Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diarrhea or dysentery? Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stillman, A.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 696-700 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:696-700_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State of the art review: Adrenergic bronchodilators Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shon, B.Y. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 709-712 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:709-712_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Constrictive pericarditis: A review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sri Prakash, N. Author-Name: Torstveit, J.R. Author-Name: Chee, T.P. Author-Name: Benchimol, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 689-693 Abstract: This paper represents a review of the current literature on pericarditis citing the findings in patients we have recently evaluated and treated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:689-693_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On tap water burns. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Takafuji, E.T. Author-Name: Driggers, D.P. Author-Name: Leisher, K.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1300 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:12:1300_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Temporal arteritis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothschild, J. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 700-703 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:700-703_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attorneys' requests for patient records Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, R.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 707-708 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:707-708_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stage II carcinoma of the endometrium Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Surwit, E.A. Author-Name: Aristizabal, S.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 703-706 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:703-706_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Potential errors by non-response bias. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Criqui, M.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1301-1302 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:12:1301-1302_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Porphyria cutanea tarda Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anderton, R.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 37 Issue: 10 Pages: 694-695 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:37:10:694-695_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Practice settings and prescribing profiles: The simulation of tension headaches to general practitioners working in different practice settings in the Montreal area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Renaud, M. Author-Name: Beauchemin, J. Author-Name: Lalonde, C. Author-Name: Poirier, H. Author-Name: Berthiaume, S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1068-1072 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether physicians practicing in one type of setting manage a medical problem differently than those practicing in another type of setting. The investigation took the form of presenting physicians with a simulated case of tension headache with a history going back three years, for which diazepam had been taken daily for the past year. Four simulated patients (aged 20-23) visited a stratified random sample of 111 general practitioners practicing in health centers funded by government (CLSCs) and in private group practice clinics in the Montreal area. Fifty-one per cent of group practice physicians recommended therapy rated as 'inadequate' compared to 25 per cent in CLSCs; in addition, the data show significant differences between CLSC and group practice physicians in performing various aspects of the clinical examination. Alternative explanations for the observed differences are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:10:1068-1072_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On drug usage in nursing homes. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kashgarian, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1217-1218 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:11:1217-1218_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental dangers to the elderly. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tideiksaar, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1218-1219 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:11:1218-1219_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Providing home-based care for the elderly. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silver, G.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1217 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:11:1217_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High prevalence of cervical dysplasia in STD clinic patients warrants routine cytologic screening. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Briggs, R.M. Author-Name: Holmes, K.K. Author-Name: Kiviat, N. Author-Name: Barker, E. Author-Name: Eschenbach, D.A. Author-Name: DeJong, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 12124 Abstract: The results of routine cervical cytology screening at a Planned Parenthood Center (PPC) clinic were compared to those at a nearby sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in Seattle. Cervical cytologic findings were consistent with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), grades 1 (mild dysplasia), 2 (moderate dysplasia), or 3 (severe dysplasia to carcinoma in situ) in 502 (5.9 per cent) of 8,504 PPC patients and 87 (11.4 per cent) of 764 STD patients (p = .001). This rate for STD patients is five times that reported for the general population. Sixty-three PPC patients and 31 STD patients with screening smears consistent with CIN 1 or 2 underwent further prospective study by us, including repeated cytologic and colposcopic examinations. Thirty-seven (59 per cent) of 63 PPC patients and 26 (84 per cent) of 31 STD patients (p = .02) had at least on additional smear or colposcopy consistent with CIN and were advised to undergo cervical biopsy. Among those who underwent recommended biopsy, CIN was confirmed histologically in 15 (50 per cent) of 30 PPC patients and 11 (61 per cent) of 18 STD patients. Thus, the proportion of patients who had screening cytologic findings consistent with CIN, the proportion with persistent cytologic or colposcopic findings consistent with CIN on retesting, and the proportion of those biopsied who had histologically confirmed CIN, all were higher for STD than for PPC patients. There is a serious need for cytologic screening in STD clinics throughout the nation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:11:12124_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health department legal liability for injuries in vaccination programs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1215-1216 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:11:1215-1216_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outbreak of acute copper poisoning due to soft drink dispenser. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Witherell, L.E. Author-Name: Watson, W.N. Author-Name: Giguere, G.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1115 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:10:1115_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health planning and competition. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Getson, J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1113-1114 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:10:1113-1114_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The changing system of cancer staging. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feinstein, A.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 1012-1013 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:9:1012-1013_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Vaccination status of maltreated children. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pascoe, J.M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 1014 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:9:1014_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Deinstitutionalized mentally retarded hepatitis-B surface antigen carriers in public school classes: A descriptive survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bakal, C.W. Author-Name: Marr, J.S. Author-Name: Novick, L.F. Author-Name: Millner, E.S. Author-Name: Goldman, W.D. Author-Name: Pitkin, O.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 709-711 Abstract: Twenty-seven of 33 formerly institutionalized retarded HBsAg carriers exhibited behaviors which might facilitate viral transmission in classrooms where they had been placed with retarded susceptibles. Classroom conditions included lack of handwashing facilities and frequent failure to inform staff of the presence of such carriers in their classes. A serological survey of classroom contacts showed that 91 per cent of never-institutionalized students, 86 per cent of staff, and 18 per cent of formerly-institutionalized students had no antibody to HBsAg. Caution should be taken to protect teachers and students from infection with hepatitis-B in such classrooms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:709-711_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Margaret Sanger: birth control's successful revolutionary. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wardell, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 736-742 Abstract: The year 1979 marked the centennial of Margaret Sanger, birth control pioneer. Sanger worked to secure two new human rights: the right to decide whether to have a child and the right of a child to be wanted. Beginning in 1873, antipornography crusader Anthony Comstock lobbied through Congress and the state legislatures laws forbidding the distribution of contraceptive devices and even information. He equated these with erotic postcards as "obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, indecent and disgusting." Sanger's strategy was to challenge the Comstock laws in the courts. She studied birth control methods abroad and published a pamphlet, Family Limitation, in 1914. It was the first modern marriage manual; it was also illegal. The publicity her trial generated was immense and highly sympathetic. The government dropped its case when it saw it could only make her a martyr. An obstetrical nurse, Sanger had seen the plight of factory women in the poorest sections of New York City. In order to provide the medical advice and supplies women clamored for, Sanger opened the first U.S. birth control clinic, in Brooklyn in 1916. The New York City Vice Squad raided and closed it, and jailed Sanger. Margaret Sanger underwent other trials, raids, and harassments, but each time won additional public support for her organization--Planned Parenthood--and her cause. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:736-742_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 'Health costs of air pollution' challenged. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Costantino, J.P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 744 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:744_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On alcohol intake and CHD. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yano, K. Author-Name: Rhoads, G.G. Author-Name: Kagan, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 746-747 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:746-747_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Teaching and research on women's health issues in Schools of Public Health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oakley, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 732-735 Abstract: Women have been among the students and the faculty in Schools of Public Health since the early days of academic programs in public health. This report provides data on the recent past and current proportions of students and faculty who are women, and on the current quantity and type of teaching and research on women's health issues in the 22 North American Schools of Public Health. Teaching on these subjects is more widespread than research, but one or both are found in all but three of the schools. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:732-735_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: FMG-USMG physician performance. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baskin, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 743-744 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:743-744_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 'Health costs of air pollution'; second challenge. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kuller, L.H. Author-Name: Weinberg, G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 744-745 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:7:744-745_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cancer incidence and trihalomethane concentrations in a public drinking water system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carlo, G.L. Author-Name: Mettlin, C.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 523-525 Abstract: Four thousand two hundred fifty-five cases of esophageal, stomach, colon, rectal, bladder, and pancreatic cancer reported from Erie County, NY between 1973 and 1976 were analyzed in terms of their relationship to type of water source, level of trihalomethane (THM) and various social and economic parameters. Among white males, a significant positive correlation existed between pancreatic cancer incidence rates and THM level. No other significant correlations were observed. This research lends little or no support to the hypothesis that THM levels which meet present standards are related to the incidence of human cancer. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:5:523-525_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Repeat abortion and self-reported contraceptive behavior. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gillette, R.D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 637 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:6:637_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Continuous and comprehensive patient care. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stokes 3rd., J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 636 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:6:636_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on 'Los Angeles airport noise and mortality--faulty analysis and public policy' . Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meecham, W.C. Author-Name: Shaw, N. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 543-544 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:5:543-544_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hereditary diabetes among Indians. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stenvig, T.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 544-545 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:5:544-545_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Further comments on ideology interpreting medical care phenomena. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bloom, B.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 438 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:4:438_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Marxian interpretation of coronary care technology. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 437-438 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:4:437-438_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mayhew Derryberry, PhD 1901-1979. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Griffiths, W. Author-Name: Merrill, M.H. Author-Name: Nyswander, D.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 445-446 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:4:445-446_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Western social order. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baranowski, T. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 436-437 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:4:436-437_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investigating industrially-related diseases. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kopelman, J. Author-Name: Thind, I. Author-Name: Louria, D.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 436 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:4:436_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemic of endometrial cancer: a commentary. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jick, H. Author-Name: Walker, A.M. Author-Name: Rothman, K.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 264-267 Abstract: Vital statistics show that a rise in incidence of endometrial cancer began in the mid-1960s on the West Coast of the United States. This rise was continuous and reached a peak in 1975. Elsewhere, incidence rates for endometrial cancer rose during the 1970s. It now seems evident that much of the rise in all areas of the country was due to replacement estrogen treatment. We estimated from data obtained from the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities-Professional Activity Study of Ann Arbor, Michigan, that over 15,000 cases of endometrial cancer were caused by replacement estrogens during the five-year period 1971--1975 alone. This represents one of the largest epidemics of serious iatrogenic disease that has ever occurred in this country. With the substantial fall in estrogen sales starting in January 1976, there has been an associated decline in the incidence rates of endometrial cancer nationwide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:264-267_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Computed tomography: cost containment misdirected. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Banta, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 215-216 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:215-216_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How to evaluate ambulatory medical care. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hulka, B.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 217-218 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:217-218_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Certificate-of-need programs, mechanisms. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, A.B. Author-Name: Cohodes, D.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 290 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:290_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health: notes on the state of our union. The 1979 presidential address. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Romani, J.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 260-263 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:260-263_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's report: the ethics of publication. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 218-220 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:218-220_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Animal bites--a continuing problem. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Winkler, W.G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 119-120 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:2:119-120_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women's rights in the courts: some gains and losses. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 178-179 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:2:178-179_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Continuous confusion? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Starfield, B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 117-119 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:2:117-119_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Child development and behavior. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Juntti, M.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 182 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:2:182_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Critique of analytical studies 'one-sided'. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 181-182 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:2:181-182_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The changing health state of women. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, M.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 120-121 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:2:120-121_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The underregistration of neonatal deaths: Georgia 1974-77 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCarthy, B.J. Author-Name: Terry, J. Author-Name: Rochat, R.W. Author-Name: Quave, S. Author-Name: Tyler Jr., C.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 977-982 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.977 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.977 Abstract: The authors reviewed the neonatal outcome of 3,369 infants who weighed less than or equal to 1500 g and who were born in Georgia during the years 1974-76. They matched 1,465 of these infants with a death certificate registered in the State's Vital Records. Upon review of the hospital records of the remaining infants, they identified 453 infants that died during the neonatal period without a death certificate being registered. Subsequently, they compared the hospital death registries for 1977 in Georgia and death certificates registered in Vital Records during 1977. They identified an additional 236 infants who died without a death certificate being registered. 40% of these infants weighed greater than 1500 g. Two major procedural errors regarding the filing of death certificates in Georgia at the local level contributed to this 21% underregistration of neonatal deaths in 1974-1977. The underregistration occurred disporportionately for rural areas, for unmarried mothers, and for Black infants. The reason for underregistration included failure of hospitals and morticians to file death certificates with the county registrars. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.977_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The quality and completeness of birthweight and gestational age data in computerized birth files Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: David, R.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 964-973 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.964 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.964 Abstract: Computerized birth files compiled by the State of North Carolina for the years 1975-1977 were analyzed for omissions and inaccuracies. A wide range in the per cent missing values was found for different data items, from essentially none missing (birth-weight, sex, race) to about 20% missing (gestational age, paternal social data). Recorded birthweight showed the expected skewing from a normal distribution. The only demonstrable inaccuracy was in the form of digit preference, probably causing errors of ±1 oz (28.3 g). Reported gestational ages were more suspect, falling outside the range of biologically plausible gestation length in 2.8% of cases. An addition 1.5% of gestational ages were found to be misdated by 4 to 20 weeks based on the observed bimodal weight distributions among births of the same reported gestational age. Hospitals of various sizes and administrative affiliations submitted records with missing or inaccurate gestational age data with roughly equal frequency. These records were found to come from a sociodemographically high-risk subpopulation. The implications of elimination of incomplete or erroneous birth record data in perinatal epidemiologic research are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.964_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of alcoholism services in Minnesota using a social indicator method Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Westermeyer, J. Author-Name: Neider, J. Author-Name: Stone, B. Author-Name: Bearman, J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1209-1211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1209 Abstract: Alcohol-related events in Minnesota are assessed using a social indicator method. Eight events have shown rate average increases of 2.0-13.5% per year over the last 7-14 yr, with most events increasing 5-7%. These include traffic fatalities, alcoholic cirrhosis deaths, alcohol deaths, arrest for liquor law violations, convictions for driving while intoxicated (first and repeat), and state hospital admissions (first and repeat). Statistical analyses of these increases show that, even with relatively few sample years, the rate and direction of rate increases are highly significant for most events. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1209_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chiropractic: Professional controversy and public policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Silver, G.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 348-351 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.348 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.348_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Problems of case finding and data collection in ambulatory care settings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neuhaus, E. Author-Name: Lyons, T.F. Author-Name: Payne, B.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 282-283 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.282 Abstract: The experience gained in a four-year ambulatory care study suggests that major problems of patient care data collection include: 1) Difficulties in obtaining listings of patients by diagnosis/condition that accurately reflect the actual practice experience; 2) Inaccurate coding or identification of the reason for patient visits; and 3) Inability to find the medical record within the system. Data presented here suggest there are certain regularities in completion rates characteristic of research sites and of diagnostic categories. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.282_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing tap water burns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baptiste, M.S. Author-Name: Feck, G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 727-729 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.727 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.727 Abstract: Based on a 1974-1975 survey of hospital records in upstate New York, we estimate that 347 tap water burns will require inpatient treatment annually, with children and the elderly at increased risk. The number and severity of burns from tap water makes them an important prevention priority. Reducing the temperature of household hot water supplies could be a practical and effective prevention measure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.727_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The process of ambulatory care: A comparison of the hospital and the community health center Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goodrich, T.J. Author-Name: Gorry, G.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 251-255 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.251 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.251 Abstract: In a study of 300 chronically ill patients who were referred from an outpatient department to community health centers in a public hospital district, the authors found that the number of visits made, the amount of medicine prescribed, and the number of tests ordered all increased markedly for those patients in the 6 months immediately following their referral. As a result, there was substantial increase in the charges incurred for their care. The care itself changed as well. The physicians at the centers on the whole differed from those at the hospital in the emphasis they placed upon various types of visits, medicines, and tests. There were also large differences among the community health centers along these dimensions. The findings indicate the difficulty of providing comparable care at a comparable cost within a large health care system. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.251_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The recent decline in mortality of the extreme aged: An analysis of statistical data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenwaike, I. Author-Name: Yaffe, N. Author-Name: Sagi, P.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1074-1080 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1074 Abstract: Official U.S. statistics reveal a 26 per cent decline in the mortality rate for the extreme aged population (persons 85 years and over) between 1966 and 1977. This reduction was greater than that exhibited by other adult age groups and substantially larger than earlier declines for the extreme aged. This study examines the possible effect of statistical artifacts, such as errors in population estimation, on the changed mortality trend. Data from the Social Security files on Medicare enrollment are utilized to test the accuracy of population estimates for the extreme aged. Mortality rates are decomposed by selected cause of death, sex, and race to determine the influence of demographic, social, and health factors on the shift in the pattern. The results of the analysis indicate that substantial real reduction in mortality has occurred among the elderly population. Reductions among females continue to exceed those among males, but less markedly than in the past. Rates for nonwhites are subject to particularly large margins of error due to incorrect population estimates. A sharp downturn in the age-adjusted rates for the cardiovascular diseases, which are more common among the aged, appears to account for the relatively greater reduction in mortality in this age group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1074_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Anti-rabies treatments in New Mexico: Impact of a comprehensive consultation-biologics system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mann, J.M. Author-Name: Burkhart, M.J. Author-Name: Rollag, O.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 128-132 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.128 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.128 Abstract: Fewer than 20% of the 30,000 antirabies treatments administered in the United States each year are necessary. New Mexico established a comprehensive consultation-biologics program to assist physicians in making appropriate and systematic rabies treatment decisions. In 1978, 32 individuals received anti-rabies treatments as the result of 144 physician consultation requests. Dog and cat exposures accounted for 70 per cent of consultations and 63 per cent of the treatments. A seasonal peak of both consultations and treatments was observed in the summer and early autumn. The cost of biologics was $212 per treatment. Coordinated use of laboratory diagnostic services and animal control resources obviated the need for treatment in over 60 per cent of the 112 consultations not resulting in treatment. Experience in 1978 suggested that the system was probably responsible for a greater than five-fold reduction in the annual rate of anti-rabies treatments in New Mexico. Efficient physician utilization and high acceptability of the program may be attributed to maximization of private sector input into design and implementation of this public health program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.128_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Record linkage systems. Canada vs the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beebe, G.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1246-1248 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1246 Abstract: Canada is well ahead of the United States in linking national data systems to monitor health and to facilitate large-scale epidemiologic studies of health hazards. The author describes current efforts in the United States to achieve legislation for the organization of record linkage systems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1246_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pilot study of smoking, alcohol and drug abuse prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McAlister, A. Author-Name: Perry, C. Author-Name: Killen, J. Author-Name: Slinkard, L.A. Author-Name: Maccoby, N. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 719-721 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.719 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.719 Abstract: A longitudinal pilot study gathered data on the onset and prevention of smoking, alcohol, and drug abuse among 526 students from two junior-high-schools in California. Over two school years, students who were trained to resist social pressures towards tobacco, alcohol and drug use began smoking at less than one-half the rate of those who did not receive special training. Frequent alcohol and marijuana use was also less prevalent amont the students who received such training. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.719_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health stability and change: A study of urban Black youth Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brunswick, A.F. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 504-513 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.504 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.504 Abstract: Personal interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 536 urban Black youth at two points in their life cycle: first when they were adolescents, aged 12-17, and six to eight years later when they were young adults, aged 18-23. A total of 47 health problems for males, 48 for females, were inquired about each time. Longitudinal analysis was performed to determine the extent of change, the direction of change, and the health problems most subject to change. The number of health problems increased for both sexes, but the increase was significantly greater among males than females. Male and female morbidity count, thus, became nearly equivalent in young adulthood whereas, in adolescence, young women's had exceeded men's. More detailed age analysis revealed that the greatest increase in male's health problems occurred two years behind that for women: for men, between ages 17 and 18; for women between ages 15 and 16. With but few exceptions, the same health problems which dominated in adolescence continued to be most prevalent in young adulthood. Population prevalence rates, however, understate the considerable degree of shift or turnover in individual cases reporting health problems as well as in general health status as measured by the total number of those problems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.504_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On reports and rapport in VD control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hume, J.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 946-947 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.946 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.946 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.946_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who shall deliver primary care? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1048-1050 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1048 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1048 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1048_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Illness prevention and health promotion services provided by nurse practitioners: Predicting potential consumers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pender, N.J. Author-Name: Pender, A.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 798-803 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.798 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.798 Abstract: A cross-sectional survey of 388 residents of a northern Illinois county explored the relationships between psychosocial and behavioral characteristics of the population and intentions to use illness prevention and health promotion services provided by nurse practitioners. Results of the study indicated that 61 per cent of the respondents intended to use one or more of the nurse-provided services when they became available within the community. The best predictors of intention to use the services were: expressed interest in use of prevention and health promotion services for direct pay, education beyond high school, and a low level of life stress. Intentions to use the services did not differ significantly between individuals with a regular personal physician and those without a regular physician. These data were interpreted as indicating a need within the community for nurse practitioners to provide prevention and health promotion care. The findings also supported the complementary roles of nurses and physicians in providing health care to ambulatory populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.798_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mentally retarded hepatitis-B surface antigen carriers in NYC public school classes: A public health dilemma Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bakal, C.W. Author-Name: Novick, L.F. Author-Name: Marr, J.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 712-716 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.712 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.712 Abstract: The placement of retarded children who have been institutionalized and are asymptomatic hepatitis-B surface antigen carriers into public school classes for the retarded has caused controversy and presented the New York City Health Department with an unusual medical-ethical dilemma. In this situation, the cost of interfering with deinstitutionalization, an important social advance, must be balanced against the benefit of controlling the unquantified but real risk of transmitting a potentially serious disease. The Health Department guidelines for managing this problem recommended serological surveillance, promotion of classroom hygiene where possible, and teaching of carriers in classes separate from their susceptible peers. A federal court disallowed the cohorting provisions of these guidelines. Changing policies and practices towards the mentally retarded, such as deinstitutionalization, raise important public health issues which will have to be faced by the involved communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.712_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking and age at natural menopause Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, D.W. Author-Name: Slone, D. Author-Name: Rosenberg, L. Author-Name: Miettinen, O.S. Author-Name: Shapiro, S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 420-422 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.420 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.420 Abstract: In a cohort of 656 naturally postmenopausal women who were interviewed at age 60 to 69 yr, and who had reached their menopause between the ages of 35 and 59 yr, the mean age at menopause declined with increasing number of cigarettes smoked, from 49.4 yr of age among women who had never smoked to 47.6 yr of age among women who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day (p < 0.02). The relationship was not attributable to the onset of menopause inducing women to take up smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.420_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: To educate or not to educate: Is that the question? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, L.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 625-626 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.625 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.625_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality surveillance in collaborative trials Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cutter, G. Author-Name: Heyden, S. Author-Name: Kasteler, J. Author-Name: Kraus, J.F. Author-Name: Lee, E.S. Author-Name: Shipley, T. Author-Name: Stromer, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 394-400 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.394 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.394 Abstract: The Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) carried out 2 pilot surveillances covering the enumerated population to test procedures to be used in assessing the ability of the program to influence life expectancy in the total population. A rigorously sequenced pilot survey of 2,611 households was conducted and carefully monitored through 2 mailings, telephone contacts, home visits, and communication with 'contact' persons. The response rates at each stage varied among the 13 centers. Overall, there was a 42.7% yield from the first mailing; 42.5% of those receiving a second mailing was completed; 78.0% for telephone, 61.3% for the home visits, and 55.2% from the 'contact' persons. Overall, 97.4% of all persons had vital status ascertained. The second phase relaxed the rigorous sequential survey requirements and reduced the reporting requirements from every 10 days to monthly. Overall, 93.3% were successfully ascertained. Reduced survey structure, slightly increased mobility (from 12% to 13%), increased workload from 200 to 400 households per center, and a longer time interval between initial enumeration and the mortality ascertainment are among the reasons for performance decline. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.394_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The low yield cigarette Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hoffmann, D. Author-Name: Wynder, E.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1143-1144 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1143 Abstract: As long as we as a society condone smoking, young people will at least try the habit. Because of the fact that smoking is apparently a satisfying experience to some youths, they will continue the habit into adulthood. It is for the sake of those who cannot be reached by anti-smoking messages that work in the area of low yield cigarettes needs to be continued, especially since epidemiological studies have shown a reduction of risk for lung cancer among smokers of low yield cigarettes and since a similar reduction of risk has been suggested for myocardial infarction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1143_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The incidence and economic costs of cancer, motor vehicle injuries, coronary heart disease, and stroke: A comparative analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hartunian, N.S. Author-Name: Smart, C.N. Author-Name: Thompson, M.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1249-1260 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1249 Abstract: The economic impact of disease and injury has most often been calculated by examining the costs associated with the prevalence of the impairments in the reference year. An alternative accounting approach is to assign all disease costs to the year of incidence, an approach which entails present-valuing to the year of incidence both health care expenditures and lost productivity. The incidence approach is the more appropriate for gauging the economic gains achievable through prevention, immediate rehabilitation, and arresting progression. Incidence-based costs have been estimated for the United States in 1975 for cancer, coronary heart disease, motor vehicle injuries, and stroke. A noteworthy finding is the relative economic importance of motor vehicle injuries, which frequently have been overlooked in the ordering of public health expenditure priorities. After cancer, which generated approximately $23.1 billion in present-valued costs in 1975 (discounted at 6%), motor vehicle injuries and coronary heart disease constitute the next most expensive conditions - having generated estimated annual costs of $14.4 billion and $13.7 billion, respectively. Stroke, at $6.5 billion, follows in economic importance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1249_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Respiratory symptoms and lung function in a sample of Vermont dairymen and industrial workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Babbott Jr., F.L. Author-Name: Gump, D.W. Author-Name: Sylwester, D.L. Author-Name: MacPherson, B.V. Author-Name: Holly, R.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 241-245 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.241 Abstract: This study reviews the respiratory status of a sample of Vermont male dairy farmers, and a comparison group from industry, matched for age, sex and smoking. Survey instruments included a standardized questionnaire and simple pulmonary function tests. In general, past and present smokers had more respiratory symptoms than never-smokers; and farmers, in all smoking categories, reported symptoms with greater frequency than did their counterparts from industry. Forced vital capacity (FVC) tended to be lower among men with a history of smoking but, within each smoking category, dairymen and factory workers had very similar FVCs. Farmers who had never smoked or who were current cigarette users had lower FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity) ratios than their controls from industry. Sixteen dairymen demonstrated precipitins to either Micropolyspora faeni (13) or Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, (3), but only one reported a constellation of symptoms compatible with farmer's lung disease. The estimated prevalence of antibodies to thermophilic actinomyces in this farm population was approximately 10%. Although sample sizes were limited, dairymen from small farms tended to be older, have more respiratory symptoms, less satisfactory pulmonary function, and more serologic evidence of exposure to farmer's lung antigens than their counterparts from large farms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.241_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Methodological issues in health care surveys of the Spanish heritage population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aday, L.A. Author-Name: Chiu, G.Y. Author-Name: Andersen, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 367-374 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.367 Abstract: This paper examines national survey data on access to medical care to explore methodological issues associated with conducting health care surveys of Spanish-heritage persons. These include problems of identifying and sampling such groups, achieving respondent cooperation, designing valid interview protocols, and controlling biases that may result from the cultural specificity of the concepts being studied. The findings suggest that more attention should be given to the following in designing health care surveys of Spanish-heritage individuals: Cultural and economic heterogeneity of 'Spanish-heritage' grouping, validity studies of health care utilization, and yea-saying tendencies related to health care attitude items. Given that there is a paucity of information available on methodological problems associated with health care surveys of Spanish-heritage persons, these analyses should serve to inform researchers of issues to be taken into account in designing such studies and to suggest useful hypotheses to explore in evaluating the validity of social survey data on minority (especially non-English speaking) populations' health care practices. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.367_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A unique outbreak of Pasteurella multocida in a chronic disease hospital Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Itoh, M. Author-Name: Tierno Jr., P.M. Author-Name: Milstoc, M. Author-Name: Berger, A.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1170-1173 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1170 Abstract: An outbreak of Pasteurella multocida infection, involving 7 patients on 2 adjacent wards, has been observed. All 7 patients were debilitated and had underlying chronic neuromuscular and/or pulmonary disease and had a tracheostomy tube in situ. The isolates of P. multocida were of the same biotype and serotype, and had an identical antibiogram. Epidemiological studies failed to determine the source of these infections. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1170_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Childhood hypertension and academic standing in the Philippines Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Micozzi, M.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 530-532 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.530 Abstract: A blood pressure study on 1,078 school children, grades one through six, conducted in Mindanao, Philippines, showed an inverse association between the prevalence of systolic hypertension and the level of academic achievement, significant at p<0.05 in grades 4-6, and p=0.06 in grades 1-3. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.530_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumer product hazards: Setting priorities for research and regulatory action Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rivara, F.P. Author-Name: Berger, L.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 701-704 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.701 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.701 Abstract: Consumer products account for 6.8 million injuries per year. The current method of prioritizing regulation of consumer products and prevention of related injuries is the Hazard Index, developed by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. This Index, however, is based on an arbitrary weighting scale and fails to include any estimate of a denominator for injuries. A new Index, the Product Injury Index, based on an objective cost-based weighting procedure, and incorporating an injury ratio is proposed and applied to existing data. The relative rankings on the two scales are compared, and the advant ages of the new scale are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.701_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Los Angeles airport noise and mortality: Faulty analysis and public policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frerichs, R.R. Author-Name: Beeman, B.L. Author-Name: Coulson, A.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 357-362 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.357 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.357 Abstract: A well-publicized investigation in Los Angeles showed a higher mortality rate in 1970-1971 among residents in a high-noise area near Los Angeles International Airport than in a low-noise control area. The authors of this report attributed the difference to the effects of jet aircraft noise. A reanalysis of the data did not confirm the original results. Once the confounding effects of age, race, and sex were taken into account by direct and indirect methods of standardization, there was little difference in the mortality experience of the airport and control areas. Adjusted mortality rates due to all causes, cardiovascular diseases, or cerebrovascular disease did not differ appreciably between the 2 areas and were nearly identical to those of Los Angeles County during 1970. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.357_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attitudes toward drinking conveyed in studio greeting cards Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Finn, P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 826-829 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.826 Abstract: Analysis of 129 studio cards containing alcohol-related subject matter revealed themes which suggest that getting drunk is a natural and desirable concomitant of celebrations and that drunkeness is humorous, enjoyable, and harmless. It is proposed that the depiction of intoxication in these cards as pleasurable and risk-free may be legitimate and reinforce tolerant attitudes toward alcohol abuse and thereby contribute to their entrenchment and pervasiveness in the face of recent public education prevention campaigns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.826_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Respiratory disease mortality in New Mexico's American Indians and Hispanics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Samet, J.M. Author-Name: Key, C.R. Author-Name: Kutvirt, D.M. Author-Name: Wiggins, C.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 492-497 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.492 Abstract: To determine the effect of ethnic group on respiratory disease occurrence, average annual sex, ethnic, and disease specific mortality rates for the period of 1969 to 1977 were calculated for New Mexico's American Indian, Hispanic, and Anglo populations. Incidence data were available for respiratory tract cancer. This study corroborates previous findings of reduced mortality from lung cancer in American Indians of both sexes and in Hispanic males. American Indian mortality from tuberculosis and from influenza and pneumonia was high. Hispanic males and American Indians of both sexes showed low mortality rates for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Differing cigarette usage is the most obvious explanation for the variations in COPD and lung cancer occurrence with ethnic group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.492_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Height, weight and skinfold thickness of Michigan adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moffatt, R.J. Author-Name: Sady, S.P. Author-Name: Owen, G.M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1290-1292 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1290 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1290 Abstract: Height, weight, and selected skinfold measurements were taken on 544 Michigan males and 557 females age 18 and over. Mean body weight showed a tendency to increase with age for both sexes up to age 64 while mean height progressively decreased from its maximum at age 18-24 years. Between ages 18 and 64 years, mean triceps skinfold thickness of men increased 10%, female triceps skinfolds 50%. Mean subscapular skinfold values rose consistently with age for both sexes. Comparison of these findings with those from earlier national studies suggest that Michigan adults are heavier and fatter but no taller than other US adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1290_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Data for long-term care planning by health systems agencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brody, S.J. Author-Name: Masciocchi, C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1194-1198 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1194 Abstract: Planning for the long-term care and support of the elderly is uncoordinated. Although several agencies are charged with the planning role, the Health Systems Agency (HSA) has emerged as the major planning unit. Long-term care planning is currently based on skilled nursing facility (SNF) utilization rates. This limited focus is inappropriate and the data are inconclusive. Population-based data, including levels of functioning, age, and living arrangements of those in need of extended support would provide a more useful approach. Sources for such information are suggested. The HSA should commit itself to population-based planning with special consideration of the mental health needs of the SNF residents, and the function of nursing home auspice. All types of health and social services should be taken into account in planning a system for long-term care and support. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1194_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pancreatic cancer mortality in Louisiana Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pickle, L.W. Author-Name: Gottlieb, M.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 256-259 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.256 Abstract: As a preliminary step in the investigation of high pancreas-cancer mortality among White males in a cluster of Louisiana parishes, the authors examined 876 pairs of certificates of death which occurred in this area during 1960-75. The pancreas-cancer death records were matched to controls by age, race, sex, year of death, and parish of residence. The odds ratios were increased about two-fold for workers in the oil refining and paper manufacturing industries, and slight elevations were seen among residents near refineries and food processing plants. Despite the limited residential and occupational information available on death certificates, this study suggests leads to environmental factors that can be further investigated by a case-control interview study in Louisiana. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.256_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addressing apocalypse now: The effects of nuclear warfare as a public health concern Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Geiger, H.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 958-961 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.958 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.958 Abstract: Despite staggering increase in potential, the effects - human, medical, ecologic, social - of neclear warfare are neither unimaginable nor unspecifiable, as a brief review of recent calculations will demonstrate. There is, however, a unique new dimension. It has always been clear that in nuclear warfare (as in all warfare) there is no health. It is now becoming clear that we are within reach of the level at which, after an all-out nuclear exchange that utilized every weapon in every stockpile, there would be no public. Literally, all human existence would end. It is difficult to formulate a more compelling reason for public health concern. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.958_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The pseudo-environment of national defense Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 949-950 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.949 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.949_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Life events, mental health functioning and the use of health care services by the elderly Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blazer, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1174-1179 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1174 Abstract: The association of life events and mental health impairment was studied in a community-based population of the elderly (n=986). A crude estimate of the relative risk for mental health impairment given life events ≥ 150 (as measured by the Schedule of Recent Events) was 2.14. A relative risk of 1.73 (p<.01) was estimated when binary regression procedure was used, controlling for physical health, economic status, social support, and age. Increased life events were associated with health seeking behavior, even when physical and mental health functioning were controlled. The associations between increased life events and both mental health functioning and health seeking behavior were small, suggesting that life events, as measured by the Schedule of Recent Events may not be important risk factors for elderly living in the community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1174_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Professional encroachment: A comparison of the emergence of denturists in Canada and Oregon Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenstein, D.I. Author-Name: Joseph, L.P. Author-Name: Mackenzie, L.J. Author-Name: Wyden, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 614-618 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.614 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.614 Abstract: In 1978, supporters of denturism in Oregon succeeded in passing an initiative which allows denturists to provide dentures directly to the public. The steps which led to the referendum included three unsuccessful attempts to have the state legislature enact a law legalizing denturism. After capturing broad-based consumer support, the issue was placed on the ballot and passed by an overwhelming margin. Both the denturists and the dentists in Oregon adopted strategies similar to those used in Canada over 20 years ago when the issue was raised in a number of provinces. As was the case in Canada, the denturists prevailed. Denturists stressed the price differential and the issue of freedom of choice. Dentists stressed health and safety issues. The public perceived the dentists' campaign as negative and self-serving. This perception may have contributed to the election results. In order to avoid this tarnished image, dentists must anticipate the public's needs, and formulate strategies to meet such needs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.614_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fact and fancy in the formation of public policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, L.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 627 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:6:627_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of the level of care predictions of six long-term care patient assessment systems Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Foley, W.J. Author-Name: Schneider, D.P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1152-1161 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1152 Abstract: Six patient assessment systems that have explicit decision rules for replicating team judgments on level of care patient placement were selected for analysis. The 6 were selected because of their origin, logic or decision diversity, and their ability to be programmed on a computer (i.e., explicit decision rules). Six hundred seventy-nine patient descriptor profiles were collected on patients currently in New York State nursing homes. These patients were then 'placed' by level of care for each assessment system. The probability of agreement of placement between pairs of assessment systems ranges from 38% to 91%. Among SNF (skilled nursing facility) patients only, the level of agreement drops as low as 39%. Uniformity of placement criteria is, in fact, the exception rather than the rule. A patient's placement is quite dependent on both his/her state of residence and his/her health status. The effect of differences in placement decisions has major implications for the patients being placed and for the cost of LTC (long-term care). This analysis was confined to systems that had a well developed set of guidelines, the situation is likely to be even more variable where guidelines are vaguely stated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1152_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A model for the incorporation of alumni-faculty feedback into curriculum planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clemmer, D.I. Author-Name: Bertrand, W.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-69 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.67 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.67 Abstract: Recent changes in the scope and nature of public health students prompted the development and testing of a strategy for curriculum planning based on information obtained from alumni and faculty. Identification of job activities viewed as important by both faculty and alumni for the largest number of job groups suggested a management-oriented core curriculum which could be supplemented by skills and knowledge related to the type of job which the student was preparing to enter. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.67_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Puerto Rican farm workers in western Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oritz, J.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1103-1105 Abstract: A parasitic surveillance of farm workers of Puerto Rican background and their children revealed a high prevalence rate (35.5%) of parasites in this population. This high prevalence rate, however, was expected in view of the fact that other researchers have found a high degree of parasitosis in Puerto Rican populations residing on the US mainland. However, the prevalence rate was almost double that reported by Winsberg, et al, for the urban population, thus suggesting a higher degree of exposure to the migrant worker than to his counterpart living in the cities. Two cases of hookworm infections were detected in children born in the United States who had never traveled outside the area, thus confirming that there is ample opportunity for the transmission of pathogenic parasites on farms, and also suggesting that migrant workers must live under poor sanitary conditions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:10:1103-1105_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessment of a pilot child playground injury prevention project in New York State Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fisher, L. Author-Name: Harris, V.G. Author-Name: VanBuren, J. Author-Name: Quinn, J. Author-Name: DeMaio, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 1000-1002 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1000 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1000 Abstract: Following a child playground equipment injury prevention project conducted in New York State in 1977, there was a 42% redution in playground equipment hazards and a 22.4% reduction in playground related injuries treated in the two largest hospitals of one of the program sites. Knowledge about unsafe playground practices and equipment hazards improved after the workshops for playground personnel. This approach to injury prevention deserves further study. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1000_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reporting of gonorrhea by private physicians: A behavioral study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothenberg, R. Author-Name: Bross, D.C. Author-Name: Vernon, T.M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 983-986 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.983 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.983 Abstract: Physicians in the Denver Metropolitan Area were randomly assigned to study groups and exposed to an intervention designed to test current hypotheses concerning the reasons for underreporting of gonorrhea (lack of saliency in the request, patient interference, violation of the physician-patient relationship, insufficient rewards and excessive administrative cost to the reporter). A periodic telephone contact, initiated by the Health Department and requiring only contact between clerical personnel, more than doubled the number of reported cases. The effect was most striking for those who had not previously reported, and for doctors who practiced alone. An estimate of 42% was obtained for the proportion of cases reported, substantially higher than that produced by retrospective surveys based on recall. The impact of undernotification on total morbidity will vary with the pre-existing mix of public and private reporting. The telephone reporting system appears to be an inexpensive and effective program tool for determining that impact locally. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.983_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health of Mexican Americans: Evidence from the human population laboratory studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, R.E. Author-Name: Lee, E.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 375-384 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.375 Abstract: Data are presented from sample surveys conducted in 1974 (N = 3,119) and 1975 (N = 657) in Alameda County, California, by the Human Population Laboratory. Mexican Americans are compared to Anglos and Blacks on selected health status indicators: chronic conditions, disability, symptoms and a summary measure, the Physical Health Spectrum. Comparisons of crude percentages indicate that, compared to Anglos, Blacks report having more chronic conditions, more disability and more symptoms, while Chicanos generally report fewer health problems than these 2 groups. Controlling for the effects of age, sex, education, family income, marital status, and perceived health reduces the Anglo/Black differentials in reported health problems, primarily by reducing the rates for Blacks. However, even after adjustment the prevalence rates for Blacks remain higher. After controlling for the effects of the 6 covariates, the rates for Chicanos remain essentially unchanged in both samples, e.g., lower than the other groups. Results of binary regression analysis indicate that the 2 most powerful predictors of health status in both samples are age/sex and perceived health. Ethnicity overall is not a good predictor of health status, accounting for 1% or less of the explained variance. Socioeconomic status, while predicting slightly better than ethnicity, still accounts for less than 2% of the variance in health status. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.375_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a decentralized system for chronic disease care: Seven years of observation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, S.T. Author-Name: Vander Zwagg, R. Author-Name: Joyner, M.B. Author-Name: Runyan Jr., J.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 401-405 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.401 Abstract: Observations of a publicly-financed system for the medical care of a large number of persons with chronic diseases have been made over 7 yr. The system combines decentralized, nurse-staffed neighborhood clinics, operated by a public health department, with a central referral clinic for consultations and the management of complicated problems. After 7 yr in the chronic disease program 55% of 1,004 patients with diagnoses of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiac diseases were still receiving care, 19% had died, and 26% had been lost to the program. In the 7th yr, the mean diastolic blood pressure in hypertensives was 84 mm Hg and the mean glucose in diabetics was 203 mg/dl. For the group under care, hospital days/1,000/year were 74% of the rate during the year before referral to the program and out-patient visits/1,000/year were approximately the same as before referral. However, 2/3 of the visits, formerly made to a public hospital, were now being made to neighborhood clinics. The system appears to be an effective method of providing medical services for persons who formerly used the public hospital as their source of outpatient care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.401_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On lobbies, liberty, and the public good Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, S.P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 573-575 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.573 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.573 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.573_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of non-physician health directors on full-time public health coverage in Connecticut Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jekel, J.F. Author-Name: Dunaye, T.M. Author-Name: Siker, E. Author-Name: Rossetti, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 73-74 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.73 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.73 Abstract: Seven years after passing a 1971 law enabling individuals without MD degrees but trained in public health to become local directors of health, the proportion of Connecticut towns covered by full-time directors had risen from 14 per cent to 38 per cent and the proportion of the population covered had risen from 46 per cent to 63 per cent. The directors of health without MD degrees were satisfied with their positions and believed they had developed good relationships with physicians, the community, and government. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.73_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Regional resource allocations for home care: An experiment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shapiro, E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 77-78 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.77 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.77 Abstract: Decentralized health service delivery responsive to the needs of local populations implies allocating program funds to regions on the basis of predetermined criteria that can facilitate effective planning and budgeting. In 1974, the Manitoba Continuing Care Program attempted to develop a formula for regional allocations for health care services. Four methods were assessed; their strengths and weaknesses are briefly discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.77_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanded home-based care for the impaired elderly: Solution or pipe dream? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dunlop, B.D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 514-519 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.514 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.514 Abstract: Benefits assumed by those calling for massive expansion of home health care to include preventive, health-supportive services for the dependent aged: reduced institutionalization, reduced stress among family caregivers, and enhanced life-satisfaction for the dependent elderly, have been the objects of inadequate research and reflection. Advocates are unable to specify exactly what kind of person could benefit or who would seek to use such services. The little evidence that exists suggests that these benefits may be realized only partially and/or only among select segments of the population affected. A significantly reduced rate of institutionalization appears especially questionable. Only for a relatively small group, those mildly impaired persons without close kin (who now sometimes end up in lower level nursing homes or domiciliary care homes due to absence of this resource), does expansion of long-term maintenance services appear at this point to hold such potential. Local experiments with expanded home-based programs suggest that there may be a number of factors which could limit demand for such services. Carefully designed research to address these issues is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.514_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing trends in hypertension detection and control: The Chicago experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berkson, D.M. Author-Name: Brown, M.C. Author-Name: Stanton, H. Author-Name: Masterson, J. Author-Name: Shireman, L. Author-Name: Ausbrook, D.K. Author-Name: Mikes, D. Author-Name: Whipple, I.T. Author-Name: Muriel, H.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 389-393 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.389 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.389 Abstract: Of 177,692 persons screened in 1977 as part of an ongoing City-Wide Hypertension Screening Program in Chicago, 14,988 (8.4%) had diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≥95 mm Hg as compared to 13.2% of a similar population in 1976. Only 7% (3,910) of the hypertensive population (diastolic BP ≥95 mm Hg or presently on antipressor drugs) had previously undetected hypertension in contrast to 11.9% (4,184) the year before and 48.7% in the same community in 1972. Conversely, 73.2% (40,738) had adequately controlled blood pressure as contrasted to 59.3% (20,897) the previous year and 20.6% in 1972. Of the remaining hypertensives, 7.5% (4,201) were known but not treated and 12.3% (6,824) were under treatment but not controlled in contrast to 12.1% (4,251) and 16.8% (5,905) respectively the year before. This upward trend in controlled hypertension was present in all strata of the population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.389_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Roles for non-physicians in fertility regulation: An international overview of legal obstacles and solutions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paxman, J.M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 31-39 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.31 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.31 Abstract: For more than a decade the roles of nonphysicians in fertility regulation have been expanding. The article discusses the relationship between law and the expansion of those roles. The laws and regulations which effect these roles fall into three basic categories: those controlling the medical and other health-related professions, those regulating drugs and devices, and those affecting specific fertility regulation services. These in turn may either inhibit or facilitate the expansion of roles for non-physicians. Where legal barriers arise, and no feasible legal solution is developed, expansion of roles is difficult, if not impossible, as the law invariably reflects the prevailing views on who should provide fertility regulation services. In many countries, however, as roles have been changing, the law has been changing too in a way which affords legal protection to non-physicians. The emphasis to date has been on permitting them to assume expanding roles in the provision of contraceptives. Non-physicians are authorized to prescribe the Pill in at least 10 countries and to re-supply the Pill after prescription in seven others. Non-physicians are permitted to insert IUDs in at least 10 countries. Pilot projects are presently testing the feasibility of permitting non-physicians to perform sterilizations and early abortions. The law has an impact, for good or ill, on all of these arrangements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.31_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the social cost of U.S. militarism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Melman, S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 953-955 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.953 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.953 Abstract: The authors judgment is that the present cost of U.S. military policy and the allied economic cost will necessarily degrade both the economic and the military security of the United States. The economic well-being of the American people will not be measurably improved until the capital and allied technology resources devoted to the arms race are substantially transferred to civilian use, with accompanying reversal of the arms race. The issue here is a fundamental one and requires address in a fundamental manner. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.953_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A preliminary survey of the association of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with commercial whirlpool bath waters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kush, B.J. Author-Name: Hoadley, A.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 279-281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.279 Abstract: Conditions in commercial whirlpool baths were investigated and populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa surveyed. Conditions generally favored growth, and P. aeruginosa was demonstrated in 62.5% of 24 samples of bath waters surveyed. Serotype 11, implicated in outbreaks of skin rash among bathers at whirlpool baths, was demonstrated most frequently, being isolated from 30% of the 24 survey samples, and from 70% of 20 additional samples from a single bath sampled on two days. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.279_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventive action and self-help under the Occupational Safety and Health Act Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 1010-1011 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1010 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1010_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hearing loss and the high speed dental handpiece Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zubick, H.H. Author-Name: Tolentino, A.T. Author-Name: Boffa, J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 633-635 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.633 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.633 Abstract: A pure tone air conduction audiometric evaluation was administered to 137 dentists and 80 physicians. The physicians were found to have better hearing threshold levels, notably in the 4000Hz center frequency range. The left ear of right handed dentists showed a greater loss of hearing ostensibly related to proximity to the noise source. Dental specialists showed a loss pattern similar to those of the general dentists. The findings suggest that there may be a cause and effect relationship between hearing loss and use of the highspeed dental handpiece. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.633_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The distribution and supply of Cuban medical personnel in third world countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grundy, P.H. Author-Name: Budetti, P.P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 717-719 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.717 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.717 Abstract: More than 2,000 Cuban health care personnel are presently providing care in third world nations; less than five years ago this number was fewer than 100. Some 1,500 of these are physicians, representing nearly 13 per cent of Cuba's 12,000 health service physicians. Cuba dominates the health care delivery system of four small African nations and South Yemen, and Cubans are a major presence in a number of larger countries, such as Iraq. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.717_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peer review checklist: Reproducibility and validity of a method for evaluating the quality of ambulatory care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hastings, G.E. Author-Name: Sonneborn, R. Author-Name: Lee, G.H. Author-Name: Vick, L. Author-Name: Sasmor, L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 222-228 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.222 Abstract: This report describes the construction and evaluation of a 35-item checklist used in performing peer review of ambulatory medical records. Scores obtained by using the checklist were evaluated for reproducibility. Ten reviewers, reviewing ten records on each of two occasions judged the records consistently item by item, 74% of the time; 53% greater than expected by chance (p < 0.01). Pairs of reviewers, reviewing the same ten records, were consistent with one another, item by item, 72% of the time; 35% greater than expected by chance (p < 0.05). Ten sick call patients were reexamined by an especially trained Reevaluation Physician who evaluated the quality with which they had been managed at the time of sick call. The medical records of the same ten patients were then reviewed with the Peer Review Checklist. The correlation between the quality scores obtained by the two methods were 0.72 and 0.74 on two trials. A correlation coefficient of 0.44 was found between the two evaluation methods when 89 cases were reviewed by a Peer Review panel composed of 10 different physicians. Peer Review Checklist scores correlated positively with scores obtained by using a series of disease specific protocols with explicit criteria. The correlations varied from 0.28 to 0.63 with six different disease specific protocols. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.222_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Focused interviewing in gonorrhea control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phillips, L. Author-Name: Potterat, J.J. Author-Name: Rothenberg, R.B. Author-Name: Pratts, C. Author-Name: King, R.D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 705-708 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.705 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.705 Abstract: To develop an operational approach to the identification of high risk gonorrhea transmitters, three groups of women infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (recent repeaters, routine discoveries, and women with pelvic inflammatory disease) were offered intensive casefinding services during an 18-month period. Approximately three contacts per case were investigated, and 27.4 per cent of the contacts were infected. Of infected contacts, 61 percent were asymptomatic. Asymptomatic, remote contacts to these women appear to be important in the continuing transmission of gonorrhea. The interviewing approach used reflected that employed in syphilis (throughout, detailed, and long) rather than the more casual interviews usually employed for gonorrhea patients. During this period, gonorrhea morbidity declined 22 per cent. Further exploration of a targeted approach to gonorrhea epidemiology is indicated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.705_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The ethics of consumer protection research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Renaud, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1098-1099 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1098 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1098 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1098_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The achievement of continuity of care in a primary care training program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rogers, J. Author-Name: Curtis, P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 528-530 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.528 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.528 Abstract: Although the importance of continuity in primary care is intuitively accepted by many authorities in medical education and health services, its value in terms of outcomes is not well proven. In spite of the relative lack of evidence, residency training programs in primary care are committed by accreditation boards to the implementation of a continuous clinical experience. The extent to which physicians in primary care training programs achieve continuity with their patients is not well established. This study, undertaken at the Family Practice Center at the University of North Carolina, was designed to measure the degree of continuity of care achieved by resident and faculty physicians over a one year period (July 1976 to June 1977). The results show that continuity of care for physicians, as defined by the proportion of his/her encounters that were assigned patients can be satisfactorily achieved in a primary care training program when compared to private practice. The extent to which patients saw their assigned physician appeared to increase with the number of visits, implying that people with acute problems (needing only one encounter) were less likely to experience continuity of physician than patients requiring regular contact for a chronic problem. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.528_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fertility planning status of Chicano couples in Los Angeles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sabagh, G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 56-61 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.56 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.56 Abstract: Data presented in this paper were obtained from interviews of 1,129 Chicanas in Los Angeles in 1973. The women were 15-44 years of age, and married to Chicanos. While the level of contraceptive use prior to the last pregnancy was somewhat lower for Chicanas than for all women in the United States, they were equally successful in their fertility planning. For Chicano contraceptors, the success rate ranged from 65 per cent before the first pregnancy to 42 per cent before the fourth, a little higher than for all women in the United States. For non-contraceptors, there were similar differences in success between the two groups. These findings suggest that the higher fertility of Chicanas is a consequence of their desire for larger families rather than unsuccessful family planning. The findings on the determinants of fertility planning success suggest that ethnicity and type of health facility care for the last pregnancy are more important variables than age, age at marriage, socioeconomic status, and religiosity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.56_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gaining control: Reform, reimbursement and politics in New York's community hospitals, 1890-1915 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosner, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 533-542 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.533 Abstract: This is an historical study of an early twentieth century political struggle regarding hospital reimbursement in New York City. During a period called the 'Progressive Era' (1895-1915), administrators in the city's Comptroller's office sought to gain control over small, locally run community hospitals by dismantling the long-standing practice of flat-grant payments to institutions. Central office planners felt that these payments gave too much control to trustees. In its place, the Comptroller initiated a system of per-capita, per-diem reimbursement. Inspectors now judged for the institutions which services and which clients were appropriate for municipal reimbursement. From the perspective of the Comptroller's office, this change was an attempt to put rationality into the system of municipal support for charitable institutions. From the perspective of trustees and community representatives, however, this change was a political attack on the rights of institutions and local communities to control their own fate. Within the context of the larger Progressive Era 'good government' movement to centralize decision-making in the hands of experts who believed strongly in the efficiency of larger institutions, it was generally the smallest, most financially troubled community institutions which felt the brunt of these changes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.533_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A longitudinal investigation of physician's assistants' perceptions as members of a health care team: A preliminary study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Engel, G.V. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 631-633 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.631 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.631 Abstract: The perceptions of a cohort of 124 Physician's Assistants (PA) were assessed by responses to questionnaires employing the semantic differential. Profiles at beginning and end of training and as a health worker on the job suggest that other members of the health team are viewed favorably and that PAs' self perceptions may change over time to become more like their perception of nurses and less like their perception of physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.631_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How many die? A set of demographic estimates of the annual number of infant and child deaths in the world Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gwatkin, D.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1286-1289 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1286 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1286 Abstract: Estimates concerning the annual number of infant and child deaths in the world range from around 15 million to well over 30 million. Although infant and child mortality is difficult to measure with any precision, the range of uncertainty can be narrowed considerably through the application of standard demographic techniques to readily available population data. A set of estimates based on the most recent and authoritative data compilations points to a range of from 12-13 million to about 17-18 million infant and child deaths annually during the late 1970s, with an average of around 15 million. On the basis of what is known about mortality conditions of the world today, a figure much larger than the 17-18 million at the high end of this range would be extremely difficult to substantiate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1286_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A follow-up study of parent education in pediatric office practices: Impact at age two and a half Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chamberlin, R.W. Author-Name: Szumowski, E.K. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1180-1188 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1180 Abstract: The relationship between physician efforts to educate mothers of first born children about child behavior and development, and various outcome measures of mother and child functioning has been extended from 18 mth to a time period of 2 1/2 yr. As was found earlier, there was modest relationship between physician effort and mother gain in knowledge about child development, her feeling of being supported by the practice in her child-rearing role, and the frequency of her participation in affectional and cognitively stimulating activities with her child. These relationships, however, did not significantly increase in strength over time. At the end of 30 mth there were still no significant positive relationships between teaching input and the child's developmental status, and mothers receiving care from physicians who taught more continued to report more behavior problems with their child than mothers receiving care from physicians who taught less. A content analysis of a small sample of the visits of high and low scoring physicians indicated that neither focused their teaching efforts on ways that mothers could interact with their children in more affectionate and cognitively stimulating ways. It is suggested that more focused teaching in this area might lead to better child development outcomes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1180_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of maternal age, birth order and socioeconomic status on infant mortality in Chile Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cabrera, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 174-177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.174 Abstract: In Chile between 1969 and 1974 the birth rate declined by 10 per cent and the infant mortality rate by 18.6 per cent. In 1974 there were proportionately fewer births at high birth order than in 1969. Such births carry significantly higher risk to the infant in both the neonatal and postneonatal period of life. Comparison of data from urban areas of high and low socioeconomic status yield similar findings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.174_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemiology of sudden infant death in Upstate New York: II: Birth characteristics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Standfast, S.J. Author-Name: Jereb, S. Author-Name: Janerich, D.T. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1061-1067 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1061 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1061 Abstract: This study describes the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among infants born during 1974 to upstate New York residents. Birth certificate characteristics for 184 SIDS cases are compared with those of 417 infants dying from other causes in the same age range, 7-365 days. The results confirm the following as infant risk factors: fall or winter birth, low birthweight for gestational age, twin birth, and live birth order three or more. Maternal risk factors include: age under 20, abnormal uterine bleeding during pregnancy, late initiation of prenatal care, less than 12 years of education and single marital status. The increased risk for mothers who first gave birth in their teens and for second-born twins has not been previously reported. The evidence that SIDS babies are small for gestational age, that twins, especially the second born, and babies whose mothers experienced abnormal uterine bleeding during pregnancy are all at increased risk of SIDS suggests that perinatal stress leading to hypoxia is one of the components that determine the risk of SIDS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1061_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Modifying smoking behavior of teenagers: A school-based intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perry, C. Author-Name: Killen, J. Author-Name: Telch, M. Author-Name: Slinkard, L.A. Author-Name: Danaher, B.G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 722-725 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.722 Abstract: Tenth grade health classes in three high schools received a special program focusing on the immediate physiological effects of cigarette smoking and the social cues influencing the adoption of the smoking habit, and classes in two control schools received standard information on the long-term effects of smoking. Only subjects in the special program reported a decrease in smoking from pre to post-test; they also scored higher than controls on a knowledge test. Carbon monoxide levels were significantly lower for subjects in the special group at post-test. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.722_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How long can we live? A more optimistic view of potential gains in life expectancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schatzkin, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1199-1200 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1199 Abstract: There is good reason to believe that a substantial prolongation of life is statistically and biologically possible. The practical realization of such a gain may be difficult, but there is a profound difference between a challenge and an organically unattainable goal. To increase life expectancy in this period, we should marshal our resources not toward aging per se, our protoplasmic limitations, but primarily toward the reversible social determinants of the leading causes of death that keep us from reaching nine and perhaps ten decades of vigorous, healthy life. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1199_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Problems in the analysis and interpretation of ecological data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kasl, S.V. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 413-414 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.413 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.413_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of a pediatric practice on hospital admissions in a rural area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Osgood, K. Author-Name: Bunch, G.P. Author-Name: Shonick, W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1100-1103 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1100 Abstract: The establishment of a two-man pediatric practice in a rural area in New Mexico was followed by a decrease in hospital admissions of children and an increase in average length of stay. While other factors may have been involved, the reliance of the study region's children on pediatricans rather than family physicians for primary care may have contributed to the decline in hospitalization. Further research on the relationship between source of care and hospital utilization is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1100_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use and reported effectiveness of Tel-Med: A telephone health information system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Diseker, R.A. Author-Name: Michielutte, R. Author-Name: Morrison, V. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 229-234 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.229 Abstract: In January 1977, a Telephone Information System (Tel-Med) was begun in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. A survey was conducted to determine how Tel-Med was meeting the community's need for health information and to see if program objectives were being met. Respondents in 3,005 randomly selected households were interviewed by telephone to determine user characteristics, user motivation, action taken, knowledge and information gained, and system improvements. A key finding indicated that larger percentages of adults with lower income and educational levels were not aware of the service than were the adults in upper income and educational levels. However, income and education are not related to use of Tel-Med among individuals who know of this service. This finding suggests that the poorer and lesser educated would use Tel-Med in a way similar to that of their more fortunate peers if efforts were made to inform them of the service. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.229_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient compliance with antihypertensive medication Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hershey, J.C. Author-Name: Morton, B.G. Author-Name: Davis, J.B. Author-Name: Reichgott, M.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1081-1089 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1081 Abstract: Self-reported medication taking compliance behavior of 132 high blood pressure patients was analyzed using an expanded version of the health belief model. Subjects were selected through random sampling procedures from regular hypertension program sessions at a large urban hospital. A questionnaire was constructed to measure the model components, and interviews were conducted with each patient. Bivariate analysis showed that control over health matters, dependence on providers, perceived barriers, duration of treatment, and others' non-confirming experience were significantly related to compliance (p<.05). Log-linear multivariate analysis revealed that three of these five variables - control over health matters, perceived barriers, and duration of treatment - contributed independently to patient compliance. Self-reported medication taking was significantly related to blood pressure control (p<.02). These data provide the basis for developing interventions for providers to facilitate the medication taking behavior of clinic patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1081_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluating the effects of air pollution on sensitive subjects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shy, C.M. Author-Name: Muller, K.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 680-681 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.680 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.680 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.680_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of inadequate language translation on Hispanics' responses to health surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berkanovic, E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1273-1276 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1273 Abstract: Data bearing on the effect of language of the interview on Hispanics' responses to a health survey in which no back-translation was undertaken reveal both lower reliabilities and lower bivariate correlations among Hispanics interviewed in Spanish than among Hispanics interviewed in English. An independent back-translation aimed at creating an English version of the questionnaire that was linguistically equivalent to the Spanish version indicated several instances in which the Spanish version was unidiomatic. Differences between the Spanish and English version in the idiomatic quality of the interview items, while not affecting meaning, appear to have affected the seriousness with which the interview situation was perceived. These perceptions, in turn, appear to have led to the response discrepancies observed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1273_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A review of major studies and a proposed uniform reporting system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisenberg, M.S. Author-Name: Bergner, L. Author-Name: Hearne, T. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 236-240 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.236 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.236 Abstract: The scientific literature from January 1970 to June 1979 was reviewed for articles reporting outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated by paramedic programs. Only articles appearing in refereed professional journals and reporting 25 or more attempted resuscitations were included. A total of 21 articles from 15 U.S. locations were found. Four separate case definitions were distinguished. Methods and reporting formats varied considerably. Few studies used an experimental or quasi-experimental design, or control or comparison groups. The range of attempted resuscitations varied from 26 to 1,106 patients. Patients admitted to hospital varied between 22% and 65% (mean 38%, S.D. ± 12.4%). Patients discharged alive varied from 3.5% to 31% (mean 17.2%, S.D. ± 7.1%). Post discharge survival was either not reported or reported in different formats. A simplified reporting format is proposed using factors known to be associated with successful resuscitation: 1) underlying heart disease etiology; 2) witnessed arrest; 3) cardiac rhythm of ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia; 4) hospital admission and discharge and, when possible, by time from collapse to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and definitive care. Uniform reporting of outcomes will improve comparability and accurate measurement of the impact of emergency programs on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.236_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The misuse of 'less-hazardous' cigarettes and its detection: Hole-blocking of ventilated filters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kozlowski, L.T. Author-Name: Frecker, R.C. Author-Name: Khouw, V. Author-Name: Pope, M.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1202-1203 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1202 Abstract: Smokers of low-yield, ventilated-filter cigarettes sometimes defeat the purpose of the smoke-dilution holes by occluding them with fingers, lips, or tape. Blocking the holes is shown to have large effects on the delivery by these cigarettes of toxic products (nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide). Techniques for detecting this misuse of 'less hazardous' cigarettes are discussed, with particular emphasis on the distinctive signs of hole-blocking which are left in the spent filters. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1202_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crash involvement of teenaged drivers when driver education is eliminated from high school Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, L.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 599-603 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.599 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.599 Abstract: In 1976, Connecticut eliminated state funding for high school driver education and nine school systems dropped the courses from their high school curricula. This research examined the effect of this action on overall licensure of 16-17 year old drivers in communities that dropped the course to those in similar sized communities that retained the driver education course using local funds. Substantial reductions in the numbers of 16-17 year olds who became licensed occurred in the communities that dropped the course. As a result, the numbers of crashes involving 16-17 year olds resident in such communities were also substantially reduced. The conclusion of previously reported research that high school driver education is a major contributor to earlier licensure and accompanying crash involvement of the 16-17 year old population is supported by this additional evidence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.599_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An epidemiologic study of the relationship between hepatitis A and water supply characteristics and treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Batik, O. Author-Name: Craun, G.F. Author-Name: Tuthill, R.W. Author-Name: Kraemer, D.F. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 167-168 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.167 Abstract: Outbreaks of hepatitis A (HA) attributable to water contamination have been reported; however, the impact of water supply characteristics on the endemic rates of HA has not been quantified. This study did not detect any statistically significant associations between endemic HA rates and water supply characteristics. Because of the sample size, this finding suggests that the total variation of HA rates attributable to water supply characteristics is probably less than 8 per cent of the annual reported cases of HA in the United States. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.167_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The confrontation between National Health Planning and the Federal Anti-Trust Laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 425-426 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.425 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.425_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Job-related activities, academic preparation, and continuing education needs of graduates of schools of public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monroe, L.B. Author-Name: Tuttle, D.M. Author-Name: Lorimor, R.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-73 Abstract: This survey determined the job-related activities being carried out by graduates of the University of Texas School of Public Health (UTSPH), whether the graduates received preparation for each activity in their academic program, and what continuing education was needed in each job-related activity. It was found that there was a difference between job activities of UTSPH graduates and their perceptions of their preparation at UTSPH for these activities. Further study is planned. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:1:70-73_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unresolved issues in menopausal/estrogen problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mosher, B.A. Author-Name: Whelan, E.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1114 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:10:1114_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking in the workplace: A hazard ignored Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kotin, P. Author-Name: Gaul, L.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 575-576 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.575 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.575 Abstract: The data on the health effects of smoking, particularly in the occupational setting, are valid, reliable and voluminous. The predictable beneficial impact if smoking is controlled is clear. Until smoking control is effectively incorporated into workplace standards, the opportunity for a substantial beneficial impact on morbidity and mortality will be missed. By continuing to ignore smoking in the workplace, OSHA, labor, and management will continue to condone an occupational hazard. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.575_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: International research: The People's Republic of China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wegman, M.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 9-11 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.9 Abstract: Comparative studies of health conditions and medical problems involving various nations and cultures may cast light on a frequently complex and difficult scientific problem and, at the same time, have highly practical significance for the populations involved. Examples include large scale multinational research probjects on nutrition and heart disease and international comparisons of cancer epidemiology. These projects have made important theoretical and applied contributions and promise still more exciting results in the future. Among the more fascinating parts of the world where participation in comparative research of this kind would have great potential is the People's Republic of China (PRC) and such collaboration seems to be increasingly possible. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.9_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of a mailed reminder on the immunization levels of infants at high risk of failure to complete immunizations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Young, S.A. Author-Name: Halpin, T.J. Author-Name: Johnson, D.A. Author-Name: Irvin, J.J. Author-Name: Marks, J.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 422-424 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.422 Abstract: The Ohio Department of Health initiated a program of mailing an immunization reminder to the mothers of 6-mth-old children predicted to be at high risk of failure to receive vaccinations based on birth certificate information. The evaluation results indicated a 50% gain in immunizations amongst children whose parents received the letter when compared with those not receiving the letter. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.422_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Selection of health insurance by an employee group in Northern California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Piontkowski, D. Author-Name: Butler, L.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 274-276 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.274 Abstract: Enrollment trends for a large employee group were analyzed to determine the extent to which consumers chose Blue Cross or Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) health insurance under various premium differentials. Data were collected from employment records of six University of California campuses for the period 1967 to 1978. Enrollment in the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (an HMO) more than doubled during this period while enrollment in Blue Cross remained relatively stable. This increased preference for Kaiser coverage was associated with a concurrent relative rise in costs to employees of Blue Cross coverage. These data suggest that consumers are sensitive to insurance costs, and that given the opportunity HMOs can compete effectively with traditional health insurance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.274_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influenza vaccine experience in Seattle Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 545 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:5:545_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medicaid monitoring Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenfeld, L.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 775-776 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.775 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.775 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.775_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking policies and smoking cessation programs of large employers in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bennett, D. Author-Name: Levy, B.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 629-631 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.629 Abstract: To assess the current extent of programs and policies to facilitate smoking cessation among employees, we queried 128 large employers in Massachusetts in mid-1978. Eighty-four (66 per cent) responded. Fifty-four (64 per cent) of the respondents had designated jobs or work areas in which smoking was prohibited usually because of potential danger to products or equipment. Seven (8 per cent) of the employers provided counseling, and 10 (12 percent) provided smoking cessation programs for those employees who desired to quit smoking. There is a clear need for the development and evaluation of workplace policies and programs aimed at reducing smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.629_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Symptomatology in head and neck cancer: A quantitative review of 385 cases Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, S. Author-Name: Grabau, J.C. Author-Name: Lore Jr., J.M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 520-522 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.520 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.520 Abstract: Symptom durations in head and neck cancer patients analyzed as a function of tumor stage suggest a reversal of the 'common sense' notion that patients with early disease generally present with a shorter symptomatic period. A possible explanation is that variation in stage at diagnosis is primarily due to intrinsic differences in tumor aggressiveness rather than patient delay. This would imply that early detection programs may be incapable of realizing the potential for improved survival commonly ascribed to them. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.520_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neonatal mortality: An analysis of the recent improvement in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, K.S. Author-Name: Paneth, N. Author-Name: Gartner, L.M. Author-Name: Pearlman, M.A. Author-Name: Gruss, L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-21 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.15 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.15 Abstract: To test the hypothesis that the recent substantial decline in the United States neonatal mortality rate (20.0/1000 in 1950 to 11.6/1000 in 1975) is associated with improvements in perinatal medical care, we examined this change in relation to the two primary components which determine neonatal mortality: birthweight distribution and birthweight-specific mortality. No improvement in the weight distribution of U.S. live births has occurred during this 25-year period, indicating that the change in neonatal mortality is attributable to improved survival for one or more birthweight groups. Decline in the mortality rate in the first 15 years was slow; three-fourths of the decline in the entire 25-year period occurred since 1965. With the exception of perinatal medical care, factors known to affect survival at a given birthweight have not changed in prevalence in the 25-year period. It is a plausible hypothesis that improved perinatal medical care is a major factor in declining neonatal mortality in the U.S. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.15_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic costs of illness and health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muller, C.F. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1245-1246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1245 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1245_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The concept and measurement of continuity in primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rogers, J. Author-Name: Curtis, P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 122-127 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.122 Abstract: Continuity of care, a stated fundamental principle of family medicine, is reviewed in terms of its philosophy and definitions. A model of continuity in primary medical practice is proposed, consisting of five elements: the provider, consumer, encounter type, knowledge base, and environment of continuity. The elements are measurable, some more easily than others. There is need to define and operationalize the model more accurately in order to evaluate continuity in primary care medicine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.122_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A breast self-examination program for high school students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carstenson, R. Author-Name: O'Grady, L.F. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1293-1294 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1293 Abstract: Breast self-examination (BSE) is an important adjunct to the detection of breast cancer at an early stage. High school students were instructed in the importance and methods of BSE. By use of questionnaires, the program was evaluated for interest, acceptability, and compliance. It was found that high school students were not adverse to learning about BSE, found the program acceptable, and maintained some compliance at one year. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1293_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of a monthly health review to ascertain illness and injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jenkins, C.D. Author-Name: Kreger, B.E. Author-Name: Rose, R.M. Author-Name: Hurst, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 82-84 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.82 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.82 Abstract: A Monthly Health Review was developed to monitor symptoms, illnesses and injuries among Air Traffic Controllers. Return rate of the mailed check-list exceeded 90 per cent. Diagnoses were generated from symptom clusters by computer algorithms. Telephone interview by physicians, laboratory analyses for serum pepsinogen I, and analyses of relations between symptom clusters and degree of disability all served to support the validity of the methodology. Such a system can provide inexpensive surveillance of morbidity in suitable populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.82_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Missed opportunities for early diagnosis of cancer of the cervix Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fruchter, R.G. Author-Name: Boyce, J. Author-Name: Hunt, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 418-419 Abstract: In a low-income community, 52% of new invasive cancer of the cervix arose in women who had no previous Pap smear, while 62% arose in women with no smear within 5 yr. In the previous 5 yr, 73% of the unscreened women had received ambulatory medical care (including 41% who had regular care for chronic conditions), while 16% were hospitalized. Much of the unscreened low-income population could be reached by routine screening in regular ambulatory health services and hospitals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:4:418-419_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and chronic respiratory symptoms: Prevalence in male and female smokers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liard, R. Author-Name: Perdrizet, S. Author-Name: Correman, J. Author-Name: Bidou, S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 271-273 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.271 Abstract: The relationship between respiratory symptoms and smoking habits, according to sex, was studied in 899 adults (average age 39, 55% male) in a Paris industrial medical center. The relative risk of having chronic bronchitis among smokers, compared to nonsmokers, was higher in females (3.3) than in males (1.6). The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, dyspnea and wheezing was more closely associated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day in females than in males. No confounding factor was found to be responsible for these results. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.271_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does chiropractic utilization substitute for less available medical services? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yesalis III, C.E. Author-Name: Wallace, R.B. Author-Name: Fisher, W.P. Author-Name: Tokheim, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 415-417 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.415 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.415 Abstract: In Muscatine, Iowa, a medically underserved rural area, a cohort study of health care utilization was made before and after a significant increase in medical manpower. There was a slight increase, rather than a decrease, in the use of chiropractice services associated with the growth in the physician manpower pool. The level of access to physician services was not a significant predictor of chiropractice utilization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.415_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Designing care for the long-term patient: How much change is necessary in the pattern of health provision? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morris, R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 471-472 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.471 Abstract: Long-term care research and planning needs to pursue three troublesome issues while probing costs and benefits: securing equal attention to prevention, cure, restoration and care; choosing between a health or a welfare structure for the caring function; and 3) procuring balanced funding for diversified options for living with disability. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.471_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ambulatory medical care in the People's Republic of China: An exploratory study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mechanic, D. Author-Name: Kleinman, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 62-66 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.62 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.62 Abstract: One hundred thirty-eight persons in varying outpatient settings in the People's Republic of China were interviewed briefly. Hospital outpatient utilization appeared to reflect not only severity of illness, but also patients' attitudes and beliefs, illness behavior patterns, and convenience, modifying the formal system of care to some extent. Traditional clinics in commune and county hospitals were typically used to treat psychiatric disorders (defined as physical conditions), chronic illness, and other conditions for which Western medicine offers only symptomatic treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.62_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology of otitis media: A community study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Biles, R.W. Author-Name: Buffler, P.A. Author-Name: O'Donell, A.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 593-598 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.593 Abstract: A community study of the incidence of clinically diagnosed otitis media and middle ear effusions was undertaken in the City of Galveston, Texas, based on a random sample of records of patients aged 0-8 years receiving medical care from four major sources during 1975. No overall sex or ethnic differences were observed in association with otitis media. Thirty-five per cent of the sample had at least one episode of otitis media during 1975 and, of these, onethird had two or more episodes, yielding a conservative annual incidence rate of 55.1 per cent for this age group. The overall age-specific incidence pattern indicated the highest rates for the 0-2 year age group (71 to 114 episodes per 100) children with a steady decline in risk with increasing age. Infants who received an initial diagnosis within the first 12 months of life experienced significantly more episodes of otitis during a two-year period than did children who received an initial diagnosis after one year of age. Seasonal patterns of otitis media were comparable with those reported in other studies. Analysis by birth month of children who experienced repeated episodes of otitis indicated an increased number of children born in the late summer and fall. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.593_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measles mortality in the United States 1971-1975 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Engelhardt, J. Author-Name: Halsey, N.A. Author-Name: Eddins, D.L. Author-Name: Hinman, A.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1166-1169 Abstract: During 1971-75, an average of 35.4 measles-related deaths were recorded each year; one death for every 1,000 measles cases reported. Measles mortality rate was highest in children under 1 year of age, as was the death-to-case ratio. Mortality rates were higher in non-metropolitan than in metropolitan counties. Measles mortality rates were inversely related to median family income. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:11:1166-1169_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrant health revisited: A model for statewide health planning and services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnett, S.E. Author-Name: Gillespie, J. Author-Name: Call, R.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1092-1094 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1092 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1092 Abstract: Since the migrant farmworker family is a marginal issue among competing priorities for public health services, the logical strategy ought to be the pooling of limited resources at the state and local level to provide maximum benefit for the dollar and the client. A program planning model in inter-agency migrant health services delivery has been developed in Colorado. The model includes tangible evidence of cooperation by front-line service agencies. A task force approach for joint agency programming was initiated at state and local levels, and a structure for accountability was established which was carried out with performance contracts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1092_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The paucity of breast-feeding in an urban clinic population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Magnus, P.D. Author-Name: Galindo, S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 75-76 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.75 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.75 Abstract: The lack of breast-feeding among mother-infant dyads utilizing public sector clinics in Los Angeles is presented in this brief study. Whereas the middle and educated classes have begun a resurgence of breast-feeding, this renaissance is missing among the poor. Awareness, health education (by peer advocates), early intervention and reassurance by all levels of health providers is suggested to prevent the dissolution of the lactation bond among the population least apt to breast-feed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.75_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk factors for toxocaral ocular larva migrans: A case-control study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schantz, P.M. Author-Name: Weis, P.E. Author-Name: Pollard, Z.F. Author-Name: White, M.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1269-1272 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1269 Abstract: Twenty-four patients with serologically confirmed toxocaral ocular larva migrans (OLM) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls were the subjects of an epidemiologic study. Information on the exposure to dogs and other factors possibly associated with transmission of toxocariasis was obtained by contacting the parents of the subjects. The odds of having had a dog present in the household within the year previous to onset of illness were 3 to 1 for cases vs controls. An association of pups (<3 months) in the households of OLM patients within one year of onset was statistically significant (P < .05). Twenty-three of 24 OLM patients had had dogs in their homes some time before their illness, and the 24th patient had a history of geophagia, a behavioral pattern previously identified as a risk factor for toxocariasis. Exposure to cats and other animals in or outside the home did not differ for patients and controls. Infected dogs, especially pups, in the patients' homes were the most probable sources of infection for this group of OLM patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1269_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status of cable splicers with low-level exposure to lead: Results of a clinical survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fischbein, A. Author-Name: Thornton, J. Author-Name: Blumberg, W.E. Author-Name: Bernstein, J. Author-Name: Valciukas, J.A. Author-Name: Moses, M. Author-Name: Davidow, B. Author-Name: Kaul, B. Author-Name: Sirota, M. Author-Name: Selikoff, I.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 697-700 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.697 Abstract: The results of a cross-sectional clinical field survey of 90 telephone cable splicers are presented. Despite the rare occurrence of clinically overt lead poisoning among cable splicers, the observed prevalence of symptoms was 29 per cent for lead-associated central nervous system symptoms and 21 per cent for gastrointestinal symptoms. These two groups of symptoms were directly related to zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels but no relationship was found between them and blood lead concentrations. Only 5 per cent of the workers had significantly elevated blood lead levels (>40μg/100ml.). Because of the intermittent lead exposure in this trade, individuals were identified with 'normal' blood lead levels associated with 'elevated' zinc protoporphyrin concentrations, indicating the difference in biological significance between exposure-(blood lead) and biological-response tests (ZPP). Suggestion is made that both types of diagnostic tests be utilized in the medical surveillance of lead-exposed workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.697_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of the cranial CT scan in municipal hospitals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sterman, A.B. Author-Name: Schaumburg, H.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 268-270 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.268 Abstract: House officer predictions of lesions and CT scan diagnosis were compared for accuracy in a municipal and community hospital setting. The input of the CT scan into initial patient care was also evaluated. In the municipal hospital, house officers made fewer most-correct diagnoses, and the CT scan more often established the correct diagnosis (P < .03) and altered therapy (P < .02). Results suggest that municipal hospital patients could benefit from accessible CT scanners. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.268_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Do the obese remain obese and the lean remain lean? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garn, S.M. Author-Name: Cole, P.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 351-353 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.351 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.351_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of utilization of laboratory tests in a hospital emergency room Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bloomgarden, Z. Author-Name: Sidel, V.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 525-528 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.525 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.525 Abstract: Visits to a metropolitan teaching hospital emergency room were evaluated for laboratory test utilization and quality of care by chart review. Of 630 tests, 197 (32 per cent), clustered in 44 out of 476 (9 per cent) patient visits, were considered unnecessary. The number of tests per visit showed a strong negative correlation with the necessity of tests and with the quality of care. Results suggest the usefulness of identifying a subgroup of patients with excessive tests and implementing measures to alter testing behavior for this subgroup. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.525_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women, work and coronary heart disease: Prospective findings from the Framingham heart study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haynes, S.G. Author-Name: Feinleib, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 133-141 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.133 Abstract: This study examined the relationship of employment status and employment-related behaviors to the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. Between 1965 and 1967, a psychosocial questionnaire was administered to 350 housewives, 387 working women (women who had been employed outside the home over one-half their adult years), and 580 men participating in the Framingham Heart Study. The respondents were 45 to 64 years of age and were followed for the development of CHD over the ensuing eight years. Regardless of employment status, women reported significantly more symptoms of emotional distress than men. Working women and men were more likely to report Type A behavior, ambitiousness, and marital disagreements than were housewives; working women experienced more job mobility than men and more daily stress and marital dissatisfaction than housewives or men. Working women did not have significantly higher incidence rates of CHD than housewives (7.8 vs 5.4 per cent, respectively). However, CHD rates were almost twice as great among women holding clerical jobs (10.6 per cent) as compared to housewives. The most significant predictors of CHD among clerical workers were: suppressed hostility, having a nonsupportive boss, and decreased job mobility. CHD rates were higher among working women who had ever married, especially among those who had raised three or more children. Among working women, clerical workers who had children and were married to blue collar workers who had children and were married to blue collar workers were at highest risk of developing CHD (21.3 per cent.) Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.133_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School-based measles outbreaks: Correlation of age at immunization with risk of disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Judelsohn, R.G. Author-Name: Fleissner, M.L. Author-Name: O'Mara, D.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1162-1165 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1162 Abstract: During the Spring of 1978, students with a history of previous measles vaccination accounted for over three-fourths of 203 cases of measles in a metropolitan county. Seventy cases occurred in two schools where 99% of the students were vaccinated. We analyzed countywide data to determine past patterns of measles vaccination, including outbreak control and vaccination update clinics. We also examined records of children from the 2 schools to assess the relationship between disease incidence and age at vaccination. When susceptibility was determined by trained health workers rather than by parents, fewer doses of measles vaccine were estimated to be needed. The majority of cases occurred among children 5 to 9 years old. Attack rates were higher for children vaccinated at 12 mth of age or younger than for those vaccinated at 13 mth of age or older. There were no significant differences in attack rates among children vaccinated at 13 mth of age or older. These findings support recommendations for delaying routine measles vaccination until after 12 mth of age and suggest that, during outbreaks, all children vaccinated prior to 13 mth of age be revaccinated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1162_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of respondents and non-respondents to a mailed questionnaire Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barton, J. Author-Name: Bain, C. Author-Name: Hennekens, C.H. Author-Name: Rosner, B. Author-Name: Belanger, C. Author-Name: Roth, A. Author-Name: Speizer, F.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 823-825 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.823 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.823 Abstract: In establishing a cohort of U.S. nurses, an assessment of response bias was made comparing respondents and non-respondents with regard to age, education, state of residence, employment status, field of employment, and major specialty. Overall, the 122,328 respondents (69.7 per cent) and 43,222 non-respondents were quite similar. Together with the reasonable response rate in a homogeneous population, this suggests that estimation of exposure-disease associations is unlikely to be affected by major bias due to non-response. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.823_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Our military budgets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Isaacs, J. Author-Name: Kistiakowsky, G.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 955-958 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.955 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.955_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Must local health officers be physicians? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Atwater, J.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 11 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:1:11_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking among medical students Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coe, R.M. Author-Name: Cohen, J.D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-171 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.169 Abstract: A survey of first and second year medical students at Saint Louis University revealed that only 6 per cent were current cigarette smokers. This represents a continuation of a downward trend in the percentage of smokers among American medical students as reported in earlier, independent surveys. Implications for improved health status and for better preventive care for patients by these future physicians are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.169_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychiatric diagnoses as reported to Medicaid and as recorded in patient charts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schwartz, A.H. Author-Name: Perlman, B.B. Author-Name: Paris, M. Author-Name: Schmidt, K. Author-Name: Thornton, J.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 406-408 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.406 Abstract: This study was undertaken to address the issue of data reporting in the psychiatric sector of New York City Medicaid, the largest publicly financed psychiatric health care delivery system in the nation. Six outpatient psychiatric clinics in general hospitals, 4 with residency programs, and all 29 free standing psychiatric clinics in New York City were audited as were charts from 120 psychiatrists billing for 10 or more Medicaid patients. Overall agreement of chart and Medicaid diagnoses was 91% for psychiatrists, 79% for free-standing clinics, and 77% for hospital clinics. Agreement varied by diagnosis. Bias in the Medicaid diagnosis of Neurosis was found at the 4 hospitals having residency programs. Patients most likely to be misreported as having minimizing diagnoses were male, or between the ages of 18 and 29 yr, or to have a prior history of psychiatric treatment. The errors in reporting in each provider sector would pose a methodological obstacle if Medicaid data were used in epidemiological research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.406_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A study of antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: Epidemiologic evidence suggesting misuse Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ray, W.A. Author-Name: Federspiel, C.F. Author-Name: Schaffner, W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 485-491 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.485 Abstract: We reviewed 384,326 prescriptions for 5,902 Medicaid patients residing continuously for one year in 173 Tennessee nursing homes. Of these patients, 43 per cent received antipsychotic drugs; 9 percent were chronic recipients (received at least 365 daily doses per year). Of the 1,580 physicians who cared for these patients, 42 per cent prescribed anti-psychotic medication. Physicians with large nursing home practices (10 or more patients) prescribed 81 per cent of the total antipsychotic medication, and were usually family practitioners (78 per cent) and in rural practice (47 per cent). As nursing home practice size increased, doctors prescribed more drug per patient (p<.001). Wide variation in antipsychotic drug use occurred among nursing homes; the chronic recipient rate ranged from 0 to 46 per cent. More drug was given per patient in larger homes (r=.18, p<.05). Typically, one physician (the 'dominant' physician) provided care for the majority of a nursing home's patients. The proportion of a home's patients seen by the dominant physician was correlated with the chronic recipient rate (r=.17, p<.05). These findings provide epidemiologic evidence suggesting misuse of antipsychotic drugs in nursing homes. They illustrate the need for investigations of techniques for patient management in nursing homes which rely less upon psychotropic drugs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.485_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On-center vs off-center dental care for Job Corps members: Cost and utilization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Avery, K.T. Author-Name: Moore, J.E. Author-Name: Berry, B.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1294-1296 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1294 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1294 Abstract: While Job Corps Centers vary in size, location, and administrative structure, they are subject to uniform requirements for health services, established by federal regulation and must make individual decisions about whether to furnish dental care on-site or by some alternative arrangement in the community. Analysis of cost and utilization data indicated that expenditures for on-site dental care are greater than for off-center care. However, on-center care results in more dental visits and a lower cost/visit. These observations hold even for the smallest size centers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1294_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The immunization status of children in an HMO Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pope, C.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 287-289 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.287 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.287 Abstract: The immunization status of children within a well established Health Maintenance Organization is compared to data from 1973 and 1977 national surveys. The 1977 HMO data derive from a mail questionnaire survey and the 1973 data from the medical records. The HMO children are at less risk of diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles while the opposite was true for rubella and mumps. The latter findings are related to earlier HMO policy, now modified. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.287_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiological studies of chronic disease: Maladjustment of observed mortality rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hickey, R.J. Author-Name: Clelland, R.C. Author-Name: Clelland, A.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 142-150 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.142 Abstract: Age adjustment of observed mortality and morbidity rates is not a substitute for age-specific analysis. Measures of association between potential causal factors and adjusted mortality rates are functions of the particular adjustment procedure and the choice of reference population. We exhibit here the wide variation in simple correlation statistics that occurs with eight adjustment methods and three reference populations. We then generalize these results to the multivariate situation showing an example in which there is coherent structure for the associations between predictors and mortality. This is contrasted with another example in which no such meaningful pattern exists. Studies are cited that could have been improved by greater attention to the underlying structure of age-adjusted rates. Age adjustment of total observed rates yields meaningless numbers that are useful for comparative purposes only. Total observed rates have substantive meaning but provide useful etiological clues primarily when supported by analyses of appropriate age-specific data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.142_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Demographic trends of tubal sterilization in the United States 1970-75 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Layde, P.M. Author-Name: Fleming, D. Author-Name: Greenspan, J.R. Author-Name: Smith, J.C. Author-Name: Ory, H.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 808-812 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.808 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.808 Abstract: An estimated 2,300,000 women in the United States underwent tubal sterilizations in 1970-1975. During this period the rate of tubal sterilizations per 1,000 women 15-44 years of age rose from 4.7 to 11.7. We studied the influence on sterlization trends of four demographic variables: age, region of residence, race, and marital status. Women 25-34 years of age were twice as likely to be sterilized as older or younger women. Rates were about 40 per cent lower in the West than in the rest of the country. In 1970 rates for non-white women were double those for Whites. Rates for Whites rose faster than those for non-Whites, however, and by 1975 the rates were similar for the 2 races. Non-Whites still tended to be sterilized about one year younger than Whites, and marked regional differences existed in the race-specific rate trends. Rates rose more sharply for previously married women than for currently married women; by 1975 rates for these two groups were similar. Never married women had rates about 1/7 of those of currently married and previously married women. Among the never married, tubal sterilization rates for non-Whites were nine times higher than those for Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.808_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing patterns of breast cancer among American women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blot, W.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 832-835 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.832 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.832 Abstract: Although overall mortality from breast cancer has changed little over time in the United States, age-specific rates showed distinctive patterns during 1950-75, with declines among premenopausal women, a rise then fall among perimenopausal women, and level then increasing rates among postmenopausal women. The trends appear related to the changing patterns of childbearing among young adult women over the first two-thirds of this century. The national mortality and birth data presented are consistent with existing analytic evidence of a protective influence upon breast cancer of early first birth, and suggest that the protection may be expressed at all ages above 30. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.832_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use and abuse of deception Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weiss, R.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1097-1098 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1097 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1097_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hypertension control in a rural biracial community: Successes and failures of primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagner, E.H. Author-Name: Slome, C. Author-Name: Carroll, C.L. Author-Name: Warner, J.T. Author-Name: Pittman, A.W. Author-Name: Pickard, C.G. Author-Name: Williams, B.O. Author-Name: Cornoni-Huntley, J.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 48-55 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.48 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.48 Abstract: Through a total community survey and a medical record review, we examined hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in a biracial rural community rich in primary care resources. The overall prevalence of hypertension among the 2,939 respondents was 20.5 per cent; 82 per cent of hypertensives were aware of their condition; 68 per cent were on treatment; and 55 per cent were under control. Comparison of data sources revealed discrepancies and misconceptions about diagnosis and treatment. Nearly one-third of the population reported a history of hypertension despite the fact that most of them were untreated and were normotensive. Conversely, one-third of 'undetected' hypertensives had notation of the diagnosis in their medical records. Discontinuation of treatment accounted for over one-half of aware but untreated hypertension. Misconceptions about therapy contributed to failures of control in the treated group. These findings suggest that difficulties in the transmission of information about hypertension contribute importantly to failures of control. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.48_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The nuclear arms race: Sociopsychological aspects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frank, J.D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 950-952 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.950 Abstract: Nuclear weapons have abruptly and permanently broken the connection between weaponry and strength in one respect, but not in another. Perceived and actual reality still coincide in that strategic nuclear weapons in the hands of one adversary gravely menace the other. They differ sharply, however, in that, beyond a level long since passed by the United States and the USSR, accumulating more powerful and sophisticated strategic nuclear weapons decreases the security of all nations, including the possessor. Leaders of the superpowers seem to recognize this intellectually, but they continue to act as if acquisition of more nuclear weapons enhanced their nation's power. Intellectually they may be in the nuclear age, but emotionally they remain back in the days of spears and clubs. While technological advances in weaponry have increased the likelihood of universal destruction, advances in transportation and communication have simultaneously increased opportunities for impeding formation of the enemy image and other psychological instigators of violence by forcing humans to recognize that, despite national differences, we are all inhabitants of a small, fragile spaceship who must cooperate if the whole ship is to survive. The world now presents new opportunities and incentives for the creation of a world order that would contain effective institutions for peacefully resolving conflict. This is, to be sure, a long way off but for the first time it has become not only necessary but potentially achievable. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.950_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disputes over water quality policy: Professional cultures in conflict, 1900-1917 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tarr, J.A. Author-Name: Yosie, T. Author-Name: McCurley III, J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 427-435 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.427 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.427 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.427_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of prior hysterectomy in the Seattle-Tacoma area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koepsell, T.D. Author-Name: Weiss, N.S. Author-Name: Thompson, D.J. Author-Name: Martin, D.P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 40-47 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.40 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.40 Abstract: Hysterectomy is the most common major surgical procedure performed in the United States. The frequency of hysterectomy among women in the general population is of interest because it affects the population at risk for uterine diseases and because the procedure itself carries significant personal and socioeconomic consequences. We studied factors related to the occurrence of hysterectomy by interviewing a representative sample of women ages 35-74 (n=1087) in two urban Washington counties during 1976-1977. One-third of the women studied had had a hysterectomy. Later birth cohorts were at higher risk. The age-adjusted prevalence of prior hysterectomy was negatively associated with education and age at first childbirth; it was positively associated with parity, history of irregular menses, and history of a variety of other health conditions. Contrary to expectation, income was negatively associated with hysterectomy rates in one county and showed no association in the other. Part of the income effect was due to confounding by age at first childbirth, which was a surprisingly strong predictive factor. We conclude that: 1) despite economic predictions based on the discretionary nature of the procedure, hysterectomies are not necessarily more common among high-income women; 2) age at first childbirth may be a more important risk factor for uterine disease than previously thought; and 3) estimates of hysterectomy frequency based on clinic populations may be misleading. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.40_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: II. IHD mortality and the business cycle in Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bunn, A.R. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 409-411 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.409 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.409_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent contraceptive use: Comparisons of male and female attitudes and information Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeman, E.W. Author-Name: Rickels, K. Author-Name: Huggins, G.R. Author-Name: Mudd, E.H. Author-Name: Garcia, C.R. Author-Name: Dickens, H.O. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 790-797 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.790 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.790 Abstract: Information and attitudes about contraception and pregnancy were assessed with a self-administered questionnaire in a sample of urban Black teenagers. Data were obtained for 607 male and female students in high school health classes and a demographically similar group of 123 never-pregnant teenage women in a family planning clinic who had not attended these classes. Males were less likely to recognize the risk of pregnancy, had less information about contraceptives, and fewer attitudes that supported contraceptive use than females who participated in the same school health classes. More males than females indicated that school classes had been the main source of contraceptive information. Teenage women in the family planning clinic did not differ from the high school females in attitudes about contraceptives, but the school group had somewhat more contraceptive information. The female school group was more likely to have discussed contraception with parents, obtained more contraception information from their mothers, and discussed contraception more with male friends than the teenagers who requested contraceptives at the family planning clinic. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.790_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whittemore, A.S. Author-Name: Korn, E.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 687-696 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.687 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.687 Abstract: Daily asthma attack diaries of 16 panels of asthmatics residing in the Los Angeles area were collected by the Environmental Protection Agency for 34-week periods during the years 1972-1975. These data are examined here for the relationship between daily attack occurrence and daily levels of photochemical oxidant, total suspended particulates, minimum temperature, relative humidity, and average wind speed. A separate multiple logistic regression is used for each panelist's attack data. Variables representing the presence or absence of attack on the preceding day, as well as day of the week and time since start of the study, are included in the regressions. The most significant predictor of attacks was the presence of an attack on the preceding day. On the average, the panelists tended to have increased attacks on days with high oxidant and particulate pollution, on cool days, and during the first two months of the study. Panelists' attack propensity also differed by day of the week; in particular they had more attacks on Saturdays (the last day of the weekly reporting period) than on Sundays. Each panelist's regression coefficients are classified according to age, sex, hay fever status, and self-assessed attack precursors; this classification is used to examine subgroups among the panelists with high coefficients corresponding to the above factors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.687_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-reported behavior patterns of patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kramer, M.A. Author-Name: Aral, S.O. Author-Name: Curran, J.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 997-1000 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.997 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.997 Abstract: Records of the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic visits of 12,728 patients in Columbus, Ohio were analyzed to better understand the behavior patterns of these patients. Among heterosexual men, a greater proportion of Blacks than Whites reported a previous history of urethritis. After controlling for previous STD among heterosexual men with discharge or dysuria, the authors found that Black men sought treatment sooner and were more likely to curtail sexual activity than White men after becoming symptomatic with gonorrhea or nongonococcal urethritis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.997_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Progress in reducing adolescent smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fisher Jr., E.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 678-679 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.678 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.678_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Appropriate placement and long-term care health planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolf, R.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1144-1145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1144 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1144 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1144_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What do you want from WHO? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 681-682 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.681 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.681 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.681_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A survey of canine toxocariasis and toxocaral soil contamination in Essex County, New Jersey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Surgan, M.H. Author-Name: Colgan, K.B. Author-Name: Kennett, S.I. Author-Name: Paffmann, J.V. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1207-1208 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1207 Abstract: Toxocara canis eggs were found in the feces of 33 of 246 dogs and in two of 629 soil samples from 32 public parks in Essex County, New Jersey. Stool samples collected from these areas were free of T. canis eggs. The findings suggest that contamination of soil in public parks with T. canis eggs is not an important factor in the transmission of visceral larva migrans in this county. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1207_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community norms of alcohol usage and blood pressure: Tecumseh, Michigan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harburg, E. Author-Name: Ozgoren, F. Author-Name: Hawthorne, V.M. Author-Name: Schork, M.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 813-820 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.813 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.813 Abstract: This research examines the relationship between alcohol usage and blood pressure in the adult population of a small community in Michigan. Findings suggest that blood pressure varies with alcohol useage linearly for men with a slight dip at 1-2 drinks per week, and curvilinearly for women with a low point at about 4 drinks per week. A method to measure public norms of alcohol intake and categories of drinking habits is presented. This technique may be useful in constructing drinking categories applicable in a community for both education and therapy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.813_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors associated with oral contraceptive use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hartz, S.C. Author-Name: Shapiro, S. Author-Name: Kaufman, D.W. Author-Name: Rosenberg, L. Author-Name: Slone, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1105-1108 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1105 Abstract: We studied factors associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use among 1,855 premenopausal women who were admitted to hospital with conditions unrelated to OC use. Among this group, 15 per cent reported having used OCs within the preceding year and 35 per cent reported having last used them more than a year previously. A higher estrogenic dose (more than 60 micrograms) was reported by past users; the relationship of numerous other variables to past and present OC use is reported. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1105_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial differences between linked birth and infant death records in Washington State Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frost, F. Author-Name: Shy, K.K. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 974-976 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.974 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.974 Abstract: The race of infants who died in Washington State 1968-1977 was ascertained by two different methods: (1) race on the death record, and (2) race on the corresponding linked birth record. The second method resulted in substantial increases in the number of infant deaths for the non-white races: Indian 39% (n = 114/293), Filipino 56% (n = 19/34), Japanese 121% (n = 23/19), and Chinese 117% (n = 14/12). For Indians, the discrepancy between birth and death records was greatest when the age at death was less than seven days (p < 0.01). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.974_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health, obesity, and earnings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLean, R.A. Author-Name: Moon, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 1006-1009 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1006 Abstract: Published reports and economic theory suggest that a worker's earnings may be affected by his degree of obesity. The purpose of this research was to estimate the size of such an effect. The earnings-obesity hypothesis was tested with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men. Results of the test suggest that, for members of that sample, there is no earnings-depressant effect due to obesity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1006_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Two studies of compliance with daily prophylaxis in rheumatic fever patients in Iowa Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ehmke, D.A. Author-Name: Stehbens, J.A. Author-Name: Young, L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1189-1193 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1189 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1189 Abstract: We determined the penicillin compliance rates in school year 1974-75 for 235 children with rheumatic fever through analysis of urine specimens collected at school. Patients relatively low on compliance during the first year of sampling were divided into 2 equal size groups for a second year sampling study. One-half (N=44) of these second year study patients and their parents were readvised regarding the need for penicillin prophylaxis and one-half (N=44) served as controls. We related educational data, behavioral ratings, and family information to compliance rates in both study years. The overall compliance for the children during the initial sampling year was 64.6%. Factors found to be significantly related to compliance in year one were: male sex, large sibship, increased number of behavior problems, relatively poor academic progress, lower maternal educational level, and recurrence of rheumatic fever. Compliance rates for reinforced patients did not differ significantly from controls during the second year sampling. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1189_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Late effects following isoniazid therapy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boice, J.D. Author-Name: Fraumeni Jr., J.F. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 987-989 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.987 Abstract: Among 338 women treated in Massachusetts with isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide = INH) for pulmonary tuberculosis, no excess cancer deaths occurred (8 observed vs 8.3 expected) after 23 years (12.9 mean) of follow-up. There was an excess of cancer deaths (54 vs 35.7) among 1,090 patients who did not receive INH, partly due to radiogenic breast cancer resulting from multiple chest fluoroscopies to monitor pneumothorax. Increased deaths from liver cirrhosis (5 vs 0.8) were observed following INH use, suggesting that chronic as well as acute liver disease complicate this treatment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.987_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mutagenic activity in drinking water Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruener, N. Author-Name: Lockwood, M.P. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 276-278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.276 Abstract: Drinking water samples concentrated by freeze drying were found to be mutagenic in a mammalian tissue culture assay using Chinese hamster embryonic lung cells (V79). The mutagenicity could be enhanced by the promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The water itself was also shown to contain promoting chemicals. The mutation frequency of cells pretreated with low levels of benzo(a)pyrene was increased following subsequent exposure to the concentrated water sample. Approaches to estimate the risk involved in exposure to present drinking water are proposed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.276_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reliability of the health hazard appraisal Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sacks, J.J. Author-Name: Krushat, W.M. Author-Name: Newman, J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 730-732 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.730 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.730 Abstract: As part of a controlled clinical trial of Health Hazard Appraisal's (HHA) efficacy in stimulating risk reduction, the reliability of the HHA questionnaire was evaluated. Of 203 subjects, only 30 (15 per cent) had no contradictions when comparing the responses of the follow-up with baseline questionnaire. Overall, there was an average of 1.6 contradictions per subject. Failure to control for reliability may account for apparent reduction of risk reported in previous studies of HHA. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.730_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The irony of drug product selection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wertheimer, A.I. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 473 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:5:473_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing house staff attitudes toward nurse practitioners during their residency training Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weinberger, M. Author-Name: Greene, J.Y. Author-Name: Mamlin, J.J. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1204-1206 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1204 Abstract: This study examines the hypothesis that increased physician contact with nurse practitioners (NPs) during residency training would encourage positive house staff attitudes. House staff expectations of and attitudes toward NPs were assessed at 3 points during the residency. Data indicated a more positive evaluation of NPs by house staff later in the residency program, as shown by: physician expectations and valuation of NPs, attitudes concerning future employment of NPs, and the extent and capacity of NP utilization by residents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1204_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the quality of vital statistics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patterson, J.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 944-945 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.944 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.944 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.944_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nitrates, chlorates and trihalomethanes in swimming pool water Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beech, J.A. Author-Name: Diaz, R. Author-Name: Ordaz, C. Author-Name: Palomeque, B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 79-82 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.79 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.79 Abstract: Water from swimming pools in the Miami area was analyzed for nitrates, chlorates and trihalomethanes. The average concentrations of nitrate and chlorate found in freshwater pools were 8.6 mg/liter and 16 mg/liter respectively, with the highest concentrations being 54.9 mg/liter and 124 mg/liter, respectively. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes found in freshwater pools was 125 μg/liter (mainly chloroform) and in saline pools was 657 μg/liter (mainly bromoform); the highest concentration was 430 μg/liter (freshwater) and 1287 μg/liter (saltwater). The possible public health significance of these results is briefly discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.79_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diet discontinuation policies and practices of PKU clinics in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schuett, V.E. Author-Name: Gurda, R.F. Author-Name: Brown, E.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 498-503 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.498 Abstract: Marked diversity in policies and practices for discontinuation of the PKU diet in the U.S. was found in a nationwide survey. Seventy-two of the 78 identified clinical centers treating PKU provided data. No clinicians are currently considering diet discontinuation at ages earlier than their present policy or practice. A definite trend toward later discontinuation of diet was identified. A few clinicians have always recommended indefinite diet continuation while many clinics have experience with children ages 9-12 who have discontinued the diet. Clinics with seven or more children off diet in this age range are significantly more likely than smaller clinics to be considering a later age for diet discontinuation. There were 151 children approximately age 10 or older, who remain on a low phenylalanine diet. These children are followed by 29 clinics, but over one-half of them are followed by five clinics which have had long-standing policies of indefinite diet continuation. Factors associated with success in long-term management are a firm clinic policy supporting continued diet treatment; frequent, supportive contact with the family; open discussion by staff with families and establishment of a trusting relationship; teaching children to accept responsibility for diet management from an early age. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.498_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seasonal variation in spontaneous abortions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warren, C.W. Author-Name: Gold, J. Author-Name: Tyler Jr., C.W. Author-Name: Smith, J.C. Author-Name: Paris, A.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1297-1299 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1297 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1297 Abstract: Using a national sample of hospital discharges, we found identical seasonal patterns for spontaneous abortions and conceptions but no significant seasonal variation in the rate of spontaneous abortions per 1,000 conceptions. The differences between our findings and those of previous investigators of spontaneous abortion may reflect our more comprehensive definition of spontaneous abortion, our more complete estimate of the monthly number of conceptions, and our more rigorous statistical analysis. The periodic regression analysis (PRA) reported in our study may be useful in other studies that monitor short-term trends. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1297_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship between elevated blood pressure and obesity in black children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lynds, B.G. Author-Name: Seyler, S.K. Author-Name: Morgan, B.M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 171-173 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.171 Abstract: Blood pressures, heights and weights were measured in 1,692 elementary school black children. Elevated blood pressure (EBP) was defined as a systolic or diastolic reading above the 90th percentile for age, and weights were categorized into five classes based on weight for height norms. Systolic EBP children, whether boys or girls, were three times as likely to be obese as black children in the total population, and a similar relationship held for diastolic EBP children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.171_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolescent pregnancy: A new look at a continuing problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klerman, L.V. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 776-778 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.776 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.776 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.776_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drug product selection: The Florida experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vuturo, G.J. Author-Name: Krischer, J.P. Author-Name: McCormick, W.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 479-484 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.479 Abstract: Drug product selection, the act of selecting and dispensing a lower cost generically equivalent product to that prescribed, is made possible in 46 states through recently enacted legislation. Florida's legislation is unique in that it requires pharmacists to product select under certain circumstances. This study reports on the results of a review of the Florida experience approximately one year after enactment of its drug product selection legislation. Nearly 132,000 prescriptions were sampled from 60 pharmacies during a four-month study period. This represents one per cent of all new prescriptions in the state and a three per cent sample of community pharmacies. Study results indicate that drug product selection on the average saves the consumer $1.92 per prescription. Further, under the provisions of this law the majority of cost savings (average reductions in acquisition costs between prescribed and dispensed products) are being passed along as savings to the consumer. During the four-month study period this amounted to a total prescription cost savings of nearly $425,000. Drug product selection occurs in approximately two per cent of all new prescriptions which compares favorably with results reported from other states but also suggests that additional savings can be realized under such legislation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.479_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying 'Hispanic' populations: The influence of research methodology upon public policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hayes-Bautista, D.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 353-356 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.353 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.353_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychosocial correlates of marijuana use and problem drinking in a national sample of adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jessor, R. Author-Name: Chase, J.A. Author-Name: Donovan, J.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 604-613 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.604 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.604 Abstract: Personality, environmental, and behavioral variables representing psychosocial risk factors for adolescent problem behavior were assessed in a 1974 national sample study of over 10,000 junior and senior high school students. Significant correlations were found with marijuana use, and the relationships held across differences in age, sex, and ethnic group membership. Greater involvement in marijuana use was associated with greater value on independence than on academic achievement, lower expectations for academic achievement, lesser religiosity, greater tolerance of deviance, less compatibility between friends and parents, greater influence of friends relative to parents, greater models and support for problem behavior, greater actual involvement in other problem behaviors such as drunkenness, and less involvement in conventional behavior such as attending church. Multiple regression analyses show that this pattern of psychosocial correlates accounts for over 50% of the variation in marijuana use. The pattern is nearly identical to the pattern that accounts for problem drinking in these same adolescents. The similarity of the patterns of psychosocial risk, and the substantial correlations of marijuana use with problem drinking and with other problem behaviors, suggest that marijuana use is best seen as part of a syndrome of adolescent problem behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.604_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health problems among Indochinese refugees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Erickson, R.V. Author-Name: Hoang, G.N. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 1003-1006 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1003 Abstract: The results of medical evaluations of 194 recent Indochinese refugees are reported. In addition to confirming findings of other studies of these refugees, the authors found a significant prevalence of abnormalities, i.e., hematological (37%), dermatological (26%), psychiatric (10% of adults), and thyroid (5%). Guidelines and recommendations of physicians providing medical care for Indochinese refugees are presented. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.1003_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asbestos hazard evaluation in Rhode Island Schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Faich, G.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 162-164 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.162 Abstract: A statewide survey to identify and abate spray-on asbestos hazards in schools has been conducted in Rhode Island. Of 326 target schools, 24 (8 per cent) contained material confirmed in the laboratory to be spray-on asbestos. Overt hazards requiring major corrective measures were found in 4 (1 per cent) of the target schools. Simplified identification and reporting procedures allowed for the efficient conduct of the survey. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.162_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of heroin abuse on a regional end-stage renal disease program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zielezny, M.A. Author-Name: Cunningham, E.F. Author-Name: Venuto, R.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 829-831 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.829 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.829 Abstract: The causes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 148 consecutive patients 18-45 years of age were analyzed over a five-year period in the Buffalo-SMSA. Incidence, diagnostic category specific, prevalence, age patterns, and life expectancy are provided by sex, race, and heroin abuse status. A striking correlation between heroin abuse, glomerulonephritis, and ESRD among Blacks was discovered, demonstrating the impact of heroin abuse on both the cost and statistical interpretation of the causes for ESRD. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.829_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology clues to the etiology of SIDS Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelly, D.H. Author-Name: Shannon, D.C. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1047-1048 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1047 Abstract: Evidence which has been accumulated over the past 10 years suggests that, in the majority of infants, SIDS is related to intra-uterine and perinatal hypoxia-ischemia which affects brain stem structure and function predisposing to instability in regulation of breathing which can result in uninterrupted sleep apnea. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1047_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the costs and benefits of motorcycle helmet laws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muller, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 586-592 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.586 Abstract: Since 1976, 28 states have repealed or significantly amended their motorcycle helmet laws. The change in legislation was not based on an evaluation of the costs and benefits of such laws. This paper attempts such an assessment by comparing the cost of motorcycle helmets with the medical costs averted due to helmet use using data primarily based on motor cycle crashes in Colorado, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Nationwide, at least $61 million could be saved annually if all motorcyclists were to use helmets. Helmet law repeals have been observed to lead to a 40 to 50 per cent point reduction in helmet use. The associated additional medical care costs substantially exceed cost savings produced by reduced helmet use. It is estimated that helmet law repeals may produce annually between $16 and 18 million of unnecessary medical care expenditures. Several alternatives to increase motorcycle helmet use are briefly discussed. It is concluded that helmet laws are effective in encouraging helmet use among motorcyclists and will prevent unnecessary medical expenditures as well as unnecessary pain and suffering among injured motorcyclists. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.586_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A performance comparison: USMG-FMG house staff physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saywell Jr., R.M. Author-Name: Studnicki, J. Author-Name: Bean, J.A. Author-Name: Ludke, R.L. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 23-28 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.23 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.23 Abstract: To determine whether differences exist in the performance of United States Medical Graduate (USMG) and Foreign Medical Graduate (FMG) House Staff physicians, inpatient hospital audits evaluating individual physician performance on patient histories and physical examinations were conducted in 14 Maryland and Pennsylvania non-federal, short-term hospital. A total of 3,204 medical records were abstracted from eight diagnostic categories for 898 house staff physicians, 556 of which were USMGs and 342 were FMGs. The results from these audits indicate that while there is evidence of a strong hospital/type of physician interaction for many of the diagnoses, there was no significant overall difference in performance of USMG and FMG house staff physicians. The largest and most consistent differences in physician performance were associated with hospital characteristics, not physician characteristics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.23_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shigella surveillance in a large metropolitan area: Assessment of a passive reporting system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kimball, A.M. Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Author-Name: Levy, M.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 164-166 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.164 Abstract: A passive disease report card (DRC) surveillance system failed to detect an epidemic of diarrheal disease caused by a newly identified drug-resistant strain of Shigella sonnei. The DRC system inaccurately described both the population at risk and the geographic location of cases. Specific limitations of the DRC system, including problems of underreporting and ascertainment bias, were complicated by the absence of timely data analysis and feedback to providers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.164_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An index of severity for acute pediatric illness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, K.G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 804-807 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.8.804 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.8.804 Abstract: A study population of 1,106 patients presenting to a pediatric emergency room for care of acute non-traumatic illness were prospectively assessed to determine what clinical manifestations and/or functional status indicators predicted the severity of their illness. From these data, a 'Severity Index' was developed using a 0-1-2 point score for the five most significant predictors to give a maximum score of 10 points. The predictor variables include respiratory effort, skin color, activity, temperature, and ability to play. The index has a predictive accuracy for non-severe illness of 98.7 per cent with only 1.3 per cent false negative predictions. In predicting major illness, a false positive prediction rate of 15.8 per cent was obtained. The index appears valid both across and within diagnostic categories. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.8.804_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term outcome of smoking cessation workshops Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Evans, D. Author-Name: Lane, D.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 7 Pages: 725-727 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.7.725 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.7.725 Abstract: Three hundred seventy-two (63 per cent) of 590 enrollees in nine smoking cessation workshops held over a five-year period responded to a follow up survey. Outcome data were collected retrospectively for six-month intervals from workshop to follow-up. Forty nine per cent of all enrollees graduated, and 56 per cent of the respondents quit smoking during the program. Nonsmoking rates declined an average of 25 per cent by the first year post-workshop and remained relatively stable thereafter for periods up to five years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.7.725_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The social costs of national security or insecurity: An analysis of recent events and their consequences for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Navarro, V. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 961-963 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.961 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.961 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.961_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying the relationship between higher education for public health and the field of practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sheps, C.G. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-9 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.1.7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.1.7 Abstract: A rational approach to the future of higher education for public health calls for answers to a series of questions. These include: do these diverse auspices represent important differences in the nature and quality of their educational programs?; do they differ in cost?; in effectiveness?; is the competition between these programs real?; is it helpful?; is more diversity needed, or less? The obvious importance of studying such questions has, thus far, had little recognition by the educational establishments themselves. Hence the few studies and reports now under way should be welcomed, as the early harbingers of much more that needs to be done. Policy in this field of education is being made daily by interested parties with deeply held views, commitments, and biases. Much, much more by way of facts and analyses stemming from objective studies (of which the two reports in this issue are an example) are needed to provide a sounder factual base than we now have for policy judgements and the policy development for the future. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.1.7_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identifying biohazards in university research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dreesen, D.W. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 10 Pages: 1108-1110 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1108 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1108 Abstract: University and college biosafety programs are usually modeled after those of the National Institutes of Health, concentrating entirely on microbial agents. The University of Georgia has expanded its program to include six specific types of biohazards: 1) recombinant DNA; 2) human pathogens; 3) oncogenic viruses; 4) cell cultures; 5) venomous vertebrates and invertebrates; and 6) plant and animal pathogens and the movement into the state of non-indigenous plants and animals. Biohazard questionnaires and checklists are used to assure total involvement and efficient implementation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.10.1108_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Automated follow-up facilities in Canada for monitoring delayed health effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, M.E. Author-Name: Newcombe, H.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1261-1268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1261 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1261 Abstract: Increased public awareness of the possible presence of carcinogens and other potentially harmful agents in the workplace and in other areas of the environment has created a demand for studies to determine the extent of the risks associated with exposure to such agents. These studies require large numbers of individuals in various 'exposed' and 'control' populations to be followed-up over long periods of time. Such large-scale follow-up can be greatly facilitated where information on all deaths and on cases of serious morbidity is accumulated centrally, for a whole country, in a form that permits rapid searching by computer and in which individuals are well enough identified to minimize the possibility of mistaken identity. The Canadian Mortality Data Base and the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System are two such centralized follow-up facilities which have been developed in Canada. We describe here the manner in which these files are used, the problems encountered, and their solutions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1261_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Monitoring ambulatory care: Impact of surveillance program on clinical practice patterns in New York City Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paris, M. Author-Name: McNamara, J. Author-Name: Schwartz, M. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 8 Pages: 783-788 Abstract: Administrative records of the Title XIX (Medicaid) Program of New York City were reviewed to determine the impact of a surveillance system introduced to monitor physician billing. Billing patterns of the physicians subject to program sanctions, as well as the larger universe of all participating New York City physicians, showed changes coincident with the introduction of the surveillance program: utilization of x-rays, lab tests, injections, and first visit billing decreased. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:8:783-788_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of automated record linkage to measure patient fertility after family planning service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burnett III, C.A. Author-Name: Tyler Jr., C.W. Author-Name: Schoenbucher, A.K. Author-Name: Terry, J.S. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 246-250 Abstract: Record linkage was used to identify births in 1974 to patients who had received contraceptive services from public family planning clinics in metropolitan Atlanta. The record linkage methodology is described. Results indicated that patient educational level, age, contraceptive choice, and race were the factors most associated with subsequent patient fertility. Black teenage patients experienced the highest fertility. Patients age 20 years and over with some education beyond high school experienced approximately one-third the fertility of less-educated patients. The program effectiveness of the IUD and the Pill was substantially better than that of foam and condoms. Excluding teenagers, the program effectiveness of the IUD was better than the Pill. Changes in family planning services for high-risk patients may help them achieve their fertility control objectives. Linking family planning clinic records to official birth records as described in this study can help determine clinic success in meeting patient objectives. Other applications of record linkage are discussed briefly. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1980:70:3:246-250_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Heart disease mortality: Changing terminology, diagnostic fashions, and capabilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lew, E.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 411-412 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.411 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.411_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: High prevalence of cervical dysplasia in STD clinic patients warrants routine cytologic screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Briggs, R.M. Author-Name: Holmes, K.K. Author-Name: Kiviat, N. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 11 Pages: 1212-1214 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1212 Abstract: The results of routine cervical cytology screening at a Planned Parenthood Center (PPC) clinic were compared to those at a nearby sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in Seattle. Cervical cytologic findings were consistent with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), grades 1 (mild dysplasia), 2 (moderate dysplasia), or 3 (severe dysplasia to carcinoma in situ) in 502 (5.9%) of 8,504 PPC patients and 87 (11.4%) of 764 STD patients (p=.001). This rate for STD patients is five times that reported for the general population. Sixty-three PPC patients and 31 STD patients with screening smears consistent with CIN 1 or 2 underwent further prospective study by us, including repeated cytologic and colposcopic examinations. Thirty-seven (59%) of 63 PPC patients and 26 (84%) of 31 STD patients (p=.02) had at least one additional smear or colposcopy consistent with CIN and were advised to undergo cervical biopsy. Among those who underwent recommended biopsy, CIN was confirmed histologically in 15 (50%) of PPC patients and 11 (61%) of 18 STD patients. Thus, the proportion of patients who had screening cytologic findings consistent with CIN, the proportion with persistent cytologic or colposcopic findings consistent with CIN on retesting, and the proportion of those biopsied who had histologically confirmed CIN, all were higher for STD than for PPC patients. There is a serious need for cytologic screening in STD clinics throughout the nation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.11.1212_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevention through pre-review in occupational health and safety Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Richter, E.D. Author-Name: Kretzmer, D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 157-161 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.157 Abstract: Occupational health problems have needlessly been produced at many worksites as a consequence of their not having been anticipated during design and construction. Pre-review may be an effective and efficient mechanism for preventive intervention in occupational health and safety. Legal and administrative precedents are cited from the United States and other countries. Proposals are presented, with Israel as an example, which aim to implement the principle of pre-review. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.157_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Follow-up study of the impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health and use of medical services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Briscoe, M.E. Author-Name: Hochstrasser, D.L. Author-Name: Somes, G.W. Author-Name: Cowen, D.L. Author-Name: Culley, G.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 2 Pages: 151-156 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.2.151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.2.151 Abstract: The present study is a follow-up of a previous evaluation of a rural pediatric preventive care outreach program in Appalachia, which showed that although program participants did not differ substantially from their matched controls on health outcomes, they did have significantly lower utilization rates for outpatient services. The purpose of this second study was to determine whether replication of the original study would yield similar results on a fresh sample of children and whether differences observed between study and control groups would hold firm once families had terminated contact with the program. In general, the findings of the present study provided additional evidence to suggest that program children had lower utilization of outpatient medical services with no appreciable difference from the control children in health outcomes. Lower outpatient utilization rates were also found after termination of contact with the program, but the differences were not statistically significant. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.2.151_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The repeal of helmet use laws and increased motorcyclist mortality in the United States, 1975-1978 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Watson, G.S. Author-Name: Zador, P.L. Author-Name: Wilks, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 579-585 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.579 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.579 Abstract: Monthly mortality figures for motorcyclists for each state in the United States were obtained for the period January 1975 through December 1978. Twenty-four states repealed or weakened their helmet use laws at various dates within this period. Two of these states subsequently reintroduced a strengthened law. This paper measures the effects of these law changes on motorcyclist mortality. The states that repealed or weakened their helmet laws were matched with one or more states from the same geographic region that either did not have helmet use laws or did not change such existing laws in this four-year period. The effect of weakening the law in each state was then estimated in three steps: 1) the mortality data from each state for the period prior to repeal were regressed on smoothed data from the matched states; 2) these equations were used to predict the numbers of motorcyclist deaths that would have been expected in each state in the period following the repeal or weakening of the law if the laws had not been changed; 3) these numbers of expected deaths were then compared with the actual numbers of deaths that occurred. Of the 26 law changes, it was found that 23 resulted in a greater number of actual deaths in the period following the repeal or weakening of the law than were predicted to occur if the law had not been changed. It is estimated that the repeals or weakening of motorcyclist helmet use laws were typically followed by almost 40 per cent increases in the numbers of fatally injured motorcyclists. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.579_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The reaction of the dental profession to changes in the 1970s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waldman, H.B. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 619-624 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.619 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.619 Abstract: This paper explores the changing realities of dentistry in the 1970s: the development of denturism; the maldistribution of dental practitioners; the growth and activities of expanded function auxiliaries; the intrusion of the Federal Trade Commission into professional issues resulting in advertising, supermarked and franchise dentistry; and the effect of prepayment plans. These realities are considered in terms of their impact on the profession and the efforts by the individual practitioner and his representative organizations to come to terms with them. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.619_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: American nurse-midwifery practice in 1976-1977: Reflections of 50 years of growth and development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rooks, J.B. Author-Name: Fischman, S.H. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 9 Pages: 990-996 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.9.990 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.9.990 Abstract: Nurse-midwifery was introduced into the United States in 1925 as a means of meeting the maternal and infant care needs of specific rural and urban poor populations. Four studies of US nurse-midwives conducted between 1963 and 1977 describe recent changes and practice in the profession. Approximately 1,000 nurse-midwives employed in the US responded to a questionnaire in late 1976; about 650 of them were in clinical practice. Of those in practice, two-thirds had graduated as nurse-midwives during the prior six years. At least 90% of them provided prenatal care and family planning, and 85% managed labor and delivery and performed postpartum physical examinations. Working collaboratively with physicians, most nurse-midwives manage the care of prenatal patients with some complications. However, relatively few manage multiple gestation or breech deliveries. The 78% of clinical nurse-midwives who provide gynecologic care to non-pregnant women are likely to diagnose gynecologic conditions and treat common problems such as vaginal infections, gonorrhea, condylomata, and lower urinary tract infections. Those who work in small communities are more likely to assume greater responsibility for complicated deliveries and for care of the newborn from birth through infancy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.9.990_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison between carboxyhemoglobin and serum thiocyanate determinations as indicators of cigarette smoking Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, J.D. Author-Name: Bartsch, G.