in England Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oram, S. Author-Name: Abas, M. Author-Name: Bick, D. Author-Name: Boyle, A. Author-Name: French, R. Author-Name: Jakobowitz, S. Author-Name: Khondoker, M. Author-Name: Stanley, N. Author-Name: Trevillion, K. Author-Name: Howard, L. Author-Name: Zimmerman, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1073-1078 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303095 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate physical and mental health and experiences of violence among male and female trafficking survivors in a high-income country. Methods. Our data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 150 men and women in England who were in contact with posttrafficking support services. Interviews took place over 18 months, from June 2013 to December 2014. Results. Participants had been trafficked for sexual exploitation (29%), domestic servitude (29.3%), and labor exploitation (40.4%). Sixty-six percent of women reported forced sex during trafficking, including 95% of those trafficked for sexual exploitation and 54%of those trafficked for domestic servitude.Twenty-one percent of menand24% of women reported ongoing injuries, and 8% of men and 23% of women reported diagnosed sexually transmitted infections. Finally, 78% of women and 40% of men reported high levels of depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Conclusions. Psychological interventions to support the recovery of this highly vulnerable population are urgently needed. Keywords: adult; England; female; health status; human; human trafficking; male; Mental Disorders; prostitution; psychology; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data; survivor; violence, Adult; England; Female; Health Status; Human Trafficking; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Sex Work; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survivors; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303095_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Opening the market for lower cost hearing aids: Regulatory change can improve the health of older Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blustein, J. Author-Name: Weinstein, B.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1032-1035 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303176 Abstract: Hearing loss is a leading cause of disability among older people. Yet only one in seven US adults who could benefit from a hearing aid uses one. This fraction has not increased over the past 30 years, nor have hearing aid prices dropped, despite trends of steady improvements and price reductions in the consumer electronics industry. The President's Council on Science and Technology has proposed changes in the regulation of hearing aids, including the creation of a "basic" low-cost over-the-counter category of devices. We discuss the potential to reduce disability as well as to improve public health, stakeholder responses to the president's council's proposal, and public health efforts to further mitigate the burden of disability stemming from age-related hearingloss. Keywords: aged; commercial phenomena; economics; government regulation; hearing aid; Hearing Loss; human; legislation and jurisprudence; public policy; United States, Aged; Commerce; Government Regulation; Hearing Aids; Hearing Loss; Humans; Public Policy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303176_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fox responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fox, D.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 976 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303215 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303215_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: East Los High:Transmedia edutainment to promote the sexual and reproductive health of young Latina/o Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, H. Author-Name: Singhal, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1002-1010 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303072 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303072 Abstract: Latina/o Americans are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections and adolescent pregnancies. Needed urgently are innovative health promotion approaches that are engaging and culturally sensitive. East Los High is a transmedia edutainment program aimed at young Latina/o Americans. It embeds educational messages in entertainment narratives across digital platforms to promote sexual and reproductive health. We employed online analytics tracking (2013-2014), an online viewer survey (2013), and a laboratory experiment (El Paso, TX, 2014) for season 1 program evaluation. We found that East Los High had a wide audience reach, strong viewer engagement, and a positive cognitive, emotional, and social impact on sexual and reproductive health communication and education. Culturally sensitive transmedia edutainment programs are a promising health promotion strategy for minority populations and warrant further investigation. Keywords: American; health promotion; human; human experiment; narrative; program evaluation; reproductive health; season; adolescent; adolescent pregnancy; cultural competence; education; ethnic group; female; health promotion; Hispanic; interpersonal communication; multimedia; pregnancy; prevention and control; psychology; reproductive health; sexual behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; social change; United States, Adolescent; Communication; Cultural Competency; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Promotion; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Multimedia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Program Evaluation; Reproductive Health; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Change; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303072_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unrecognized "AIDS" in monkeys, 1969-1980: Explanations and implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hammett, T.M. Author-Name: Bronson, R.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1015-1022 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303085 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303085 Abstract: AIDS was recognized in humans in 1981 and a simian form was described in the years 1983 to 1985. However, beginning in the late 1960s, outbreaks of opportunistic infections of AIDS were seen in monkeys in the United States. This apparent syndrome went unrecognized at the time. We have assembled those early cases in monkeys and offer reasons why they did not result in earlier recognition of simian or human AIDS, including weaknesses in understanding disease mechanisms, absence of evidence of human retroviruses, and a climate of opinion that devalued investigation of infectious disease and immunologic origins of disease. The "epistemological obstacle" explains important elements of this history in that misconceptions blocked understanding of the dependent relationship among viral infection, immunodeficiency, and opportunistic diseases. Had clearer understanding of the evidence from monkeys allowed human AIDS to be recognized earlier, life-saving prevention and treatment interventions might have been implemented sooner. Keywords: virus DNA, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; animal; disease model; genetics; history; human; immunology; monkey disease; opportunistic infection; Retroviridae; retrovirus infection; Simian immunodeficiency virus; veterinary, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; DNA, Viral; History, 20th Century; Humans; Monkey Diseases; Opportunistic Infections; Retroviridae; Retroviridae Infections; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303085_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the June 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 973-974 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303230 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303230_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The decline of American unions is a threat to public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wright, M.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 968-969 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303217 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303217_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The feminization of HPV: Reversing gender biases in US human papillomavirus vaccine policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daley, E.M. Author-Name: Vamos, C.A. Author-Name: Zimet, G.D. Author-Name: Rosberger, Z. Author-Name: Thompson, E.L. Author-Name: Merrell, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 983-984 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303122 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303122_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The first Ebola survivor to deliver a full-term baby in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chiu, W.-T. Author-Name: Toy, S., Jr. Author-Name: Wu, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e4-e5 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303170 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303170_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons from Texas: Widespread consequences of assaults on abortion access Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gold, R.B. Author-Name: Hasstedt, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 970-971 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303220 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303220 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303220_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Are pain management questions in patient satisfaction surveys driving the opioid epidemic? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adams, J. Author-Name: Bledsoe, G.H. Author-Name: Armstrong, J.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 985-986 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303228 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303228_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Waitzkin responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e15-e16 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303207 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303207_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kennedy-Hendricks et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kennedy-Hendricks, A. Author-Name: Richey, M. Author-Name: McGinty, E.E. Author-Name: Stuart, E.A. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Author-Name: Webster, D.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e11-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303227 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303227_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educational interventions to promote healthy nutrition and physical activity among older Chinese Americans: A cluster-randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jih, J. Author-Name: Le, G. Author-Name: Woo, K. Author-Name: Tsoh, J.Y. Author-Name: Stewart, S. Author-Name: Gildengorin, G. Author-Name: Burke, A. Author-Name: Wong, C. Author-Name: Chan, E. Author-Name: Fung, L.-C. Author-Name: Yu, F. Author-Name: Pasick, R. Author-Name: McPhee, S.J. Author-Name: Nguyen, T.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1092-1098 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303111 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303111 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the efficacy of an in-language intervention of 2 lectures plus printed materials versus printed materials alone on knowledge and adherence to nutrition and physical activity guidelines among older Chinese Americans in San Francisco, California. Methods. From August 2010 to September 2013, we randomized 756 Chinese Americans aged 50 to 75 years to either lectures plus print (n = 361) or print (n = 357). Clusters were the participants recruited by each lay health worker. Intervention outcomes were changes in knowledge of recommended vegetable intake, fruit intake, and physical activity level and adherence to those recommendations from pre- to 6 months postintervention. Results. The retention rate was 99%. At baseline, knowledge and adherence to recommendations were low. Print yielded increases in knowledge of recommended vegetable intake and physical activity level and adherence to fruit intake and physical activity recommendations. Lectures plus print had significant increases in all 6 outcomes. In multivariable models, lectures plus print was superior to print for knowledge of vegetable (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 12.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.50, 24.45) and fruit (AOR = 16.16; 95% CI = 5.61, 46.51) intake recommendations and adherence to vegetable intake recommendations (AOR = 5.53; 95%CI = 1.96, 15.58). Conclusions. In-language print materials, alone and combined with lectures, increased nutrition and physical activity knowledge and behaviors among older Chinese Americans. Keywords: adult; aged; Asian American; confidence interval; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; fruit; health care personnel; human; language; major clinical study; model; odds ratio; physical activity; randomized controlled trial; vegetable; California; exercise; female; fruit; health promotion; male; middle aged; nutritional status; patient education; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data, Aged; Asian Americans; Exercise; Female; Fruit; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Patient Education as Topic; San Francisco; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vegetables Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303111_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimating potential reductions in premature mortality in New York City from raising the minimum wage to $15 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsao, T.-Y. Author-Name: Konty, K.J. Author-Name: Van Wye, G. Author-Name: Barbot, O. Author-Name: Hadler, J.L. Author-Name: Linos, N. Author-Name: Bassett, M.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1036-1041 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303188 Abstract: Objectives. To assess potential reductions in premature mortality that could have been achieved in 2008 to 2012 if the minimum wage had been $15 per hour in New York City. Methods. Using the 2008 to 2012 American Community Survey, we performed simulations to assess how the proportion of low-income residents in each neighborhood might change with a hypothetical $15 minimum wage under alternative assumptions of labor market dynamics. We developed an ecological model of premature death to determine the differences between the levels of premature mortality as predicted by the actual proportions of low-income residents in 2008 to 2012 and the levels predicted by the proportions of low-income residents under a hypothetical $15 minimum wage. Results. A $15 minimum wage could have averted 2800 to 5500 premature deaths between 2008 and 2012 in New York City, representing 4% to 8% of total premature deaths in that period. Most of these avertable deaths would be realized in lower-income communities, in which residents are predominantly people of color. Conclusions. A higherminimum wage may have substantial positive effects on health and should be considered as an instrument to address health disparities. Keywords: animal model; clinical study; death; disease model; health disparity; human; lowest income group; market; neighborhood; New York; premature mortality; resident; adult; demography; economics; ethnology; female; income; legislation and jurisprudence; male; middle aged; minority group; New York; poverty; premature mortality; salary and fringe benefit; statistics and numerical data; urban health, Adult; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Mortality, Premature; New York City; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; Urban Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303188_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving forward from the affordable care act to a single-payer system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gaffney, A. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Angell, M. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 987-988 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303157 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303157_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diffusion of pharmacy-based influenza vaccination over time in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chun, G.J. Author-Name: Sautter, J.M. Author-Name: Patterson, B.J. Author-Name: McGhan, W.F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1099-1100 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303142 Abstract: Objectives.To examine pharmacybased influenza vaccination using diffusion of innovation theory. Methods. We used 1993 to 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systemdata togenerate weighted prevalence rates of influenza vaccination, stratified by age (18-64 years vs ≥ 65 years) and state of residence. The diffusion of innovation theory adopter categories were residents of states allowing pharmacist vaccination before 1996 ("innovator/early adopters"), between 1996 and 1998 ("early majority"), between 1999 and 2004 ("late majority"), and in 2007 or later ("laggards"). Results. For adults aged 18 to 64 years, vaccination rates were similar before the innovation (1993), diverged as the innovation reached the majority (2003), and were significantly lower for laggard states by 2013. Younger adults' vaccination rates steadily increased from 12% to 16% in 1993 to 29% to 36% in 2013. For older adults, there was no significant difference in vaccination ratesbetween adopter categories in any year and no advantage associated with adoption category. Conclusions. Key features of pharmacy-based vaccination, including relative advantage and compatibility, are most relevant to younger adults; different interventions are warranted for older adults. Keywords: adoption; adult; human; human experiment; influenza vaccination; mass communication; pharmacist; pharmacy; prevalence; resident; risk factor; United States; adolescent; aged; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; influenza; middle aged; pharmacy; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; utilization; vaccination; virology, influenza vaccine, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Diffusion of Innovation; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Middle Aged; Pharmacies; Prevalence; United States; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303142_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disability-free life expectancy over 30 years: A growing female disadvantage in the US population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freedman, V.A. Author-Name: Wolf, D.A. Author-Name: Spillman, B.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1079-1085 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303089 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303089 Abstract: Objectives. To examine changes in active life expectancy in the United States over 30 years for older men and women (aged ≥ 65 years). Methods.We used the 1982 and 2004 National Long Term Care Survey and the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study to estimate age-specific mortality and disability rates, the overall chances of survival and of surviving without disability, and years of active life for men and women. Results. For older men, longevity has increased, disability has been postponed to older ages, disability prevalence has fallen, and the percentage of remaining life spent active has increased. However, for older women, small longevity increases have been accompanied by even smaller postponements in disability, a reversal of a downward trend in moderate disability, and stagnation of active life as a percentage of life expectancy. As a consequence, older women no longer live more active years than men, despite their longer lives. Conclusions. Neither a compression nor expansion of late-life disability is inevitable. Public health measures directed at older women to postpone disability may be needed to offset impending long-term care pressures related to population aging. Keywords: aged; aging; disabled person; female; health survey; human; life expectancy; longevity; male; prevalence; quality of life; questionnaire; sex difference; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Aged; Aging; Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Male; Population Surveillance; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303089_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community health workers versus nurses as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, K.B. Author-Name: Kim, M.T. Author-Name: Lee, H.B. Author-Name: Nguyen, T. Author-Name: Bone, L.R. Author-Name: Levine, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1052-1058 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303054 Abstract: Objectives.To confirm the effectiveness of community health workers' involvement as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in 2009 to 2014. Methods. Our open-label, randomized controlled trial determined the effectiveness of a self-help intervention among Korean Americans aged 35 to 80 years in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. We measured and analyzed physiological and psychobehavioral health outcomes of the community health worker-counseled (n = 54) and registered nurse (RN)-counseled (n = 51) intervention groups in comparison with the control group (n = 104). Results. The community health workers' performance was comparable to that of the RNs for both psychobehavioral outcomes (e.g., self-efficacy, quality of life) and physiological outcomes.The community health worker-counseled group showed hemoglobin A1C reductions from baseline (-1.2%, -1.5%, -1.3%, and -1.6%, at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively), all of which were greater than reductions in the RN-counseled (-0.7%, -0.9%, -0.9%, and -1.0%) or the control (-0.5%, -0.5%, -0.6%, and -0.7%) groups. Conclusions. Community health workers performed as well as or better than nurses as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in a Korean American community. Keywords: glucose blood level; glycosylated hemoglobin, adult; aged; analysis; Asian American; blood; case manager; controlled study; disease management; glucose blood level; health auxiliary; human; Maryland; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; nurse; procedures; psychology; randomized controlled trial; self care; very elderly, Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asian Americans; Baltimore; Blood Glucose; Case Managers; Community Health Workers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Management; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Middle Aged; Nurses; Self Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303054_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid expansion and implications for cancer disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barwise, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e8 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303105 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303105_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of food label use on diet quality and glycemic control among latinos with type 2 diabetes in a community health worker-supported intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kollannoor-Samuel, G. Author-Name: Shebl, F.M. Author-Name: Segura-Pérez, S. Author-Name: Chhabra, J. Author-Name: Vega-López, S. Author-Name: Pérez-Escamilla, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1059-1066 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303091 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303091 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the impact of an intervention led by community health workers (CHWs) on food label use and to assess whether food label use and diet quality mediate the intervention's impact on glycemic control. Methods. From 2006 to 2010, 203 Latinos (intervention group, n = 100; control group, n = 103) in Hartford County, Connecticut, with type 2 diabetes were randomized to an intervention that included 17 CHW-led home-based sessions over a 12-month period in addition to the standard of care available in both study arms. Data on food label use, diet quality, covariates, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Data were analyzed via mixed effects and multilevel structural equation modeling. Results. Food label use in the intervention (vs control) group was significantly higher at 3, 12, and 18 months (odds ratio = 2.99; 95% confidence interval = 1.69, 5.29). Food label use and diet quality were positive mediators of improved HbA1c levels. Conclusions. Culturally tailored interventions led by CHWs could increase food label use. Also, CHW-delivered food label education may lead to better diet quality and improve glycemic control among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: glucose blood level; glycosylated hemoglobin, analysis; Connecticut; controlled study; diet; diet therapy; ethnology; female; food packaging; glucose blood level; glycemic index; health auxiliary; Hispanic; human; male; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; patient education; procedures; randomized controlled trial; self care; statistics and numerical data, Blood Glucose; Community Health Workers; Connecticut; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Female; Food Labeling; Glycemic Index; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education as Topic; Self Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303091_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to health care among adults identifying as sexual minorities: A US national study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dahlhamer, J.M. Author-Name: Galinsky, A.M. Author-Name: Joestl, S.S. Author-Name: Ward, B.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1116-1122 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303049 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303049 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the extent to which lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 18 to 64 years experience barriers to health care. Methods. We used 2013 National Health Interview Survey data on 521 gay or lesbian (291 men, 230 women), 215 bisexual (66 men, 149 women), and 25 149 straight (11 525 men, 13 624 women) adults. Five barrier-to-care outcomes were assessed (delayed or did not receive care because of cost, did not receive specific services because of cost, delayed care for noncost reasons, trouble finding a provider, and no usual source of care). Results. Relative to straight adults, gay or lesbian and bisexual adults had higher odds of delaying or not receiving care because of cost. Bisexual adults had higher odds of delaying care for noncost reasons, and gay men had higher odds than straight men of reporting trouble finding a provider. By contrast, gay or lesbian women had lower odds of delaying care for noncost reasons than straight women. Bisexual women had higher odds than gay or lesbian women of reporting 3 of the 5 barriers investigated. Conclusions. Members of sexual minority groups, especially bisexual women, are more likely to encounter barriers to care than their straight counterparts. Keywords: adult; bisexual female; controlled study; female; homosexual female; homosexual male; human; interview; major clinical study; male; public health; adolescent; economics; health care delivery; health care personnel; health status; health survey; middle aged; questionnaire; sexual behavior; sexual minority; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Personnel; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Minorities; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303049_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seo responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seo, D.-C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: e6-e7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303211 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303211_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Direct engagement with communities and interprofessional learning to factor culture into end-of-life health care delivery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boucher, N.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 996-1001 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303073 Abstract: Aging patients with advanced or terminal illnesses or at the end of their lives become highly vulnerable when their cultural needs - in terms of ethnic habits, religious beliefs, and language - are unmet. Cultural diversity should be taken into account during palliative care delivery (i.e., noncurative, supportive care during advanced illness or at the end of life). Providers and systems deliver disparate palliative care to diverse patients. I present 2 strategies to improve how culturally diverse populations are served during advanced illness: (1) health service provider assessment of local populations to understand service populations' cultural needs and guide services and policy; and (2) interprofessional education to improve multicultural understanding among the health care workforce. Keywords: aging; cultural anthropology; doctor patient relation; education; habit; health care delivery; human; human experiment; language; learning; palliative therapy; religion; cultural competence; demography; education; ethnic group; procedures; terminal care, Cultural Competency; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Palliative Care; Religion; Residence Characteristics; Terminal Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303073_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation disparities in preventable disease: A fundamental cause perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bränström, R. Author-Name: Hatzenbuehler, M.L. Author-Name: Pachankis, J.E. Author-Name: Link, B.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1109-1115 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303051 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303051 Abstract: Objectives. To determine whether fundamental cause theory (which posits that, in societal conditions of unequal power and resources, members of higher-status groups experience better health than members of lower-status groups because of their disproportionate access to health-protective factors) might be relevant in explaining health disparities related to sexual orientation. Methods. We used 2001 to 2011 morbidity data from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, a representative general population-based study in Sweden. A total of 66 604 (92.0%) individuals identified as heterosexual, 848 (1.2%) as homosexual, and 806 (1.1%) as bisexual. To test fundamental cause theory, we classified diseases in terms of preventability potential (low vs high). Results.There were no sexual orientation differences inmorbidity from low-preventable diseases. By contrast, gay or bisexual men (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 1.93) and lesbian or bisexual women (adjusted OR= 1.64; 95% CI = 1.28, 2.10) had a greater risk of high-preventable morbidity than heterosexual men and women, respectively. These differences were sustained in analyses adjusted for covariates. Conclusions. Our findings support fundamental cause theory and suggest that unequal distribution of health-protective resources, including knowledge, prestige, power, and supportive social connections, might explain sexual orientation health disparities. Keywords: female; health disparity; health service; heterosexuality; human; male; psychology; risk factor; sexual behavior; sexual minority; social support; socioeconomics; Sweden; utilization, Female; Health Services; Health Status Disparities; Heterosexuality; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Minorities; Social Support; Socioeconomic Factors; Sweden Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303051_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Causal impact: Epidemiological approaches for a public health of consequence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Westreich, D. Author-Name: Edwards, J.K. Author-Name: Rogawski, E.T. Author-Name: Hudgens, M.G. Author-Name: Stuart, E.A. Author-Name: Cole, S.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 6 Pages: 1011-1012 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303226 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303226_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Applying community organizing principles to assess health needs in New Haven, Connecticut Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Santilli, A. Author-Name: Carroll-Scott, A. Author-Name: Ickovics, J.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 841-847 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303050 Abstract: The Affordable Care Act added requirements for nonprofit hospitals to conduct community health needs assessments. Guidelines are minimal; however, they require input and representation from the broader community. This call echoes 2 decades of literature on the importance of including community members in all aspects of research design, a tenet of community organizing. We describe a community-engaged research approach to a community health needs assessment in New Haven, Connecticut. We demonstrate that a robust community organizing approach provided unique research benefits: access to residents for data collection, reliable data, leverage for community-driven interventions, and modest improvements in behavioral risk. We make recommendations for future community-engaged efforts and workforce development, which are important for responding to increasing calls for community health needs assessments. Keywords: information processing; needs assessment; public health; resident; United States; Connecticut; demography; female; health behavior; health care delivery; health care policy; health status; human; information dissemination; legislation and jurisprudence; male; non profit hospital; organization and management; participatory research; poverty; public health; public relations; social capital; socioeconomics; university, Community-Based Participatory Research; Community-Institutional Relations; Connecticut; Female; Health Behavior; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Hospitals, Voluntary; Humans; Information Dissemination; Male; Needs Assessment; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Poverty Areas; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Social Capital; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303050_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health disparities in drug- and alcohol-use disorders: A 12-year longitudinal study of youths after detention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Welty, L.J. Author-Name: Harrison, A.J. Author-Name: Abram, K.M. Author-Name: Olson, N.D. Author-Name: Aaby, D.A. Author-Name: McCoy, K.P. Author-Name: Washburn, J.J. Author-Name: Teplin, L.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 872-880 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303032 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303032 Abstract: Objectives. To examine sex and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of 9 substance-use disorders (SUDs) - alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogen or PCP, opiate, amphetamine, inhalant, sedative, and unspecified drug - in youths during the 12 years after detention. Methods. We used data from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youths randomly sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, starting in 1995 and re-interviewed up to 9 times in the community or correctional facilities through 2011. Independent interviewers assessed SUDs with Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children 2.3 (baseline) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule version IV (follow-ups). Results. By median age 28 years, 91.3% of males and 78.5% of females had ever had an SUD. At most follow-ups, males had greater odds of alcohol- and marijuana-use disorders. Drug-use disorders were most prevalent among non-Hispanic Whites, followed by Hispanics, then African Americans (e.g., compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites had 32.1 times the odds of cocaine-use disorder [95% confidence interval = 13.8, 74.7]). Conclusions. After detention, SUDs differed markedly by sex, race/ethnicity, and substance abused, and, contrary to stereotypes, did not disproportionately affect African Americans. Services to treat substance abuse - during incarceration and after release - would reach many people in need, and address health disparities in a highly vulnerable population. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; African American; alcoholism; Caucasian; child; classification; epidemiology; ethnology; female; Hispanic; human; Illinois; juvenile delinquency; longitudinal study; male; prevalence; prisoner; prospective study; sex difference; statistics and numerical data; time factor; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Chicago; Child; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prevalence; Prisoners; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303032_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting nature-based activity for people with mental illness through the US "exercise is medicine" initiative Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maier, J. Author-Name: Jette, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 796-799 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303047 Abstract: Nature-based physical activity programming (e.g., countryside walks, hiking, horseback riding) has been found to be an effective way to help improve the health of people with mental illness. Exercise referral initiatives, whereby health practitioners prescribe exercise in an attempt to prevent or treat chronic illnesses, have helped make such nature-based activities accessible to this population in the United Kingdom and Australia; however, there is a dearth of research related to the most prominent exercise referral program in the United States: Exercise is Medicine. Taking into account the barriers to physical activity faced by people with mental illness, we explore how nature-based programming for this population might be mobilized in the United States through the growing Exercise is Medicine initiative. Keywords: chronic disease; cooperation; exercise; health promotion; health status; human; Mental Disorders; organization and management; psychology; public relations; quality of life; recreational park; severity of illness index; United States; wilderness, Chronic Disease; Cooperative Behavior; Exercise; Health Promotion; Health Status; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Mental Disorders; Parks, Recreational; Quality of Life; Severity of Illness Index; United States; Wilderness Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303047_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparison of commercial and self-initiated weight loss programs in people with prediabetes: A randomized control trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marrero, D.G. Author-Name: Palmer, K.N.B. Author-Name: Phillips, E.O. Author-Name: Miller-Kovach, K. Author-Name: Foster, G.D. Author-Name: Saha, C.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 949-956 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303035 Abstract: Objectives. To determine if a widely available weight-management program (Weight Watchers) could achieve sufficient weight loss in persons with prediabetes compared with a Diabetes Prevention Program-based individual counseling program supported by National Diabetes Education Program materials. Methods. We conducted an individual, randomized intervention trial in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2013 to 2014, in 225 persons with prediabetes. We compared the Weight Watchers weight-management program (n = 112) with YourGame Plan to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes, a program developed by the National Diabetes Education Program. Outcomes were weight and metabolic markers measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Results. Intervention participants lost significantly more weight than controls at 6 months (5.5% vs 0.8%) and 12 months (5.5% vs 0.2%; both P < .001). The intervention group also had significantly greater improvements in hemoglobin A1c and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level than did controls. Conclusions. A large weight-management program is effective for achieving lifestyle changes associated with diabetes prevention. Such programs could significantly increase the availability of diabetes prevention programs worldwide making an immediate and significant public health impact. Keywords: glycosylated hemoglobin; high density lipoprotein, adult; aged; blood; body mass; body weight; controlled study; counseling; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; diet; exercise; female; human; Indiana; lifestyle; male; middle aged; Prediabetic State; procedures; randomized controlled trial; socioeconomics; weight loss program, Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Counseling; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Exercise; Female; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Indiana; Life Style; Lipoproteins, HDL; Male; Middle Aged; Prediabetic State; Socioeconomic Factors; Weight Reduction Programs Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303035_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Being Fair in Universal Health Coverage: Prioritize Public Health Services for Low- and Middle-Income Countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: George, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 830-831 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303145 Keywords: ambulatory care; developing country; health care organization; hospitalization; human; insurance; organization and management; public health service; social determinants of health; world health organization, Ambulatory Care; Developing Countries; Health Care Rationing; Hospitalization; Humans; Public Health Practice; Social Determinants of Health; Universal Coverage; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303145_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implications of Mexican health care reform on the health coverage of nonmigrants and returning migrants Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wassink, J.T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 848-850 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303094 Abstract: Objectives. To assess health coverage among Mexicans with US migration experience, before and after the implementation of Mexico's universal health care program, Seguro Popular. Methods. I used data from the 2000 and 2010 Mexican Censuses to generate nationally representative estimates of health coverage among working-age Mexicans by migrant status. Results. In 2000, before the implementation of Seguro Popular, 56% of Mexicans aged 15 to 60 years with no recent US migrations were uninsured compared with 80% of recently returned migrants. By 2010, the proportion uninsured declined from 56% to 35%(-38%) among nonmigrants and from 80% to 54% (-33%) among return migrants. Conclusions. Seguro Popular has increased health coverage among Mexican return migrants, but they remain substantially underinsured. A creative and multifaceted approach likely will be needed to address Mexican immigrants' health care needs. Keywords: adolescent; adult; health care need; health care policy; immigrant; medically uninsured; Mexican; population research; female; health care policy; human; insurance; male; Mexican American; Mexico; middle aged; migration; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Care Reform; Humans; Male; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Middle Aged; Transients and Migrants; United States; Universal Coverage; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303094_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State and local policies as a structural and modifiable determinant of HIV vulnerability among latino migrants in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galeucia, M. Author-Name: Hirsch, J.