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 284-286 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.3.284 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.3.284 Abstract: Cigarette smoking histories were compared to carboxyhemoglobin and serum thiocyanate concentrations obtained from 426 smokers and 191 non-smokers. The mean levels of both carboxyhemoglobin and serum thiocyanate were significantly higher among cigarette smokers and correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The specificity of both procedures was 81%, and serum thiocyanate had a higher sensitivity (93% vs. 83%), making it potentially more suitable for use as an index of cigarette smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.3.284_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cancer symptoms, clinical stage, and survival rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Austin, D.F. Author-Name: Dunn, J.E. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 5 Pages: 474-475 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.5.474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.5.474 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.5.474_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ubiquitous otitis media: A child health problem of uncertain dimension Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paradise, J.L. Author-Name: Rogers, K.D. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 6 Pages: 577-578 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.6.577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.6.577 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.6.577_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Natural history of obesity in 6,946 women between 50 and 59 years of age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hartz, A.J. Author-Name: Rimm, A.A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Pages: 385-388 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.4.385 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.4.385 Abstract: A health survey of 6,946 50- to 59-yr-old women of TOPS, an organization for weight reduction, was used to study the natural history of obesity. Weight history was compared for 4 groups of women divided on the basis of their per cent above ideal body weight (IBW) in their 50s (<20%, 20-49%, 50-99% and 100+%). In each of the 4 groups, the majority of women were not obese by age 20. Sixteen per cent of the women who were 100+% overweight in their 50s were not obese at any time during their first 30 yr of life. Thirty-six per cent of the women who were 50-90% above IBW were not overweight at any time prior to their 30th birthday. The history of obesity prior to age 30 was not associated with weight gain between the ages of 30 and 50. These data suggest: (1) that there is no critical time for the development of obesity, and (2) that previous weight history is not a dominant factor in determining subsequent weight gain. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.4.385_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition and cognitive development among rural Guatemalan children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeman, H.E. Author-Name: Klein, R.E. Author-Name: Townsend, J.W. Author-Name: Lechtig, A. Year: 1980 Volume: 70 Issue: 12 Pages: 1277-1285 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1277 Abstract: Women and children from 4 Guatemalan villages participated in a voluntary food supplementation program for 7 years. In 2 of the villages, they received a vitamin and mineral fortified, high-protein calorie supplement. In the other 2 villages, the vitamin-mineral fortified supplement contained no protein and a relatively small number of calories. Cognitive tests were administered regularly to children ages 3 to 7, and anthropometric measures obtained. In addition, measures of families' social milieu were collected at several points in time. Using multiple regression analysis, we find that both nutritional and social environmental measures are related to various dimensions of cognitive competence. The results suggest that nutritional intake, independent of social factors, affects cognitive development. There is also some evidence that the children who receive the high-protein calorie supplement (and whose mothers received it during pregnancy and lactation) are more likely to score high in cognitive performance. Our results, while not diminishing social environmental explanations of differences in cognitive function, suggest benefits from nutrition intervention programs in rural areas of lesser-developed countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.70.12.1277_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cut flowers: A potential pesticide hazard Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morse, D.L. Author-Name: Baker, E.L. Author-Name: Landrigan, P.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 53-56 Abstract: Following reports of ten cases of possible organophosphate pesticide poisoning in florists exposed to pesticide residues on cut flowers, the authors conducted a prospective random-sample survey to determine residual pesticide levels on flowers imported into the United States via Miami, Florida. A sample of all flowers imported into Miami on three days in January 1977 showed that 18 (17.7 per cent) of 105 lots contained pesticide residue levels >5ppm, and that three lots had levels >400 ppm. Azodrin (monocrotophos) was the most important contaminant with levels of 7.7-4,750 ppm detected in nine lots. The authors examined 20 quarantine workers in Miami and 12 commercial florists exposed to contaminated flowers. Occasional nonspecific symptoms compatible with possible organophosphate exposue were noted, but we found no abnormalities in plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels. This study documents a previously unrecognized potential source of occupational pesticide exposure and suggests that safety standards should be set for residue levels on cut flowers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:53-56_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Controlling the cost of dental health care insurance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knutson, J.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 649-650 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:649-650_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exposure of children to lead in drinking water Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morse, D.L. Author-Name: Watson, W.N. Author-Name: Housworth, J. Author-Name: Witherell, L.E. Author-Name: Landrigan, P.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 711-712 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:711-712_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rheumatic fever in Minnesota. II. Evaluation of hospitalized patients and utilization of a state rheumatic fever registry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rice, M.J. Author-Name: Kaplan, E.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 767-771 Abstract: We studied the hopital records of 124 patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever who were hospitalized in 21 Minneapolis-St. Paul hospitals during 1975 and 1976. After carful review of the hospital records, we found that 83 (67 per cent) of these patients did not have an acute ilness. Seventeen (41 per cent) of the 41 cases with an acute illness were thought to adequately fulfill the Jones' Criteria for acute rheumatic fever. Upon review of the rheumatic fever registry of the Minnesota State Health Department, we found that less than one-half of the hospitalized patients had been reported to the registry. Cases that fulfilled and did not fulfill the Jones' Criteria were reported with equal frequency, indicating significant underreporting and overreporting of rheumatic fever. Evaluation of secondary rheumatic fever prophylaxis, both in those patients with acute rheumatic fever as well as in those with rheumatic heart disease, indicated that many patients who, in theory, should be receiving prophylaxis were not receiving it. These studies indicate a need for more thorough evaluation of the current epidemiology of rheumatic fever and the role of a rheumatic fever registry, and imply a need for reevaluation of these programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:767-771_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exercise prescription: A clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lindsay Reid, E. Author-Name: Morgan, R.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 591-595 Abstract: To assess the effectiveness of physician prescribed exercise, health education, and patient self-monitoring, 124 firefighters were medically screened and randomly allocated to a control and two treatment groups. Physiologic and reporting methods were employed to assess adherence to regular exercise at three months and six months after the initial exercise prescription. Addition of health education program significantly improved compliance over that achieved by a physician consultation. Self-monitoring did not produce a further increase in compliance. Improvement in the treatment groups was limited to three months after prescription; at six months, the treatment and control populations had similar exercise patterns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:591-595_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Causes of death among laundry and dry cleaning workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blair, A. Author-Name: Decoufle, P. Author-Name: Grauman, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 508-511 Abstract: To make a preliminary determination as to whether a potential health hazard exists for workers exposed to dry cleaning solvents (carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene), the authors analyzed the causes of death of 330 deceased laundry and dry cleaning workers by the proportionate mortality method. The increased risk for malignant neoplasms resulted primarily from an excess of lung and cervical cancer and slight excesses of leukemia and liver cancer. Although the number of deaths was small, the increased risk of cancer noted in this investigation underscores the need for additional epidemiologic studies of this occupational group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:508-511_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prenatal monitoring in upstate New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zdeb, M.S. Author-Name: Logrillo, V.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 499-501 Abstract: In upstate New York, birth certificates of all babies born in hospitals include response to a question on procedures used in fetal monitoring. During the first 6 mth of 1978, some form of monitoring was reported on 47% of all live births in hospitals, 33.6% being monitored externally. The primary cesarean section rate in monitored women was over twice that among those not monitored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:499-501_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The American journal of public health: Then and now Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenkrantz, B.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 984 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:984_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self care for colds: a cost-effective alternative to upper respiratory infection management Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zapka, J. Author-Name: Averill, W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 814-816 Abstract: A Cold Self-Care (CSC) Center was established in a prepaid ambulatory care setting serving 21,500 subscribers and their dependents. After CSC establishment, a decrease in visits to practitioners for common colds was demonstrated. The operating cost ratio of an outpatient visit as compared to a CSC visit was 14.7/1. Savings over a two-year period are estimated at over $46,000, representing an average estimated ratio of $.09 cost per dollar saved per member per year. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:814-816_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attitudes of mothers toward sex education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bloch, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 911-915 Abstract: Data are presented on the attitudes of mothers from the entire social class spectrum toward content and timing of sex education for children (CT-Attitudes), and also toward sex education in school (S-Attitudes) in two California communities in 1969. Findings underscore the necessity to consider these two attitudinal variables separately. As a result of their separation for study purposes, it was possible to arrive at a four-fold typology or grouping of mothers: 1) CT liberals in favor, and 2) CT liberals opposed to sex education in schools, 3) CT conservatives in favor, and 4) CT conservatives opposed to school programs of sex education. It is inferred that educational planners need to pay due regard to the sentiments of all four maternal groups and all social classes in developing sex education programs for families and for school children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:911-915_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of prenatal care upon the health of the newborn Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gortmaker, S.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 653-660 Abstract: Data upon all births and infant deaths in New York City in 1968 are analyzed using methods for the analysis of multidimensional contingency tables. These methods provide estimates of the effect of variations in prenatal care upon the relative risks of low birth weight and neonatal and postneonatal mortality, controlling for a wide variety of factors which tend to 'select' women into a program of prenatal care. Significant relationships between lack of prenatal care and infant mortality are estimated, but these occur mainly via the relationship of inadequate prenatal care to low birth weight. Furthermore, among white mothers who delivered on a private service, those receiving inadequate levels of prenatal care experienced only slightly increased risks of a low birth weight infant. In contrast, white mothers who delivered on a general service, and all black mothers, experienced substantially increased risks when receiving inadequate prenatal care. A variety of behavioral characteristics of mothers were not controlled in these analyses, and thus clear causal inferences concerning the efficacy of prenatal care cannot be drawn. These analyses do, however, identify a significant population of women at substantial risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:653-660_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The New York rubella incident: A case for changing hospital policy regarding rubella testing and immunization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McLaughlin, M.C. Author-Name: Gold, L.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 287-289 Abstract: A case of rubella in a male obstetric-gynecology house staff member exposed 170 staff members and 11 prenatal patients to the clinical disease. Of 163 staff members tested within one week of exposure, 132 (80%) were not susceptibles. Repeat titres three weeks later on 28 susceptibles remained negative. Of the 11 patients exposed, three were susceptible and none seroconverted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:287-289_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental X-ray use in Boston Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Storulow, K.A.C. Author-Name: Moeller, D.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 709-710 Abstract: A telephone survey of 40 dental offices in Boston, Massachusetts, revealed that 95 per cent perform x-ray procedures as part of the initial examination of a new patient, that almost one-half (47.5 per cent) routinely include a full-mouth x-ray series in the initial examination, and that 85 per cent include some type of radiographic procedure as part of the periodic visits for cleaning and checkups. These percentages are substantially in excess of those reported by other investigators in which the respondents were aware that their policies with respect to the use of x-rays were being evaluated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:709-710_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Home birth in Salt Lake County, Utah Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cameron, J. Author-Name: Chase, E.S. Author-Name: O'Neal, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 716-717 Abstract: In Salt Lake County, Utah in 1972 and 1975, 167 women had planned home deliveries. Birth certificate data indicated they did not differ from the total population in age, marital, and socioeconomic status. Eight-four women were interviewed and reported hostility from health professionals which may have placed them at unnecessary risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:716-717_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The U.S. hospice movement: Issues in development Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Osterweis, M. Author-Name: Szmuszkovicz Champagne, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 492-496 Abstract: A grass-roots hospice care movement is underway in the United States modeled after recently popularized British hospice programs. Hospice care is intended to help the terminally ill maintain a personally acceptable quality of life until death. Attention should be given to ensuring the future viability of this service option by allowing for experimentation with and adaptation of existing models, and by integrating it with the overall health care system. Issues to be considered in integrating hospice care include utilization of existing resources, regional planning, standards and licensure, and reimbursement opportunities. Although hospice care may not have an immediate cost savings impact on the health care system, it could develop this capacity in the future. Such impact would not only assure a stable financial base for hospice care but would also affect bed use generally. Continuing dialogue among providers, consumers, and policy makers of various backgrounds is necessary to the effective and appropriate development of hospice care in the U.S. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:492-496_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Studies on the reliability of vital and health records: 1. Comparison of cause of death and hospital record diagnoses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gittelsohn, A. Author-Name: Senning, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 680-689 Abstract: Based on computer linkage of death records and hospital discharge abstracts, underlying cause of death and discharge diagnoses are compared for 9,724 Vermont resident in-hospital deaths occurring between 1969 and 1975. The agreement between the diagnoses recorded in the two data systems provides a measure of the reproducibility of recording, abstracting, and coding practices. Using the first three digits of the International Classification of Diseases, the agreement between cause and closest medical record diagnosis was 72 per cent. Concordance declined by patient age and length of hospital stay and varied significantly by coded cause of death. A major source of variation was the hospital of death where agreement levels ranged between 45 and 84 per cent. The latter finding is regarded as a potential starting point for targeting investigation of sources of discrepancy and initiating efforts to improve diagnosis recording and coding in the two record systems. The value of both depends on continuing efforts to improve and maintain data quality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:680-689_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on Utah home birth study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bryant, R.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1285-1286 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:12:1285-1286_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health costs of economic expansion: the case of manufacturing accident injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Catalano, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 789-794 Abstract: The hypothesized relationship between economic expansion and accident injuries is tested using archival economic and accident data from the Los Angeles-Long Beach, California metropolitan area. The association is measured using cross-correlation techniques after variation shared with a comparison metropolitan area (Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove) is removed. Two tests of association are conducted. The first uses the raw accident rate of the comparison metropolitan area as a control variable while the second adjusts the control variable to reflect shared industrial sectors. Findings suggest that the incidence of disabling accidents increases in the month before and during the month that the manufacturing work force expands. The impact appears strongest during the month that new workers are added. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:789-794_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Serological markers for hepatitis types A and B among U.S. army soldiers, Germany Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, J.J. Author-Name: Smith, L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1216-1219 Abstract: Viral hepatitis rates among U.S. Army soldiers in Europe have been found to be two to three times higher than corresponding rates for soldiers stationed in the U.S. Sera from 89 per cent of a representative Army unit with 865 members and a known hepatitis problem were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, and anti-HA. The prevalence of HB markers was 20 per cent, and hepatitis A antibody was present in 25 per cent. A six-month follow-up, conducted on 260 individuals initially negative for all four tests, revealed that 11 of these were now HB seropositive, whereas none had seroconverted to anti-HA positive. The HB virus was the principal agent responsible for hepatitis in the unit surveyed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:12:1216-1219_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A multivariate analysis of interstate variation in fertility of teenage girls Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brann, E.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 661-666 Abstract: A multiple regression model was used to determine the correlates of state-to-state variation in fertility of teenage girls. The independent variables were the abortion-to-live birth ratio, contraception/conception ratio, racial composition, adult personal income, percent urban population, and adult educational attainment. The model explained 69 percent of the interstate variation in 1974 fertility. Both the racial composition and the abortion ratio were significantly (p <.01) correlated with fertility. With 1970-1974 change in fertility as the dependent variable, the model explained 80 percent of the variation, with income as the most strongly correlated variable. The contraception/conception ratio was also significant (p <.01) as was racial composition (p <.05). Factor analysis of the independent variables showed that the six variables were well accounted for by three factors representing culture/education status, abortion availability, and contraception availability. The analysis showed that utilization of both contraception and abortion was important in determining the fertility of a state's teenagers. Increased availability of publicly subsidized contraception in low income areas and increased availability of abortion in low income and rural areas might be expected to result in decreased fertility of teenage girls. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:661-666_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impacts of the medical malpractice slowdown in Los Angeles County: January 1976 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, J.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 437-443 Abstract: The Los Angeles County (California) physician strike of January 1976 resulted in a partial withdrawal of physician services. Among recorded impact were a $17.5 million loss in hospital revenues and an $8.5 million pay loss for hospital employees. Several surveys revealed no evidence of a significant impact on the general public in finding medical care. Analysis of emergency room visits and paramedical ambulance calls showed no significant increases during the strike. County mortality statistics for the strike were not affected. Eighty-eight fatalities among 2,171 patients transferred during the strike were analyzed; a Case Attributable Mortality Probability generated on 21 cases selected for final review by a five-physician multispecialist panel indicated that 29% of the Attributable Mortality could be ascribed to the strike itself and 71% to ongoing 'patient dumping' from private sector to County hospitals. Even if sample attributable mortality rates were generalized to overall county deaths, the resultant figures are below the estimated range of 55 to 153 deaths that did no occur because of the number of elective operations not performed secondary to the strike. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:437-443_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The growing demand for midtrimester amniocentesis: A system approach to forecasting the need for facilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Selle, H.R. Author-Name: Holmes, D.W. Author-Name: Ingbar, M.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 574-580 Abstract: A predicted shift in composition of the child-bearing population of the United States to higher maternal ages by year 2000 indicates that the number of chromosomally abnormal offspring of women age 35 and over will increase by 64 per cent while the total number of women increases only 21 per cent. We formulated a conceptual model of a health care system that predicts demand for amniocentesis from prospective patients in any particular region, the number of defective offspring detected, and the future cost of custodial care using any given level of detection effort. It was found that as capacity of clinic facilities and use by women age 35 and over in the area increased, the expenditure for amniocentesis combined with the cost of custodial care for undetected offspring decreased, assuming termination of affected pregnancies. Use of this model will enable health care managers to anticipate need for facilities, and also guide the formulation of social policy in the provision of new health services by enabling them to take into account the predictable effects of these services upon other public services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:574-580_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training public health nutritionists: Competencies for complacency or future concerns Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Owen, A.L. Author-Name: Owen, G.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1096 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:11:1096_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Controlling the cost of dental care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bailit, H.L. Author-Name: Raskin, M. Author-Name: Reisine, S. Author-Name: Chiriboga, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 699-703 Abstract: Methods for controlling dental care expenditures are taking on greater importance with the rapid increase in prepaid dental plans. The use of regulatory systems to monitor provider performance are necessary to prevent gross over-utilization but are unlikely to result in net savings of more than five percent of total gross premiums. Theoretically, prepaid group dental practice (PGDP) may reduce expenditures by changing the mix of services patients receive. The modest estimated savings and the small number of PGDPs presently in operation limit the importance of this alternative for the next five to ten years. If substantial reductions in dental expenditures are to be obtained, it will be necessary to limit dental insurance plans to cover only those services which have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in improving health for the majority of people. The concept that richer benefit plans may have small marginal effects on improving oral health may not be easy for the public to accept but, until they do, expenditures for dental care will be difficult to control. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:699-703_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of health care: The Laredo migrant experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walker Jr., G.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 667-672 Abstract: In 1973, three groups of randomly selected migrant labor families resident in Laredo, Texas were enrolled in a prepaid health insurance study. A study was implemented to determine the kinds and costs of medical care used by Mexican american migrant labor families in their homebase and travel areas where financial barriers to care were eliminated or reduced. At the end of three years it was found that the study population used ambulatory services about one-half as much as the general U.S. population while hospital use approached regional norms. The differences between homebase and out-of-area use are highlighted, and the reported failure to use any public facilities outside of Laredo is discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:667-672_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The viability of mid-level practitioners in isolated rural communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moscovice, I. Author-Name: Rosenblatt, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 503-505 Abstract: In the last decade there has been an increasing emphasis on providing equal access to health for all citizens of the United States. Rural dwellers have been identified as a population group who experience significant barriers to gaining access to the traditional health care delivery system. The problem becomes more acute for the target population that is more remote from larger communities. One potential solution in which significant investment has been made is the training and use of nonphysician health providers for the delivery of primary health care services. This study examines the attempt of the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho) and Alaska to use non-physician health providers (physician assistants and nurse practitioners) to solve the health care needs of the geographically isolated community. It focuses on an analysis of the financial growth and evolution of this type of practice and draws some preliminary conclusions about the economic viability of the model. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:503-505_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Violent death in a metropolitan county: II. Changing patterns in suicides (1959-1974) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ford, A.B. Author-Name: Rushforth, N.B. Author-Name: Rushforth, N. Author-Name: Hirsch, C.S. Author-Name: Adelson, L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 459-464 Abstract: Suicide rates in Cuyahoga County (metropolitan Cleveland) rose from 10.2 in 1958 to 12.5 per 100,000 population in 1974 (23 per cent increase) with the greatest rise among nonwhite males (from 5.9 to 13.1, or 122 per cent). Increased rates were observed in both the city (19 per cent increase) and suburbs (35 per cent increase). Rates increased among young nonwhite and white adults of both sexes aged 15-24 years, but decreased slightly among adults aged 65 years and older. These findings are consistent with national trends. Alcohol was present in the blood of one-fourth of the individuals who were 'dead on arrival', and at intoxicating levels in 20 per cent. There were increasing percentages of victims with positive blood alcohol and with intoxicating levels during the study period. White male victims in the city had significantly higher frequencies of such findings than their counterparts in the suburbs. The rates of suicide committed by firearms rose among all race-sex groups, with the greatest increase among city nonwhite males (2.1 to 7.7, or 267 per cent). Suicide by chemical agents (roughly one-half being barbiturates) increased in all groups except city nonwhite males, with the greatest increase among white males and suburban white females. Firearms among males and poisoning among females displaced asphyxia as the leading modes of suicide. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:459-464_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ambient CO levels and cardiorespiratory complaints. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hexter, A.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1284 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:12:1284_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Waterborne giardiasis in the United States: a review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Craun, G.F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 817-819 Abstract: Twenty-three waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis have been reported in the US, 1972-77. Data indicate that disinfection as the only treatment for surface water sources is ineffective in preventing waterborne transmission of this organism. To protect against transmission, all surface water should receive chemical pretreatment, preferably with sedimentation, and filtration in addition to disinfection. Outbreak data indicate that negative coliform tests do not provide assurance that water is free of Giardia cysts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:817-819_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treatment of women in childbirth: Implications for family beginnings Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klein Danziger, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 895-901 Abstract: This paper presents an ethnographic analysis of woman's interaction with staff members during the early stage of labor, focusing on the factors that shape the childbirth experience. The observational data were gathered in several hospitals as part of a study of the medical context of childbearing. The paper presents a model of naturalistic inquiry into the transition to parenthood. Nurses and physicians are found to offer arbitrary, uniform, and often inappropriated responses to birthing women that may inhibit well-being. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:895-901_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drowning and near-drowning involving children: A five-year total population study from the city and county of Honolulu Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearn, J.H. Author-Name: Wong, R.Y.K. Author-Name: Brown III, J. Author-Name: Ching, Y.C. Author-Name: Bart Jr., R. Author-Name: Hammar, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 450-454 Abstract: A study of all serious childhood immersion accidents (both drowned and near-drowned cases) is reported from Hawaii. This is a total population-based survey of 140 consecutive cases (0-15 years) occurring during the five-year period 1973-1977. Age-specific, sex-specific, and osmolality-specific (salt versus fresh water) data are presented both for survivors and fatalities. The overall annual drowning rate of 3.1 per 100,000 children at risk is low, for a water-oriented society. The survival rate following loss of consciousness in the water is 73 per cent. There is no evidence from this study that osmolality affected the probability of survival. The rank order of importance of drowning sites is swimming pools, surf, sheltered salt water bathing, domestic bath tubs, fresh water streams, salt water canals, and garden fish ponds. Specific accident rates, by sex, outcome, and site of immersion are also presented. No secular trend in the rate of drowning was observed in this study. Comparison with the only other available total population survey (Australia) of childhood immersions reveals common epidemiological and demographic patterns in modern urban societies and suggests that safety regulations play a role in reducing swimming accidents and fatalities in children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:450-454_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cohort maternal mortality: New York, 1917-1972 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jow-Ching Tu, E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1052-1055 Abstract: Data on New York State maternal mortality 1917-1972, are analyzed and show that the cohort patterns of age-specific maternal mortality are mainly a reflection of the pattern of period declines in age-specific maternal mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:1052-1055_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disease prevention: The challenge of the future. Sixth annual Matthew B. Rosenhaus lecture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hamburg, D.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1026-1034 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:1026-1034_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring the use of death certificates as a component of an occupational health surveillance system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frazier, T.M. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 718-720 Abstract: An effort has been made to explore a case-finding surveillance system for occupationally-related disease using death records. A sentinel health event, here lung cancer in young males, was selected to seek unusual associations with occupations as listed on the death records. Fishermen appeared to be over-represented and population studies cited suggest lung cancer in this occupation deserves further exploration. Further efforts of this type could test the usefulness of an occupational health surveillance system based on the death certificate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:718-720_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rubella immunization: Progress, problems and potential solutions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krugman, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 217-219 Abstract: The extraordinary progress and problems associated with the rubella immunization program are essentially the same as those encountered during the measles immunization program. The same 30 to 35% of the childhood population has not received measles vaccine as well as rubella vaccine. Accordingly, measles control programs and rubella control programs should be conducted simultaneously. This strategy could achieve better protection against both diseases, and the cost to deliver these vaccines would be decreased substantially. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:217-219_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A clinical epidemiologic study of hyperphenylalaninemia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wrona, R.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 673-679 Abstract: Thirty-nine cases of hyperphenylalaninemia from four diagnostic-treatment centers in Ohio were investigated in a retrospective cohort analysis. None of the centers is included in the PKU Collaborative Study. Epidemiologic analysis showed that early treatment is effective and that degree of dietary control (within limits) does not affect the probabilitry of retardation or borderline retardation. Regression analysis supported the critical period hypothesis rather than the maximum concentration theory. Exposure to serum phenylalanine of 23-27 mg/dl corresponds to 50 per cent probability retardation. The clinical epidemilogic approach offers an alternative methodology for designing collaborative studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:673-679_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The medical cost of drug abuse in an inner-city community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sixsmith, D.M. Author-Name: Goldman, F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 505-507 Abstract: The discharge diagnoses of the patients in this survey represent a wide spectrum of conditions. They are fairly typical of the known complications of drug abuse, especially the infectious conditions. The Harlem Hospital Center had an average daily census of 620.1 patients in general care beds during the year 1975. Based on data from November 1976, drug abusers can be estimated to have absorbed 20,144 days of inpatient care in a community which is high at risk for health problems in general, and which has limited medical resources. At the medicaid reimbursement rate of $215.83, the costs of inpatient treatment for the medical complications of drug abusers were $4.35 million dollars. This suggests that even the most cavalier estimate to date of the medical costs of drug abuse nationally, $494 million, is likely to be severely underestimated. Previous estimates of medical care costs have not taken into account the significant percentage of patients who will require chronic care, either because of associated alcoholism or other conditions; nor have they included the medical care costs of the children of drug abusers. Better methods of identifying and reporting the medical complications of drug abuse are necessary to accurately gauge the cost of drug abuse to society. Further research into current and alternative treatment modalities is also indicated in the hope of achieving earlier intervention or altogether preventing the medical complications of drug abuse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:505-507_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Vaccine failures in the epidemiology and control of measles Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strassburg, M.A. Author-Name: Greenland, S. Author-Name: Fannin, S.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1055-1056 Abstract: Data were employed from confirmed measles case reports and an immunization survey to estimate the apparent effectiveness of measles vaccine in Los Angeles County in 1976. We evaluated the age-specific proportions of our case load arising from persons erroneously thought to possess immunity. Thirty five per cent of our cases claimed to have had prior measles vaccination, and over 60% of these reported having written records. Since community measles control programs rely on immunization record as the principal screening tool, the shortcomings observed need to be recognized. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:1055-1056_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relationship of microbial indicators to health effects at marine bathing beaches Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cabelli, V.J. Author-Name: Dufour, A.P. Author-Name: Levin, M. Author-Name: McCabe, L.J. Author-Name: Haberman, P.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 690-696 Abstract: Findings are described from the second year of an epidemiological-microbiological study conducted at New York City beaches as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program to develop health effects-recreational water quality criteria. Symptomatology rates among swimmers (defined as immersion of the head in the water) relative to non-swimming but beach-going controls at a 'barely acceptable' (BA) beach and a 'relatively unpolluted (RU) beach were examined. Data were collected by contacting family groups at the beach on weekends, obtaining information on bathing activity, and then questioning them by phone some 8-10 days later. In addition measurements were made for a number of potential water quality indicators. It was observed that the symptom rates, categorized as gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory, 'other', and 'disabling' (stayed home, stayed in bed, consulted a physician), were higher among swimmers than nonswimmers. As in the pretest conducted the previous year, the rate of GI symptoms was significantly higher among swimmers relative to nonswimmers at the BA but not the RU beach. Children, Hispanic Americans, and the low-middle socioeconomic groups were identified as the most susceptible portions of the population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:690-696_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospital-based screening, referral, and follow-up program for high blood pressure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Theisen, V. Author-Name: Caldwell, J.R. Author-Name: Erfurt, J.C. Author-Name: Foote, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 599-601 Abstract: A hypertension program staffed largely by volunteer nurses in a hospital outpatient department is described. A three-year evaluation shows 19% of 4,282 clients screened as having high readings, 86% of those referred saw a physician for high blood pressure, 92% of those who saw a physician began treatment for high blood pressure, and 50% of those under treatment were showing successful control or progress toward successful control. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:599-601_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adult leukemia following diagnostic X-rays? (Review of report by Bross, Ball, and Falen on a tri-state leukemia survey) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boice, J.D. Author-Name: Land, C.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 137-145 Abstract: The tri-state leukemia survey has made valuable contributions in the past by confirming the leukemia risk of prenatal x-ray exposure by suggesting that diagnostic irradiation may play a small role in adult male leukemia and by emphasizing that some risk groups may be especially sensitive to radiation. However, the present study by Bross et al. uses a new statistical methodology which is far too complex to be useful in reporting that adult leukemia and heart disease are related to diagnostic x-ray doses of between 0.1 and 10 rad. In the authors' opinion, these conclusions are unwarranted. 69 references. (Blum, Terre Haute) Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:137-145_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Selective mass treatment in a venereal disease control program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jaffe, H.W. Author-Name: Rice, D.T. Author-Name: Voigt, R. Author-Name: Fowler, J. Author-Name: St John, R.K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1181-1187 Abstract: To control syphilis among prostitutes and seasonal farm workers in Fresno County, California, the authors developed a program of selective mass treatment of prostitutes. From August 1976 to July 1977, 512 women entered the program. Overall, 4.6 per cent of women treated prophylactically for syphilis were actually infected. Compared to cases in the previous year, infectious syphilis cases among prostitutes and seasonal farm workers decreased 51.3 per cent and 26.8 per cent, respectively. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:11:1181-1187_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of changes in smoking habits on coronary heart disease mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kleinman, J.C. Author-Name: Feldman, J.J. Author-Name: Monk, M.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 795-802 Abstract: Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality declined by about 20 percent between 1965 and 1976. During the same period there were substantial decreases in the proportion of adults who smoked based on data from the National Health Interview Survey (HIS). This study examines the extent to which changes in smoking can account for the decrease in CHD mortality for men and women aged 35-64 years. By applying US smoking levels (estimated from HIS) to data from four epidemiologic studies on the relative risk of CHD death by amount smoked, we obtained estimates of the portion of the decline in CHD mortality attributable to changes in smoking. Smoking changes among women were not generally consistent with declines in CHD mortality. For men, the estimated impact of smoking on CHD mortality varied considerably depending upon which study was used to estimate the relative risk by amount smoked. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:795-802_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of outreach workers' educational efforts on disadvantaged preschool children's use of preventive services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Colombo, T.J. Author-Name: Freeborn, D.K. Author-Name: Mullooly, J.P. Author-Name: Burnham, V.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 465-468 Abstract: A special program of outreach services was implemented to assist a poverty population to appropriately use health services in the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program. A study was conducted to determine the effect of outreach workers' intervention on the use of preventive services by this population. Initially, families were divided into two groups, one with and one without outreach workers. Outreach workers (neighborhood health coordinators) were trained in prevention and health education. They were then assigned to specific subgroups of the poverty population to teach the importance of preventive services and to motivate persons to use these services. This paper focuses on the effect of outreach wokers' services on the use of selected preventive care services (immunizations and tine test) by preschool children from poverty families. Preschool children in families with coordinator services had higher use rates for preventive care. The sub-group for which outreach workers were specially trained to focus on preventive procedures for the pre-school group had markedly higher use rates for preventive care. The findings suggest that special intervention programs, using indigenous and nonprofessional outreach workers, can increase preventive service utilization by poverty groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:465-468_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Atypical measles syndrome: A continuing problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nichols, E.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 160-162 Abstract: Atypical measles syndrome (AMS), first described in 1965 by Rauh and Schmidt, is characterized by high fever, unusual rash, and pneumonia, often with a history of immunization with killed measles vaccine. AMS is generally thought to be a hypersensitivity response to natural measles infection in individuals who have previously received killed measles vaccine, although several investigators have reported AMS-like illness in children who had been immunized only with live measles vaccine. These latter reports may be misleading since it is sometimes clinically difficult to distinguish typical from atypical measles. During a measles epidemic in 1974-1975 in Northern California, a number of physicians reported laboratory-confirmed measles in patients who had signs and symptoms compatible with AMS. We investigated these cases to clarify the epidemiology of AMS and its association with previous measles immunization. Two of the cases have been reported. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:160-162_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of ambulatory health services by the near poor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Skinner, E.A. Author-Name: German, P.S. Author-Name: Shapiro, S. Author-Name: Chase, G.A. Author-Name: Zauber, A.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1195-1201 Abstract: Individuals in the gray area between Medicaid eligibility and sufficient income to meet the costs of health care, the near poor, utilize health services less than other groups. As part of a study of health care behavior in an inner-city area based on a household survey of three distinct populations (HMO members, public housing project residents, and a defined geographic area), the authors examined this question more thoroughly. Survey results show that the near poor had lower levels of use than Medicaid recipients when other factors were controlled. Particularly among those classified as in poor health, the near poor were more likely to be non-users and less likely to make multiple visits. However, differences in use between the near poor and the Medicaid recipients are substantially and consistently smaller for the HMO users (whose costs were covered by a special contract) than for users of a hospital outpatient department. The patterns persist for regular care received for a chronic condition but not for care sought for episodes of illness. These findings point to the special disadvantage faced by low income individuals who are not receiving Medicaid. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:68:12:1195-1201_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On studying data reliability. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baird, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1184 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:11:1184_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on HSA interest groups. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fontana, L. Author-Name: Wunderlich, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1183-1184 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:11:1183-1184_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strikes by health workers: another view. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bellin, L.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1066-1067 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:1066-1067_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On smoking and Samuel Johnson. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, E.S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1067 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:1067_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of irony. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 985 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:985_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The American Journal of Public Health: 1957-1973. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1061-1065 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:10:1061-1065_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in university environmental health research and training Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moeller, D.W. Author-Name: Pahl, H.B. Author-Name: Hammond, P.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 125-129 Abstract: A survey of 157 college and university programs in the United States indicates that, during the ten-year period from 1967 through 1976, the number of people completing graduate programs in environmental health specialties at the master's, doctoral, and post-doctoral levels doubled. In 1974-75, 75% of those completing master's degree programs were in the specialty areas of water pollution, air pollution, and occupational health; 76% of those completing doctoral programs were in water pollution, toxicology, radiation protection, air pollution, and cancer research; and 61% of those completing post-doctoral programs were in cancer research and toxicology. Including those whose current positions could not be ascertained, less than 10% of all graduates accepted employment outside the field of environmental health. Funding for university environmental health research continued to increase throughout this ten-year period. The sources of this funding, however, changed dramatically, with the relative contributions from the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare decreasing significantly, while those from industry and other federal agencies increased. In contrast, funding for university environmental health training increased significantly between 1966 and 1971, but showed no increase from 1971 to 1975. During this latter period, training support provided by HEW remained essentially constant, that by the Environmental Protection Agency decreased to less than half, while that from the universities approximately tripled. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:125-129_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addendum to article on 'visit-based sampling'. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shepard, D.S. Author-Name: Neutra, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 954 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:954_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is amniocentesis a disease prevention measure? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crum, G.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 955-956 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:955-956_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On getting the most out of multivariate data analyses. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, D.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 851-852 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:851-852_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Infant mortality and morbidity in the International Year of the Child. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 652-653 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:652-653_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the mission of NIOSH. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robbins, A. Author-Name: Froines, J.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 957 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:957_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policies toward medical technology: the case of electronic fetal monitoring. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Banta, H.D. Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 931-934 Abstract: Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is an example of a medical technology that has been widely accepted since its introduction in the mid-1960s. However, review of the literature does not provide convincing evidence of EFM efficacy, and four recent, controlled, clinical trails show little if any benefit in terms of preventing death or long-term disability of the baby. Public and private policies have largely acted to encourage use of EFM, and none have acted to slow or prevent its spread. This need for mechanisms to assure the timely evaluation of new medical technologies before they are accepted as a medical practice has led to a new medical devices program in the Food and Drug Administration, consensus development groups at the National Institutes of Health, and congressional legislation to establish a new National Center for Health Care Technology. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:931-934_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Professional paradigms in child and family health programs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schaefer, E.S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 849-850 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:849-850_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the criteria document process and job health and safety. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kerr, L.E. Author-Name: Goldsmith, F. Author-Name: Nagin, D. Author-Name: Silverstone, A. Author-Name: Witt, P. Author-Name: Gray, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 956-957 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:956-957_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Restriction of federal funds bor abortion: 18 months later. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gold, J. Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 929-930 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:929-930_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outreach and use of preventive services. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hepner, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 954-955 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:9:954-955_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fetal monitoring in New York State vs. New York City. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blumenthal, S. Author-Name: Nelson, F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 822-823 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:822-823_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Three comments received on farm tractor safety factors. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karlson, T. Author-Name: Noren, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 824-825 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:824-825_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Henry Frieze Vaughan. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Remington, R.D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 829-830 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:829-830_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ambient CO levels and cardiorespiratory complaints. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 821-822 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:821-822_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Three comments received on farm tractor safety factors. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schnieder, R.D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 823-824 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:823-824_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Two comments received on LA study of physician malpractice slowdown. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, J.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 826 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:826_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Two comments received on LA study of physician malpractice slowdown. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Joffe, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 825 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:825_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Two comments received on LA study of physician malpractice slowdown. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roemer, M.I. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 825-826 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:825-826_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Author's explanation of ambient CO study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kurt, T.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 822 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:822_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Further thoughts on swine flu immunization. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buttery, C.M. Author-Name: Merchant, D.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 820 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:820_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on skin color and blood pressure among blacks. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 820-821 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:820-821_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State registries and the control of rheumatic fever. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacQueen, J.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 761-762 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:761-762_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Three comments received on farm tractor safety factors. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pfister, R.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 823 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:823_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In support of the child restraint law. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hughes, J.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 823 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:823_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Henry Frieze Vaughan. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, R.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 828-829 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:828-829_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Henry Frieze Vaughan, DrPH October 12, 1889-March 14, 1979, in appreciation. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Darling, G.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 827-828 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:827-828_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Three comments received on farm tractor safety factors. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Erisman, G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 824 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:824_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of an employee health service as setting for a rubella screening and immunization program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weiss, K.E. Author-Name: Falvo, C.E. Author-Name: Buimovici-Klein, E. Author-Name: Magill, J.W. Author-Name: Cooper, L.Z. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 281-283 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:281-283_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rubella screening and follow-up immunization in Vermont Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Povar, G.J. Author-Name: Maloney, M. Author-Name: Watson, W.N. Author-Name: McBean, A.M. Author-Name: Giguere, G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 285-286 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:285-286_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comment on kola nuts and traffic accidents. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bohrer, S.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 723-724 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:723-724_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Survey of rodent populations associated with an urban landfill. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schroder, G.D. Author-Name: Hulse, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 713-715 Abstract: Trap lines placed in fields along the margin of a Houston, Texas landfill failed to capture a Rattus in 2,358 trap-nights. However, another trap line adjacent to a nearby residential area yielded four Norway rats in 510 trap-nights. These results suggest that rats living in or near homes were not crossing the fields to reach the landfill. The distribution of two native rodent species normally found in such fields reflected no landfill influence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:713-715_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bridging the Elitist syndrome and real-life needs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haettenschwiller, A.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 723 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:723_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Controlling the cost of dental health care insurance. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Knutson, J.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 647-649 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:647-649_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Informed consent of children in field trials. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kegeles, S.S. Author-Name: Lund, A.K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 722-723 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:722-723_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training and education of environmental health manpower: An EPA perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cluster, R.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 118-119 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:118-119_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Five-year BP program in rural Maine. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Record Jr., N.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 610-611 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:610-611_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Professor Moeller clarifies attribution and other matters. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Moeller, D.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 609 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:609_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Protection of the public health against radiation hazards. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bross, I.D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 609-610 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:609-610_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drug prescribing and the elderly. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tideiksaar, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 611 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:611_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communicable disease reporting fraught with variations. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 611-612 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:6:611-612_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of reported rape in a tri-ethnic population: Houston, Texas, 1974--1975. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sanford, J. Author-Name: Cryer, L. Author-Name: Christensen, B.L. Author-Name: Mattox, K.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 480-484 Abstract: Police records of reported rape, compiled for the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports, in Houston, Texas for 1974 and 1975, were analyzed in relation to ethnicity and age of victim/offender, and time and place of occurrence. Blacks had the highest race-specific rates for both victims and offenders; the majority of all rapes were intraracial. The high-risk age group for both victims and offenders was from 20 to 24 years. Rapes increased slightly during the summer months, peaked during the hours of darkness, and were fairly evenly distributed among the days of the week. The weekend calculated as from 4:00 pm Friday to 8:00 am Monday accounted for 43.6 per cent of all rape occurrences. The majority of rape events involved the use of a lethal weapon and took place in a residence. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:480-484_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Occupational health priorities for health standards: the current NIOSH approach. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perkins, J.L. Author-Name: Rose, V.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 444-448 Abstract: Government agencies responsible for protecting the public from the adverse effects of toxic chemicals must set priorities for research, regulatory action, protocol testing, and monitoring due to the vast number of toxic chemicals and the limited resources available to these agencies. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) must set priorities for research on hazards encountered in the workplace. Priorities are also utilized by NIOSH in preparing criteria for recommended occupational standards which are forwarded to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, for possible promulgation. For various reasons, including rapidly changing conditions in the American workplace, NIOSH has instituted a revised priorities program. In the future, NIOSH research and recommended standards activities will focus not only on individual chemicals, but also on industries, occupations, chemical classes, and general industrial processes. NIOSH has also implemented a new program which will allow recommended control procedures for certain chemicals to be forwarded to OSHA in a shorter time period than has been experienced previously. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:444-448_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Increased life expectancy offsets energy gains from dieters. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hull, A.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 514-515 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:514-515_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the Tennessee Child Restraint Law. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, A.F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 455-458 Abstract: In Tennessee a law came into force January 1, 1978 requiring parents to use child restraints properly when transporting their children who are less than four years old. Alternatively, the law permits children to be held in arms, a practice known to be hazardous rather than protective. Before and after the law went into force, observations were made of children in cars exiting from shopping centers in Knoxville and Nashville, Tennessee, and in Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky, an adjacent state not having a child restraint law. More than 80 per cent of Tennessee children observed in the fourth month the law was in force were not using child restraints anchored by seat belts, although use rates increased in Tennessee (8 to 16 per cent) to a greater extent than in Kentucky (11 to 15 per cent). Moreover, due to a large increase in children traveling in arms in Nashville, there was an increase in such travel in the two Tennessee cities studied (23 to 28 per cent) relative to a decrease in those studied in Kentucky (19 to 14 per cent). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:455-458_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The elitist syndrome. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baranowski, T. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 516 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:516_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of an automated blood pressure measuring device intended for general public use. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berkson, D.M. Author-Name: Whipple, I.T. Author-Name: Shireman, L. Author-Name: Brown, M.C. Author-Name: Raynor Jr., W. Author-Name: Shekelle, R.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 473-479 Abstract: Responding to Chicago newspaper reports, measurements of blood pressure by a publicly available, automated coin-operated device were compared with those of human observers using the standard cuff and auscultatory technique. One machine was examined in the laboratory, and eight others at randomly selected sites. Analysis of readings made on 100 persons in the laboratory and 227 in the field led to the following conclusions: 1) On the average, the machines measured fifth phase diastolic blood pressure at nearly the same level as did human observers; 2) The machines were more variable measuring systolic blood pressure with four differing from the average human reading by 1mm Hg or less, but two differing by 8mm Hg or more; 3) The agreement between machine-human pairs of readings was not as good as between human-human pairs, but the differences in level of agreement--both in determining the actual value and in categorizing the values as normal, borderline, or high--were small and have little practical importance; 4) Linear regression analyses of the relationship between simultaneously determined machine and human readings indicated that the average human-machine difference was the same over the range of pressures tested. Publicly available blood pressure measuring devices should be labeled concerning their purposes, capabilities, and limitations. Rules and regulations governing their use in the City of Chicago are being prepared by this city's Legal Department. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:473-479_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interviewer effects in psychiatric epidemiology: a study of medical and lay interviewers and their impact on reported symptoms. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riessman, C.K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 485-491 Abstract: Utilizing data from a field study of psychiatric disorder, the study examined sex differences in patterns of response to interviewers in contrasting status positions. The dependent variables in the analysis were mean scores on nosological scales measuring three dimensions of symptomotology identified in a factor analysis. Independent variables were interviewer status and respondent sex. Three categories of interviewers were randomly assigned to administer a structured interview schedule. Strong interaction effects between interviewer status and respondent sex were noted. Women disclosed significantly fewer symptoms to the high status interviewers (identified physicians), whereas males reported most symptoms to this group. Theoretical explanations derived from the literature on sex roles were offered regarding the origins of women's response to high status figures. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:485-491_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Occupational health standards: what are the priorities? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whorton, M.D. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 433-434 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:433-434_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the hazards of smoking: statement from 1836. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Powers, J.S. Author-Name: Wetteman, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 389 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:389_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on restaurant inspections. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zaki, M.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 390-391 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:390-391_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality assurance in social work in hospitals: a systems perspective. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Reichert, K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 329-331 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:329-331_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Should county health departments merge? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Squire Jr., E.N. Author-Name: Starr, T.P. Author-Name: Keck, C.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 378-379 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:378-379_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Canonical correlation analysis: potential for environmental health planning. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Laessig, R.E. Author-Name: Duckett, E.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 353-359 Abstract: There is a challenging need to identify the relationships between environmental quality and health status. It may be especially important to be able to isolate key variables which can be consolidated into a few indices of environmental conditions as they are related to health. Such indices might be used to identifying associations among groups of variables, such as specific geographic area. The indices may also provide insights into environmental health relationships which are worthy of further epidemiological investigation. Canonical correlation analysis is a multivariate statistical technique which provides a means of identifying associations among groups of variables, such as health and environmental measures. The technique can produce weighted indices of environmental conditions as they are related to health within a city or region. This paper describes what canonical correlation is, and outlines how it might be used for these purposes. An illustrative application based on data collected for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is also presented. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:353-359_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detection of enteric viruses in solid waste landfill leachates. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smalley, D.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 389-390 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:389-390_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health planning--participation and its discontents. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vladeck, B.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 331-332 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:331-332_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ambient carbon monoxide levels and acute cardiorespiratory complaints: an exploratory study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kurt, T.L. Author-Name: Mogielnicki, R.P. Author-Name: Chandler, J.E. Author-Name: Hirst, K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 360-363 Abstract: Over a 92-day seasonally excessive period of ambient carbon monoxide (CO), chief cardiorespiratory complaints (CRC) of a nontraumatic origin were identified from each of 8,556 patient encounters at the Emergency Room of Colorado General Hospital. Excessive numbers of CRC were seen above a CO level of 5 ppm for the 24-hour mean and 11 ppm for the one hour mean maximum ambient CO (p less than 0.05 for both). Increasing relative risk was shown by comparing daily numbers of CRC with its mean in two-day trend analyses with both ambient CO measures above and below these thresholds. Other ambient pollutants were generally low during the winter period studies. These findings suggest an association between health effects and lower levels of CO than has been previously reported. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:360-363_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Longitudinal changes in blood lead level in children and their relationship to season, age, and exposure to paint or plaster. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McCusker, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 348-352 Abstract: Children screened for lead poisoning in the Brownsville district of New York City in either summer or winter were followed with blood lead tests for approximately six months to one year from screening to measure longitudinal changes in blood lead level and to identify some determinants of the changes. Only minimal evidence was found of the hypothesized summer rise in blood lead level, while the predominant trend seemed to be for blood lead levels to display statistical regression to the mean. In children found to have low to intermediate blood lead levels (less than 55 microgram/100ml) at screening, variables which were found to predict a rise in blood lead level of 10 microgram/100ml or greater from winter to summer were under age three and/or exposure to paint or plaster. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:348-352_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Ottawa County project: a report of a tuberculosis screening project in a small mining community. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burke, R.M. Author-Name: Schwartz, L.P. Author-Name: Snider Jr., D.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 340-347 Abstract: Following a retrospective review of tuberculosis cases reported from Ottawa County, Oklahoma, from 1969 through 1973, a selective tuberculosis screening project was implemented. Screening of a "target group" of the population, 519 former miners, greater than or equal to 50 years of age, resulted in the discovery of abnormal chest X-rays in 182; (103 with silicosis, 36 with silicotuberculosis, 12 with inactive tuberculosis, and 31 with other abnormalities). Eighty-five of these persons had positive tuberculin skin tests. Preventive therapy was recommended for 50, and 36 completed the prescribed course of treatment. Eight new bacteriologically confirmed cases of tuberculosis were found and treated. A large number of persons (1,904) residing in the same area who were not part of the target group were also screened for tuberculosis. This group contained a large number of positive tuberculin reactors but very few were candidates for isoniazid preventive therapy. Thirteen persons in this group had abnormal chest X-rays consistent with inactive tuberculosis but 12 had been identified and given preventive therapy before the project began. These data suggest that selective approaches to screening for tuberculosis in a community which are based on an in-depth retrospective review of the tuberculosis case register can be highly successful. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:340-347_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The future of APHA: critical choices. The 1978 Presidential Address. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ellis, E.F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 364-366 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:364-366_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The hidden price tag: participation costs and health planning. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, T.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 368-374 Abstract: The citizen participation program of the Los Angeles County Health Systems Agency represents one of the most ambitious efforts at implementing the public involvement provisions of PL 93-641. The first year of this program is discussed and analyzed through a participation costs theoretical framework. Specific costs which are inherent in the organizational design and introduced by the implementation procedures adopted are identified and discussed. Levels of participation after one year of operation are examined and found consistent with the high cost of participation in this program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:368-374_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Development of an information system: a means for improving social work practice in health care. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Volland, P.J. Author-Name: German, P.S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 335-339 Abstract: The Johns Hopkins Hospital has developed a social work information system involving seven referral problem categories based on problems as identified by the referral source, ten problem categories for social work service, identified by the social work person after interview, and ten social work service categories similarly identified. The latter two categories include contracts with patients and expected outcomes together with categorization of actual outcome. Analyses of the coded data allow for more effective management of social work services and permit social work departments to compete for scarce resources, to comply with external regulations and accountability demands, and to assure quality service. In addition they provide a firm data base for research. The problem and service categories were tested for reliability by comparing the independent categorizations of 159 and 154 cases respectively by six social work persons, two each at three different levels of experience. Reliability levels were found to be satisfactory. The development of this system and the method of reliability testing are described and believed to be applicable to other systems. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:335-339_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: George Rosen and the American public health tradition. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Terris, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 173-176 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:173-176_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comment of assessing effectiveness of health education. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hochbaum, G.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 180-181 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:180-181_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comment on Jonas editorial on consumer involvement. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paap, W.R. Author-Name: Hanson, B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 179-180 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:179-180_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Methodological error cited in SIDS study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Savitz, D.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 178-179 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:178-179_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Researchers comment on stoeckle/grossman editorial. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Author-Name: Salber, E.J. Author-Name: Osborne, C. Author-Name: Muhlbaier, L.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 177 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:177_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on two-class clinic system study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tannen, L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 177-178 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:177-178_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Funding of radiation protection standards research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, C.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 181 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:181_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the role of sociological factors in the etiology of illness. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 178 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:178_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: George Rosen, historian of the field. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenkrantz, B.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 165-168 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:165-168_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Government and health--the significance of the coal strike and contract in retrospect. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koplin, A.N. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 154-156 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:154-156_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons from the real world about patients with high blood pressure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dorsey, J.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-13 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:11-13_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ischaemic heart disease mortality and the business cycle in Australia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bunn, A.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 772-781 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:772-781_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors associated with increased dental care utilization in five urban, low-income areas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Okada, L.M. Author-Name: Wan, T.T.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1001-1009 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1001 Abstract: Survey data were used to measure change in dental utilization in five urban low-income areas as a result of increased financial (Medicaid) and facility (community health centers) access to dental care. The average annual dental visit between the baseline and follow-up surveys showed a dramatic increase in four of the five survey areas. With the exception of Roxbury, Massachusetts, where the rate was already high in the earlier survey, the dental visit rate in the remaining areas increased 33 to 80 per cent compared to an increase of only 7 per cent nationally between 1969 and 1975. Both CHC and Medicaid programs made important contributions to increased dental care. Among persons who saw a dentist in the year in these areas, 25 per cent reported CHC as their usual source of dental care and 46 per cent reported that their dental care costs in the year were borne by Medicaid. In spite of recent increases, however, the average annual dental visit rate was only 1.0 in the five areas compared to 1.6 nationally, which is 60 per cent higher. The generally low dental utilization levels among persons covered by Medicaid or served by CHCs may indicate that much of the increased dental utilization which occurred in these areas was limited to taking care of existing dental problems while neglecting preventive dental care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1001_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Response of low income women and abortion facilities to restriction of public funds for abortion: A study of a large metropolitan area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubin, G.L. Author-Name: Gold, J. Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 948-950 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.948 Abstract: During the first five months after the restriction of public funds for abortion, a large percentage of low-income women seeking abortions in a metropolitan area in Texas obtained abortions that were partially subsidized using a combination of reduced clinic fees and public funds for ancillary non-abortion services. Their own personal funds made up the difference between the subsidy and the full cost of the procedure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.948_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How to keep your mandated citizen board out of your hair and off your back: a guide for executive directors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steckler, A.B. Author-Name: Herzog, W.T. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 809-812 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:809-812_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of infant death on subsequent fertility in Korea and the role of family planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Park, C.B. Author-Name: Hyun Han, S. Author-Name: Choe, M.K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 557-565 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.557 Abstract: This paper studies the effect of infant death on subsequent fertility in a developing country, examining spacing of children and additional births following the survival or death of the preceding infant. The material is provided by the 1971 National Fertility Survey of Korea, 23,635 retrospective birth records of 6,285 women. The findings suggest that prior to the introduction of a national family planning program, the influence of infant death was limited to the biological effect resulting from a shortened lactational period. Since fertility regulation methods have been made available throughout the country, motivational effects to replace the lost child appeared to emerge. The proportion of excess births attributable to infant deaths has increased in recent years. However, because of the lowered infant mortality, the overall impact of infant death on the national fertility level appears to be small. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.557_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Repeat abortions: blaming the victims Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Howe, B. Author-Name: Kaplan, H.R. Author-Name: English, C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1242-1246 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1242 Abstract: A study of 1,505 women obtaining abortions in a freestanding abortion clinic in Western New York state revealed that women having repeat abortions were more likely to be using contraception at the time of conception than women having first abortions. However, nearly one-half the non-contracepting repeaters were not contracepting at the time of the repeat pregnancy. Repeaters who were not contracepting at the time of the repeat pregnancy listed medical contraindications or lack of supplies as the major reasons for not contracepting at the time of the present conception - indicating that they had tried one or more methods since their first abortion. Repeaters were sexually more active than first timers, thus increasing their statistical risk of unwanted pregnancy even as they contracepted more than first timers. The data indicate that both first timers and repeaters overwhelmingly reject the premise that abortion is a primary or even a back-up birth control method. The essential difficulty for repeaters appears to be that they are victims of technological, organizational, and logistical inadequacies as well as statistical probabilities rather than being motivationally deficient or indifferent to the dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1242_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: II. Impact on community mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisenberg, M. Author-Name: Bergner, L. Author-Name: Hallstrom, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 39-42 Abstract: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was studied in suburban King County, Washington in an attempt to determine the impact of paramedic services on community cardiac mortality. A portion of the study area received paramedic services and the remainder received basic emergency medical technician (EMT) services. A surveillance system identified all prehospital cardiac arrest incidents. The etiology and outcome were determined. Deaths due to primary heart disease (ICDA codes 410-414) were compared to community cardiac mortality figures for the same period of time and in the paramedic and EMT areas. Between April 1, 1976 and August 31, 1977, 1,449 deaths due to primary heart disease occurred (annual rate of 19.2/10,000 in the EMT area and 13.4/10,000 in the paramedic area). For the same period, 487 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest received emergency resuscitation. The annual incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was similar in the EMT and paramedic areas (5.6 and 6.0/10,000 respectively). Proportionately more lives of persons with cardiac arrest were saved in the paramedic area than in the EMT area. During this 17 month period, the reduction in community cardiac mortality was 8.4% in the paramedic area and 1.3% in the EMT. These findings suggest that paramedic services have a small but measurable effect on community cardiac mortality. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:39-42_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in the cigarette consumption of smokers in relation to changes in tar/nicotine content of cigarettes smoked Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garfinkel, L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1274-1276 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1274 Abstract: Over a 13-year period, 59 per cent of 28,561 smokers decreased the tar and nicotine (T/N) level in the cigarettes they smoked without changing the number of cigarettes smoked to any important extent. On the other hand, more than 54 per cent of the 'less than one pack a day' smokers as compared to only 25 per cent of the 'one pack or more a day' smokers increased the number of cigarettes smoked. Nicotine dependency plays a minor role in determining the smoking habits of those who continue to smoke on a long-term basis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1274_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recombinant DNA research: The scope and limits of regulation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krimsky, S. Author-Name: Ozonoff, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1252-1259 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1252 Abstract: The paper provides an overview of public policy issues pertaining to the use of gene-splicing (recombinant DNA [deoxyribonucleic acid]) techniques in research and for industrial applications. Included is a discussion of the regulatory framework at the federal and institutional levels. The principal limitation of the current federal guidelines is its failure to provide mandatory coverage for private sector activities. Four municipalities and two states have passed their own legislation to remedy the situation. These enactments and their tie-in to the public health sector are examined. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1252_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Putting environmental economics in perspective: Case study of Four Corners Power Plant, New Mexico Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bartlit, J.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1160-1163 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1160 Abstract: Environmental control costs can be made to appear much larger in impact than they actually are by placing costs in misleading contexts or failing to provide respective. It is essential for continued public support of environmental health programs that this practice be countered by more meaningful presentations of economic data. As an example, analytic methods appropriate to the case of a large coal-fired power plant in northwestern New Mexico are developed and discussed. Pollution control expenditures at the Four Corners Power Plant in northwestern New Mexico were presented to the public as costing $82 annually. Although this figure may be the correct one, data were collected and analyzed to show that this cost represented an increase of only 5 to 60 cents on a $100 electricity bill for the consumer of electricity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1160_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Causes of fetal and neonatal mortality by race in a selected U.S. population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Naeye, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 857-861 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.857 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.857 Abstract: In a large prospective study (1959-1966), the perinatal mortality rate for U.S. Whites was 34 deaths per 1000 total births, for Blacks 51/1000, for Puerto Ricans 41/1000, and for Orientals 23/1000. A number of disorders were responsible for these differences. Premature rupture of the fetal membranes occurred 92% more often in Blacks than in Whites, marked placental growth retardation 56% more often, amniotic fluid infections 45% more often, and major congenital malformations 15% more often. Most other disorders were less common in Blacks than in Whites. Stratifying the data by selected factors, such as prepregnancy body weight and antenatal medical care, eliminated or greatly reduced almost all of these interracial differences. The only major unexplained differences remaining were an excess of amniotic fluid infections and major congenital malformations in Blacks, and an excess of abruptio placentae and large placental infarcts in Whites. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.857_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Validation of students' self-reported cigarette smoking status with plasma cotinine levels Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, C.L. Author-Name: Eng, A. Author-Name: Botvin, G.J. Author-Name: Hill, P. Author-Name: Wynder, E.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1272-1274 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1272 Abstract: Plasma cotinine levels were measured in 137 students (ages 14 to 17 years), as an independent validation of self-reported cigarette smoking status. Ninety-five per cent of the students who reported daily cigarette smoking had detectable cotinine levels. In contrast, only 2 per cent of students who reported that they never smoke cigarettes had detectable levels of plasma cotinine. Results suggest that adolescents can report accurately on their smoking status if sufficient assurance of confidentiality is stressed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1272_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of multi-media motivation in enhancing compliance of hypertensives discovered at a screening operation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: SerVaas, B. Author-Name: Weinberger, M.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 382-384 Abstract: Hypertension has been identified as a major public health problem in the United States today and as a leading cause of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. Recent evidence has demonstrated that with effective blood pressure control the morbid and mortal consequences of hypertension can be reduced. The asymptomatic nature of hypertension has hampered its detection and effective treatment. Screening programs for hypertension detection have been hampered in their ability to deliver hypertensives to an effective source of medical care and to achieve effective blood pressure control because of a variety of behavioristic or attitudinal deficiencies. The present study was signed to develop a motivational 'package', using the 'multi-media' approach of advertising to address some of these previously identified motivational defects. This approach was compared to more traditional methods of motivation in order to evaluate its effectiveness in stimulating hypertensives detected at a screening site to seek medical care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:382-384_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Determinants of genocide fear in a rural Texas community: A research note Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Farrell Jr., W.C. Author-Name: Dawkins, M.