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 800-807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303081 Abstract: We explore how state and local policies in labor, health, education, language, community and neighborhood environments, deportation, and state-authorized identification can reduce or exacerbate HIV vulnerability among Latino migrants in the United States. We reviewed literature on Latino migrants and HIV risk, on the structural- environmental contexts experienced by Latino migrants, and on the many domains in which policies influence those contexts. To illustrate the pathways through which policies acrossmultiple sectors are relevant to HIV vulnerability, we describe how policies shape 2 mediating domains (a climate of hostility toward Latino migrants and the relative ease or difficulty of access to beneficial institutions) and how those domains influence behavioral risk practices, which increase vulnerability to HIV. This argument demonstrates the utility of considering the policy context as a modifiable element of the meso-level through which structural factors shape vulnerability to HIV.This approach has specific relevance to the consideration of HIV prevention for Latino migrants, and more generally, to structural aproaches to HIV prevention. Keywords: climate; health education; Hispanic; hostility; human; human experiment; Human immunodeficiency virus; language; migrant; neighborhood; United States; demography; ethnology; government; health care delivery; high risk behavior; Hispanic; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; legislation and jurisprudence; migration; policy; psychology; risk factor; social determinants of health; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; vulnerable population, Health Services Accessibility; Hispanic Americans; HIV Infections; Humans; Language; Local Government; Policy; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Social Determinants of Health; Socioeconomic Factors; State Government; Transients and Migrants; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303081_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impacts of urban water conservation strategies on energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and health: Southern California as a case study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sokolow, S. Author-Name: Godwin, H. Author-Name: Cole, B.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 941-948 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303053 Abstract: Objectives. To determine how urban water conservation strategies in California cities can affect water and energy conservation efforts, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and benefit public health. Methods.We expanded upon our 2014 health impact assessment of California's urban water conservation strategies by comparing the status quo to 2 options with the greatest potential impact on the interrelated issues of water and energy in California: (1) banning landscape irrigation and (2) expanding alternative water sources (e.g., desalination, recycled water). Results. Among the water conservation strategies evaluated, expanded use of recycled water stood out as the water conservation strategy with potential to reduce water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, with relatively small negative impacts for the public's health. Conclusions. Although the suitability of recycled water for urban uses depends on local climate, geography, current infrastructure, and finances, analyses similar to that presented here can help guide water policy decisions in cities across the globe facing challenges of supplying clean, sustainable water to urban populations. Keywords: California; city; energy conservation; environmental protection; greenhouse effect; health impact assessment; health status; human; power supply; statistics and numerical data; water supply, California; Cities; Conservation of Energy Resources; Conservation of Natural Resources; Electric Power Supplies; Greenhouse Effect; Health Impact Assessment; Health Status; Humans; Water Supply Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303053_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Publish Your Picture in AJPH! Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kropf, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 774 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303197 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303197_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental nutrition: A new frontier for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabaté, J. Author-Name: Harwatt, H. Author-Name: Soret, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 815-821 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303046 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303046 Abstract: Food systems must operate within environmental constraints to avoid disastrous consequences for the biosphere. Such constraints must also take into account nutritional quality and health outcomes. Given the intrinsic relationships between the environmental sciences and nutritional sciences, it is imperative that public health embraces environmental nutrition as the new frontier of research and practice and begins a concerted focus on the new discipline of environmental nutrition, which seeks to comprehensively address the sustainability of food systems. We provide an overview to justify our proposition, outline a research and practice agenda for environmental nutrition, and explore how the complex relationships within food systems that affect public health could be better understood through the environmental nutrition model. Keywords: biosphere; model; nutrition; nutritional science; nutritional value; public health; agriculture; catering service; cooperation; demography; diet; ecology; ecosystem; environment; health status; human; nutritional science; organization and management; policy; procedures; sociology, Agriculture; Cooperative Behavior; Diet; Ecology; Ecosystem; Environment; Food Supply; Health Status; Humans; Nutritional Sciences; Public Health; Public Policy; Residence Characteristics; Social Sciences Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303046_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homicides by police: Comparing counts from the national violent death reporting system, vital statistics, and supplementary homicide reports Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barber, C. Author-Name: Azrael, D. Author-Name: Cohen, A. Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Thymes, D. Author-Name: Wang, D.E. Author-Name: Hemenway, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 922-927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303074 Abstract: Objective. To evaluate the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) as a surveillance system for homicides by law enforcement officers. Methods. We assessed sensitivity and positive predictive value of the NVDRS "type of death" variable against our study count of homicides by police, which we derived from NVDRS coded and narrative data for states participating in NVDRS 2005 to 2012. We compared state counts of police homicides from NVDRS, Vital Statistics, and Federal Bureau of Investigation Supplementary Homicide Reports. Results. We identified 1552 police homicides in the 16 states. Positive predictive value and sensitivity of the NVDRS "type of death" variable for police homicides were high (98% and 90%, respectively). Counts from Vital Statistics and Supplementary Homicide Reports were 58% and 48%, respectively, of our study total; gaps varied widely by state. The annual rate of police homicide (0.24/100 000) varied 5-fold by state and 8-fold by race/ethnicity. Conclusions. NVDRS provides more complete data on police homicides than do existing systems. Policy Implications. Expanding NVDRS to all 50 states and making 2 improvements we identify will be an efficient way to provide the nation with more accurate, detailed data on homicides by law enforcement. Keywords: controlled study; death; diagnostic test accuracy study; ethnicity; homicide; human; law enforcement; narrative; police; predictive value; race; vital statistics; epidemiology; health survey; homicide; police; procedures; reproducibility; statistics and numerical data; United States; violence; vital statistics, Homicide; Humans; Police; Population Surveillance; Reproducibility of Results; United States; Violence; Vital Statistics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303074_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inequalities in hospitalized unintentional injury between aboriginal and non-aboriginal children in New South Wales, Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Möller, H. Author-Name: Falster, K. Author-Name: Ivers, R. Author-Name: Falster, M. Author-Name: Randall, D. Author-Name: Clapham, K. Author-Name: Jorm, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 899-905 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303022 Abstract: Objectives. To quantify inequalities in rates of unintentional injury-related hospitalizations between Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Methods. We used linked hospital and mortality data to construct a retrospective whole-of-population birth cohort including 1 124 717 children born in the state of New South Wales, Australia, between July 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012. We adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of first injury hospitalization for geographic clustering and individual and area-level factors. Results. Aboriginal children were 1.6 times more likely than were non-Aboriginal children to be hospitalized for an unintentional injury. The largest inequalities were for poisoning (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 2.4, 3.0) and injuries stemming from exposure to fire, flames, heat, and hot substances (HR = 2.4; 95% CI = 2.1, 2.7). Adjustment reduced the inequality for all unintentional injury overall (HR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3, 1.4) and within leading injury mechanisms. Conclusions. Australian Aboriginal children suffer a disproportionately high burden of unintentional injury. Keywords: accident; adolescent; child; epidemiology; ethnology; female; health disparity; hospitalization; human; infant; injury; intoxication; male; New South Wales; newborn; Oceanic ancestry group; preschool child; proportional hazards model; retrospective study; risk factor; statistics and numerical data, Accidents; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Status Disparities; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; New South Wales; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Poisoning; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303022_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Syrian refugees constitute 20% of Jordan's population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murshidi, M.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e18 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303117 Keywords: capacity building; health care delivery; health disparity; human; organization and management; public health service; refugee; standards; statistics and numerical data, Capacity Building; Delivery of Health Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Public Health Administration; Refugees Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303117_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of state ignition interlock laws on alcohol-involved crash deaths in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, E.J. Author-Name: Wiebe, D.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 865-871 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303058 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the impact on alcohol-involved crash deaths of universal ignition interlock requirements, which aim to prevent people convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol from driving while intoxicated. Methods. We used data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for 1999 to 2013. From 2004 to 2013, 18 states made interlocks mandatory for all drunk-driving convictions. We compared alcohol-involved crash deaths between 18 states with and 32 states without universal interlock requirements, accounting for state and year effects, and for clustering within states. Results. Policy impact was apparent 3 years after implementation. The adjusted rate of alcohol-involved crash deaths was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0, 5.4) per 100 000 in states with the universal interlock requirement, compared with 5.5 (95% CI = 5.48, 5.53) in states without, an absolute reduction of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.1, 1.5) deaths per 100 000 per year. Conclusions. Requiring ignition interlocks for all drunk-driving convictions was associated with 15% fewer alcohol-involved crash deaths, compared with states with less-stringent requirements. Interlocks are a life-saving technology that merit wider use. Keywords: age distribution; breath analysis; demography; drunken driving; epidemiology; human; legislation and jurisprudence; mortality; protective equipment; regression analysis; statistics and numerical data; time factor; traffic accident; United States, Accidents, Traffic; Age Distribution; Breath Tests; Driving Under the Influence; Humans; Protective Devices; Regression Analysis; Residence Characteristics; Time Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303058_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Public Health of Consequence: Review of the May 2016 Issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 783-784 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303168 Keywords: catering service; demography; diet; environment; health status; human; obesity; public health; social determinants of health; statistics and numerical data; United States, Diet; Environment; Food Supply; Health Status; Humans; Obesity; Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Social Determinants of Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303168_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Validity of single-item screening for limited health literacy in english and Spanish speakers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bishop, W.P. Author-Name: Craddock Lee, S.J. Author-Name: Skinner, C.S. Author-Name: Jones, T.M. Author-Name: McCallister, K. Author-Name: Tiro, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 889-892 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303092 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate 3 single-item screening measures for limited health literacy in a community-based population of English and Spanish speakers. Methods. We recruited 324 English and 314 Spanish speakers from a community research registry in Dallas, Texas, enrolled between 2009 and 2012.We used 3 screening measures: (1) How would you rate your ability to read?; (2) How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?; and (3) How often do you have someone help you read hospital materials? In analyses stratified by language, we used area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves to compare each item with the validated 40-item Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Results. For English speakers, no difference was seen among the items. For Spanish speakers, "ability to read" identified inadequate literacy better than "help reading hospital materials" (AUROC curve = 0.76 vs 0.65; P = .019). Conclusions. The "ability to read" item performed the best, supporting use as a screening tool in safety-net systems caring for diverse populations. Future studies should investigate how to implement brief measures in safety-net settings and whether highlighting health literacy level influences providers' communication practices and patient outcomes. Keywords: adult; clinical study; controlled study; doctor patient relation; health literacy; hospital; human; language; receiver operating characteristic; register; safety; screening; United States; validity; adolescent; aged; female; health literacy; Hispanic; language; male; middle aged; questionnaire; reading; reproducibility; standards; statistics and numerical data; Texas; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Health Literacy; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Language; Literacy; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; ROC Curve; Surveys and Questionnaires; Texas; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303092_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing sexual assault on campus: Lessons from the movement to prevent drunk driving Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potter, S.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 822-829 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303082 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303082 Abstract: I examined similarities and differences between the movement to prevent drunk driving of the 1980s, and current efforts to prevent and address campus sexual assault. As college and university administrators design policies and initiatives to reduce campus sexual assault in response to new federal legislation and regulation, they can apply lessons from successful public health initiatives to reduce drunk driving initiated more than 3 decades ago. I illustrate how interventions at the 5 levels of the social-ecological model, and messages that address entrenched cultural attitudes condoning sexual assault and blaming its victims can be used to combat campus sexual assault as a crime and a public health problem. I also show how efforts to promote community engagement can change behavioral norms and reduce offenses. Keywords: administrative personnel; college; crime; drunken driving; human; law; model; public health problem; sexual assault; university; victim; consumer; crime victim; cultural anthropology; drunken driving; human relation; policy; prevention and control; psychology; public health service; sexual crime; social change; social marketing; social norm; student, Consumer Participation; Crime Victims; Culture; Driving Under the Influence; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Policy; Public Health Practice; Sex Offenses; Social Change; Social Marketing; Social Norms; Students; Universities Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303082_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reconciling epidemiology and social justice in the public health discourse around the sexual networks of black men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matthews, D.D. Author-Name: Smith, J.C. Author-Name: Brown, A.L. Author-Name: Malebranche, D.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 808-814 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303031 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303031 Abstract: Several studies have implicated the sexual networks of Black men who have sex with men (MSM) as facilitating disproportionally high rates of new HIV infections within this community. Although structural disparities place these networks at heightened risk for infection, HIV prevention science continues to describe networks as the cause for HIV disparities, rather than an effect of structures that pattern infection. We explore the historical relationship between public health and Black MSM, arguing that the current articulation of Black MSM networks is too often incomplete and counterproductive. Public health can offer a counternarrative that reconciles epidemiology with the social justice that informs our discipline, and that is required for an effective response to the epidemic among Black MSM. Keywords: African American; ethnology; health disparity; HIV Infections; human; male; male homosexuality; public health; risk factor; sexual behavior; social justice; social support, African Americans; Health Status Disparities; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Public Health; Risk Factors; Sexual Behavior; Social Justice; Social Support Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303031_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ismayilova responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ismayilova, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e20-e21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303146 Keywords: alcoholism; demography; female; human; partner violence; poverty; statistics and numerical data, Alcoholism; Female; Humans; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Spouse Abuse Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303146_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding adolescent perceptionsone-cigarettes is vital Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bandara, A.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303116 Keywords: electronic cigarette; epidemiology; female; human; male; smoking; statistics and numerical data; student; utilization, Electronic Cigarettes; Female; Humans; Male; Smoking; Students Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303116_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mainstream Health Care in Taiwan's Prisons: A Model for Expanding Medicaid Coverage to Incarcerated Americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, M.S. Author-Name: Huang, S.-K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 794-795 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303135 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303135 Keywords: health care policy; human; insurance; medicaid; organization and management; prison; public health; Taiwan; United States, Humans; Insurance Coverage; Medicaid; National Health Programs; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Prisons; Taiwan; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303135_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food environments and obesity: Household diet expenditure versus food deserts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, D. Author-Name: Jaenicke, E.C. Author-Name: Volpe, R.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 881-888 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303048 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the associations between obesity and multiple aspects of the food environments, at home and in the neighborhood. Methods. Our study included 38 650 individuals nested in 18 381 households located in 2104 US counties. Our novel home food environment measure, USDA Score, evaluated the adherence of a household's monthly expenditure shares of 24 aggregated food categories to the recommended values based on US Department of Agriculture food plans. The US Census Bureau's County Business Patterns (2008), the detailed food purchase information in the IRi Consumer Panel scanner data (2008-2012), and its associated MedProfiler data set (2012) constituted the main sources for neighborhood-, household-, and individual-level data, respectively. Results. After we controlled for a number of confounders at the individual, household, and neighborhood levels, USDA Score was negatively linked with obesity status, and a census tract-level indicator of food desert status was positively associated with obesity status. Conclusions. Neighborhood food environment factors, such as food desert status, were associated with obesity status even after we controlled for home food environment factors. Keywords: adult; age; catering service; demography; diet; economics; feeding behavior; female; food; health behavior; human; male; middle aged; obesity; Overweight; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adult; Age Factors; Diet; Female; Food; Food Habits; Food Supply; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303048_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Living and Dying at the Crossroads: Racism, Embodiment, and Why Theory Is Essential for a Public Health of Consequence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 832-833 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303100 Keywords: health disparity; human; public health; racism; theoretical model; United States, Health Status Disparities; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Public Health; Racism; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303100_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of clinic closures on women obtaining abortion services after implementation of a restrictive law in Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gerdts, C. Author-Name: Fuentes, L. Author-Name: Grossman, D. Author-Name: White, K. Author-Name: Keefe-Oates, B. Author-Name: Baum, S.E. Author-Name: Hopkins, K. Author-Name: Stolp, C.W. Author-Name: Potter, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 857-864 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303134 Abstract: Objectives. To evaluate the additional burdens experienced by Texas abortion patients whose nearest in-state clinic was one of more than half of facilities providing abortion that had closed after the introduction of House Bill 2 in 2013. Methods. In mid-2014, we surveyed Texas-resident women seeking abortions in 10 Texas facilities (n = 398), including both Planned Parenthood-affiliated clinics and independent providers that performed more than 1500 abortions in 2013 and provided procedures up to a gestational age of at least 14 weeks from last menstrual period. We compared indicators of burden for women whose nearest clinic in 2013 closed and those whose nearest clinic remained open. Results. For women whose nearest clinic closed (38%), the mean one-way distance traveled was 85 miles, compared with 22 miles for women whose nearest clinic remained open (P ≤ .001). After adjustment, more women whose nearest clinic closed traveled more than 50 miles (44% vs 10%), had out-of-pocket expenses greater than $100 (32% vs 20%), had a frustrated demand for medication abortion (37% vs 22%), and reported that it was somewhat or very hard to get to the clinic (36% vs 18%; P < .05). Conclusions. Clinic closures after House Bill 2 resulted in significant burdens for women able to obtain care. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; financial management; gestational age; health care delivery; hospital management; human; induced abortion; legislation and jurisprudence; outpatient department; pregnancy; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Texas; travel; young adult, Abortion, Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Appointments and Schedules; Female; Financing, Personal; Gestational Age; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Factors; Texas; Travel; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303134_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mcneely and Morland respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McNeely, C.A. Author-Name: Morland, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303158 Keywords: capacity building; health care delivery; health disparity; human; organization and management; public health service; refugee; standards; statistics and numerical data, Capacity Building; Delivery of Health Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Public Health Administration; Refugees Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303158_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bostean et al. Respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bostean, G. Author-Name: Trinidad, D.R. Author-Name: McCarthy, W.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e13-e14 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303165 Keywords: electronic cigarette; epidemiology; female; human; male; smoking; statistics and numerical data; student; utilization, Electronic Cigarettes; Female; Humans; Male; Smoking; Students Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303165_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wood Responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wood, S.F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 792-793 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303167 Keywords: consumer attitude; human; politics; women's health, Consumer Behavior; Humans; Politics; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303167_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supporting Syrian refugees: The need for a multidisciplinary action plan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Azer, S.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e18-e19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303118 Keywords: capacity building; health care delivery; health disparity; human; organization and management; public health service; refugee; standards; statistics and numerical data, Capacity Building; Delivery of Health Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Public Health Administration; Refugees Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303118_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Causes and disparities in death rates among Urban American Indian and Alaska native populations, 1999-2009 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jacobs-Wingo, J.L. Author-Name: Espey, D.K. Author-Name: Groom, A.V. Author-Name: Phillips, L.E. Author-Name: Haverkamp, D.S. Author-Name: Stanley, S.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 906-914 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303033 Abstract: Objectives. To characterize the leading causes of death for the urban American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) population and compare with urban White and rural AI/AN populations. Methods. We linked Indian Health Service patient registration records with the National Death Index to reduce racial misclassification in death certificate data. We calculated age-adjusted urban AI/AN death rates for the period 1999-2009 and compared those with corresponding urban White and rural AI/AN death rates. Results. The top-5 leading causes of death among urban AI/AN persons were heart disease, cancer, unintentional injury, diabetes, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Compared with urban White persons, urban AI/AN persons experienced significantly higher death rates for all top-5 leading causes. The largest disparities were for diabetes and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. In general, urban and rural AI/AN persons had the same leading causes of death, although urban AI/AN persons had lower death rates for most conditions. Conclusions. Urban AI/AN persons experience significant disparities in death rates compared with their White counterparts. Public health and clinical interventions should target urban AI/AN persons to address behaviors and conditions contributing to health disparities. Keywords: Alaska; American Indian; Caucasian; cause of death; death certificate; epidemiology; female; health disparity; health survey; human; Inuit; male; middle aged; public health service; register; rural population; statistics and numerical data; United States; urban population, Alaska; Cause of Death; Death Certificates; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Indians, North American; Inuits; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Registries; Rural Population; United States; United States Indian Health Service; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303033_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Metzl responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Metzl, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e15-e17 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303173 Keywords: firearm; human; mass disaster; mental disease; politics; psychology, Firearms; Humans; Mass Casualty Incidents; Mental Disorders; Politics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303173_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Emergency care for homeless patients: A French multicenter cohort study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feral-Pierssens, A.-L. Author-Name: Aubry, A. Author-Name: Truchot, J. Author-Name: Raynal, P.-A. Author-Name: Boiffier, M. Author-Name: Hutin, A. Author-Name: Leleu, A. Author-Name: Debruyne, G. Author-Name: Joly, L.-M. Author-Name: Juvin, P. Author-Name: Riou, B. Author-Name: Freund, Y. Author-Name: Adnet, F. Author-Name: Mourad, J. Author-Name: Beaune, S. Author-Name: Desmettre, T. Author-Name: Outrey, J. Author-Name: Pernet, J. Author-Name: Piquemal, M. Author-Name: Taze, S. Author-Name: Schmidt, J. Author-Name: Wargon, M. Author-Name: Anne, P.-M. Author-Name: Charpentier, S. Author-Name: Barbe, V. Author-Name: Andrey, A. Author-Name: Chouhied, T. Author-Name: Avondo, A. Author-Name: Favre, M. Author-Name: Jacob, X. Author-Name: Tazarourte, K. Author-Name: Ricard-Hibon, A. Author-Name: Ogereau, C. Author-Name: Le Borgne, P. Author-Name: Proust, A. Author-Name: Philippon, A.-L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 893-898 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303038 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303038 Abstract: Objectives: To determine whether homeless patients experience suboptimal care in the emergency department (ED) by the provision of fewer health care resources. Methods. We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study in 30 EDs in France. During 72 hours in March 2015, all homeless patients that visited the participating EDs were included in the study. The primary health care service measure was the order by the physician of a diagnostic investigation or provision of a treatment in the ED. Secondary measures of health care services included ED waiting time, number and type of investigations per patient, treatment in the ED, and discharge disposition. Results. A total of 254 homeless patients and 254 nonhomeless patients were included. After excluding homeless patients that attended the ED for the sole purpose of housing, we analyzed 214 homeless and 214 nonhomeless. We found no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of health care resource consumption, and for our secondary endpoints. Conclusions. We did not find significant differences in the level of medical care delivered in French EDs to homeless patients compared with matched nonhomeless patients. Keywords: clinical trial; cohort analysis; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; emergency care; emergency ward; housing; human; major clinical study; multicenter study; physician; primary health care; adult; aged; emergency health service; female; France; health care quality; homelessness; hospital admission; hospital discharge; male; middle aged; prospective study; severity of illness index; standards; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Aged; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; France; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Discharge; Prospective Studies; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Quality of Health Care; Severity of Illness Index; Waiting Lists Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303038_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food gardeners' productivity in laramie, Wyoming: More than a hobby Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Conk, S.J. Author-Name: Porter, C.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 854-856 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303108 Abstract: Objectives: We quantified the productivity of food gardens in Laramie, Wyoming, over 3 growing seasons. Methods. From 2012 to 2014, 33 participating gardening households weighed and recorded each harvest. Academic partners measured plot sizes and converted reported harvest weights to volume in cups. Results. The yield of the average 253-square-foot plot was enough to supply an adult with the daily US Department of Agriculture-recommended amount of vegetables for 9 months. Conclusions. Gardeners produced nutritionally meaningful quantities of food; thus, food gardening offers promise as an effective public health intervention for improving food security and nutritional health. Keywords: adult; food security; foot; gardening; household; nutritional health; productivity; public health; United States; vegetable; catering service; economics; human; season; statistics and numerical data; Wyoming, Food Supply; Gardening; Humans; Seasons; Wyoming Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303108_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disability and risk of recent sexual violence in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Basile, K.C. Author-Name: Breiding, M.J. Author-Name: Smith, S.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 928-933 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the relative prevalence of recent (past 12 months) penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual violence comparing men and women with and without a disability. Methods. Data are from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a national telephone survey of US adults, and includes an expansive measure of sexual violence victimization. A total of 9086 women and 7421 men completed the telephone survey in 2010. Results. Compared with persons without a disability, persons with a disability were at increased risk for recent rape for women (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 6.7), and being made to penetrate a perpetrator for men (adjusted odds ratio = 4.2;95% confidence interval = 1.6, 10.8). An estimated 39% of women raped in the 12 months preceding the survey had a disability at the time of the rape. For women and men, having a disability was associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion and noncontact unwanted sexual experiences. Conclusions. In this nationally representative sample, men and women with a disability were at increased risk for recent sexual violence, compared to those without a disability. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; crime victim; disabled person; epidemiology; female; human; male; middle aged; odds ratio; prevalence; rape; sex difference; sexual crime; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Crime Victims; Disabled Persons; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Rape; Sex Factors; Sex Offenses; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303004_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seasonal influence on mass shootings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geoffroy, P.A. Author-Name: Amad, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303065 Keywords: firearm; human; mass disaster; mental disease; politics; psychology, Firearms; Humans; Mass Casualty Incidents; Mental Disorders; Politics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303065_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Celebrating National Public Health Week Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilensky, G.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 777-779 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303194 Keywords: economics; health care cost; health insurance; health status; human; insurance; obesity; organization and management; preventive health service; public health; smoking cessation; social determinants of health; statistics and numerical data; United States, Health Expenditures; Health Status; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Managed Care Programs; Obesity; Preventive Health Services; Public Health; Smoking Cessation; Social Determinants of Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303194_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A longitudinal study of multiple drug use and overdose among young people who inject drugs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riley, E.D. Author-Name: Evans, J.L. Author-Name: Hahn, J.A. Author-Name: Briceno, A. Author-Name: Davidson, P.J. Author-Name: Lum, P.J. Author-Name: Page, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 915-917 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303084 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303084 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the association between multiple drug use and nonfatal overdose among young people (younger than 30 years) who inject drugs. Methods. We completed a longitudinal study of 173 injection drug users younger than 30 years living in San Francisco, California, between April 2012 and February 2014. Results. The odds of nonfatal overdose increased significantly as heroin and benzodiazepine pill-taking days increased and when alcohol consumption exceeded 10 drinks per day compared with 0 drinks per day. Conclusions. Heroin, benzodiazepine, and alcohol use were independently associated with nonfatal overdose over time among young people who inject drugs. Efforts to address multiple central nervous system depressant use remain an important component of a comprehensive approach to overdose, particularly among young people. Keywords: benzodiazepine derivative; diamorphine, adult; California; drinking behavior; drug overdose; drug use; female; hepatitis C; human; longitudinal study; male; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; substance abuse, Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Benzodiazepines; Drug Overdose; Drug Users; Female; Hepatitis C; Heroin; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Risk Factors; San Francisco; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303084_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Emergency Care for Homeless Patients: A Window into the Health Needs of Vulnerable Populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bharel, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 784-785 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303161 Keywords: emergency health service; female; health care quality; homelessness; human; male; standards; statistics and numerical data, Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Humans; Male; Quality of Health Care Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303161_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Research on spousal violence: Toward a balanced and rigorous approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vílchez-Román, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302966 Keywords: alcoholism; demography; female; human; partner violence; poverty; statistics and numerical data, Alcoholism; Female; Humans; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Spouse Abuse Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302966_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National Public Health Week: Small Steps Toward Big Change Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Udall, T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 779-780 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303195 Keywords: catering service; diet; environment; environmental health; exercise; health care delivery; health status; human; preventive health service; public health; United States, Diet; Environment; Environmental Health; Exercise; Food Supply; Health Services Accessibility; Health Status; Humans; Preventive Health Services; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303195_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Unleashed on an unsuspecting world": The asbestos information association and its role in perpetuating a national epidemic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Markowitz, G. Author-Name: Rosner, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 834-839 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303023 Abstract: Examining previously underused corporate documents, we revisit the story of the Asbestos Information Association/North America, an industry trade group that sought in the early 1970s to counteract the growing public attention to, and government regulation of, asbestos as a serious threat to workers and consumers. From the mid-1960s through the early 1970s, according to its own spokesperson, asbestos was exposed as "probably the most hazardous industrial material ever unleashed on an unsuspecting world." In retrospect, thousands of lives may have been saved if the Asbestos Information Association had publicly acknowledged this earlier. Keywords: asbestos, government; human; industry; information dissemination; legislation and jurisprudence; North America; occupational exposure; occupational health; organization; organization and management; procedures; public opinion; United States, Asbestos; Humans; Industry; Information Dissemination; North America; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Public Opinion; Societies; United States; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303023_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When Will Presidential Candidates Ask, "what Do Women Want in Health Care?" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zuckerman, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 790-791 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303174 Keywords: consumer attitude; health care cost; health service; human; organization and management; personalized medicine; politics; quality of life; United States; women's health, Consumer Behavior; Health Expenditures; Humans; Politics; Precision Medicine; Quality of Life; Reproductive Health Services; United States; Women's Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303174_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building a Movement to Be the Healthiest Nation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benjamin, G.