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 605-607 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.605 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.605 Abstract: Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to females 15-44 years of age and their most significant male partner from a 7 percent stratified random sample in Waller Country, Texas. Analysis revealed that five independent variables combined explained 19 percent of the variance in race genocide fear (R2 = .19; p < .01). The most important predictors of genocide fear were sex. Beta = .33; p < .001) and education (Beta = .14; p < .01). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.605_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality and the business cycle: some questions about research strategies when utilizing macro-social and ecological data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kasl, S.V. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 784-788 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:784-788_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A student community dental experience with migrant farmworker families and the rural poor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnett, S.E. Author-Name: Call, R.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1107-1113 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1107 Abstract: For the past six years, 78 dental students have worked with 25 rural dentists to provide over 31,000 dental health services to migrant patients for all of Colorado's agricultural communities. In 1977, each of 19 dental students averaged over $538 per week in value of comprehensive dental services, including preventive and peridontal services (36 per cent, N=3,006); restorative services (46 per cent, N=3,904); surgical services (8 per cent, N=705); services in pulp therapy (5 per cent, N=413); and an additional 5 per cent (N=412) in miscellaneous services. A unique combination of federal resources from the Departments of Labor, and of Health, Education and Welfare, were combined through the Colorado State Health Department and the University of Colorado Medical Center to finance the program. Quality assurance in the program was demonstrated by: 1) a relatively low extraction to restoration ratio (1 to 5) when compared to reported studies (1 to 2); 2) a relatively low extract to root canal therapy (10 to 1) when compared to reported studies (400 to 1); 3) no statistical difference between students and rural practitioners in the quality of services as determined by peer review study. This dental program is an integrated component of a comprehensive program combining student and professional services in medicine, nursing, nutrition and health education. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1107_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical trials and international health research Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, C.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 981-983 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.981 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.981 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.981_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Validation of a poison prevention program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braden, B.T. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 942-944 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.942 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.942 Abstract: The effectiveness of an empirically designed poison warning label and an educational program for three and four year old children was assessed in four groups of 39 such children, with one group serving as a control. The educational program appeared to improve intellectual (verbal) awareness of poisons, the label to improve visual discrimination, and the combination of the two to have the greatest overall impact. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.942_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diabetes among the three affiliated tribes: Correlation with degree of Indian inheritance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brosseau, J.D. Author-Name: Eelkema, R.C. Author-Name: Crawford, A.C. Author-Name: Abe, T.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1277-1278 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1277 Abstract: The health records of all members of the Three Affiliated Indian Tribes of Fort Berthold, North Dakota were reviewed in order to define the extent of diabetes in this population. Full-inheritance Indians age 35 years and older have a known prevalence rate of diabetes of 22.3 per cent; persons between half- and full-inheritance Indian have a rate of 14.9 per cent; persons less than one-half Indian inheritance have a rate of 4.1 per cent, the same as whites living on this reservation. Below age 35, diabetes is rare among all racial subgroups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1277_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in respiratory system cancer mortality in Louisiana: Geographic distributions in 1950-1969 and 1967-1976 compared Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothschild, H. Author-Name: Voors, A.W. Author-Name: Weed, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 4 Pages: 380-381 Abstract: Louisiana became of epidemiological concern because mortality rates due to respiratory system cancers (RSC) in white males were the highest in the nation according to Mason and McKay's 1950-1969 data. Of Louisiana's 64 parishes (counties), 34 had rates in the top 10 per cent nationally. To update parish-specific rates of mortality attributable to RSC in Louisiana, and to investigate clustering and the stability of geographic trends over time, we determined rates for 1967-1976. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:4:380-381_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Body contact swimming rescues - what are the risks? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dahl, A.M. Author-Name: Miller, D.I. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 150-152 Abstract: A survey of 482 lifeguards and Water Safety Instructors revealed that at least one-half had performed body contact swimming rescues (BCRs). Over two-thirds of these BCRs occurred when the lifesaver was relatively inexperienced in actual water rescues of any kind although virtually all rescuers had received formal lifesaving training. The victim tried to grasp the rescuer in 26% of the BCRs which took place in swimming pools and 39% of those occurring in lakes. Most of these attempts were made during the approach and were predominantly from the front, around the rescuer's head and neck or wrists and arms. Since the majority of victims were younger and smaller than their rescuers and got into difficulty less than 3 m from safety, only a small proportion of the grasps were perceived as endangering the lifesaver. Consequently, the victim was often permitted to retain the hold while being rescued. Grasps which were reported to be threatening tended to be applied by individuals of equal or larger physical size than the rescuer and usually occurred at distances exceeding 3 m from safety. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:150-152_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of services of an HMO by new enrollees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Forthofer, R.N. Author-Name: Glasser, J.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1127-1131 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1127 Abstract: This study investigates whether there is a built-up demand for health services that surfaces when people enroll through a group plan in a Health Maintenance Organization. The study population consists of newly enrolled subscriber units of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (Oregon Region). The utilization variables examined include the number of inpatient and outpatient contacts with the Plan, the number and type of specific services performed, and the type of outpatient contact. The enrollees were followed over 12 quarters (three years). The analysis showed that the first quarter stood out in three respects: its average number of inpatient and outpatient contacts were the lowest of any quarter; the mean numbers of radiology services and laboratory tests per outpatient contact were the highest during this quarter; and the highest proportion or regularly scheduled contacts and the lowest rate of patient cancellation of visits occurred during the first quarter. Hence, these data are not supportive of the idea of a built-up demand. Rather they suggest that the enrollee requires some time to learn how to deal with the system; and, once a new member contacts the system, the system may perform a number of tests to obtain baseline data about the enrollee. Additional analysis did not suggest the presence of any time trends in the utilization data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1127_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A survey of mental health service coverage within Health Maintenance Organizations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levin, B.L. Author-Name: Glasser, J.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1120-1125 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1120 Abstract: This 1978 national survey of all operating Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) provided information on the current status of mental health services utilization and service coverage within HMOs. It achieved a 68 per cent response rate. Approximately 90 per cent (108) of the HMOs offered mental health services through basic or supplemental coverage plans; HMO organization characteristics reflected relative heterogeneity; the mean monthly costs for basic health plan coverage (physical and mental health services) were $33.85 (for individuals) and $95.15 (for families); HMOs reported lower physical and mental health hospital utilization and higher ambulatory utilization when compared to more traditional forms of health insurance coverage. The present coverage and utilization of mental health services within HMOs reflect greater variability of benefits and utilization within HMOs. There is need for further studies of mental health utilization in relation to organizational structure and delivery pattern relationships within HMOs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1120_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does mortality affect fertility? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wyon, J.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 549-552 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.549 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.549 Abstract: Policy makers concerned with the social and economic development of less developed countries (LDCs) strongly desire to know whether mortality affects fertility and, if so, how much. Through their approaches and skills, demographers have made significant contributions toward resolving these concerns by developing a persuasive theory of demographic transition. This theory, and the assembled evidence, justify the emphasis development planners have placed on the need to control birth rates so that rapid population growth does not nullify the efforts of national governments to provide a reasonable measure of welfare for all their people. Consequently, for the past 20 years family planning programs have absorbed an important fraction of the effort and expenditures authorized by planning commissions and ministries of health and/or family planning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.549_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The stability of health and illness behavior: Results from a 16-year follow-up Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mechanic, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1142-1145 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1142 Abstract: In 1977, 302 young adults who were among 350 children first studied in 1961 responded to a questionnaire related to their health and illness behavior. Ten types of adult health and illness behaviors and orientations are examined including seat belt use, smoking, exercise, drinking, and risk taking. These patterns are associated only to a modest degree, and patterns of health and illness behavior appear to have low levels of continuity over a 16-year period (correlations varying from .02 to .20). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1142_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Operation of the coconut fiber/burnt rice husks filter for supplying drinking water to rural communities in Southeast Asia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frankel, R.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 75-76 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:75-76_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of prepaid dental health care by students in health professional schools Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Legler, D.W. Author-Name: Hughes, M.L. Author-Name: Bradley Jr., E.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1017-1020 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1017 Abstract: Utilization of prepaid dental health care was studied, involving health professional students in an open panel program at the University of Alabama Medical Center. Major barriers to treatment were eliminated and optimal conditions for utilization established. Annual utilization ranged from 44-61% during the period extending from 1969-70 to 1975-76. The majority of enrollees treated sought care from the Student Dental Health Plan (SDHP) clinic, rather than from private practitioners. Thirteen percent of recent graduates presented for treatment at least once each year during their tenure as students, 57% sought care in more than one year, and 24% did not seek care at all. It was concluded that factors other than cost, accessibility, and educational level operate to prevent total utilization of prepaid dental health care in a young adult age group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1017_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who bought the cars in which people are injured? An exploratory study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, S.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 76-78 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:76-78_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Awareness, opinion and behavioral intention of urban women regarding mammography Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berkanovic, E. Author-Name: Reeder, S.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1172-1174 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1172 Abstract: A representative sample of women living in metropolitan Los Angeles were asked what they heard and what they believed about mammography and whether they would obtain a mammogram if their doctor advised it. Forty percent of these women said they had not heard of mammography even after the procedure was described. Few of those who had heard of mammography had negative feelings about it. Further, 93 percent of the overall sample said they would obtain a mammogran if their physician recommended it. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1172_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measles in a partially immunized community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wintermeyer, L. Author-Name: Myers, M.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 923-927 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.923 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.923 Abstract: During the investigation of a measles outbreak in a rural community, a spectrum of illness was observed which ranged in severity from a brief febrile illness to one characteristic of typical measles. Unimmunized children were more apt to develop measles (p<0.001) than were immunized children. However, a proportion of both the immunized and unimmunized children developed a milder, 'measles-associated', illness. Employing a logistic model, it was demonstrated that the probability of developing either measles or 'measles-associated' illness decreased with increasing age at immunization but was not affected by the interval since immunization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.923_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of a technical questionnaire in laboratory proficiency testing Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neimeister, R.P. Author-Name: Wilf, C.Z. Author-Name: Cocklin, J.H. Author-Name: Bartola, J. Author-Name: Pidcoe, V. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1170-1172 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1170 Abstract: As an adjunct to laboratory improvement, a technical questionnaire concerning specific steps of the more commonly employed laboratory procedures was incorporated into three proficiency testing evaluations: syphilis serology, mycobacteriology, and parasitology. This addition to proficiency testing revealed some basic and detrimental procedural deviations which could affect the validity of reported clinical values. These procedural deviations were communicated to the laboratories in an attempt to improve performance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1170_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Competency-based training of health professions teachers in seven developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vanderschmidt, L. Author-Name: Massey, J.A. Author-Name: Arias, J. Author-Name: Duong, T. Author-Name: Haddad, J. Author-Name: Noche, L.K. Author-Name: Kronfol, N. Author-Name: Lo, E.K. Author-Name: Rizyal, S.B. Author-Name: Shrestha, M.P. Author-Name: Yepes, F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 585-590 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.585 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.585 Abstract: The Center for Educational Development in Health (CEDH) field tested its text, Systematic Course Design for the Health Fields, a manual on the application of competency-based curriculum development techniques. A competency-based approach to curriculum design derives instructional objectives, content, and evaluation from the on-the-job responsibilities for the health worker being trained. For purpose of the field test, ten national field directors from Cameroon, Colombia, Honduras, Lebanon, Malaysia, Nepal, and Vietnam trained by CEDH in Boston taught teacher training workshops based on the Systematic Course Design (SCD) model to a range of health professionals in their own countries. The purpose of the field test was to ascertain whether the systematic course design method was applicable in developing countries. Evaluation of the teacher training workshops was conducted during and immediately after instruction, and again a year later. Men and women numbering 167, representing a range of 29 health professions, participated in the workshops. Participants designed 132 courses based on the SCD model and taught 54 courses to about 2,000 students. In Colombia, Honduras, Malaysia, and Lebanon, the national field directors applied the method to a range of activities. During 1975 and 1976 (the period of study) they taught 11 additional teacher training workshops on SCD to 140 health professionals, developed and taught 11 courses themselves, and provided consultation to 12 other health professional schools and governmental agencies in their own and neighboring countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.585_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of age-specific burn injury rates in five Massachusetts communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacKay, A. Author-Name: Halpern, J. Author-Name: McLoughlin, E. Author-Name: Locke, J. Author-Name: Crawford, J.D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1146-1150 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1146 Abstract: We measured burn incidence rates for residents of five Massachusetts cities. The data set included all non-occupational burn injuries and cases of smoke inhalation requiring treatment on an inpatient or an outpatient basis in a hospital, occurring between October 1, 1973 and September 30, 1976. Rates of burn injuries by age, and by burn type were calculated for each city. Examination of the data revealed large differences in the magnitude of the age-specific incidence rates among cities but remarkably similar patterns of rates for each city. Differences in the economic status among the cities and among census tracts within the cities appeared to explain a large proportion of the variation in the crude burn rates. A similar specificity of certain types of burn injury by age and sex was common to each city. These findings can be used by health education specialists to design and implement burn prevention programs in these communities appropriate for those individuals at highest risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1146_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic impact of a community-wide waterborne outbreak of gastrointestinal illness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker Jr., E.L. Author-Name: Peterson, W. Author-Name: Von Allmen, S. Author-Name: Fleming, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 501-502 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:501-502_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a group nutrition education approach to effective weight loss and control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelly, K.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 813-814 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:813-814_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strikes by health workers: A look at the concept, ethics, and impacts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wolfe, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 5 Pages: 431-433 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:5:431-433_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Risk factors of lip cancer: A critical evaluation based on epidemiological comparisons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lindqvist, C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 256-260 Abstract: A description is given of the occurrence of lip, skin, and intraoral cancers in Finland in the period 1953-1973 with the aim of testing certain etiologic hypotheses. In addition, data on lip cancer were correlated with those of some other types of cancer. Substantial differences with respect to various epidemiologic parameters were found between lip and skin cancers. However, there were similarities between lip cancer and cancers of the upper gastrointestinal canal and respiratory organs (especially lung cancer). Negative geographic correlation was found between the age-adjusted incidence rate of lip cancer and that of cancers of the colon and prostate. In addition, the correlation was highly negative for the median income per capita (p<0.001). It was concluded that, in terms of cancer etiology, lip cancer is more closely related to cancer of the oral cavity than to that of the skin. Moreover, some specific socioeconomic factors associated with a low standard of living must be considered as noteworthy risk factors of lip cancer. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:256-260_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Indication of viruses in shellfish growing waters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Metcalf, T.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1093-1094 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1093 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1093 Abstract: Shellfish virology research needs to take some new directions. A vigorous, imaginative program which places primary emphasis upon those enteric virus pathogens and conditions actually involved in shellfish transmitted disease is needed. The initial key goal of such a program would be development of appropriate means for the detection of these particular pathogens, either by recovery in cell or organ cultures, or by immunologic-associated methods of adequate sensitivity and specificity. Designation of a standard method would follow and the health risks for both consumers of virus polluted shellfish, (and) those exposed to secondary infections, could be determined. An informed decision about an acceptable level of risk could then be made. The end result of such a program would be better protection of public health in general, and a possibility that the number of shellfishing waters approved for the taking of shellfish could be increased. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1093_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the relationship of sodium in drinking water and toxemia of pregnancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jones, R.F. Author-Name: Cech, I.I. Author-Name: Holguin, A.H. Author-Name: Hardy, R.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 917-921 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.917 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.917 Abstract: This study is a retrospective case comparison analysis of the relationship of water-borne Na+ and toxemia of pregnancy as a part of a continuous investigation at our facility on the role of various water constituents in human chronic disease. Five hundred thirty-seven toxemic pregnant women delivered at Jefferson Davis Hospital, Houston, Texas, during 1976 were matched by age, race, obstetrical history, and month of delivery to 537 non-toxemic controls. Sodium concentration in each patient's drinking water was derived, based on her address, from earlier prepared maps of sodium distribution in Houston's water supplies. Paired t-tests were performed to compare the Na+ levels, which varied from 19 to 250 mg/l in water supplies of cases and controls. Odds ratio analysis was used to test for the presence of a gradient in occurrence of toxemia in parallel with the gradient of Na+. No significant impact of water-borne Na+ in the indicated range was observed. Further studies incorporating still higher ranges are contemplated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.917_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hazards in the hospital: Educating the workforce through its union Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, M.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1040-1043 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1040 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1040 Abstract: The hospital workforce is exposed to many occupational hazards of which most hospital workers are unaware. The author and another health educator, both employed with the California State Department of Health, conducted occupational health and safety educational sessions for the membership of a hospital workers' union. These sessions taught non-professional workers how to recognize hospital hazards, how to eliminate or minimize these hazards, and informed workers of their legal rights under the California Occupational Safety and Health act. The authors first had to convince the union health and safety officer that the authors had skills and information which would be of benefit to the union. Once that hurdle was crossed, the authors encountered some difficulty conducting an adequate needs assessment and including the target population in the planning of the educationals. Two series of educational sessions for rank-and-file members were conducted and were enthusiastically received by those attending, with a request for more sessions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1040_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New options for diagnosis and control of gonorrheal urethritis in males using uncentrifuged first voided urine (FVU) as a specimen for culture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Murray, E.S. Author-Name: Benfari, M.J.F. Author-Name: Coppola, S.R. Author-Name: Hughes, M.D. Author-Name: Feng, W.C. Author-Name: Medeiros, R.M. Author-Name: Kunz, L.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 596-598 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.596 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.596 Abstract: The present communication presents a strictly controlled follow-up study in 514 men using uncentrifuged FVU for diagnosis of gonococcal infection in the male, and discusses its implications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.596_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implications of rubella susceptibility in young adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chappell, J.A. Author-Name: Taylor, M.A.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 279-281 Abstract: Rubella history and antibody titre were determined for 457 medical, graduate, and physician assistant students. Eighteen per cent were estimated at risk for rubella. There were no male-female differences. Health-profession students did not differ in rubella immune status from the general population. History was not helpful in assessing immune status. Approximately one-half of persons with low antibody titres had considered themselves immune, while one-half with moderate to high antibody titres had considered themselves at risk. Less than one-half of students with low antibody titres available themselves of immunization which was recommended and offered. With a high percentage of adult females at risk for rubella even in a health-motivated population and with poor follow-up on recommended immunization, current immunization practises must be improved if congenital rubella syndrome is to be further reduced. Mass inoculation of school age males and prepubertal school age females without prior determination of rubella antibody titres is suggested as a cost-effective means of decreasing incidence of congenital rubella syndrome. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:279-281_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statistical models of the demand for emergency medical services in an urban area Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kvalseth, T.O. Author-Name: Deems, J.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 250-255 Abstract: First- and second-order statistical regression models are presented for the Emergency Medical services (EMS) demand in an urban area as it relates to various socioeconomic, demographic, and other characteristics of the areas. Individual models are formulated for different types of medical emergencies with the city of Atlanta, GA, serving as the data base. These models are generally shown to provide excellent fits to the empirical data. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:250-255_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Presence of observers at patient-practitioner interactions: Impact on coordination of care and methodologic implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Starfield, B. Author-Name: Steinwachs, D. Author-Name: Morris, I. Author-Name: Bause, G. Author-Name: Siebert, S. Author-Name: Westin, C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1021-1025 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1021 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1021 Abstract: In this study in an urban practice, the presence of a neutral observer at follow-up visits enhanced the extent to which practitioners recognized problems which patients had in a previous visit. This improvement was limited to those problems which initially had been mentioned by patients as requiring follow-up. Follow-up of problems initially mentioned by practitioners as needing follow-up was not improved by the observer unless the problem was also mentioned by the patient. Investigators whose information about practitioner-patient interaction depends upon the presence of an observer should be aware of this and possibly other effects. Although routine involvement of a neutral observer in patient-practitioner interactions is probably undesirable, selected deployment of observers or similar alternatives may be useful in situations where practitioner-patient communication is inadequate. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1021_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing depression outcomes in group practice clinics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braswell, H.R. Author-Name: Williamson, J.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1281-1283 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1281 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1281 Abstract: The application of a protocol for the initial assessment of medical care outcomes of geriatric depression management in our multispecialty group practice clinics is described. The clinical findings of this study are limited, but the protocol for the assessment of depression outcomes was found to be feasible, practical and acceptable in all four clinics. The success of the study has positive implications both for improving management of depressed clinic patients and for adapting this quality assurance approach to other health conditions and care settings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1281_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A dosage response curve for the one rad range: Adult risks from diagnostic radiation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bross, I.D.J. Author-Name: Ball, M. Author-Name: Falen, S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 130-136 Abstract: Most exposures to low-level ionizing radiation, both diagnostic x-rays and nuclear radiation, occur in the range between 100 milirads and 10 rads- the 'one rad range'. In the past, the estimates of hazards in this range have been obtained by linear extrapolation from data on persons who were exposed to much higher dosages, generally in the centirad range used in radiotherapy of non-malignant disease. This article presents the first dosage response curve for the one rad ever to be developed directly from data on men exposed to ordinary diagnostic radiation. The findings are based on approximately 220 men with nonlymphatic leukemia and more than 270 random-sample controls from the Tri-State Survey. The new findings suggest that the estimates previously obtained by extrapolation from high dosage levels to low dose levels underestimate the actual hazard by an order of magnitude. The new dosage response curves indicate that linear extrapolation fails because it disregards the subgroups in the general population that are particularly vulnerable to x-ray. There are immediate implications concerning the use of medical x-rays in screening or for routine purposes. The past risk-benefit calculations are based on extrapolative estimates and require drastic revision. Uses of x-ray which were previously marginal are now clearly counterindicated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:130-136_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Farm tractor fatalities: The failure of voluntary safety standards Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Karlson, T. Author-Name: Noren, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 146-149 Abstract: There are no governmental standards for operator protection which require compliance by farm tractor manufacturers. To see how the Wisconsin farming population fares under voluntary safety standards, death certificate data were used to determine rates of tractor-associated fatal injuries. The injury death rate associated with tractors on farms increased from 10.9 per 100.000 male farm residents during 1961-1965 to 13.6/100,000 during 1971-1975 (p < .05). Deaths associated with overturning trators were most common; with death rates of 6/100,000 male farm residents for 1961-1975. The rise in tractor-associated death rates shows that voluntary safety standards are not protecting the farm population. Rollover protective structures (ROPS) are designed to protect operators when tractors overturn but under voluntary safety standards these ROPS are sold only as optional accessory devices. Current Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations which require ROPS for employees operating tractors do not protect self-employed famers and their families. It is recommended that the government require all tractors sold to be equipped with ROPS as is currently the case in England and Sweden. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:146-149_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rescreening for gonorrhea: An evaluation of compliance methods and results Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Judson, F.N. Author-Name: Wolf, F.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1178-1180 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1178 Abstract: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a routine rescreening (RS) culture several weeks after treatment for gonorrhea, as well as the specific efforts to ensure return visits, we followed 438 consecutive patients, 347 men and 91 women. Return visit compliance rates were 70% for a test-of-cure culture, 27% for a six-week RS, and 15% at 12 weeks. The program detected seven cases of gonorrhea at $796 per case. In our clinic, RS is not a cost-effective way to control gonorrhea. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1178_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cesarean section, fetal monitoring and perinatal mortality in California Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, R.L. Author-Name: Hawes, W.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 864-870 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.864 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.864 Abstract: The rate of cesarean section in California has been growing at a compound rate of about 10 per cent per annum since 1969, coinciding with the advent of fetal monitoring. It is of interest, therefore, to study the distribution and efficacy of obstetric interventions. Information derived from the 1977 California birth cohort and a survey questionnaire was used to study the factors associated with the rate of cesarean section in 323 hospitals. Significant positive correlations were observed between the cesarean rate (CSR) and hospital factors indicative of a high degree of technology, including the proportion of labors electronically monitored. Significant negative correlations were observed between the CSR and hospital-specific variables suggestive of socioeconomically underprivileged patient populations. Other fators being constant, hospitals characterized by prepayment health care financing also had lower CSRs. A standarridized mortality ratio (SMR) based on 2.3 million births in the 1970-1976 cohorts was used to adjust the 1977 hospital specific perinatal mortality rates for birth weight, gestational age, sex, race, and plurality. The results show that hospitals which intervene technologically in a large proportion of births have lower risk adjusted perinatal mortality rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.864_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening: A cost-benefit analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Layde, P.M. Author-Name: Von Allmen, S.D. Author-Name: Oakley Jr., G.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 566-573 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.566 Abstract: The prenatal detection of fetal neural tube defects (NTD) is now possible by means of a multi-tiered program utilizing maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening coupled with ultrasonography and amniocentesis where indicated. This paper considers the economic consequences of screening for fetal NTD a theoretical cohort of 100,000 pregnant women at risk of having an affected fetus who would elect to terminate their pregnancies if an affected fetus were found. The cost of the program was balanced against the benefits of the program, such as the averted costs of institutionalization, medical care, and the like. The total cost of the program to screen 100,000 such women was calculated to be $2,047,780 or slightly over $20 per woman screened, while the total economic benefits exceeded $4,000,000. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.566_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health consequences of the snow disaster in Massachusetts, February 6, 1978 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glass, R.I. Author-Name: O'Hare, P. Author-Name: Conrad, J.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1047-1049 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1047 Abstract: On February 6, 1978, the largest New England blizzard of the century struck eastern Massachusetts. On request, four days later, the Center for Disease Control provided epidemiologic assistance. On-site disaster assistance provided decision-makers with immediate health surveillance information useful in helping the area return to normal. No outbreaks of infectious diseases and no significant increase in the number of deaths were observed in the week following the blizzard. Some of the deaths which occurred immediately after the blizzard might have been prevented if traffic had been banned earlier. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1047_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A performance comparison: USMG-FMG attending physicians. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saywell Jr., R.M. Author-Name: Studnicki, J. Author-Name: Bean, J.A. Author-Name: Ludke, R.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 57-62 Abstract: To determine whether patterns of differences in performance exist between United States Medical Graduate and Foreign Medical Graduate attending Physicians, two types of inpatient hospital audits (Payne Process Audit and the Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals' Performance Evaluation Program-P.E.P. Audit) were conducted in 22 Maryland and Pennsylvania non-federal, short-term hospitals. A total of 6,980 medical records were abstracted from eight diagnostic categories for 1,321 attending physicians; 985 of which were USMGs and 331 were FMGs. The results from both audits indicate that while there is evidence of a strong hospital-type of physician interaction for many of the diagnoses, there was no significant overall difference in performance between USMG and FMG attending physicians. The largest and most consistent differences in physician performance were associated with hospital characteristics, not physician characteristics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:57-62_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intestinal parasitism and public health practices in institutions for mentally retarded people Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garrard, S.D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1211-1213 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1211 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1211_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Attitudes of women and men physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heins, M. Author-Name: Hendricks, J. Author-Name: Martindale, L. Author-Name: Smock, S. Author-Name: Stein, M. Author-Name: Jacobs, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1132-1139 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1132 Abstract: Attitudinal data obtained from interviewing random samples of women and men physicians in metropolitan Detroit indicated that women were generally more liberal and egalitarian than men. Older women were more liberal/egalitarian than older men while younger men were closer in attitudes to younger women. Within specialties, women and men physicians frequently held similar attitudinal scores; however, controlling for age, sex accounted for more variation than did specialty. A weighted combination of variables which together most significantly discriminated between age and sex subgroups pointed to a sensitivity dimension. This was stronger in the women; yet men demonstrating a similar sensitivity were found in almost every age and specialty grouping. Although younger men physicians are less conservative than older men physicians, both younger and older women physicians demonstrated strong liberalism/egalitarianism. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1132_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Clinical methods in smoking cessation: Description and evaluation of a stop smoking clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harrup, T. Author-Name: Hansen, B.A. Author-Name: Soghikian, K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1226-1231 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1226 Abstract: This study reports the results of the Kaiser-Permanente Stop Smoking Clinic and describes the philosophy and methods employed by the clinic in treating addictive smoking behavior. Of the 1,128 clients who registered for the group program, 57 per cent are abstinent six months after quitting smoking and 47 per cent are abstinent at one year. The clinic methods used are described in detail. They attempt to relate smoking behavior to the larger phenomenon of addiction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1226_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: California's new birth certificate law: some lessons to be learned Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lappe, M. Author-Name: Myers, B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 706-707 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:706-707_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Training and education of professional environmental health manpower: A state perspective Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gilbertson, W.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 120-122 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:120-122_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of written drug information on patient knowledge and compliance: A literature review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morris, L.A. Author-Name: Halperin, J.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-52 Abstract: The prospect of patient-oriented prescription drug labeling has focused increased attention on the effectiveness of written information for the consumer. Studies which have evaluated the effects of written prescription drug information in a patient population are reviewed. Several studies indicate that written information can be effective in improving patient compliance with regimens for antibiotic therapy. However, for drugs used on a long-term basis, written information as a sole intervention has not been shown to be sufficient for improving patient compliance. Patient knowledge of less commonly known information, such as precautions, side effects, or special directions is frequently improved by written information. Listing a drug's side effects has not been shown to increase the reported experience of side effects; however, one study suggests that patients may be more willing to report side effects to a health professional if they are listed in the written information. The trend for recent studies has been to focus on the 'milieu' in which written information is provided or to systematically vary structural features of the information in order to improve the quality of drug communications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:47-52_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identification and evaluation of competencies of public health nutritionists Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sims, L.S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1099-1105 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1099 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1099 Abstract: The Delphi Technique was used to elicit a number of essential competencies expected of the 'entry-level' public health nutritionist from members of Graduate Faculties of Programs in Public Health Nutrition. Questionnaires composed of 'compentency statements' were constructed from these responses and sent to practitioners in public health nutrition. The questionnaire requested evaluation of the 'necessity' of each competency. Responses served as the basis for 'factor analysis' procedures, employed to obtain clusters of competency functions expected of the nutritionist. From the 109 competency items originally identified, 17 competency scales were derived from the factor analysis. A ranking from both faculties and practitioners revealed that both groups highly rated competencies to communicate, to counsel and deal with clients/patients, and to interpret scientific data in 'lay language'. Less important in the ranking were competencies which dealt with administrative abilities, program planning, legislative activism, and consumer advocacy. These findings have implications for the practitioner in public health nutrition as well as for academic groups who must plan and evaluate curricula in public health nutrition and in other fields of public health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1099_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alpha-fetoprotein and the prenatal detection of neural tube defects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milunsky, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 552-553 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.552 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.552 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.552_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of men most likely to respond to an invitation to be screened Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greenlick, M.R. Author-Name: Bailey, J.W. Author-Name: Wild, J. Author-Name: Grover, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1011-1015 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1011 Abstract: Some of the characteristics of men, with known risk factors, who were most likely to respond to an invitation to be screened in a national randomized clinical trial to prevent heart disease were determined in 18,872 men, 35-57 yr of age, members of the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Oregon. Demographic characteristics and risk factor variables (blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and cigarette smoking levels) were abstracted from medical records. The men were ranked high priority or low priority according to level of risk. All age-eligible men in the health plan received at least one invitation to be screened, with high-priority men receiving more invitations. Despite concentrated efforts to bring them in, less than one-half the high-priority men were screened. Participants were older and wealthier than non-participants, and more likely to have more dependents and to routinely use medical services. Whether or not a man received a medical care service within the preceding two years was a powerful discriminating variable in both the univariate and multivariate analyses reported. The findings suggest that health care programs serving a stable population group should give more consideration to screening in routine medical care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1011_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On correlation between SIDS rates and general infant mortality rates. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Savitz, D.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 82 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:82_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blizzard morbidity and mortality: Rhode Island, 1978 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Faich, G. Author-Name: Rose, R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1050-1052 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1050 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1050 Abstract: The total number of outpatient visits to 10 hospital emergency rooms declined 64% and emergency admissions 35% immediately after the February 1978 blizzard in Rhode Island; both quickly returned to normal levels. Three days after the storm, admissions for myocardial infarction increased markedly. Total mortality and ischemic heart disease deaths showed a considerable increase for the five-day period following the blizzard. The physical and psychological stress of the blizzard probably precipitated cardiac deaths in susceptible individuals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1050_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feasibility of the randomized response technique in rural Ethiopia Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chow, L.P. Author-Name: Gruhn, W. Author-Name: Chang, W.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 273-276 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:273-276_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A rubella screening and immunization program in an adolescent clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Falvo, C.E. Author-Name: Weiss, K.E. Author-Name: Liss, S.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 283-285 Abstract: Sera from 1,768 adolescent women were tested for rubella HAI titer. Overall, 20.1% (355) of the patients screened were susceptible. The follow-up vaccination rate was 37.7% over the 3-yr period with yearly variations ranging from 13.8 to 43.6%. Among the 134 vaccinees, 91 had been reported to the Virus Research Laboratory and 43 (32% of the vaccinees) were identified through the chart review. As of December 31, 1977, 84% of the vaccinees had returned to confirm seroconversion. The seroconversion rate for the group tested was 95%. During the month of April 1977, 147 adolescent women visited the clinic. Review of 145 charts (2 could not be located) revealed that 61 had serum for rubella HAI titer drawn during the April visit and 47 had had the serum drawn within the preceding 12 mth. Thus, 74% (108 of the 145) of adolescent women seen had had appropriate rubella serologic screening. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:283-285_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Side effects of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in adults Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Middaugh, J.P. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 246-249 Abstract: During a mass diphtheria-tetanus immunization campaign in November 1975, more than 220,000 doses of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, adult type were administered to adults throughout Alaska. In Anchorage, where more than 87,000 doses were given, a survey was conducted to determine the frequency of side effects. Postcard questionnaires were mailed to 2,000 randomly selected Anchorage residents; 467 questionnaires were returned by the post office as undeliverable, and 697 questionnaires were completed and returned. A follow-up survey was done of a random sample of the 836 non-responders. Of those responding, 57.8% reported at least 1 reaction to the toxoids. The most frequent side effects were sore arm (42.7%), swelling at the site of injection (34.8%), and itching (24.2%). Serious side effects occurred less frequently - swelling of the arm below the elbow (1.1%) and abscess or infection (0.7%). Of those vaccinated, 05.% saw a physician. There were no statistically significant differences in reaction rates by age group, except for sore arms. The jet injector produced more arm swelling at the site of injection, hives, and itching. More women than men reported adverse reactions, especially sore arm, swelling at the site of injection, and itching. Fear of adverse side effects should not preclude mass vaccination of adults. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:246-249_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of health surveys in health systems agency planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phillips, H.T. Author-Name: Beza, A.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 221-222 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:221-222_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pre-hospital coronary care: The current case for a paramedic strategy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pozen, M.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-14 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:13-14_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Swine influenza vaccine program in the community: Acceptability, reactions and responses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Monto, A.S. Author-Name: Ross, H.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 233-237 Abstract: The operation of the national swine influenza immunization program was observed in the community of Tecumseh, Michigan. The purpose was to determine acceptability of a parenteral vaccine intended for the general population. Participation of the residents was excellent. More than 64 per cent of eligibles were vaccinated; this figure resembled that of the rest of the local area, but not the national figures nor a suburban area of Michigan where a similar study was carried out. Sore arm after vaccination was reported most frequently in younger female participants; however, sore arm was accepted as part of the process of vaccination and not considered a reaction by most. Such perceived reactions were not as commonly reported as in the large suburban area. Antibody response to the vaccine was excellent, not only in terms of antibodies to the swine virus itself but also in terms of cross reactive antibodies to the emergent H1N1 (Russian) influenza strain. As a result of the program, many vaccine recipients in the 25 to 49 year age groups are protected against this new epidemic virus. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:233-237_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: I. Factors associated with successful resuscitation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisenberg, M. Author-Name: Bergner, L. Author-Name: Hallstrom, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-38 Abstract: As part of an evaluation of whether the addition of paramedic services can reduce mortality from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared to previously existing emergency medical technician (EMT) services, factors associated with successful resuscitation were studied. A surveillance system was established to identify cardiac arrest patients receiving emergency care and to collect pertinent information associated with the resuscitation. Outcomes (death, admission, and discharge) were compared in two areas with different types of prehospital emergency care (basic emergency medical technician services vs. paramedic services). During the period April 1976 through August 1977, 604 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest received emergency resuscitation. 81% of these episodes were attributed to primary heart disease. Considered separately, four factors were found to have a significant association with higher admission and discharge rates: paramedic service, rapid time to initiation of cardiopulmonary resucitation (CPR), rapid time to definitive care, and bystander-initiated CPR. Using multivariate analysis, rapid time to initiation of CPR and rapid time to definitive care were most predictive of admission and discharge. Age was also weakly predictive of discharge. These findings suggest that if reduction in mortality is to be maximized, cardiac arrest patients must have CPR initiated within four minutes and definitive care provided within ten minutes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:30-38_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health costs of air pollution: A study of hospitalization costs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carpenter, B.H. Author-Name: Chromy, J.R. Author-Name: Bach, W.D. Author-Name: LeSourd, D.A. Author-Name: Gillette, D.G. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1232-1241 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1232 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1232 Abstract: This study of the hospitalization costs of exposure to air pollution in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania was conducted to determine whether persons exposed to air pollution incurred higher hospital utilization rates and additional costs for treatment. A hospitalization data-base comprising 37,818 total admissions for respiratory, suspect circulatory diseases, and comparison circulatory diseases was tested in a cross-section type analysis for relationships between rates of hospitalization, length of stay, and levels of air quality in the neighborhoods of patients' residence. Air quality was identified using data from 49 monitoring stations. Corrections were made for race, age, sex, smoking habits, median income, and occupation. The results show that hospitalization rates, length of stay, and costs of respiratory and suspect circulatory system diseases were significantly greater among populations residing in the more polluted zones of the County. At average costs for hospitalization in this area in 1972, the total increased cost for the 1.6 million persons in the County was estimated at $9.8 million ($9.1 million for increased hospitalization rates and $0.7 million for increased length of stay). The total health costs resulting from air pollution exposure in this area would be much greater when non-hospitalization costs are also included. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1232_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The state mental hospital: A local health department's role Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anthony, N. Author-Name: Leff, A.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 64-67 Abstract: The publicizing of the abysmal conditions in state mental institutions and the problems precipitated by their deinstitutionalization programs, have challenged local health authorities to develop effective roles in ameliorating these difficulties. Longview State Hospital is a state mental hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Cincinnati Health Department acted as a change agent to deal with the hospital's many chronic problems and the new difficulties precipitated by moving patients into the community for care. The city conducted its own evaluation of the hospital and its deinstitutionalization program and strongly advocated needed improvements. Problems were encountered in implementing this advocacy role, particularly in relation to the local health department's authority regarding this state-funded and operated institution. However, the many city recommendations that were implemented, the increased funding given the hospital and the community mental health centers, the continuing communication between city and state officials, as well as a follow-up evaluation indicated that the Cincinnati Health Department had played a positive role in the change process. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:64-67_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health then and now: An ongoing tradition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 122 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:122_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of efforts to educate mothers about child development in pediatric office practices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chamberlin, R.W. Author-Name: Szumowski, E.K. Author-Name: Zastowny, T.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 875-886 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.875 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.875 Abstract: The efforts expended by pediatricians in a variety of private practice settings to educate mothers of first-born children about child behavior and development were examined in relation to various outcome measures of mother and child functioning over a timeperiod of one-and-a-half years. Mothers learned more about child development in group settings than in solo practice settings, but differences between medical groups with and without nurse practitioners were not significant. Mothers receiving care from pediatricians who made at least a moderate effort to teach, learned more about child development, described more use of positive contact with their children, and felt they were helped more in their childrearing efforts than did mothers receiving care from pediatricians who made little effort to teach. However, there were no significant differences in measures of the child's developmental status related to physician teaching input, and mothers exposed to higher levels of teaching input reported more behavioral problems with their children. The most important predictor of the child's developmental status at 18 months of age was the amount of positive contact between mother and child at one year. It is suggested that the effects of changing the frequency of well-child visits on the mothers' interaction patterns with their children and on their feelings of being supported by the physician be ascertained before making recommendations about the optimal number of such visits. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.875_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of drug abuse rehabilitation efforts: A review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinones, M.A. Author-Name: Doyle, K.M. Author-Name: Sheffet, A. Author-Name: Louria, D.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1164-1169 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1164 Abstract: During the 1960s, three modalities of treatment aimed at rehabilitation of the drug abuser (methadone maintenance, outpatient drug free treatment, and the residential therapeutic community) were developed. Large amounts of public and private monies have gone to supporting these modalities; little evaluation as to the efficacy of such rehabilitation efforts has been done. This paper attempts to delineate the evaluative research efforts undertaken in the drug field to date. In addition, the findings of an eight-year evaluation of six drug treatment programs in Newark, NJ are presented. The authors propose a paradigm for quick effective evaluation of drug and alcohol programs at minimal cost. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1164_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking cessation program: Baseline carbon monoxide and serum thiocyanate levels as predictors of outcome Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vogt, T.M. Author-Name: Selvin, S. Author-Name: Billings, J.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1156-1159 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1156 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1156 Abstract: 162 smokers who participated in an aggressive smoking cessation program underwent analysis of expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and serum thiocyanate (SCN) at entry and one year later. Persons who failed to quit smoking had higher baseline CO and SCN and smoked more cigarettes per day than did those who succeeded in quitting. The use of CO, SCN, number of cigarettes smoked age, and blood pressure at baseline permitted accurate classification of over 70% of the subjects into groups which would succeed and fail in their effort to quit smoking. Persons who failed to quit reduced the reported number of cigarettes smoked per day by one-third, but there was no corresponding reduction in CO and SCN, suggesting that self-reporting of a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked may not lead to a corresponding decline in exposure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1156_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of individuals who identify a regular source of medical care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lave, J.R. Author-Name: Lave, L.B. Author-Name: Leinhardt, S. Author-Name: Nagin, D. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 261-267 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:261-267_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of hepatitis B in 27 Michigan hemodialysis centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mayor, G.H. Author-Name: Hourani, M.R. Author-Name: Greenbaum, D.S. Author-Name: Jevitz Patterson, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 581-584 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.581 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.581 Abstract: A large epidemiological survey of in-hospital chronic hemodialysis patients was conducted in 27 (93 per cent) of the 29 dialysis centers in Michigan. Serum was collected from 699 patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis for periods from one month to eight years. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(s)Ag) was determined in all patients by radioimmunoassay and positive samples were confirmed by specific neutralization. Antibody against HB(s)Ag (anti-HB(s)) was determined by radioimmunoassay in 110 HB(s)Ag negative patients from six dialysis units with a high prevalence of hepatitis B. HB(s)Ag was detected in 80 (11.4%) patients distributed among 21 (78%) of 27 dialysis units and anti-HB(s) in 34 (31%) patients from the selected dialysis units. The prevalence of HB(s)Ag was related to duration of dialysis, number of blood transfusions, and to a history of bilateral nephrectomy, but not to age, sex, race, nor the underlying renal disease. 21 (26%) of the 80 HB(s)Ag positive patients had not been previously identified by the clinical laboratories of their institutions. Since preventive measures were not taken in the care of these inapparent carriers of HB(s)Ag, they represent an unrecognized risk. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.581_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stretching ideology to the utmost: Marxism and medical technology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bloom, B.S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1269-1271 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1269 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1269 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1269_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Marxian interpretation of the growth and development of coronary care technology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waitzkin, H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1260-1268 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1260 Abstract: Cost containment efforts will fail if they continue to ignore the structural relationships between health care costs and private profit in capitalist society. The recent history of coronary care shows that apparent irrationalities of health policy make sense from the standpoint of capitalist profit structure. Coronary care units (CCUs) gained wide acceptance, despite high costs. Studies of CCU effectiveness, using random controlled trials and epidemiologic techniques, do not show a consistent advantage of CCUs over non-intensive ward care or simple rest at home. From a Marxian perspective, the proliferation of CCUs and similar innovations is a complex historical process that includes initiatives by industrial corporations, cooperation by clinical investigators at academic medical centers, support by private philanthropies linked to corporate interests, intervention by state agencies, and changes in the health care labor force. Cost-effective methodology obscures the profit motive as a basic source of high costs and ineffective practices. Healthy-policy alternatives curtailing corporate involvement in medicine would reduce costs by restricting profit. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1260_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A vitamin profile of heroin addiction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: el-Nakah, A. Author-Name: Frank, O. Author-Name: Louria, D.B. Author-Name: Quinones, M.A. Author-Name: Baker, H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1058-1060 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1058 Abstract: Circulating thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinates, folates, vitamin B12, B6, A, and carotenes of 149 heroin addicts aged 17-60 years were compared to 204 healthy subjects not using drugs or vitamins. Only 24% of the addicts had no evidence of hypovitaminemia; 45% and 37% had vitamin B6 and folate deficit respectively, whereas deficits of thiamine, vitamin B12, riboflavin, and nicotinate were recorded for 13-19% of the addict population; impaired liver function in addicts did not influence these results. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1058_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parasitic disease control in a residential facility for the mentally retarded Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Author-Name: Simpson, S. Author-Name: Gordon, T.J. Author-Name: Wolfe, M. Author-Name: Kimball, A.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1279-1281 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1279 Abstract: Asymptomatic infection with either Entameba histolytica or Giardia lamblia was found in 61 per cent of the residents of a dormitory in an institution for the mentally retarded; two other dormitories had rates of 20 per cent and 22 per cent. Drug therapy was successfully undertaken in all three dormitories, and environmental improvements were introduced in the heavily infected dormitory. A one year follow-up showed a reduction in parasitic disease in two dormitories but, in the most heavily infected dormitory, infection had returned to pretreatment levels. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1279_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Failure of indicator bacteria to reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gerba, C.P. Author-Name: Goyal, S.M. Author-Name: LaBelle, R.L. Author-Name: Bodgan, G.F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1116-1119 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1116 Abstract: The results of several studies conducted along the upper Texas Gulf coast, where a substantial amount of quantitative virological data were collected, are compared to bacteriological indicators and other environmental factors on a statistical basis. Variables common to all these studies were analyzed by multivariate regression. Although multivariate analysis indicated that the number of viruses detected in water was related to rainfall, salinity, and total coliforms in the water, the amount of variation in the number of viruses accounted for by these factors was not large enough to make them good predictors. Enteroviruses were detected 43 per cent of the time in recreational waters considered acceptable as judged by coliform standards, and 44 per cent of the time when judged by fecal coliform standards. Enteroviruses were detected 35 per cent of the time in waters which met acceptable standards for shellfish-harvesting. Our failure to correlate the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine waters with indicator bacteria, and the frequent occurrence of enteroviruses in water which met current bacteriological standards, indicates that these standards do not reflect the occurrence of enteroviruses, and perhaps other human pathogenic viruses, in marine waters. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1116_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: California's new birth certificate law: a model for the nation? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hexter, A.C. Author-Name: Winkelstein Jr., W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 704-705 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:7:704-705_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost-benefit analysis: Caveat emptor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Boden, L.I. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1210-1211 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1210 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1210_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ascaris and growth rates: A randomized trial of treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Willett, W.C. Author-Name: Kilama, W.L. Author-Name: Kihamia, C.M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 987-991 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.987 Abstract: Three hundred forty-one Tanzanian preschool children were randomly assigned to levamisole or placebo treatment given at three-month intervals. Weights and heights were measured at the tri-monthly treatment visits for a period of one year. Among the 273 children who were seen and weighed at the one-year follow-up visit, the rate of weight gain was 8 per cent greater for those receiving levamisole than for placebo-treated controls (p = .06). In 78 children known to be infected with Ascaris at baseline, the rate of weight gain was 21 per cent greater in children treated with levamisole than in those receiving placebo (p = .03). The rate of height gain was no different for treatment and placebo groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.987_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blood pressure control in private practice: A case report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Engelland, A.L. Author-Name: Alderman, M.H. Author-Name: Powell, H.B. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 25-29 Abstract: High blood pressure is most commonly treated in the offices of private physicians. We have attempted to evaluate the efficacy of such care through review of all patient charts of a Board Certified, University Medical Center affiliated internist in New York City. Seventeen per cent had elevated (≥160/95) blood pressures or were taking antihypertensive medication at the time of their last visit. A selected group of 206 charts was examined to determine attendance and blood pressure outcome. Over one-half of these patients were lost to follow-up within a year of their initial visit. Of those who persisted in therapy, 55% achieved good blood pressure control. Blood pressure outcomes among medicated patients were not different from those of patients who received no prescription. These results suggest that this conventional pattern of ambulatory medical care, characterized by a high attrition rate and a failure to adequately control blood pressure, may not be suitable to the long-term management of high blood pressure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:25-29_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing images of professionalism: The case of public health nurses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bloom, J.R. Author-Name: O'Reilly III, C.A. Author-Name: Parlette, G.N. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 43-46 Abstract: A survey of 89 public health nurses in a California county explored factors that might account for the growing support of unions and subsequent militancy among nurses. As predicted, changes in the backgrounds of public health nurses have occurred over time: older nurses are more likely to have graduated from a diploma program and to have parents of lower educational and occupational attainment than younger nurses; older nurses are more likely to view nursing as a calling and less likely to desire representation in collective bargaining by the union or to believe striking professional; older nurses and those from lower social class backgrounds were less likely to belong to the union and less likely to participate in a county-wide strike. Because age and parental background factors are independently related to indicators of militancy - union membership and participation in a strike - the results are interpreted as a change in nurses' images of professionalism. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:43-46_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Continuing education for the health team in developing countries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morley, D.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 277-278 Abstract: In the third world, continuing or lifetime education for the doctor working in rural areas is not yet available. The priority in continuing education for those providing health care will not be just for the doctors working in rural areas, but rather for the whole health team. Many doctors up-country, find that continuing their education is difficult. Existing forms of undergraduate training have not provided them with the urge to pass their knowledge on to those with whom they work; journals and books are expensive and generally not available. Effective teaching will be the kind in which the whole health team participates, each learning from the other, and all concerned to improve teaching and communication to their patients and the public at large. In this situation perhaps the doctor may be the tutor. Resources will not allow, nor would it be feasible, for the whole team to travel to a Teaching Center; rather the teaching must be taken to them. This teaching involves many media, such as the television, radio, tape-recording, short cassette film, and slides. Experience in this form of teaching has multiplied in many countries. Those teams who were able to bring together the resources available from central government with those generated within the local community and create an effective system of health care unit would be the appropriate resource for the future field training of medical students and other health workers. Organizing such a program will be a useful step towards raising the morale and image of those undertaking work in rural areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:277-278_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Voluntary coordination as a strategy of plan implementation for health systems agencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berry, D.E. Author-Name: Candia, G.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 1035-1039 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1035 Abstract: Health planning agencies are faced with the difficult mission of guiding change within a large complex social system whose power is dispersed. Initial short- and long-range plans have been established as frameworks and now the major focus is implementation. Regulation (non-voluntary coordination) and voluntary coordination are the major means of implementation. Voluntary coordination is a significant strategy for consideration by Health Systems Agencies (HSAs). It may interact with regulation as a competitor, substitute, or complement. Because of limited regulatory powers, HSAs are dependent upon voluntary coordination as a major means of influencing behavior. Conflict, a major feature of voluntary coordination, has the potential of being used as a constructive means for dialogue; negotiation and bargaining may become positive approaches to arriving at decisions. Legitimized community authority is the primary source of authority in a strategy dominated by voluntary coordination as contrasted to state or federal mandates in a regulatory strategy. Knowledge of the environment within which the HSA operates will assist HSA staff and board to arrive at rational and realistic decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.1035_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of the intradermal and subcutaneous routes of influenza vaccination with A/New Jersey/76 (swine flu) and A/Victoria/75: Report of a study and review of the literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Halperin, W. Author-Name: Weiss, W.I. Author-Name: Altman, R. Author-Name: Diamond, M.A. Author-Name: Black, K.J. Author-Name: Iaci, A.W. Author-Name: Black, H.C. Author-Name: Goldfield, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1247-1251 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1247 Abstract: A trial of influenza vaccination, with use of bivalent split virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75), was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and reactions when vaccine was given by the subcutaneous and intradermal routes. Volunteers 18 to 24 years old were randomized into equal groups, one group receiving 0.1 ml of vaccine intradermally and the other receiving 0.5 ml subcutaneously. For the A/Victoria vaccine, the immunogenicity of the intradermal route seemed superior; for A/New Jersey vaccine, the routes were equivalent. Adverse reactions were minimal and equivalent for both groups. In times of vaccine shortage, the intradermal route is considered to stretch vaccine supplies. Field trials of new influenza vaccines should include evaluation of the immunogenicity of and adverse reactions caused by the same vaccine given by different routes in varied dosages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1247_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New approaches to achieving old goals in laboratory improvement programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blank, C.H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1094-1095 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1094 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1094 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1094_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physicians' patient referrals to a nurse practitioner in a primary care medical clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Connelly, S.V. Author-Name: Connelly, P.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 73-75 Abstract: A survey of interns and residents in a Primary Care Medical Care Medical Clinic disclosed that these physicians have a very favorable impression of nurse practitioners' potential contributions to health care delivery, yet refer patients to the nurse practitioner to a much lesser degree than would have been expected on the basis of their attitudes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:73-75_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influenza vaccine - unacceptable or unaccepted Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schoenbaum, S.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 219-221 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:219-221_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of mail, telephone, and home interview strategies for household health surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siemiatycki, J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 238-245 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:238-245_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost-effectiveness evaluation of a home visiting triage program for family planning in Turkey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bertera, R.L. Author-Name: Green, L.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 950-953 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.950 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.950 Abstract: Graduate Turkish midwives were trained in triage rules for determining family planning home visit frequency based on risk of couples. In a sample of 542 couples followed for six months, modern contraceptive use increased 22% among high-risk and about 15% among moderate and low-risk couples. After making assumptions about the fecundity, contraceptive success, and pregnancy complications, the estimated average cost per complication averted was $ 61 for high-risk, $177 for moderate-risk, and $526 for low-risk couples. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.950_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of ambulatory medical care in hypertension screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cypress, B.K. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-24 Abstract: Data from the 1975-1976 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics were examined retrospectively to determine the extent to which blood pressure was measured during visits to office-based physicians in the conterminous United States. Blood pressure was more often measured for females (especially black) than for males although males (especially black) in certain age groups had a higher prevalence of hypertension and comprised the higher proportion of undiagnosed hypertensives. Blood pressure measurement increased with age, but was rarely measured for those under 15 years of age. Blood pressure was measured about 79% of the time when hypertension was present but only 30% of the time when hypertension was absent. When diseases shown to be frequently concomitant with hypertension were diagnosed in the absence of hypertension, blood pressure checks ranged from 24% of visits diagnosed neuroses to 66% diagnosed obesity. Blood pressure was measured during about 12% of visits for diseases of the nervous system and sense organs as well as diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; 24% of visits for infective and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system, and mental disorders. Blood pressure was measured most often when diagnoses were in the categories of diseases of the circulatory system and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. Opportunities for blood pressure measurement during routine visits did not appear to be fully utilized, nor did some specialists take frequent blood pressure measurements. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:19-24_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality and the business cycle: how far can we push an association? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lew, E.A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 782-783 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:782-783_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's report: Peer review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 3 Pages: 222-223 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:3:222-223_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The risk of low birthweight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisner, V. Author-Name: Brazie, J.V. Author-Name: Pratt, M.W. Author-Name: Hexter, A.C. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 887-893 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.887 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.887 Abstract: Descriptive analyses of birthweight for single live births in the United States during 1974, using birth certificate information, show that several factors are associated with a high incidence of low birthweight babies. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine correlates of low birthweight. When other factors are held constant, race not white, previous reproductive loss, short interpregnancy interval, out-of-wedlock birth, no prenatal care, and maternal age under 18 yr or over 35 yr each increase the risk of having an infant of low birthweight. High birth order and maternal education under 12 years of schooling were not consistent risk factors for low birthweight. Odds ratios are presented and the method for combining these, to estimate the risk for an individual mother having a low-birthweight infant, is illustrated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.887_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The health impact of restricting public funds for abortion October 10, 1977-June 10, 1978 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Author-Name: Kimball, A.M. Author-Name: Gold, J. Author-Name: Rubin, G.L. Author-Name: Smith, J.C. Author-Name: Rochat, R.W. Author-Name: Tyler Jr., C.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 945-947 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.945 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.945 Abstract: The Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia implemented an eight-month prospective surveillance system in 24 hospitals distributed among states with and without public funding for abortion. Out of 3,157 visits for abortion-related complications, only 10 women gave a history of non-physician or self-induced abortion and none were Medicaid recipients. The small number of hospitals located in non-funded states and the smaller numbers of women served in these hospitals than in the funded states limited the power of our study. Women living along the Texas-Mexico border appeared more likely to have complications after illegal abortions than women from other areas of the country. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.945_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: AJPH welcomes significant laboratory studies. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Favero, M.S. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 82 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:82_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Institutional review boards and consumer surveys Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hogue, L.L. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 7 Pages: 649-650 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.7.649 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.7.649 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.7.649_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A longitudinal evaluation of blood pressure in children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levine, R.S. Author-Name: Hennekens, C.H. Author-Name: Klein, B. Author-Name: Ferrer, P.L. Author-Name: Gourley, J. Author-Name: Cassady, J. Author-Name: Gelband, H. Author-Name: Jesse, M.J. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 11 Pages: 1175-1177 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1175 Abstract: Blood pressure levels obtained on two occasions, one year apart, were evaluted among 212 children. An overall correlation of .65 was obtained for systolic pressure and .43 for diastolic pressure. The results suggest that adult levels of correlation are not reached in childhood and that screening programs must consider the relative lability of children's measurements in establishing referral criteria. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.11.1175_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health services in licensed family day care homes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chang, A. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 603-604 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.603 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.603 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.603_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing patterns in international health: motivation and relationships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, C.E. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 8 Pages: 803-808 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:8:803-808_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hepatitis in the 1980s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grady, G.F. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 12 Pages: 1214-1215 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1214 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.12.1214_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The emergency psychiatry experience at Philadelphia's 1976 bicentennial summer celebration Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: West, D.A. Author-Name: Diamond, H. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 1 Pages: 78-81 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:1:78-81_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An exploratory study of the validity of nutrition performance standards for day care centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cowell, C. Author-Name: Garey, J.G. Author-Name: Fox, M. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 2 Pages: 157-160 Abstract: The findings of this pilot study to test the validity of food service and nutrition performance standards for day care of young children show that the written menu evaluation alone is not indicative of the actual size or weight of portion of food served. It is apparent that further refinement is needed on the instrument and pre-training of staff prior to its use. The on-site checklist appears to be a valid instrument. The checklist and the menu evaluation could conceivably be used as a screening procedure to identify programs needing nutrition consultation and follow-up by a nutritionist. The fact that the weighed and measured portions of food served at the day care sites in this study provided less than one-third of the recommended dietary allowances for total calories and iron from the morning snack and noon meal, raises serious questions concerning the reference base currently used. Since these were seemingly healthy looking children and were observed to have eaten a sufficient amount of food, it would seem that further exploration of the appropriateness of this reference base is in order. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1979:69:2:157-160_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The psychological effects of differential treatment of a high risk sample in a randomized clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benfari, R.C. Author-Name: McIntyre, K. Author-Name: Eaker, E. Author-Name: Blumberg, S. Author-Name: Paul, O. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 10 Pages: 996-1000 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.10.996 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.10.996 Abstract: A study was carried out using 616 participants in a randomized clinical trial at the Harvard MRFIT (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial) Clinical Center, to test if there were differences in the psychological dimensions of anxiety, depression, and functional heart symptoms in groups given different levels of treatment in a CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) Intervention Program. A theoretical framework was given to justify a number of hypotheses as to the induction of adverse psychological effects. At the end of two years in the MRFIT Program there were no significant differences between the special intervention group (SI) and the usual care group (UC) in the selected psychological variables. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.10.996_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of growth: Spanish-surnamed with non-Spanish-surnamed children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Duncan, B. Author-Name: Smith, A.N. Author-Name: Briese, F.W. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 9 Pages: 903-907 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.9.903 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.9.903 Abstract: Weight, height, and head circumference measurements of 4,167 Spanish-surnamed school-aged children were compared with similar data from 2,322 non-Spanish surnamed children who resided in the same Denver, Colorado neighborhoods. These data were also compared with data from six other studies. Both male and female Spanish-surnamed children were found to weigh less, be shorter, and have smaller head circumferences than non-Spanish-surnamed children living in the same Denver neighborhoods. The sizes of the children in these two populations residing in lower and lower-middle class neighborhoods were closer to each other than to the sizes of children from middle and upper-middle socioeconomic classes as measured in previous studies or to the sizes of children in the recently published cross-sectional National Center for Health Statistics study. Such comparisons suggest that growth retardation is more a reflection of socioeconomic factors than of ethnic-genetic factors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.9.903_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rabies in translocated raccoons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nettles, V.F. Author-Name: Shaddock, J.H. Author-Name: Keith Sikes, R. Author-Name: Reyes, C.R. Year: 1979 Volume: 69 Issue: 6 Pages: 601-602 DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.69.6.601 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2105/AJPH.69.6.601 Abstract: Two raccoons imported from Florida by a North Carolina hunting club were diagnosed as having rabies by fluorescent antibody testing of brain tissue. Although dead on arrival in North Carolina, they could have infected other raccoons in the same shipment which had already been released into the wild. Raccoon rabies has become increasingly important in recent years, but this is the first documented report of rabies presence in hunter-purchased interstate shipments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/AJPH.69.6.601_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Requests made in community pharmacies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linn, L.S. Author-Name: Lawrence, G.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 492-493 Abstract: The purpose of the present study was 1) to identify and describe the content of the questions asked by pharmacy patrons; and 2) to explore whether the types of questions asked are related to observable characteristics of patrons. In examining 2,580 patron requests to pharmacy personnel behind the prescription counters in 129 pharmacies, the present study found that almost two-thirds of the questions asked (62 per cent) involved requests to fill prescriptions, how much time it would take, how much it would cost or where specific over the counter drugs were located. As such, none of these questions represented requests from patrons for advice. Similarly, an additional 21 per cent of the questions asked were clerical and unrelated to health. However, 17 per cent of the total number of requests were clearly in the professional realm and represented attempts on the part of patients to seek advice or gather information to use in making a decision about their health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:492-493_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary care: improving treatment and learning outside the hospital Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stoeckle, J.D. Author-Name: Grossman, J.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 833-835 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:833-835_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of drug dependence treatment in VA hospitals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lorei, T.W. Author-Name: Francke, G.N. Author-Name: Harger, P.S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 39-43 Abstract: A nationwide evaluation of 49 Veterans Administration drug dependence treatment programs was conducted using a sample of 1,655 patients. Their status with reference to 7 treatment goals was assessed at admission and again 11 mth later to determine change. The following changes were observed: a large decrease in heroin use; a small increase in the use of alcohol; moderate decline of involvement in the drug culture; moderate increase in psychological well-being; and small increase in economic independence. No statistically significant changes were observed in frequency of arrests, in establishment of stable living arrangements, in drug related medical problems, or in the ability to relate to other people. Implications of the findings for further research and program modification are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:39-43_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Timeliness and equity of access Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Muller, C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 539-540 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:539-540_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Negligent OSHA inspections: liability for employee injuries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 601 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:601_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health status indices and access to medical care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Andersen, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 458-463 Abstract: This paper examines the uses of some health status indices in measuring equity of access to medical care. Empirical examples are provided using data from national surveys of the U.S. population conducted from 1964 through 1976. A simple indicator, mean number of physician visits, suggest that between 1963 and 1976 the poor improved their position relative to the rest of the population and, indeed, currently enjoy the highest level of access. However, a second measure, the use-disability ratio indicates that the poor may still receive less care relative to their need. A third measure, the symptoms-response ratio suggests how norms of appropriate behavior might be incorporated into an access measure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:458-463_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rebuff to England's 'myths' Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cunningham, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 890 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:890_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physician behavior as a determinant of utilization patterns: The case of abortion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nathanson, C.A. Author-Name: Becker, M.