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 777 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303196 Keywords: evidence based practice; health status; human; preventive health service; public health; social determinants of health; United States, Evidence-Based Practice; Health Status; Humans; Preventive Health Services; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303196_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood walkability and body mass index trajectories: Longitudinal study of Canadians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wasfi, R.A. Author-Name: Dasgupta, K. Author-Name: Orpana, H. Author-Name: Ross, N.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 934-940 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303096 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303096 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the impact of neighborhood walkability on body mass index (BMI) trajectories of urban Canadians. Methods. Data are from Canada's National Population Health Survey (n = 2935; biannual assessments 1994-2006). We measured walkability with the Walk Score. We modeled body mass index (BMI, defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters [kg/m2]) trajectories as a function of Walk Score and sociodemographic and behavioral covariates with growth curve models and fixed-effects regression models. Results. In men, BMI increased annually by an average of 0.13 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11, 0.14) over the 12 years of follow-up. Moving to a high-walkable neighborhood (2 or more Walk Score quartiles higher) decreased BMI trajectories for men by approximately 1 kg/m2 (95% CI = -1.16, -0.17). Moving to a low-walkable neighborhood increased BMI for men by approximately 0.45 kg/m2 (95% CI = 0.01, 0.89). There was no detectable influence of neighborhood walkability on body weight for women. Conclusions. Our study of a large sample of urban Canadians followed for 12 years confirms that neighborhood walkability influences BMI trajectories for men, and may be influential in curtailing male age-related weight gain. Keywords: body mass; Canada; Canadian; confidence interval; female; follow up; growth curve; health survey; height; human; human tissue; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; model; neighborhood; psychological model; statistical model; weight gain; adolescent; adult; body weight; demography; environment; health behavior; longitudinal study; middle aged; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; urban population; walking; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Canada; Environment; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Walking; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303096_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts among sexual minority adults by study sampling strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hottes, T.S. Author-Name: Bogaert, L. Author-Name: Rhodes, A.E. Author-Name: Brennan, D.J. Author-Name: Gesink, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: e1-e12 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303088 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303088 Abstract: Background. Previous reviews have demonstrated a higher risk of suicide attempts for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons (sexual minorities), compared with heterosexual groups, but these were restricted to general population studies, thereby excluding individuals sampled through LGB community venues. Each sampling strategy, however, has particular methodological strengths and limitations. For instance, general population probability studies have defined sampling frames but are prone to information bias associated with underreporting of LGB identities. By contrast, LGB community surveys may support disclosure of sexuality but overrepresent individuals with strong LGB community attachment. Objectives. To reassess the burden of suicide-related behavior among LGB adults, directly comparing estimates derived from population- versus LGB community-based samples. Search methods. In 2014, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for articles addressing suicide-related behavior (ideation, attempts) among sexual minorities. Selection criteria. We selected quantitative studies of sexual minority adults conducted in nonclinical settings in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Data collection and analysis. Random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression assessed for a difference in prevalence of suicide-related behavior by sample type, adjusted for study or sample-level variables, including context (year, country), methods (medium, response rate), and subgroup characteristics (age, gender, sexual minority construct). We examined residual heterogeneity by using t2. Main results. We pooled 30 cross-sectional studies, including 21 201 sexual minority adults, generating the following lifetime prevalence estimates of suicide attempts: 4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3%, 5%) for heterosexual respondents to population surveys, 11% (95% CI = 8%, 15%) for LGB respondents to population surveys, and 20% (95%CI = 18%, 22%) for LGB respondents to community surveys (Figure 1). The difference in LGB estimates by sample type persisted after we accounted for covariates with meta-regression. Sample type explained 33% of the between-study variability. Author's conclusions. Regardless of sample type examined, sexual minorities had a higher lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts than heterosexual persons; however, the magnitude of this disparity was contingent upon sample type. Community-based surveys of LGB people suggest that 20% of sexual minority adults have attempted suicide. Public health implications. Accurate estimates of sexual minority health disparities are necessary for public health monitoring and research. Most data describing these disparities are derived from 2 sample types, which yield different estimates of the lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts. Additional studies should explore the differential effects of selection and information biases on the 2 predominant sampling approaches used to understand sexual minority health. Keywords: adult; cross-sectional study; demography; epidemiology; female; human; male; meta analysis; middle aged; minority group; prevalence; sexuality; statistics and numerical data; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; United States, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Sampling Studies; Sexuality; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303088_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Living Alone: Identifying the Risks for Public Health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klinenberg, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 786-787 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303166 Keywords: female; human; male; mortality; social isolation, Female; Humans; Male; Mortality; Social Isolation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303166_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The continuing development of health disparities research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Matthews, D.D. Author-Name: Friedman, M.R. Author-Name: Kinsky, S. Author-Name: Egan, J.E. Author-Name: Coulter, R.W.S. Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Markovic, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 787-789 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303183 Keywords: female; human; male; minority group; mortality; sexuality; statistics and numerical data, Female; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Mortality; Sexuality Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303183_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual orientation and all-cause mortality among US adults aged 18 to 59 years, 2001-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cochran, S.D. Author-Name: Björkenstam, C. Author-Name: Mays, V.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 918-920 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303052 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303052 Abstract: To determine whether sexual minorities have an earlier mortality than do heterosexuals, we investigated associations between sexual orientation assessed in the 2001 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and mortality in the 2011 NHANES-linked mortality file. Mortality follow-up time averaged 69.6 months after NHANES. By 2011, 338 individuals had died. Sexual minorities evidenced greater all-cause mortality than did heterosexuals after adjusting for demographic confounding. These effects generally disappeared with further adjustment for NHANES-detected health and behavioral differences. Keywords: adult; follow up; heterosexuality; human; major clinical study; mortality; nutrition; public health; sexual minority; sexual orientation; adolescent; age; epidemiology; female; health survey; male; middle aged; minority group; sex difference; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Groups; Mortality; Sex Factors; Sexuality; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303052_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: CAREST - Multilingual regional integration for health promotion and research on sickle cell disease and thalassemia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knight-Madden, J. Author-Name: Romana, M. Author-Name: Villaescusa, R. Author-Name: Reid, M. Author-Name: Etienne-Julan, M. Author-Name: Boutin, L. Author-Name: Elana, G. Author-Name: Elenga, N. Author-Name: Wheeler, G. Author-Name: Lee, K. Author-Name: Nieves, R. Author-Name: Lecointe, A.J. Author-Name: Lalanne-Mistrih, M.-L. Author-Name: Loko, G. Author-Name: Keclard-Christophe, L. Author-Name: Hardy-Dessources, M.-D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 5 Pages: 851-853 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303078 Abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a significant problem in the Caribbean, where many individuals have African and Asian forebears. However, reliable prevalence data and specific health care programs for SCD are often missing in this region. Closer collaboration between Caribbean territories initiated in 2006 to set up strategies to promote better equity in the health care system for SCD patients led to the formation of CAREST: the Caribbean Network of Researchers on Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemia. We present the effectiveness of collaborations established by CAREST to promote SCD newborn screening programs and early childhood care, to facilitate health worker training and approaches for prevention and treatment of SCD complications, and to carry out inter-Caribbean research studies. Keywords: Caribbean; cooperation; cultural competence; education; epidemiology; ethnology; health care personnel; health promotion; human; in service training; language; newborn; newborn screening; organization and management; prevalence; research; sickle cell anemia; thalassemia, Anemia, Sickle Cell; Caribbean Region; Cooperative Behavior; Cultural Competency; Health Personnel; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inservice Training; Language; Neonatal Screening; Prevalence; Research; Thalassemia Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303078_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heterogeneous effects of housing vouchers on the mental health of US adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nguyen, Q.C. Author-Name: Rehkopf, D.H. Author-Name: Schmidt, N.M. Author-Name: Osypuk, T.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 755-762 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303006 Abstract: Objectives. To assess the mental health effects on adolescents of low-income families residing in high-poverty public housing who received housing vouchers to assist relocation. Methods. We defined treatment effects to compare 2829 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in families offered housing vouchers versus those living in public housing in the Moving to Opportunity experiment (1994-1997; Boston, MA; Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY). We employed model-based recursive partitioning to identify subgroups with heterogeneous treatment effects on psychological distress and behavior problems measured in 2002. We tested 35 potential baseline treatment modifiers. Results. For psychological distress, Chicago participants experienced null treatment effects. Outside Chicago, boys experienced detrimental effects, whereas girls experienced beneficial effects. Behavior problems effects were null for adolescents who were aged 10 years or younger at baseline. For adolescents who were older than 10 years at baseline, violent crime victimization, unmarried parents, and unsafe neighborhoods increased adverse treatment effects. Adolescents who were older than 10 years at baseline without learning problems or violent crime victimization, and whose parents moved for better schools, experienced beneficial effects. Conclusions. Health effects of housing vouchers varied across subgroups. Supplemental services may be necessary for vulnerable subgroups for whom housing vouchers alone may not be beneficial. Keywords: adolescent; child; child psychology; city; demography; economics; female; financial management; housing; human; male; mental health; poverty; sex difference; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Child; Cities; Female; Financing, Government; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Poverty Areas; Psychology, Adolescent; Public Housing; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303006_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nepal's crises threaten gains in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Khanal, V. Author-Name: Mishra, S.R. Author-Name: DeYoung, S.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: e29 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303075 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303075 Keywords: economics; female; health care delivery; health status; human; international cooperation; male; trends, Delivery of Health Care; Economics; Female; Health Status; Humans; International Cooperation; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303075_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic inequalities in low birth weight in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martinson, M.L. Author-Name: Reichman, N.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 748-754 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303007 Abstract: Objectives. To compare associations between socioeconomic status and low birth weight across the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, countries that share cultural features but differ in terms of public support and health care systems. Methods. Using nationally representative data from the United States (n = 8400), the United Kingdom (n = 12 018), Canada (n = 5350), and Australia (n = 3452) from the early 2000s,wecalculated weighted prevalence rates and adjusted odds of low birth weight by income quintile and maternal education. Results. Socioeconomic gradients in low birth weight were apparent in all 4 countries, but the magnitudes and patterns differed across countries. A clear graded association between income quintile and low birth weight was apparent in the United States. The relevant distinction in the United Kingdom appeared to be between low, middle, and high incomes, and the distinction in Canada and Australia appeared to be between mothers in the lowest income quintile and higher-income mothers. Conclusions. Socioeconomic inequalities in low birth weight were larger in the United States than the other countries, suggesting that the more generous social safety nets and health care systems in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia played buffering roles. Keywords: Australia; comparative study; cultural factor; female; Great Britain; health disparity; health survey; human; low birth weight; newborn; North America; pregnancy; prenatal care; socioeconomics, Australia; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Great Britain; Health Status Disparities; Health Surveys; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; North America; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303007_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increase in naloxone prescriptions dispensed in US retail pharmacies since 2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, C.M. Author-Name: Lurie, P.G. Author-Name: Compton, W.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 689-690 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303062 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303062 Abstract: Distribution of naloxone, traditionally through community-based naloxone programs, is a component of a comprehensive strategy to address the epidemic of prescription opioid and heroin overdose deaths in the United States. Recently, there has been increased focus on naloxone prescription in the outpatient setting, particularly through retail pharmacies, yet data on this practice are sparse.We found an 1170% increase in naloxone dispensing from US retail pharmacies between the fourth quarter of 2013 and the second quarter of 2015. These findings suggest that prescribing naloxone in the outpatient setting complements traditional community-based naloxone programs. Keywords: naloxone; narcotic analgesic agent; narcotic antagonist, adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; drug overdose; female; human; male; middle aged; pharmacy; prescription; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; Drug Overdose; Drug Prescriptions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Pharmacies; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303062_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Affordable housing: A key lever to community health for older americans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vega, W.A. Author-Name: Wallace, S.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 635-636 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303034 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303034 Keywords: aged; California; economics; ethnic group; housing; human; poverty; public health; public policy; trends; United States; very elderly; vulnerable population, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; California; Ethnic Groups; Humans; Poverty; Public Health; Public Housing; Public Policy; United States; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303034_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Garfield responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garfield, R.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: e29-e30 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303103 Keywords: economics; female; health care delivery; health status; human; international cooperation; male; trends, Delivery of Health Care; Economics; Female; Health Status; Humans; International Cooperation; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303103_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quantifying distance overestimation from global positioning system in urban spaces Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mooney, S.J. Author-Name: Sheehan, D.M. Author-Name: Zulaika, G. Author-Name: Rundle, A.G. Author-Name: McGill, K. Author-Name: Behrooz, M.R. Author-Name: Lovasi, G.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 651-653 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303036 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303036 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate accuracy of distance measures computed from Global Positioning System (GPS) points in New York City. Methods. We performed structured walks along urban streets carrying Globalsat DG-100 GPS Data Logger devices in highest and lowest quartiles of building height and tree canopy cover. We used ArcGIS version 10.1 to select walks and compute the straight-line distance (Geographic Information System-measured) and sum of distances between consecutive GPS waypoints (GPS-measured) for each walk. Results. GPS distance overestimates were associated with building height (median overestimate = 97% for high vs 14% for low building height) and to a lesser extent tree canopy (43% for high vs 28% for low tree canopy). Conclusions. Algorithms using distances between successive GPS points to infer speed or travel mode may misclassify trips differentially by context. Researchers studying urban spaces may prefer alternative mode identification techniques. Keywords: devices; dimensional measurement accuracy; environment; geographic information system; human; New York; travel; urban population; walking, Dimensional Measurement Accuracy; Environment; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; New York City; Travel; Urban Population; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303036_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characterizing community health workers on research teams: Results from the centers for population health and health disparities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hohl, S.D. Author-Name: Thompson, B. Author-Name: Krok-Schoen, J.L. Author-Name: Weier, R.C. Author-Name: Martin, M. Author-Name: Bone, L. Author-Name: McCarthy, W.J. Author-Name: Noel, S.E. Author-Name: Garcia, B. Author-Name: Calderón, N.E. Author-Name: Paskett, E.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 664-670 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302980 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302980 Abstract: Objectives. To quantify the characteristics of community health workers (CHWs) involved in community intervention research and, in particular, to characterize their job titles, roles, and responsibilities; recruitment and compensation; and training and supervision. Methods.We developed and administered a structured questionnaire consisting of 25 closed-and open-ended questions to staff on National Institutes of Health-funded Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities projects between March and April 2014. We report frequency distributions for CHW roles, sought-after skills, education requirements, benefits and incentives offered, and supervision and training activities. Results. A total of 54 individuals worked as CHWs across the 18 research projects and held a diverse range of job titles. The CHWs commonly collaborated on research project implementation, provided education and support to study participants, and collected data.Training was offered across projects to bolsterCHWcapacity to assist in intervention and research activities. Conclusions. Our experience suggests national benefit in supporting greater efforts to recruit, retain, and support the work of CHWs in community-engagement research. Keywords: economics; education; health auxiliary; health personnel attitude; health services research; human; manpower; questionnaire; salary and fringe benefit; United States, Attitude of Health Personnel; Community Health Workers; Health Services Research; Humans; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302980_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing health disparities is a place-based issue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dankwa-Mullan, I. Author-Name: Ṕerez-Stable, E.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 637-639 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303077 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303077 Keywords: demography; health care disparity; human; vulnerable population, Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Residence Characteristics; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303077_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the distinction-or lack of distinction-between population health and public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roux, A.V.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 619-620 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303097 Keywords: health status; human; nomenclature; public health, Health Status; Humans; Public Health; Terminology as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303097_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Human papillomavirus vaccination in the United States: Uneven uptake by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daniel-Ulloa, J. Author-Name: Gilbert, P.A. Author-Name: Parker, E.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 746-747 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303039 Abstract: Objectives. To assess national differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among young adults in the United States by gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Methods.We tested group differences in initiation and completion of the HPV vaccine series (i.e., 3 doses) by Rao-Scott 2 test among 6444 respondents aged 18 to 30 years from the 2013 National Health Interview Survey. Results. Among men, 5% reported receiving the HPV vaccine, with no differences in uptake by race/ethnicity or sexual orientation. By contrast, 30% of the women reported receiving the HPV vaccine, with women of color having lower odds of initiating and completing the vaccine series compared with White women. Conclusions. In the United States, HPV vaccine rates are lagging in men and show disparities among women. Increasing HPV vaccine uptake and series completion among women of color and all men may provide considerable long-term public health benefits. Keywords: Wart virus vaccine, adolescent; adult; ancestry group; attitude to health; ethnic group; ethnology; female; health survey; human; male; Papillomavirus Infections; patient attitude; preventive health service; sex difference; sexuality; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Continental Population Groups; Ethnic Groups; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Surveys; Humans; Immunization Programs; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Sex Factors; Sexuality; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303039_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Refugee resettlement patterns and state-level health care insurance access in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Agrawal, P. Author-Name: Venkatesh, A.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 662-663 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303017 Abstract: We sought to evaluate the relationship between state-level implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) and resettlement patterns among refugees.We linked federal refugee resettlement data to ACA expansion data and found that refugee resettlement rates are not significantly different according to state-level insurance expansion or cost. Forty percent of refugees have resettled to states without Medicaid expansion. The wide state-level variability in implementation of the ACA should be considered by federal agencies seeking to optimize access to health insurance coverage among refugees who have resettled to the United States. Keywords: economics; government; health care delivery; health care planning; health care policy; health insurance; human; legislation and jurisprudence; medicaid; organization and management; population research; refugee; retrospective study; statistics and numerical data; United States, Censuses; Health Insurance Exchanges; Health Plan Implementation; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Medicaid; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Refugees; Retrospective Studies; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303017_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Initial description of the presumed congenital Zika syndrome Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: De Barros Miranda-Filho, D. Author-Name: Martelli, C.M.T. Author-Name: De Alencar Ximenes, R.A. Author-Name: Araújo, T.V.B. Author-Name: Rocha, M.A.W. Author-Name: Ramos, R.C.F. Author-Name: Dhalia, R. Author-Name: De Oliveira Franca, R.F. Author-Name: De Azevedo Marques Junior, E.T. Author-Name: Rodrigues, L.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 598-600 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303115 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303115 Abstract: Objectives. To provide an initial description of the congenital syndrome presumably associated with infection by Zika virus compared with other syndromes including congenital infections of established etiologies. Methods.Weprovide an overview of a published case series of 35 cases, a clinical series of 104 cases, and published and unpublished reports of clinical and laboratory findings describing cases diagnosed since the beginning of the epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil. Results. About60%to70%of mothers report rash during pregnancy; mainly in the first trimester. Principal features are microcephaly, facial disproportionality, cutis girata, hypertonia/spasticity, hyperreflexia, and irritability; abnormal neuroimages include calcifications, ventriculomegaly, and lissencephaly. Hearing and visual abnormalities may be present. Conclusions. Preliminary data suggest that severe congenital abnormalities are linked to Zika virus infection. Cases have severe abnormalities, and although sharing many characteristics with congenital abnormalities associated with other viral infections, abnormalities presumably linked to the Zika virus may have distinguishing characteristics. These severe neurologic abnormalities may result in marked mental retardation and motor disabilities for many surviving offspring. Policy Implications. Affected nations need to prepare to provide complex and costly multidisciplinary care that children diagnosed with this new congenital syndrome will require. Keywords: Brazil; case report; congenital; female; human; Intellectual Disability; isolation and purification; microcephaly; neuroimaging; newborn; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; rash; syndrome; transmission; vertical transmission; Zika fever; Zika virus, Brazil; Exanthema; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Intellectual Disability; Microcephaly; Neuroimaging; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Syndrome; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303115_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National needs of family planning among US men aged 15 to 44 years Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marcell, A.V. Author-Name: Gibbs, S.E. Author-Name: Choiriyyah, I. Author-Name: Sonenstein, F.L. Author-Name: Astone, N.M. Author-Name: Pleck, J.H. Author-Name: Dariotis, J.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 733-739 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303037 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303037 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate national need for family planning services among men in the United States according to background characteristics, access to care, receipt of services, and contraception use. Methods. We used weighted data from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth to estimate the percentage of men aged 15 to 44 years (n = 10 395) in need of family planning, based on sexual behavior, fecundity, and not trying to get pregnant with his partner. Results. Overall, 60% of men were in need of family planning, defined as those who ever had vaginal sex, were fecund, and had fecund partner(s) who were not trying to get pregnant with partner or partner(s) were not currently pregnant. The greatest need was among young and unmarried men. Most men in need of family planning had access to care, but few reported receiving family planning services (< 19%), consistently using condoms (26%), or having partners consistently using contraception (41%). Conclusions. The need for engaging men aged 15 to 44 years in family planning education and care is substantial and largely unmet despite national public health priorities to include men in reducing unintended pregnancies. Keywords: adolescent; adult; condom; contraceptive behavior; family planning; female; fertility; human; male; pregnancy; procedures; psychology; questionnaire; sexuality; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; unplanned pregnancy; utilization; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Condoms; Contraception Behavior; Family Planning Services; Female; Fertility; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Sexual Partners; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303037_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disparities by sexual orientation in frequent engagement in cancer-related risk behaviors: A 12-year follow-up Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosario, M. Author-Name: Li, F. Author-Name: Wypij, D. Author-Name: Roberts, A.L. Author-Name: Corliss, H.L. Author-Name: Charlton, B.M. Author-Name: Lindsay Frazier, A. Author-Name: Bryn Austin, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 698-706 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302977 Abstract: Objectives. We examined sexual-orientation disparities in frequent engagement in cancer-related risk indicators of tobacco, alcohol, diet and physical activity, ultraviolet radiation, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods.Weused longitudinal data from the national Growing Up Today Study (1999-2010). Of the analytic sample (n = 9958), 1.8% were lesbian or gay (LG), 1.6% bisexual (BI), 12.1% mostly heterosexual (MH), and 84.5% completely heterosexual (CH). Results. More sexual minorities (LGs, BIs, and MHs) than CHs frequently engaged in multiple cancer-related risk behaviors (33%, 29%, 28%, and 19%, respectively). Sexualminority young women, especially BI and MH, more frequently engaged over time in substance use and diet and physical activity risk than CH women.More young gay than CH men frequently engaged over time in vomiting for weight control (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 9.4), being physically inactive (OR= 1.7; 95% CI = 1.2, 2.4), and using tanning booths (OR = 4.7; 95% CI = 3.0, 7.4), and had a higher prevalence of ever having an STI (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 2.0, 6.4). Individual analyses were generally comparable to the group-level analyses. Conclusions. Young sexual minorities are at risk for cancer through frequent exposure to cancer-related risk behaviors over time. Long-term, longitudinal studies and surveillance data are essential and warranted to track frequent engagement in the risk behaviors and cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Keywords: adolescent; adult; drug dependence; female; health behavior; health disparity; high risk behavior; human; longitudinal study; male; minority group; Neoplasms; obesity; psychology; sexuality; sexually transmitted disease; unsafe sex; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Behavior; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Minority Groups; Neoplasms; Obesity; Risk-Taking; Sexuality; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders; Unsafe Sex; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302977_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tobacco-free pharmacy laws and trends in tobacco retailer density in California and Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jin, Y. Author-Name: Lu, B. Author-Name: Klein, E.G. Author-Name: Berman, M. Author-Name: Foraker, R.E. Author-Name: Ferketich, A.K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 679-685 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303040 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the impact of local laws prohibiting tobacco sales in pharmacies in California and Massachusetts, the only 2 US states in which such municipal laws exist. Methods.We analyzed longitudinally the tobacco retailer density at the city level from tobacco retailer license data in California (2005-2013) and Massachusetts (2004-2014). Results. After adjustments, the reduction in tobacco retailer density over time was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37, 1.51) to 3.18 (95% CI = 1.11, 5.25) times greater in cities with a tobacco-free pharmacy law than in cities without such a law. Conclusions. Tobacco-free pharmacy laws are associated with a greater reduction in tobacco retailer density over time in California and Massachusetts. Keywords: California; commercial phenomena; human; legislation and jurisprudence; licensing; Massachusetts; pharmacy; prevention and control; smoking; supply and distribution; tobacco; trends, California; Commerce; Humans; Licensure; Massachusetts; Pharmacies; Smoking; Tobacco Products Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303040_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Capacity building for rare bleeding disorders in the remote commonwealth of the northern Mariana Islands Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lin, T.F. Author-Name: Carhill, P. Author-Name: Huang, J.N. Author-Name: Baker, J.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 658-661 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303093 Abstract: The US Pacific Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is home to an underserved hemophilia population. We developed a strategy in 2014 to build sustainable island-wide medical, patient and family, and community support for this rare disease. Collaboration with regional bleeding disorder leadership galvanized a weeklong conference series. More than 200 participants attended discipline-specific seminars; pre-post test evaluations documented educational benefits. This timeconcentrated island-wide education intervention promoted the rapid identification of new cases and stimulated sustainable bleeding disorder care development. The education series proved feasible, efficient, and effective in increasing knowledge and reducing patient and professional isolation, serving as a model for improving capacity for orphan diseases (those that affect fewer than 200 000 people in any particular country) in underresourced areas. Keywords: capacity building; community care; curriculum; education; Federated States of Micronesia; health education; hemophilia A; human; paramedical personnel; procedures; vulnerable population, Allied Health Personnel; Capacity Building; Community Networks; Curriculum; Educational Measurement; Health Education; Hemophilia A; Humans; Micronesia; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303093_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aedes rides again: Mosquitoes and flaviviruses in the americas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McNeill, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 596-597 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303123 Keywords: Aedes; animal; classification; disease carrier; epidemic; epidemiology; Flavivirus; Flavivirus infection; history; human; isolation and purification; mortality; political system; virology; Western Hemisphere, Aedes; Americas; Animals; Colonialism; Disease Outbreaks; Flavivirus; Flavivirus Infections; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Insect Vectors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303123_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mounting evidence of the effectiveness and versatility of community health workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landers, S. Author-Name: Levinson, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 591-592 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303099 Keywords: community care; health auxiliary; health care delivery; health promotion; human; manpower; medical research, Biomedical Research; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Delivery of Health Care; Health Promotion; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303099_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcrowding and mortality during the influenza pandemic of 1918: Evidence from US Army Camp A. A. Humphreys, Virginia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andrew Aligne, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 642-644 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303018 Abstract: The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people. Why was 1918 such an outlier? I. W. Brewer, a US Army physician at Camp Humphreys, Virginia, during the First World War, investigated several factors suspected of increasing the risk of severe flu: length of service in the army, race, dirty dishes, flies, dust, crowding, and weather. Overcrowding stood out, increasing the risk of flu 10-fold and the risk of flu complicated with pneumonia fi ve-fold. Calculations made with Brewer's data show that the overall relationship between overcrowding and severe flu was highly significant (P <.001). Brewer's findings suggest that man-made conditions increased the severity of the pandemic flu illness. Keywords: crowding (area); history; human; Influenza, Human; male; mortality; pandemic; soldier; United States; war, Crowding; History, 20th Century; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Military Personnel; Pandemics; United States; World War I Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303018_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender-specific jealousy and infidelity norms as sources of sexual health risk and violence among young coupled nicaraguans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boyce, S. Author-Name: Zeledón, P. Author-Name: Tellez, E. Author-Name: Barrington, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 625-632 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303016 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303016 Abstract: Gender inequity negatively affects health in Central America. In 2011, we conducted 60 semistructured interviews and 12 photovoice focus groups with young coupledmen andwomen in León, Nicaragua, to explore theways inwhich social norms around marriage and gender affect sexual health and gender-based violence. Participants' depictions of their experiences revealed gendered norms around infidelity that provided a narrative to justify male expressions of jealousy, which included limiting partner autonomy, sexual coercion, and physical violence against women, and resulted in increased women's risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. By understanding and taking account of these different narratives and normalized beliefs in developing health-and gender-based violence interventions, such programs might be more effective in promoting gender-equitable attitudes and behaviors among young men and women in Nicaragua. Keywords: adolescent; adult; female; gender identity; high risk behavior; human; human relation; information processing; jealousy; male; Nicaragua; partner violence; psychology; reproductive health; sexual behavior; sexuality; sociological theory; spouse; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; Focus Groups; Gender Identity; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Intimate Partner Violence; Jealousy; Male; Nicaragua; Reproductive Health; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Social Theory; Spouses; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303016_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of community-based health worker interventions to improve chronic disease management and care among vulnerable populations: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kim, K. Author-Name: Choi, J.S. Author-Name: Choi, E. Author-Name: Nieman, C.L. Author-Name: Joo, J.H. Author-Name: Lin, F.R. Author-Name: Gitlin, L.N. Author-Name: Han, H.