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1104-1114 Abstract: Health services utilization may be influenced by the structure of the health system and the behavior of health professionals as well as by the actions of individual patients. This research examines the responses of obstetricians toward women seeking abortion. The population for this study includes all obstetrician-gynecologists with any private practice in Maryland during 1975 (473). Each responding physician (473) was presented with a case history vignette describing, in a telephone interview, a woman who is pregnant and considering an abortion. The sociodemographic characteristics of the woman were systematically varied to determine effects of patient attributes on physicians' patient management decisions. Decisions to refer the patient or to participate personally in her care were found to be associated most strongly with the patients' financial resources. Three hundred and twelve obstetricians returned a mail questionnaire, probing their own attitudes and characteristics. Physicians' liberal or conservative attitudes toward expansion of reproductive health care services and their level of disturbance by the abortion procedure were also influential in these patient management decisions. Simultaneous examination of both patient and physician characteristics indicated that the former had the greater weight in accounting for referral decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1104-1114_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumer-based boards of health centers: structural problems in achieving effective control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Paap, W.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 578-582 Abstract: The fact that consumers have problems in utilizing their formal power as board members is usually attributed to individual deficiencies or cultural differences. The position argued here is that such views need to be questioned and amended. Thus, the ties between a health center and the larger health care system, the relations of consumers to their community environments, and the internal organization of health centers are examined as structural factors which limit the effectiveness of consumer board members. Despite the magnitude and durability of such factors, suggestions are made for increasing the effectiveness of consumer-based boards. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:578-582_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The rural nurse practitioner: a challenge and a response Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sullivan, J.A. Author-Name: Dachelet, C.Z. Author-Name: Sultz, H.A. Author-Name: Henry, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 972-976 Abstract: From a cohort of 525 employed nurse practitioners (NPs) who graduated between May 1975 and June 1976, 85 (16%) reported practising in rural areas. While 91% of the rural NPs chose the short-term certificate programs rather than the master's degree for their NP preparation, 47% had already earned a baccalaureate or master's degree prior to NP training. Family NPs comprised the most frequent specialty area chosen, followed by pediatric and adult specialties. Of the 85, 99% were actually providing a broad array of primary care services to clients over a wide age range. Physicians were periodically available on site in about 80% of the practices, by telephone in 97% of the practices, and in 60% of the practices provided additional consultation by record review. Major motivations of the NPs for entering rural practice were to participate in a creative approach to health care delivery (50% of the practice settings were less than five years old), and for the opportunity for role autonomy. Over 95% of these NPs and employers were satisfied with the NP role. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:972-976_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An analysis of the specialty and geographic location of physician assistants in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Perry III, H.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1019-1021 Abstract: The emergence of the physician assistant (PA) profession in the United States during the past decade has been accompanied by an expectation that this new group of health professionals would help to remedy the shortage of primary care physicians, particularly in medically underserved areas. These expectations have been confirmed by recent studies: approximately three-fourths of the PAs in the United States are working in primary care specialties and one-half are working in communities of 50,000 persons or less. The purpose of the present report is to identify within the PA profession those who are more likely to have chosen employment in a primary care field or in a rural medically underserved area. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1019-1021_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of national infection and immunization estimates for measles and rubella Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bean, J.A. Author-Name: Burmeister, L.F. Author-Name: Paule, C.L. Author-Name: Isacson, P. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1214-1216 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1214-1216_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The nurse practitioner movement. Where does it go from here? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mauksch, I.G. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1074-1075 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1074-1075_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning a food and nutrition surveillance system: The example of Honduras Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Aranda-Pastor, J. Author-Name: Menchu, M.T. Author-Name: Palma, R. Author-Name: Kevany, J.P. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 748-750 Abstract: A description of the preliminary steps in establishing a food and nutrition surveillance system in a country of Central America is presented in outline. The system will provide the basis for policy formulation, program planning, and evaluation. It is organized on the basis of the participation and resources of seven national agencies and will operate at the local, regional, and central level. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:748-750_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practice of Israeli adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lancet, M. Author-Name: Modan, B. Author-Name: Kavenaki, S. Author-Name: Antonovski, H. Author-Name: Shoham, I. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1083-1089 Abstract: A study of 4,976 high-school students in Israel, representative of this age group for the entire country except for 13 % who attend religious schools, revealed that about one-third of the boys aged 14-15 and almost one-half of those in the 16-17 age category have had sexual intercourse. The respective figures for girls are 6% and 16%. Age at onset of sexual activity was found to be higher and the level of knowledge about the same as in reports from the Western world. Students of Oriental origin, as well as those considering themselves religious or traditional tended to be less active sexually, more conservative in their attitudes, and less knowledgeable. In contrast, students of both sexes residing in kibbutzim were found to be more active sexually and more knowledgeable. A double standard for girls was accepted, especially among the female respondents, except in the kibbutzim. A subgroup of girls highly sexually active, in contrast to their own attitudes, has been identified, and possible reasons for this discordance discussed. As sexual activity among teenagers is becoming more prevalent, comprehensive and early sex education school programs should be encouraged. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1083-1089_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental health and safety concerns and energy conservation practices in academic institutions and hospitals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeRoos, R.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1011-1015 Abstract: Although there are many energy conservation practices which are now being applied in hospitals and academic institutions, there will be additional pressures for even further reductions in such energy use in the near future. In many instances, these reductions in energy use can be done within existing standards and do not endanger the health of persons who reside within these institutions. However, this paper highlights the fact that over-eager attempts at energy reduction may result in adverse effects on patients, students, staff, research programs, or the general public. For this reason, it is important for persons making decisions regarding energy conservation practices to be aware of these potential adverse effects and design energy conservation programs accordingly. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1011-1015_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Author's response to Cunningham Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: England, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 890-891 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:890-891_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Liberalized abortion in Oregon: effects on fertility, prematurity, fetal death, and infant death Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quick, J.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1003-1008 Abstract: An analysis of Oregon Vital Statistics data from 1965 to 1975 was conducted to assess the impact of Oregon's 1969 abortion legislation, which substantially increased the number of reported medically induced abortions. This increase was associated with a slight increase in the age-adjusted 1970 fertility rate and there was no decrease in births to women in the age groups obtaining proportionately the most abortions. A significant and persistent 11% reduction in premature births to women over age 20 (p<.001) and a 22% reduction in spontaneous fetal deaths (p<.05) were associated with liberalized abortion. Decreases in neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality were observed, but were indistinguishable from an ongoing trend toward improved infant health. A gradual 25% decline in the age-adjusted fertility rate occurred between 1969 and 1975, but the increase in the number of reported abortions could account for only one-fourth of this decrease. A seven-fold increase in the use of family planning clinics between 1970 and 1973 and more liberalized laws regarding provision of family planning service appeared to account for a much higher proportion of the decreased fertility than did liberalized abortion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1003-1008_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiology and control of St. Louis Encephalitis in Birmingham, Alabama, 1975 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maetz, H.M. Author-Name: Pate, P. Author-Name: Sellers, C. Author-Name: Bailey, W.C. Author-Name: Holmes, R. Author-Name: Hardy Jr., G.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 588-590 Abstract: In 1974, 56 (78 per cent) of the United States cases of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) occurred in Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. As a result, the Jefferson County (Alabama) Health Department Implemented a comprehensive SLE surveillance program the following year. Jefferson County is located in northcentral Alabama and contains 34 incorporated municipalities, including Birmingham, the state's largest city. Thirty-two confirmed and four presumptive cases of SLE were identified in Jefferson County during 1975. Of these, 28 confirmed and two presumptive cases were Birmingham residents while the other four confirmed cases lived less than two kilometers from the city limits. The majority of the cases (25 confirmed, three presumptive) had clinical onsets between August 23 and September 27; the peak of the outbreak occurred during the week of August 31 when ten confirmed cases became ill. A total of 178 suspect cases were ultimately investigated. Of the 109 cases clinically diagnosed as aseptic meningitis, only eight (7.3 per cent) were subsequently confirmed as SLE. In contrast, 20 (44.4 per cent) of the 45 cases diagnosed as encephalitis were serologically confirmed. Sixteen of the 20 encephalitic cases were at least 55 years of age, while only two of those initially diagnosed as aseptic meningitis were in this age group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:588-590_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Kola nut and road traffic accidents in Nigeria. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Asogwa, S.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1228 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1228_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Manpower planning for nurse personnel Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keaveny, T.J. Author-Name: Hayden, R.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 656-662 Abstract: A technique is described which can be applied to manpower planning for nurse personnel at a state or regional level. An iterative process explores the implications of alternative planning policy decision strategies intended to balance manpower supply and requirements. Impacts of the following policy alternatives are estimated: scale of operations of education institutions; interstate migration patterns; labor force participation rates; and job design of licensed practical nurse (LPN) and registered nurse (RN) positions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:656-662_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Limitations of community control of health facilities and services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jonas, S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 541-543 Abstract: Health care programs which will truly meet the needs of the people they are designed to serve require both dedicated professionals and dedicated consumers. Policy-making boards should have consumer majorities. After all, voluntary hospital boards in the private sector, and local school boards in the public sector, have always had consumer majorities, and many have functioned very well. The working class has been inadequately represented on these boards, a matter which must be corrected, but they have been consumer-dominated. As we move toward increasing public involvement in the health care delivery system, the health care delivery system might do well to critically examine and learn both the positive and negative lessons the long history of local school boards in this country has to teach. Boards should make policy; professionals should administer programs. Boards should set and monitor performance in terms of program results and hold the professionals responsible for their work. The special, dominant position of the physician, referable principally to the medical license and the disease orientation of our 'health' care delivery system, should be understood. Whether professional or consumer, board members should be chosen to work in the health care delivery system on the basis of their demonstrated ability to meet the needs of the people, not on the basis of one label or another. The realistic limits of 'community control' in our society must be recognized. Artificial solutions to problems created by a class-based, profit-oriented society do no one any good. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:541-543_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Skin color, ethnicity, and blood pressure. II. Detroit whites Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harburg, E. Author-Name: Gleibermann, L. Author-Name: Ozgoren, F. Author-Name: Roeper, P. Author-Name: Schork, M.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1184-1188 Abstract: Census areas in Detroit were ranked for their stress scores based on instability (e.g., crime, marital break up) and socioeconomic status. Four areas were selected for detailed study: 1) high stress, population predominantly black and 2) white, and 3) low stress, population predominantly black and white. A sample was drawn from each of persons of the predominant race, 25-60 years old, married and living with spouse, and having relatives in the Detroit Area. Nurses interviewed such persons; three blood pressure readings were taken during the first half-hour of medical history, and skin color was rated. While lighter skin color showed a negligible relation to higher blood pressure, a four-category division of European national background based on a skin color cline in Europe from Northern areas to the Mediterranean was significantly associated with a nurse-rating of skin color. The rank order of this four category variable, white ethnicity, was related linearly to both systolic and diastolic blood pressure means. Respondents with parents from Mediterranean countries had the lowest pressures and those from Northern Europe had the highest. The relationship is stronger for women than men. The relationship was independent of nine other control variables including age, overweight, smoking, etc., and high and low stress areas, although of greater magnitude for the high than low stress groups. In this article, findings in whites are compared with prior results in blacks. Findings suggest that physiological and biological correlates exist that can be explored profitably by future research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1184-1188_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ambulance utilization by patients with acute myocardial infarction Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pozen, M.W. Author-Name: Berezin, M.M. Author-Name: Modne, L. Author-Name: Riggen, R. Author-Name: Hood Jr., W.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 568-572 Abstract: Fifty-five % (73/133) of myocardial infarction (MI) patients on Cape Cod during a three-month period reached the hospital by ambulance. The 45% (60/133) not using ambulances were compared to users to identify a subpopulation to which public health programs might be directed to increase appropriate use of cardiac ambulances. Univariate analyses showed a distance of more than ten miles from the hospital, and a prior history of MI distinguished ambulance users from non-users. Demographic/economic status, delay in seeking care, presenting symptoms, Killip class, and in-hospital mortality rates were not significantly different. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified four predictive variables in rank order: distance from the hospital, past history of MI, symptoms of fainting, and negative history for hypertension which correctly classified 72% of our population with respect to ambulance utilization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:568-572_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A longitudinal study of military performance subsequent to civilian drug use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rothberg, J.M. Author-Name: Chloupek, R.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 743-747 Abstract: This study evaluates the military performance of soldiers who were identified by the Army's urine screening program as having used drugs at the time they reported for active duty. The study used prospectively defined cohorts of large size (over 1,600 urinalysis positive and 2,400 urinalysis negative entering males) and used longitudinal outcome, measures drawn from existing medical and personnel files. The major findings are that the urinalysis positive individuals were significantly more likely not to complete their tour of duty, were more likely to be hospitalized, and had more bed-days per hospitalization than their urinalysis negative fellow soldiers. In terms of cohorts entering the Army, however, minimal improvement in outcome was found by considering an entirely drugfree cohort (obtained by omitting the urinalysis positive individuals) compared to a random cohort which contained positives at the then current prevalence of 2%. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:743-747_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-term effects of a cancer awareness program for community pharmacists Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lohrisch, D. Author-Name: Ryan, M.R. Author-Name: Rosenbluth, S.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1217-1218 Abstract: A continuing education program resulted in a 52 per cent improvement in the specified professional behaviors per community pharmacists within one month. However, surveyed effects were not permanent and decreased significantly within 18 months. Following a simple mailing of specially designed literature, desired behaviors again underwent significant improvement comparable to that attributed to the original continuing education program. A better understanding of professional behaviors as functions of time and different educational modes would be invaluable to educators in both academic and postgraduate programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1217-1218_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Informed consent by children and participation in an influenza vaccine trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lewis, C.E. Author-Name: Lewis, M.A. Author-Name: Ifekwunigue, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1079-1082 Abstract: Two hundred thirteen school children, ages six to nine, were presented the opportunity to participate in an experimental trial of swine influenza vaccine. In non-directive question and answer sessions, all groups of children except one composed only of six year olds elicited all relevant information on the details of the trial and the associated risks and benefits. Forty-six per cent of the subjects declined to participate. Letters requiring informed consent of the parents were sent to the homes of the others. Almost 15 per cent of these parents agreed to their children's participation. In this setting, children initiate their own visits to the school nurse practitioner. A significant association was found between volunteering for the study and higher use of services (but not for medical reasons). Younger children and boys, regardless of their patterns of use, were less inclined to volunteer for the experiment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1079-1082_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of comprehensive health care in the management of Down's syndrome Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fujimoto, A. Author-Name: Fareau, G.E. Author-Name: Forsman, I. Author-Name: Wilson, M.G. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 406-408 Abstract: The availability of comprehensive medical care in a sub-specialty clinic has resulted in a reduction in the frequency and length of hospitalization of young children with Down's syndrome. Comprehensive medical care can be provided in many different settings such as in private practice. This approach may be considered as one alternative in management of children with complex medical problems in a large medical center where care tends to be fragmented. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:406-408_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Monitoring consumer satisfaction with the clinical services provided to 'exceptional' children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sommers, P.A. Author-Name: Nycz, G.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 903-905 Abstract: Given recent federal and state legislation mandating all necessary services for children with handicapping conditions, it is incumbent upon the providers of health care services to demonstrate accountability for their services to children with special needs. A procedure to assess the satisfaction of parents and community-based care coordinators with clinical services provided to such children has been demonstrated. By focusing on specific service elements, it is possible to align optimum versus actual consumer satisfaction. Through an analysis of observed variance, the modification of documented weaknesses can decrease the difference between optimum and actual consumer satisfaction levels. This procedure will be continued on a bi-annual, longitudinal follow-up basis to monitor progress. The concept of consumer input into the provision of clinical services is relevant to other developments in the field of health care which place importance on administration accountability. Those health care providers who recognize the value of consumer input and allow for its incorporation into their service programs will be better able to adapt their systems to the emerging trend towards medical accountability. Self-ordered accountability is more meaningful, is easier to understand than government imposed regulations, and can be smoothly blended into an organization's goals and objectives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:903-905_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On suicide and the aging Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tideiksaar, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 782-783 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:782-783_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Considerations in the design of mental health benefits under National Health Insurance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mechanic, D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 482-488 Abstract: The existing insurance coverage for mental health benefits provides incentives for hospital as compared with community care and reinforces a medical approach to psychological disability. Moreover, the structure of benefits favors the affluent as compared with the disadvantaged and provides little assistance for the community integration of the chronic mental patient. In considering mental health benefits under National Health Insurance we must be careful to avoid reinforcing these patterns. It is suggested that NHI include a mental health resource development fund intended for building a stronger network of community mental health care and that the pattern of insurance benefits under NHI be consistent with developing psychiatric services on a capitation basis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:482-488_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Elective induction and stimulation of labor and the health of the infant Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rindfuss, R.R. Author-Name: Gortmaker, S.L. Author-Name: Ladinsky, J.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 872-878 Abstract: This study examines a large heterogeneous sample to determine whether elective induction and stimulation of labor have a beneficial or deleterious effect on the health of the infant. Previous studies have reached contradictory results, partly because of the small sample sizes employed. This study uses a multiple regression analysis of New York City birth certificate data from 1968. We find a small, but significant, negative effect on the newborn of both elective induction of labor and elective stimulation of labor. When hospital care context is allowed to vary, much larger negative effects were found within municipal hospitals and to a lesser extent on service wards of voluntary hospitals. Although 1968 findings cannot be applied to 1978, the implications are clear. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:872-878_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of an edit feedback system in data collection quality control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldman, B. Author-Name: Jones, O. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 671-673 Abstract: Growing concern over individual privacy has affected the research world in the form of more and more restrictions on collecting data on human subjects. Within the federal government this concern has manifested itself in legislation such as the Privacy Act of 1974 and limits on new forms requiring personal identifiers. Fortunately, in some research involving statistical analysis, collecting data without personal identifiers is appropriate. However, since the lack of personal identifiers precludes correcting errors or collecting missing data after forms are completed, data of unacceptably low quality may result. An edit/feedback system may overcome this problem. Such a system does not lead to the immediate correction of errors, but effectively improves the quality of data collection over time. This paper describes such an edit/feedback system and presents a case history of how this system was used to improve performance at one data-collection site. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:671-673_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family allowance and family planning in Chile Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plank, S.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 989-994 Abstract: Family allowances designed to promote maternal and child health and welfare could be self-defeating if they stimulated otherwise unwanted births, as often assumed. That assumption, with its public health and demographic implications, needs testing. An attempt to test it was made in Chile in 1960-1970 through interviews with 945 wives receiving an allowance and 690 non-recipients. Recipients practiced contraception significantly more than did non-recipients. This was not explained by wives' educational attainment or employment, the couples' earnings, or number of living children, but was associated with a 50% greater utilization of professional prenatal care by recipients during the most recent pregnancy; women with such care (regardless of allowance status) were 75% more likely than others to control their fertility. Prenatal care was probably sought more by recipients in part because an additional stipend was provided as soon as pregnancy was confirmed, usually at clinics with integrated family planning. Greater family income, attributable to the allowance, probably also contributed to the recipients' better prenatal attention and to contraceptive practice. Noteworthy, too, was the finding that with the number of living children controlled, contraceptive practice was significantly greater among couples who had never lost a child. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:989-994_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quantitative care norms for a psychiatric ambulatory population in a county medical assistance program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Siegel, C. Author-Name: Laska, E. Author-Name: Griffis, A. Author-Name: Wanderling, J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 352-358 Abstract: An approach for developing quantitative care norms for outpatient acute psychiatric patients is presented. Both the methodological concept of the norming procedure and its application to the needs of Medicaid in Rockland County, New York are given. The methodology is totally general in that it could be applied to concerns related to characterizations of services rendered in a wide variety of applications ranging from planning to utilization review. The norms developed relate both to monthly quantity of services rendered and length of active treatment period. Further, the impact of a review rule is discussed in terms of its implication to number of cases reviewed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:352-358_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Remote pediatric consultation in the inner city: Television or telephone? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glazer, E. Author-Name: Marshall, C. Author-Name: Cunningham, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1133-1135 Abstract: The results of this study suggest that nurse practitioners find telephone an acceptable substitute for television for those consultations concerned primarily with therapeutics. However, in the areas of diagnosis and overall patient management, television was generally preferred for several reasons: first, it was thought to be more useful for reassuring patients; second, it was preferred for diagnostic consultations and for orthopedics and psychiatry where the visual component of the remote consultation was considered indispensable; and finally, television consults could be videotaped and subsequently used for quality control, teaching, research, or as part of the patient's medical record. In this series, 35.7 per cent of television consults were taped. Television may have some disadvantages. It is cumbersome to move about, probably too expensive to have in every examination room, and therefore less convenient to use than a telephone. In addition, it is subject to technical difficulties which occur rarely with telephones in the United States. In this study, almost one-third (31.8 per cent) of all television consults encountered technical difficulties of one kind or another. The staff tolerated these problems very poorly, and their willingness to use the television in spite of these difficulties suggests their appreciation of the value of remote television consultation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1133-1135_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The prevalence of clinically treated diabetes among Zuni reservation residents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Long, T.P. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 901-903 Abstract: At least one-fourth of the over 45 aged population of the Zuni Indian reservation have diabetes. The true prevalence may be higher since an unknown number of Zunis had no blood sugar measurements during 1975-76 and therefore no opportunity for diagnosis. The high prevalence of diabetes among the Zunis has not been previously documented. It is similar to that found in the well-studied Pima Indians and much higher than that in a carefully examined large white population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:901-903_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An exploratory study of the effects of monitoring referrals in EPSDT screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barbas, N. Author-Name: McGill, L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1021-1023 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1021-1023_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The three world systems of medical care: Trends and prospects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Terris, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1125-1131 Abstract: It takes little prescience to recognize that there exist in the world today three basic systems of medical care: public assistance, health insurance, and national health service. These in turn are associated with and correspond to the three basic economic systems extant in the world today: pre-capitalist, capitalist and socialist. There are many individual variations among different countries that have the same medical care system. Furthermore, more than one system can be found coexistent within a single country; the type indicated for each country refers to the system by which the majority of the population obtains care. Finally, the systems are not fixed and immovable; there is a continuing process of revision or replacement. Nor does the change from one system to another occur according to an inevitable progression. The purpose of this paper is not so much to describe the characteristics of the three systems - a necessary precondition for discussion - as to consider current trends and the prospects of transition from one system to another. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1125-1131_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Skin color, ethnicity, and blood pressure. I. Detroit blacks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Harburg, E. Author-Name: Gleibermann, L. Author-Name: Roeper, P. Author-Name: Schork, M.A. Author-Name: Schull, W.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1177-1183 Abstract: Census areas in Detroit were ranked for their stress scores based on instability (e.g., crime, marital break up) and socioeconomic status. Four areas were selected for detailed study: 1) high stress, population predominantly black, 2) white, 3) low stress, population predominantly black, 4) white. A sample was drawn from each area of persons of the predominant race, 25-60 years old, married and living with spouse, and having relatives in the Detroit Area. Nurses interviewed such persons; three blood pressure readings were taken during the first half-hour of medical history, and skin color was rated. Results show that darker skin color, for black males especially, is related to higher pressure, independently of nine control variables (e.g., age, weight, socioeconomic status, etc.). However, younger black males (25-39 years of age) in high stress areas had higher pressure than counterparts in low stress areas, regardless of skin color and relative weight; for older black males (40-59 years of age) darker skin color was correlated with higher pressure, regardless of relative weight or stress area. For 35 blacks whose fathers were from the West Indies, pressures were higher than those with American-born fathers. These findings suggest that varied gene mixtures may be related to blood pressure levels and that skin color, an indicator of possible metabolic significance, combines with socially induced stress to induce higher blood pressures in lower class American blacks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1177-1183_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Parent-inclusive pediatric units: a survey of policies and practices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hardgrove, C.B. Author-Name: Kermoian, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 847-850 Abstract: A nationwide survey of Parent-Inclusive Pediatric Units identified innovations and restrictions in policies and practices. Questionnaires mailed to Directors of Nursing Service at 84 general hospitals, which encourage parental 'living-in' indicated that parents are provided with a place to sleep but infrequently are offered additional facilities, services and guidance necessary to optimize their presence on the Parent-Inclusive Pediatric Unit. Restrictions on parents remaining with their children are common during highly stressful procedures. Results indicate a gap between research on the importance of parental presence and current hospital practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:847-850_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Issues in humanizing care for children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Korsch, B.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 831-832 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:831-832_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of the utility of high blood pressure detection fairs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wassertheil-Smoller, S. Author-Name: Bijur, P. Author-Name: Blaufox, M.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 768-770 Abstract: Our data indicate that voluntary casual screenings in essentially middle class locations may be of limited value in attracting the young, the black, and the male relative to the target population. Our screens attracted a large proportion of individuals who where already aware of their high blood pressure. Nevertheless, these screens can be useful in getting and keeping individuals under medical care: newly detected hypertensives, those who know they have it and even some of those under treatment for it. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:768-770_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Merchandising cigarettes in pharmacies: A San Francisco survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schroeder, S.A. Author-Name: Showstack, J.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 494-495 Abstract: This study documents the prevalence of cigarette merchandising in pharmacies in one large metropolitan area to provide data on the extent of this role conflict. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:494-495_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Achievement, awards, and APHA Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wegman, M.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 734-735 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:734-735_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of a cancer telephone information facility: A comparison of callers and non-caller controls Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilkinson, G.S. Author-Name: Mirand, E.A. Author-Name: Walsh, D.L. Author-Name: Wilson, J.L. Author-Name: Graham, S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1211-1213 Abstract: Previous papers have described the Can-Dial cancer telephone public information service and presented preliminary evaluation findings. This report presents findings from a comparison of a sample of callers with non-caller controls which was conducted as part of an in depth evaluation of the program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1211-1213_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Voting behavior of HSA interest groups: A case study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grossman, R.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1191-1194 Abstract: A study of the voting behavior of both consumers and providers involved on a Health Systems Agency (HSA) review committee was undertaken to determine the amount of voting cohesion (solidarity) demonstrated by these two basic interest groups as well as the directions in review decisions desired by both of these groups. The case study involved the application of the Rice Index of voting cohesion behavior to 23 decisions in one of the largest HSAs in the country. The conclusions reached are that: consumers and providers do have differences in their intra-group voting cohesion, but that more importantly they do not appear to be different with respect to the decisions (approve or deny) both groups desire for project reviews. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1191-1194_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A smoking cessation program for pregnant women: An exploratory study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Danaher, B.G. Author-Name: Shisslak, C.M. Author-Name: Thompson, C.B. Author-Name: Ford, J.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 896-898 Abstract: The present results provide tentative support for the hypothesis that an intensive program of risk education and behavioral skills-training can assist pregnant women to stop smoking. The absolute level of abstinence achieved - both during the remaining period of pregnancy and postpartum - ranks well above other results reported in the literature. The data further suggest that risk had been substantially reduced for some participants. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:896-898_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of unemployment and inflation on hospital-based ambulatory care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cohen, S.D. Author-Name: Ginsberg, A.S. Author-Name: Vladeck, B.C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1219-1221 Abstract: This study was conducted to determine whether the depressed economic conditions of the mid-1970s, particularly the 3 per cent rise in unemployment, led to larger increases in hospital emergency room and clinic visits than would otherwise be expected, and whether such conditions caused shifts in the characteristics of hospital-based ambulatory care visits. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1219-1221_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Children's views of health: a developmental study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Natapoff, J.N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 995-1000 Abstract: 264 first, fourth, and seventh grade children were asked to define health, state what it felt like to be healthy and not healthy, and to give criteria they would use to judge another person's health status. A chi square analysis was done to compare differences for age, sex, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Results indicated that children saw health as a positive attribute which enabled them to participate in desired activities, that a person was healthy if he could do what he wanted to do, and that health and illness were two different concepts rather than on a continuum as is often cited in the literature. Mental health was not considered as part of being healthy except by a few of the oldest children. There were both qualitative and quantitative changes with age which were consistent with theories of concept development. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:995-1000_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Asymptomatic gonococcal urethritis in selected males Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Braff, E.H. Author-Name: Wibbelsman, C.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 779-780 Abstract: Results of the cultures of 2,811 patients, categorized as to history of sexual exposure to gonorrhea, and existence of signs and/or symptoms of urethritis are presented in a table. The yield of 0.91% positive tests (19) of 2,079 examined having no history of exposure to gonorrhea nor signs and/or symptoms of urethritis is remarkably similar to earlier studies. As one would expect a summation effect for individuals with affirmative responses to the query of exposures to gonorrhea and presence of signs and/or symptoms of urethritis. Those with a positive history were six to 14 times more likely to have a positive culture. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:779-780_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The age of consent Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lamb, G.A. Author-Name: Lamb, G.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1071-1072 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1071-1072_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparative study of physicians' and nurses' conceptions of the role of the nurse practitioner Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burkett, G.L. Author-Name: Parken-Harris, M. Author-Name: Kuhn, J.C. Author-Name: Escovitz, G.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1090-1096 Abstract: Attempts to define the role of the nurse practitioner as a new health care provider raise questions about the traditional health care division of labor. In order to determine nurses' and physicians' conceptions of the NP's role, parallel surveys were conducted among registered nurses and primary care physicians in southeastern Pennsylvania (including Philadelphia). Respondents (679 nurses and 597 physicians) indicated their opinions on the issue of autonomy for NPs and on the issue of specific tasks appropriate to the NP's role. There were significant differences between nurses and physicians with respect to both of the issues under consideration, but there were also important differences within each of these groups. Nurses were more likely to assert that an NP might practice independently, and also had a higher conception of the NP's capabilities. Physicians who were interested in employing a nurse practitioner had opinions which were closest to those of nurses. These findings suggest that conflict between nurses and physicians might be minimal as long as the nurse practitioner movement remains relatively small, but that there may be latent conflict inherent in any large scale attempt to change the health care division of labor at the present time. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1090-1096_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family nurse practitioners in primary care: a study of practice and patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pesznecker, B.L. Author-Name: Draye, M.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 977-980 Abstract: In this nationwide study, 8,905 patients were seen by 356 family nurse practitioners (FNPs) during February through April 1977. The ratio of white to black and white to 'other' patients was six to one. Racial minorities were seen significantly more often than were whites in public clinics supported predominantly by public tax funds. The smallest number of patients seen was in the 'elderly' age group, 65 and over. Elderly patients were located to a greater extent in the South and they used both private and public clinics. The number of infants and children seen was greater in the Western region and in semi-urban areas. The predominant patient problems seen by FNPs were Prevention/Health Supervision and Respiratory. Although there were similarities between top ranking primary care problems seen by FNPs in this study compared with primary care physicians in other studies, proportionately more FNP patient contacts were for Prevention/Health Supervision and the patients tended to be in the younger age group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:977-980_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sex and mother's knee Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Masland Jr., R.P. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1073-1074 Abstract: A key issue in 1978 is whether health professionals are prepared to enlist the support of parents and schools in order to provide young people with sex education and birth control. The problems of adolescent sexuality -- pregnancy, venereal disease, and psychological upset -- could be prevented through adequate education, counseling, and the institution of specific birth control measures. Although the solution to adolescent sexual behavior is uncomfortable for adults who confuse the issue with moral pronouncement, the solution for adolescents is a practical approach which would show them that adults do care about the consequences of unprotected sexual intercourse. Surveys show that the majority of teen-agers learn about sex from peers and literature, and much of their information is inadequate, inaccurate, and useless. Most young people fail to receive appropriate and helpful sexual information from parents, schools, and religious sources. Studies in the U.S. indicate that 50% of the 21,000,000 adolescents (ages 15-19) have had sexual intercourse; 1 million teen-agers (15-19) become pregnant each year, with 60% of this group going to term. The public response to adolescent sexual behavior continues to be restrictive and constrained. Most parents continue to hold onto the idea that home is the place for sex information. Only the states of North Dakota, Missouri, Michigan, Kentucky, Maryland and Hawaii and the District of Columbia taught health education and sex education in the schools in 1975. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1073-1074_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Let's clean up our own shop Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Magnus, P.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 782 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:782_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Manganese pollution in the city environment and its relationship to traffic density Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Joselow, M.M. Author-Name: Tobias, E. Author-Name: Koehler, R. Author-Name: Coleman, S. Author-Name: Bogden, J. Author-Name: Gause, D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 557-560 Abstract: As lead is phased out of gasoline, other additives with anti-knock properties, particularly organic manganese compounds, are being substituted. Unavoidably, such compounds go through the combustion process, are eliminated in exhaust gases, and become part of the city environment. To obtain some indication of the extent of this new pollution, street soils from various locations in a heavily trafficked city (Newark, NJ) were analyzed for manganese and lead by atomic absorption. Highly significant inverse relationships were found between the concentrations of both contaminants and distances from major traffic arteries. Strong circumstantial evidence is thus provided that : 1) manganese pollution is occurring, along with lead, in the city environment; 2) this new pollution is related to traffic density; and 3) the most likely sources are automobile exhausts. This suspicion is further strengthened by the significant correlations observed between manganese and lead contents in children's blood, suggesting a common source for both. Substantiation of the safety of this practice of adding manganese to gasoline is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:557-560_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social characteristics of natural childbirth: users and nonusers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cave, C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 898-901 Abstract: The regional retrospective review showed significant social characteristic differences between women who used natural childbirth at delivery and nonusers of this method. Overall, natural childbirth users were more likely to be a higher social class, a higher income, white, older and more educated with husband also having more education and higher occupation than nonadopters of this innovation. The county-wide scope of this natural childbirth study appears to be the first regional research on natural childbirth. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:898-901_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Stigmatization of carrier status: Social implications of heterozygote genetic screening programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kenen, R.H. Author-Name: Schmidt, R.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1116-1120 Abstract: Possible latent psychological and social consequences ensuing from genetic screening programs need to be investigated during the planning phase of national genetic screening programs. The relatively few studies which have been performed to determine psychological, social, and economic consequences resulting from a genetic screening program are reviewed. Stigmatization of carrier-status, having major psychosocial implications in heterozygote genetic screening programs, is discussed and related to Erving Goffman's work in the area of stigmatization. Questions are raised regarding the relationship between such variables as religiosity and sex of the individual and acceptance of the status of newly identified carrier of a mutant gene. Severity of the deleterious gene and visibility of the carrier status are two important factors to consider in an estimation of potential stigma. Specific implications are discussed for four genetic diseases: Tay-Sachs, Sickle-Cell Anemia, Huntington's disease and Hemophilia. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1116-1120_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School achievement: Risk factor in teenage pregnancies? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hansen, H. Author-Name: Stroh, G. Author-Name: Whitaker, K. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 753-759 Abstract: A review of live births, spontaneous fetal deaths, and induced abortions in residents of Upstate New York ages 12-17 shows that pregnancy rates increased during the period 1971 through 1974. This increase was attributable to pregnancies ending in induced abortion while live birth remained relatively stable. White teenagers had a higher frequency of induced abortions than non-white teenagers, but induced abortions increased more rapidly among non-whites over the four-year period. School achievement, as reflected by highest grade completed at the end of pregnancy was related to risk of pregnancy as well as to election of induced abortions. The distribution of pregnancies by age and school grade suggests that an increased risk of pregnancy is associated with below average but also, and unexpectedly, with above average grade attainment. Incongruity of age and school achievement may identify groups of teenage schoolgirls with special needs for preventive programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:753-759_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Male urethritis in King County, Washington, 1974-75: II. Diagnosis and treatment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hinds, M.W. Author-Name: Gale, J.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 26-30 Abstract: Methods of diagnosing and treating male urethritis in King County, Washington in 1974-1975 were examined by a retrospective postal survey, records review, and prospective surveillance. A Gram-stained smear of urethral discharge was used by 86 per cent of private physicians and urethral culture by 56 per cent. Only 5% made a diagnosis without laboratory aid. U.S. Public Health Service gonorrhea treatment regimens were used by 54-81% of private physicians. Over 90% of physicians not in private practice (emergency room and housestaff) used smear, cultures, and recommended treatment regimens. The Gram-stained smear appeared to be under-utilized and the urethral culture over-utilized. There is a significant need for physician education regarding recommended treatment for male gonorrhea. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:26-30_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevalence of sickle cell trait and HbC-trait in Blacks from low socioeconomic conditions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hicks, E.J. Author-Name: Miller, G.D. Author-Name: Horton, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 135-1137 Abstract: In the present investigation the authors did not observe age or sex differentials in the prevalence of sickle cell or HbC-traits in Black males or females of low socioeconomics status. When the data were compared to those of others, the socioeconomic found no evidence for a socioeconomic differential in the prevalence of these traits. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:135-1137_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and life expectancy among U.S. veterans Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rogot, E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1023-1025 Abstract: Life expectancies were estimated for selected groups of smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers based on the results of a 16-year mortality follow-up of 198,820 U.S. veterans. Life expectancy varied inversely with number of cigarettes smoked per day. The most pronounced differences were between nonsmokers and heavy cigarette smokers (40+ per day). These differences in life expectancy were greatest at the younger ages - nearly 9 years at ages 35 and 40. Life expectancies for cigarette smokers varied directly with age at start of smoking. For all ages, differences in life expectancy between nonsmokers and ex-cigarette smokers who stopped for other than doctor's orders were less than those between nonsmokers and current cigarette smokers. Results in the present study clearly confirmed Hammond's earlier findings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1023-1025_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The animal bite epidemic in Baltimore, Maryland: review and update Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berzon, D.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 593-595 Abstract: In 1972 in Baltimore, a peak of 7,436 reported animal bites (8/1,000 population) was reached. The bite rate for the most susceptible age group (5-14) was 19 per 1,000 population. By 1976, only 5,092 bites were reported, 5.8 per 1,000 total population, and 12.3 per 1,000 population 5-14 years of age. The decline in the number and rates of animal bites is believed due in large measure to the actions taken by the Bureau of Animal Control: education and publicity, increased fees and penalties, and enforcement of the new laws and regulations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:593-595_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A decade of international change in abortion law: 1967-1977 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cook, R.J. Author-Name: Dickens, B.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 637-644 Abstract: Modern thinking on abortion, reflected in recent legal developments around the world, has turned from concentration upon criminality in favor of female and family well-being. New laws enacted during the last decade are coming to focus upon conditions of health and social welfare of women and their existing families as indications for lawful termination of pregnancy. Regulations governing the delivery of services may be restrictive, however, so as to limit in practice access to means of safe, legal abortion made available in theory. Requirements may be imposed that only medical personnel with unduly high qualifications perform procedures, or that they be undertaken only in institutions meeting standards higher than similar health care requires. Approval procedures may be established involving second medical opinions or committees to monitor observance of the law, which may delay abortions and therefore increase their hazards. Parental and spousal consent requirements may exist in addition with the same effects, or to veto a pregnant female's request. Regulations may be employed more positively, however, to encourage contraceptive practice. A disappointment with legislative reform is that it may fail to improve circumstances if public resources are not applied to achieve the supply of services newly rendered legitimate, and illegal practice may persist. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:637-644_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The future impact of women physicians on American medicine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bluestone, N.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 760-763 Abstract: The author presents a commentary on the effect of the growing number of women physicians in the United States and the influence they may have on the quality of medical care. Consumer interests, as well as 'developing health professional' concerns, have successfully challenged the male-dominated medical profession, and forced it to begin to confront its many weaknesses and inconsistencies. One major phenomenon which clearly has the potential for effecting change in health care is the overwhelming increase in the number of women entering the nation's medical schools; their very numbers may open the door to change. The new women entering medicine are being studied by fellow physicians and social scientists, and they are rapidly overturning everything we thought we knew about women physicians. There was little doubt that women physicians, clustered as they were in less prestigious specialities, and with lower incomes than men, bore close resemblance to women with doctorates in other fields, who also had lower salaries, lower employment status, fewer supervisory responsibilities, and who received less recognition. The new women coming into medicine are choosing more and more to go into private practice, are working longer hours, are more insistent upon recompense, and are moving into more varied disciplines. As recruits from the health movement, often with previous training in another health discipline, they are dedicated to advancing the interests of women as patients. In making more demands of the sytem to bend to what they perceive to be their legitimate needs, they have caused male colleagues to question their own attitudes, life-styles, and career models, with the result that greater flexibility is now being sought for men as well as women. Women do bring to medicine a distinctly feminine world view which makes them more sensitive, more emphatic, and more intuitive. The women physician's influence will be determined by the extent of the backlash by male physicians, their response to the temptation of cooptation, and their adaptive reaction to the above variables. Physicians, despite their power role, provide end-stage treatment rather than the broad-based preventive services which determine the ultimate health of the population. Paradoxically, women physicians are moving away from public health, and will exert their influence primarily as clinicians. Nevertheless, their femine vision will enable them to effect meaningful change, even to restore some measure of common sense to medicine's various excesses. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:760-763_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A note on the problem of construct validity in assessing the usefulness of child maltreatment report data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garbarino, J. Author-Name: Crouter, A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 598-600 Abstract: The results support the authors' hypothesis that the relation of child maltreatment report rates to socioeconomic level can be used as a criterion for assessing construct validity. The socioeconomic criterion can be used by investigators as they seek to identify legitimate comparisons for purposes of substantive analysis. Taken separately, the three analyses presented in this paper admit to some ambiguity of interpretation; together they argue for the plausibility of the construct validity hypothesis. The empirical results are consistent with emerging theoretical analysis of etiology and epidemiology. Therefore, the authors believe the socioeconomic criterion may provide a necessary condition for establishing the validity of report data. The empirical criterion proposed in this paper should not be used blindly without corroborating information from local informants, of course. The best approach is to combine an 'anthropological' awareness of the realities of reporting with a statistical model such as the one presented. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:598-600_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Psychiatry and general health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coleman, J.V. Author-Name: Patrick, D.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 451-457 Abstract: The paper presents a study of psychiatric morbidity in the general health care program of a Health Maintenance Organization. Mental health services are built into the program as an integral component of primary care terms in internal medicine and pediatrics. The following were some of the findings: 15.7 per cent of patients visiting the Health Center over a two-year period presented emotional problems; 72 per cent were treated by primary care clinicians alone and 28 per cent by mental health clinicians. Treatment by primary and mental health clinicians is broken down by diagnostic categories. A study of patients with chronic emotional problems revealed that they tended to be high utilizers of all Health Center services for both physical and emotional difficulties. Chronic patients represented 2 per cent of all patients who visited in 1974; of these, 54 per cent were seen by mental health clinicians and 46 per cent by primary care clinicians. In the case of patients with non-chronic emotional problems, over a two-year period, there was an increase in the per cent seen by primary clinicians. The use of psychoactive drugs by primary physicians and the advantages and difficulties of developing a program of integrated health-mental health services are described. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:451-457_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning and developing a prehospital mobile intensive care system in an urban setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pascarelli, E.F. Author-Name: Katz, I.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 389-393 Abstract: A suggested model for the development of an urban based prehospital emergency care system is described. Factors considered in the planning and development include: demand for services, projected and actual; analysis of costs; design and maintenance of the delivery system; and establishment of the evaluation mechanisms. Over one year's experience and 1,144 mobile intensive care unit (MICU) calls in a densely populated urban setting with over 500,000 persons are reported. During the peak 8-hour period, predetermined dispatch categories were employed to activate one MICU operating in conjunction with three conventional ambulances. This partial conversion imparted MICU capability to the entire system at an 11 per cent increase in the ambulance budget. MICU calls averaged 4.5 per 8-hour peak shift and took 45 minutes each. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:389-393_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Canadian approaches to health policy decisions: National Health Insurance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hatcher, G.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 881-889 Abstract: In this paper five Canadian health policy decisions and their relevance to the U.S. are described briefly. Three points characterize the Canadian approach to establishing health policy: a) Major health policies in Canada have been hammered out primarily in dialogue - or competition - between the various political parties, when each had power in one Province or in Ottawa. b) Canadian health policies have been essentially pragmatic and incremental, rather than based on a broad ideological or systems approach. c) The Canadian approach to universal health insurance has been the cornerstone of most other health policies. Universal free health care in Canada, run by the government, costs only one-fourth as much to administer as the U.S. co-insurance ridden public-private system. All health care in Canada costs only about three-fourths as much as in the U.S. Finally, what health status measures the authors have rate Canadians as healthier than white Americans, although it would be rash to attribute this to their health care system alone. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:881-889_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Professional advertising. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stock, F. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1207-1209 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1207-1209_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Foreign physicians and other health care providers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koch-Weser, D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 733-734 Abstract: Health care delivery to underserved, often underprivileged, populations is not only a problem for the countries of the developing world; numerous segments of the world's most advanced countries also suffer from a quantitative and qualitative lack of health care for geographic, cultural, economic, racial, and other reasons. In the field of international health, one can conclude that the richer countries should make resources available to the less advantaged countries, but cannot expect a mass transfer of human resources, including physicians and other health workers; such a transfer in any case would be inappropriate for political, economic, social, and cultural reasons. What can be done is to focus on those resources that will enable the less developed countries to educate and train their own cadre of appropriate health workers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:733-734_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Structuring policy development for consumer health education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Werlin, S.H. Author-Name: Schauffer, H.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 596-597 Abstract: The United States of America faces a familiar policy dilemma with respect to consumer health promotion and education. New national initiatives in health education have emerged, yet evaluation data to inform the policy development process are rather limited. A recent survey identified health education evaluation efforts through a literature review, consultations with technical experts, and extensive discussions with health education evaluators themselves. It deliberately sought out and studied those programs in which strong evaluation was believed to exist. The authors discuss this survey. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:596-597_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physician importation - A solution to developing countries' rural health care problems? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zeighami, B. Author-Name: Zeighami, E. Author-Name: Mehrabanpour, J. Author-Name: Javidian, I. Author-Name: Ronaghy, H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 739-742 Abstract: Developing countries almost universally suffer from severe health service shortages, particularly in rural areas. Manpower problems are the most critical aspect of the shortages. Iran has recently begun a massive program to increase physician supply in its rural areas by importation of physicians from India, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The present study investigated two questions: What are physicians' reasons for accepting a post in a rural area of another country, and what are the attitudes of residents in such rural areas toward foreign physicians? Results of a questionnaire survey of foreign physicians indicate that the most common reasons for physician acceptance of the posts were higher salaries and the desire to go eventually to a Western country. Results of an interview survey of Iranian consumers indicate that residents of rural areas were far more likely to prefer Iranian auxiliaries than non-Iranian physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:739-742_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Scabies in the United States Navy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Melton III, L.J. Author-Name: Brazin, S.A. Author-Name: Damm, S.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 776-778 Abstract: This report describes the incidence of scabies in a relatively well-defined population traveling and living in different parts of the world, yet covered by a single medical treatment and reporting system. A number of the hypotheses concerning cyclical increases of scabies are evaluated in light of available information concerning this population, including data on the incidence of gonorrhea and pediculosis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:776-778_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blood pressure and skin color Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tyroler, H.A. Author-Name: James, S.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1170-1172 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1170-1172_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing the timeliness of ambulatory medical care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Steinwachs, D.M. Author-Name: Yaffe, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 547-556 Abstract: The extent to which individuals receive necessary and timely care (timeliness) is one dimension of the process of care that has received little attention. Timeliness can be viewed as the interaction between patient care-seeking behavior and system accessibility, both of which are expected to influence the effectiveness of medical care. This study examines the provider's assessment of the timeliness of care received in the department of medicine of a prepaid program. Provider judgments are found to be significantly related to the provider's perception of problem severity and to the patient's prognosis. Analysis of patient-reported problem status one week later are also found to be related to the timeliness of care. Implications of timeliness assessments for monitoring and improving access and care-seeking behavior are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:547-556_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Participation in flu immunization projects: What can we expect in the future? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearman, W.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 674-675 Abstract: Following completion of the 1976 swine flue immunization project public health authorities expressed fear that the many problems associated with the program would impact negatively on public participation in future immunization projects. They were concerned that the negativism associated with the swine flue campaign would be generalized by the public to affect willingness to take flu shots in the future, or even to immunization generally, such as immunization against childhood diseases. This research assesses the impact of the swine flu immunization program on citizen participation in future flu immunization campaigns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:674-675_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health input into land use planning: Experiences in a land use program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, O.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 489-491 Abstract: The experiences of a health professional in a land use program in a California County are described: providing health input into the land use planning process by counseling elected and appointed government officials, individual developers, and citizen groups; interpreting existing standards and evaluating proposed ordinances and land use proposals. The significance of such input and the need for guiding standards are emphasized. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:489-491_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The oversimplification of policy in prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, L.W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 953-954 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:953-954_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of a high school course in cardiovascular nutrition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Podell, R.N. Author-Name: Keller, K. Author-Name: Mulvihill, M.N. Author-Name: Berger, G. Author-Name: Kent, D.F. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 573-576 Abstract: High school biology students participated in a cardiovascular nutrition education program. The program was evaluated for its effect on the students' knowledge, attitudes, reported eating behavior, and serum lipid levels by matching individual's pre- and post-program results. There was a significant improvement in cardiovascular nutrition knowledge and attitudes toward a low cholesterol pattern of eating. There was also a significant improvement in reported eating patterns. However, the rise in serum cholesterol levels one year later did not differ from the rise in serum cholesterol levels in a control school. Improvement in attitudes and reported eating behavior was significantly greater for students whose initial cholesterol level was in the upper quartile of U.S. 16-year olds. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:573-576_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genetic counseling as part of hospital care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riccardi, V.M. Author-Name: Cohen, A. Author-Name: Chen, M.T. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 652-655 Abstract: In order to determine whether genetic counseling was part of routine inpatient care in a medical school affiliated children's hospital, a retrospective review of selected patient charts was performed. The charts of a sample of 478 patients with any of ten specified types of genetic or congenital disorders were carefully studied to document whether the recording of genetic counseling had been given, 'offered only', or 'considered only'. The disorders included were of four types: chromosomal, single gene, polygenic, and those characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, with or without a syndrome designation. One thousand six hundred and thirty-three (4.2 percent) of the hospital's patients had one of the ten disorders, but in the sample of charts studied genetic counseling was given five times and 'offered only' twice; in no case was it 'considered only'. The authors suggest that under-utilization of genetic knowledge and resources may be remedied in part by incorporation of a formal genetic disposition into hospital discharge protocols. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:652-655_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Article on excess maternal deaths challenged Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Syska, B.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 783-784 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:783-784_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in North Carolina's cities and counties: 1972-1974 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Blok, J.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 367-372 Abstract: Between January 1, 1972 and December 31, 1974, 534 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome cases were reported in North Carolina. All but the out-of-state cases were mapped by county and city locations to determine if urban or rural cases predominated. The mapping was also undertaken to see if significant spatial variabilities could be detected between the county and city populations of infants at risk. The state had an overall SIDS rate of 2.06 per thousand live births. The mapping revealed that counties had a range from zero to a high of 6.6 and that cities with populations of over 10,000 had SIDS rates which ranged from zero to a high of 10.6. The proportions of SIDS cases occurring in either urban or rural locations roughly approximated the distribution of the state's population, with neither location accounting for disproportionately more cases. The larger cities, however, reported more cases than did their suburbs and the immediately surrounding rural areas. The largest and smallest cities, when grouped accordingly, had the lowest urban SIDS rates. The summary SIDS rates for whites was 1.23 per thousand live births, for blacks it was 3.75 and for Indians it was 6.56 per thousand live births. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:367-372_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Driver education and fatal crash involvement of teenaged drivers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, L.S. Author-Name: Zador, P.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 959-965 Abstract: Fatal crash involvement of teenagers per licensed driver and per population in 27 states was related to the proportions of teenagers who received high school driver education. Among 16-17 year olds, driver education was associated with a great increase in the number of licensed drivers, without a decrease in the fatal crash involvement per 10,000 licensed drivers. About 80 per cent of the 16-17 year olds who took high school driver education obtained licenses that they would not otherwise have obtained until age 18 or thereafter. The net effect is much higher death involvement rates per 10,000 population, on average, in states with greater proportions of 16-17 year olds receiving high school driver education. The data suggest that most teenagers would obtained licenses when they are 18-19 year old, irrespective of high school driver education, and indicate that differences among the states in fatal crash involvement rates per 10,000 licesed 18-19 year licensed drivers were not significantly related to either high school driver education or delayed licensure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:959-965_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Welfare status, illness and subjective health definition Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Prince, E.O. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 865-870 Abstract: The self-defined health status of welfare recipients hospitalized for illness during the preceding year was compared to that of persons not on welfare but hospitalized for illness during the same period. Data were derived from a systematic probability sample of household residents of the Harlem Hospital inpatient district population surveyed July 1967 - June 1970. Welfare recipient respondents were more likely to perceive their health as fair/poor than were persons not on welfare. This difference persisted when the data were analyzed by sex, age, reported levels and type of illness, hospital days and number of stays, and current usual activity; usual activity was a major explanatory variable but only partially accounted for the relationship. It has been hypothesized that in achievement-oriented societies, illness may be used as justification for a culturally-induced sense of personal failure to fulfill socially prescribed role obligations. The data are consistent with this hypothesis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:865-870_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Author's response to Gish Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: England, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 893-894 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:893-894_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The pregnant drinker Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fielding, J. Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 836-838 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:836-838_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A reply to 'more myths in international health planning' Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gish, O. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 891-893 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:891-893_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dispensing drugs without prescription and treating patients by pharmacy attendants in Shiraz, Iran Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Amidi, S. Author-Name: Ajamee, G. Author-Name: Sadeghi, H.R. Author-Name: Yourshalmi, P. Author-Name: Gharehjeh, A.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 495-497 Abstract: Nine out of 30 pharmacies sold Valium tablets on verbal request, and 26 pharmacies sold us Cumadine when the empty bottle of Cumadine was presented to them. Drugs were dispensed by 15 pharmacies for abdominal pain; by 26 pharmacies for diarrhea; and by 27 pharmacies for sore throat. The types and amounts of drugs given for different symptoms are shown. Further instructions for follow-up referral were seldom offered. Only those who refused to dispense drugs gave advice such as physician referral or the need for obtaining a prescription. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:495-497_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Field survey of enteric viruses in solid waste landfill leachates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sobsey, M.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 858-864 Abstract: Because municipal solid waste may contain fecal material from a variety of sources, there is concern that the leachate discharged from some solid waste landfills may contain enteric pathogens, including enteric viruses. In this study, 22 leachate samples from 21 different landfills in the United States and Canada were examined for enteric viruses. The sites represented a broad range of conditions for solid waste landfills and the leachate samples ranged from 10.3 to 18 liters in volume. Enteric viruses were found in only one of the 22 leachate samples examined. Two viruses, identified as poliovirus types 1 and 3, were found in an 11.8 liter sample obtained from a site where solid waste landfill practice was deficient. The low levels of enteric viruses detected in field samples of raw leachate and the opportunities for further reductions in the virus concentration of leachates by such processes as thermal inactivation, removal by soil and dilution in ground and surface waters, suggest that leachates from properly operated solid waste landfills do not constitute an environmental or public health hazard due to enteric viruses. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:858-864_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving life expectancy: an uphill road ahead Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keyfitz, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 954-956 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:954-956_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The pregnant smoker Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 835-836 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:835-836_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lung cancer mortality and urban air pollution Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weiss, W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 773-775 Abstract: Over the past 3 decades cigarette smoke has been established as the major environmental inhalant causing lung cancer. A small proportion of lung cancers are clearly attributable to occupational agents, including asbestos, radiation, and chemicals. In addition, efforts have been made to link air pollution and lung cancer as cause and effect but the data are not very convincing. Since lung cancer has a long induction-latent period, its incidence should be examined in relation to environmental exposures years to decades before diagnosis. Available data in Philadelphia were examined with this in mind by studying the geographic variation of lung cancer mortality rates within the city in relation to the earliest obtainable information on the geographic variation in air pollution. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:773-775_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the statistical validity of standards used in profile monitoring of health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McAuliffe, W.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 645-651 Abstract: In current methods of profile monitoring, standards of acceptability (cut-offs) are set either by consulting panels of experts, or by selecting an arbitrary point (e.g., the 75th percentile) on the profile (statistical distribution). However, experts have only vague ideas of what outcome rates ought to be, while profile statistics stem from samples for which unknown percentages of cases have received acceptable care. Poorly chosen standards could cause profile monitoring to be ineffective, inefficient, or unnecessarily disruptive. A new method is suggested to set standards by using statistics for which the percentage of adequate care has been predetermined by examining the process of care. Plans to circumvent the pitfalls involved are described, as are two approaches to estimating the degree of process adequacy from routinely produced outcome rates. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:645-651_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The financial viability of rural primary health care centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feldman, R. Author-Name: Deitz, D.M. Author-Name: Brooks, E.F. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 981-988 Abstract: Primary health care centers have been proposed to meet the health care needs of rural America. Some centers become financially 'self-sufficient', receiving their entire budgets from direct patient or third-party payments; others shut down when external funding is withdrawn. An explanation for this difference is important, because funding agencies may not wish to subsidize centers whose financial futures appear bleak. This study identifies the correlates of financial self-sufficiency. A survey conducted in late 1976 of 164 rural clinics provided 101 usable responses. Multiple regression analysis of the data shows that the longer a center has been in operation, the more self-sufficient it will become. Hospital control of the center and provision of laboratory tests increase self-sufficiency; outreach services and nonprofit status reduce it. Two variables related to financial self-sufficiency are separately examined. Clinics with a faster growth rate of patient visits are more self-sufficient, and smaller clinics tend to grow faster. More self-sufficient clinics experience less difficulty in keeping professional staff. The presence of a state Area Health Education Center (AHEC) program also eases the problem of staff retention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:981-988_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral contraceptive use: association with frequency of hospitalization and chronic disease risk indicators Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hoover, R. Author-Name: Bain, C. Author-Name: Cole, P. Author-Name: MacMahon, B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 335-341 Abstract: A questionnaire was mailed to 97,364 married women, aged 26-50, resident in Greater Boston in 1970, requesting information on lifetime oral contraceptive (OC) use, reproductive history, education, and hospitalization experience in 1969; 65,843 women responded. In 1973 a second questionnaire was mailed to 37,292 of these women, including all OC users and an equal number of non-users matched on age, parity, education, and town of residence. This questionnaire related to use of OCs, other female hormones, and the menopause. OC use was most strongly related to age, with a sixfold increase in use from the oldest women (of whom 10 per cent had used OCs at some time) to the youngest. Use was directly related to education and mobility and inversely related to parity. Reasons for beginning and ceasing use differed for women of different ages and educational attainment. Thus, use of OCs varies with social and reproductive characteristics that are risk indicators for many diseases. OC use was associated with increased risk of hospitalization for thromboembolic disease (risk ratio = 1.5, 95 per cent confidence limits 1.2, 3.2) and for mental illness, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, and cancer of the cervix. OC users were hospitalized for many non-life threatening conditions 20 to 40 per cent more frequently than were non-users. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:335-341_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Addiction and low birth weight: A quasi-experimental study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Whiting, M. Author-Name: Whitman, S. Author-Name: Bergner, L. Author-Name: Patrick, S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 676-678 Abstract: The weight distributions, mean weights, mean gestation periods, and per cent under 2501 grams are presented. Matched t-tests were performed on all addict-control groups, for birth weight and gestation period. The mean birth weight of the controls at both Harlem and Beth Israel were significantly higher than those of the addicts, and this was true as well when the Beth Israel group was analyzed according to race. When length of gestation was analyzed in a similar manner, only the difference between the Harlem addict-control pairs approached significance. The other dependent variables were the one and five-minute Apgar scores. Since these scores are discrete evaluations with a limited range and containing pairs which are exactly equal ('ties'), a 'sign-test' was used for this analysis. At Harlem Hospital there were no significant differences in the one and five-minute Apgar scores of the two groups. At Beth Israel Hospital the five-minute Apgar for black addicts and the scores for all addicts (black and white) were lower than those of their respective matched controls at border levels of significance. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:676-678_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of a reduction in leading causes of death: potential gains in life expectancy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tsai, S.P. Author-Name: Lee, E.S. Author-Name: Hardy, R.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 966-971 Abstract: The potential gains in total expectation of life and in the working life ages among the United States population are examined when the 3 leading causes of death are totally or partially eliminated. The impressive gains theoretically achieved by total elimination do not hold up under the more realistic assumption of partial elimination or reduction. The number of years gained by a newborn child, with a 30% reduction in major cardiovascular diseases would be 1.98 years, for malignant neoplasms 0.71 years, and for motor vehicle accidents 0.21 years. Application of the same reduction of the working ages, 15 to 70 years, results in a gain, of 0.43, 0.26, and 0.14 years, respectively for the 3 leading causes of death. Even with a scientific break-through in combating these causes of death, it appears that future gains in life expectancies for the working ages will not be spectacular. The implication of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health care policy is noted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:966-971_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health services needs of children in day care centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chang, A. Author-Name: Zukerman, S. Author-Name: Wallace, H.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 373-377 Abstract: In order to assess health services needs of children in day care centers, interviews were carried out with health coordinators or directors of 52 licensed day care centers in Berkeley, California. Over one-third of the centers lacked a designated health coordinator; one-fourth of the centers lacked written health guidelines and/or emergency guidelines; almost one-half lacked nutrition education services; and over two-thirds lacked a dental health education program. Only one out of five centers was willing to admit mildly ill children. Health coordinators and directors showed strong preference for care of mildly ill children at home by a trained worker. The presence of a designated health coordinator and of state funds was highly associated with the content and scope of health services provided. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:373-377_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcoming barriers to the employment and utilization of the nurse practitioner Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sullivan, J.A. Author-Name: Dachelet, C.Z. Author-Name: Sultz, H.A. Author-Name: Henry, M. Author-Name: Carrol, H.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1097-1103 Abstract: A national longitudinal cohort study of nurse practitioners and their employers conducted during 1973-1976 provided data on barriers to the development of the nurse practitioner role in primary care. Nearly 90 percent of the 500 primary care nurse practitioners responding and 75 per cent of the 407 employers responding reported encountering one or more barriers to the role development of the nurse practitioner in their practice setting. Nurse practitioners identified an average of 2.2 barriers and employers identified an average of 1.6 barriers each. Specific barriers identified by 20 per cent or more of the nurse practitioners and employers were legal restrictions, limitations of space and facilities, and resistance from other providers. The data and other evidence suggest that barriers are not insurmountable and that progress is being made in overcoming these obstacles. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1097-1103_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The energy cost of overweight in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hannon, B.M. Author-Name: Lohman, T.G. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 765-767 Abstract: The authors have calculated the fotal fossil energy equivalent of the food calories saved by reducing the present degree of overweight (2.3 billion pounds for the adult United States population) to optimum body weight and the annual fossil energy reduction once all Americans reached their optimum weight. The energy saved by dieting to reach optimal weight is equivalent to 1.3 billion gallons of gasoline and the annual energy savings would more than supply the annual residential electrical demands of Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, DC. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:765-767_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A method for selecting criteria to evaluate medical care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagner, E.H. Author-Name: Williams, C.A. Author-Name: Greenberg, R. Author-Name: Kleinbaum, D. Author-Name: Wolf, S. Author-Name: Ibrahim, M.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 464-470 Abstract: This study tests a questionnaire method for eliciting process criteria for medical care appraisal. The questionnaire was sent to national samples of family physicians, pediatricians, and pediatricians specializing in infectious diseases asking their opinions about various clinical actions in 125 clinical situations concerning respiratory infection in infants. Five hundred twenty-four (54 per cent) physicians returned completed questionnaires. Questionnaire responses favored the performance of a majority of actions and opposed very few. Opinions concerning individual actions, particularly diagnostic tests and treatments, varied widely depending upon the clinical situation presented. A second questionnaire sent one year later indicated that the opinions expressed in the first questionnaire remained stable over time, especially if the initial opinion favored performance of the action. Comparison of the questionnaire responses and medical records of a group of practitioners demonstrated that only 55 per cent of actions favored in a practitioner's questionnaire appeared in his records. Although the questionnaire method appears to be a feasible, specific, and reliable means of identifying clinical opinion, there remains considerable discordance between opinion as expressed in the questionnaire and recorded clinical practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:464-470_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary health care in an Academic Medical Center Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thacker, S.B. Author-Name: Salber, E.J. Author-Name: Osborne, C. Author-Name: Muhlbaier, L.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 853-857 Abstract: In 1975-76 a one-year longitudinal study of the delivery of primary care services was carried out at all ambulatory institutional facilities in Durham County, North Carolina and in 47 of 50 community private practices covering the broad fields of surgery (including urology and orthopedics), medicine, pediatrics, and ob/gyn. The present paper focuses on the private and public clinics of Duke University Medical Center. Data were analyzed to document differentials in sociodemographic characteristics of patients attending these two systems of care. Results showed that patients attending the private clinics are predominantly white and covered by private insurance, while patients attending the public clinics are predominantly black and heavily dependent on Medicaid coverage. The potentially detrimental effects of a two-class system of care on the health of patients, as well as on the education of students, is discussed in the context of a scant medical literature on this subject. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:853-857_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An international look at school-based children's dental services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dunning, J.M. Author-Name: Dunning, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 664-668 Abstract: School-based dental clinics, when well-managed, can bring good quality care to children where they normally congregate, thus avoiding many of the problems found where children must be taken to private offices out of school hours. Both capital and running expenses for primary care can be substantially reduced. Utilization figures for school-based dental services now reach 98 per cent of eligible children in New Zealand, where dental nurses do simple operative dentistry including cavity preparation and fillings. Australia, where a modified New Zealand plan has been expanding for about 12 years, is moving rapidly to attain similar utilization. In Sweden, 95% of the school-age population is reported to receive school-managed dental service through a government program. In the United States, however, it is commonly reported that less than one-half the school-age population receives good periodic dental care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:664-668_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contamination of the home environment by patients treated with iodine 131: initial results Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jacobson, A.P. Author-Name: Plato, P.A. Author-Name: Toeroek, D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 225-230 Abstract: We have employed twin sodium iodide radiation detectors to analyze iodine-131 transfer from thyroid patients to their families. Unlike previous studies of this problem, we measure thyroid radioiodine activity directly and are able to detect as little as 92 pCi of iodine 131 in adult thyroids. As in previous studies, we have also measured direct radiation exposures of family members with wristband thermoluminescent dosimeters. Thus far we have studied seven families with 17 persons. Eleven of these are children under age 16. Direct radiation exposure of family persons from proximity of these radioactive patients ranged from 0.17 to 126 mR per day (natural background radiation amounts to approximately 0.35 mR per day). The maximum activity of iodine-131 in family thyroids ranged from less than 92 pCi to as high as 110,000 pCi resulted in thyroid dose equivalents of 4 to 1330 mrem. Based on recent estimates of thyroid cancer, the latter dose equivalent could possibly double the risk of thyroid malignancy in children over what is expected normally. Such a risk implies the addition of 10 induced cases to the 10 naturally occurring cases per million people per year. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:225-230_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental quality as an issue in the legislative history of the national health planning and resources development act of 1974 (PL 93-641) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pond, M.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 583-585 Abstract: It is the purpose of this brief communication to examine the history of the most recently enacted health planning legislation (PL 93-641) to assess how environmental health issues were addressed and resolved during the legislative process. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:583-585_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educational benefits of the United States School Feeding program: A critical review of the literature Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pollitt, E. Author-Name: Gersovitz, M. Author-Name: Gargiulo, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 477-481 Abstract: In the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 it was stated that educational progress was an objective of the United States School Feeding programs. In spite of this fact no serious attempt has ever been made to evaluate whether this objective has been met; the few evaluations that have been conducted lack scientific rigor. As a whole the studies fail to provide a strong basis from which to make valid inferences regarding the long-term effects of the feeding program on school achievement and adaptation. Studies that have focused on the short-term effects of hunger or morning feeding suggest that the provision of breakfast may both benefit the student emotionally and enhance his capacity to work on school type tasks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:477-481_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of a rural preventive care outreach program on children's health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cowen, D.L. Author-Name: Culley, G.A. Author-Name: Hochstrasser, D.L. Author-Name: Briscoe, M.E. Author-Name: Somes, G.W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 471-476 Abstract: A 'treatment-control' research design incorporating a modified 'tracer disease' methodology for measuring health outcomes has been applied to the evaluation of a rural pediatric outreach preventive health care program in Appalachia. The primary research objective was to asses the general level of effectiveness of the health services provided by the program in preventing and/or reducing illness due to common childhood diseases among children receiving these services, when compared to similar (i.e., 'matched') children receiving standard pediatric outpatient care but without such outreach services. The research finding indicate that prevalence rates for the selected tracer diseases were generally comparable among program children and their controls. However, evidence of effective identification and treatment of an increased prevalence of iron deficiency anemia by the program was demonstrated. Comparison of the program and control children on their sociocultural characteristics also suggests that the comparable health outcomes for the two groups may have been achieved in the case of the program children despite their somewhat disadvantaged socioeconomic and environmental circumstances relative to the controls; and apparently with lower outpatient services utilization and lower overall costs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:471-476_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health systems agencies: Politics of project review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mott, B.J.F. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1173-1174 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1173-1174_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The environmentalist's challenge Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 540-541 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:540-541_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Medicaid program and a regular source of care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kronenfeld, J.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 771-773 Abstract: Much of the current research in utilization of medical care services points out that the Medicare and Medicaid programs have had a significant effect in changing the traditional positive relationship between income and use of ambulatory care services. Studies have found the poor now utilize care at a greater rate than do middle income groups, although differences in age distribution and the greater need for care among the poor may explain the higher utilization. Similar rates of utilization do not necessarily mean that the quality and type of care minority and low-income groups receive is similar. Examining data on having a regular source of care gives them some insight as to whether different groups receive care in similar manner. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:771-773_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aquatic vegetation and water pollution control: public health implications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dinges, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 12 Pages: 1202-1205 Abstract: Results obtained from pilot studies and the operation of a plant scale treatment facility located at the Williamson Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant at Austin, Texas, demonstrate that culture of the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in shallow earthen basins is effective in the removal of algae, fecal coliform bacteria and deleterious impurities from wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Stabilization ponds followed by hyacinth culture constitute an economical, low energy treatment system which reduces significantly those potential health hazards associated with wastewaters. Harvested hyacinths represent a useful product which could be converted into compost, or used directly as a soil amendment. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:12:1202-1205_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Follow-up study of patients treated by X-ray epilation for tinea capitis: psychiatric and psychometric evaluation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Omran, A.R. Author-Name: Shore, R.E. Author-Name: Markoff, R.A. Author-Name: Friedhoff, A. Author-Name: Albert, R.E. Author-Name: Barr, H. Author-Name: Dahlstrom, W.G. Author-Name: Pasternack, B.S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 561-567 Abstract: To investigate the late effects of radiation to the head upon subclinical disorders, a psychiatric and psychometric evaluation was performed on 177 cases treated 10-29 years earlier for ringworm of the scalp by X-ray therapy (N:109) or, by chemotherapy (N:68). Analyses which controlled for educational level and family psychiatric disorders showed that, among whites, the irradiated group manifested more psychiatric symptoms and more deviant MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) scores. They were also judged more maladjusted from their MMPI profiles, and more frequently had a history of treated psychiatric disorders; however, the psychiatrist's overall rating of current psychiatric status showed only a borderline difference between the two groups. There were no significant differences between irradiated and chemotherapy treated blacks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:561-567_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on 'welfare status, illness and subjective health definition' Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cornely, P.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 870-871 Abstract: This analysis demonstrates that illness is highly correlated with the socioeconomic status of individuals and groups. Social scientists should stop looking for esoteric perceptions as agents of disease which continue to blame the victim, and turn their emphasis on societal factors which deprive individuals - namely employment, nutrition, nutrition, environmental sanitation, and personal accountability - which are truly the determinants of a high degree of wellness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:870-871_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence for the existence of Q fever in northwest Texas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Millis, N.S. Author-Name: Kuhnley, L.C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 590-592 Abstract: In this survey, evidence was found that Q fever is naturally occurring in Northwest Texas in cattle. Since cattle are believed to be the major reservoir for Q fever this suggests that human cases have occurred in Northwest Texas, but are misdiagnosed or unreported. Though as yet undetermined there appears to be a relationship between cattle and rodent populations to Q fever. Further studies are necessary to determine this relationship and other reservoirs or modes of transmission which may serve as potential health hazards. Also necessary is a study of the incidence of human cases of Q fever in Northwest Texas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:590-592_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improvement in infant and perinatal mortality in the United States, 1965-1973: 1. Priorities for intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Eisner, V. Author-Name: Pratt, M.W. Author-Name: Hexter, A. Author-Name: Chabot, M.J. Author-Name: Sayal, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 359-364 Abstract: Changes in the United States infant and perinatal mortality in the period 1965to 1973 were examined by race, age at death or length of gestation, and degree of urbanization. The decline of postneonatal mortality rates was greater than the decline of fetal and neonatal mortality rates. Other-than-white infant and fetal mortality rates improved more than the white rates, except in the first day of life. Postneonatal mortality rates improved more in rural than in urban areas, while neonatal and perinatal mortality rates improved more in urban areas than in rural. These improvements in mortality rates have occurred at the same time as changes in medical techniques and the organization and availability of health services, improvements in economic conditions and standards of living, and changes in the demographic characteristics of the child-bearing population of the United States. Each of these changes was in a direction expected to have a favorable effect on infant and perinatal mortality. Nevertheless, the improvement of infant mortality rates has not changed the relative position of the United States in comparison with other countries. Programs to improve infant and perinatal mortality can use the data in this study to define high priority target groups using a method based on the size of the problem in the target group, the severity of the problem, and the amount and direction of change. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:359-364_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental examinations for quality control: peer review versus self assessment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milgrom, P. Author-Name: Weinstein, P. Author-Name: Ratener, P. Author-Name: Read, W.A. Author-Name: Morrison, K. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 394-400 Abstract: This paper reports the dental care norms for restorative dentistry collected from examinations of 1,466 patients in 105 dental offices in Washington State during 1976. These results are part of a larger study. 'Assessment of Care and Continuing Dental Education, being conducted by the University of Washington with the endorsement and cooperation of the Washington State Dental Association. Treatments in volunteer offices were evaluated either by colleagues (peer review) or by the practitioner himself (self-assessment). Two hundred twenty-four of 1,196 eligible dentists volunteered for the study. Patients from the practitioners' offices were randomy selected from office files by project staff. The study tests the proposition that, using standardized clinical evaluation procedures and comparable samples of treatment, dentists will be more critical of their own work than that of others. Results suggest a generally high level of care provided by volunteer practitioners and that self-assessments were significantly more critical than peer review. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:394-400_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On health education and childhood injuries. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weber, C.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1142 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1142_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On flu immunization and future impact. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arney, W.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 11 Pages: 1142 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:11:1142_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Salmonellosis: Possible transmission from horse to human to dog of infection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morse, E.V. Author-Name: Kersting, K.W. Author-Name: Smith Jr., L.E. Author-Name: Myhrom, E.P. Author-Name: Greenwood, D.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 497-499 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:497-499_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Administrative warrants for health and safety inspections. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1029-1030 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1029-1030_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On 'genetic counseling and wrongful life'. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1026-1027 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1026-1027_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minority dental school graduates: do they serve minority communities? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Montoya, R. Author-Name: Hayes-Bautista, D. Author-Name: Gonzales, L. Author-Name: Smeloff, E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1017-1019 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1017-1019_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improving life expectancy: an uphill road ahead. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Deyfitz, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 654-656 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:654-656_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On health services in day care centers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Patterson, H.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1027 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1027_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comment on 'health status indices and access to medical care'. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chen, M.K. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 10 Pages: 1027-1028 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:10:1027-1028_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On definition of anemia in pregnancy. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Micozzi, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 907-908 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:907-908_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Caution against use of extrapolated risk estimate. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Petersen, R.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 907 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:907_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The influence of PSROs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Landsberg, G. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 9 Pages: 908 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:9:908_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A synoptic view of the history of APHA awards (1885--1977). Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pond, M.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 8 Pages: 789-804 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:8:789-804_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Atypical plague bacilli isolated from rodents, fleas and man Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Williams, J.E. Author-Name: Harrison, D.N. Author-Name: Quan, T.J. Author-Name: Mullins, J.L. Author-Name: Barnes, A.M. Author-Name: Cavanaugh, D.C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 262-264 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:262-264_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Equity in abortion services. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roemer, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 629-631 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:629-631_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statistical error noted in hypertension screening article. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Birkett, N. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 682 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:682_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: By their fruits ye shall know them. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 631-633 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:631-633_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on "lessons for health educators". Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dershewitz, R.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 681 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:681_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health promotion--the importance of demedicalized and active approaches. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martin, J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 686-687 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:686-687_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On PAHO yaws control program. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wagmen, M.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 602 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:602_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Information on cardiovascular research training. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: MacCanon, D.M. Author-Name: Feinleib, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 602-603 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:602-603_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health promotion--the importance of 'demedicalized' and active approaches. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martin, J.F. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 6 Pages: 603-604 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:6:603-604_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mental health insurance: problems and prognosis. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gorman, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 444-446 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:444-446_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: National Health Insurance includes mental health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Plaut, E.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 443-444 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:443-444_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of statistical device. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sornberger, G.C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 503 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:503_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Land use: public health is the bottom line. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galanter, R.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 446-447 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:446-447_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Encouraging words on National Health Service. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hottle, A.K. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 503 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:503_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Oral contraceptives--another look. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sartwell, P.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 323-325 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:323-325_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Optometry in the hospital: a cooperative endeavor. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Challenor, B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 325 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:325_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments received on excess deaths from restricting Medicaid funds for abortions. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallenstein, S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 270-272 Abstract: Methodological errors inherent in an article by D.B. Petitti and W. Cates (American Journal of Public Health 67:860-862, 1977) on projecting excess maternal mortality resulting from restriction of Medicaid funds for abortion are cited. It is claimed that the authors' mortality estimates are too high because they failed to correct for other early-pregnancy-related mortality risks occurring prior to a planned abortion. To calculate excess risk, the risk for Medicaid patients who abort must be subtracted from non-pregnancy-related maternal mortality rates. Analysis of gestation-age-specific nonabortion maternal mortality can be used to indicate excess maternal mortality for Medicaid recipients choosing abortion, as well as the increased number of deaths due to the postponement of abortion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:270-272_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on Dr. Fielding's commentary. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Redmond, S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 273-274 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:273-274_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On abortion philosophy. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Crum, G. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 272 Abstract: The journal's reply to Mr. Fischer accurately pointed out that the journal had been misquoted but the addition of the word "human" to the journal's statement fails to alter the comments unless it is incorrectly maintained that the unborn child is not a biologically distinct entity or he or she is a member of another species. Consequently, Fischer's conclusions remain valid and unaddressed by the journal's response. The only exception that this writer would take to Fischer is his assertion that the pro-abortion-on-demand movement claims to have an internally consistent philosophy. In the final analysis, the crux of the matter is neither biological accuracy nor internal consistency. The basic question is whether 1 human being ever has the right to define and the inherent ability to discern the personhood of another human being. If the response is affirmative, then everyone, rather than the pregnant female only, should be permitted the right to determine whether another live human being is a "subperson" eligible for euthanasia. All individual human beings have an unalienable right to life and must be granted personhood until a scientific technique which can measure the abstract qualities of humanity is developed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:272_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On IUD package inserts. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 269-270 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:269-270_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the state of New York's public health organization. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leavy, W.F. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 272 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:272_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Results on bread testing. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Davis, D.R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 274 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:274_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Categorization of comprehensive community mental health center services. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Holman, J.E. Author-Name: Hamburger, E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 174-175 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:174-175_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The privacy protection report and epidemiological research. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 173 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:173_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The medical impact of an antepartum program for pregnant adolescents: a statistical analysis. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, P.B. Author-Name: Wait, R.B. Author-Name: Mumford, D.M. Author-Name: Nenney, S.W. Author-Name: Hollins, B.T. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-172 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:169-172_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An areawide survey of treated end-stage renal disease. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mausner, J.S. Author-Name: Clark, J.K. Author-Name: Coles, B.I. Author-Name: Menduke, H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 166-169 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:166-169_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On definition of anemia. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buttery, C.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 174 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:174_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of incentives for fertility reduction. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wishik, S.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 113-114 Abstract: Incentives, i.e., either monetary or other benefits, can be used to reward couples for limiting their fertility; disincentives, or penalties, can be imposed for excessive fertility. Examples of the use of incentives or disincentives by the governments of India, Singapore, and Hawaii are cited. Direct cash payments or tax exemptions (timed variously) are the most common incentive used. The effectiveness and the morality of incentive/disincentive programs are discussed. It is felt that incentives should only be used after a social consensus has been reached and after family planning services have been made available to all groups in the society. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:113-114_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The case for cervical cancer screening. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, M.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 114-115 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:114-115_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In support of local health departments. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hughes, J.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 176 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:176_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal mortality committees reassessed. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frazier, T.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 175-176 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:175-176_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Antibody to Escherichia coli enterotoxin in meat-packing workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallace, R.B. Author-Name: Donta, S.T. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 68-70 Abstract: Meat-packing plant employees exposed to raw animal products had serological evidence of higher infection rates with heat-labile toxin producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LT-EEC). In those employees with multiple sera available for study over a 10-yr period, a drop in mean anti-LT-EEC titer was observed, suggesting altered ecology of or exposure to the organism during this time. Prospective studies need to be done to detemine if meat-packing workers actually experience a greater incidence of LT-EEC induced diarrheal disease. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:68-70_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy of screening for cervical cancer: a review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Guzick, D.S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 125-134 Abstract: Cytologic screening for cervical cancer currently enjoys wide acceptance, but there remains controversy in the literature concerning its efficacy in prolonging life. On the basis of a literature review several conclusions are reached: 1) Cervical screening can identify women who are at greater than average risk of developing invasive cervical cancer by detecting asymptomatic lesions that would frequently progress to invasion if left untreated; 2) Therapy based on confirmed positive smears can reduce the incidence and mortality rates of invasive cervical cancer as shown by declining rates in many centers that had constant or increasing rates before screening began, lower rates for geographic areas and occupational groups having less screening and lower rates among screened women than unscreened women; and 3) Attempts to estimate the amount of life prolongation attributable to cervical screening have not yet yielded reliable figures, because of difficulties with the models or data used. However, in view of the available evidence, it is suggested that incomplete data should not prevent a vigorous continuation of screening where it is already extensive, and an escalation where it is not. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:125-134_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Genetic counseling and wrongful life Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 5 Pages: 501-502 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:5:501-502_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A study of food service establishment sanitation inspection frequency Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Author-Name: Blonder, E. Author-Name: Henriksen, J. Author-Name: Strong, W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 408-410 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:408-410_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 'Common sense' in enforcement of inspections and regulations in occupational health and safety Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 73 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:73_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An epidemiological approach to the study of users and non users of child health services. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Selwyn, B.J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 231-235 Abstract: A case-comparison study was carried out in 1972 to determine the characteristics of users and nonusers of child health services. A sample of 529 mothers with children under 5 years of age (eligible children) residing in one poor barrio in Cali, Colombia was selected. The characteristics of mothers and their eligible children were described in relation to their use or nonuse of health services and a set of indicators was developed which differentiated the nonuser group from the user group. A two-stage sampling technique was used. First, blocks in the barrio were sampled, and second, an equal number of mothers with eligible children who used and who did not use services in the year prior to the study were selected for interview. Nonusers were matched with users on distance from home to local health center. The set of indicators which best discriminated the groups was: the number of eligible children, age of mother, access to free medical care, the action proneness score (attitudes), and knowledge of health, illness, and services. The study method permitted identification of the target population for services, determination of current patterns of use, and quantification of morbidity and immunization levels. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:231-235_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New Mexico Health day: a university community partnership in recruiting health professionals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Daitz, B.R. Author-Name: Bennett, M.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 264-266 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:264-266_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The basics of health policy: rights and privileges Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pickett, G.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 236-240 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:236-240_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the effectiveness of restaurant inspection frequencies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaplan, O.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 7 Pages: 670-671 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:7:670-671_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physicians and non-physician health practitioners: The characteristics of their practices and their relationships Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simborg, D.W. Author-Name: Starfield, B.H. Author-Name: Horn, S.D. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-48 Abstract: Six primary care practices which utilize both physician and non-physician practitioner types were studied to measure differences between practitioner types in the care of patients. By chart review 1,369 patient-practitioner encounters were examined. Physicians identified less symptoms and signs in their patients and prescribed less non-drug therapies than did non-physicians. Likewise, at follow-up visits, physicians tended to document less follow-up of these types of problems and therapies than non-physicians. When examining the interaction between practitioners, the highest rates of follow-up of all types of problems and therapies were found when the same practitioner saw the patient at two successive visits to the same clinic. When a physician saw a patient following a previous visit to a nurse practitioner, there was a significant drop-off in the follow-up rate of problems and therapies. However, when a nurse practitioner saw the patient following a previous visit to a physician, the drop-off in follow-up rates was not as striking. These findings indicate that the skills of physician and non-physician practitioners are potentially complementary. However, this potential is not fully exploited, particularly by physicians Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:44-48_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 220-221 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:220-221_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The congress and national health policy. Fifth annual Matthew B. Rosenhaus Lecture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kennedy, E.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 241-244 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:241-244_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population exposures from radionuclides in medicine. As low as reasonably achievable? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shapiro, J. Author-Name: Moeller, D.W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 219-220 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:219-220_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Containing the gonorrhea epidemic. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roberts, P.O. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 13-14 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:13-14_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioeconomic differentials in selected causes of death Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yeracaris, C.A. Author-Name: Kim, J.H. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 342-351 Abstract: The areal approach utilized in mortality analysis for cities in the past is argued to be fruitful for suburban mortality analysis as well. Through factor analysis of four Census Tract indicators, weighted scores were computed and socioeconomic groups were constructed for each central city and each surburban area for three selected metropolitan areas: Birmingham, AL, Buffalo, NY, and Indianapolis, IN. Mortality rates from Heart Diseases, Malignant Neoplasms, and All Other Causes of death were found to be inversely associated with socioeconomic status in both the central cities and the suburban communities of these selected metropolitan areas. Evidence points to increasing socioeconomic differentials between 1960 and 1970 especially for males for the central cities and for suburban rings in spite of reduction in mortality during this period. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:342-351_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: More myths in international health planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: England, R. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 153-159 Abstract: There is a tendency for many articles dealing with policies and plans for health care in developing counties to cover a great deal of the same ground. Useful as they may once have been, these attempts to summarize so much that is patently wrong with the health services in the poorer countries have evolved into a familiar format which now serves little purpose. A problem caused by articles of this type is that they allow us to slip into dangerous oversimplifications. By glossing over the depth and complexity of the real issues involved and by relentless repetition, certain statements and concepts have acquired a quite unjustified credibility. They have become myths. This paper looks at some of these myths and oversimplications and tries to point out some of the issues they obscure. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:153-159_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community medicine in the British National Health Service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jagdish, V. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 54-57 Abstract: Reorganization of the British National Health Service in April 1974 brought about the creation of Community Medicine as a service specialty. Development of thinking on the type of role British community medicine should play is briefly described. The functions of the community medicine specialist at the different tiers of the health service are described in the content of the objectives of reorganization and the problems facing the specialty today are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:54-57_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Woodlawn mental health studies: tracking children and families for long-term follow-up Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Agrawal, K.C. Author-Name: Kellam, S.G. Author-Name: Klein, Z.E. Author-Name: Turner, J. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 139-142 Abstract: Elementary school children in a large public urban school system (Chicago) can be tracked into adolescence, together with their families, by using student numbers established by the Chicago Public Schools. This paper reports on the linkage between a psychiatric follow-up study and the data bank of the Chicago Public Schools. The authors were able to find information about the location and grade placement of 87% of an urban ghetto neighborhood's first grade children after a seven to ten-year lapse in contact. The children about whom information was found did not differ from those missing in the early measures of their school achievement and psychological well-being. However, first grade measures of school success or failure did relate to grade placement of children ten years later, as did first grade ratings of bizarreness. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:139-142_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Validity of 24-hour dietary recalls by adolescent females. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greger, J.L. Author-Name: Etnyre, G.M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-72 Abstract: The validity of 24-hour dietary recalls was tested by comparing the recalled intake of adolescent girls to their actual intake during a metabolic study. Diet recalls were a valid bases of estimating the dietary intake of energy, protein, calcium, and zinc by this group of adolescents. However, the majority of the subjects were unable to recall their food intake with enough accuracy so that their intake of vitamins A and C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron could be calculated within the range of two-thirds to four-thirds of their actual intake. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:70-72_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Treating obesity in children and adolescents: a review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Coates, T.J. Author-Name: Thoresen, C.E. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 143-151 Abstract: Researchers and health practitioners are becoming increasingly concerned with the problems associated with obesity among children and adolescents. Obesity tends to persist into adulthood and to be associated with a variety of physical and psychological problems. Treatment approaches used to date are generally impotent, but some promising short-term results have been achieved with some forms of dietary counseling, exercise programs, total environmental management, and behavior therapy. But even with these strategies, clinically significant weight loss is rare and advances during treatment are rarely maintained. Radical departures from current treatment strategies are needed in the form of more structured and intensive treatments, family involvement, and training in problem solving. Closer adherence to sound scientific methodology might at least provide a foundation from which more effective treatments might be developed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:143-151_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Problems in suicide statistics for whites and blacks Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warshauer, M.E. Author-Name: Monk, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 383-388 Abstract: The accuracy of suicide statistics was assessed by comparing published Health Department suicide rates for an area of New York City with Medical Examiner records. For the period 1968-1970, records from the Medical Examiner's office were searched to determine all deaths classified as definite suicides. Another group of deaths was considered suicide by the Medical Examiner but never classified as such. These deaths we labeled 'assigned suicides'. When definite suicides were compared with all deaths considered suicide by the Medical Examiner (definite and assigned suicides), black suicide was underestimated by 80% and white suicide by 42%. Underestimation was the same for males and females but varied by age group. In 1968, when the seventh revision of the International Classification of Deaths (ICD) was used, Health Department suicide rates for blacks were almost identical to Medical Examiner rates, while white rates were underestimated by 25%. In 1969-1970, when the eighth revision was used, Health Department statistics underestimated black suicides by 82% and white suicides by 66%. Reasons for the underestimations were related to the methods using in committing suicide by the two ethnic groups and to the ways that suicide classification has changed from the seventh to eighth revision. Implications for research using official death certificate reports are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:383-388_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Audience interest in mass media messages about lung disease in Vermont Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Worden, J.K. Author-Name: Sweeney, R.R. Author-Name: Waller, J.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 378-382 Abstract: This study pretested audience interest in 25 potential message concepts to be used in a mass media campaign designed to change knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding lung disease. A group of 150 respondents reflecting specific target audiences (smokers, older persons, etc). rated each concept on the basis of a two-sentence description using Haskins' 0-100 scale. Results indicated that older persons were most interested in message concepts suggesting ways to deal with various lung disease symptoms, and smokers showed highest interest in concepts offering positive and straightforward advice on how to quit smoking, rather than concepts than were negative, cute, or satirical in approach. Recommendations based on audience interest were made for the design of future lung disease media campaigns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:378-382_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking education programs 1960-1976 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Thompson, E.L. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 250-257 Abstract: This paper is a review of published reports, in English, of educational programs designed to change smoking behavior. Attempts to change the smoking behavior of young people have included anti-smoking campaigns, youth-to-youth programs, and a variety of message themes and teaching methods. Instruction has been presented both by teachers who were committed or persuasive and by teachers who were neutral or presented both sides of the issue. Didactic teaching, group discussion, individual study, peer instruction, and mass media have been employed. Health effects of smoking, both short- and long-term effects, have been emphasized. Most methods used with youth have shown little success. Studies of other methods have produced contradictory results. Educational programs for adults have included large scale anti-smoking campaigns, smoking cessation clinics, and a variety of more specific withdrawal methods. These methods have included individual counseling, emotional role playing, aversive conditioning, desensitization, and specific techniques to reduce the likelihood that smoking will occur in situations previously associated with smoking. Some of these techniques have produced poor results while studies of other methods have shown inconsistent results. The two methods showing the most promise are individual counseling and smoking withdrawal clinics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:250-257_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality assessment of a telephone care system utilizing non-physician personnel Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Katz, H.P. Author-Name: Pozen, J. Author-Name: Mushlin, A.I. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 31-38 Abstract: An approach to providing medical care by telephone is described and its content and quality assessed by means of an outcome study. Pediatric health assistants have been trained to evaluate, triage and offer home management advice in lieu of an office visit for medical problems presented by parents via telephone. During a four-week study period, data were collected on all calls (N = 2520) using a telephone encounter form. Fifty-nine per cent of all calls involved requests for care of illness, 30 per cent of which were independently handled by the health assistant. Quality of care was evaluated for those cases who received advice in home management by means of a seven day follow-up interview with parents (N = 247). Access, parent satisfaction, residual symptoms, and the need for further care were ascertained. Greater than 90 percent of parents expressed satisfaction and 92 per cent of problems had resolved. Results indicate that this telephone care system can effectively sort out and advise parents in home management for the many minor problems which occur in a pediatric practice, thereby increasing time for direct contact with patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:31-38_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of social disincentive policies on fertility behavior in Singapore Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tan, S.B. Author-Name: Lee, J. Author-Name: Ratnam, S.S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 119-124 Abstract: Five social disincentive policies were implemented by the Singapore government in 1973 to augment its fertility reduction program. The policies involve increasing delivery charges in government hospitals, school admission priority for children, maternity leave, priority in allocation of government housing, and income tax relief. In a two-year prospective study, 1,010 married abortees (study group) and 943 arried parturients (comparison group) were questioned to determine their awareness and understanding of these policies, and whether the policies influenced their decision concerning their present pregnancies or would influence future decisions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:119-124_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From house calls to telephone calls. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heagarty, M.C. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 14-15 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:14-15_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dieldrin in milk: the experience of Suffolk County, New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zaki, M.H. Author-Name: Miller, G.S. Author-Name: Lani, D.W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 3 Pages: 260-262 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:3:260-262_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking by Rhode Island physicians, 1963-1973: Comparison with lawyers and other adult males Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Burgess Jr., A.M. Author-Name: Casey, D.B. Author-Name: Tierney, J.T. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-65 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:63-65_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the localization auditory screening test in children 6-18 months of age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tillis, C.H. Author-Name: Grimm, W.A. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 65-67 Abstract: The present paper is a report of a project to develop an automated auditory screening test for infants six to 18 months of age. The first year of the project was devoted to developing equipment and test procedures; the second year was concerned with testing the effectiveness of the equipment and procedures on an actual population of six to 18 month old infants. Two-hundred and fifty infants were screened auditorily as part of a county health department child development clinic. The pass/fail results of the screening test were evaluated in terms of physical and developmental examinations following the screening and by means of a case review of the child's previous history. The results indicate that the procedure under investigation can be used to differentiate the normal hearing infant from the infant with possible hearing problems. It is shown by the test environment in which this study was conducted that the procedure reported can be successfully incorporated into a public health program, i.e., child development clinics or EPSDT programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:65-67_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevention and the power of consumers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ast, D.B. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-16 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:15-16_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparative educational approaches to screening for colorectal cancer Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elwood, T.W. Author-Name: Erickson, A. Author-Name: Lieberman, S. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 2 Pages: 135-138 Abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the public's willingness to perform the do-it-yourself Hemoccult Test for colon-rectum cancer and to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative means of persuading people to do the test. American Cancer Society volunteers in 4 different parts of the country contacted a total of 11,115 members of the American Association of Retired Persons, using 5 methods that differed in the extent of personal and impersonal contact involved. Other variables such as inclusion of postage and dietary restrictions were studied and cost efficiencies were estimated. The Group Meeting Method was the most effective personal distribution method. The Selective Mail-Out Method was the most effective impersonal method. The return rate was higher when postage was provided. Dietary restrictions did not markedly reduce participation. Including digital examinations did not affect the return rate. The findings suggest that the Hemoccult Test has the potential of reaching a significant proportion of the nation's older population. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:2:135-138_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A factor analytic approach to an effective lung function screening protocol Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Azen, S.P. Author-Name: Linn, W.S. Author-Name: Hackney, J.D. Author-Name: Jones, M.P. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 49-53 Abstract: Interrelationships among simple indices of pulmonary function derived from flow-volume curves and single-breath nitrogen tests were investigated by performing a factor analysis on data obtained from a generally healthy office working population (n 388). Smoking was regarded as the major contribution to pulmonary dysfunction. Delta nitrogen was largely independent of all other measures, while flow-volume measures, including flow rates at high and low lung volumes, were highly intercorrelated but largely independent of closing volume and closing capacity. Delta nitrogen was most affected by smoking in both sexes. Scores derived from flow-volume measurements and from closing-volume measurements were significantly different, on the average, between male smokers and male nonsmokers. The methods and results presented prove to be useful in the design of protocols for effective pulmonary testing of large populations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:49-53_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statewide antifluoridation initiatives: A new challenge to health workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Evans Jr., C.A. Author-Name: Pickles, T. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 59-62 Abstract: Health workers should support immediate efforts to further educate the public and legislators regarding the benefits of fluoridation in anticipation of a large scale attack upon fluoridation. A voting constituency supportive of water fluoridation should be developed. Public health workers should familiarize themselves with the political process which may be available to those who oppose fluoridation in their state. Consideration should be given to political strategies which might be employed by public health workers, locally and nationally, to curtail the likelihood of increased opposition to fluoridation; and improved communications should be developed among private sector health interests, local, state, and federal health agencies regarding information exchange, strategy development, and campaign tactics. It is suggested that the time is appropriate for a national conference to be held to explore these emerging developments in detail. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:59-62_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Optometry in the hospital: An evolving profession Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Soroka, M. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 4 Pages: 404-406 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:4:404-406_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Male urethritis in County, county, Washington, 1974-75: I. Incidence Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gale, J.L. Author-Name: Hinds, M.W. Year: 1978 Volume: 68 Issue: 1 Pages: 20-25 Abstract: In a population-based study in King County, Washington an attempt was made to enumerate all cases of male urethritis receiving primary care from all sources over a defined period of time. The incidence of gonococcal (GCU) and non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) was estimated to be 1,143 and 2,541 cases per year per 100,000 men age 15 and over, respectively, during 1974-1975. Private practitioners treat 62% of GCU and 64% of NGU estimated to occur in the county. They report only 3% GCU which they see to the Health Department. Only 60% of the general practitioners, 33% of the internists and 65% of the urologists had treated males with GCU in the three months prior to being questioned but these three groups of specialists see 95 percent of all male urethritis treated by private practitioners. The proportion of all male urethritis cases which were GCU ranged from .16 in a university student health clinic to .35 in private practices and Health Department clinics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:68:1:20-25_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of the syphla chek test for syphilis in a high risk population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Nelson, M. Author-Name: Portoni, E. Year: 1978 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 970-972 Abstract: The Syphla Chek slide test for syphilis is, in principle, similar to the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test for syphilis. The Syphla Chek test employs a stabilized VDRL antigen affixed to a kaolin particle for macroscopic visualization of the serologic reaction when mixed with serum. Of 600 specimens tested, it was found that the Syphla Chek test had a 90.3% exact agreement with the VDRL test in reactive sera and a 96.7% exact agreement with the VDRL in non-reactive sera by qualitative testing. Comparison of the Syphla Chek quantitative results indicate that 94% of the sera tested were within plus or minus 1 dilution of the VDRL. The Syphla Chek slide test for syphilis has 3 major advantages: no heat inactivation is required; it can be read macroscopically; and it can be run in a small laboratory or a physician's office with adequately trained personnel. It is suggested that the test be further studied in comparisons with the RPR and the VDRL. These studies should also include the comparison of quantitative titers in treated patients, since these are of critical importance to the physician when following the course of treatment in the syphilitic patient. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1978:67:10:970-972_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal mortality studies - Time to stop? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pearse, W.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 815-816 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:815-816_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physician distribution analysis based on zip code areas applied to dermatologists Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Krasner, M. Author-Name: Ramsay, D.L. Author-Name: Weary, P.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 974-977 Abstract: The Zipcode Sectional Area appears to be a useful tool in studying physician distribution. It facilitates assembling and disseminating basic information on the distribution of physician specialists, and the example conducted in dermatology merits serious consideration by many other specialties. Because Zipcode Areas are delinated on the basis of economic activity, they are conceptually attractive as geographic units, and empirical evaluation of their usefulness in analytic research is planned. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:974-977_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortion applicants: characteristics distinguishing dropouts remaining pregnant and those having abortion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Swigar, M.E. Author-Name: Quinlan, D.M. Author-Name: Wexler, S.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 142-146 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:142-146_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health beliefs and smoking patterns in heart patients and their wives: A longitudinal study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Croog, S.H. Author-Name: Richards, N.P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 921-930 Abstract: Smoking patterns of 205 male patients were examined over a period of 8 yr after a primary myocardial infarction. Smoking data from their wives at 1 yr after the heart attack were also examined. A marked, persistent reduction in smoking was found among the men. Smoking patterns of wives remained essentially unchanged. Smoking patterns before the heart attack were not related to demographic variables, except for the association between smoker nonsmoker status and social status measures. Conceptions of susceptibility, threat, and power of prevention drawn from theoretical models on preventive health behavior were employed for analysis. High proportions of husbands and wives reported belief in smoking as important in the etiology of the heart attack, and in possibilities of prevention. Specific beliefs concerning threat, susceptibility, and prevention were not found to be related to the massive drop in smoking behavior among the men nor to stability in pattern among the wives. Alternative explanations are reviewed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:921-930_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lung function in fire fighters. II. A 5 yr follow up of retirees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Musk, A.W. Author-Name: Peters, J.M. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 630-633 Abstract: In a study of the chronic effects of fire fighting on lung function, 1,768 employees from the Boston Fire Department were examined in 1970. From this cohort, 109 firefighters who retired in the period 1970 to 1975 have been restudied with questionnaire and ventilatory function tests. The observed values for pulmonary function when expressed as a per cent of predicted are consistently slightly below 100 per cent. The expected effect of cigarette smoking on lung function was demonstrated. The results suggest that selection factors within the Fire Department (company transfers, promotions, and retirement) are important in reducing the effect of fire fighting on subjects who may be adversely affected by the inhalation of combustion products. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:630-633_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Birth planning decisions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wood, R.J. Author-Name: Campbell, F.L. Author-Name: Townes, B.D. Author-Name: Beach, L.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 563-565 Abstract: Based upon behavioral decision theory, a technique is proposed to help couples make childbearing decisions that are most satisfying to them. Couples are provided with a structure, the hierarchy of birth planning values, by which they can examine in an orderly fashion the costs and benefits of having versus not having a (another) child. Two case histories illustrate the use of the hierarchy in birth planning counseling. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:563-565_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Induced abortion and sterilization among women who became mothers as adolescents Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jekel, J.F. Author-Name: Tyler, N.C. Author-Name: Klerman, L.V. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 621-625 Abstract: Four cohorts of urban women who delivered a child before reaching age 18 were followed up for periods ranging from 6 to 12 yr to determine use of abortion and sterilization. The 2 more recent cohorts had been served by comprehensive service programs. About 40% of each of the groups used abortion or sterilization to control fertility. Most of the women seeking abortion had no subsequent term or near term deliveries, suggesting that such a request may signal a desire to terminate childbearing, at least for a few years. A high proportion of the young mothers obtained abortions during the second trimester, even for repeat abortions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:621-625_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of former military medical corpsmen in the provision of jail health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: King, L. Author-Name: Reynolds, A. Author-Name: Young, Q. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 730-734 Abstract: In an effort to improve the quality of health services within a large urban jail, former military medical corpsmen have been employed as an integral component of a jail health service. Medical corpsmen are responsible for the performance of intake medical evaluations, delivery of prescription medications, tri-age for physician sick call, and provision of elementary health services on the jail tiers. Utilization of medical corpsmen has been associated with improved rates of medication delivery as well as beneficial effects on relation to tuberculosis and venereal disease control, and a more appropriate utilization of physician services. Effective utilization of medical corpsmen requires cooperation from the correctional staff as well as consistent supervision and support by qualified physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:730-734_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health promotion - some notions in search of a constituency Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fielding, J.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1082-1085 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1082-1085_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fire victims: Medical outcomes and demographic characteristics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levine, M.S. Author-Name: Radford, E.P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1077-1080 Abstract: The medical outcomes and demographic characteristics of all victims of fires identified by The Baltimore Fire Department during a 14-month period in Baltimore City were studied. Fifty-nine per cent of victims suffered minor injuries, 25 per cent required hospitalization and 16 per cent were fatalities. The majority of survivable injuries were due to burns, while the majority of deaths were due to pulmonary injury and carbon monoxide intoxication. Deaths occurring at the scene of the fire or during the first 24 hours were predominantly due to carbon monoxide. Exposure to fires was more likely to result in deaths in the very young and very old. Evidence from autopsy protocols suggests that alcohol was a contributory factor. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1077-1080_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The case for a national health service Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Terris, M. Author-Name: Cornely, P.B. Author-Name: Daniels, H.C. Author-Name: Kerr, L.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1183-1185 Abstract: The United States cannot afford the luxury of adopting the antiquated nineteenth-century European health insurance schemes as the model for its health services. Experience with voluntary insurance and with Medicare has demonstrated that fee-for-service health insurance is incompatible with reasonable cost, improved quality, and rational organization of health services, or even with the effective avoidance of financial hardship due to illness. Only a national health service, equitably financed, can take full advantage of the tremendous medical resources of our nation, make comprehensive health centers, regionalization, and the primacy of prevention fully realizable, and raise to new heights the quality of our health services and the level of the people's health. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1183-1185_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socialization and the human physiologic response to crowding Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gruchow, H.W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 455-459 Abstract: Cross-sectional data were analyzed for a possible relationship between household densities and physiologic alteration, based on socialization experiences with siblings in an earlier home environment. The measure of household density was persons-per-room and the measure of physiologic alteration was urinary vanillylmandelic acid. The results show an interaction between number-of-sibs and number-of-younger-sibs, with a statistically significant positive correlation between household densities and VMA values for subjects with fewer totoal sibs and no younger sibs, while a negative correlation was observed for subjects with one or more younger sibs. One possible interpretation of these results is that the physiologic response to crowding in humans is dependent at least in part on the earlier socialization experiences of the individual. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:455-459_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Appointment-keeping behavior re-evaluated Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hertz, P. Author-Name: Stamps, P.L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1033-1036 Abstract: Many of the traditional approaches to the problem of appointment-keeping behavior have ignored the organizational factors that may be implicated in differentially high broken appointment rates leading to an implicit assumption that low-income and ethnic minority patients will be more likely to break appointments. A case study at a Model Cities Health Center which maintains a kept appointment rate of 85% examined the relationship of broken appointments to age, sex, ethnic background, and payment mechanisms. The results suggest alternative explanations for differentially high broken appointments centering on the role of the institution in reinforcing appointment-keeping behavior. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1033-1036_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detergent toxicity survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Seabaugh, M. Author-Name: Bayard, S.P. Author-Name: Osterberg, R.E. Author-Name: Porter, W.K. Author-Name: McCaulley, D.F. Author-Name: Hoheisel, C.A. Author-Name: Hehir, R.M. Author-Name: Bierbower, G.W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 367-369 Abstract: A survey of over 249 detergent products involving biological testing, chemical analyses, and product label reviews has been conducted from 1971-1976 for determining compliance with the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Test results for 145 detergent products having both chemical and biological data were examined. All of the tested detergents were rabbit eye irritants. Forty-seven per cent were also either rabbit primary skin irritants or corrosives. Eighty-one per cent were either rabbit esophageal test irritants or corrosives, and 80 per cent had rat oral toxicities 5 g/kg or less. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:367-369_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hemoglobin levels in children from a biracial southern community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frerichs, R.R. Author-Name: Webber, L.S. Author-Name: Srinivasan, S.R. Author-Name: Berenson, G.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 841-845 Abstract: Hemoglobin levels were determined for 4.081 children, ages 2 1/2-14 years, from a biracial southern community. Black children had lower levels of hemoglobin than white children at every age interval with a mean difference of 0.64 gm/dl. This difference persisted even when comparing children from similar socioeconomic level households. If black children maintain lower hemoglobin levels consistent with optimum health than do white children, then different hemoglobin standards may be warranted for each race. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:841-845_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The national medical library's MEDLARS: freedom of information or protected system? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 188-189 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:188-189_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition surveillance in Arizona: selected anthropometric and laboratory observations among Mexican American children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yanochik Owen, A. Author-Name: White, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 151-154 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:151-154_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seventy-five years of international health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1139-1140 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1139-1140_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiologic perspectives and the special program in tropical diseases of the World Health Organization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weller, T.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1181-1182 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1181-1182_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An experimental comprehensive high school clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Edwards, L.E. Author-Name: Steinman, M.E. Author-Name: Hakanson, E.Y. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 765-766 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:765-766_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The phantom taxi seat belt Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Welkon, C. Author-Name: Reisinger, K.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1091-1092 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1091-1092_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety packaging. What does the public think? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McIntire, M.S. Author-Name: Angle, C.R. Author-Name: Sathees, K. Author-Name: Lee, P.S.T. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-171 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:169-171_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What kinds of people do not use seat belts? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Helsing, K.J. Author-Name: Comstock, G.W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1043-1050 Abstract: In the course of a Community Mental Health Epidemiology study conducted in Washington County, Maryland between December, 1971, and July, 1974, interviews were conducted with randomly selected adults in a weekly systematic sampling of households. In a subsequent re-interview of 1009 respondents who had family cars with seat belts, nearly 47% said they did not use them. Non-use of seat belts was significantly higher among females and among persons with less than high school education or low income. Non-use of seat belts was also higher among those who felt that their station in life as measured by the Cantril ladder was unsatisfactory, who felt powerless to change at least some aspects of their lives, and who were infrequent church attenders. Significant associations were also found with infrequency of two other preventive health behaviors, dental checkups and Pap tests. Among young adults the tendency seemed to be for marriage to increase the non-use of seat belts among females but to decrease nonuse among males. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1043-1050_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maternal mortality in Michigan: An epidemiology analysis, 1950-1971 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schaffner, W. Author-Name: Federspiel, C.F. Author-Name: Fulton, M.L. Author-Name: Gilbert, D.G. Author-Name: Stevenson, L.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 821-829 Abstract: An analysis was performed of direct maternal mortality over 22 years (1950 through 1971) in the state of Michigan. The overall direct maternal mortality rate fell from 5.0/10,000 live births in 1950 to 1.5 in 1971. The rate among nonwhites was more than 4 times greater than among whites and the difference in relative risk did not narrow over the 22 years. Mortality rates increased with increasing maternal age but not with increasing parity. Nulliparous women had a significantly higher mortality rate than did parous women, particularly those over 25 years of age. When the white gravida of urban Wayne County were compared with the white gravida of 33 rural counties, no difference in direct maternal mortality rates could be attributed to rurality per se. Hemorrhage, infection, and toxemia were the leading causes of direct maternal death. The data suggest that hospitals with less active obstetrical services were associated with a higher risk of direct maternal mortality than were hospitals whose obstetrical services were more active. An increasing proportion of the direct maternal deaths was designated as preventable over the study period. It is believed that analyses of maternal mortality have led to improved perinatal and obstetrical care and that further advances require their continued support. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:821-829_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A tool for health planners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shapiro, S.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 816-817 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:816-817_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statutory authorizations for the work of local health departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, C.A. Author-Name: Gilbert, B. Author-Name: Warren, D.G. Author-Name: Brooks, E.F. Author-Name: DeFriese, G.H. Author-Name: Jain, S.C. Author-Name: Kavaler, F. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 940-945 Abstract: A study of public health statutes of the 50 states identifies 44 specific services or functions that are assigned to local health departments by all or some of the states. Authorizations are most commonly assigned conjointly both to local and state health departments; exceptions are identified. Data suggest striking inconsistencies between what local health departments are authorized to perform and the services they actually render with regard to a selected group of programs that involve personal health services. The full scope of authorizations for local health departments is not revealed by examination of public health statutes. For this reason, among others, development of up-to-date health codes for all states would be beneficial. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:940-945_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Early studies of occupational health in New York City in the 1870s Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1100-1102 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1100-1102_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental health and safety in the Academic setting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: DeRoos, R.L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 851-854 Abstract: The academic institution can be viewed as a community within a community, with many environmental concerns similar to those of a municipality: private water supplies, housing, food sanitation, injury control, occupational health, radiation protection, waste control, etc. The complexity of a university environmental health and safety (EHS) program is closely related to the size of the college or university and the type of program carried on by the institution (e.g., teaching hospital, agricultural experiment stations, amount and variety of research programs). This paper seeks to convey information about environmental health and safety programs in colleges and universities which will make environmental regulatory agencies more effective as they interact with academic institutions. Understanding internal organizations and policy matters will make environmental regulatory agencies more effective as they interact with academic institutins. The extent of regulatory change now impacting on academic institutions is also discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:851-854_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A preliminary report of a methodology to assess the communicative interaction between hospital personnel and hospitalized children Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Klinzing, D.R. Author-Name: Klinzing, D.G. Author-Name: Schindler, P.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 670-672 Abstract: This study indicates that interaction analysis can be employed to reliably assess the communication between hospital personnel and hospitalized children. Also, a modification needed to improve the interaction analysis tool used to assess the communication in a pediatric hospital has been noted. And, the conditions under which a hospital staff would likely accept such analyses have been suggested. Further research employing the refined hospital interaction analysis instrument seems in order. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:670-672_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of measurement errors on some multivariate procedures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fleiss, J.L. Author-Name: Shrout, P.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1188-1191 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1188-1191_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horwitz, M.A. Author-Name: Pollard, R.A. Author-Name: Merson, M.H. Author-Name: Martin, S.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1071-1076 Abstract: In September 1974, the largest outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis ever reported to the Center for Disease Control - affecting an estimated 3,400 persons - occurred on the Navajo Nation Indian Reservation. The responsible agent was Salmonella newport and the vehicle of transmission was potato salad served to an estimated 11,000 persons at a free barbecue. The cooked ingredients of the potato salad had been stored for up to 16 hours at improper holding temperatures. The magnitude of the outbreak allowed the authors to study secondary transmission by calculating the rates of diarrheal illness during the 2 weeks following the outbreak in persons who did not attend the barbecue and by examining the results of stool cultures obtained after the outbreak. They found no secondary transmission. The authors conclude that a health official should monitor food preparation and service at large social gatherings and that person-to-person transmission of salmonellosis probably does not normally occur even in settings considered highly conductive to cross-infection. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1071-1076_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Morbidity and growth of infants and young children in a rural Mexican village Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Condon-Paoloni, D. Author-Name: Cravioto, J. Author-Name: Johnston, F.E. Author-Name: De Licardie, E.R. Author-Name: Scholl, T.O. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 651-656 Abstract: The relationship between childhood illnesses and growth increments in length and weight was investigated in a 13-month birth cohort of rural Mexican children. Increments in length and weight for each year from birth to three years were related to high and low frequencies of reported time ill during the same period. Seventy-two of the 276 children had already been characterized as exhibiting 'growth failure' relative to other members of the cohorts, and this was considered as a separate factor in the study. Upper and lower respiratory infection did not affect incremental gain in height or weight. A high frequency of diarrheal infection was found to reduce weight gain, although gain in height was not affected. Relative to the total sample, the average child with a high frequency of diarrhea achieved only 95% of expected body weight at age three; a child with both growth failure and high diarrheal frequency reached only 90% of expected body weight at age three. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:651-656_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expired air carbon monoxide and serum thiocyanate as objective measures of cigarette exposure Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vogt, T.M. Author-Name: Selvin, S. Author-Name: Widdowson, G. Author-Name: Hulley, S.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 545-549 Abstract: Expired air carbon monoxide (CO) and serum thiocyanate (SCN) were used to assess exposure to cigarettes in 139 middle-aged men. Subjects who reported smoking cigarettes generally had CO levels exceeding 8ppm and SCN levels exceeding 100μmol/L; non-smokers had lower levels. For both tests the mean concentration among men smoking more than 1 pack daily was 3 times that of non-smokers. There is a high correlation between the 2 tests (r=.571 for smokers), an association that was largely independent of the smaller correlations between either test and reported smoking frequency (r=.476 for CO; r=.479 for SCN). The ability to distinguish between individuals who reported 'typical' smoking habits and non-smokers was best when the CO and SCN analyses were used together to take advantage of their separate sources of variance; it was 99% when the 2 tests were mutually concordant (91% of cases). The CO and SCN measurements allowed 16 individuals who reported light smoking habits to be categorized into high and low presumptive tobacco exposure groups. The 2 tests are inexpensive and suitable for use in epidemiologic and health care delivery programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:545-549_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drinking water and carcinogenesis: the dilemmas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, M.A. Author-Name: Christman, R.F. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 719-720 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:719-720_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The state and territorial public health laboratory: Program activities, organization and prospects for the future Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schmidt, R.M. Author-Name: Madofe, M.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 433-438 Abstract: During the past two years the authors have studied the characteristics of state and territorial public health laboratories in an attempt to develop guidelines for considering reorganization of laboratory services in Massachusetts. Only a few recent monographs have dealt with this topic and, to the authors' knowledge, the functional and organizational characteristics of these laboratories have not been reviewed. The state public health laboratory system affords and excellent example of applied laboratory science or technology organized to provide basic public health services. In this paper the programs and organization of the state public health laboratory are reviewed, and a functional basis more responsive to society's current needs is suggested. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:433-438_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Chemical mutagenesis: an emerging issue for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Claxton, L.D. Author-Name: Barry, P.Z. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1037-1042 Abstract: Chemical mutagens are recognized as prevalent in the environment and a potential threat to the health of future generations. This paper presents an overview of chemical mutagenesis as an issue for public health. Several problems in the determination of risk to human populations are discussed, including difficulties of extrapolating scientific data to humans, the latency period between exposure and recognizable genetic damage, and the large number of chemicals which must be tested. Test systems are described. Possibilities of control through federal regulation are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1037-1042_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of census errors on life table estimates of black mortality Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rives Jr., N.W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 867-868 Abstract: Previous results on the effect of census errors on vital rates suggests that estimates of mortality are subject to measurable distortions, but, in most cases, the discrepancy has been found to be within tolerable limits. The findings of this paper would tend to support that conclusion. Official estimates of the mean expectation of life for the black population are distorted to some extent by the presence of uncorrected net census errors, but the degree of distortion, with few exceptions, does not seem to be sufficient to influence the direction of the majority of demographic, epidemiological, and social research incorporating life table statistics. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:867-868_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immunization: public health programming through law enforcement Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Anthony, N. Author-Name: Reed, M. Author-Name: Leff, A.M. Author-Name: Huffer, J. Author-Name: Stephens, B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 763-764 Abstract: The pre-inoculation program review of the school immunization records in fall, 1974 found that only 60% of the 63,000 children in the Cincinnati primary school system were adequately immunized. Following a program based upon their legal authority to require immunizations, the Board of Health in collaboration with the Board of Education was able to obtain in a two-year effort a 91% immunization level. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:763-764_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The patient's view of the role of the primary care physician in abortion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, R.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 863-865 Abstract: Data from a Michigan-wide study of women with unwanted conceptions conducted in 1974-75 indicate that most women did not turn to their physician for any kind of assistance in dealing with their situation. The physician was utilized more for service or referral than for counseling. When compared to other sources of influence on the decision to abort, primary care physicians were found to be relatively important. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:863-865_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The 4-Score: an index for predicting a patient's non-medical hospital days Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glass, R.I. Author-Name: Mulvihill, M.N. Author-Name: Smith Jr., H. Author-Name: Peto, R. Author-Name: Bucheister, D. Author-Name: Stoll, B.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 751-755 Abstract: Three hundred sixty three patients representing two groups of consecutive medical admissions to a large city hospital were evaluated on admission to determine what factors might predict 'nonmedical' or social stay. Periodic follow up determined when patients were ready for discharge and when their social stay began. A composite index, the 4 Score, was derived as a simple indicator of risk for subsequent social stay; it is defined as the number of positive answers to the questions: 1) Is the patient 80 years old or more? 2) Will the patient have to live somewhere new at discharge? 3) Is there any disorientation? and 4) If so, is the disorientation chronic? Eighteen per cent of the total inpatient hospital days of this group of patients could be attributed to social stay. The 56 patients with a 4-Score of two or more on admission had on average a week each of social stay while the 307 patients with a score of less than two averaged only one social day each. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:751-755_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The impact of state maternal mortality study committees on maternal deaths in the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grimes, D.A. Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 830-833 Abstract: State maternal mortality study committees have been widely credited with playing a prominent role in reducing maternal death rates in the United States. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the rates of decline in maternal mortality ratios by decades from 1938-40 to 1968-70 for states with such committees to those without. Ratios were calculated from published vital statistics of the United States, and committee initiation dates were obtained from a previous survey. States with committees and those without had nearly equal declines during the first decade; however, states with committees had smaller declines during the latter 2 decades. Although these committees may have been an important factor in the decline in maternal mortality in the United States, vital statistics data do not document larger declines for states with committees. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:830-833_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health professionals and prison health care needs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weisbuch, J.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 720-722 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:720-722_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strategy for prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Terris, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1026-1027 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1026-1027_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental correlates of pediatric social illness: Preventive implications of an advocacy approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morse, A.E. Author-Name: Hyde Jr., J.N. Author-Name: Newberger, E.H. Author-Name: Reed, R.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 612-615 Abstract: A controlled prospective study of child abuse and neglect, failure to thrive, accidents and poisonings included 303 inpatients and 257 outpatients. Analysis of maternal interview and clinical data demonstrated significant differences between cases and controls in summative indices of environmental stress, including housing, employment, and access to essential services. The associations with a postulated common causal underpinning of these illnesses argue for a broadened, ecologic conceptualization of etiology and a wider range of preventive approaches. A family advocacy program addressing the stress issues and utilizing community based individuals was offered to families with pediatric social illness and to a comparison group. Indirect corroboration of the impact of environmental crisis is indicated by the prevalence of requests for this help in inpatient cases of abuse (38%) and ingestions (38%) vs. controls (14%). Discriminant function regression analysis of data from the maternal interview demonstrates similarity between the attributes which most saliently describe the abuse group and those which describe the users of advocacy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:612-615_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rubella in Seattle-King County Washington Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Author-Name: Bonin, P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1087-1089 Abstract: Assessment of the results of rubella hemagglutination inhibition tests from women of child-bearing age in Seattle King County suggests no community susceptibility problem except among women age 19 in 1976. Within this cohort 23 per cent were susceptible, probably because these women were too young to experience a full exposure to natural rubella prior to introduction of rubella vaccine and too old to be immunized against rubella in the elementary schools in 1970. Follow-up of women under age 25 who were seronegative for rubella antibody indicated that one-third subsequently received rubella vaccine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1087-1089_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: House-to-house, community-wide chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal disease: An aggressive approach to disease prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chester, T.J. Author-Name: Jacobson, J.A. Author-Name: Caviness, E.L. Author-Name: Wolf, F.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1058-1062 Abstract: During an outbreak of meningococcal disease in a rural community in southwest Alabama in 1975-76, the authors undertook an agressive campaign of house-to-house, community-wide chemoprophylaxis distribution. Over a three-day period 1,045 households were visited and 4,454 persons received medication. The 1970 census lists 967 households with 4,067 persons residing in the community. To evaluate compliance they cultured for meningococcal carriers before and after the chemoprophylaxis campaign. All of the previously discovered carriers were negative three weeks after the drug distribution. The cost of the campaign ($26,520) was very small compared to the possible benefit achieved. The methods of planning and executing this campaign are described in detail. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1058-1062_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A national health service and social security Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roemer, M.I. Author-Name: Axelrod, S.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 462-465 Abstract: With the new federal administration, there is wide-spread belief that at long last some type of National Health Insurance legislation will be enacted in the near future. The scope of that legislation, in population coverage and health benefits, is bound to depend on the strength and unity of public demand. It is unfortunate, therefore, that at this critical hour voices should be raised rejecting National Health Insurance and calling for general revenue financing of a National Health Service. This is regrettable in the light of both world-wide and American experience on the issue. Improved organization of health service delivery for everyone, through teams of salaried personnel in a regionalized network of public facilities, is clearly desirable. World-wide trends are moving in that direction, and this pattern is a reasonable goal for the United States as well. To expect such a goal to be attained in current-day America, however, through 'progressive taxes on personal wealth, taxes on corporate profits and general revenues'-in the words of the newly launched Committee for a National Health Service - is to flirt with a dangerous illusion. To understand how a universal and effective system of comprehensive health service can be achieved in a free-market economy, such as characterizes the United States, requires analysis of the issue into its major components. One component is the method of financing health services, and the other is the method of delivery of those services. Each of these components shows a clear evolutionary development in the capitalist world, and each has distinct political implications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:462-465_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Problems in drafting and interpreting health regulations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 768-769 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:768-769_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Laetrile: Is it really a matter of free choice? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Saber, F.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 871-872 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:871-872_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ohio drinking water source and cancer rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kuzma, R.J. Author-Name: Kuzma, C.M. Author-Name: Buncher, C.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 725-729 Abstract: The 88 counties of Hio were classified as either ground water or surface water counties based on the source of the drinking water used by a majority of the county residents included in the 1963 U.S. Public Health Service Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities. Average cancer mortality rates for surface and ground water counties were compared using analysis of covariance. Mortality rates for stomach, bladder, and all malignant neoplasms were higher for white males in counties served by surface water supplies than in counties served by ground water supplies. Mortality rates for stomach neoplasms were higher for white females in surface water counties. These differences in mortality rates were not attributable to other factors known to be associated with cancer death rates including urbanization, median income, population size, manufacturing activity, and agriculture-forestry-fishery activity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:725-729_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mal-prescribing of liquid tetracycline preparation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ray, W.A. Author-Name: Federspiel, C.F. Author-Name: Schaffner, W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 762-763 Abstract: This report analyzes the prescribing in the Tennessee Medicaid program of liquid tetracyclines to ambulatory patients of all ages and patients in nursing homes. It also addresses the question of the number and age of patients who would be affected by any change in the availability of the liquid dosage forms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:762-763_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Counseling mothers in the hospital postpartum period: A comparison of techniques Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kleinberg, W.