-R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: e3-e28 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987 Abstract: Background. Community-based health workers (CBHWs) are frontline public health workers who are trusted members of the community they serve. Recently, considerable attention has been drawn to CBHWs in promoting healthy behaviors and health outcomes among vulnerable populations who often face health inequities. Objectives. We performed a systematic review to synthesize evidence concerning the types of CBHW interventions, the qualification and characteristics of CBHWs, and patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness of such interventions in vulnerable populations with chronic, noncommunicable conditions. Search methods. We undertook 4 electronic database searches-PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane-and hand searched reference collections to identify randomized controlled trials published in English before August 2014. Selection. We screened a total of 934 unique citations initially for titles and abstracts. Two reviewers then independently evaluated 166 fulltext articles that were passed onto review processes. Sixty-one studies and 6 companion articles (e.g., cost-effectiveness analysis) met eligibility criteria for inclusion. Data collection and analysis. Four trained research assistants extracted data by using a standardized data extraction form developed by the authors. Subsequently, an independent research assistant reviewed extracted data to check accuracy. Discrepancies were resolved through discussions among the study team members. Each study was evaluated for its quality by 2 research assistants who extracted relevant study information. Interrater agreement rates ranged from 61% to 91% (average 86%). Any discrepancies in terms of quality rating were resolved through team discussions. Main results. All but 4 studies were conducted in the United States. The 2 most common areas for CBHW interventions were cancer prevention (n = 30) and cardiovascular disease risk reduction (n = 26). The roles assumed by CBHWs included health education (n = 48), counseling (n=36), navigation assistance (n=21), case management (n=4), social services (n = 7), and social support (n = 18). Fifty-three studies provided information regarding CBHW training, yet CBHW competency evaluation (n = 9) and supervision procedures (n = 24) were largely underreported. The length and duration of CBHW training ranged from 4 hours to 240 hourswith an average of 41.3 hours (median: 16.5 hours) in 24 studies that reported length of training. Eight studies reported the frequency of supervision, which ranged from weekly to monthly. There was a trend toward improvements in cancer prevention (n = 21) and cardiovascular risk reduction (n = 16). Eight articles documented cost analyses and found that integrating CBHWsinto the health care delivery system was associated with cost-effective and sustainable care. Conclusions. Interventions by CBHWs appear to be effective when compared with alternatives and also cost-effective for certain health conditions, particularly when partnering with low-income, underserved, and racial and ethnic minority communities. Future research is warranted to fully incorporate CBHWs into the health care system to promote noncommunicable health outcomes among vulnerable populations. Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases; chronic disease; cost benefit analysis; disease management; education; ethnology; health auxiliary; health care delivery; human; minority group; Neoplasms; risk factor; United States; vulnerable population; young adult, Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Community Health Workers; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Delivery of Health Care; Disease Management; Humans; Minority Groups; Neoplasms; Risk Factors; United States; Vulnerable Populations; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A call for global discussion on universal coverage Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, G.A. Author-Name: De Camargo, K.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 594-595 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303098 Keywords: economics; health; health care delivery; health care policy; human; human rights; insurance; legislation and jurisprudence; procedures, Global Health; Health Care Reform; Health Services Accessibility; Human Rights; Humans; Universal Coverage Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303098_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: History, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of Zika: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paixão, E.S. Author-Name: Barreto, F. Author-Name: Da Glória Teixeira, M. Author-Name: Da Conceição N Costa, M. Author-Name: Rodrigues, L.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 606-612 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303112 Abstract: Objectives. To describe salient epidemiological characteristics of Zika virus outbreaks across the world and to examine the clinical presentations, complications, and atypical manifestations related to their occurrence in recent history. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of the literature by searching through MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health Library, as well as the epidemiological bulletins and alerts from the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control over the period 1954 to 2016. Results. The search yielded 547 records.We retained 333 for further analysis, to which we added 11 epidemiological bulletins from various sources. Of these, we systematically reviewed 52 articles and reports, revealing some epidemiological features and patterns of spread of the Zika virus worldwide, as well as pathological outcomes suspected to be linked to Zika outbreaks. Neurologic disorders among Zika patients were similar in Brazil and French Polynesia but a causal link is not established. Incidence of Zika infection in pregnant women is not known. In Brazil, during the Zika outbreak the incidence of microcephaly increased more than 20 times. Among 35 infants with microcephaly, born from women suspected to have Zika infection during pregnancy in northeast Brazil, 74% of the mothers reported rash during the first and second trimester. Conclusions. On February 1, 2016, The World Health Organization declared the ongoing Zika crisis an emergency and that, although not yet scientifically proven, the link between the virus and growing numbers of microcephaly cases was "strongly suspected." However, the causal relationship between Zika and microcephaly is not universally accepted. Public Health Implications. The current situation with regard to Zika is not encouraging, because there is no vaccine, no treatment, and no good serological test, and vector control remains a challenge. Keywords: adult; animal; Brazil; complication; epidemic; female; global health; history; human; infant; isolation and purification; microcephaly; Nervous System Diseases; pregnancy; virology; world health organization; Zika virus; Zika Virus Infection, Adult; Animals; Brazil; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Global Health; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Infant; Microcephaly; Nervous System Diseases; Pregnancy; World Health Organization; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303112_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence: Review of the April 2016 issue of AJPH Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 592-593 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303109 Keywords: human; insurance; organization and management; public health, Humans; Insurance Coverage; Public Health; Universal Coverage Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303109_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Setting the agenda for a new discipline: Population health science Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyes, K.M. Author-Name: Galea, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 633-634 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303101 Keywords: human; population; preventive medicine; procedures; public health; science; statistical analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Population; Preventive Medicine; Public Health; Science Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303101_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of community-based prevention and care on ebola transmission in Sierra Leone Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pronyk, P. Author-Name: Rogers, B. Author-Name: Lee, S. Author-Name: Bhatnagar, A. Author-Name: Wolman, Y. Author-Name: Monasch, R. Author-Name: Hipgrave, D. Author-Name: Salama, P. Author-Name: Kucharski, A. Author-Name: Chopra, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 727-732 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303020 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303020 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the acceptability, use, effects on early isolation, and contribution to Ebola virus disease (EVD) transmission of Community Care Centers (CCCs), which were rapidly deployed in Sierra Leone during an accelerated phase of the 2014-2015 EVD epidemic. Methods. Focus group discussions, triads, and key informant interviews assessed acceptability of the CCCs. Facility registers, structured questionnaires, and laboratory records documented use, admission, and case identification. We estimated transmission effects by comparing time between symptom onset and isolation at CCCs relative to other facilities with the national Viral Hemorrhagic Fever data set. Results. Between November 2014 and January 2015, 46 CCCs were operational. Over 13 epidemic weeks, 6129 patients were triaged identifying 719 (12%) EVD suspects. Community acceptance was high despite initial mistrust. Nearly all patients presented to CCCs outside the national alert system. Isolation of EVD suspects within 4 days of symptoms was higher in CCCs compared with other facilities (85% vs 49%; odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 4.0, 9.1), contributing to a 13% to 32% reduction in the EVD reproduction number (Ro). Conclusions. Community-based approaches to prevention and care can reduce Ebola transmission. Keywords: adult; attitude to health; community care; Disease Outbreaks; disease transmission; female; health center; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; human; information processing; male; prevention and control; questionnaire; Sierra Leone; transmission; utilization, Adult; Attitude to Health; Community Health Centers; Community Health Services; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Female; Focus Groups; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Male; Sierra Leone; Surveys and Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303020_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Zika: The Tragedy and the Opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rodrigues, L.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 582 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303114 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303114 Keywords: Aedes; animal; human; insect vector; microcephaly; virology; Zika virus; Zika Virus Infection, Aedes; Animals; Humans; Insect Vectors; Microcephaly; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303114_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual-orientation differences in positive youth development: The mediational role of bullying victimization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coulter, R.W.S. Author-Name: Herrick, A.L. Author-Name: Reuel Friedman, M. Author-Name: Stall, R.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 691-697 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303005 Abstract: Objectives. To examine sexual-orientation differences in positive youth development, and how bullying victimization mediated these differences in a sample of adolescents. Methods. In 2007 to 2008, positive youth development was measured in 1870 adolescents from US schools and after-school programs in 45 states by using the validated Five Cs model of competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring/compassion. Sexual-minority youths (6.8%) reported having same-or both-gender sexual attractions. Nonattracted youths (4.2%) reported having no sexual attractions. Results. Compared with sexual-minority youths, heterosexual and nonattracted youths had lower odds of being a victim of bullying. Heterosexual and nonattracted youths also had higher average scores in competence, confidence, and connection, but these associations between sexual orientation and positive youth development scoreswere partly attributable to lack of bullying victimization. Conclusions. Designing, implementing, and evaluating interventions that reduce bullying can give sexual-minority youths access to several building blocks of health and well-being. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adolescent development; bullying; female; heterosexuality; homosexuality; human; male; minority group; psychology; questionnaire; sexuality; statistics and numerical data, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adolescent Development; Bullying; Female; Heterosexuality; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Sexuality; Surveys and Questionnaires Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303005_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Keep the whole city in mind Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fullilove, M.T. Author-Name: Chaudhury, N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 639-641 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303027 Keywords: city; demography; health; health care disparity; human; poverty, Cities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Poverty Areas; Residence Characteristics; Urban Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303027_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of universal health coverage on child growth and nutrition in Argentina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nuñez, P.A. Author-Name: Fernández-Slezak, D. Author-Name: Farall, A. Author-Name: Szretter, M.E. Author-Name: Salomón, O.D. Author-Name: Valeggia, C.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 720-726 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303056 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303056 Abstract: Objectives. To estimate trends of undernutrition (stunting and underweight) among children younger than 5 years covered by the universal health coverage programs Plan Nacer and Programa Sumar. Methods. From 2005 to 2013, Plan Nacer and Programa Sumar collected high-quality information on birth and visit dates, age (in days), gender, weight (in kg), and height (in cm) for 1.4 million children in 6386 health centers (13 million records) with broad coverage of vulnerable populations in Argentina. Results.The prevalence of stunting and underweight decreased 45.0% (from 20.6% to 11.3%) and 38.0% (from 4.0% to 2.5%), respectively, with differences between rural versus urban areas, gender, regions, age, and seasons. Conclusions. Undernutrition prevalence substantially decreased in 2 programs in Argentina as a result of universal health coverage. Keywords: Argentina; body height; body weight; child development; Child Nutrition Disorders; female; growth; Growth Disorders; human; infant; insurance; male; newborn; nutritional status; preschool child; prevalence; rural population; socioeconomics; urban population; vulnerable population, Argentina; Body Height; Child Development; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Female; Growth; Growth Disorders; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nutritional Status; Prevalence; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; Thinness; Universal Coverage; Urban Population; Vulnerable Populations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303056_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Corporate funding for schools of public health: Confronting the ethical and economic challenges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bayer, R. Author-Name: Sampat, B.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 615-618 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303079 Keywords: conflict of interest; economics; education; ethics; financial management; human; industry; information dissemination; medical research; public health; public relations; school, Biomedical Research; Conflict of Interest; Financing, Organized; Humans; Industry; Information Dissemination; Interprofessional Relations; Public Health; Research Support as Topic; Schools, Health Occupations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303079_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the evidence base for the alcohol industry's actions to reduce drink driving globally Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Esser, M.B. Author-Name: Bao, J. Author-Name: Jernigan, D.H. Author-Name: Hyder, A.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 707-713 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303026 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303026 Abstract: Objectives.To evaluate the evidence base for the content of initiatives that the alcohol industry implemented to reduce drink driving from 1982 to May 2015. Methods. We systematically analyzed the content of 266 global initiatives that the alcohol industry has categorized as actions to reduce drink driving. Results. Social aspects public relations organizations (i.e., organizations funded by the alcohol industry to handle issues that may be damaging to the business) sponsored the greatest proportion of the actions. Only 0.8% (n = 2) of the sampled industry actions were consistent with public health evidence of effectiveness for reducing drink driving. Conclusions. The vast majority of the alcohol industry's actions to reduce drink driving does not reflect public health evidenced-based recommendations, even though effective drink-driving countermeasures exist, such as a maximum blood alcohol concentration limit of 0.05 grams per deciliter for drivers and widespread use of sobriety checkpoints. Keywords: alcohol, adverse effects; advertising; alcohol intoxication; alcoholic beverage; blood; car driving; drinking behavior; ethics; evaluation study; food industry; health; human; marketing; prevention and control; procedures; public health; public relations; traffic accident, Accidents, Traffic; Advertising as Topic; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Alcoholic Intoxication; Automobile Driving; Ethanol; Food Industry; Global Health; Humans; Marketing; Public Health; Public Relations Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303026_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: E-cigarette use and intention to initiate or quit smoking among US youths Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Park, J.-Y. Author-Name: Seo, D.-C. Author-Name: Lin, H.-C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 672-678 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302994 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302994 Abstract: Objectives. We assessed whether e-cigarette use is associated with (1) intention to smoke cigarettes among never-smoking youths and youth experimenters, and (2) intention to quit smoking among current youth smokers. Methods. We categorized participants from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey data (n = 20 193) as never-smoking youth (n = 16 238), youth experimenters (n = 3248), and current youth smokers (n = 707). We matched groups on the basis of a propensity score comprising covariates predicting e-cigarette use. Results. E-cigarette users who had never smoked cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 6.45) and who had experimented with smoking (AOR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.50, 2.64) had elevated intention to smoke cigarettes compared with their counterparts who had never used e-cigarettes. We did not find any significant association between e-cigarette use and intention to quit smoking among current youth smokers (P =.33). Conclusions. E-cigarette use among US youths is associated with intention to smoke but not with intention to quit smoking. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; behavior; electronic cigarette; female; human; male; procedures; propensity score; psychology; questionnaire; smoking; smoking cessation; United States; utilization, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Electronic Cigarettes; Female; Humans; Intention; Male; Propensity Score; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302994_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homeopathy use by US adults: Results of a national survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dossett, M.L. Author-Name: Davis, R.B. Author-Name: Kaptchuk, T.J. Author-Name: Yeh, G.Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 743-745 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303025 Abstract: We used the 2012 National Health Interview Survey to compare homeopathy users with supplement users and those using other forms of complementary and integrative medicine. Among US adults, 2.1% used homeopathy within the past 12 months. Respiratory and otorhinolaryngology complaints were most commonly treated (18.5%). Homeopathy users were more likely to use multiple complementary and integrative medicine therapies and to perceive the therapy as helpful than were supplement users. US homeopathy use remains uncommon; however, users perceive it as helpful. Keywords: adult; attitude to health; dietary supplement; female; health behavior; health survey; homeopathy; human; integrative medicine; middle aged; patient satisfaction; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States; utilization, Adult; Attitude to Health; Dietary Supplements; Female; Health Behavior; Health Surveys; Homeopathy; Humans; Integrative Medicine; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303025_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: My walk to water Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zolnikov, T.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 623-624 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303066 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303066 Keywords: drinking water, cultural anthropology; human; Kenya; standards; walking, Anthropology, Cultural; Drinking Water; Humans; Kenya; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303066_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A three-dimensional action plan to raise the quality of care of US correctional health and promote alternatives to incarceration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Venters, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 613-614 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303076 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303076 Keywords: economics; health care cost; health care delivery; health care quality; human; organization and management; prison; prisoner; resource allocation; standards; United States, Health Care Costs; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Prisoners; Prisons; Quality of Health Care; Resource Allocation; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303076_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemic of Zika virus-related microcephaly in Brazil: Detection, control, etiology, and future scenarios Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Teixeira, M.G. Author-Name: Da Conceição N Costa, M. Author-Name: De Oliveira, W.K. Author-Name: Nunes, M.L. Author-Name: Rodrigues, L.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 601-605 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303113 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303113 Abstract: We describe the epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil, its detection and attempts to control it, the suspected causal link with Zika virus infection during pregnancy, and possible scenarios for the future. In October 2015, in Pernambuco, Brazil, an increase in the number of newborns with microcephaly was reported.Mothers of the affected newborns reported rashes during pregnancy and no exposure to other potentially teratogenic agents. Women delivering in October would have been in the first trimester of pregnancy during the peak of a Zika epidemic in March. By the end of 2015, 4180 cases of suspected microcephaly had been reported. Zika spread to other American countries and, in February 2016, the World Health Organization declared the Zika epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. This unprecedented situation underscores the urgent need to establish the evidence of congenital infection risk by gestational week and accrue knowledge. There is an urgent call for a Zika vaccine, better diagnostic tests, effective treatment, and improved mosquito-control methods. Keywords: Brazil; diagnosis; Epidemics; female; first trimester pregnancy; human; isolation and purification; microcephaly; newborn; pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; public health; transmission; vertical transmission; virology; world health organization; Zika fever; Zika virus, Brazil; Epidemics; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Microcephaly; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Public Health; World Health Organization; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303113_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bachhuber, M.A. Author-Name: Hennessy, S. Author-Name: Cunningham, C.O. Author-Name: Starrels, J.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 686-688 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303061 Abstract: Objectives.To describe trends in benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality involving benzodiazepines among US adults. Methods.We examined data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and multiplecause-of-death data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results. Between 1996 and 2013, the percentage of adults filling a benzodiazepine prescription increased from 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.8%, 4.5%) to 5.6% (95% CI = 5.2%, 6.1%), with an annual percent change of 2.5% (95% CI = 2.1%, 3.0%). The quantity of benzodiazepines filled increased from 1.1 (95% CI = 0.9, 1.2) to 3.6 (95% CI = 3.0, 4.2) kilogram lorazepam equivalents per 100 000 adults (annual percent change = 9.0%;95%CI = 7.6%, 10.3%).The overdose death rate increased from 0.58 (95% CI = 0.55, 0.62) to 3.07 (95% CI = 2.99, 3.14) per 100 000 adults, with a plateau seen after 2010. Conclusions. Benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality have increased considerably. Fatal overdoses involving benzodiazepines have plateaued overall; however, no evidence of decreases was found in any group. Interventions to reduce the use of benzodiazepines or improve their safety are needed. Keywords: benzodiazepine derivative, adult; clinical practice; drug overdose; epidemiology; human; mortality; prescription; public health service; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Adult; Benzodiazepines; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Drug Overdose; Drug Prescriptions; Humans; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303061_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing Zika virus infections in pregnant women: An urgent public health priority Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bell, B.P. Author-Name: Boyle, C.A. Author-Name: Petersen, L.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 589-590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303124 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303124 Keywords: Aedes; animal; disease carrier; Disease Outbreaks; female; health; health care planning; human; microcephaly; pregnancy; prevention and control; public health; transmission; virology; Zika fever, Aedes; Animals; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Global Health; Health Priorities; Humans; Insect Vectors; Microcephaly; Pregnancy; Public Health; Zika Virus Infection Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303124_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community vision and interagency alignment: A community planning process to promote active transportation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeGregory, S.T. Author-Name: Chaudhury, N. Author-Name: Kennedy, P. Author-Name: Noyes, P. Author-Name: Maybank, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 654-657 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303024 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303024 Abstract: In 2010, the Brooklyn Active Transportation Community Planning Initiative launched in 2 New York City neighborhoods. Over a 2-year planning period, residents participated in surveys, school and community forums, neighborhood street assessments, and activation events-activities that highlighted the need for safer streets locally. Consensus among residents and key multisectoral stakeholders, including city agencies and community-based organizations, was garnered in support of a planned expansion of bicycling infrastructure. The process of building on community assets and applying a collective impact approach yielded changes in the built environment, attracted new partners and resources, and helped to restore a sense of power among residents. Keywords: community care; cycling; demography; environmental planning; financial management; health behavior; health promotion; human; New York; organization and management; physiology; procedures; public relations; safety; traffic and transport, Bicycling; Community Networks; Community-Institutional Relations; Demography; Environment Design; Financing, Organized; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; Humans; New York City; Safety; Transportation Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303024_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Total duration of breastfeeding, Vitamin D supplementation, and serum levels of 25-hydroxyVitamin D Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Darmawikarta, D. Author-Name: Chen, Y. Author-Name: Lebovic, G. Author-Name: Birken, C.S. Author-Name: Parkin, P.C. Author-Name: Maguire, J.L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 714-719 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303021 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the association between total breastfeeding duration and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and to explore whether vitamin D supplementation influences this association. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of healthy children between September 2011 and August 2013 through the TARGet Kids! primary health care research network. Of the 4533 eligible children, we included only the 2508 who had 25-OHD measured.Weassessed adjusted associations of total breastfeeding duration (in months) with serum 25-OHD and in supplemented versus nonsupplemented children, with the odds of 25-OHD less than 20 nanograms per milliliter. Results. Each 1-month increase in total breastfeeding duration was associated with a 0.12 nanograms per milliliter lower median serum 25-OHD (95% confidence interval [CI] =-0.21 ng/mL,-0.02 ng/mL) among children who were not supplemented. The odds of serum 25-OHDless than 20 nanograms permilliliter increased by6%(odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.10) for every 1-month increase in total breastfeeding duration among nonsupplemented children. The interaction between vitamin D supplementation, duration of breastfeeding, and median serum 25-OHD was statistically significant (P=.04). Conclusions. Breastfed children who were not supplemented, particularly those breastfed more than 1 year, appear to have lower vitamin D status. Vitamin D supplementation may mitigate this risk. These findings support recommendations for supplementation during breastfeeding of any duration. Keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; vitamin D, analogs and derivatives; blood; breast feeding; cross-sectional study; dietary supplement; female; human; infant; male; preschool child; time factor; vitamin D deficiency, Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Time Factors; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303021_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health 3.0: Time for an upgrade Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeSalvo, K.B. Author-Name: O'Carroll, P.W. Author-Name: Koo, D. Author-Name: Auerbach, J.M. Author-Name: Monroe, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 621-622 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303063 Keywords: economics; health disparity; high risk behavior; human; management; primary health care; public health; social determinants of health; trends, Health Status Disparities; Humans; Policy Making; Primary Health Care; Public Health; Risk-Taking; Social Determinants of Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303063_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community health center utilization following the 2008 medicaid expansion in Oregon: Implications for the affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatch, B. Author-Name: Bailey, S.R. Author-Name: Cowburn, S. Author-Name: Marino, M. Author-Name: Angier, H. Author-Name: DeVoe, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 645-650 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303060 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303060 Abstract: Objectives. To assess longitudinal patterns of community health center (CHC) utilization and the effect of insurance discontinuity after Oregon's 2008 Medicaid expansion (the Oregon Experiment). Methods.Weconducted a retrospective cohort studywith electronic health records and Medicaid data. We divided individuals who gained Medicaid in the Oregon Experiment into those whomaintained (n = 788) or lost (n = 944) insurance coverage.We compared these groups with continuously insured (n = 921) and continuously uninsured (n = 5416) reference groups for community health center utilization rates over a 36-month period. Results. Both newly insured groups increased utilization in the first 6 months. After 6 months, use among those who maintained coverage stabilized at a level consistent with the continuously insured, whereas it returned to baseline for those who lost coverage. Conclusions. Individuals who maintained coverage through Oregon's Medicaid expansion increased long-termutilization of CHCs,whereas thosewithunstable coverage did not. Policy implications. This study predicts long-term increase in CHC utilization following Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion and emphasizes the need for policies that support insurance retention. Keywords: adolescent; adult; economics; electronic health record; health care delivery; health care policy; health center; health insurance; human; insurance; legislation and jurisprudence; male; medicaid; medically uninsured; middle aged; Oregon; retrospective study; trends; United States; utilization, Adolescent; Adult; Community Health Centers; Electronic Health Records; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Oregon; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Retrospective Studies; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303060_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insuring women in the United States before, during, and after pregnancies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kathleen Adams, E. Author-Name: Johnston, E.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 585-586 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303132 Keywords: adult; economics; female; health care policy; health service; human; insurance; medicaid; organization and management; pregnancy; United States, Adult; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Maternal Health Services; Medicaid; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Pregnancy; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303132_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hepatitis C screening rate among underserved adults with serious mental illness receiving care in California community mental health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trager, E. Author-Name: Khalili, M. Author-Name: Masson, C.L. Author-Name: Vittinghoff, E. Author-Name: Creasman, J. Author-Name: Mangurian, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 4 Pages: 740-742 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303059 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303059 Abstract: Although HCV is more prevalent among people with severe mental illness (SMI; e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) than in the general population (17% vs 1%), no large previous studies have examined HCV screening in this population. In this cross-sectional study, we examined administrative data for 57 170 California Medicaid enrollees with SMI to identify prevalence and predictors of HCV screening from October 2010 through September 2011. Only 4.7% (2674 of 57 170) received HCV screening, with strongest predictors being nonpsychiatric health care utilization and comorbid substance abuse. Keywords: adolescent; adult; aged; California; community mental health center; cross-sectional study; drug dependence; hepatitis C; human; integrated health care system; medicaid; Mental Disorders; middle aged; multiphasic screening; prevalence; procedures; United States; utilization; vulnerable population; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Aged; California; Community Mental Health Centers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Hepatitis C; Humans; Medicaid; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Multiphasic Screening; Prevalence; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Vulnerable Populations; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303059_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Voigt Responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Voigt, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 569-570 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303029 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303029 Keywords: electronic cigarette; human; legislation and jurisprudence; smoking, Electronic Cigarettes; Humans; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303029_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shorter lives and poorer health on the campaign trail Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDonough, J.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 395-397 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303069 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303069 Keywords: economics; global health; health care delivery; human; life expectancy; politics; premature mortality; statistics and numerical data; vital statistics, Delivery of Health Care; Global Health; Humans; Life Expectancy; Mortality, Premature; Politics; Vital Statistics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303069_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sabin and riskind respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabin, J.A. Author-Name: Riskind, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 570-571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303042 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303042 Keywords: female; health care personnel; health personnel attitude; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; psychology, Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Health Personnel; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303042_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of cumulative victimization on mental health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents and young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustanski, B. Author-Name: Andrews, R. Author-Name: Puckett, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 527-533 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302976 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302976 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the effects of the cumulative victimization experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths on mental disorders. Methods. We recruited 248 participants from the Chicago, Illinois, area in 7 waves of data collected over 4 years, beginning in 2007 (83.1% retention rate). Mean age at enrollment was 18.7 years, and 54.7% were Black. We measured depression and posttraumatic stress disorder using structured psychiatric interviews. Results. Latent class analyses of victimization over time identified a 4-class solution. Class 1 (65.4%) had low, decreasing victimization. Class 2 (10.3%) had moderate, increasing victimization. Class 3 (5.1%) had high, steady victimization. Class 4 (19.2%) had high, decreasing victimization. Controlling for baseline diagnoses and birth sex, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths in classes 2 and 3 were at higher risk for depression than were those in class 1; youths in classes 2, 3, and 4 were at elevated risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusions. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths with steadily high or increasing levels of victimization from adolescence to early adulthood are at higher risk for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Keywords: adolescent; bisexuality; crime victim; depression; female; human; Illinois; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; Mental Disorders; psychology; psychometry; sexuality; socioeconomics; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; transgender; young adult, Adolescent; Bisexuality; Chicago; Crime Victims; Depression; Female; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Psychometrics; Sexuality; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Transgender Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302976_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lin et AL. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lin, W.-C. Author-Name: Clark, R.E. Author-Name: Zhang, J. Author-Name: O'Connell, E. Author-Name: Bharel, M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 571-572 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303055 Keywords: emergency health service; female; homelessness; hospitalization; human; male; medicaid; statistics and numerical data, Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Medicaid Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303055_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Coefficient α as a measure of test score reliability: Review of 3 popular misconceptions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morera, O.F. Author-Name: Stokes, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 458-461 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302993 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302993 Abstract: We discuss 3 popular misconceptions about Cronbach α or coefficient α, traditionally used in public health and the behavioral sciences as an index of test score reliability. We also review several other indices of test score reliability. We encourage researchers to thoughtfully consider the nature of their data and the options when choosing an index of reliability, and to clearly communicate this choice and its implications to their audiences. Keywords: behavioral science; Cronbach alpha coefficient; human; public health; reliability; scientist; reproducibility; statistical analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical; Humans; Reproducibility of Results Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302993_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consistent estimates of very low HIV incidence among people who inject drugs: New York City, 2005-2014 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Des Jarlais, D.C. Author-Name: Arasteh, K. Author-Name: McKnight, C. Author-Name: Feelemyer, J. Author-Name: Campbell, A.N.C. Author-Name: Tross, S. Author-Name: Smith, L. Author-Name: Cooper, H.L.F. Author-Name: Hagan, H. Author-Name: Perlman, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 503-508 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303019 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303019 Abstract: Objectives. To compare methods for estimating low HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs. Methods. We examined 4 methods in New York City, 2005 to 2014: (1) HIV seroconversions among repeat participants, (2) increase of HIV prevalence by additional years of injection among new injectors, (3) the New York State and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stratified extrapolation algorithm, and (4) newly diagnosed HIV cases reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Results. The 4 estimates were consistent: (1) repeat participants: 0.37 per 100 person-years (PY; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05/100 PY, 1.33/100 PY); (2) regression of prevalence by years injecting: 0.61 per 100 PY (95% CI = 0.36/100 PY, 0.87/100 PY); (3) stratified extrapolation algorithm: 0.32 per 100 PY (95% CI = 0.18/100 PY, 0.46/100 PY); and (4)newly diagnosed cases of HIV: 0.14 per 100PY (95%CI = 0.11/100 PY, 0.16/100 PY). Conclusions. All methods appear to capture the same phenomenon of very low and decreasing HIV transmission among persons who inject drugs. Public Health Implications. If resources are available, the use ofmultiple methodswould provide better information for public health purposes. Keywords: adult; algorithm; female; health survey; HIV Infections; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; information processing; male; middle aged; New York; prevalence; procedures; substance abuse, Adult; Algorithms; Data Collection; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Prevalence; Public Health Surveillance; Substance Abuse, Intravenous Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303019_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: HIV diagnoses and care among transgender persons and comparison with men who have sex with men: New York City, 2006-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wiewel, E.W. Author-Name: Torian, L.V. Author-Name: Merchant, P. Author-Name: Braunstein, S.L. Author-Name: Shepard, C.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 497-502 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302974 Abstract: Objectives. We measured HIV care outcomes of transgender persons, who have high HIV infection rates but are rarely distinguished from men who have sex with men (MSM) in HIV surveillance systems. Methods. New York City's surveillance registry includes HIV diagnoses since 2000 and HIV laboratory test results for transgender persons since 2005. We determined immunological status at diagnosis, delayed linkage to care, and nonachievement of viral suppression 1 year after diagnosis for transgender persons diagnosed with HIV in 2006 to 2011 and compared transgender women with MSM. Results. In 2006 to 2011, 264 of 23 805 persons diagnosed with HIV were transgender (1%): 98% transgender women and 2% transgender men. Compared with MSM, transgender women had similar CD4 counts at diagnosis and rates of concurrent HIV/AIDS and delayed linkage to care but increased odds of not achieving suppression (adjusted odds ratio = 1.56; 95% confidence interval = 1.13, 2.16). Conclusions. Compared with MSM, transgender women in New York City had similar immunological status at diagnosis but lagged in achieving viral suppression. To provide appropriate assistance along the HIV care continuum, HIV care providers should accurately identify transgender persons. Keywords: CD4 lymphocyte count; confidence interval; controlled study; diagnosis; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; men who have sex with men; odds ratio; register; transgender; United States; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; adolescent; adult; ancestry group; HIV Infections; male homosexuality; middle aged; New York; patient attitude; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; transgender; young adult, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Continental Population Groups; Female; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Socioeconomic Factors; Transgender Persons; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302974_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The implications of unintended pregnancies for mental health in later life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herd, P. Author-Name: Higgins, J. Author-Name: Sicinski, K. Author-Name: Merkurieva, I. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 421-429 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302973 Abstract: Despite decades of research on unintended pregnancies, we know little about the health implications for the women who experience them. Moreover, no study has examined the implications for women whose pregnancies occurred before Roe v.Wade was decided\-nor whether the mental health consequences of these unintended pregnancies continue into later life. Using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a 60-year ongoing survey, we examined associations between unwanted and mistimed pregnancies and mental health in later life, controlling for factors such as early life socioeconomic conditions, adolescent IQ, and personality.We found that in this cohort of mostly married and White women, who completed their pregnancies before the legalization of abortion, unwanted pregnancies were strongly associated with poorer mental health outcomes in later life. Keywords: adult; demography; depression; female; human; longitudinal study; mental health; middle aged; personality; pregnancy; psychology; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; unplanned pregnancy; Wisconsin, Adult; Depression; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Personality; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Residence Characteristics; Socioeconomic Factors; Wisconsin Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302973_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating public health interventions: 2. Stepping up to routine public health evaluation with the stepped wedge design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 453-457 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303068 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303068 Abstract: In a stepped wedge design (SWD), an intervention is rolled out in a staggered manner over time, in groups of experimental units, so that by the end, all units experience the intervention. For example, in the MaxART study, the date at which to offer universal antiretroviral therapy to otherwise ineligible clients is being randomly assignedin nine"steps" of four months duration so that after three years, all 14 facilities in northern and central Swaziland will be offering early treatment. Inthecommonalternative, the cluster randomized trial (CRT), experimental units are randomly allocated on a single common start date to the interventions to be compared. Often, the SWD is more feasible than the CRT, both for practical and ethical reasons, but takes longer to complete.The SWD permits both within- and between- unit comparisons,while the CRT only allows between-unit comparisons. Thus, confounding bias with respect totime-invariant factors tends to be lower in an SWD than a CRT, but the SWD cannot as readily control for confounding by time-varying factors. SWDs have generally morestatisticalpowerthanCRTs, especially as the intraunit correlation and the number of participants within unit increases. Software for both designs are available, although for a more limited set of SWD scenarios. Keywords: computer program; controlled clinical trial; human; public health; randomized controlled trial; Swaziland; HIV Infections; methodology; organization and management; procedures; public health; randomized controlled trial (topic); reproducibility; software; statistical bias; time factor, antiretrovirus agent, Anti-Retroviral Agents; Bias (Epidemiology); Efficiency, Organizational; HIV Infections; Humans; Public Health; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Software; Swaziland; Time Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303068_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic opportunity, health behaviors, and mortality in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Venkataramani, A.S. Author-Name: Chatterjee, P. Author-Name: Kawachi, I. Author-Name: Tsai, A.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 478-484 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302941 Abstract: Objectives.Weassessed whether economic opportunity was independently associated with health behaviors and outcomes in the United States. Methods. Using newly available, cross-sectional, county-level data from the Equality of Opportunity Project Database and vital statistics, we estimated associations between all-cause mortality rates (averaged over 2000-2012) and economic opportunity, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and health system covariates. Our measure of economic opportunity was the county-average rank in the national income distribution attained by individuals born to families in the bottom income quartile. Secondary outcomes included rates of age- and race-specific mortality, smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Results. An increase in economic opportunity from the lowest to the highest quintile was associated with a 16.7% decrease in mortality. The magnitudes of association were largest for working-age adults and African Americans. Greater economic opportunity was also associated with health behaviors and risk factors. Conclusions. Economic opportunity is a robust, independent predictor of health. Future work should investigate underlying causal links and mechanisms. Keywords: adult; African American; age distribution; aged; Caucasian; cross-sectional study; diabetes mellitus; female; health behavior; health status; human; hypertension; income; male; middle aged; mortality; obesity; risk factor; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adult; African Americans; Age Distribution; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Health Behavior; Health Status; Humans; Hypertension; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Obesity; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302941_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perspectives from the social sciences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holtzman, D. Author-Name: McLeroy, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 391 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303067 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303067 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303067_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence-March 2016 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 394 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303086 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303086 Keywords: food assistance; human; medical care; public health service; statistics and numerical data, Food Assistance; Humans; Medical Assistance; Public Health Practice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303086_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic position and premature mortality in the ausdiab cohort of australian adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bihan, H. Author-Name: Backholer, K. Author-Name: Peeters, A. Author-Name: Stevenson, C.E. Author-Name: Shaw, J.E. Author-Name: Magliano, D.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 470-477 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302984 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302984 Abstract: Objectives. To determine the association of socioeconomic position indicators with mortality, without and with adjustment for modifiable risk factors. Methods.We examined the relationships of 2 area-based indices and educational level with mortality among 9338 people (including 8094 younger than 70 years at baseline) of the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) from 1999-2000 until November 30, 2012. Results. Age- and gender-adjusted premature mortality (death before age 70 years) was more likely among those living in the most disadvantaged areas versus least disadvantaged (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 2.01), living in inner regional versus major urban areas (HR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.73), or having the lowest educational level versus the highest (HR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.17, 2.30). The contribution of modifiable risk factors (smoking status, diet quality, physical activity, stress, cardiovascular risk factors) in the relationship between 1 area-based index or educational level and mortality was more apparent as age of death decreased. Conclusions. The relation of area-based socioeconomic position to premature mortality is partly mediated by behavioral and cardiovascular risk factors. Such results could influence public health policies. Keywords: adult; aged; Australia; Cardiovascular Diseases; demography; diet; exercise; female; health behavior; human; lifestyle; male; mental stress; middle aged; premature mortality; proportional hazards model; risk factor; smoking; socioeconomics, Adult; Aged; Australia; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Exercise; Female; Health Behavior; Humans; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality, Premature; Proportional Hazards Models; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302984_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Younger and sicker: Comparing micronesians to other ethnicities in Hawaii Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hagiwara, M.K.I. Author-Name: Miyamura, J. Author-Name: Yamada, S. Author-Name: Sentell, T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 485-491 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302921 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302921 Abstract: Objectives. We compared the age at admission and the severity of illness of hospitalized Micronesians with 3 other racial/ethnic groups in Hawaii. Methods. With Hawaii Health Information Corporation inpatient data, we determined the age at admission and the severity of illness for 162 152 adult, non-pregnancy-related hospital discharges in Hawaii from 2010 to 2012. We performed multivariable linear regression analyses within major disease categories by racial/ethnic group. We created disease categories with all patient refined-diagnosis related groups. Results. Hospitalized Micronesians were significantly younger at admission than were comparison racial/ethnic groups across all patient refined-diagnosis related group categories.The severity of illness for Micronesians was significantly higher than was that of all comparison racial/ethnic groups for cardiac and infectious diseases, higher than was that of Whites and Japanese for cancer and endocrine hospitalizations, and higher than was that of Native Hawaiians for substance abuse hospitalizations. Conclusions. Micronesians were hospitalized significantly younger and often sicker than were comparison populations. Our results will be useful to researchers, state governments, and hospitals, providers, and health systems for this vulnerable group. Keywords: adult; age; aged; Asian continental ancestry group; Caucasian; epidemiology; ethnic group; ethnology; Federated States of Micronesia; female; Hawaii; hospitalization; human; Japan; male; middle aged; Oceanic ancestry group; regression analysis; severity of illness index; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Asian Continental Ancestry Group; Ethnic Groups; European Continental Ancestry Group; Female; Hawaii; Hospitalization; Humans; Japan; Male; Micronesia; Middle Aged; Oceanic Ancestry Group; Regression Analysis; Severity of Illness Index Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302921_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High tuberculosis strain diversity among New York City public housing residents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dawson, P. Author-Name: Perri, B.R. Author-Name: Ahuja, S.D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 563-568 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302910 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302910 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to better understand tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology among New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) residents, after a recent TB investigation identified patients who had the same TB strain. Methods. The study population included all New York City patients with TB confirmed during 2001 through 2009. Patient address at diagnosis determined NYCHA residence. We calculated TB incidence, reviewed TB strain data, and identified factors associated with TB clustering. Results. During 2001 to 2009, of 8953 individuals in New York City with TB, 512 (6%) had a NYCHA address. Among the US-born, TB incidence among NYCHA residents (6.0/ 100 000 persons) was twice that among non-NYCHA residents (3.0/100 000 persons). Patients in NYCHA had high TB strain diversity. US birth, younger age, and substance use were associated with TB clustering among NYCHA individuals with TB. Conclusions. High TB strain diversity among residents of NYCHA with TB does not suggest transmission among residents. These findings illustrate that NYCHA's higher TB incidence is likely attributable to its higher concentration of individuals with known TB risk factors. Keywords: addiction; adolescent; adult; age; cluster analysis; ethnology; female; genetics; HIV Infections; housing; human; incidence; male; middle aged; migrant; New York; sex difference; socioeconomics; tuberculosis; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Cluster Analysis; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; New York City; Public Housing; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Tuberculosis; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302910_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Federal funding for kidney disease research: A missed opportunity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mendu, M.L. Author-Name: Erickson, K.F. Author-Name: Hostetter, T.H. Author-Name: Winkelmayer, W.C. Author-Name: Olan, G. Author-Name: Meyer, R.N. Author-Name: Hakim, R. Author-Name: Sedor, J.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 406-407 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303009 Keywords: economics; financial management; human; Kidney Diseases; medical research; national health organization; public health; United States, Biomedical Research; Financing, Government; Humans; Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303009_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The current and projected taxpayer shares of US health costs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 449-452 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302997 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated taxpayers' current and projected share of US health expenditures, including government payments for public employees' health benefits as well as tax subsidies to private health spending. Methods. We tabulated official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services figures on direct government spending for health programs and public employees' health benefits for 2013, and projected figures through 2024. We calculated the value of tax subsidies for private spending from official federal budget documents and figures for state and local tax collections. Results. Tax-funded health expenditures totaled $1.877 trillion in 2013 and are projected to increase to $3.642 trillion in 2024. Government's share of overall health spending was 64.3% of national health expenditures in 2013 and will rise to 67.1% in 2024. Government health expenditures in the United States account for a larger share of gross domestic product (11.2% in 2013) than do total health expenditures in any other nation. Conclusions. Contrary to public perceptions and official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates, government funds most health care in the United States. Appreciation of government's predominant role in health funding might encourage more appropriate and equitable targeting of health expenditures. Keywords: budget; employee; funding; government; gross national product; health care cost; human; human experiment; perception; public health; economics; government; health insurance; medicaid; medicare; statistics and numerical data; tax; United States, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (U.S.); Federal Government; Gross Domestic Product; Health Benefit Plans, Employee; Health Expenditures; Humans; Medicaid; Medicare; Taxes; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302997_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhoods and health: What do we know? what should we do? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Diez Roux, A.V. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 430-431 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303064 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303064 Keywords: catering service; demography; environment; health status; human; social environment; socioeconomics; walking, Environment; Food Supply; Health Status; Humans; Residence Characteristics; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303064_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Categorization of frequent emergency department use in an insured homeless population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milani, S.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 571 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303028 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303028 Keywords: emergency health service; female; homelessness; hospitalization; human; male; medicaid; statistics and numerical data, Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Homeless Persons; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Medicaid Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303028_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Active transportation surveillance\-United States, 1999-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whitfield, G.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: e1-e4 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303102 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303102_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acculturation and diabetes risk in the Mexican American mano a mano cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anderson, C. Author-Name: Zhao, H. Author-Name: Daniel, C.R. Author-Name: Hromi-Fiedler, A. Author-Name: Dong, Q. Author-Name: Elhor Gbito, K.Y. Author-Name: Wu, X. Author-Name: Chow, W.-H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 547-549 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303008 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the association between acculturation and diabetes risk in the Mexican American Mano a Mano (hand to hand) Cohort. Methods.We recruited 15 975 men and women in the Houston, Texas, area from 2001 to 2014. We used language use, birth country, and duration of US residence (among Mexico-born) to assess acculturation. Participants self-reported a physician's diagnosis of diabetes during annual follow-up over an average of 5.4 (range = 1-13) years. Selfreported diabetes status was validated in medical records for a subset of 235 participants with 98% agreement. Results. Diabetes risk was higher among immigrants with 15 to 19, 20 to 24, and 25 or more years (relative risk = 1.47; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 2.01) of US residence, relative to those with less than 5 years. Neither language acculturation nor birth country was significantly associated with diabetes risk. Conclusions. Among participants born in Mexico, diabetes risk increased with longer duration of US residence. Keywords: adult; aged; cultural factor; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; ethnology; female; human; language; male; Mexican American; middle aged; migrant; statistics and numerical data; Texas, Acculturation; Adult; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Language; Male; Mexican Americans; Middle Aged; Texas Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303008_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nonmedical opioid pain relievers and all-cause mortality: A 27-year follow-up from the epidemiologic catchment area study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cottler, L.B. Author-Name: Hu, H. Author-Name: Smallwood, B.A. Author-Name: Anthony, J.C. Author-Name: Wu, L.-T. Author-Name: Eaton, W.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 509-516 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302961 Abstract: Objectives.We investigated whether nonmedical opioid pain reliever use is associated with higher mortality in the general US population. Methods. We assessed the history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use among 9985 people interviewed at baseline of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program initiated in 1981 to 1983 in Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Durham, North Carolina. We linked the data with the National Death Index through 2007. Results. Nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was 1.4%. Compared with no nonmedical drug use, mortality was increased for nonmedical opioid pain reliever use (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 2.53) or nonmedical use of other drugs (HR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.62). Mortality was also higher for males and for those beginning nonmedical opioid pain reliever use before aged 15 years. Conclusions. A history of nonmedical opioid pain reliever use was associated with increased mortality, in particular for males and early onset users. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; alcoholism; female; human; male; middle aged; mortality; Opioid-Related Disorders; sex ratio; smoking; socioeconomics; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Alcoholism; Analgesics, Opioid; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Opioid-Related Disorders; Sex Distribution; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302961_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attitudes of health care providers toward LGBT patients: The need for cultural sensitivity training Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garrison, N.O. Author-Name: Ibañez, G.E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 570 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303010 Keywords: female; health care personnel; health personnel attitude; human; lesbianism; male; male homosexuality; psychology, Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Health Personnel; Homosexuality, Female; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303010_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recurring epidemics of pharmaceutical drug abuse in America: Time for an all-drug strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Herzberg, D. Author-Name: Guarino, H. Author-Name: Mateu-Gelabert, P. Author-Name: Bennett, A.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 408-410 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302982 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302982 Abstract: Observers describe today's "epidemic" of pharmaceutical drug abuse as a recent phenomenon, but we argue that it is only themost recent of three waves stretching back more than a century. During each wave, policies have followed a similar pattern: voluntary educational campaigns, followed by supply-side policing and\-sometimes\-public health responses that would today be understood as "harm reduction." These experiences suggest that only broad-based application of all three approaches to users of all drugs (not just pharmaceutical drugs) can produce a reduction in drug-related harm rather than merely shifting it from one type of drug to another. This has rarely happened because policy has been shaped by the racially chargeddivisionof drug users into deserving and morally salvageable victims, or fearsome and morally repugnant criminals. Keywords: naloxone; prescription drug, drug overdose; epidemic; harm reduction; human; Opioid-Related Disorders; public health service, Drug Overdose; Epidemics; Harm Reduction; Humans; Naloxone; Opioid-Related Disorders; Prescription Drugs; Public Health Practice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302982_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The human microbiome and public health: Social and ethical considerations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: O'Doherty, K.C. Author-Name: Virani, A. Author-Name: Wilcox, E.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 414-420 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302989 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302989 Abstract: Rapid advances in human microbiome research point to an increasing range of health outcomes related to the composition of an individual's microbiome. To date, much research has focused on individual health, with a paucity of attention to public health implications. This is a critical oversight owing to the potentially shared nature of the human microbiome across communities and vertical and horizontal mechanisms for transferring microbiomes among humans. We explored some key ethical and social implications of human microbiome research for public health.We focused on (1) insights from microbiome research about damage to individual and shared microbiomes from prevalent societal practices, and (2) ethical and social implications of novel technologies developed on the basis of emerging microbiome science. Keywords: human; microbiome; public health; cultural anthropology; diet; environment; health status; immune system; microbiology; microflora; newborn; obesity; obstetric delivery; procedures; public health; research ethics; social environment, antiinfective agent; probiotic agent, Anti-Bacterial Agents; Culture; Delivery, Obstetric; Diet; Environment; Ethics, Research; Health Status; Humans; Immune System; Infant, Newborn; Microbiota; Obesity; Probiotics; Public Health; Social Environment Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302989_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Massachusetts inpatient medicaid cost response to increased supplemental nutrition assistance program benefits Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sonik, R.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 443-448 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302990 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate the impact of an increase in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits on Medicaid costs and use in Massachusetts. Methods. Using single and multigroup interrupted time series models, I examined the effect of an April 2009 increase in SNAP benefits on inpatient Medicaid cost and use patterns. I analyzed monthly Medicaid discharge data from 2006 to 2012 collected by the Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis. Results. Inpatient costs for the overall Massachusetts Medicaid population grew by 0.55 percentage points per month (P <.001) before the SNAP increase. After the increase, cost growth fell by 73% to 0.15 percentage points per month (-0.40; P = .003). Compared with the overall Medicaid population, cost growth for people with the selected chronic illnesses was significantly greater before the SNAP increase, as was the decline in growth afterward. Reduced hospital admissions after the SNAP increase drove the cost declines. Conclusions. Medicaid cost growth fell in Massachusetts after SNAP benefits increased, especially for people with chronic illnesses with high sensitivity to food insecurity. Keywords: catering service; chronic disease; economics; female; food assistance; hospital charge; hospital patient; human; length of stay; male; Massachusetts; medicaid; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization, Chronic Disease; Female; Food Assistance; Food Supply; Hospital Charges; Humans; Inpatients; Length of Stay; Male; Massachusetts; Medicaid; Socioeconomic Factors; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302990_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Butler responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Butler, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 398 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303070 Keywords: global health; health care delivery; human; life expectancy; politics; statistics and numerical data, Delivery of Health Care; Global Health; Humans; Life Expectancy; Politics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303070_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Harmful algal bloom-associated illness surveillance: Lessons from reported hospital visits in New York, 2008-2014 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Figgatt, M. Author-Name: Muscatiello, N. Author-Name: Wilson, L. Author-Name: Dziewulski, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 440-442 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302988 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302988 Abstract: Weidentified hospital visits with reported exposure to harmful algal blooms, an emerging public health concern because of toxicity and increased incidence. We used the World Health Organization's International Classification of Disease (ICD) medical code specifying environmental exposure to harmful algal blooms to extract hospital visit records in New York State from 2008 to 2014. Using the ICD code, we identified 228 hospital visits with reported exposure to harmful algal blooms. They occurred all year long and had multiple principal diagnoses. Of all hospital visits, 94.7% were managed in the emergency department and 5.3% were hospitalizations. As harmful algal bloom surveillance increases, the ICD code will be a beneficial tool to public health only if used properly. Keywords: adolescent; adult; age; aged; algal bloom; emergency health service; environmental exposure; epidemiology; female; human; male; middle aged; New York; public health; sex difference; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Emergency Service, Hospital; Environmental Exposure; Female; Harmful Algal Bloom; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; New York; Public Health; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302988_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of google street view to assess environmental contributions to pedestrian injury Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mooney, S.J. Author-Name: DiMaggio, C.J. Author-Name: Lovasi, G.S. Author-Name: Neckerman, K.M. Author-Name: Bader, M.D.M. Author-Name: Teitler, J.O. Author-Name: Sheehan, D.M. Author-Name: Jack, D.W. Author-Name: Rundle, A.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 462-469 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302978 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302978 Abstract: Objectives. To demonstrate an information technology-based approach to assess characteristics of streets and intersections associated with injuries that is less costly and time-consuming than location-based studies of pedestrian injury. Methods.Weusedimagery captured byGoogle StreetViewfrom2007 to 2011 to assess 9 characteristics of 532 intersections within New York City. We controlled for estimated pedestrian count and estimated the relation between intersections' characteristics and frequency of injurious collisions. Results. The count of pedestrian injuries at intersections was associated with the presence of marked crosswalks (80% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2%, 218%), pedestrian signals (156% increase; 95% CI = 69%, 259%), nearby billboards (42% increase; 95%CI =7%,90%), andbus stops (120%increase;95%CI = 51%,220%). Injury incidenceper pedestrian was lower at intersections with higher estimated pedestrian volumes. Conclusions. Consistent with in-person study observations, the information-technology approach found traffic islands, visual advertising, bus stops, and crosswalk infrastructures tobeassociatedwith elevatedcounts ofpedestrian injury in New York City. Virtual sitevisits for pedestrian injury control studies are a viable and informativemethodology. Keywords: environment; human; incidence; Internet; mortality; New York; observer variation; pedestrian; risk factor; safety; statistics and numerical data; traffic accident; urban population; Wounds and Injuries, Accidents, Traffic; Environment; Humans; Incidence; Internet; New York City; Observer Variation; Pedestrians; Risk Factors; Safety; Urban Population; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302978_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young people and HIV: A call to action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koenig, L.J. Author-Name: Hoyer, D. Author-Name: Purcell, D.W. Author-Name: Zaza, S. Author-Name: Mermin, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 402-405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302979 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302979 Abstract: HIV is having a significant impact on young people, among whom the rate of new diagnoses is high and health disparities are more pronounced. Incidence is increasing among young gay and bisexual men, and, among Black males, the largest percentage of new infections occur among those aged between 13 and 24 years. Youths are least likely to experience the health and prevention benefits of treatment. Nearly half of young people with HIV are not diagnosed; among those diagnosed, nearly a quarter are not linked to care, and three quarters are not virally suppressed. Addressing this burden will require renewed efforts to implement effective prevention strategies across multiple sectors, including educational, social, policy, and health care systems that influence prevention knowledge, service use, and treatment options for youths. Keywords: adolescent; African American; bisexuality; ethnology; health education; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; human; male; male homosexuality; organization and management; patient attitude; United States; young adult, Adolescent; African Americans; Bisexuality; Health Education; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Risk-Taking; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302979_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health of transgender veterans in US States with and without discrimination and hate crime legal protection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blosnich, J.R. Author-Name: Marsiglio, M.C. Author-Name: Gao, S. Author-Name: Gordon, A.J. Author-Name: Shipherd, J.C. Author-Name: Kauth, M. Author-Name: Brown, G.R. Author-Name: Fine, M.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 534-540 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302981 Abstract: Objectives. To examine whether indicators of community- and state-level lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender equality are associated with transgender veterans' mental health. Methods. We extracted Veterans Administration data for patients who were diagnosed with gender identity disorder, had at least 1 visit in 2013, and lived in a zip code with a Municipality Equality Index score (n = 1640). We examined the associations of whether a state included transgender status in employment nondiscrimination laws and in hate crimes laws with mood disorders; alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco use disorders; posttraumatic stress disorder; and suicidal ideation or attempt. Results. Nearly half (47.3%) of the sample lived in states with employment discrimination protection, and 44.8% lived in states with hate crimes protection. Employment nondiscrimination protection was associated with 26% decreased odds of mood disorders (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.59, 0.93) and 43% decreased odds of self-directed violence (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.95). Conclusions. Understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social stressors can inform treatment and care coordination for transgender populations. Keywords: adult; aged; female; human; legislation and jurisprudence; male; mental health; middle aged; Mood Disorders; politics; prejudice; psychology; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Substance-Related Disorders; suicidal ideation; suicide attempt; transgender; veteran, Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Mood Disorders; Politics; Prejudice; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Substance-Related Disorders; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide, Attempted; Transgender Persons; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302981_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social determinants of HIV-related stigma in faith-based organizations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coleman, J.D. Author-Name: Tate, A.D. Author-Name: Gaddist, B. Author-Name: White, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 492-496 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302985 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302985 Abstract: Objectives. To examine the association between social factors in faith-based settings (including religiosity and proximity to people living with HIV/AIDS) and HIV stigma. Methods. A total of 1747 congregants from primarily African American faith-based organizations of Project FAITH (Fostering AIDS Initiatives That Heal), a South Carolina statewide initiative to address HIV-related stigma, completed a survey. Results. Female gender (P = .001), higher education (P <.001), knowing someone with HIV/AIDS (P = .01), and knowing someone who is gay (P <.001), but not religiosity, were associated with lower levelsof stigma and with lower oddsof stigmatizing attitudes (P <.05). Conclusions. Opportunities for connection with people living with HIV/AIDS tailored to the social characteristics of faith-based organizations may address HIV stigma in African American communities. Keywords: African American; education; female; gender; human; human experiment; Human immunodeficiency virus; male; organization; social determinants of health; stigma; adolescent; adult; attitude to health; educational status; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; middle aged; psychology; religion; sex difference; social stigma; South Carolina; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Educational Status; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Religion; Sex Factors; Social Stigma; South Carolina; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302985_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Renormalization and regulation of E-cigarettes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dawson, C.T. Author-Name: Maziak, W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 569 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302992 Keywords: electronic cigarette; human; legislation and jurisprudence; smoking, Electronic Cigarettes; Humans; Smoking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302992_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The voices for healthy kids campaign and US state legislation to prevent childhood obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bleich, S.N. Author-Name: Jones-Smith, J. Author-Name: Jones, H. Author-Name: O'Hara, M. Author-Name: Rutkow, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 436-439 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303002 Abstract: We documented childhood obesity legislative activity in all 50 US states that occurred in parallel to the first year of Voices for Healthy Kids (Voices), a campaign to mobilize evidence-based legislation addressing childhood obesity. Weidentified 217 bills in the year before Voices (November 2012 to October 2013) and 304 bills at follow-up (November 2013 to October 2014). In states with active Voices grantees, the bill enactment rate was 50% higher (increasing from 10% at baseline to 15% at follow-up). Keywords: government; health care policy; health promotion; human; legislation and jurisprudence; organization and management; Pediatric Obesity; United States, Health Policy; Health Promotion; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303002_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public funding for contraception, provider training, and use of highly effective contraceptives: A cluster randomized trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, K.M.J. Author-Name: Rocca, C.H. Author-Name: Kohn, J.E. Author-Name: Goodman, S. Author-Name: Stern, L. Author-Name: Blum, M. Author-Name: Speidel, J.J. Author-Name: Darney, P.D. Author-Name: Harper, C.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 541-546 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303001 Abstract: Objectives. We determined whether public funding for contraception was associated with long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use when providers received training on these methods. Methods. We evaluated the impact of a clinic training intervention and public funding on LARC use in a cluster randomized trial at 40 randomly assigned clinics across the United States (2011-2013). Twenty intervention clinics received a 4-hour training.Women aged 18 to 25 were enrolled and followed for 1 year (n = 1500: 802 intervention, 698 control). We estimated the effects of the intervention and funding sources on LARC initiation with Cox proportional hazards models with shared frailty. Results. Women at intervention sites had higher LARC initiation than those at control (22 vs 18 per 100 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.98). Participants receiving care at clinics with Medicaid family planning expansion programs had almost twice the initiation rate as those at clinics without (25 vs 13 per 100 person-years; AHR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.59, 3.19). LARC initiation also increased among participants with public (AHR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.09, 2.22) but not private health insurance. Conclusions. Public funding and provider training substantially improve LARC access. Keywords: contraceptive agent; delayed release formulation; drug implant, adolescent; adult; attitude to health; continuing education; contraception; controlled study; delayed release formulation; drug implant; economics; education; family planning; female; health care personnel; human; intrauterine contraceptive device; medicaid; randomized controlled trial; statistics and numerical data; United States; utilization; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Implants; Education, Continuing; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Medicaid; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303001_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethical rationale for the ebola "ring vaccination" trial design Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rid, A. Author-Name: Miller, F.