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 672-674 Abstract: The effect of daily, individual, baby-care guidance counseling of mothers, in the hospital postpartum period, by a pediatrician and by a pediatric-trained nurse was compared to the standard day-of-discharge counseling employed by the pediatric staff at a university hospital among 90 mothers distributed into three groups. Two sequential, modified Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scores and signs of postpartum depression were utilized as instruments. Within-group analysis was made for the effect of gravidity, of feeding technique, and of La Maze training. No difference was found between the daily-nurse and the daily-physician counseled groups, both having a mean fall in anxiety score significantly different from the mean rise found in the discharge counseled group. Both daily counseled groups had significantly fewer signs of postpartum depression than the discharge counseled group. La Maze trained mothers had lower initial anxiety scores, a small mean change (decrease) in anxiety scores, and fewer signs of postpartum depression. Peters and Hockelman concluded that the most important component of competent child care is probably emotional and affective rather than cognitive and intellectual. Attending to the emotional needs of mothers is, therefore, a primary responsibility of all those interested in the welfare of mothers and children. The present study indicates that counseling during the postpartum period can have a positive effect on maternal behavior if carried out in an individual and incremental fashion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:672-674_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The institution centered approach to rural primary health care: a preliminary report from New York State Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Howe, B. Author-Name: Warren, P.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 54-55 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:54-55_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The confidentiality of researcher's notes and interviews in public policy and environmental health studies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1103-1104 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1103-1104_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Five year follow-up of a smoking withdrawal clinic population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: West, D.W. Author-Name: Graham, S. Author-Name: Swanson, M. Author-Name: Wilkinson, G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 536-544 Abstract: Eight hundred volunteers who attended smoking clinics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1964-1965 were followed up five years later to ascertain their current smoking status. From three waves of a mailed questionnaire, plus a telephone campaign, the authors obtained 559 usable responses. The relationship between smoking status at the five follow-up and clinic protocols and selected social and psychological characteristics as determined during the clinics were examined. Of those individuals contacted five years after the clinic, 17.8 percent were not smoking. Variations in clinic protocol in terms of drugs and education methods had no relation to long-term smoking withdrawal. Several social and psychological variables, however, were related to smoking behavior five years after the clinics. Non-smokers were more likely than smokers to be males, to be older, to have smoked less before the clinic, to have started smoking at a later age, to have a milieu that was supportive of their stopping, and to have fewer indices of neurosis and fewer psychosomatic symptoms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:536-544_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening for gonorrhea and syphilis in the gay baths - Denver, Colorado Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Judson, F.N. Author-Name: Miller, K.G. Author-Name: Schaffnit, T.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 740-742 Abstract: During 33 screening sessions in Denver gay steambaths, 48 of 419 (11.5%) men were found to have asymptomatic gonorrhea and 6 (1.4%) had early latent syphilis. Questionnaires were administered to 160 men who reported a mean of 7.9 different male contacts per month. Female sex contacts were also reported by 30%. The respondents used the baths an average of 2.2 times per month, having an average of 2.7 different sex contacts per visit, 84% of whom were not previously known to the respondent. Gay steambaths are productive locations for detecting asymptomatic gonorrhea and syphilis. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:740-742_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A perspective on the significance of pandemic influenza Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kavet, J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1063-1070 Abstract: The identification in February 1976 of a new strain of influenza virus led to the enactment of unprecedented federal legislation to minimize the impact of a potential outbreak of pandemic influenza in the fall and winter of 1976-1977. This legislative program does not, however, represent a commitment of federal resources to deal with the more general, long-standing problem of epidemic influenza. This paper presents a series of estimates of the impact and economic consequences of influenza. By including periods of interpandemic as well as pandemic disease, the estimates offer a broadened perspective of the magnitude of the influenza problem. The estimates show that while the proportions of pandemic influenza can be singularly impressive, the cumulative effects of interpandemic outbreaks are generally of greater consequence. The paper discusses the implications of these estimates and the 1976 legislation for the support and implementation of federal policy on the use of influenza vaccine. While the commitment of resources in support of public policy cannot alone guarantee successful implementation, it must be considered an essential prerequisite for dealing with both interpandemic and pandemic influenza. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1063-1070_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Little, R.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1154-1156 Abstract: Maternal alcoholism during pregnancy may result in severe prenatal growth deficiency. In this prospective study, the relationship of moderate maternal alcohol consumption to infant birth weight is explored. Subjects were 263 paying members of a health maintenance organization who delivered single live children. Their alcohol consumption before pregnancy, and in early and late pregnancy, was estimated. In order to control for smoking, which is strongly related to both infant birth weight and maternal alcohol use, the sample was selected so that similar proportions of smokers were represented in both light and heavier drinkers. Multiple linear regression was employed. A regression equation was computed for each of the three periods in which drinking was estimated. Independent variables entered into the equation were maternal age, height, parity, daily cigarettes, alcohol use in the period, and gestational age and sex of child. The regression of birth weight on these variables revealed a significant relationship (p ≤ .01) with alcohol consumption in two of the periods. Ingestion of an average of one ounce of absolute alcohol daily before pregnancy was associated with an average decrease in birth weight of 91 grams; the same amount ingested in late pregnancy was associated with a decrease of 160 grams. The associations were independent of the other variables entered into the equation, and in particular, of tobacco use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1154-1156_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: To the victim belong the flaws Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Galanter, R.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1025-1026 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1025-1026_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population density and the rate of mental illness Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schweitzer, L. Author-Name: Su, W.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1165-1172 Abstract: An examination of age specific rates of psychiatric admissions within Brookly, New York, indicated that population density may function as an intervening variable in the production of mental illness. Measures of household and family contact were found to be significantly correlated to four rates of hospital utilization. These same measures carried unique components that were also significantly related to service use. Other measures of density such as people per acre and structures per acre were found to be unrelated to the rates of psychiatric utilization. The results of this study suggest that if density does produce mental illness its likely mechanism of action will be routed through household contact. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1165-1172_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The image of battered women Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Friedman, K.O. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 722-723 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:722-723_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient outcome as a measure of quality of nursing home care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Linn, M.W. Author-Name: Gurel, L. Author-Name: Linn, B.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 337-344 Abstract: One thousand males transferred from a general medical hospital into 40 community nursing homes were classified by their physicians as to expectations of outcome within six months and measured on physical functioning at the time of their transfer. They were followed up six months later and retested on functional status. Subjects were classified on follow-up as improved, the same, deteriorated, or dead. They were also classified as discharged from the nursing home, still in the home, or readmitted to the hospital. Nursing homes were measured every six months on structural variables. Outcomes of the patients were related to the nursing home characteristics by multivariate analysis of variance, controlling for expected outcome, age, and diagnoses of cancer and chronic brain disease. Homes with more professional hours per patient were associated with patients being alive, improved, and discharged from the home. Better ratings on meal services were related to being alive and improved. A higher professional staff-to-patient ratio, better medical records, and more services were related to being discharged from the nursing home. j K 13.28 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:337-344_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Behavioral change and public attitudes toward public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kramer, B.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 911-913 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:911-913_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Age adjusted mortality indexes for small areas: Applications to health planning Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kleinman, J.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 834-840 Abstract: This study compares four age-adjusted mortality indexes and their standard errors among United States counties using 1969-1971 mortality data. It is shown that the direct and indirect methods of age adjustment give nearly identical results (correlation coefficients over .97). Two other indexes which indirectly adjust for age are then compared with the usual indirect method: one is the relative mortality index and the other an index of productive years of life lost. The three indirect indexes are substantially different in the age groups emphasized. This results in substantial differences in those counties identified as having 'excess' mortality. Implications of the results for health planning applications are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:834-840_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On health department administration. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1210-1211 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1210-1211_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Direct advertising to the public: Free speech, risks, and benefits Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 56 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:56_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Studies of ambulance patients with ischemic heart disease. II. Selection of patients for ambulance telemetry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pozen, M.W. Author-Name: Fried, D.D. Author-Name: Voigt, G.G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 532-535 Abstract: One hundred eighty-two of 1,928 patients (9.4 per cent) transported by ambulance during a six-month period in Baltimore had ECGs transmitted. Review of the remaining 1,746 records by two cardiologists indicated that an additional 113 patients should have had their ECGs transmitted because of life-threatening conditions. Of patients with acute ischemic heart disease, 47 had ECG monitoring and 24 did not. There were 22 per cent more Killip III/IV patients with a 19 percent higher mortality at three months among the 'non-transmitted' patients as compared to the 'transmitted' patients, controlling for all other relevant variables. Critical presentations inappropriately affect ambulance staffs' selection of patients for monitoring. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:532-535_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The importance of direct intervention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Berger, L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1135-1136 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1135-1136_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors affecting the choice of hospital based ambulatory care by the urban poor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Skinner, T.J. Author-Name: Price, B.S. Author-Name: Scott, D.W. Author-Name: Gorry, G.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 439-445 Abstract: This study of patients in the outpatient department at an urban hospital revealed that almost all could have reached a neighborhood center in less time and only a small number came to the hospital rather than a neighborhood center out of medical necessity. When the patients were asked about their willingness to obtain treatment at a neighborhood center, 48% were willing, 52% were not. These responses did not vary by demographic or medical characteristics but rather by the patients' stated priorities regarding medical care. 80% of those willing to change sites stressed convenience of access as a first priority compared with only 17% of those not willing to change. Emphasis on quality of care (45%) or on familiarity with the site (37%) distinguished the group not willing to change. The findings suggest that successfull efforts to persuage patients to utilize a neighborhood center must base their persuade on patients' individual priorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:439-445_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improved patient compliance through use of a daily drug reminder chart Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gabriel, M. Author-Name: Gagnon, J.P. Author-Name: Bryan, C.K. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 968-969 Abstract: The results of this study indicate that pharmacist use of a daily drug reminder chart significantly improves medication compliance in a group of geriatric hypertensive patients attending the pharmacy of a community health care clinic. Hulka mentions that good communication of instructions and information from physician to patient is associated with low levels of all types of drug errors, which promotes better compliance. However, the pharmacist may be a viable alternative to assume this responsibility due to frequent contact and close supervision of the patient's use of chronic medication. To the extent that many low rates of compliance result from misunderstanding and forgetfulness, specific intervention techniques to supplement personal communication and attention may have value. This study has shown that better drug compliance results when verbal instructions are reinforced with a daily drug reminder chart. It further suggests that implementation of this use in conjunction with patient follow-up might best be delegated to the pharmacist, who already assumes the major responsibility for preparing and delivering a supply of medication to the patient. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:968-969_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons for health educators Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simmons, J.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1137-1138 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1137-1138_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Very young adolescent women in Georgia: Has abortion or contraception lowered their fertility? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shelton, J.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 616-620 Abstract: Despite a state law enacted in 1972 which allowed minors to obtain contraceptive services without parental consent, births to very young women in Georgia (age 14 and less) have risen in recent years. Beginning in 1974, however, this trend has reversed. Increased access to induced abortion following the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision appears to have been responsible for the decline. Supporting this assertion are: the temporal relationship between increased access to abortion and the decline in births, the geographic evidence that the decline in births occurred first in Atlanta where abortion utilization is the highest and then followed in areas with somewhat more limited utilization, and a similar observation that the decline occurred earlier and more markedly among young white teenagers whose abortion utilization is higher. Although abortion appears to have had the most visible impact on births, most people would probably agree that efforts toward providing contraception to these young women remain worth the challenge. The ratio of young teenagers accepting contraceptives to young teenagers getting pregnant is suggested as a useful intermediate indicator of the success of family planning programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:616-620_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Norwegian food and nutritional policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dept. Hlth Care Organ.. Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Hyg. Publ. Author-Name: Hlth. Baltimore. Md. 21205 Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 550-551 Abstract: This paper gives a historical perspective, and couples the question of health to its widest social, economic, and political circumscription. While it may be faulted for emphasizing individual behavior as a major determinant of a less than optimal diet, it also stresses the role of the producers and distributors in this capacity. And although it is limited to cooperation between the agricultural and health sectors, it does demonstrate that policy need not be sectoral. It thus presents a basis on which more comprehensive health policies can be developed. More than anything, perhaps, it should demonstrate that it is possible to develop comprehensive national policies in the area of health and agriculture. Such national policies are sorely needed if we are ever to achieve a global coordination for the exploitation, refinement, and distribution of resources in a time that international dependencies of all kinds are obviously increasing. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:550-551_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Should there be a different definition of anemia in Black and White children? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Owen, G.M. Author-Name: Yanochik-Owen, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 865-866 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:865-866_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pediatric nurse associates in a large official health agency: Their education, training, productivity, and cost Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heagarty, M.C. Author-Name: Grossi, M.T. Author-Name: O'Brien, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 855-858 Abstract: During 1974, 29 pediatric nurse associates and 15 pediatric nurse associate trainees worked in the child health care system of the New York City Department of Health. All of these nurse associates, formerly public health nurses from the Department of Health, were trained in a one-year, intensive, closely supervised didactic and clinical course. Within the child health units the nurse associates assumed clinical roles in the care of well and sick pre-school children according to the written guidelines and protocols of the Department. In addition, they continued to function in the more traditional role of the public health nurse for their own patients, rendering counseling, referral, and follow-up services as indicated. Physicians acted as consultants to the pediatric nurse associates. Comparisons are made between pediatric nurse associate-physician staff versus public health nurse-physician staff in terms of productivity and cost. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:855-858_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Statisticians, confidentiality, and privacy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Martin, M.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 165-167 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:165-167_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a screening program for heart disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Matanoski, G.M. Author-Name: Henderson, M.M. Author-Name: Stine, O.C. Author-Name: Courpas, C. Author-Name: Hepner Jr., R. Author-Name: Walker, S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 609-611 Abstract: An evaluation of the effectiveness of a screening program using the Phono Cardio Scan to detect heart disease in 18,872 Baltimore (Maryland) elementary school children indicated that few cases were discovered and only one child had medical treatment instituted as a result of the program. Most of the children referred to a cardiologist had known disease. There was considerable variability in performance both of the machine and of the three centers which were involved in the program. The sensitivity of the machine may have been low as reported in some other studies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:609-611_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The constitutionality of prohibiting the operation of pay toilets Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1205-1206 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1205-1206_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient education and intrauterine contraception: A study of two package inserts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Benson, H. Author-Name: Gordon, L. Author-Name: Mitchell, C. Author-Name: Place, V. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 446-449 Abstract: In July 1975 the Food and Drug Administration proposed a patient information package insert for all women considering use of an intrauterine device. In the same year we also prepared a brochure to be given to women considering use of a specific intrauterine contraceptive, the Progestasert system. To compare these information sources for the patient, we surveyed by mail 253 women who are or had been Progestasert system users. Each woman received either the FDA or our own prepared version. Comprehension of the two inserts was generally comparable, but readers of our insert found its informational content more complete. The survey findings affirmed the desirability of providing the patients with an educational brochure to be read prior to IUD insertion. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:446-449_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mumps in Seattle-King County, Washington 1920-1976 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bader, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1089-1091 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1089-1091_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Directing the hospital outpatient to the neighborhood health clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Skinner, T.J. Author-Name: Price, B.S. Author-Name: Gorry, G.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1191-1193 Abstract: Since the hospital is overcrowded and the neighborhood clinics are underutilized, the authors examined the feasibility of changing patients choice of facikity and investigated the effect of such a change on utilization of services. In an earlier study, 84% of patients sampled in the General Medical Clinic were judged by their physicians to be treatable at neighborhood clinics. During the project, however, physicians attempted to refer only about one-half of the patients. This reduction is understandable in that the physicians decision is influenced not only by whether patients will be well served but also by the relationship with the patient and th value of the case for research or teaching. About one-half of the patients to whom referral was proposed gave their consent. Based on the results of this study, administrators of the hospital system are implementing a referral effort on a large scale. A continuing evaluation of this effort is underway to assess the impact of a large redistribution of patients on quality and costs of services and on patients satisfaction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1191-1193_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood health centers: an assessment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Breyer, P.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 179-182 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:179-182_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Children can't fly: a program to prevent childhood morbidity and mortality from window falls Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Spiegel, C.N. Author-Name: Lindaman, F.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1143-1147 Abstract: Children Can't Fly is a health education program developed by the New York City Department of Health to combat the high incidence of child mortality and morbidity due to falls from windows. The success of the program, begun in 1972, in drastically reducing death and injury persuaded the New York City Board of Health to amend the Health Code in 1976 to require that landlords provide window guards in appartments were children ten years old and younger reside. The law is the first and only one of its kind in the nation. The program has four major components: 1) reporting of falls by hospital emergency rooms and police precincts, followed up by counseling, referral, and data collecting by public health nurses; 2) a media campaign to inform the public and elevate their awareness of the hazards; 3) community education for prevention through door-to-door hazard identification, counseling by outreach workers, community organization efforts with schools, tenant groups, clinics, churches, health care providers, etc.; 4) provision of free, easily installed window guards to families with young children living in high-risk areas. Significant reduction in falls resulted, particularly in the Bronx, where reported falls declined 50 percent from 1973 to 1975. The program is one solution to an urgent urban problem which other cities might consider to avert the loss of life and limb, and the corollary financial burden for hospitalization, rehabilitation, and maintenance of the injured and permanently disabled. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1143-1147_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The geographic and functional distribution of black physicians: some research and policy considerations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gray, L.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 519-526 Abstract: Studies of the geographic and functional distribution of physicians rarely include race of the physicians as a study variable. For black physicians, there are some rather strong justifications for doing just that: their services are directed almost exclusively to black and often medically undeserved communities; recent efforts to reduce constraints to medical education based on race, sex, ethnicity, and income have resulted in a substantial increase in the proportion of black medical students; inferring about black physicians from information on the general population of physicians given the differences in biographical and experiential characteristics is tenuous at best. Hence, an adequate information base and focused conceptualization on the educational and career patterns of black physicians are indicated. At the policy level there is a need to clarify the relationship between equity in educational (and career) opportunity and efforts to redistribute physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:519-526_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A pitfall in sampling medical visits Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shepard, D.S. Author-Name: Neutra, R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 743-750 Abstract: Samples of outpatient visits often must be used to identify users of a health facility with a given chronic condition. Such samples can lead to biases, however, because patients with more frequent visits are overrepresented. These biases can be avoided by a weighting procedure in which each sampled visit is weighted inversely to the number of clinic visits made by that patient during the sample period. This procedure proved critical in estimating the number and characteristics of hypertensive patients seen in the medical clinic of a teaching hospital. The unweighted estimate of the number of hypertensives was 7,373 patients, more than three times the weighted estimate of 2,250. Similarly, the number of visits per year by these patients would be overestimated by almost 50% without weighting. The estimated proportion of hypertensives still under treatment after 18 months was 68% without weighting, compared to 51% with weighting. Thus biases from failure to weight may be substantial. Analogous biases and solutions apply to other sampling problems in health services research. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:743-750_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal abortions and trends in age specific marriage rates Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bauman, K.E. Author-Name: Anderson, A.E. Author-Name: Freeman, J.L. Author-Name: Koch, G.G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 52-53 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:52-53_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutritional status of Chippewa Head Start children in Wisconsin Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Horner, M.R. Author-Name: Olson, C.M. Author-Name: Pringle, D.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 185-186 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:185-186_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Alcohol and motorcycle fatalities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, S.P. Author-Name: Fisher, R.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 246-249 Abstract: A series of 99 fatal motorcycle crashes in Maryland was studied retrospectively, using police and medical examiner records. Blood alcohol concentrations were determined for 62 motorcycle drivers; measurable amounts of alcohol were found in two-thirds (41), and one-half (31) had illegally high concentrations of 100 mg/100 ml or more. The police report mentioned alcohol in only 9 instances. High blood alcohol concentrations were found most commonly among drivers age 20-34. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:246-249_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The battered wife syndrome and violence in the nuclear family of origin: a controlled pilot study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Parker, B. Author-Name: Schumacher, D.N. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 760-761 Abstract: These data suggest that up to 1,000 victims of ongoing severe wife-beating are seen by this legal aid center each year. The data also points to a vertical transmission within these families of this form of violence. This relationship is amenable to primary prevention and one which to date has been ignored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:760-761_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lung function in fire fighters. I. A 3 yr follow up of active subjects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Musk, A.W. Author-Name: Peters, J.M. Author-Name: Wegman, D.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 626-629 Abstract: From a cohort of 1,768 Boston fire fighters studied initially in 1970, pulmonary function measurements were repeated on 1,146 active subjects in 1974. The mean time between examinations was 3.4 years. The data on 1,430 subjects after one year of follow-up had indicated excessive decrements in levels of forced vital capacity and one-second forced expiratory volume which were related to the frequency of fire exposure. The annual decline over three years was less than that observed over one year and could not be related to the number of fires fought or to other indices of acute fire exposure. Selection factors within the fire department appear to be important in protecting fire fighters from continued loss of ventilatory capacity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:626-629_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pro Bono Publico: a century later Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Greene, S.B. Author-Name: Salber, E.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 735-739 Abstract: From the introduction of Pro Bono Publico smoking tobacco in Durham, North Carolina, a century ago, the production of tobacco products has become a vital part of the state's economy. How this may relate to the smoking behavior, and consequently to the health of its residents is assessed from smoking patterns of adult residents of a rural area of Durham County. Male smoking rates are considerably higher than U.S. estimates whereas female rates are lower. The national trend of increasing incidence of lung cancer can be expected to continue in North Carolina and may be even greater due to the high rate of smoking. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:735-739_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The incidence of hospitalized burn injury in upstate New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feck, G. Author-Name: Baptiste, M. Author-Name: Greenwald, P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 966-967 Abstract: The incidence rate of hospitalized burn injuries in upstate New York in 1974 was 26.6/100,000. Marked variation among regions within the State was found. A minimum estimate of the total volume of burn related hospitalizations was also derived and was found to be consistent with other estimates. The absence of a measurable indicator of severity is noted. High incidence rates were found in the young, in males, and in Blacks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:966-967_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Metals in municipal landfill leachate and their health effects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, S.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 429-432 Abstract: The leachate from 5 municipal landfills (containing no industrial waste or sewage sludge) was studied in 1975 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Copper was not present in concentrations above EPA standards. Zinc concentrations decreased with age of the site and were below standards. The amounts of cadmium and chromium appear to vary greatly from site to site. Lead, selenium, iron, and mercury were present at each site in concentrations above standards, regardless of site age. Although raw leachate contains concentrations of heavy metals in excess of the drinking water standards, it is not clear how likely it would be for these recorded levels to be found in drinking water supplies or for contamination to reach the human body. Before leachate reaches an aquifer, it is subject to the attenuating effect of the unsaturated zone. If municipal solid waste is placed directly into ground water, or if leachate is allowed to drain directly into surface water, severe damage to water quality can result. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:429-432_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A salute to the Pan American Health Organization. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wegman, M.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1198-1204 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1198-1204_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Screening for hypertension by optometrists Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pierce, J.R. Author-Name: Kleinstein, R.N. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 977-979 Abstract: This report describes a successful program for training optometrists in hypertension detection and presents preliminary results of screening 14,000 patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:977-979_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Head and spinal cord injuries: A pilot study of morbidity survey procedures Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kalsbeek, W.D. Author-Name: Hartwell, T.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1051-1057 Abstract: This paper describes a pilot case-finding survey which allowed statistical resolution of a number of methodological issues facing researchers who conduct such surveys. The pilot study for a national survey assessing the incidence, prevalence, and economic impact of head and spinal cord injuries was conducted in eight geographically representative country sites and involved a study of field procedures in several different types of medical facilities. The scope of this paper is limited to the study of procedures used in hospitals. It concluded that: (1) inexperienced field staff were as productive as experienced field staff for activities such as listing discharges and abstracting patient records; (2) field staff familiarity with facility record systems was associated with success in securing hospital cooperation; (3) endorsements by national chapters of relevant professional and health-related associations were sufficient for securing hospital cooperation; and (4) neither hospital characteristics (e.g., size) nor the degree of participation by cooperating hospitals was associated with any significant differences in field staff productivity. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1051-1057_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Utilization of a nutrition service in a neighborhood health center Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ryan, L.K. Author-Name: Dutton, C.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 565-567 Abstract: This study has identified several problem areas in the utilization of a nutrition service in a neighborhood health center. Despite clinical protocols which specified that all patients in certain diagnostic categories should have a nutrition referral, only 50% of eligible patients in this study group were seen by the nutritionist. The data suggest that this was primarily because the nurses did not make the referrals. Furthermore, almost 1/2 of the patients saw the nutritionist for 1 visit only. Reasons for lack of nutrition follow up visits are not clear from these data, and need more study. This study yielded a paucity of data pertaining to patient provider interaction and patient compliance with nutrition therapy. Forty one percent of the patients had only 1 nutrition visit and ongoing compliance data were not obtainable. In those patients seen for follow up visits, there was frequently no recorded information regarding compliance with diet. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:565-567_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition and food policy: the approaches of Norway and the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Winikoff, B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 552-557 Abstract: The Norwegian nutrition and food policy proposal, as outlined by the Ministry of Agriculture, is 'somewhat of a milestone'. It merits this designation both because of its comprehensive nature and because, although advocacy of national nutrition policy has a long history, the development of such a policy by government is relatively rare. In fact, in relation to the United States' efforts in this same area, there are at least three additional reasons why this document is remarkable: The goals of the proposed nutrition and food policy are based on scientific understandings of nutrition/health interrelationships. Real numbers, based on nutritional knowledge, are the foundation of the proposal. This is a document which does not rely only on humanitarianism, morality, or pious hopes for the future. The stated goals themselves are the desired end points against which policy must be measured. These goals take primacy over the institutional or functional arrangements of government structures designed to deal with nutrition. The national government takes itself seriously as an institution responsible for setting overall policy directions. The government's responsibility is first to the well-being of its own citizens, and, as far as possible, in congruence with the aspirations and needs of other citizens of the world. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:552-557_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of the anti smoking campaign on cigarette consumption Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Warner, K.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 645-650 Abstract: The impact of the anti-smoking campaign on the consumption of cigarettes is measured by fitting cigarette demand functions to pre-campaign data, projecting 'ahead' as if the campaign had not occurred, and then comparing these predictions with realized consumption. The analysis suggests that major 'events' in the campaign (e.g., the Surgeon General's Report) caused immediate though transitory decreases of 4 to 5% in annual per capita consumption. However, the cumulative effect of persistent publicity, supported by other public policies, has been substantial: in the absence of the campaign, per capita consumption likely would have exceeded its actual 1975 value by 20 to 30%. This is a conservative indication of the effectiveness of the campaign, for it ignores other potentially important and desirable behavior changes, such as the shift to low 'tar' and nicotine cigarettes. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:645-650_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A computer based record and clinical monitoring system for ambulatory care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McDonald, C.J. Author-Name: Murray, R. Author-Name: Jeris, D. Author-Name: Bhargava, B. Author-Name: Seeger, J. Author-Name: Blevins, L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 240-245 Abstract: The Regenstrief Medical Record system is a computer-based medical record system for ambulatory care which has been in operation since 1973. For each patient served, it contains a core medical record including most objective data (treatment records, lab, X-ray and EKG, etc.) and selected items of subjective data. It supports the care of patients by presenting the clinical data in clear and compact reports and by reminding the physician about clinical conditions that need corrective action. The generation of these computer reminders is totally controlled by physician authored protocols. Each protocol defines an important clinical condition and the content of the reminder to be triggered when that condition occurs. Physician compliance to the standards implicit in these protocols is improved by this feedback. Patient data are captured by computerized ancillary services, (laboratory and outpatient pharmacy) and by manual techniques. Much of these data are recorded by hand (as marks or numbers) on computer-tailored forms which can be optically read by machine. This system represents a different approach to the difficult problems of efficiently using and maintaining patients records. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:240-245_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The efficacy of lay CPR instruction: An evaluation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ramirez, A.G. Author-Name: Weaver, F.J. Author-Name: Raizner, A.E. Author-Name: Dorfman, S.B. Author-Name: Herrick, K.L. Author-Name: Gotto Jr., A.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1093-1095 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1093-1095_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Collection of a clean voided urine specimen: A comparison among spoken, written, and computer based instructions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fisher, L.A. Author-Name: Johnson, T.S. Author-Name: Porter, D. Author-Name: Bleich, H.L. Author-Name: Slack, W.V. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 640-644 Abstract: In an effort to compare different methods of instructing patients, 99 women 18 to 25 yr of age were given computer, spoken, written, or no instructions for the collection of a clean voided urine specimen. The group who received computer instructions was the most uniform in its performance (P < 0.002, F test) and reported the fewest procedural problems (P < 0.02, Fisher test). In addition, this group had fewer contaminating bacteria than the group who received written instructions (P < 0.03, Mann Whitney test). The group who received no instructions had more bacteria (P < 0.0001, Mann Whitney test) than any of the other groups. The effectiveness of the computer instruction was probably related to numerous attributes, including the individualized quality of the dialogue, self pacing, self testing, and privacy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:640-644_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Variations in utilization of a multi-state company dental plan Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Leverett, D.H. Author-Name: Hooper, S.D. Author-Name: Russell, W.N. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1173-1178 Abstract: A study was conducted of family records and claim forms of a company-sponsored dental plan to determine the effects of several demographic variables on utilization of the plan and on patterns of expenditure. The plan was noncontributory on the part of the employees. Individual utilization of the plan (at least once during the study year) closely approximated the average for the entire U.S. population. Salaried employees, and families, were more likely to use the plan than hourly-paid employees and families. High income families were more likely than lower income families to use the plan. Most of the independent variables (income, age, hourly versus salaried) correlated with utilization patterns in a predictable manner. A notable exception was when one looked from one division of the corporation to another, with 25 per cent of families in one division using the plan in the study year, compared to 90 per cent at another division. The reasons for these dramatic differences may be related, at least in part, to institutional factors rather than to patient behavior, and further study is indicated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1173-1178_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevention of childhood household injuries: a controlled clinical trial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dershewitz, R.A. Author-Name: Williamson, J.W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1148-1153 Abstract: Injuries claim the lives of more children each year than the next six leading pediatric disorders combined, and produce injuries that require medical attention for one in three children. In the preschool age group, 91 per cent of these accidents and over one half the resultant fatalities occur in the home. This paper reports the results of a controlled clinical trial conducted to evaluate the implementation of a health education program intended to reduce the risk of childhood household injuries. The study population was randomly assigned into two demographically comparable groups. Only the experimental group mothers received an educational intervention consisting of a tutorial, home safety-proofing assignments, and followup. The homes of the two groups were later assessed for hazards during an unannounced visit by an interviewer who did not know to which group each home belonged. A home safety score mean for the two groups was almost identical. The program stimulated heightened interest and stated intent to improve, but did not result in actual reduction of household hazards. Active health education, as used and evaluated in this study, appears to have limited effectiveness when applied to home safety. Approaches such as 'passive' measures may offer greater potential for household injury reduction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1148-1153_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An integrated approach to tuberculosis care in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riehl, E.D. Author-Name: Berenznicki, G. Author-Name: Rogers, G. Author-Name: Reza, R. Author-Name: Eagan, J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 162-164 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:162-164_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toxocara infection in animal hospital employees Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glickman, L.T. Author-Name: Cypess, R.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1193-1195 Abstract: The recent development of a sensitive and specific test (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for Toxocara canis infection has made it possible to study the epidemiology of this parasite in man. Antibody to Toxocara was measured in veterinarians, kennel workers, nurses, laboratory technicians, and clerical personnel in an animal hospital in order to determine the risk of infection in persons with varying degrees of occupational and home exposure to pet dogs. Antibodies were found in 8 (11 per cent) of 73 employees, and the prevalence and intensity of antibody was not statistically associated with either job exposure or dog ownership. However, antibody was not detected in any of the 14 employees who denied both past and present dog ownership. Additional studies using larger numbers of sera are required to determine the significance of these findings. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1193-1195_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemiology of recurrent otitis media Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Onion, D.K. Author-Name: Taylor, C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 472-474 Abstract: Nearly one-half of 165 children with episodes of acute otitis media had at least one recurrent acute episode within the year. Males had significantly more recurrences. Most (60%) of the recurrent episodes occurred within four months of the index episode. Hearing loss persisted beyond two weeks in 8% of testable children. This experience suggests that prophylactic antibiotic use within the first few months after an episode of acute otitis media in young children should be evaluated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:472-474_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortions and public policy. II Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 817-818 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:817-818_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the medical and social welfare models. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bergman, A.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1211-1212 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1211-1212_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the safe drinking water act. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gilbertson, W.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1210 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1210_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Studies of ambulance patients with ischemic heart disease. I. The outcome of pre-hospital life-threatening arrhythmias in patients receiving electrocardiographic telemetry and therapeutic interventions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pozen, M.W. Author-Name: Fried, D.D. Author-Name: Smith, S. Author-Name: Lindsay, L.V. Author-Name: Voigt, G.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 527-531 Abstract: Patient delay in seeking medical assistance for acute ischemic heart disease and the incidence of potentially life-threatening arrhythmias en route to the hospital were examined in a 22-month community trial of ambulance telemetry. Of 7,654 patients transported, 179 who had ECGs transmitted were found to have had acute MIs or acute myocardial ischemic events. Fifty per cent of these patients summoned an ambulance within 30 minutes and 72 per cent within two hours after the onset of acute symptoms. Fifty-eight patients had potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Intervention with drugs and/or defibrillation was required in 22 patients with or without cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); intervention with CPR alone was required in six patients. Twelve of these 28 patients survived through hospital admission and six were alive at three months. The relatively low outcome/input ratio of this experience necessitates re-evaluation of the epidemiological characteristics and patient selection criteria in populations considered for telemetry. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:527-531_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Affecting the supply of rural physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cooper, J.K. Author-Name: Heald, K. Author-Name: Samuels, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 756-759 Abstract: A model describing physician supply and distribution is described. Two surveys obtained information to examine elements of the model. The first survey identified a group of primary care physicians that had considered rural locations but ultimately selected an urban location. This sub-group, 29% of the primary care supply pool, received a follow-up survey to provide more information about how they made their choice. About one-half of them finally chose on the basis of factors other than metropolitan/non-metropolitan considerations. For this half, some of the factors that entered into the decision were the availability of physician specialists, nearby hospital facilities, and access to medical school programs. Such factors could be affected by future policy decisions, but the cost is unknown. Even if such policy decisions were made, and appropriate programs instituted, the results would probably not solve the problem of disproportionate physician distribution. The most likely-to-succeed approach to increasing the number of rural physicians remains that of increasing the number of entrants to medical school with a rural background. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:756-759_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hypertension: effects of social class and racial admixture. The results of a cohort study in the black population of Charleston, South Carolina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keil, J.E. Author-Name: Tyroler, H.A. Author-Name: Sandifer, S.H. Author-Name: Boyle Jr., E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 634-639 Abstract: It has been hypothesized that genetic factors, as manifested by skin color, play an important role in the genesis of hypertension among Blacks. A community based study was carried out in Charleston County, South Carolina to test this hypothesis. The results of a ten year follow-up study suggest that social class and age were more consistently associated with the incidence of hypertension and levels of blood pressure. The association of hypertension with skin color was minimal and substantially less than that of social class. The incidence rate of hypertension (≥150 and ≥90 mm Hg) was three to four times greater when the study participants were of low social class than when they had higher social class scores at the beginning of this study. In contrast, the incidence rate was only 1.5 times higher for dark than for lighter skinned men, and the rates were almost identical when social class was comparable. Similar results emerged when blood pressure was treated as a continuous variable; blood pressure levels and pressure changes over time were consistently and significantly (p <.01) higher in those Blacks categorized as low social class, controlling for skin color. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:634-639_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Obstetricians' attitudes toward genetic screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gordis, L. Author-Name: Childs, B. Author-Name: Roseman, M.G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 469-471 Abstract: The findings in this study demonstrate that physicians' attitudes are closely related to their management of at-risk patients in regard to referral for genetic screening. Fewer of the obstetricians who did not refer patients were board certified than those who did, and almost one-third had a primary affiliation with a non-teaching hospital suggesting that appropriate educational efforts might be effective in altering the referral patterns of these obstetricians. This educational need has been emphasized by others. It is interesting that even among those opposing abortion 41 percent favoured screening for genetically determined diseases. It thus appears that obstetricians favoring genetic screening see a variety of potential benefits to the screened subjects such as genetic counseling both preconceptually and prenatally. They do not see abortion as the sole consequence of the positive identification of Tay-Sachs status. The finding that almost 40 per cent of obstetricians who have patients to refer for Tay-Sachs screening favour a legal requirement for the service, regardless of whether or not they themselves had referred patients for screening, is particularly striking in view of the tendency of the medical profession to express concern about government regulation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:469-471_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peer sex education training and evaluation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zapka, J.M. Author-Name: Mazur, R.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 450-454 Abstract: Human sexuality has been recognized as an important developmental, emotional, and medical concern on the college campus. The Peer Sex Education Program at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst has been developed as a model for the use of trained students in an educational, referral, and counseling role. This paper describes the program and outlines the methodology used in the documentation and evaluation of various program aspects. Aspects described include the program's rationale and background, the recruiting process, roles and responsibilities, training and supervision models, community development, and delivery of service. Categories of documentation and evaluation considered include effort, performance, adequacy of performance, efficiency, and process. These are related to consumer acceptance and satisfaction, outcome measures of knowledge, attitude, and behavior, effectiveness of referral and other functions, and effect of program on the peer educators' growth and development. The allocation of energy and resources between program development, service delivery and evaluation needs is highlighted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:450-454_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The development and application of indices of health: General methods and a summary of results Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sackett, D.L. Author-Name: Chambers, L.W. Author-Name: MacPherson, A.S. Author-Name: Goldsmith, C.H. Author-Name: Mcauley, R.G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 423-428 Abstract: A multidisciplinary group has developed a health index questionnaire designed to measure the social, emotional, and physical function of free-living populations. The strategy has been found to be generally applicable, capable of application by lay interviewers, acceptable to interviewees, and amenable to index construction. Furthermore, initial evaluations of the resulting health indices suggest that they are biologically and clinically valid. These health indices have been successfully applied in a randomized trial of innovative primary care services. The conceptualization of individual sections of the health index questionnaire for each of these three functional areas, the generation of the instrument, and the evaluation of questionnaire responses for their biological and clinical validity are summarized here. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:423-428_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A common mistake in calculating probability. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brogan, D.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1212-1213 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1212-1213_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Restricting medicaid funds for abortions: Projections of excess mortality for women of childbearing age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Petitti, D.B. Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 860-862 Abstract: Over the past two years there have been several legislative and judicial challenges to public payment for legal abortion services. If successful, the restriction of public funds for abortion could result in excess mortality for women of childbearing age in three ways. First, additional deaths from pregnancy and childbirth would occur if women who would have had an abortion carry the pregnancy to term. Second, excess deaths would result if these women seek an abortion from a less safe, nonlegal source, or if they attempt to induce an abortion in themselves. Third, additional deaths related to legal abortion would occur if women delay the procedure while seeking another source of funds. In this paper, the authors project the number of excess deaths of women of childbearing age which might result from each of these alternatives. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:860-862_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contraceptive method continuation according to type of provider Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Einhorn, R.F. Author-Name: Sear, A.M. Author-Name: Perez, E. Author-Name: Cabrera, E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 12 Pages: 1157-1164 Abstract: A study was undertaken at the main Profamilia clinic in Bogota, Colombia to compare the effectiveness of nurses and physicians in the delivery of family planning services. Contraceptive method continuation was the major outcome variable in this analysis. Clients were randomly assigned to physicians or nurses on their first visit and for the duration of care. On all revisits data were collected pertaining to method prescribed, side effects, pregnancy, and method changes. There was a field survey at eight months to locate clinic drop-outs and determine their contraceptive use status. There were no significant differences in method continuation between clients who received services from physicians and those who received services from nurses. At nine months, the overall continuation of the first method prescribed was 79.1% in the physicians' group and 75.8 per cent in the nurses' group (t is 1.057, p > .20). When controlling for first method used, the IUD users in the physicians' group had a continuation rate of 86.1 per cent and in the nurses' group 84.0 per cent (t is 0.556, p > .50). Of the pill users who received services from physicians, 78.1 per cent were continuing at nine months and 74.3 per cent of the pill clients in the nurses' group were continuing at nine months (t is 0.573, p > .50). There were no differences in pregnancy rates, side effects rates, and method change rates between the two groups. It may be concluded that these nurses were as effective as physicians in the delivery of family planning services. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:12:1157-1164_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumer nutrition knowledge and self reported food shopping behavior Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fusillo, A.E. Author-Name: Beloian, A.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 846-850 Abstract: In 1975 a national sample of consumers was questioned about their knowledge of nutrition, beliefs about food, and their shopping behavior. Findings indicate a particular need for education related to facts about iron, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins A and D. Consumers with low knowledge tended to have less education, lower income, and less prestigious occupations. Of these variables, educational achievement level had the strongest association to low nutrition knowledge. Using an index based on the three socioeconomic variables, low knowledge was more often present among the male and older shoppers, with age having the stronger association. Association of the three indices of nutrition knowledge, food beliefs, and reported shopping behavior were found to be positive and linear. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:846-850_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Toxic soluble waste disposal in a sanitary landfill site draining to an urban water supply Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, C.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 468-469 Abstract: The safe disposal of very large amounts of hazardous substances presents special problems. In the case described here, no one involved realized that a potentially serious situation was being created inadvertently. It is probable that similar situations are occurring elsewhere without notice. This incident illustrates the need for better guidelines concerning the disposal of hazardous substances. First, formal approval of local health departments should be obtained before the disposal of hazardous materials is planned for any particular sanitary landfill site. In addition, hazardous substances should not be deposited at sanitary disposal sites in any populated area, especially if those areas are located at a recharging location for aquifers or near drainage involving private wells or public water supplies. It is also essential that local health department staff should meet with the supervisory staff of county solid waste control programs to discuss the importance of monitoring substances brought to the landfill site. Procedures should be established so that substances known to be toxic or of questionable toxicity should not be accepted without prior consultation with the local health department. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:468-469_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A combined health department medical school rural outpatient tuberculosis program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peirce, T.H. Author-Name: York, G.K. Author-Name: Parsons, G.H. Author-Name: Spannagel, V. Author-Name: Lillington, G.A. Author-Name: Cross, C.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 257-259 Abstract: Adequate chemotherapy has largely eliminated surgical treatment for tuberculosis and, will almost certainly render patients non-infective within a period of several weeks. This advance has led to the phasing out of tuberculosis sanatoria and has introduced the use of general hospitals for initial short-term treatment periods with subsequent referral to an outpatient program. In one rural California county this change was facilitated by merging resources of the County Health Department Tuberculosis Central Program with the Pulmonary Disease Section of a state medical school. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:257-259_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On pre-hospital coronary care. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pozen, M.W. Author-Name: Voight, G.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1107 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1107_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Application of a data collection method to ensure confidentiality. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: White, R.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 11 Pages: 1095-1097 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:11:1095-1097_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A health data system for New York State correctional facilities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Froom, J. Author-Name: Howe, B. Author-Name: Mangone, D. Author-Name: Swearingen, C. Author-Name: Warren, P.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 250-251 Abstract: The inadequacy of prison health care has been reported in several recent evaluations of United States correctional facilities. However, data on the magnitude and specifics of health needs and services in these facilities remain scarce. This paper reports on the implementation of a comprehensive health data collection and medical records system in three New York State correctional facilities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:250-251_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tension and hypertension. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 914-916 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:914-916_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Costs of mental health services in a Colombian hospital. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, R.L. Author-Name: Pabón, R. Author-Name: Barona, B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 972-974 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:972-974_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: International health legislation at the World Health Organization. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 984 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:984_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: I. Effects on self-reported measures of health, performance, and well-being. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peters, R.K. Author-Name: Benson, H. Author-Name: Porter, D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 946-953 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:946-953_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Daily relaxation response breaks in a working population: II. Effects on blood pressure. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peters, R.K. Author-Name: Benson, H. Author-Name: Peters, J.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 954-959 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:954-959_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dr. George Rosen, former journal editor, Yale professor and scholar of history of science and medicine (June 23, 1910-July 27, 1977). Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Viseltear, A.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 997-999 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:997-999_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health departments: then and now. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wegman, M.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 913-914 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:913-914_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A survey of local public health departments and their directors. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, C.A. Author-Name: Brooks, E.F. Author-Name: DeFriese, G.H. Author-Name: Gilbert, B. Author-Name: Jain, S.C. Author-Name: Kavaler, F. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 931-939 Abstract: In 1974 a questionnaire was mailed to the nation's local health officers. Responses were received from 1,345, at least 68 per cent of all local health departments. The present paper presents selected summary data from respondents concerning the health departments, their jurisdictions, organization, finance, functions, staffing, and about the training, salaries, and other characteristics of local health officers. Health departments are extensively involved in rendering health services, including direct personal services (25 per cent of all departments). For many services the health department is the sole provider of essential services in the area of jurisdiction. These services include ambulatory care (8 per cent), maternal and child health (48.5 per cent), home care (44.8 per cent), and family planning (38 per cent). The major constraints to improvement and expansion of programs are perceived as limited financial support, insufficient staff, and inadequate facilities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:931-939_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: For national MCH service. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, C.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 10 Pages: 985-986 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:10:985-986_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Provider expectations and consumer perceptions of the importance and value of dental care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frazier, P.J. Author-Name: Jenny, J. Author-Name: Bagramian, R.A. Author-Name: Robinson, E. Author-Name: Proshek, J.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 37-43 Abstract: Seventy eight inner city mothers of third and fourth grade children in three racial groups: white, black, and American Indian, known to need dental treatment for disease on permanent teeth, were interviewed at home by a trained community resident interviewer. Sixty two per cent of the mothers were on public assistance. Information relating to the mothers' perceptions of the importance and value of dental care both for herself and for her children were collected. Utilization data were obtained via two dental examinations conducted one year apart. Data were also collected from a sample of provider dentists via mail questionnaire. A yield of 315 usable questionnaires was obtained, a return rate of 53 per cent. Provider dentists felt that low socioeconomic consumers do not value dental services, as compared to other types of consumer goods and services, and that they do not believe dental care is important. Low income mothers in the same city reported that they did value dental care and believed it important. Expectations of and orientations toward the importance of dental care were found discongruent between the two groups of respondents. These discongruities in the dentist patient relationship are discussed as a barrier to utilization. Although financial resources were available to many of the study families, only 49 per cent of these children received the needed care. It is suggested that the psychological cost to a patient of seeking care in inhospitable settings may act as a barrier to utilization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:37-43_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Detection of viral genes and core proteins of flavoviruses in human blood specimens. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arida, E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 874-875 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:874-875_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Consumer health information system urged. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schell, C.L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 9 Pages: 874 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:9:874_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impact of a community health approach to rape Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kaufman, A. Author-Name: DiVasto, P. Author-Name: Jackson, R. Author-Name: Vandermeer, J. Author-Name: Pathak, D. Author-Name: Odegard, W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 365-367 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:365-367_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On seeking abortion counseling. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cates Jr., W. Author-Name: Grimes, D.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 780-781 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:780-781_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On gonorrhea control programs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phillips, W.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 781 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:781_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition intervention: bigger is better. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jelliffe, D.B. Author-Name: Jelliffe, E.F. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 8 Pages: 780 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:8:780_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On "Statisticians, confidentiality, and privacy". Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morton, W.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 686-687 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:686-687_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The menace of mass screening. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bergman, A.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 601-602 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:601-602_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Child maltreatment, family stress, and ecological insult. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gershenson, C.P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 602-604 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:602-604_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Abortions and public policy. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 604-605 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:604-605_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interpreting the role of HSAs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mason, H.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 571 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:571_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Points made and missed on HSAs. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Clarke, G.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 570 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:570_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On converting child health stations to pediatric treatment centers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cowin, R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 381-382 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:381-382_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On health misinformation on national television. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lowinger, P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 381 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:381_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Guam's influenza experience. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Haddock, R.L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 379-380 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:379-380_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Care in free clinics. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schade, C.P. Author-Name: Garland, M.F. Author-Name: Seggar Jr., J.K. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 382-383 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:382-383_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dean technique challenged. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGlashan, N.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 380-381 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:380-381_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Some thoughts on Swine Flu (from a local health officer) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milligan, R.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 379 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:379_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: More on population-based spot maps. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dean, A.G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 381 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:381_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On self-help groups and government agencies. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Probstein, I. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 382 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:382_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On pharmacist's role in patient behavior. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fink 3rd., J.L. Author-Name: Wertheimer, A.I. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 269-270 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:269-270_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition intervention: bigger is smarter. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Owen, G.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 229-230 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:229-230_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality assurance through computer surveillance and feedback. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barnett, G.O. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 230-231 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:230-231_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comment on clinic performance. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schade, C.P. Author-Name: Garland, M.F. Author-Name: Seegar Jr., K.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 269 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:269_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Appeals used in advertisements for psychotropic drugs: an exploratory study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, M.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 171-173 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:171-173_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The child resistant container: a success and a model for accident prevention. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garrettson, L.K. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 135-136 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:135-136_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editor's report. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 136-137 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:136-137_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relations between nutrition and cognition in rural Guatemala Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeman, H.E. Author-Name: Klein, R.E. Author-Name: Kagan, J. Author-Name: Yarbrough, C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 233-239 Abstract: The nutritional status of three and four year old children, as measured by height and head circumference, is related to cognitive performance in four rural Guatemalan villages. The relationships persist when social factors are taken into account. Families in two of the villages participate in a voluntary, high protein calorie supplementation program. In the other two villages, the families receive a vitamin and mineral supplement with about one third of the calories. Although the longitudinal study still is ongoing, there is some evidence that the children who receive the higher calorie supplement (or whose mothers received it during pregnancy and lactation) are most likely to score high in cognitive performance. The results support other animal and human studies that report an association between nutrition and cognitive development. The findings, while not diminishing social environmental explanations of differences in cognitive function, suggest the worth of nutrition intervention programs in rural areas of lesser developed countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:233-239_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Prevention Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hilbert, M.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 353-356 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:353-356_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A ray of hope. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tilson, H.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-20 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:19-20_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Solid waste disposal. A long standing public health problem comes of age Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wands, R.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 419-420 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:419-420_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Anstie's alcohol limit. Francis Edmund Anstie 1833 to 1874 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baldwin, A.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 679-681 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:679-681_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Human milk in premature infant feeding: Report of a second workshop Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fomon, S.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 361-363 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:361-363_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A practical reporting and evaluation system for intervention programs: Guiding principles and potential uses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zalkind, D. Author-Name: Zelon, H. Author-Name: Moore, M. Author-Name: Kaluzny, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 370-373 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:370-373_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A method of estimating risk for occupational factors using multiple data sources: the Newfoundland lip cancer study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chambers, L.W. Author-Name: Spitzer, W.O. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 176-179 Abstract: This paper describes how national census data, a provincial cancer registry, hospital patient charts, and the results of a household questionnaire survey in turn were used in attempting to estimate the risk of cancer for a specific occupation. A case control study was done in the Province of Newfoundland (Canada) during the summer and fall of 1973 to assess the role of the occupation of fishing as a risk factor in cancer of the lip. The following information on occupations must be available in order to adequately assess an occupation as a risk factor of cancer: 1. The occupations of the respondent over his lifetime; 2. The length of time the respondent was employed in each occupation; 3. The respondent's occupation at the time of the interview. Cancer registries and hospital charts should be target areas for improving the recording of occupation data. Clinicians should be encouraged to record at least the most usual occupation of their patient with additional information recorded for patients who work in areas known to be potentially hazardous to health. After defining the 'cases' and appropriate controls, interviewing subjects themselves with a standardized questionnaire should be seriously considered when specific occupational activities are suspected as carcinogenic. It is possible to design questionnaires which elicit detailed occupational information which have internal validity as the interobserver reliability test results have indicated. The household questionnaire data on work activities or working conditions of fishermen as possible risk factors failed to show evidence of positive associations which suggest any independent contribution to malignancy. The questionnaire data also revealed that using the mouth as a 'third hand' in the handling of nets protected fishermen, rendering them less than half as likely to acquire the disease from those in the occupation who employed other techniques. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:176-179_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The uses of multiple causes of death data to clarify changing patterns of cirrhosis mortality in Massachusetts Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Speizer, F.E. Author-Name: Trey, C. Author-Name: Parker, P. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 333-336 Abstract: Evaluation of death rates from cirrhosis of the liver in Massachusetts since 1950 indicate a changing pattern suggestive of a substantial increase in the frequency with which cirrhosis is being recorded as the underlying cause of death. By comparing the relationship between the frequency with which cirrhosis is mentioned on the death certificate with its occurrence as the underlying cause of death, it would appear that the increase in death rate represents a real change. Additional evidence is presented to indicate that the increase is occurring in the urban center of the state. Males aged 40-49 and females aged 50-59 have shown the greatest changes. In spite of similar changes occurring on the national scene, the increase appears to be substantially greater in Massachusetts. The evaluation of multiple cause of death as mentioned on death certificates can allow for assessment of significant co-factors contributing to a fatal outcome in a disease like cirrhosis of the liver. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:333-336_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Black physicians and Black communities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yerby, A.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 511-512 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:511-512_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Report of the APHA Task Force on Chile. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cornely, P.B. Author-Name: Belmar, R. Author-Name: Falk, L.A. Author-Name: Filerman, G.L. Author-Name: Rodrigues-Trias, H. Author-Name: Sidel, V.W. Author-Name: Silver, G.A. Author-Name: Wegman, M.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 71-73 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:71-73_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing and nutrition of psychiatric aftercare patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tardiff, K. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 182-184 Abstract: Significant demographic and clinical differences between patients in 4 types of living arrangement are noted. Physical health and number of psychiatric admissions in the past 2 yr were most interesting in that patients living alone fared worst in both. Pateints living alone also had the poorest housing as rated by research assistants and the least degree of satisfaction with their housing. Ratings of housing and satisfaction for patients in group homes were better than those for the patients living alone and comparable in some cases to patients living with families, who had the best in housing. On the other hand, group homes provided the least amount of autonomy and private living space. Despite poorer facilities for preparation of food, patients living alone were roughly equal to patients living with families and responsible for food preparation in regard to frequency of cooking, availability of food, and infrequency of dining outside the home, although patients living alone spent twice as much per person for food. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:182-184_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comment on "Skin cancer, melanoma and sunlight". Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, A.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 59-60 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:59-60_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring the return on program costs: evaluation of a multi employer alcoholism treatment program Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schramm, C.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 50-51 Abstract: The estimates derived from the model indicate that the shared outpatient treatment approach exemplified by EHP is a cost effective method of treatment for problem drinking workers. It should be noted, however, that the model presented here probably understates the benfits of treatment, since improved work attendance is only one area of potential cost savings that can be realized through alcoholism rehabilitation programs. Other possible benefits, although not as easy to measure, might include reduced labor turnover costs, fewer on the job accidents, improved workgroup morale, lower medical care costs, and a reduction in the number of grievance hearings and labor arbitrations. Nevertheless, application of the model outlined here is recommended to decision makers and program evaluators desiring a readily quantifiable technique for producing a conservative estimate of the cost savings realized by an industrial alcoholism program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:50-51_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A progressive approach to the problem of foodborne infections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Zaki, M.H. Author-Name: Miller, G.S. Author-Name: McLaughlin, M.C. Author-Name: Weinberg, S.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-49 Abstract: Qualitative and quantitative bacteriological examinations of 100 samples of perishable foods from 39 retail stores were performed to determine the presence of bacterial contaminants and to explore the feasibility of establishing and utilizing microbiological standards in enforcement. Forty six per cent of the samples had standard plate counts in excess of 100,000 per gram, 17 per cent showed coliform organisms in excess of 100 per gram, 20 per cent revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and 2 per cent Clostridium perfringens. None of the shell fish samples grew Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The bacteriological findings are discussed in relation to pertinent variables and the use of microbiological standards for potentially hazardous foods is explored. All 450 retail food establishments in a selected area of Western Suffolk County (New York) were subjected to comprehensive study, using a scoring system developed by the Food and Drug Administration. Initial inspections revealed 32 per cent as having one or more major violations. Followup inspections were performed to insure compliance and most violations were corrected within four weeks. Six months later all establishments were reinspected. The scoring system was found to have limited value. Half the establishments with major violations on initial inspection had major violations six months later as compared to less than a quarter of those with no initial major violation. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:44-49_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Biologically active RNA in inactivated swine flu concentrate Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Arida, E. Author-Name: Hultin, T. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 380 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:380_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation and measurement: some dilemmas for health education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Green, L.W. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 155-161 Abstract: Seven dilemmas of evaluation and measurement posed by the nature of health education are presented, together with suggestions for their resolution. These include the dilemmas of: 1) rigor or experimental design vs significance or program adaptability; 2) internal validity or 'true' effectiveness vs external validity or feasibility; 3) experimental vs placebo effects; 4) effectiveness vs economy of scale; 5) risk vs payoff; 6) measurement of long term vs short term outcomes; and 7) threshold vs diminishing return levels of expenditure on health education. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop a more cumulative data base through standardization of measures, replication of experiments in different settings, and better documentation, reporting, and diffusion of experiences in practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:155-161_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comments on communication/compliance/concordance. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kataoka, G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 58-59 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:58-59_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use and abuse of medical charities in late nineteenth century America Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brieger, G.H. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 264-267 Abstract: Philanthropia - the love of man - has a long and honorable tradition in the history of medicine. Medical charity has always been one facet of the humanitarian character of the medical profession. It is medicine, said Alexander Stevens in the first presidential address to the newly formed American Medical Association in 1848, that is the link uniting science and philanthropy. Yet when the charitable impulse runs afoul of the medical market place, economics have usually dominated philanthropy. One such encounter between the needs of patients and the needs of their physicians at the end of the nineteenth century was particularly interesting, and engendered the controversy that became known as the dispensary abuse. In discussing the use and the alleged abuse of medical charity in the late nineteenth century, a whole series of medical and social problems must be considered. Income, of both patients and doctors, the supply of physicians, medical education, changing patterns of medical care, especially specialization, regulation of medical practice, and by no means least noteworthy, the quality of medical care are all important facets of the intense arguments over the abuse of medical charities. As discussed by physicians and social workers in the years between the Civil War and World War I, medical charity usually referred to hospitals and their outpatient departments and to free standing dispensaries. The historical development of both these institutions has already been very well described by George Rosen in 'The Impact of the Hospital on the Physician, the Patient and the Community', that appeared in Hospital Administration in the Fall of 1964, and more recently in an article by Charles Rosenberg in the January, 1974 issue of the Journal of the History of Medicine, entitled 'Social Class and Medical Care in Nineteenth Century America: The Rise and Fall of the Dispensary'. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:264-267_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Motivational interventions in community hypertension screening Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stahl, S.M. Author-Name: Lawrie, T. Author-Name: Neill, P. Author-Name: Kelley, C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 345-352 Abstract: To evaluate different techniques intended to motivate community residents to have their blood pressures taken, five inner-city target areas with comparable, predominantly Black, populations were selected. A sample of about 200 households in each of four areas were subjected to different motivational interventions; in one of these four areas, households were approached in a series of four sequential steps. The fifth target area served as a control. Findings establish that home visits by community members trained to take blood pressure measurements (BPMs) in the home produces much larger yields of new (previously unknown) hypertensives than more passive techniques such as invitational letters and gift offers. Prior informational letters, including letters specifying time of visit, do not affect refusals or increase the yield. More 'passive' motivational techniques yield a higher proportion of previously known hypertensives than the more 'active' outreach efforts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:345-352_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nutrition intervention: bigger is smarter Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Owen, G.M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 230-231 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:230-231_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Insensitive health statistics and the dilemma of the HSAs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Elinson, J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 5 Pages: 417-418 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:5:417-418_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The underutilization of vital statistics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Erhardt, C.L. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 325-326 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:325-326_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tay-Sachs disease, wrongful life and preventive malpractice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 568-569 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:568-569_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Interest group representation and the HSAs: health planning and political theory Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vladeck, B.C. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 23-29 Abstract: Examination of the provisions of the National Health Planning and resources Development Act, P.L. 93-641, concerning the composition of Health Systems Agencies, which are to be the primary building blocks of local health planning, suggests that expectation of substantial change may be unrealistic. Specifically, in its provision for representation on the HSAs, Congress appears to have been accepting an implicit theory of pluralist interest group representation that has long been prevalent in other sectors of public life in the United States, and long subject to significant criticism. Such forms of representation tend to lead to bargaining, log rolling, and collusive competition among narrowly defined special interests, with the interests of the broader general public less well served. The application of this theory to health planning in P.L. 93-641 is examined, and predictions drawn about the implications of this analysis for health planning and health policy in the United States in general. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:23-29_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond a new perspective. Fourth annual Matthew B. Rosenhaus lecture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lalonde, M. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 357-360 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:357-360_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Facing challenges in service related research in aging Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Solon, J.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 328-329 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:328-329_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health and demographic transition in the People's Republic of China Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taeuber, I.B. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 664-667 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:664-667_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Analysis of a stratified random sample in AFDC Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chand, N. Author-Name: Rothwell, C.