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 432-435 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302996 Abstract: The 2014 Ebola virus epidemic is the largest and most severe ever recorded.With no approved vaccines or specific treatments for Ebola, clinical trials were launched withinmonths of the epidemic in an unprecedented showof global partnership.One of these trials used a highly innovative "ring vaccination" design. The design was chosen for operational, scientific, and ethical reasons\-in particular, it was regarded as ethically superior to individually randomized placebo-controlled trials. We scrutinize the ethical rationale for the ring vaccination design. We argue that the ring vaccination design is ethical but fundamentally equivalent to placebo-controlled designs with respect to withholding a potentially effective intervention from the control group. We discuss the implications for the ongoing ring vaccination trial and future research. Keywords: Ebola vaccine, clinical trial (topic); contact examination; ethics; human; methodology; procedures, Clinical Trials as Topic; Contact Tracing; Ebola Vaccines; Humans; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302996_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of proximity to supermarkets on a randomized trial studying interventions for obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fiechtner, L. Author-Name: Kleinman, K. Author-Name: Melly, S.J. Author-Name: Sharifi, M. Author-Name: Marshall, R. Author-Name: Block, J. Author-Name: Cheng, E.R. Author-Name: Taveras, E.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 557-562 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302986 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302986 Abstract: Objectives. To determine whether proximity to a supermarket modified the effects of an obesity intervention. Methods. We examined 498 children aged 6 to 12 years with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile participating in an obesity trial inMassachusetts in 2011 to 2013. The practice-based interventions included computerized clinician decision support plus family self-guided behavior change or health coaching. Outcomeswere 1-year change in BMI z-score, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, and fruit and vegetable intake.We examined distance to the closest supermarket as an effect modifier. Results. Distance to supermarkets was an effect modifier of 1-year change in BMI z-score and fruit and vegetable intake but not sugar-sweetened beverage intake. With each 1-mile shorter distance to a supermarket, intervention participants increased their fruit and vegetable intake by 0.29 servings per day and decreased their BMI z-score by -0.04 units relative to controls. Conclusions. Living closer to a supermarket is associated with greater improvements in fruit and vegetable intake and weight status in an obesity intervention. Keywords: body mass; catering service; child; decision support system; demography; diet; exercise; family; female; fruit; health behavior; human; male; Massachusetts; obesity; sedentary lifestyle; sleep; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; vegetable, Body Mass Index; Child; Decision Support Techniques; Diet; Exercise; Family; Female; Food Supply; Fruit; Health Behavior; Humans; Male; Massachusetts; Obesity; Residence Characteristics; Sedentary Lifestyle; Sleep; Socioeconomic Factors; Vegetables Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302986_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The US public's preference for safer guns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolfson, J.A. Author-Name: Teret, S.P. Author-Name: Frattaroli, S. Author-Name: Miller, M. Author-Name: Azrael, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 411-413 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303041 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303041 Keywords: firearm; human; public opinion; safety; United States, Firearms; Humans; Public Opinion; Safety; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303041_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 2015-2020 national HIV/AIDS strategy goals for HIV linkage and retention in care: Recommendations from program implementers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jain, K.M. Author-Name: Maulsby, C. Author-Name: Kinsky, S. Author-Name: Charles, V. Author-Name: Holtgrave, D.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 399-401 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302995 Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; capacity building; cooperation; disease management; health care delivery; health care disparity; HIV Infections; human; medical information system; organization and management; public relations; United States, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Capacity Building; Cooperative Behavior; Disease Management; Health Information Exchange; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Disparities; HIV Infections; Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; Interprofessional Relations; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302995_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contextual predictors of injection drug use among black adolescents and adults in US metropolitan areas, 1993-2007 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, H.L.F. Author-Name: West, B. Author-Name: Linton, S. Author-Name: Hunter-Jones, J. Author-Name: Zlotorzynska, M. Author-Name: Stall, R. Author-Name: Wolfe, M.E. Author-Name: Williams, L. Author-Name: Hall, H.I. Author-Name: Cleland, C. Author-Name: Tempalski, B. Author-Name: Friedman, S.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 517-526 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302911 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine whether contextual factors shape injection drug use among Black adolescents and adults. Methods. For this longitudinal study of 95 USmetropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), we drew annual MSA-specific estimates of the prevalence of injection drug use (IDU) among Black adolescents and adults in 1993 through 2007 from 3 surveillance databases. We used existing administrative data to measure MSA-level socioeconomic status; criminal justice activities; expenditures on social welfare, health, and policing; and histories of Black uprisings (1960-1969) and urban renewal funding (1949-1974). We regressed Black IDU prevalence on these predictors by using hierarchical linear models. Results. Black IDU prevalence was lower in MSAs with declining Black high-school dropout rates, a history of Black uprisings, higher percentages of Black residents, and, in MSAs where 1992 White income was high, higher 1992 Black income. Incarceration rates were unrelated. Conclusions. Contextual factors shape patterns of drug use among Black individuals. Structural interventions, especially those that improve Black socioeconomic security and political strength, may help reduce IDU among Black adolescents and adults. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; civil disorder; criminal law; economics; epidemiology; ethnology; female; health care cost; human; income; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; organization and management; politics; prevalence; prison; social welfare; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; substance abuse; United States; urban population; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Criminal Law; Female; Health Expenditures; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Politics; Prevalence; Prisons; Riots; Social Welfare; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; United States; Urban Population; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302911_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wastewater disposal wells, fracking, and environmental injustice in Southern Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnston, J.E. Author-Name: Werder, E. Author-Name: Sebastian, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 3 Pages: 550-556 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303000 Abstract: Objectives. To investigate race and poverty in areas where oil and gas wastewater disposal wells, which are used to permanently inject wastewater from hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations, are permitted. Methods. With location data of oil and gas disposal wells permitted between 2007 and 2014 in the Eagle Ford area, a region of intensive fracking in southern Texas, we analyzed the racial composition of residents living less than 5 kilometers from a disposal well and those farther away, adjusting for rurality and poverty, using a Poisson regression. Results. The proportion of people of color living less than 5 kilometers from a disposal well was 1.3 times higher than was the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites. Adjusting for rurality, disposal wells were 2.04 times (95% confidence interval = 2.02, 2.06) as common in areas with 80% people of color or more than in majority White areas. Disposal wells are also disproportionately sited in high-poverty areas. Conclusions. Wastewater disposal wells in southern Texas are disproportionately permitted in areas with higher proportions of people of color and residents living in poverty, a pattern known as "environmental injustice.". Keywords: Caucasian; confidence interval; eagle; fracking; human; human experiment; male; poverty; resident; United States; waste water; ancestry group; demography; environment; fracking; sewage; statistics and numerical data; Texas; waste water, waste water, Continental Population Groups; Environment; Humans; Hydraulic Fracking; Residence Characteristics; Texas; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Water Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303000_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community water fluoridation: Open discussions strengthen public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 209-210 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303012 Keywords: demography; fluoridation; human; public health; public opinion; standards, Fluoridation; Humans; Public Health; Public Opinion; Residence Characteristics Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303012_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Whether health departments should provide clinical services after the implementation of the affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landers, G.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 271-272 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302949 Abstract: I have described a decision support tool that may facilitate local decisions regarding the provision and billing of clinical services. I created a 2 by 2 matrix of health professional shortage and Medicaid expansion availability as of July 2015. I found that health departments in 93% of US counties may still need to provide clinical services despite the institution of the Affordable Care Act. Local context and market conditions should guide health departments' decision to act as safety net providers. Keywords: decision support system; health practitioner; human; market; medicaid; public health service; safety net hospital; community care; decision support system; economics; government; health care delivery; health care policy; supply and distribution; United States, Community Health Services; Decision Support Techniques; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Local Government; Medicaid; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Safety-net Providers; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302949_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Carstairs responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carstairs, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 212 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302998 Keywords: fluoridation; history; human, Fluoridation; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302998_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ethics and childhood vaccination policy in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hendrix, K.S. Author-Name: Sturm, L.A. Author-Name: Zimet, G.D. Author-Name: Meslin, E.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 273-278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302952 Abstract: Childhood immunization involves a balance between parents' autonomy in deciding whether to immunize their children and the benefits to public health frommandating vaccines. Ethical concerns about pediatric vaccination span several public health domains, including those of policymakers, clinicians, and other professionals. In light of ongoing developments and debates, we discuss several key ethical issues concerning childhood immunization in the United States and describe how they affect policy development and clinical practice. We focus on ethical considerations pertaining to herd immunity as a community good, vaccine communication, dismissal of vaccine-refusing families from practice, and vaccine mandates. Clinicians and policymakers need to consider the nature and timing of vaccine-related discussions and invoke deliberative approaches to policymaking. Keywords: vaccine, attitude to health; child; Disease Outbreaks; ethics; health care policy; herd immunity; human; infant; interpersonal communication; legislation and jurisprudence; pediatrics; preschool child; treatment refusal; United States; vaccination, Child; Child, Preschool; Communication; Disease Outbreaks; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Policy; Humans; Immunity, Herd; Infant; Pediatrics; Treatment Refusal; United States; Vaccination; Vaccines Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302952_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weaver responds Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weaver, L.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: e1-e2 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302999 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302999 Keywords: anxiety; depression; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; female; human, Anxiety; Depression; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302999_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Debunking debating water fluoridation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, J.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302964 Keywords: fluoridation; history; human, Fluoridation; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302964_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Child-resistant packaging for e-liquid: A review of us state legislation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frey, L.T. Author-Name: Tilburg, W.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 266-268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302957 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302957 Abstract: Agrowingnumberof stateshave introducedor enacted legislation requiring child-resistant packaging for e-liquid containers; however, these laws involve varying terms, packaging standards, and enforcement provisions, raising concerns about their effectiveness. We evaluated bills against 4 benchmarks: broad product definitions that contemplate future developments in the market, citations to a specific packaging standard, stated penalties for violations, and express grants of authority to a state entity to enforce the packaging requirements. Our findings showed that 3 states meet all 4 benchmarks in their enacted legislation.We encourage states to consider these benchmarks when revising statutes or drafting future legislation. Keywords: child; human; law; market; punishment; accident prevention; adverse effects; electronic cigarette; government; legislation and jurisprudence; packaging; preschool child; procedures; standards; United States, nicotine, Accident Prevention; Child; Child, Preschool; Electronic Cigarettes; Humans; Nicotine; Product Packaging; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302957_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Money, politics, and morality in the framing of medicaid expansion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rozier, M.D. Author-Name: Singer, P.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 203-204 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302948 Keywords: economics; ethics; health care policy; human; medicaid; morality; politics; public health; United States, Humans; Medicaid; Morals; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Politics; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302948_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Historical influences on contemporary tobacco use by northern plains and Southwestern American Indians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kunitz, S.J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 246-255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302909 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302909 Abstract: There are great differences in smoking- and tobacco-related mortality between American Indians on the Northern Plains and those in the Southwest that are best explained by (1) ecological differences between the two regions, including the relative inaccessibility and aridity of the Southwest and the lack of buffalo, and (2) differences between French and Spanish Indian relations policies. The consequence was the disruption of inter- and intratribal relations on the Northern Plains, where as a response to disruption the calumet (pipe) ceremony became widespread, whereas it did not in the Southwest. Tobacco was, thus, integrated into social relationships with religious sanctions on the Northern Plains, which increased the acceptability of commercial cigarettes in the 20th century. Smoking is, therefore, more deeply embedded in religious practices and social relationships on the Northern Plains than in the Southwest. Keywords: American Indian; buffalo; ceremony; human; mortality; smoking; social interaction; tobacco use; American Indian; ethnology; female; history; male; symbolism; tobacco use; United States, Ceremonial Behavior; Female; History, 20th Century; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Smoking; Tobacco Use; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302909_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Empowering communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marmot, M.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 230-231 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302991 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302991 Keywords: behavior; demography; health disparity; human; public health; social determinants of health, Health Status Disparities; Humans; Power (Psychology); Public Health; Residence Characteristics; Social Determinants of Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302991_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Opioid overdose deaths and Florida's crackdown on pill mills Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kennedy-Hendricks, A. Author-Name: Richey, M. Author-Name: McGinty, E.E. Author-Name: Stuart, E.A. Author-Name: Barry, C.L. Author-Name: Webster, D.W. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 291-297 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302953 Abstract: Objectives.We examined the effect on opioid overdose mortality of Florida state laws and law enforcement operations targeting "pill mills." Methods. We collected 2003 to 2012 mortality data from the Florida Department of Health and the North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics (the comparison state) to estimate changes in the rates of death from prescription opioid, heroin, or any opioid overdose. Results. Florida's actions were associated with an estimated 1029 lives saved from prescription opioid overdose over a 34-month period. Estimated reductions in deaths grew over the intervention period, with rates per 100 000 population that were 0.6 lower in 2010, 1.8 lower in 2011, and 3.0 lower in 2012 than what would have been expected had the changes inmortality rate trends in Florida been the same as changes in trends in North Carolina. Florida's mortality rates from heroin and total opioid overdose were also lower than anticipated relative to changes in trends in North Carolina. Conclusions. Findings from this study indicate that laws regulating pain clinics and enforcement of these laws may, in combination, reduce opioid overdose deaths. Keywords: narcotic analgesic agent, analgesia; clinical practice; drug control; drug overdose; Florida; human; law enforcement; legislation and jurisprudence; mortality; North Carolina; prescription drug diversion; Prescription Drug Misuse; prevention and control, Analgesics, Opioid; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Overdose; Florida; Humans; Law Enforcement; North Carolina; Pain Management; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Prescription Drug Diversion; Prescription Drug Misuse Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302953_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Initiation of heroin and prescription opioid pain relievers by birth cohort Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Novak, S.P. Author-Name: Bluthenthal, R. Author-Name: Wenger, L. Author-Name: Chu, D. Author-Name: Kral, A.H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 298-300 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302972 Abstract: We examined initiation patterns among different birth cohorts of people who used prescription opioids and heroin because of historical differences in drug use availability. We examined data from a community-based study of persons who inject drugs (n = 483) in California and a general population survey from the National Survey on Drug Use andHealth (n = 1264) and found that individuals born after 1980 were more likely than were individuals born before 1980 to initiate opioids through nonmedical use of prescription opioids than heroin. Keywords: diamorphine; narcotic analgesic agent, adolescent; adult; aged; California; cohort analysis; human; middle aged; onset age; pain; Prescription Drug Misuse; Substance-Related Disorders; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Aged; Analgesics, Opioid; California; Cohort Studies; Heroin; Humans; Middle Aged; Pain; Prescription Drug Misuse; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302972_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Affordability of the health expenditures of insured americans before the affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nyman, J.A. Author-Name: Trenz, H.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 264-266 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302958 Abstract: Central to the Affordable Care Act is the notion of affordability and the role of health insurance in making otherwise unaffordable health care affordable. We used data from the 1996 to 2008 versions of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate the portion of overall health care expenditures by insured respondents that would otherwise have been beyond their disposable incomes and assets. We found that about one third of insured expenditures would have been unaffordable, with a much higher percentage among publicly insured individuals. This result suggests that one of the main functions of insurance is to cover expenses that insured individuals would not otherwise be able to afford. Keywords: economics; female; health care cost; health care policy; health insurance; human; income; United States, Female; Health Expenditures; Humans; Income; Insurance, Health; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302958_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Anxiety and depression in female patients with type 2 diabetes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kawada, T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: e1 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302963 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302963 Keywords: anxiety; depression; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; female; human, Anxiety; Depression; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302963_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Broadbent et al. respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Broadbent, J.M. Author-Name: Thomson, W.M. Author-Name: Moffitt, T.E. Author-Name: Poulton, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 213-214 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303013 Keywords: fluoride, human; intelligence, Fluorides; Humans; Intelligence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303013_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protecting personally identifiable information when using online geographic tools for public health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M.D.M. Author-Name: Mooney, S.J. Author-Name: Rundle, A.G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 206-208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302951 Keywords: confidentiality; geographic information system; health services research; human; identifiable information; information processing; legislation and jurisprudence; public health; standards, Confidentiality; Data Collection; Geographic Information Systems; Health Services Research; Humans; Personally Identifiable Information; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302951_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Projecting the unmet need and costs for contraception services after the affordable care act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: August, E.M. Author-Name: Steinmetz, E. Author-Name: Gavin, L. Author-Name: Rivera, M.I. Author-Name: Pazol, K. Author-Name: Moskosky, S. Author-Name: Weik, T. Author-Name: Ku, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 334-341 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302928 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302928 Abstract: Objectives. We estimated the number of women of reproductive age in need who would gain coverage for contraceptive services after implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the extent to which there would remain a need for publicly funded programs that provide contraceptive services, and how that need would vary on the basis of state Medicaid expansion decisions. Methods.Weused nationally representative American Community Survey data (2009), to estimate the insurance status for women in Massachusetts and derived the numbers of adult women at or below 250% of the federal poverty level and adolescents in need of confidential services.We extrapolated findings to simulate the impact of the Affordable Care Act nationally and by state, adjusting for current Medicaid expansion and state Medicaid Family Planning Expansion Programs. Results. The number of low-income women at risk for unintended pregnancy is expected to decrease from 5.2 million in 2009 to 2.5 million in 2016, based on states' current Medicaid expansion plans. Conclusions. The Affordable Care Act increases women's insurance coverage and improves access to contraceptive services. However, for women who remain uninsured, publicly funded family planning programsmay still be needed. Keywords: adolescent; adult; contraception; economics; family planning; female; health care policy; health service; human; insurance; Massachusetts; medicaid; poverty; pregnancy; questionnaire; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Contraception; Family Planning Services; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Massachusetts; Medicaid; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Poverty; Pregnancy; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302928_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adverse childhood experiences related to poor adult health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Austin, A. Author-Name: Herrick, H. Author-Name: Proescholdbell, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 314-320 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302904 Abstract: Objectives. We explored the association of sexual orientation with poor adult health outcomes before and after adjustment for exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Methods. Data were from the 2012 North Carolina, 2011 Washington, and 2011 and 2012 Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys regarding health risks, perceived poor health, and chronic conditions by sexual orientation and 8 categories of ACEs. There were 711 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) respondents and 29 690 heterosexual respondents. Results. LGB individuals had a higher prevalence of all ACEs than heterosexuals, with odds ratios ranging from 1.4 to 3.1. After adjustment for cumulative exposure to ACEs, sexual orientation was no longer associated with poor physical health, current smoking, and binge drinking. Associations with poor mental health, activity limitation, HIV risk behaviors, current asthma, depression, and disability remained, but were attenuated. Conclusions. The higher prevalence of ACEs among LGB individuals may account for some of their excess risk for poor adult health outcomes. Keywords: adult; aged; behavioral risk factor surveillance system; bisexuality; child; child abuse; chronic disease; female; health status; homosexuality; human; male; middle aged; North Carolina; prevalence; psychology; Washington; Wisconsin; young adult, Adult; Aged; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; Bisexuality; Child; Child Abuse; Chronic Disease; Female; Health Status; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; North Carolina; Prevalence; Washington; Wisconsin; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302904_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Study incapable of detecting IQ loss from fluoride Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Osmunson, B. Author-Name: Limeback, H. Author-Name: Neurath, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 212-213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302918 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302918 Keywords: fluoride, human; intelligence, Fluorides; Humans; Intelligence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302918_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Advancing the science and practice of place-based intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smedley, B. Author-Name: Amaro, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 197 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303043 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303043_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inventing the right to know herbert abrams's efforts to democratize access to workplace health hazard information in the 1950s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Derickson, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 237-245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302939 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302939 Abstract: In the 1980s, the right-to-know movement won American workers unprecedented access to information about the health hazards they faced on the job. The precursors and origins of these initiatives to extend workplace democracy remain quite obscure. This study brings to light the efforts of one of the early proponents of wider dissemination of information related to hazard recognition and control. Through his work as a state public health official and as an advisor to organized labor in the 1950s, Herbert Abrams was a pioneer in advocating not only broader sharing of knowledge but also more expansive rights of workers and their organizations to act on that knowledge. Keywords: controlled study; health hazard; human; human experiment; organization; public health; recognition; worker; workplace; access to information; adverse effects; civil rights; dangerous goods; history; occupational health; political system; trade union; United States; workplace, dangerous goods, Access to Information; Civil Rights; Democracy; Hazardous Substances; History, 20th Century; Humans; Labor Unions; Occupational Health; Public Health; United States; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302939_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Independent and interactive effects of smoking bans and tobacco Taxes on a cohort of US young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vuolo, M. Author-Name: Kelly, B.C. Author-Name: Kadowaki, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 374-380 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302968 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the mutual effects of smoking bans and taxes on smoking among a longitudinal cohort of young adults. Methods. We combined a repository of US tobacco policies at the state and local level with the nationally representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (2004-2011) from ages 19 to 31 years and Census data, to examine the impact of tobacco policies on any current and daily pack smoking. The analytic sample amounts to 19 668 observations among 4341 individuals within 487 cities. Results. For current smoking, we found significant effects for comprehensive smoking bans, but not excise taxes. We also found an interaction effect, with bans being most effective in locales with no or low taxes. For daily pack smoking, we found significant effects for taxes, but limited support for bans. Conclusions. Socialsmoking among young adults is primarily inhibited by smoking bans, but excise taxes only deter such smoking in the absence of a ban. Heavy smokers are primarily deterred by taxes. Although both policies have an impact on young adult smoking behaviors, their dual presence does not intensify each policy's efficacy. Keywords: adult; city; human; human tissue; juvenile; major clinical study; smoking ban; tax; tobacco; young adult; economics; female; government; health care policy; legislation and jurisprudence; longitudinal study; male; procedures; smoking; smoking cessation; tax; United States; young adult, Adult; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Local Government; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; State Government; Taxes; Tobacco; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302968_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the flint drinking water crisis: A spatial analysis of risk and public health response Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hanna-Attisha, M. Author-Name: LaChance, J. Author-Name: Sadler, R.C. Author-Name: Schnepp, A.C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 283-290 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence before and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging water system without adequate corrosion control. Methods. We reviewed blood lead levels for children younger than 5 years before (2013) and after (2015) water source change in Greater Flint, Michigan. We assessed the percentage of elevated blood lead levels in both time periods, and identified geographical locations through spatial analysis. Results. Incidence of elevated blood lead levels increased from 2.4% to 4.9% (P > .05) after water source change, and neighborhoods with the highest water lead levels experienced a 6.6% increase. No significant change was seen outside the city. Geospatial analysis identified disadvantaged neighborhoods as having the greatest elevated blood lead level increases and informed response prioritization during the now-declared public health emergency. Conclusions. The percentage of children with elevated blood lead levels increased after water source change, particularly in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Water is a growing source of childhood lead exposure because of aging infrastructure. Keywords: drinking water; lead; water pollutant, analysis; blood; environmental exposure; female; human; infant; lead poisoning; male; Michigan; preschool child; public health; retrospective study; risk factor; socioeconomics; spatial analysis; water pollutant, Child, Preschool; Drinking Water; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Infant; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Male; Michigan; Public Health; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Spatial Analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Flint, Michigan: A century of environmental injustice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosner, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 200-201 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303011 Keywords: water pollutant, economics; environment; history; human; lead poisoning; Michigan; trade union; water pollutant, Environment; History, 20th Century; Humans; Lead Poisoning; Michigan; Strikes, Employee; Water Pollutants, Chemical Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303011_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: John D. Stoeckle and the upstream vision of social determinants in public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 234-236 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302936 Keywords: history; human; occupational health; public health; social determinants of health; United States, History, 20th Century; Humans; Occupational Health; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302936_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: International health regulations, ebola, and emerging infectious diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Espinal, M. Author-Name: Aldighieri, S. Author-Name: St. John, R. Author-Name: Becerra-Posada, F. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 279-282 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302969 Abstract: The World Health Organization's determination of the Ebola virus disease outbreak as a public health event of international concern prompted nonaffected countries to implement measures to prevent, detect, and manage the introduction of the virus in their territories. The outbreak provided an opportunity to assess the operational implementation of the International Health Regulations' core capacities and health systems' preparedness to handle a potential or confirmed case of Ebola virus disease. A public health framework implemented in Latin America and Caribbean countries encompassing preparatory self-assessments, in-country visits, and follow-up suggests that the region should increase efforts to consolidate and sustain progress on core capacities and health system preparedness to face public health events with national or international repercussions. Keywords: Caribbean; communicable disease control; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; global health; health care policy; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; human; legislation and jurisprudence; South and Central America; standards; world health organization, Caribbean Region; Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Health Policy; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Latin America; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302969_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effect of gun carrying on perceptions of risk among adolescent offenders Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Loughran, T.A. Author-Name: Reid, J.A. Author-Name: Collins, M.E. Author-Name: Mulvey, E.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 350-352 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302971 Abstract: Objectives. We observed how perceptions of risks, costs, crime rewards, and violence exposure changeas individual gun-carryingbehavior changes among high-risk adolescents. Methods.Weanalyzed a longitudinal study (2000-2010) of serious juvenile offenders in Maricopa County, Arizona, or Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, assessing within-person changes in risk and reward perceptions, and violence exposure as individuals initiated or ceased gun carrying. Results. Despite being associated with heightened exposure to violence, gun carrying was linked to lower perceptions of risks and costs and higher perceived rewards of offending. Gun carrying was not time-stable, as certain individuals both started and stopped carrying during the study.Within-person changes in carrying gunswere associated with shifting perceptions of risks, costs, and rewards of crime, and changes in exposure to violence in expected directions. Conclusions. Gun carrying reduces perceptions of risks associated with offending while increasing actual risk of violence exposure. This suggests that there is an important disconnect between perceptions and objective levels of safety among high-risk youths.Gun-carrying decisionsmaynot onlybeinfluencedby factors ofprotection andselfdefense, but also by perceptions of risks and reward associated with engaging in crime more generally. Keywords: adolescent; crime; disease carrier; exposure to violence; human; juvenile delinquency; longitudinal study; perception; reward; safety; United States; adolescent behavior; African American; Arizona; ethnology; firearm; Hispanic; juvenile delinquency; Pennsylvania; prevention and control; psychology; risk; violence, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; African Americans; Arizona; Firearms; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Longitudinal Studies; Pennsylvania; Risk; Violence Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302971_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physical activity and dietary determinants of weight loss success in the US general population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 321-326 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302956 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302956 Abstract: Objectives. I studied lifestyle behaviors of long-term weight losers in a nationally representative sample. Methods. I categorized the dietary and physical activity data of 8012 adults from the 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys into (1) long-term weight losers (10% loss for 1 year), (2) recent weight losers (10% loss within past year), and (3) overweight or obese individuals who never lost 10% or more of their weight. Results. Long-term weight losers consumed fewer calories (2072; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2011, 2134 kcal vs 2211; 95% CI = 2173, 2249 kcal; P > .001) and were more likely to report any vigorous leisure activity (24.5% vs 20.3%; P = .027) than did overweight or obese individuals. Among those engaging in vigorous leisure activity, longterm weight losers reported a greater quantity (188; 95% CI = 159, 223 min wk-1 vs 156; 95% CI = 142, 172 min wk-1; P = .047). Recent weight losers did not differ from overweight or obese individuals on absolute calorie intake but reported less fat (79; 95% CI = 75, 83 g vs 84; 95% CI = 82, 86 g; P = .016) and more activity. Conclusions. Balanced calorie restriction from all macronutrients and physical activity are important behaviors for successful long-term weight loss in the general population. Keywords: adult; cross-sectional study; diet; exercise; female; human; lifestyle; male; middle aged; nutrition; obesity; physiology; procedures; United States; weight reduction, Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Exercise; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; United States; Weight Loss Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302956_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence-February 2016 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 201-202 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303030 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303030 Keywords: health care policy; human; legislation and jurisprudence; public health, Humans; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.303030_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health monitoring of privilege and deprivation with the index of concentration at the extremes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krieger, N. Author-Name: Waterman, P.D. Author-Name: Spasojevic, J. Author-Name: Li, W. Author-Name: Maduro, G. Author-Name: Van Wye, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 256-263 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955 Abstract: Objectives. We evaluated use of the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) for public health monitoring. Methods.We used New York City data centered around 2010 to assess cross-sectional associations at the census tract and community district levels, for (1) diverse ICE measures plus the US poverty rate, with (2) infant mortality, premature mortality (before age 65 years), and diabetes mortality. Results. Point estimates for rate ratios were consistently greatest for the novel ICE that jointly measured extreme concentrations of income and race/ethnicity. For example, the census tract-level rate ratio for infant mortality comparing the bottom versus top quintile for an ICE contrasting low-income Black versus high-income White equaled 2.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.11, 4.09), but was 2.19 (95% CI = 1.59, 3.02) for low versus high income, 2.77 (95% CI = 2.02, 3.81) for Black versus White, and 1.56 (95% CI = 1.19, 2.04) for census tracts with greater than or equal to 30% versus less than 10% below poverty. Conclusions. The ICE may be a useful metric for public health monitoring, as it simultaneously captures extremes of privilege and deprivation and can jointly measure economic and racial/ethnic segregation. Keywords: adult; ancestry group; cross-sectional study; demography; epidemiology; ethnic group; ethnology; health care disparity; human; infant; infant mortality; New York; poverty; premature mortality; procedures; public health; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data, Adult; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Ethnic Groups; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Mortality, Premature; New York City; Poverty; Public Health; Socioeconomic Factors Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cascade of care for hepatitis C virus infection within the US veterans health administration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maier, M.M. Author-Name: Ross, D.B. Author-Name: Chartier, M. Author-Name: Belperio, P.S. Author-Name: Backus, L.I. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 353-358 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302927 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302927 Abstract: Objectives. We measured the quality of HCV care using a cascade of HCV care model. Methods.We estimated the number of patients diagnosed with chronic HCV, linked to HCV care, treated with HCV antivirals, and having achieved a sustained virologic response (SVR) in the electronic medical record data from the Veterans Health Administration's Corporate Data Warehouse and the HCV Clinical Case Registry in 2013. Results. Of the estimated 233 898 patients with chronic HCV, 77% (181 168) were diagnosed, 69% (160 794) were linked to HCV care, 17% (39 388) were treated with HCV antivirals, and 7% (15 983) had achieved SVR. Conclusions. This Cascade of HCV Care provides a clinically relevant model to measure the quality of HCV care within a health care system and to compare HCV care across health systems. Keywords: antivirus agent, genotype; government; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C, Chronic; human; isolation and purification; middle aged; prevalence; register; United States; veteran, Antiviral Agents; Genotype; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Registries; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302927_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health literacy, pedometer, and self-reported walking among older adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Al Sayah, F. Author-Name: Johnson, S.T. Author-Name: Vallance, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 327-333 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302901 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302901 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the association of health literacy with physical activity and physical activity guideline adherence in older adults. Methods.Weused cross-sectional data from a 2012 population-based study in Alberta, Canada, assessing health literacy, and deriving moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes per week from the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, and steps per day via a pedometer. Results. Mean age of participants (n = 1296) was 66.4 (SD = 8.2) years, 57% were female, and 94% were White. Nine percent had inadequate health literacy, and 46% met guidelines for self-reported physical activity and 18% for steps per day. Participants with inadequate health literacy had nonsignificant adjusted decrements of 58 MVPA minutes and 218 MET minutes per week and were less likely to meet physical activity guidelines (MVPA: odds ratio = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41, 0.97; P = .037; MET: odds ratio = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.42, 1.01; P = .057) compared with their health-literate counterparts. Such differences were nonsignificant for steps per day. Conclusions. Inadequate health literacy was associated with less likelihood of meeting MVPA guidelines based on self-reported physical activity, but not based on an objective measure of steps per day. Keywords: actimetry; aged; Alberta; cross-sectional study; devices; female; health literacy; human; male; middle aged; questionnaire; self report; walking, Actigraphy; Aged; Alberta; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Literacy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Self Report; Surveys and Questionnaires; Walking Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302901_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating systems science and community-based participatory research to achieve health equity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frerichs, L. Author-Name: Lich, K.H. Author-Name: Dave, G. Author-Name: Corbie-Smith, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 215-222 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302944 Abstract: Unanswered questions about racial and socioeconomic health disparities may be addressed using community-based participatory research and systems science. Community-based participatory research is an orientation to research that prioritizes developing capacity, improving trust, and translating knowledge to action. Systems science provides research methods to study dynamic and interrelated forces that shape health disparities. Community-based participatory research and systems science are complementary, but their integration requires more research. We discuss paradigmatic, socioecological, capacity-building, colearning, and translational synergies that help advance progress toward health equity. Keywords: capacity building; health disparity; health equity; language; participatory research; trust; cooperation; human; social class; system analysis, Community-Based Participatory Research; Cooperative Behavior; Health Equity; Humans; Social Class; Systems Analysis; Systems Integration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302944_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trauma-informed social policy: A conceptual framework for policy analysis and advocacy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bowen, E.A. Author-Name: Murshid, N.S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 223-229 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302970 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302970 Abstract: Trauma-informed care is a service provision model used across a range of practice settings. Drawing on an extensive body of research on trauma (broadly defined as experiences that produce enduring emotional pain and distress) and health outcomes, we have argued that the principles of trauma-informed care can be extended to social policy. Citing a variety of health-related policy examples, we have described how policy can better reflect 6 core principles of trauma-informed care: safety, trustworthiness and transparency, collaboration, empowerment, choice, and intersectionality. This framework conveys a politicized understanding of trauma, reflecting the reality that trauma and its effects are not equally distributed, and offers a pathway for public health professionals to disrupt trauma-driven health disparities through policy action. Keywords: behavior; consumer advocacy; health care disparity; human; injury; management; policy; safety; socioeconomics, Consumer Advocacy; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Policy Making; Power (Psychology); Public Policy; Safety; Socioeconomic Factors; Wounds and Injuries Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302970_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reduction in needle sharing among seattle-area injection drug users across 4 surveys, 1994-2013 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burt, R.D. Author-Name: Thiede, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 301-307 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302959 Abstract: Objectives.Weevaluated time trends in sharing needles and other injection equipment from 1994 to 2013 among injection drug users in the Seattle, Washington area. Methods. We combined data from 4 sources: the Risk Activity Variables, Epidemiology, and Network (RAVEN) study, recruited from institutional settings; the Kiwi study, recruited from jails; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system (NHBS) surveys, which used respondent-driven sampling; and surveys at needle-exchange sites. Results. Levels of needle sharing were higher in the earlier studies: RAVEN, 1994 to 1997 (43%) and Kiwi, 1998 to 2002 (61%). In the NHBS surveys, the initial level of 44% in 2005 declined to 31% in the period 2009 to 2012. Across needle-exchange surveys (2009-2013) the level was 21%. There was a parallel reduction in sharing other injection equipment.These trends persisted after control for sociodemographic and risk-associated variables. There was a contemporaneous increase in the number of needles distributed by local needle exchanges and a decline in the number of reported HIV cases among injection drug users. Conclusions. The apparent long-term reduction in sharing injection equipment suggests substantial success in public health efforts to reduce the sharing of injection equipment. Keywords: adolescent; adult; adverse effects; drug abuse; drug use; female; high risk behavior; HIV Infections; human; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; multivariate analysis; questionnaire; statistics and numerical data; substance abuse; trends; Washington; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Drug Users; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Needle Sharing; Risk-Taking; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Surveys and Questionnaires; Washington; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302959_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving adolescent parenting: Results from a randomized controlled trial of a home visiting program for young families Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jacobs, F. Author-Name: Easterbrooks, M.A. Author-Name: Goldberg, J. Author-Name: Mistry, J. Author-Name: Bumgarner, E. Author-Name: Raskin, M. Author-Name: Fosse, N. Author-Name: Fauth, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 342-349 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302919 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302919 Abstract: Objectives. Our aim was to estimate the effects of Healthy Families Massachusetts, a statewide home visiting program serving first-time adolescent parents, on parenting, child development, educational attainment, family planning, and maternal health and well-being. Methods. We used a randomized controlled trial design to randomly assign the 704 participants to a group receiving home visiting services or a control group. Between 2008 and 2012, telephone and in-person interviews were conducted and administrative data obtained at 12 and 24months after enrollment. Intention-to-treat analyses compared group differences across 5 outcome domains: parenting, child health and development, educational and economic achievement, family planning, and parental health and well-being. Results. The home visiting program had a positive influence on parenting stress, college attendance, condom use, intimate partner violence, and engagement in risky behaviors. No negative findings were observed. Conclusions. A paraprofessional home visiting program specifically targeting young mothers appears effective in domains of particular salience to young parents and their infants and toddlers. Expanding participation in the program appears a worthy goal for program administrators and policymakers. Keywords: adolescent; child parent relation; controlled study; education; family planning; female; human; infant; male; Massachusetts; parent; preschool child; professional practice; psychology; randomized controlled trial; young adult, Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Family Planning Services; Female; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Male; Massachusetts; Parenting; Parents; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302919_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Barriers to cervical screening among sex workers in vancouver Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Duff, P. Author-Name: Ogilvie, G. Author-Name: Shoveller, J. Author-Name: Amram, O. Author-Name: Chettiar, J. Author-Name: Nguyen, P. Author-Name: Dobrer, S. Author-Name: Montaner, J. Author-Name: Shannon, K. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 366-373 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302863 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302863 Abstract: Objectives. We longitudinally examined the social, structural, and geographic correlates of cervical screening among sex workers in Metropolitan Vancouver, British Columbia, to determine the roles that physical and social geography play in routine reproductive health care access. Methods. Analysis drew on (2010-2013) data from an open prospective cohort of sex workers (An Evaluation of Sex Workers' Health Access). We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) to model correlates of regular cervical screening. Results. At baseline, 236 (38.6%) of 611 sex workers in our sample had received cervical screening, and 63 (10.3%) were HIV-seropositive. In multivariable GEE analysis, HIV-seropositivity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 2.58) and accessing outreach services (AOR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.66) were correlated with regular cervical screening. Experiencing barriers to health care access (e.g., poor treatment by health care staff, limited hours of operation, and language barriers) reduced odds of regular Papanicolaou testing (AOR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.65, 1.00). Conclusions. Sex workers in Metropolitan Vancouver had suboptimal levels of cervical screening. Innovative mobile outreach service delivery models offering cervical screening as one component of sex worker-targeted comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services mayhold promise. Keywords: adolescent; adult; British Columbia; early cancer diagnosis; female; health care delivery; human; Papanicolaou test; prospective study; psychology; sex worker; spatial analysis; statistical model; Uterine Cervical Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; utilization; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; British Columbia; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Logistic Models; Papanicolaou Test; Prospective Studies; Sex Workers; Spatial Analysis; Uterine Cervical Diseases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302863_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of fees to discourage nonmedical exemptions to school immunization laws in US states Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Billington, J.K. Author-Name: Omer, S.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 269-270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302967 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302967 Abstract: Recent outbreaks of vaccinepreventable diseases in the United States have renewed public discourse about state vaccine mandates for children entering schools. With acknowledgment of the challenge of eliminating religious and philosophical exemptions in most states, some have proposed instead to impose additional administrative burdens for parents seeking such exemptions. We review the use of taxes, fines, and fees as financial disincentives in public health. We argue that adding processing fees to a comprehensive set of administrative requirements for obtaining exemptions will avoid the use of taxpayer funding for exemption processing and will help tilt the balance of convenience in favor of vaccination. Keywords: child; fee; government; human; legislation and jurisprudence; preventive health service; public health; religion; school; tax; treatment refusal; United States; vaccination, Child; Fees and Charges; Humans; Immunization Programs; Public Health; Religion and Medicine; Schools; State Government; Taxes; Treatment Refusal; United States; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302967_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Paris thin": A call to regulate life-threatening starvation of runway models in the US fashion industry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Record, K.L. Author-Name: Austin, S.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 205-206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302950 Keywords: body mass; clothing; Feeding and Eating Disorders; France; government; human; industry; legislation and jurisprudence; prevention and control; psychology; public health; starvation; United States; workplace, Body Mass Index; Clothing; Feeding and Eating Disorders; France; Humans; Industry; Public Health; Starvation; United States; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration; Workplace Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302950_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interest group conflict over medicaid expansion: The surprising impact of public advocates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Callaghan, T. Author-Name: Jacobs, L.R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 308-313 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302943 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302943 Abstract: Objectives.Weexamined the potential economic, policy, and political influences on the decisions of the 50 US states to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. Methods. We related a measure of relative state progress toward Medicaid expansion updated to 2015 to each state's economic circumstances, established policy frameworks in states, partisan control of state government, and lobbyists for businesses, medical professionals, unions, and public interest organizations. Results. The 9201 lobbyists working on health care reform in state capitols exerted a strong and significant impact on Medicaid expansion. Controlling for confounding factors (including partisanship and existing policy frameworks), we found that business and professional lobbyists exerted a negative effect on state Medicaid expansion and, unexpectedly, that public interest advocates exerted a positive effect. Conclusions. There are 3.1 million adults who lack coverage because they live in the 20 states that refused to expand Medicaid. Although political party and lobbyists for private interests present significant barriers in these states, legislative lobbying on behalf of the uninsured appears likely to be effective. Keywords: controlled study; government; health care policy; human; major clinical study; medicaid; medically uninsured; organization; adult; conflict of interest; consumer advocacy; economics; health care policy; health insurance; legislation and jurisprudence; medicaid; politics; United States, Adult; Conflict of Interest; Consumer Advocacy; Humans; Insurance, Health; Lobbying; Medicaid; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Politics; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302943_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Historicearlyendorsement of community water fluoridation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Newbrun, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 210-211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302914 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302914 Keywords: fluoridation; history; human, Fluoridation; Humans Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302914_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accelerated adoption of smoke-free laws after ratification of the world health organization framework convention on tobacco control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Uang, R. Author-Name: Hiilamo, H. Author-Name: Glantz, S.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 166-171 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302872 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302872 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to evaluate the effect of ratifying the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) on countries enacting smoke-free laws covering indoor workplaces, restaurants, and bars. Methods.Wecompared adoption of smoke-free indoor workplace, restaurant, and bar laws in countries that did versus did not ratify the FCTC, accounting for years since the ratification of the FCTC and for countries' World Bank income group. Results. Ratification of the FCTC significantly (P <.001) increased the probability of smoke-free laws. This effect faded with time, with a half-life of 3.1 years for indoor workplaces and 3.8 years for restaurants and bars. Compared with high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries had a significantly higher probability of smoke-free indoor workplace laws. Conclusions. The FCTC accelerated the adoption of smoke-free indoor workplace, restaurant, and bar laws, with the greatest effect in the years immediately following ratification. The policy implication is that health advocates must increase efforts to secure implementation of FCTC smoke-free provisions in countries that have not done so. Keywords: adoption; catering service; controlled study; half life time; probability; smoking ban; tobacco; workplace; world health organization; comparative study; cultural factor; developed country; developing country; economics; health; human; legislation and jurisprudence; passive smoking; prevention and control; proportional hazards model; world health organization, passive smoking, Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Global Health; Humans; Proportional Hazards Models; Restaurants; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Workplace; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302872_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inequalities of income and inequalities of longevity: A cross-country study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neumayer, E. Author-Name: Plumper, T. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 160-165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302849 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302849 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the effects of market income inequality (income inequality before taxes and transfers) and income redistribution via taxes and transfers on inequality in longevity. Methods.Weused life tables to compute Gini coefficients of longevity inequality for all individuals and for individuals who survived to at least 10 years of age. We regressed longevity inequality on market income inequality and income redistribution, and we controlled for potential confounders, in a cross-sectional time-series sample of up to 28 predominantly Western developed countries and up to 37 years (1974-2011). Results. Income inequality before taxes and transfers was positively associated with inequality in the number of years lived; income redistribution (the difference between market income inequality and income inequality after taxes and transfers were accounted for) was negatively associated with longevity inequality. Conclusions.To the extent that our estimated effects derived from observational data are causal, governments can reduce longevity inequality not only via public health policies, but also via their influence on market income inequality and the redistribution of incomes from the relatively rich to the relatively poor. Keywords: child; developed country; government; human; human experiment; life table; longevity; market; public health; tax; time series analysis; cultural factor; factual database; gross national product; health disparity; income; life expectancy; poverty; public policy; statistics and numerical data; trends, Cross-Cultural Comparison; Databases, Factual; Gross Domestic Product; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Income; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Poverty; Public Policy Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302849_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing status, medical care, and health outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aidala, A.A. Author-Name: Wilson, M.G. Author-Name: Shubert, V. Author-Name: Gogolishvili, D. Author-Name: Globerman, J. Author-Name: Rueda, S. Author-Name: Bozack, A.K. Author-Name: Caban, M. Author-Name: Rourke, S.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: e1-e23 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302905 Abstract: Background. Accumulating evidence suggests responses to HIV that combine individual-level interventions with those that address structural or contextual factors that influence risks and health outcomes of infection. Housing is such a factor. Housing occupies a strategic position as an intermediate structural factor, linking "upstream" economic, social, and cultural determinants to themore immediate physical and social environments in which everyday life is lived. The importance of housing status for HIV prevention and care has been recognized, but much of this attention has focused on homeless individuals as a special risk group. Analyses have less often addressed community housing availability and conditions as factors influencing population health or unstable, inadequate, or unaffordable housing as a situation or temporary state. A focus on individual-level characteristics associated with literal homelessness glosses over social, economic, and policy drivers operating largely outside any specific individual's control that affect housing and residential environments and the health resources or risk exposures such contexts provide. Objectives. We examined the available empirical evidence on the association between housing status (broadly defined), medical care, and health outcomes among people with HIV and analyzed results to inform future research, program development, and policy implementation. Search methods. We searched 8 electronic health and social science databases from January 1, 1996, through March 31, 2014, using search terms related to housing, dwelling, and living arrangements and HIV and AIDS. We contacted experts for additional literature. Selection criteria. We selected articles if they were quantitative analyses publishedinEnglish,French, orSpanishthat includedat least1measure ofhousing status as an independent variable and at least 1 health status, health care, treatment adherence, or risk behavior outcome among people with HIV in high-income countries. We defined housing status to include consideration of material or social dimensionsofhousingadequacy, stability, andsecurity of tenure. Data collection and analysis. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and quality appraisal. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials and a modified version of the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Appraisal Tool for nonintervention studies. In our quality appraisal, we focused on issues of quality for observational studies: appropriate methods for determining exposure and measuring outcomes and methods to control confounding. Results. Searches yielded 5528 references from which we included 152 studies, representing 139 757 HIV-positive participants. Most studies were conducted in the United States and Canada. Studies examined access and utilization of HIV medical care, adherence to antiretroviral medications, HIV clinical outcomes, other health outcomes, emergency department and inpatient utilization, and sex and drug risk behaviors. With rare exceptions, across studies in all domains, worse housing status was independently associated with worse outcomes, controlling for a range of individual patient and care system characteristics. Conclusions. Lack of stable, secure, adequate housing is a significant barrier to consistent and appropriate HIV medical care, access and adherence to antiretroviral medications, sustained viral suppression, and risk of forward transmission. Studies that examined the history of homelessness or problematic housing years before outcome assessment were least likely to find negative outcomes, homelessness being a potentially modifiable contextual factor. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies indicate an independent effect of housing assistance on improved outcomes for formerly homeless or inadequately housed people with HIV. Housing challenges result from complex interactions between individual vulnerabilities and broader economic, political, and legal structural determinants of health. The broad structural processes sustaining social exclusion and inequality seem beyond the immediate reach of HIV interventions, but changing housing and residential environments is both possible and promising. (The full article is available online. Keywords: bibliographic database; classification; health care delivery; HIV Infections; homeless person; housing; human; medication compliance; outcome assessment; social determinants of health; transmission, Databases, Bibliographic; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Homeless Persons; Housing; Humans; Medication Adherence; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Social Determinants of Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302905_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differential child maltreatment risk across deployment periods of US Army Soldiers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, C.M. Author-Name: Ross, M.E. Author-Name: Wood, J.N. Author-Name: Griffis, H.M. Author-Name: Harb, G.C. Author-Name: Mi, L. Author-Name: Song, L. Author-Name: Strane, D. Author-Name: Lynch, K.G. Author-Name: Rubin, D.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 153-158 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302874 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302874 Abstract: Objectives. We described the risk for maltreatment among toddlers of US Army soldiers over different deployment cycles to develop a systematic response within the US Army to provide families appropriate supports. Methods. We conducted a person-time analysis of substantiated maltreatment reports and medical diagnoses among children of 112 325 deployed US Army soldiers between 2001 and 2007. Results. Risk of maltreatment was elevated after deployment for children of soldiers deployed once but not for children of soldiers deployed twice. During the 6 months after deployment, children of soldiers deployed once had 4.43 substantiated maltreatment reports and 4.96 medical diagnoses per 10 000 child-months. The highest maltreatment rate among children of soldiers deployed twice occurred during the second deployment for substantiated maltreatment (4.83 episodes per 10 000 child-months) and before the first deployment for medical diagnoses of maltreatment (3.78 episodes per 10 000 childmonths). Conclusions. We confirmed an elevated risk for child maltreatment during deployment but also found a previously unidentified high-risk period during the 6 months following deployment, indicating elevated stress within families of deployed and returning soldiers. These findings can inform efforts by the military to initiate and standardize support and preparation to families during periods of elevated risk. Keywords: army; child; clinical article; diagnosis; family; human; soldier; stress; child abuse; Combat Disorders; family relation; female; infant; male; newborn; psychology; risk assessment; statistics and numerical data; United States, Child Abuse; Combat Disorders; Family Relations; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Military Personnel; Risk Assessment; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302874_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systematic motorcycle management and health care delivery: A field trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mehta, K.M. Author-Name: Rerolle, F. Author-Name: Rammohan, S.V. Author-Name: Albohm, D.C. Author-Name: Muwowo, G. Author-Name: Moseson, H. Author-Name: Sept, L. Author-Name: Lee, H.L. Author-Name: Bendavid, E. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 87-94 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302891 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302891 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether managed transportation improves outreachbased health service delivery to rural village populations. Methods. We examined systematic transportation management in a small-cluster interrupted time series field trial. In 8 districts in Southern Zambia, we followed health workers at 116 health facilities from September 2011 to March 2014. The primary outcomewas the average number of outreach trips per health worker perweek. Secondary outcomes were health worker productivity, motorcycle performance, and geographical coverage. Results. Systematic fleet management resulted in an increase of 0.9 (SD = 1.0) trips to rural villages per healthworker per week (P <.001), village-level healthworker productivity by 20.5 (SD= 5.9) patient visits, 10.2 (SD= 1.5) measles immunizations, and 5.2 (SD= 5.4) child growth assessments per health worker per week. Motorcycle uptime increased by 3.5 days per week (P <.001), use by 1.5 days per week (P <.001), and mean distance by 9.3 kilometers per trip (P <.001). Geographical coverage of health outreach increased in experimental (P <.001) but not control districts. Conclusions. Systematic motorcycle management improves basic health care delivery to rural villages in resource-poor environments through increased health worker productivity and greater geographical coverage. Keywords: child; child growth; controlled study; field study; health care delivery; health care facility; health care personnel; human; human experiment; measles vaccination; motorcycle; productivity; rural population; time series analysis; Zambia; adolescent; adult; clinical trial; cluster analysis; female; health auxiliary; health care quality; male; motorcycle; organization and management; procedures; rural health care; statistics and numerical data; traffic and transport; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Cluster Analysis; Community Health Workers; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Motorcycles; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Rural Health Services; Transportation; Young Adult; Zambia Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302891_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nongovernment philanthropic spending on public health in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shaw-Taylor, Y. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 58-62 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302888 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302888 Abstract: The objective of this study was to estimate the dollar amount of nongovernment philanthropic spending on public health activities in the United States. Health expenditure data were derived from the US National Health Expenditures Accounts and the US Census Bureau. Results reveal that spending on public health is not disaggregated from health spending in general. The level of philanthropic spending is estimated as, on average, 7% of overall health spending, or about $150 billion annually according to National Health Expenditures Accounts data tables. When a point estimate of charity care provided by hospitals and office-based physicians is added, the value of nongovernment philanthropic expenditures reaches approximately $203 billion, or about 10% of all health spending annually. Keywords: controlled study; hospital; human; human experiment; physician; public health; social welfare; United States; economics; factual database; financial management; health care cost; public health; statistics and numerical data; United States, Charities; Databases, Factual; Financing, Government; Health Expenditures; Humans; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302888_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Halfdan mahler: Architect and defender of the world health organization health for all by 2000 Declaration of 1978 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, T.M. Author-Name: Fee, E. Author-Name: Stepanova, V. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 38-39 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302935 Keywords: health; health care planning; health promotion; history; human; organization; politics; standards; world health organization, Congresses as Topic; Global Health; Health Priorities; Healthy People Programs; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Politics; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302935_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk factors for and behavioral consequences of direct versus indirect exposure to violence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zimmerman, G.M. Author-Name: Posick, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 178-188 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302920 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302920 Abstract: Research suggests that direct exposure (personal victimization) and indirect exposure (witnessing or hearing about the victimization of a family member, friend, or neighbor) to violence are correlated. However, questions remain about the co-occurrence of these phenomena within individuals. We used data on 1915 youths (with an average age of 12 years at baseline) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine this issue. Results indicated that youths who tended to be personally victimized were also likely to witness violence; conversely, youths who disproportionately witnessed violence were relatively unlikely to experience personal victimization. In addition, direct and indirect exposures to violence were associated with subsequent adverse outcomes in similar ways. The key distinguishing factor was, rather, the cumulative level of violence (bothdirect and indirect) towhich youthswere exposed. Keywords: adverse outcome; child; exposure; human; human development; human experiment; juvenile; neighborhood; risk factor; United States; violence; witness; adolescent; adolescent behavior; African American; Child Behavior Disorders; cluster analysis; crime victim; epidemiology; ethnology; exposure to violence; female; Hispanic; Illinois; male; minority group; psychology; risk factor; Social Behavior Disorders; statistics and numerical data; urban population, Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; African Americans; Chicago; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Cluster Analysis; Crime Victims; Exposure to Violence; Female; Hispanic Americans; Humans; Male; Minority Groups; Risk Factors; Social Behavior Disorders; Urban Population Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302920_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The world health organization STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk-factor surveillance: Methods, challenges, and opportunities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riley, L. Author-Name: Guthold, R. Author-Name: Cowan, M. Author-Name: Savin, S. Author-Name: Bhatti, L. Author-Name: Armstrong, T. Author-Name: Bonita, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 74-78 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302962 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302962 Abstract: Objectives.Wesought to outline the framework andmethods used by theWorldHealth Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease (NCD) surveillance (STEPS), describe the development and current status, and discuss strengths, limitations, and future directions of STEPS surveillance. Methods. STEPS is a WHO-developed, standardized but flexible framework for countries to monitor the main NCD risk factors through questionnaire assessment and physical and biochemical measurements. It is coordinated by national authorities of the implementing country. The STEPS surveys are generally household-based and intervieweradministered, with scientifically selected samples of around 5000 participants. Results. To date, 122 countries across all 6 WHO regions have completed data collection for STEPS or STEPS-aligned surveys. Conclusions. STEPS data are being used to inform NCD policies and track risk-factor trends. Future priorities include strengthening these linkages fromdata to action onNCDs at the country level, and continuing to develop STEPS' capacities to enable a regular and continuous cycle of risk-factor surveillance worldwide. Keywords: chronic disease; cluster analysis; global health; health care planning; health survey; human; organization and management; procedures; risk factor; statistical analysis; statistics and numerical data; world health organization, Chronic Disease; Cluster Analysis; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Global Health; Health Plan Implementation; Humans; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Sampling Studies; World Health Organization Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302962_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A public health of consequence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galea, S. Author-Name: Vaughan, R. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 10-11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302954 Keywords: human; public health; publication; publishing; standards, Humans; Journalism, Medical; Periodicals as Topic; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302954_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chinese immigrant religious institutions' variability in views on preventing sexual transmission of HIV Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chin, J.J. Author-Name: Neilands, T.B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 110-118 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302924 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302924 Abstract: Objectives. We examined Chinese immigrant religious institutions' views on teaching about preventing sexual transmission of HIV and the consistency of their views with public health best practices in HIV prevention. Methods. We used 2009 to 2011 survey data from 712 members of 20 New York City- based Chinese immigrant religious institutions to analyze their views on (1) teaching adolescents about condoms, (2) discussing homosexuality nonjudgmentally, and (3) promoting abstinence until marriage. Results. Religion type was a significant predictor of views in the 3 domains, with Evangelical Protestants in least agreement with public health best practices, Buddhists in most agreement, and mainline Protestants between them. Greater HIV knowledge was significantly associated with agreement with best practices in all 3 domains. The frequency of prayer, meditation, or chanting and the level of acculturation were significant predictors of views on teaching adolescents about condoms and promoting abstinence until marriage. Conclusions.The best practice messages about HIV prevention that Chinese immigrant religious institutions find acceptable vary according to religion type and several other key factors, including HIV knowledge; frequency of prayer, meditation, or chanting; and level of acculturation. Keywords: adolescent; adolescent behavior; adult; analysis of variance; Asian American; attitude to health; Buddhism; China; cultural competence; cultural factor; epidemiology; ethnology; health promotion; HIV Infections; human; middle aged; migrant; New York; procedures; Protestantism; psychology; religion; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; standards; statistics and numerical data; transmission, Acculturation; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Asian Americans; Buddhism; China; Cultural Competency; Emigrants and Immigrants; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; New York City; Protestantism; Religion and Medicine; Religion and Sex; Sexually Transmitted Diseases Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302924_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Substance use and cumulative exposure to American society: Findings from both sides of the US-Mexico border region Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Borges, G. Author-Name: Cherpitel, C.J. Author-Name: Orozco, R. Author-Name: Zemore, S.E. Author-Name: Wallisch, L. Author-Name: Medina-Mora, M.-E. Author-Name: Breslau, J. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 119-127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302871 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302871 Abstract: Objectives.We investigated whether Mexican immigration to the United States exerts transnational effects on substance use in Mexico and the United States. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional survey of 2336 Mexican Americans and 2460 Mexicans in 3 Texas border metropolitan areas and their sister cities in Mexico (the US-Mexico Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2011-2013). We collected prevalence and risk factors for alcohol and drug use; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, alcohol-use disorders; and 2 symptoms (hazardous use and quit or control) of drug use disorder across a continuum of migration experiences in the Mexican and Mexican American populations. Results. Compared with Mexicans with no migrant experience, the adjusted odds ratios for this continuum of migration experiences ranged from 1.10 to 8.85 for 12-month drug use, 1.09 to 5.07 for 12-month alcohol use disorder, and 1.13 to 9.95 for 12-month drug-use disorder. Odds ratios increased with longer exposure to US society. These findings are consistent with those of 3 previous studies. Conclusions. People of Mexican origin have increased prevalence of substance use and disorders with cumulative exposure to US society. Keywords: adolescent; adult; cross-sectional study; educational status; ethnology; female; human; male; marriage; Mexican American; Mexico; middle aged; migrant; migration; odds ratio; prevalence; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; Substance-Related Disorders; Texas; time factor; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Humans; Male; Marital Status; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; Texas; Time Factors; Transients and Migrants; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302871_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Realizing reproductive health equity needs more than Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gubrium, A.C. Author-Name: Mann, E.S. Author-Name: Borrero, S. Author-Name: Dehlendorf, C. Author-Name: Fields, J. Author-Name: Geronimus, A.T. Author-Name: Gomez, A.M. Author-Name: Harris, L.H. Author-Name: Higgins, J.A. Author-Name: Kimport, K. Author-Name: Luker, K. Author-Name: Luna, Z. Author-Name: Mamo, L. Author-Name: Roberts, D. Author-Name: Romero, D. Author-Name: Sisson, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 18-19 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302900 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302900 Keywords: female; health care disparity; human; pregnancy; reproductive health, Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302900_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community-based health financing and child stunting in rural Rwanda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lu, C. Author-Name: Mejia-Guevara, I. Author-Name: Hill, K. Author-Name: Farmer, P. Author-Name: Subramanian, S.V. Author-Name: Binagwaho, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 49-55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302913 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302913 Abstract: Objectives. We analyzed the likelihood of rural children (aged 6-24 months) being stunted according to whether they were enrolled in Mutuelles, a community-based health-financing program providing health insurance to rural populations and granting them access to health care, including nutrition services. Methods. We retrieved health facility data from the District Health System Strengthening Tool and calculated the percentage of rural health centers that provided nutrition-related services required by Mutuelles' minimum service package. We used data from the 2010 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey and performed multilevel logistic analysis to control for clustering effects and sociodemographic characteristics. The final sample was 1061 children. Results. Among 384 rural health centers, more than 90% conducted nutrition-related campaigns and malnutrition screening for children. Regardless of poverty status, the risk of being stunted was significantly lower (odds ratio = 0.60; 95% credible interval = 0.41, 0.83) for Mutuelles enrollees. This finding was robust to various model specifications (adjusted for Mutuelles enrollment, poverty status, other variables) or estimation methods (fixed and random effects). Conclusions. This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of Mutuelles in improving child nutrition status and supported the hypothesis about the role of Mutuelles in expanding medical and nutritional care coverage for children. Keywords: dietary service; economics; Growth Disorders; health; health care delivery; health care financing; health insurance; human; infant; prevalence; rural health care; Rwanda; standards; statistics and numerical data; supply and distribution, Dietary Services; Growth Disorders; Health Services Accessibility; Healthcare Financing; Humans; Infant; Insurance, Health; Prevalence; Rural Health; Rural Health Services; Rwanda Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302913_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health's falling share of US health spending Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 56-57 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302908 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302908 Abstract: We examined trends in US public health expenditures by analyzing historical and projected National Health Expenditure Accounts data. Percapita public health spending (inflation-adjusted) rose from 39 in 1960 to 281 in 2008, and has fallen by 9.3% since then. Public health's share of total health expenditures rose from 1.36% in 1960 to 3.18% in 2002, then fell to 2.65% in 2014; it is projected to fall to 2.40% in 2023. Public health spending has declined, potentially undermining prevention and weakening responses to health inequalities and new health threats. Keywords: health care cost; public health; economics; factual database; financial management; human; public health; statistics and numerical data; trends; United States, Databases, Factual; Financing, Government; Health Expenditures; Humans; Public Health; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302908_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The meaning of health for all by the year 2000' Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mahler, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 36-38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302935 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302935_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to care and chronic disease outcomes among medicaid-insured persons versus the uninsured Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Christopher, A.S. Author-Name: McCormick, D. Author-Name: Woolhandler, S. Author-Name: Himmelstein, D.U. Author-Name: Bor, D.H. Author-Name: Wilper, A.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302925 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302925 Abstract: Objectives. We sought to determine the association between Medicaid coverage and the receipt of appropriate clinical care. Methods. Using the 1999 to 2012 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys, we identified adults aged 18 to 64 years with incomes below the federal poverty level, and compared outpatient visit frequency, awareness, and control of chronic diseases between the uninsured (n = 2975) and those who had Medicaid (n = 1485). Results. Respondents with Medicaid were more likely than the uninsured to have at least 1 outpatient physician visit annually, after we controlled for patient characteristics (odds ratio [OR] = 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.8, 6.6). Among poor persons with evidence of hypertension, Medicaid coverage was associated with greater awareness (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.26, 2.66) and control (OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.32, 2.27) of their condition. Medicaid coverage was also associated with awareness of being overweight (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.67), but not with awareness or control of diabetes or hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions. Among poor adults nationally, Medicaid coverage appears to facilitate outpatient physician care and to improve blood pressure control. Keywords: adolescent; adult; ambulatory care; chronic disease; comparative study; economics; female; health care delivery; human; male; medicaid; medically uninsured; middle aged; nutrition; poverty; statistics and numerical data; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Chronic Disease; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Medicaid; Medically Uninsured; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Poverty; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302925_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health and hospitals: Lessons learned from partnerships in a changing health care environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Douglas Scutchfield, F. Author-Name: Prybil, L. Author-Name: Kelly, A.V. Author-Name: Mays, G.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 45-48 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302938 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302938 Abstract: Recent changes in policymaking, such as the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, have ushered in a new era in community health partnerships. To investigate characteristics of effective collaboration between hospitals, their parent systems, and the public health community, with the support of major hospital, medical, and public health associations, we compiled a list of 157 successful partnerships. This set was subsequently narrowed to 12 successful and diverse partnerships. After conducting site visits in each of the partnerships' communities and interviews with key partnership participants, we extracted lessons about their success. The lessons we have learned from our investigation have the potential to assist others as they develop partnerships. Keywords: hospital; human; interview; public health; community care; cooperation; economics; health care policy; health services research; hospital management; organization and management; program evaluation; public health service; public relations; public-private partnership; United States, Community Networks; Cooperative Behavior; Hospital Administration; Humans; Interinstitutional Relations; Organizational Case Studies; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; Program Evaluation; Public Health Administration; Public-Private Sector Partnerships; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302938_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of improving home environments on energy intake and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kegler, M.C. Author-Name: Haardorfer, R. Author-Name: Alcantara, I.C. Author-Name: Gazmararian, J.A. Author-Name: Veluswamy, J.K. Author-Name: Hodge, T.L. Author-Name: Addison, A.R. Author-Name: Hotz, J.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 143-152 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302942 Abstract: Objectives.Weassessed the effectiveness of an intervention targeting home food and activity environments to reduce energy intake and increase physical activity among overweight and obese patients from 3 community health centers in rural Georgia. Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial (n = 349) from 2011 to 2013, with follow-up at 6 and 12 months. Health coaches delivered the 16-week intervention by using tailored home environment profiles showing areas in need of improvement and positive aspects of the home environment, behavioral contracts for healthy actions, and mailed support materials. Results. Participants were mostly African American women (84.8%), with a mean age of 50.2 years and a mean body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of 38.3. Daily energy intake decreased more for the intervention than control group at 6 (-274 vs-69 kcal) and 12 months (-195 vs-76 kcal). We observed no change for either objective or self-reported physical activity. At 12 months, 82.6% of intervention participants had not gained weight compared with 71.4% of control participants. Conclusions. The intervention was effective in changing home environments and reducing energy intake. Keywords: adult; African American; body mass; caloric intake; control group; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; female; follow up; height; home environment; human; major clinical study; normal human; physical activity; randomized controlled trial; accelerometry; aged; caloric intake; catering service; demography; environmental planning; Georgia; health; medical record; middle aged; motor activity; obesity; participatory research; physiologic monitoring; physiology; procedures; statistics and numerical data, Accelerometry; Adult; African Americans; Aged; Community-Based Participatory Research; Diet Records; Energy Intake; Environment Design; Female; Food Supply; Georgia; Humans; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Physiologic; Motor Activity; Obesity; Residence Characteristics; Rural Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302942_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Correlates of sexual HIV risk among african American men who have sex with men Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelly, J.A. Author-Name: St Lawrence, J.S. Author-Name: Tarima, S.S. Author-Name: Di Franceisco, W.J. Author-Name: Amirkhanian, Y.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 96-102 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302945 Abstract: Objectives. We examined correlates of condomless anal intercourse with nonmain sexual partners among African American men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. We recruited social networks composed of 445 Black MSM from 2012 to 2014 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cleveland, Ohio; and Miami Beach, Florida. Participants reported past-3-month sexual behavior, substance use, and background, psychosocial, and HIV-related characteristics. Results. Condomless anal intercourse outside main concordant partnerships, reported by 34.4% of MSM, was less likely in the case of no alcohol and marijuana use in the past 30 days, and higher risk-reduction behavioral intentions. High frequency of condomless anal intercourse acts with nonmain partners was associated with high gay community participation, weak risk-reduction intentions, safer sex not being perceived as a peer norm, low condom-use self-efficacy, and longer time since most recent HIV testing. Conclusions. Condomless anal intercourse with nonmain partners among Black MSM was primarily associated with gay community participation, alcohol and marijuana use, and risk-reduction behavioral intentions. Keywords: adolescent; adult; African American; attitude to health; comorbidity; condom; drug dependence; ethnology; Florida; high risk behavior; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; Ohio; peer group; psychology; self concept; social norm; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; transmission; utilization; Wisconsin; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; African Americans; Comorbidity; Condoms; Florida; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Ohio; Peer Group; Risk-Taking; Self Efficacy; Social Norms; Substance-Related Disorders; Wisconsin; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302945_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health profiles of newly arrived refugee children in the United States, 2006-2012 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yun, K. Author-Name: Matheson, J. Author-Name: Payton, C. Author-Name: Scott, K.C. Author-Name: Stone, B.L. Author-Name: Song, L. Author-Name: Stauffer, W.M. Author-Name: Urban, K. Author-Name: Young, J. Author-Name: Mamo, B. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 128-135 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302873 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302873 Abstract: Objectives. We conducted a large-scale study of newly arrived refugee children in the United States with data from 2006 to 2012 domestic medical examinations in 4 sites: Colorado; Minnesota; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Washington State. Methods. Blood lead level, anemia, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, tuberculosis infection or disease, and Strongyloides seropositivity data were available for 8148 refugee children (aged < 19 years) from Bhutan, Burma, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Iraq, and Somalia. Results.We identified distinct health profiles for each country of origin, as well as for Burmese childrenwho arrived in the United States from Thailand compared with Burmese children who arrived from Malaysia. Hepatitis B was more prevalent among male children than female children and among children aged 5 years and older. The odds of HBV, tuberculosis, and Strongyloides decreased over the study period. Conclusions. Medical screening remains an important part of health care for newly arrived refugee children in the United States, and disease risk varies by population. Keywords: adolescent; Africa south of the Sahara; Asia; child; ethnology; female; health status; human; infant; male; mass screening; newborn; practice guideline; preschool child; procedures; public health service; refugee; retrospective study; standards; statistics and numerical data; United States, Adolescent; Africa South of the Sahara; Asia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Guidelines as Topic; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mass Screening; Refugees; Retrospective Studies; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302873_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educate the individual.. to a sane appreciation of the risk a history of industry's responsibility to warn of job dangers before the occupational safety and health administration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosner, D. Author-Name: Markowitz, G. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 28-35 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302912 Abstract: The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and the Workers Right to Know laws later in that decade were signature moments in the history of occupational safety and health. We have examined how and why industry leaders came to accept that it was the obligation of business to provide information about the dangers to health of the materials that workers encountered. Informing workers about the hazards of the job had plagued labor-management relations and fed labor disputes, strikes, and even pitched battles during the turn of the century decades. Industry's rhetorical embrace of the responsibility to inform was part of its argument that government regulation of the workplace was not necessary because private corporations were doing it. Keywords: government regulation; health care management; human; human experiment; labor management; leadership; occupational safety; responsibility; worker; workplace; access to information; adverse effects; dangerous goods; government; history; legislation and jurisprudence; occupational exposure; occupational health; trade union; United States, dangerous goods, Access to Information; Collective Bargaining; Hazardous Substances; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Labor Unions; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; United States; United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302912_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cluster randomized controlled trial of group prenatal care: Perinatal outcomes among adolescents in New York city health centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ickovics, J.R. Author-Name: Earnshaw, V. Author-Name: Lewis, J.B. Author-Name: Kershaw, T.S. Author-Name: Magriples, U. Author-Name: Stasko, E. Author-Name: Rising, S.S. Author-Name: Cassells, A. Author-Name: Cunningham, S. Author-Name: Bernstein, P. Author-Name: Tobin, J.N. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 2 Pages: 359-365 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302960 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302960 Abstract: Objectives. We compared an evidence-based model of group prenatal care to traditional individual prenatal care on birth, neonatal, and reproductive health outcomes. Methods. We performed a multisite cluster randomized controlled trial in 14 health centers in New York City (2008-2012).Weanalyzed 1148 pregnant women aged 14 to 21 years, at less than 24 weeks of gestation, and not at high obstetrical risk. We assessed outcomes via medical records and surveys. Results. In intention-to-treat analyses, women at intervention sites were significantly less likely to have infants small for gestational age (> 10th percentile; 11.0% vs 15.8%; odds ratio = 0.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.44, 0.99). In as-treated analyses, women with more group visits had better outcomes, including small for gestational age, gestational age, birth weight, days in neonatal intensive care unit, rapid repeat pregnancy, condom use, and unprotected sex (P = .030 to > .001). There were no associated risks. Conclusions. CenteringPregnancy Plus group prenatal care resulted in more favorable birth, neonatal, and reproductive outcomes. Successful translation of clinical innovations to enhance care, improve outcomes, and reduce cost requires strategies that facilitate patient adherence and support organizational change. Keywords: adolescent; birth weight; clinical trial; controlled study; female; gestational age; human; infant; intention to treat analysis; multicenter study; New York; patient attitude; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; prenatal care; procedures; randomized controlled trial; social class; young adult, Adolescent; Birth Weight; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Intention to Treat Analysis; New York City; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prenatal Care; Social Class; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302960_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: AJPH editor's choice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morabia, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 7 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302983 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302983_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health of the newest Americans: How US public health systems can support syrian refugees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McNeely, C.A. Author-Name: Morland, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-15 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302975 Keywords: capacity building; epidemiology; ethnology; health care delivery; health disparity; human; needs assessment; organization and management; procedures; public health service; refugee; standards; statistics and numerical data; Syrian Arab Republic; United States, Capacity Building; Delivery of Health Care; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Needs Assessment; Public Health Administration; Refugees; Syria; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302975_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Global birth prevalence of spina bifida by folic acid fortification status: A systematic review and meta-analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Atta, C.A.M. Author-Name: Fiest, K.M. Author-Name: Frolkis, A.D. Author-Name: Jette, N. Author-Name: Pringsheim, T. Author-Name: St Germaine-Smith, C. Author-Name: Rajapakse, T. Author-Name: Kaplan, G.G. Author-Name: Metcalfe, A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: e24-e34 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902 Abstract: Background. Birth defects remain a significant source of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Strong scientific evidence shows that folic acid fortification of a region's food supply leads to a decrease in spina bifida (a birth defect of the spine). Still, many countries around the world have yet to approve mandatory fortification through government legislation. Objectives. Wesought to performa systematic reviewandmeta-analysis of period prevalence of spina bifida by folic acid fortification status, geographic region, and study population. Search methods. An expert research librarian used terms related to neural tube defects and epidemiology from primary research from 1985 to 2010 to search in EMBASE and MEDLINE. We searched the reference lists of included articles and key review articles identified by experts. Selection criteria. Inclusion criteria included studies in English or French reporting on prevalence published between January 1985 and December 2010 that (1) were primary research, (2) were population-based, and (3) reported a point or period prevalence estimate of spina bifida (i.e., prevalence estimate with confidence intervals or case numerator and population denominator). Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for eligible articles, then2authorsscreenedfull texts induplicate forfinal inclusion. Disagreements were resolved through consensus or a third party. Data collection and analysis. We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, or PRISMA, abstracting data related to case ascertainment, study population, folic acid fortification status, geographic region, and prevalence estimate independently and in duplicate. We extracted overall data and any subgroups reported by age, gender, time period, or type of spina bifida. We classified each period prevalence estimate as mandatory or voluntary folic acid fortification according to each country's folic acid fortification status at the time data were collected (as determined by a well-recognized fortification monitoring body, Food Fortification Initiative).We determined study quality on the basis of sample representativeness, standardization of data collection and birth defect assessment, and statistical analyses. We analyzed study-level period prevalence estimates by using a random effects model (a level of < 0.05) for all meta-analyses. We stratified pooled period prevalence estimates by birth population, fortification status, and continent. Results. Of 4078 studies identified, we included 179 studies in the systematic reviewand123in ameta-analysis. Instudies of livebirths (LBs) alone, period prevalences of spina bifida were (1) lower in geographical regions with mandatory (33.86 per 100 000 LBs) versus voluntary (48.35 per 100000 LBs) folic acid fortification, and (2) lower in studies of LBs, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy in regionswithmandatory (35.22 per 100 000 LBs) versus voluntary (52.29 per 100 000 LBs) fortification. In LBs, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy studies, the lowest pooled prevalence estimate was in North America (38.70 per 100 000). Case ascertainment, surveillancemethods, and reporting varied across these population-based studies. Conclusions. Mandatory legislation enforcing folic acid fortification of the food supply lags behind the evidence, particularly in Asian and European countries. This extensive literature review shows that spina bifida is signifi-cantly more common in world regions without government legislation regulating full-coverage folic acid fortification of the food supply (i.e., Asia, Europe) and that mandatory folic acid fortification resulted in a lower prevalence of spina bifida regardless of the type of birth cohort. African data were scarce, but needed, asmany African nations are beginning to adopt folic acid legislation. Keywords: folic acid; vitamin B complex, female; fortified food; health; human; legislation and jurisprudence; meta analysis; physiology; pregnancy; prevalence; spinal dysraphism; standards; statistics and numerical data, Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Global Health; Humans; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Spinal Dysraphism; Vitamin B Complex Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302902_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communities of color creating healthy environments to combat childhood obesity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Subica, A.M. Author-Name: Grills, C.T. Author-Name: Douglas, J.A. Author-Name: Villanueva, S. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 79-86 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302887 Abstract: Ethnic and racial health disparities present an enduring challenge to community-based health promotion, which rarely targets their underlying population-level determinants (e.g., poverty, food insecurity, health care inequity). We present a novel 3-lens prescription for using community organizing to treat these determinants in communities of color based on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Communities Creating Healthy Environments initiative, the first national project to combat childhood obesity in communities of color using community organizing strategies. The lenses-Social Justice, Culture-Place, and Organizational Capacity-Organizing Approach-assist health professional-community partnerships in planning and evaluating community organizing-based health promotion programs. These programs activate community stakeholders to alter their community's disease-causing, population-level determinants through grassroots policy advocacy, potentially reducing health disparities affecting communities of color. Keywords: capacity building; catering service; community care; consumer; demography; economics; environment; ethnology; health disparity; human; minority health; organization and management; Pediatric Obesity; poverty; procedures; safety; social determinants of health; social justice; standards, Capacity Building; Community Networks; Consumer Participation; Environment; Food Supply; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Minority Health; Pediatric Obesity; Poverty; Residence Characteristics; Safety; Social Determinants of Health; Social Justice Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302887_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Meaning of "Health for All by the Year 2000" Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mahler, H. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 36-38 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.106136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2016.106136 Keywords: developing country; economics; foreign worker; health care manpower; health promotion; history; human; international cooperation; organization and management; population dynamics; public health; standards; trends, Developing Countries; Foreign Medical Graduates; Health Manpower; Healthy People Programs; Humans; International Cooperation; Population Dynamics; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2016.106136_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The public health framework of legalized marijuana in Colorado Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ghosh, T. Author-Name: Dyke, M.V. Author-Name: Maffey, A. Author-Name: Whitley, E. Author-Name: Gillim-Ross, L. Author-Name: Wolk, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 21-27 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302875 Abstract: On January 1, 2014, Colorado became the first state in the nation to sell legal recreational marijuana for adult use. As a result, Colorado has had to carefully examine potential population health and safety impacts as well as the role of public health in response to legalization. We have discussed an emerging public health framework for legalized recreational marijuana.We have outlined this framework according to the core public health functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance. In addition, we have discussed challenges to implementing this framework that other states considering legalization may face. Keywords: cannabis; dronabinol; psychotropic agent, adult; Colorado; commercial phenomena; drug legislation; economics; health education; health impact assessment; health survey; human; legislation and jurisprudence; management; organization and management; procedures; public health; standards; supply and distribution, Adult; Cannabis; Colorado; Commerce; Dronabinol; Health Education; Health Impact Assessment; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Policy Making; Population Surveillance; Psychotropic Drugs; Public Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302875_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Free bus travel and physical activity, gait speed, and adiposity in the english longitudinal study of ageingxs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Webb, E. Author-Name: Laverty, A. Author-Name: Mindell, J. Author-Name: Millett, C. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 136-142 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302907 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302907 Abstract: Objectives. We investigated associations between having a bus pass, enabling free local bus travel across the United Kingdom for state pension-aged people, and physical activity, gait speed, and adiposity. Methods. We used data on 4650 bus pass-eligible people (aged 62 years) at wave 6 (2012-2013) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in regression analyses. Results. Bus pass holders were more likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38, 2.02; P <.001), retired (OR = 2.65; 95% CI = 2.10, 3.35; P <.001), without access to a car (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.83, 4.21; P <.001), to use public transportation (OR = 10.26; 95% CI = 8.33, 12.64; P <.001), and to be physically active (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.84; P =.004). Female pass holders had faster gait speed (b = 0.06 meters per second; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.09; P =.001), a body mass index 1 kilogram per meter squared lower (b = -1.20; 95% CI = -1.93, -0.46; P =.001), and waist circumference 3 centimeters smaller (b = -3.32; 95% CI = -5.02, -1.62; P <.001) than women without a pass. Conclusions. Free bus travel for older people helps make transportation universally accessible, including for those at risk for social isolation. Those with a bus pass are more physically active. Among women in particular, the bus pass is associated with healthier aging. Keywords: aged; body fat distribution; body mass; economics; England; female; gait; human; longitudinal study; male; middle aged; motor activity; multivariate analysis; pension; physiology; procedures; regression analysis; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; traffic and transport; very elderly; waist circumference, Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Fat Distribution; Body Mass Index; England; Female; Gait; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Multivariate Analysis; Pensions; Regression Analysis; Socioeconomic Factors; Transportation; Waist Circumference Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302907_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increasing the incidence and influence of systematic reviews on health policy and practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chalmers, I. Author-Name: Fox, D.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-13 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302915 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302915 Keywords: decision making; evidence based medicine; health care policy; human; information dissemination; literature; methodology; procedures; public health service; standards, Decision Making; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Policy; Humans; Information Dissemination; Public Health Practice; Research Design; Review Literature as Topic Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302915_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal barriers to adolescent participation in research about HIV and other sexually transmitted infections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moore, Q.L. Author-Name: Paul, M.E. Author-Name: McGuire, A.L. Author-Name: Majumder, M.A. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 40-44 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302940 Abstract: Whether adolescents can participate in clinical trials of pharmacologic therapies for HIV prevention, such as preexposure prophylaxis, without parental permission hinges on state minor consent laws. Very few of these laws explicitly authorize adolescents to consent to preventive services for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Unclear state laws may lead to research cessation. We have summarized legal, ethical, and policy considerations related to adolescents' participation in HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention research in the United States, and we have explored strategies for facilitating adolescents' access. Keywords: adolescent; chemoprophylaxis; clinical trial (topic); ethics; government; health care policy; HIV Infections; human; legislation and jurisprudence; minor (person); parental consent; procedures; research subject; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; United States, Adolescent; Chemoprevention; Clinical Trials as Topic; Health Policy; HIV Infections; Humans; Minors; Parental Consent; Research Subjects; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; State Government; United States Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302940_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toxicity of botanical medicines: An overlooked global health problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marcus, D.M. Author-Name: Grollman, A.P. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 16-17 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302937 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302937 Keywords: adverse effects; health; herbal medicine; human; intoxication; medicinal plant; phytotherapy; procedures; standards; trends, Global Health; Herbal Medicine; Humans; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302937_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Northridge and coupey respond Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Northridge, J.L. Author-Name: Coupey, S.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-20 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302946 Keywords: female; health care disparity; human; pregnancy; reproductive health, Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Pregnancy; Reproductive Health Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302946_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sociodemographic predictors of vaccination exemptions on the basis of personal belief in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tony Yang, Y. Author-Name: Delamater, P.L. Author-Name: Leslie, T.F. Author-Name: Mello, M.M. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 172-177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302926 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302926 Abstract: Objectives. We examined the variability in the percentage of students with personal belief exemptions (PBEs) from mandatory vaccinations in California schools and communities according to income, education, race, and school characteristics. Methods. We used spatial lag models to analyze 2007-2013 PBE data from the California Department of Public Health. The analyses included school-and regional-level models, and separately examined the percentage of students with exemptions in 2013 and the change in percentages over time. Results. The percentage of students with PBEs doubled from 2007 to 2013, from 1.54% to 3.06%. Across all models, higher median household income and higher percentage of White race in the population, but not educational attainment, significantly predicted higher percentages of students with PBEs in 2013. Higher income, White population, and private school type significantly predicted greater increases in exemptions from 2007 to 2013, whereas higher educational attainment was associated with smaller increases. Conclusions. Personal belief exemptions are more common in areas with a higher percentage of White race and higher income. Keywords: Caucasian; household; human; human experiment; mental capacity; model; population model; student; United States; vaccination; attitude to health; California; child; cultural anthropology; legislation and jurisprudence; psychology; religion; school; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; vaccination, California; Child; Culture; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Religion and Medicine; Schools; Socioeconomic Factors; Students; Vaccination Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302926_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating public health interventions: 1. examples, definitions, and a personal note Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegelman, D. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-73 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302923 Abstract: In the first contribution to a new section in AJPH that will address critical methodological issues in evaluations of public health interventions, I will discuss topics in study design and analysis, covering the most innovative emerging methodologies and providing an overview of best practices. The methods considered are motivated by public health evaluations, bothdomestic and global. In this first contribution, I also define implementation science, program evaluation, impact evaluation, and costeffectiveness research, disciplines that have tremendous methodological and substantive overlap with evaluation of public health interventions-the focus of this section. Keywords: program evaluation; public health; study design; health impact assessment; human; methodology; procedures; public health; standards; treatment outcome, Health Impact Assessment; Humans; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Public Health; Research Design Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302923_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns and trends of newly diagnosed HIV infections among adults and adolescents in correctional and noncorrectional facilities, United States, 2008-2011 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barskey, A.E. Author-Name: Babu, A.S. Author-Name: Hernandez, A. Author-Name: Espinoza, L. Year: 2016 Volume: 106 Issue: 1 Pages: 103-109 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302868 Abstract: Objectives. We aimed to determine whether the patterns and trends of HIV infections newly diagnosed within correctional and noncorrectional facilities differ. Methods. We classified persons newly diagnosed with HIV infection in the United States between 2008 and 2011 (n = 181 710) by correctional and noncorrectional facilities where diagnoses were first made, and stratified by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, transmission category, and diagnosis year. Results. An estimated 9187 persons were newly diagnosed with HIV infection in 2008 to 2011 while incarcerated, representing approximately 5.1% of the 181 710 HIV infections diagnosed in the United States during this period. Of these incarcerated persons, 84% were male, 30% were aged 30 to 39 years, 59% were Black/African American, and 51% of the men had been exposed through male-to-male sexual contact. Yearly numbers of diagnoses declined by 9.9% in correctional versus 0.3% in noncorrectional facilities. The percentage with a late HIV diagnosis was significantly lower in correctional than in noncorrectional facilities (prevalence ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval = 0.49, 0.55). Conclusions. Initial HIV diagnosis occurred sooner after HIV infection onset in correctional than in noncorrectional settings, pointing to the need for efficient referral systems after release. Keywords: adolescent; adult; comparative study; complication; epidemiology; ethnology; female; HIV Infections; human; male; male homosexuality; middle aged; minority health; prevalence; prison; prisoner; risk factor; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; substance abuse; transmission; United States; young adult, Adolescent; Adult; Female; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Minority Health; Prevalence; Prisoners; Prisons; Risk Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; United States; Young Adult Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302868_9