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 254-256 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:254-256_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: History and health care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 326-328 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:326-328_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dr. Seuss meets Dr. Freud: primary prevention in the community library Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Walsh, J.A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 561-562 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:561-562_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Injuries, crashes, and construction on a superhighway Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Doege, T.C. Author-Name: Levy, P.S. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 147-150 Abstract: Crash and injury crash rates increased significantly on segments of an Illinois superhighway undergoing major construction, compared to crash rates of preceding years and to crash rates on segments not undergoing construction. Maintaining separation of traffic on segments under construction resulted in smaller increases in injury crash rates than crossover diversion of traffic from lanes under construction into previously one way roads. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:147-150_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A constitutional right to a healthy environment Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 262 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:262_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic triage of the poor and population control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, C.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 660-663 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:660-663_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pre-hospital coronary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dalen, J.E. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 6 Pages: 512-514 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:6:512-514_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Occupational safety and health: unconstitutional searches Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 684-685 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:684-685_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The pharmacist's clinical role as seen by other health workers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lambert, R.L. Author-Name: Wertheimer, A.I. Author-Name: Dobbert, D.J. Author-Name: Church, T.R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 3 Pages: 252-253 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:3:252-253_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The quiet desperation of public health conscience. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 1 Pages: 20-21 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:1:20-21_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The case finding effectiveness of a self referral system for gonorrhea: a preliminary report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potterat, J.J. Author-Name: Rothenberg, R. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 2 Pages: 174-176 Abstract: Our purpose was to examine the efficacy of an alternative to the standard case interview and investigation. Although we recognized from the outset that a short term evaluation could not provide data on disease control, we were able to evaluate the ability of the alternative to detect new cases, and on that basis we developed a sense of its comparative effectiveness and cost. Our data suggest that in this setting, the self referral system is as effective as the standard interview in bringing infected partners of male heterosexual patients to treatment. In fact, by all parameters examined contacts elicited, contacts initiated, contacts seeking medical care, contacts infected, and cost the self referral system did as well or better. Unfortunately, in prior experience with self referral, emphasis has been on the referral slip, rather than on the selfreferral process itself. The return of slips in this study was actually a poor indicator of the efficacy of the system. Through discussions with patients, the clinic staff learned that the slip per se, was often irrelevant and at times a detriment. Contacts often refused the slip, but sought care. The 'process' motivated 86 of the 116 contacts in the Study group, although only 12 slips were actually returned to the clinic. The referral slip may have been important in establishing a 'contract' between the original patient and the health department, but it was not important to the patient's referral of contacts. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:2:174-176_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effects of feedback on performance of army trained expanded duty dental auxiliaries Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mangelsdorff, A.D. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 7 Pages: 674-675 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:7:674-675_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contract or lodge practice and its influence on medical attitudes to health insurance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, G. Year: 1977 Volume: 67 Issue: 4 Pages: 374-378 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1977:67:4:374-378_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Distribution of oral contraceptives: legal changes and new concepts of preventive care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cook, R.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 590-591 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:590-591_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Converting child health stations to pediatric treatment centers: Utilization patterns of children using three upper Manhattan facilities offering treatment services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Denerstein, D. Author-Name: Novick, L.F. Author-Name: Loewenstein, R. Author-Name: Bianco, J.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 579-581 Abstract: The findings of this study suggest that the addition of treatment capability to well baby stations in otherwise underserved areas provided an increment to available health care services that was readily accepted by the consumers utilizing these facilities. In the relatively short time following the addition of treatment services a substantial proportion of consumers came to regard these facilities as a usual source of care. A high degree of awareness of the new service was found, and this source of primary care was rapidly accepted in the areas where there were few alternative providers. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:579-581_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who should manage health services: Implications of decentralization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mott, B.J.F. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1143-1145 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1143-1145_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School children and reported hepatitis: an epidemiologic note Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Taylor, W.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 793-794 Abstract: In this study, a small outbreak of hepatitis A is examined retrospectively. The data generated are consistent with person to person spread with involvement of an elementary school population which spread disease to older siblings and parents. A suggestion is made to improve data collection to facilitate detection and control of such outbreaks. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:793-794_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An eclectic approach to quality control in fee for service health care: the New York City Medicaid experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosenberg, S.N. Author-Name: Gunston, C. Author-Name: Berenson, L. Author-Name: Klein, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 21-30 Abstract: A computer based system for evaluating the quality of fee for service health care in the New York City Medicaid Program is described. Specific information is sought for use in educational, enforcement and managerial activities to improve health care quality. The gathering of this information necessitates coordinated assessment of the structure, process and outcome of health care, through inspection of offices, computerized analysis of patterns of practice as revealed by billing forms, and reexamination of patients. The program's focus on patterns of practice, its use of multiple assessment techniques, and its concentration on unequivocally substandard care circumvent several limitations on current evaluation technology. Implications for Professional Standards Review Organizations and national health insurance are explored. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:21-30_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A preliminary study of circulating vitamins in a Puerto Rican migrant farm population in New Jersey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Quinones, M.A. Author-Name: El Nakah, A. Author-Name: Louria, D.B. Author-Name: Baker, H. Author-Name: Devlin, L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 172-173 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:172-173_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Bayesian approach to health project estimation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chasse, J.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 747-754 Abstract: This paper illustrates how a Bayesian statistical approach was used to estimate the outcomes of the National Tuberculosis Program in India. Such an estimate, it is argued, is necessary for a proper judgment about a project's social usefulness. The process of medical care delivery is reduced to a set of conditioned probabilities. The numbers are estimated using as source material medical records, the results of medical research, and the opinion of experts. Bayesian methods of estimation are used and their value is discussed. The final discussion contains a brief treatment of the role of project analysis in public decision making. The place of Bayesian methods in project analysis is briefly illustrated, demonstrating their operational value in the field of public health decision making. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:747-754_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Non respondents in a psychiatric survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levav, I. Author-Name: Arnon, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 989-991 Abstract: A psychiatric appraisal was available on almost all non respondents to a psychiatric epidemiological study conducted in a rural area in Israel. The analysis showed that the emotional status of the non respondent group did not differ from that of respondents. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:989-991_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Child abuse and neglect: Physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chang, A. Author-Name: Oglesby, A.C. Author-Name: Wallace, H.M. Author-Name: Goldstein, H. Author-Name: Hexter, A.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1199-1201 Abstract: One important finding in this 1974 nationwide study of physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and practice on child abuse and neglect was a gap between stated attitudes and practice in regard to reporting cases. Almost all pediatricians, radiologists, and 'other' physicians believed that physicians 'should' report cases of child abuse and neglect. But fewer respondents in all three types of physicians believed that physicians 'usually' report such cases, and some could not comment on the practice of reporting. Although the majority of physicians felt that there was an increasing trend in the awareness of child abuse and neglect in their communities, only a minority believe that existing services were adequate and that existing programs were effective. This latter assessment agrees with findings of DeFrancis who in 1972 noted that no state and no community had developed an adequate child protective service program and cited the need for additional cooperation from schools, social agencies, and courts. A more recent study by Nagi also found defects in the present management of child abuse by welfare departments and offered suggestions for improvement of services by welfare departments and caseworkers. Other needs noted in this study were concise and practical references and brochures delineating reporting requirements, additional training programs for physicians, reliable systems of detection and reporting, and clarification of roles and responsibilities of community agencies involved in child abuse and neglect cases. Hopefully, the innovative programs and activities made possible by recent federal legislation in the field of child abuse and neglect will begin to meet these needs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1199-1201_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The genetic associate. A new health professional Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marks, J.H. Author-Name: Richter, M.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 288-390 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:288-390_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Categories of attempted suicide: a longitudinal study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hankoff, L.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 558-563 Abstract: A series of 151 index suicide attempts was categorized on the basis of situation and motivation: (a) 56 per cent occurred in a state of heightened emotionality due to a relatively limited stress; (b) 9 per cent were characterized by a life crisis which seriously challenged the patient's emotional homeostasis; and (c) 35 per cent attempted suicide in relation to the symptomatology of a pre existing serious psychiatric disorder. At the time of first contact, usually in the general hospital emergency room, 69 per cent were sent home, the remainder being admitted for medical care (18 per cent) or transferred to a psychiatric hospital (13 per cent). In follow up ambulatory care, successful referral correlated with the intensity of staff efforts during the early post attempt contacts. The findings suggest that a brief hospitalization, perhaps two to three days, might be regularly utilized as a bridgehead for further ambulatory care, particularly for stress category patients with a high appointment failure rate. In a two year follow up, 16 of the 151 index cases re attempted and two committed suicide. At the time of the index attempt, 24 (16 per cent) were in ongoing treatment. Among these 24 patients were many substance abusers and prior attempters as well well as the two committed suicides of the follow up period. Ongoing treatment should be weighed as a high risk factor suggesting particular caution in arranging the disposition for such patients. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:558-563_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bioethics and health ethics: a critical examination of the new terminology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 497-498 Abstract: In view of the renewed attention to the American language initiated by the nation's Bicentennial, this paper considers what is meant by such terms as medical ethics, bioethics and health ethics. It is, however, the concept of public health ethics that appeals to the author as it suggests that people in general, not merely health professionals, have ethical obligations related to public as well as private health. A balance must be struck between the attainment of one's personal rights and benefits and one's obligations to others. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:497-498_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The role of natural radiations in human leukemogenesis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jacobson, A.P. Author-Name: Plato, P.A. Author-Name: Frigerio, N.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 31-37 Abstract: Some 3 billion years ago, life arose from a warm pool of primordial ooze amid a constant drizzle of radiation. Steadily, man evolved from the lesser forms of life because of or in spite of his natural background radiation environment. This study is an attempt to determine to what extent these background radiations are responsible for human disease, namely leukemia. Dose rate data were compared with data on all forms of leukemia in the 50 United States for four population subgroups. For the total U.S., no relation between background radiation and leukemia is apparent. A positive correlation appears, however, if various state are deleted from the analysis. It appears that conditions relative to populations and their environment could mask a radiation effect if in fact one is present. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:31-37_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in certified shellfish from New England Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Koff, R.S. Author-Name: Connelly, L.J.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 174-175 Abstract: In this study, hard- and soft shell clams harvested during a one year period from state approved (certified) clam beds in Maine, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island were tested for HB(s)Ag by radioimmunoassay. HB(s)Ag could not be detected in clam viscera. The role of bivalve mollusk ingestion in transmission of Hepatitis B remains speculative. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:174-175_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An approach to accessibility analysis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Luce, B.R. Author-Name: Stamps, P.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 581-582 Abstract: The technique presented here, a practical method for routine data gathering and subsequent analysis, permits a health center to relate the utilization patterns of its patients to the demographic and geographic characteristics of its target population. By correlating utilization data with demographic data of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the issue of accessibility can be addressed, since non users are identified as well as users. A study was done to demonstrate the usefulness of this method, and it was found that the patients of a particular health center were not representative of their community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:581-582_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Privacy, research, and the health of the public Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Shapiro, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1050-1051 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1050-1051_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Extramedical factors in the decision to hospitalize medical patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mushlin, A.I. Author-Name: Appel, F.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 170-172 Abstract: This study assesses the importance of extramedical factors in the decision to hospitalize medical patients. Residents in a municipal hospital's emergency room completed a questionnaire on 252 consecutive patients at the time of admission. Extramedical factors contributed to the admission decision in 54 patients (21%); for twenty of these patients (8% of total) extramedical factors were the primary reason for admission. Factors noted most frequently related to patient behavior, such as being unlikely to follow instructions, and to home situations, such as social isolation. For 16% of the admissions, physicians felt that treatment outside the hospital was possible if realistic alternatives existed. Results suggest that extramedical factors are important contributors to the need for hospitalization. Attempts to develop quality assurance criteria, such as in utilization review or admission certification, must take such factors into account. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:170-172_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: External peer review of skilled nursing care in Minnesota Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, W.R. Author-Name: Hurley, S.J. Author-Name: Wharton, E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 278-283 Abstract: External peer review of each of the 8,917 Medicaid patients in 228 Skilled Nursing Facilities in Minnesota demonstrated characteristics and needs of patients and produced documented recommendations for Medical Evaluation Studies to strengthen multiple aspects of treatment programs. As a whole, Medicaid patients were well placed and well cared for. However, wide variations were observed in individual facilities. Principal problem areas were those which prevail in all long term care facilities in this country: weakness of individualized treatment, weakness of restorative goal oriented treatment, severe mental, emotional and behavioral disabilities, lack of strong leadership in medical and nursing professions, and weakness of psychosocial support programs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:278-283_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Difficult issues in health planning, development, and review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mott, P.D. Author-Name: Mott, A.T. Author-Name: Rudolph, J.M. Author-Name: Lane, E.R. Author-Name: Berg, R.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 743-746 Abstract: To give an overview of the kinds of issues expected to be encountered by the new Health Systems Agencies being established in conformity with Public Law 93-641, the authors draw from the experiences of the Comprehensive Health Planning agency and Regional Medical Program of an Upstate New York area. Problems faced together in the years 1972 to 1975 in health planning, development, review, and public policy are described. The unusual geographic and working relationship of these agencies makes them, together, a useful prototype of the HSA to examine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:743-746_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The European scene Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 178-179 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:178-179_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A preliminary investigation of the role of the public health nurse in evaluation of services for the aged Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Keith, P.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 379-381 Abstract: This study describes the participation of community health nurses in specifying services needed by the elderly in a midwestern community of 30,000. In response to a request from a group in the community which was charged with allocating private funds to aid the elderly, 4 commmunity health nurses, who were the only nurses serving the city and surrounding county, were asked to assess needs for further services for the elderly. Because of their provision of services and contact with clients in their homes, community nurses may help locate not only health care needs but may call attention to other kinds of unmet needs. The nurses and 124 individuals 65 years old and over evaluated needs for additional services in 23 health and social service categories. The list of services which nurses and the elderly rated from high priority for additional service to low priority is shown and the evaluations of the two groups are compared. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:379-381_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Decentralization in the New York City Department of Health: Reorganization of a public health agency Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mustalish, A.C. Author-Name: Eidsvold, G. Author-Name: Novick, L.F. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1149-1154 Abstract: Since the World War I era there has existed within the New York City Department of Health a basic internal struggle between staff directing the bureaus at the central office and the district health officers operating field health centers throughout the city. Recently, in a five year period, there was a dramatic reorganization of the Department which markedly affected its orientation and programs. In 1972 a new Commissioner initiated a reorganization of the Department which succeeded in decentralizing field operations in contrast to earlier efforts which had failed to reach this objective. The roles of bureaus and districts were redefined, with the latter receiving budgetary authority, authority to supervise personnel, assignment of health managers, and the implementation of a district cost accounting system. While operational decentralization has occurred, policy setting and resource allocation in response to local needs remain central functions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1149-1154_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Issues in national health insurance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Donabedian, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 345-350 Abstract: Health insurance, by reducing net price to the consumer and increasing the opportunities for revenue to the provider, has profound effects, among other things, on the volume, content and distribution of services, their prices, and the capacity of providers to produce them. The magnitude and nature of these effects depend, partly on the design of insurance benefits and, partly, on the nature of the health care system, particularly its current and potential capacity and the methods it uses to pay providers. Those who believe that the unique aim of insurance is to protect against unpredictable expenses attempt to suppress these effects, mainly by imposing financial disincentives to utilization which, in turn, reduce protection for those who need it most. Those who wish to reform the system have a broader range of objectives which include protective efficacy, cost control, quantitative adequacy, qualitative adequacy, efficiency of production, efficiency of allocation, equity, and redistribution of capacity. An analysis of the effects of insurance in the light of these objectives reveals favorable as well as unfavorable consequences. The provision of comprehensive benefits generates the necessity for a fundamental change in the organization of health services, if the advantages are to be fully realized and the disadvantages minimized. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:345-350_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Current fertility and public health policy Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Menken, J. Author-Name: Watkins, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1145-1146 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1145-1146_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of nutritional 'positive deviants' to identify approaches for modification of dietary practices Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wishik, S.M. Author-Name: Van Der Vynckt, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 38-42 Abstract: The paper describes methodology for doing nutrition surveys among deprived population groups of grossly homogeneous socioeconomic status so as to identify those families in which a child between age six months and five years falls in the upper 25 per cent in height and weight measurements. These families are labeled as being 'Positive Deviants' from the undernutrition that prevails in the population. They are then studied anthropologically to uncover any practices related to food sources, storage, preparation, consumption, and content. The information would be used in designing food supplementation or other nutritional promotion in the population at large on the assumption that the observed 'favorable' practices, although atypical, are feasible and culturally acceptable because they are indigenously rather than extraneously derived. In addition, the survey collected data on fertility because of findings concerning the close interrelatedness among a woman's nutritional state, her age when first giving birth, intervals between births, and the growth and development of her young children. Severe undernutrition raised a woman's safe age threshold for birth above 20 years and a reasonably safe birth interval to more than three years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:38-42_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physician management in primary care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hulka, B.S. Author-Name: Kupper, L.L. Author-Name: Cassel, J.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1173-1179 Abstract: Minimal explicit consensus criteria in the management of patients with four indicator conditions were established by an ad hoc committee of primary care physicians practicing in different locations. These criteria were then applied to the practices of primary care physicians located in a single community by abstracting medical records and obtaining questionnaire data about patients with the indicator conditions. A standardized management score for each physician was used as the dependent variable in stepwise regression analysis with physician/practice and patient/disease characteristics as the candidate independent variables. For all physicians combined, the mean management scores were high, ranging from .78 to .93 for the four conditions. For two of the conditions, care of the normal infant and pregnant woman, the management scores were better for pediatricians and obstetricians respectively than for family physicians. For the other two conditions, adult onset diabetes and congestive heart failure, there were no differences between the management scores of family physicians and internists. Patient/disease characteristics did not contribute significantly to explaining the variation in the standardized management scores. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1173-1179_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Quinlan case and the mass media Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Healey Jr., J.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 295-296 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:295-296_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On the validity of goal attainment scaling as an outcome measure in mental health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Willer, B. Author-Name: Miller, G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1197-1198 Abstract: Goal attainment ratings by therapists were found to be poor predictors of all outcome measures. On the other hand, clients' ratings of goal attainment were found to correlate significantly with most other measures of treatment outcome. However, clients' goal attainment ratings did not correlate significantly with overall community adjustment which is one of the more important long term outcome measures. As well, the regression analysis indicated that clients' ratings were only slightly predictive of recidivism, and were considerably less powerful predictors than other outcome measures such as length of stay, employment, or community adjustment. These results suggest that goal attainment, as it was measured in the present study, had inadequate concurrent and predictive validity especially when measured by clients' therapists. The validity of goal attainment is vastly improved when clients are used as a source of rating. It is suggested that goal attainment scaling can only remain a viable tool for evaluation of hospital based mental health programs if clients are used as raters and if it is used conjointly with other more traditional measures of treatment outcome. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1197-1198_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A sausage associated outbreak of trichinosis in Illinois Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Potter, M.E. Author-Name: Kruse, M.B. Author-Name: Matthews, M.A. Author-Name: Hill, R.O. Author-Name: Martin, R.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1194-1196 Abstract: 23 of 50 members of an extended Dutch German family and their close friends who ate raw homemade summer sausage became ill with trichinosis; 12 patients were hospitalized for an average of 10 days each. The sausage had been made in 3 different batches according to an old family recipe. 1 of the batches made from inspected pork was found to contain Trichinella spiralis larvae by 2 Illinois State laboratories. The other 2 batches were negative. 17 of the 23 patients submitted information on medical expenses incurred and wages lost because of the outbreak. These costs totaled almost $20,000. There is need for a nationwide program for controlling trichinosis in swine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1194-1196_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public health in imperialism: early Rockefeller programs at home and abroad Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, E.R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 897-903 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:897-903_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sociocultural influences upon preventive health behavior and attitudes towards dentistry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Strauss, R.P. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 375-377 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:375-377_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparison of suicide and non suicide deaths involving psychotropic drugs in four major U.S. cities Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McGuire, F.L. Author-Name: Birch, H. Author-Name: Gottschalk, L.A. Author-Name: Heiser, J.F. Author-Name: Dinovo, E.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1058-1061 Abstract: By use of a standard reporting form, extensive data were gathered on 651 deaths involving psychotropic drugs and recorded with the Coroner's or Medical Examiner's Office in each of four major U.S. cities. Thirty six per cent of these deaths were listed as 'Definitely Suicide' and 44% were listed as 'Non Suicide'. A comparison was made of the age, sex, race, occupational category, and type of drug involved for each of these two groups, by city. In general, the Suicide group tended to be older, from higher occupational levels, and more often female. Blacks were underrepresented among the Suicides but overrepresented among the Non Suicides. Suicide deaths tended to be associated with barbiturates, analgesics, and/or sedatives, while the Non Suicides usually died from an accidental abuse of narcotics, usually heroin. These findings tended to be similar for each city, although some inter city differences were noted. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1058-1061_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of emergency room services during the New York City House Officer strike Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: McNamara, J.J. Author-Name: Greene, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 135-138 Abstract: A chart audit of emergency services provided by attending staff during the New York City House Officers' strike is compared to an audit of work previously performed by house staff. The usual quality of services provided in this institution was maintained during the strike. However, deficiencies in quality noted in house staff charts, continued to be noted in the charts of attending staff. Failure to improve quality of medical records when trained staff substitute for trainees suggests that the central strike issue of poor working conditions contributes to low quality of care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:135-138_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial difference in incidence of ABO hemolytic disease Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bucher, K.A. Author-Name: Patterson Jr., A.M. Author-Name: Elston, R.C. Author-Name: Jones, C.A. Author-Name: Kirkman Jr., H.N. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 854-858 Abstract: In this review of 7,464 consecutive infants born at North Carolina Memorial Hospital, hemolytic disease from ABO incompatibility was found to be two to three times as common in black infants as in white infants. The statistical significance of the difference remained high as more restrictive criteria for ABO hemolytic disease were applied. ABO disease, serious enough to cause an indirect serum bilirubin of 15 mg/100ml or higher,had an incidence in black newborns as great as the incidence of Rh hemolytic disease in whites. In contrast, the general prevalence and severity of hyperbilirubinemia was not found to be higher in black newborns than in white infants. The difference cannot be attributed to differences in the prevalence of ABO blood groups between the two races. Policies of early discharge of newborns could be affected by the finding that ABO erythroblastosis is two to three times as common in black infants as in white infants. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:854-858_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lead poisoning in industry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corn, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 531-532 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:531-532_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The family planning nurse practitioner: concepts and results of training Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Manisoff, M. Author-Name: Davis, L.W. Author-Name: Kaminetzky, H.A. Author-Name: Payne, P. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 62-64 Abstract: Family Planning Nurse Practitioner training objectives can be met in 12 wk. The need for this type of nurse practitioner is unequivocally present. When properly trained and utilized, she is well accepted by patients and colleagues. She can improve and expand services in many, diverse real world situations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:62-64_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Influenza: some swinish reflections Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 839-841 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:839-841_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The underdevelopment of health of working America: causes, consequences and possible solutions Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Navarro, V. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 538-547 Abstract: This article presents the health conditions of working America, and provides an analysis of the causes of that situation. It is postulated that the main health problems in the U.S. are due not to prevalent life styles, as the behavioralists indicate, but to the dramatic maldistribution of economic and political power in our society, with the absence of control by the majority of the U.S. population, the working and lower middle classes, over the work process with which they are involved, the economic wealth that they produce, and the political institutions that they pay for. The production of goods and wealth as well as the political institutions of the United States are dominated and controlled by a minority of our population, the corporate and upper middle classes. Empirical information is presented to support this postulate. In light of this explanation, it is asserted that a major public health task is to deliberately and actively contribute to the political mobilization of forces aimed at bringing about profound changes in the pattern of control of our working institutions and of the distribution of wealth and political power, changes which seek to shift that control from the few to the many. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:538-547_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A pilot sexuality training workshop for staff at an institution for the mentally retarded Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilson, R.R. Author-Name: Baldwin, B.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 77-78 Abstract: With increasing deinstitutionalization and more mentally retarded persons returning to community living, there is a correspondingly greater need for supervisory personnel and institutional staff members to become more informed about, more sensitive to, and better able to work with the sexual needs of this special population. It is imperative that such training begin within the institution where preparation for community living begins. Training programs are needed to help staff members learn to guide and reinforce residents for appropriate sex related behaviors rather than emphasizing control, inhibition, or denial of the sexuality of the retarded. In an effort to develop an effective statewide training model, data collected from a pilot Sexuality Training Workshop for the staff at an institution for the mentally retarded in North Carolina was collected and assessed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:77-78_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Family planning services for persons handicapped by mental retardation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: David, H.P. Author-Name: Smith, J.D. Author-Name: Friedman, E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1053-1057 Abstract: The National Children's Center, Inc., and Planned Parenthood Of Metropolitan Washington joined in organizing a special family planning service for persons handicapped with mental retardation. The limited utilization, despite considerable community recruitment efforts, and the few problems encountered with patients served suggest that handicapped individuals can be seen at lower cost and at greater efficiency in regularly scheduled clinics, provided staff are attuned to their special needs. Informal interviews with residential center and clinic staff, with parents, and with clients confirm the need for (a) strengthening inservice training in sex education and contraception to prepare potential clients for more effective use of family planning services; (b) counseling with parents who place a high priority on training for independent community living but are reluctant to face the sexuality of their dependent offspring; (c) increasing community awareness of the legitimate needs and rights of hard to reach handicapped persons in preventing unwanted pregnancies. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1053-1057_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Resolving the 'public health dilemma' of steroid contraception and its effects on lactation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosa, F.W. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 791-792 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:791-792_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Extending family planning services to the mentally retarded Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jaslow, R.I. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1049-1050 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1049-1050_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identification of Hawaii's occupational health hazards: a preliminary study Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, J.M. Author-Name: Hanen, S.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 489-490 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to obtain data which could be utilized in planning occupational health activities in Hawaii, as the State was preparing to assume Occupational Safety and Health responsibility from the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The project was begun in March 1973 and completed in October 1973; the data continue to be used by Hawaii's Division of Occupational Safety and Health. The findings are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:489-490_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The front line health worker. Selection, training, and performance Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ronaghy, H.A. Author-Name: Najarzadeh, E. Author-Name: Schwartz, T.A. Author-Name: Russel, S.S. Author-Name: Solter, S. Author-Name: Zeighami, B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 273-277 Abstract: Iranian villagers with basic literacy were recruited, selected, trained, and deployed as Village Health Workers (VHWs) to rural areas of Iran. VHW clinical visit records and activities logs were analyzed to determine levels and nature of effort achieved in the field. Within 6 months of deployment, the number of patient visits to VWH treatment services constituted 53% of the target population. Within 10 months of deployment, the number of family planning acceptors rose from 8% to 21% of the population at risk. Improvements to water supplies have been effected in 50% of target villages. Sanitary improvements have been made to 35% of the houses and 88% of toilets in those villages. Demographic characteristics, class rank, and place of residence of VHWs appear unassociated with village differences in levels of achievement. However, availability of material resources and actual time spent by VHWs on the job may be factors influencing the differences in outcome between villages. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:273-277_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Irritating effects on man of air pollution due to cigarette smoke Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Weber, A. Author-Name: Jermini, C. Author-Name: Grandjean, E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 672-676 Abstract: A series of 60 subjects was exposed to cigarette smoke produced by a smoking machine in a climatic chamber. The irritating effects were recorded by questionnaire and related to concentrations of CO, formaldehyde, and acroleine. The eyes are most sensitive to these irritants, followed by the nose. Annoyance about air quality, and the desire to open the window or to leave the room proved to be other useful measures of sensitivity. With smoke produced by 10 cigarettes/30 m3 acroleine reaches 0.1 ppm, the threshold limit value for industries; simultaneously, CO and formaldehyde exceed the clean air standards for outdoor air. At this exposure level, 9% of the subjects show a strong or very strong eye irritation, while 78% 'wish to leave the room'. The most important of the measured irritants seems to be acroleine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:672-676_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The relationship of family size and spacing to the growth of preschool Mayan children in Guatemala Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1165-1172 Abstract: The height of preschool Mayan children is analyzed with respect to family size and the spacing of their siblings, controlling for parental heights and weights. Data on 643 cases were abstracted from the records of two previous longitudinal studies on the health of children under age five years living in the highlands of Guatemala. Height at age three years is estimated from the linear regression equations fitted for each child to measurements of height repeated at three month intervals from ages one to four years. Family size is expressed in terms of birth rank, live siblings, and the number of dependent and independent family members. Family spacing is measured as birth intervals, i.e., the number of months between the birth of the index child and his previous and subsequent siblings. Most previous studies have reported that height decreases as family size increases. This study shows that Mayan children from both small and large families are taller than those from middle sized families. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that children in large families are relatively tall because their early born siblings contribute to the family fortunes. Birth intervals are positively correlated with height. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for family planning. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1165-1172_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patient responses to request for written permission to review medical records Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neuhaus, E. Author-Name: Lyons, T.F. Author-Name: Payne, B.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1090-1092 Abstract: 2,163 patients of 55 physicians in 1 county, were sent letters asking for their written permission to have their medical records audited by the University of Michigan research team. The overall positive response rate was 64.1% for 1 county. Differences in response rates were statistically significant among specialties, among diagnoses, and among individual physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1090-1092_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring response to a cancer information telephone facility: Can Dial Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wilkinson, G.S. Author-Name: Mirand, E.A. Author-Name: Graham, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 367-371 Abstract: In an attempt to meet the need for increasing public knowledge about cancer, a system providing free information by telephone has been developed. The system is comprised of 36 pre recorded taped lectures containing information about various aspects of cancer. Interested individuals call a toll free number, indicate a topic of interest, and listen to the pre recorded lecture over the phone. An operator handles incoming calls and obtains information from callers used in evaluating the program. during the first year of operation, over 30,000 calls were processed. Topics most frequently requested included those concerning smoking, breast and cervical cancer, and general information. Female response exceeded male response in all age categories. Older people responded less frequently than younger. Urban utilization greatly exceeded suburban and rural utilization. Considerable fluctuation in response related to promotional activities was found. Printed advertisements elicited far greater response than radio and television. Promotional efforts in an experimental group of low utilizing townships greatly increased utilization while no change was observed in a control group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:367-371_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effect of antibiotics on mortality from infectious diseases in Sweden and Finland Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hemminki, E. Author-Name: Paakkulainen, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1180-1184 Abstract: A study was carried out to determine whether the preexisting decline in mortality rates from infectious diseases accelerated after the introduction of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic drugs. Linear regression showed that in Sweden mortality rates declined faster in septicemia, syphilis, and non meningococcal meningitis after the introduction of these drugs. By contrast, for the ten other infectious diseases studied, (scarlet fever, erysipelas, acute rheumatic fever, puerperal sepsis, meningococcal infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and acute gastroenteritis) no such accelerated decline in mortality could be detected. The findings suggest that antibiotic and chemotherapeutic drugs have not had the dramatic effect on the mortality of infectious diseases popularly attributed to them. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1180-1184_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Measuring the supply and demand for dentists in a population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Henderson, W.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 70-72 Abstract: A more precise methodology for measuring the supply and demand for dental services in the population is needed. The traditional approach for evaluating dental manpower needs in a given geographic area has been to compute a population per dentist ratio and then to compare the computed ratio with some norm, such as the same ratio for the state or nation. Use of the population per dentist ratio to detect surplus and shortage areas has several deficiencies: the 'ideal' population per dentist ratio is unknown, even on an average basis over a large population served by many dentists. Thus, the use of a normative value for population per dentist ratio is questionable; comparison of population per dentist ratios between populations makes the assumption that all dental practitioners are equally productive; comparison of the ratios also assumes that the dental demands of the populations are equal. A more refined approach to the detection of dental surplus and shortage areas has recently been suggested by Mumma. The purpose of this paper is to apply a modification of the Mumma approach to an existing population, the State of Iowa, and to correlate the results with those obtained from the population per dentist ratio and a dental busyness index. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:70-72_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adolf Meyer and mental hygiene: An ideal for public health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dreyer, B.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 998-1003 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:998-1003_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mortality and morbidity associated with legal abortion in Hungary, 1960-1973 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bognar, Z. Author-Name: Czeizel, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 568-575 Abstract: In Hungary, with 10 million inhabitants, the number of induced abortions in the 1960's first approached and then reached 200,000 cases annually. These data mean that the number of induced abortions has increased substantially compared with earlier decades. A qualitative change has also occurred, from criminal abortions to, in most cases, legally induced abortions performed in hospitals. On the basis of 32 deaths directly resulting from legal induced abortion in the first trimester during 1960-1972, maternal mortality is about 1.5 per 100,000 abortions in Hungary, the lowest rate observed until the present anywhere in the world. According to a special survey conducted in Budapest in 1966, the overall morbidity rate was 41.6 per 1,000 abortions of which 0.9 was due to perforations, 22.7 to post abortal hemorrhages, and 18.0 to inflammatory complications, i.e., early post abortal complications had to be reckoned with in every 25th case. Data in the present study suggest a correlation between induced abortions and the incidence of placenta previa, premature separation of the placenta, and premature births. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:568-575_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Noise and hospital stay Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fife, D. Author-Name: Rappaport, E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 680-681 Abstract: Length of hospital stay for simple cataract surgery was compared retrospectively for a period of construction noise and for two similar periods without construction noise. Hospital stay was significantly longer during the period of construction. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:680-681_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of utilization review records as a source of data on nursing home care Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kane, R.L. Author-Name: Olsen, D.M. Author-Name: Thetford andByrnes, C.N. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 778-782 Abstract: Data from the Utah nursing home Utilization Review Program, 1970-73, provide a description of the population of nursing home patients in Utah and changes over time in patient medication and measures of activity. These data are analyzed according to type of care in home: personal, intermediate, or comprehensive. The collection of data in utilization review programs can help to evaluate the quality of care as well as appropriateness of placement, provided the information collected is designed with these ends in mind. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:778-782_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The law and the expanding nursing role Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bullough, B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 249-254 Abstract: Nursing has moved through two major phases in licensure. From 1900 to 1938 basic registration acts were passed and amended. In 1938 the goal became mandatory licensure for all those who nursed for hire. This move was linked with the stratification of the nursing role to include both practical and registered nurses. The third and current phase in licensure began in 1971 with the Idaho revision of the nurse practice act; 30 states have now revised their nurse practice acts to facilitate role expansion for registered nurses. Several approaches are being used in these laws, including mandating new board regulations, expanding the definitions of nursing, increasing the power of physicians to delegate, and mandating the use of standardized protocols to guide the practice of nurses who are accepting new responsibilities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:249-254_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tapering off of tuberculosis among the elderly Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Myers, J.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1101-1106 Abstract: Tuberculosis has long been prevalent among elderly people. When tubercle bacilli first enter human bodies they usually remain through the rest of their hosts' lives and are capable of causing clinical disease any time, even in old age. In 1900, a large percentage of people of all ages were harboring tubercle bacilli and high mortality and case rates obtained among elderly people. The only way to solve the problem among future old people was to protect infants, children, and youths from becoming infected and remain so throughout life. As far as possible that was accomplished by isolating and treating tuberculous patients in sanatoriums and hospitals, with anti tuberculosis drugs after 1946, and controlling the disease among cattle. In due time, large numbers of children entered adulthood uninfected. From year to year, they replaced those heavily infected as they advanced in years. By 1973 the mortality rate was only a fraction of 1.0 per 100,000 among people under 34 years but of those of 65 to 84 years it was 9.7. The case rate was 28.1 for those older than 45 years. Although tuberculosis among the elderly has tapered off phenomenally, much time and work are necessary to accomplish eradication. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1101-1106_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The eradication of a large scabies outbreak using community wide health education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kanaaneh, H.A.K. Author-Name: Rabi, S.A. Author-Name: Badarneh, S.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 564-567 Abstract: The successful experience in eradicating a large outbreak of scabies in an underdeveloped Arabic village community in Western Galilee of about 3,000 people is reviewed. In this village the number of cases of scabies increased over a 5 yr period to a maximum of 22% of the entire village population, representing 66% of all the families. A 7 person health team with a strong background in health education was entrusted with the task of eradicating scabies in the community. A plan, conceived and carried out by the team, consisted of 4 phases: data gathering, information giving, treatment, and evaluation and summary. The goal of eradicating scabies in this community was achieved. The strategy of the campaign emphasized the following points: the entire community was the target group and was involved maximally throughout the campaign; the professional responsibility was concentrated in the hands of the team. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:564-567_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Development of a minor illness inventory for children in day care centers Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lakin, J.A. Author-Name: Anselmo, S. Author-Name: Solomons, H.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 487-488 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:487-488_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Connecticut physicians' attitudes toward abortion Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pratt, G.L. Author-Name: Koslowsky, M. Author-Name: Wintrob, R.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 288-290 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:288-290_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effects of anticipated funding changes on maternal and child health projects. A case study of uncertainty Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schlesinger, E.R. Author-Name: Skoner, M.M. Author-Name: Trooskin, E.D. Author-Name: Markel, J.R. Author-Name: North, A.F. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 385-388 Abstract: A questionnaire survey of Title V special projects Maternal and Infant Care (M&I), Comprehensive Care for Children and Youth (C&Y), Neonatal Intensive Care and Children's Dental Care indicated that the anticipated change from federal project grants to state formula grants caused anxiety among project directors, low morale and high turnover in project staff, difficulty in filling staff positions, and anticipation of service reductions. These effects were much more prevalent and severe in projects which could realistically be expected to suffer budget cuts as a result of the shift in funding method. Despite the widespread anxiety, low morale and adverse effects reported by program directors, there was no reduction in the number of patients served the scope of services offered, or the number of staff employed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:385-388_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Workers' health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glasser, M.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 529-531 Abstract: A great deal of activity on matters of job safety and health has begun to take place in the United Auto Workers (UAW). Workers' awareness of the hazards they face has increased. Actions to correct these hazards have resulted from new worker rights obtained in the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and supplemented by UAW contracts with employers. Some of the roadblocks faced by the UAW may be reduced or eliminated this year when new collective bargaining agreements are negotiated. Other problems, however, will remain unsolved until a variety of broader political, social, and economic changes occur. The absence of a national health policy in the United States is often cited as a major factor in the uncoordinated, costly, and frequently ineffective way in which health programs have developed. This is particularly apparent in occupational health. It is rarely seen as an intergral part of personal public health services. In contrast to the situation in the United States, Canada has a system of national health insurance whih provides for coverage of basic personal health services, and a policy and program to deal with health hazards. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:529-531_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Upton Sinclair and the pure food and drugs act of 1906. 'J aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach' Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kantor, A.F. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1202-1205 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1202-1205_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Legal imagination and education in smoking control Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1206-1207 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1206-1207_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Massachusetts dental Medicaid program 1967-1971 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gluck, G.M. Author-Name: Jong, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 583-584 Abstract: This brief description of the Dental Medicaid Program in Massachusetts during the years 1967-1971 has emphasized several points: the Medicaid program tended to expand the scope of services available to public assistance recipients; dentists accepted the program at inception and continued to participate although the fee schedule remained relatively constant over time; expenditures for dentistry were a significant proportion of the Medicaid budget: it was possible through program restrictions such as 'prior approval' on expensive items to control the cost of the program; dental care for those under age 21 was proportionately less expensive than dental care of the elderly; the dentally indigent were important contributors to dental care utilization in the Massachusetts program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:583-584_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A hazardous society? Individual versus community responsibility in cancer prevention. Third annual Matthew B. Rosenhaus lecture Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higginson, J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 359-366 Abstract: The greatest benefits in the immediate future will depend on personal action, whereby an individual controls his personal environment and that of his family. Such a personal cancer plan is essentially part of any national cancer programme and should gradually lead to a better understanding of personal responsibility in general environmental control. Unfortunately, until now there is little evidence, either in medical school, among doctors, or among public health workers, that they practice such control of their own lives and are therefore that much less capable of advising others. This does not mean that we should regard the entrance of new chemicals into the environment with equanimity, or lack of concern. It does, however, mean that scientists must be certain of their interpretation of the facts, that their priorities are correct, and that they are not bringing unnecessary and unjustified anxiety to many by overstatement or by expression of cancer risks in terms incomprehensible to the lay public. Unless we take these facts into consideration, legislation will be based on political and not scientific considerations. The scientists will have failed the public and may be subjected justifiably to irrational and emotional legislation and the uncontrolled stresses and strains that may arise in society resulting from misguided action. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:359-366_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racism: the ever present hidden barrier to health in our society Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cornely, P.B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 246-247 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:246-247_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changes in women's preferences for the racial composition of medical facilities, 1969 to 1974 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Udry, J.R. Author-Name: Morris, N.M. Author-Name: Bauman, K.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 284-286 Abstract: We can say that the creation of all black medical care facilities for blacks had little support among black women in 1969-70, and less in 1973-74. If we can accept the questionnaire responses, all black facilities might have been a deterrent rather than a facilitator of service use. Integrated medical care facilities best meet the expressed preferences of black women. In 1969-70, integrated medical care facilities might have been a deterrent to many white women, especially in the South, especially among the less educated women toward whom the subsidy program was directed, and especially where black doctors are a part of the integration. By 1973-74, integrated facilities violated the preferences of fewer white women than four years earlier, largely because of the large number of 'do not care' responses. But the reservation of southern white women about black doctors remained strong. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:284-286_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cost effectiveness of screening children in housing projects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dawson, P. Author-Name: Cohrs, M. Author-Name: Eversole, C. Author-Name: Frankenburg, W.K. Author-Name: Roth, M.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1192-1194 Abstract: Outreach services are needed to interest some families in preventive health services for children. If children are not brought to health centers for these services, it may be reasonable to send a screening aide into the home. An earlier study showed that paraprofessional aides could gain acceptance into the home and could perform selected tests accurately. This paper reports the cost effectiveness of such a project. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1192-1194_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Canine salmonellosis: a review and report of dog to child transmission of Salmonella enteritidis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morse, E.V. Author-Name: Duncan, M.A. Author-Name: Estep, D.A. Author-Name: Riggs, W.A. Author-Name: Blackburn, B.O. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 82-84 Abstract: Dogs have been shown to harbor 53 salmonellae serotypes. Multiple simultaneous infections with 2 to 4 serotypes have been observed. The prevalence of canine salmonellosis may be as high as 27 percent. Salmonella typhimurium and S. anatum are the most common etiologic agents. Dogs commonly experience a sub clinical course of salmonellosis. Some investigators state that the dog may serve as a source of human infections. A few reports in the literature have documented this fact. The transmission of S. enteriditis from dog to child is described in this article. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:82-84_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An analysis of physician visit data from a complex sample survey Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Freeman Jr., D.H. Author-Name: Freeman, J.L. Author-Name: Koch, G.G. Author-Name: Brock, D.B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 979-983 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:979-983_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Race specific differences in bacterial meningitis deaths in the United States, 1962 to 1968 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Feldman, R.A. Author-Name: Koehler, R.E. Author-Name: Fraser, D.W. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 392-396 Abstract: The study clearly shows that the burden of bacterial meningitis death falls heavily on blacks and American Indians, racial groups which have a high percentage of poverty and crowding. Within each race, and for each etiology for blacks and whites there were more deaths in males than females. However, within these racial groups it was not possible to relate high meningitis death rates to race specific county characteristics concerning poverty and crowding. Other studies have related the occurrence of H. influenzae meningitis to economic or educational characteristics in the census tracts of residence. It is evident that when vaccines for the prevention of bacterial meningitis due to N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae become available, the greatest need for their use is in the American Indian and black communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:392-396_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Absenteeism in primary school: poverty factors and ethnicity Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bendel, J.P. Author-Name: Halfon, S.T. Author-Name: Ever Hadani, P. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 683-685 Abstract: This study demonstrated that school absenteeism is a reflection of many factors that are not necessarily correlated with socioeconomic or ethnic variables. Even absenteeism for medical reasons is subject to cultural variation, and is not necessarily related to the real level of general health. The meaning of school absenteeism data must therefore be interpreted with great caution. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:683-685_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality of care given to first time birth control patients at a free clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Grover, M. Author-Name: Greenberg, T. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 986-987 Abstract: In an empirical study of the quality of care at a free clinic, criteria for optimal care for female first visits for birth control were established and 100 charts were reviewed, 50 in April 1974 and 50 in April 1975 with an interval in between of in service training accompanied by new medical forms and procedures. An encouraging improvement in record keeping was observed. The authors feel it is important that free clinics concentrate on quality as well as quantity and accessibility of care. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:986-987_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors affecting the use of physician services in a rural community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Luft, H.S. Author-Name: Hershey, J.C. Author-Name: Morrell, J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 865-871 Abstract: This paper examines the relative importance of various independent variables for predicting five separate measures of physician utilization in a rural community. The independent variables include socioeconomic, demographic, attitudinal, and health status factors. The results are comparable to those of national studies which find that health status is the primary determinant of utilization. Income, price measures, and travel time are notable for their relative unimportance in this rural area. This suggests that resources are more likely to be allocated on the basis of medical need within a given health care market than across a number of market areas. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:865-871_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A study of volunteer ambulance squads Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mausner, J.S. Author-Name: Benes, S.C. Author-Name: Gabrielson, I.W. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1062-1068 Abstract: A study of all 37 ambulance squads in two Pennsylvania counties (Lehigh and Northampton), an area known to be served largely by volunteer units, was carried out by personal on site interviews in 1973. The objectives were to determine the structure and functions of the squads and to devise some preliminary estimates of effectiveness as a base for regional planning. Topics examined include population and geographic area served, numbers and training of personnel, vehicles, equipment, record keeping, finances, communications capabilities, and squad organization. The 34 volunteer squads were found to vary greatly in resources and sophistication. The rural squads in particular tended to be underfinanced, to have low call loads and a delayed response to calls. In some squads personnel were inadequate in numbers and training. The advantages and disadvantages of maintaining volunteer services in rural areas are discussed and some possible approaches to the problem of providing high quality services in rural areas outlined. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1062-1068_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socioecologic stress and hypertension related mortality rates in North Carolina Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: James, S.A. Author-Name: Kleinbaum, D.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 354-358 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:354-358_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self help models and consumer intensive health practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gartner, A. Author-Name: Riessman, F. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 783-786 Abstract: In the context of increased demand for health services, current fiscal constraints and the character of health problems in an advanced technological age, the authors have discussed various approaches to consumer intensive mutual aid functioning at various stages of development. If these approaches are further developed and become an integral part of the health delivery system, a number of important questions will have to be addressed: how payment for self help activities will relate to present reimbursement practices and might relate to a national health insurance scheme: how the operation of expanded programs of self help and self care will relate to present and future patterns of care (especially regarding HMOs): how programs of self help in the areas of prevention will relate to present and pending health education programs (such as that proposed in the National Health Education and Disease Prevention Act, H. R. 9278); what the development of self care modalities will mean for the roles and training of professional and paraprofessional providers. These issues will have to be considered very seriously if the self help approach is to become a major feature of the authors' future health practice. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:783-786_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hypertension detection and control in a rural white Kentucky community Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kotchen, J.M. Author-Name: Kotchen, T.A. Author-Name: Humphrey, R. Author-Name: Lambertson, L. Author-Name: Westerfield, B. Author-Name: Wheeler, D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 79-81 Abstract: This report presents data on the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and the status of hypertension control in a rural Kentucky community. Medical care is provided to the population under study by a long established organization of nurse practitioners. With the exception of young males, detection of hypertension has been relatively successful. However, fewer than 50 per cent of persons with blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg are receiving antihypertensive therapy, and greater than 60 per cent of individuals on therapy have blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg. Despite detection of hypertension and the availability of medical care, hypertension control has not been achieved in this rural white community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:79-81_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An introductory course in prescription drugs for community health workers developed by a systems approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Liang, M.H. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 290-294 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:290-294_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Applications of a job classification system in occupational epidemiology Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gamble, J.F. Author-Name: Spirtas, R. Author-Name: Easter, P. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 768-772 Abstract: An occupational preventive medicine program attempts to control exposure so workers experience no detrimental effect on health. In a chemically complex industry, the definition of exposure is difficult because of the many different chemicals used and produced, the many different jobs and processes with qualitatively different exposures, and the movement of workers from job to job. Jobs have therefore been grouped on the basis of process or product into functionally homogeneous categories called occupational titles (OT's). Work experience can now be quantified independent of exposure (or by the dominant toxicants in each OT) and compared to health outcomes. Examples are discussed of the application of OT's to studies of the mortality and morbidity experience in the rubber industry, and the development of dose response relations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:768-772_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup 11 and pool associated skin rash Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Jacobson, J.A. Author-Name: Hoadley, A.W. Author-Name: Farmer III, J.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1092-1093 Abstract: The isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, serogroup 11, from the skin lesions of bathers and from public whirlpools during outbreaks of pool associated rash illness raises the question of whether the association is an etiologic one and if so what accounts for it. The authors suggest that a particular environmental adaptation of some strains of Pseudomonas and certain virulence factors they possess may enhance their pathogenic potential. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1092-1093_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis from pet hamster exposure: A local public health experience Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Maetz, H.M. Author-Name: Sellers, C.A. Author-Name: Bailey, W.C. Author-Name: Hardy Jr., G.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1082-1085 Abstract: Eleven cases of hamster associated lymphocytic choriomeningitis occurred within a space of 4 mth in Jefferson County, Alabama residents. A single Birmingham breeder was the source of the infected hamsters. Ten cases experienced an illness of one to three weeks duration with grippe like symptoms being most frequent. Complaints of nine cases suggested meningeal involvement, and one was asymptomatic. All patients recovered uneventfully. Frequent hamster contact had occurred in most cases, although three individuals reported infrequent or room exposure to the animals. The holding of hamsters for observation prior to sale, random testing of all breeders' stock, and the distribution of printed information with each hamster sold are suggested as precautions against future outbreaks of this nature. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1082-1085_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Federally assisted screening projects for childhood lead poisoning control. The first three years (July 1972-June 1975) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hopkins, D.R. Author-Name: Houk, V.N. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 485-486 Abstract: Results of the 1st 3 yr of screening and follow up under the auspices of the Federal Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program indicate that a significant beginning has been made in a nationwide approach to an important public health problem. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:485-486_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Radiation therapy among A bomb survivors Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Russell, W.J. Author-Name: Antoku, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 773-777 Abstract: Survey of hospitals and clinics where atomic bomb survivors and their comparisons reported having received radiation therapy confirmed that 137 were so treated. The malignancies of five subjects were possibly related to their earlier radiation therapy rather than their atomic bomb radiation exposure, stressing the importance of recording all medical X ray exposures as a potential variable in epidemiological studies of cancer etiology. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:773-777_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Problems in the nutritional assessment of black individuals Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garn, S.M. Author-Name: Clark, D.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 262-267 Abstract: Nutritional assessment of American Negro (Black) individuals of largely African ancestry is complicated by differences that transcend socioeconomic status (SES). These include smaller size at birth but greater size from 2 to 14 years, advanced skeletal development ('bone age'), advanced dental development, a larger skeletal mass and bone 'density' and a lesser rate of adult bone loss in the Black female from age 40 on as shown in a variety of bone losing situations, including renal osteodystrophies. Thus, appropriate dimensional and radiographic and radiogrammetric measures must be employed. Differences in hemoglobin concentration approximating 1.0g/100ml and in hematocrit levels also indicate the need for population specific standards, otherwise gross errors will be made in calculating the percent 'deficient' and 'low'. Since self assignments to racial categories are commonly used, the problem of racial identification is minimal. Failure to employ appropriate standards will result in underestimating the dimensional, radiographic and radiogrammetric effects of undernutrition in Blacks after the 2nd year, underestimating adult bone loss to a large degree, but overestimating the severity of hematologic responses from the 1st year through the 9th decade. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:262-267_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A method for surveillance of influenza epidemics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Goldstein, I.F. Author-Name: Block, G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 992-993 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:992-993_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An investigation of socio psychological factors affecting infant immunization Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Markland, R.E. Author-Name: Durand, D.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 168-170 Abstract: In summary, our survey and subsequent statistical analyses indicated not only that there were differences in the general population between immunized and unimmunized populations but also that there were substantial differences within the unimmunized group when data were analyzed by geographic area. Furthermore, the development of efficient discriminant functions has great potential as an 'early warning' system to help identify infants for promotional mailings which have been tailored to the parent's needs and characteristics; such identification of 'high risk' infants could also be used by public health nurses for home visits, etc. Thus, the study has helped confirm the distinctive characteristics of the unimmunized sub populations, and demonstrated how these findings may be used to develop programs to improve the overall level of infant immunization. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:168-170_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evaluation of a 'do it yourself' pregnancy test Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, L.D. Author-Name: Yert, L.W. Author-Name: Chase, M.C. Author-Name: Dale, E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 166-167 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:166-167_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Quality of care in free clinics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gordon, J.B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 955-956 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:955-956_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Epidemiologic studies of Reye's syndrome: Cases seen in Pittsburgh, October 1973 - April 1975 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ruben, F.L. Author-Name: Streiff, E.J. Author-Name: Neal, M. Author-Name: Michaels, R.H. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1096-1098 Abstract: Twenty seven cases of Reye's syndrome (RS) were admitted over a 19 month period to one urban hospital. All lived in a suburban or rural location and 23 cases occurred during two influenza outbreaks. Two to three months following the last cases of RS, 24 families of RS cases and 21 control families representing neighbors or friends were interviewed for factors which could predispose to RS. Children with RS had an illness immediately preceding the onset of RS more frequently than did controls (p<.001). No other clinical, familial, or environmental factors distinguished RS children and families from controls. Water samples, collected during the interviews, from 34 homes showed no potential toxins. The geographic pattern of RS cases with localization exclusively to rural areas suggests that an as yet unidentified environmental factor may be related to the development of RS. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1096-1098_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Facing up to the drinking water problem Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pond, M.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 635-636 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:635-636_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The worth of a screening program: an application of a statistical decision model for the benefit evaluation of screening projects Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bay, K.S. Author-Name: Flathman, D. Author-Name: Nestman, L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 145-150 Abstract: A statistical decision model is applied to the benefit evaluation of screening projects to derive an expression which provides upper and lower limits for average benefits in terms of prevalence rates of screen positives and negatives, and the average cost of screening and referral. Possible applications of such a technique are discussed and a numerical example is given. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:145-150_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial inequality and neonatal jaundice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Diamond, L.K. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 835-836 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:835-836_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Program evaluation techniques in the health services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meredith, J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1069-1073 Abstract: This article addresses the issue of program evaluation in the area of health services; examples are drawn from the field of mental health. Current arguments concerning the goals, characteristics, and methodologies of program evaluation are discussed and two generally useful quantitative evaluation models are presented. The models are compared and their advantages for clinicians and administrators are detailed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1069-1073_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Boundary lines and the people's health Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lepper, M.H. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 738-739 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:738-739_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A facet of the biohazard control program. Agent registration, risk assessment and computerization of data Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Irwin, J. Author-Name: Stoner, G.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 372-374 Abstract: An assessment of risk in handling microbial agents at a major biomedical research institute is given. Included also are the risks associated with handling tissue cultures and animals. Two computer programs are described for the storage and retrieval of data in agents, tissue cultures, and animals. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:372-374_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nurse practitioners and nursing practice Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Abdellah, F.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 245-246 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:245-246_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Efficacy information in contraceptive counseling: those little white lies Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Trussell, T.J. Author-Name: Faden, R. Author-Name: Hatcher, R.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 761-767 Abstract: Various procedures for estimating the effectiveness of a method of contraception have been devised. These measures, in turn, have been used in populations which differ widely in their propensity to use contraceptives properly. Therefore, a wide array of failure rates is available in the family planning literature. Unfortunately, because of differences in measurement and in choice of population, a random selection of these reported failure rates will not produce a consistent ordinal or cardinal ranking of methods by their effectiveness. Moreover, such a wide variety of reported rates permits the family planning practitioner to choose selectively in order to maximize the attractiveness of his favorite method(s). By surveying family planning personnel in two major cities, we found that they do indeed appear to place the methods they actively dispense in an extremely favorable position. Specifically, they are biased against the traditional contraceptives, foam and the condom. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the measurement of effectiveness, report the apparent bias in the levels of contraceptive effectiveness reported to the patient, and finally, recommend a procedure for eliminating the jumble of rates in the literature and the consequent confusion among family planning personnel. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:761-767_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Health care and disease prevention through genetic counseling: a regional approach Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Riccardi, V.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 269-272 Abstract: The Colorado Wyoming Regional Genetic Counseling Program has demonstrated the feasibility and utility of providing genetic counseling services over a very large area of the Rocky Mountain Region. A basis for preventing genetic and congenital disorders has been established and the patient care provided has been as comprehensive, sophisticated and effective as for any genetic counseling clinic operating in a medical center, with the added advantage of being accessible to a much larger and less financially able patient population. Utilization data and consumer assessment of the values of this service confirm these impressions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:269-272_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mortality of Swedish and U.S. white males: a comparison of experience, 1969-1971 Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Tomasson, R.F. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 968-974 Abstract: The life expectancy of males in the United States is lower than that of males in most of the developed countries and in some of the not so developed ones. U.S. females, by contrast, do much better in international ranking. This study compares the mortality of U.S. white males with that of Swedish males who have had the highest reported male life expectancies in the world since the early 1960s. Life expectancy at birth in 1969-71 was 67.9 for U.S. white males compared with 71.9 for Swedish males. Greater U.S. white male mortality is found at all ages from birth through ages 75-79. At the upper ages there is a reversal of the differential with U.S. white males having lower mortality than their Swedish counterparts. The greatest relative differentials between the two male populations is found at ages under 1, aged 20-24, and ages 50-59. At ages under 1 the greater U.S. white male mortality is accounted for mainly by higher rates from infectious diseases, at ages 20-24 by higher rates from the external causes of death (specifically accidents and homicide), and at ages 50-59 from most of the major organic causes of death. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:968-974_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A comparative evaluation of the scrub and bass methods of toothbrushing with flossing as an adjunct (in fifith and sixth graders) Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robinson, E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1078-1081 Abstract: The Scrub and Bass Methods of toothbrushing with flossing as an adjunct were evaluated to determine which is most effective in eliminating or reducing plaque and gingivitis in 5th and 6th grade school children. Three hundred and eleven children were randomly selected and placed in five groups (Scrub, Scrub Floss, Bass, Bass Floss, Comparison). Four Method groups went through four weeks of daily supervised toothbrushing with four dental hygienists, while the Comparison group received no supervised instructions. There was a marked effect on oral hygiene and gingival conditions at the end of the experimental period in all four groups with no one method superior to another. Peer group intercommunication probably accounts for the improvement in the comparison group. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1078-1081_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drinking water for the future Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Okun, D.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 639-643 Abstract: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 represents an important step in improving the quality of public water supply in the United States. However, it fails to address two important problems: The 1970 Public Health Service Community Water Supply Survey revealed that small public water supply systems often deliver poor quality water. The Act does not assure that these supplies will now receive appropriate attention; furthermore, the Act does not address the needs of the 50 million people not now served by public water systems; About one third of our population draws its drinking waters from polluted sources. The decisions to use these low cost sources were made generations ago when consumers could be protected from water borne infectious disease. A new problem has now arisen - the presence of numerous synthetic organic chemicals of uncertain health consequence, not removed by conventional water treatment. The Act does not address this problem. Regionalization and the integration of water resource and water pollution control authorities are proposed as a reasonable solution to these problems. The development of dual water supply systems in order to conserve scarce pure water sources for human consumption appears to be a feasible way to avoid using polluted waters for drinking. The development of dual supplies would be enhanced by regionalization and integration of water authorities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:639-643_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 'A house divided...' Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Phillips, H.T. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 737-738 Abstract: Standards, criteria, and guidelines for making decisions should be as clear and objective as possible. All parties concerned, no matter whom they represent, applicants. HSAs, SHPDAs, SHCCs, and DHEW should be aware of the rules of the game beforehand. And all parties should be encouraged to communicate with each other openly and freely before the decision is handed down. In health planning, compromises are sometimes necessary, and it is good practice to listen, talk, negotiate, and resolve conflicts before announcing a decision. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:737-738_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Substate district, HSA and PSRO area designations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hammond, J.R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 788-790 Abstract: Several pieces of legislation enacted during the past several years have resulted in the designation of geopolitical areas for purposes of planning and administering federal programs. Since the designation of program areas has created jurisdictional problems at the state and local levels in the past, passage of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 has piqued interest in planning and service areas designated by various federal agencies. Presented herein are maps of the service areas designated pursuant to three pieces of legislation of special interest and relevance to health care administrators. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:788-790_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Physician training: More than a legislative issue Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hiller, M.D. Author-Name: Schmidt, R.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 996-997 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:996-997_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The politics of developing a national occupational health service in Sweden Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vicklund, B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 535-537 Abstract: This paper considers a document submitted at the European Conference of the International Labour Organisation in which the Swedish unions presented their programme for a national occupational health policy. The term 'health' is becoming increasingly broader. The relationship between health in its widest sense and the environment is becoming more and more apparent while the relationship between the internal workplace environment and the environment outside, the physical and the mental, is becoming all the closer and more complex. In the future the national occupational health service will have to extend its aims to include demands embracing health and job satisfaction in a much wider sense. This implies much greater responsibility from the union representatives. It is thought that an amendment to Sweden's Osha Act will place the occupational health functions in the plant directly under the union. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:535-537_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change and challenge Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 15-16 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:15-16_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leukemia incidence and ethnicity in Nassau County, New York Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cuneo, J.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1094-1095 Abstract: The religious distribution of Nassau Country resident leukemia cases diagnosed between 1966 and 1974 was studied to see if the elevated incidence of the disease among Jews reported in the 1950s and early 1960s was persisting. The results showed, for both males and females, virtually no difference in attack rates between the Jewish and 'other white' populations of the County. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1094-1095_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: John Shaw Billings and the plan for a sanitary survey of the United States Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 492-495 Abstract: John Billings submitted a report on the plan for a sanitary survey of the U.S.A. and wrote an essay on medical topography. The basic instrument for the survey was a questionnaire comprising between 500 and 600 questions. As Billings clearly saw, however, the published reports had great defects, which in his view could be eliminated by obtaining authority and means by which to acquire the information needed. The period, unfortunately, was one of financial hardship and the project for a sanitary survey was abandoned for lack of funds. Billings turned to problems of hospital construction, medical education and vital statistics. The article concludes with the remark that it remained for the twentieth century to accomplish what had been envisioned by this great 19th century lecturer in the history of medicine. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:492-495_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Television advertising and drug use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Peterson, B. Author-Name: Kuriansky, J.B. Author-Name: Konheim, C.S. Author-Name: Anderson, R.S. Author-Name: Tesar, J. Author-Name: Podell, R.N. Author-Name: Ho, A. Author-Name: Cowan, N.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 975-978 Abstract: Findings do not establish a causal link between drug advertising and drug abuse. However, they suggest that drug promotion on television tends to encourage favorable attitudes towards drug use through exaggerated claims and through failure to point out the need to exercise appropriate caution in drug taking. Other studies have implied a relation between the susceptibility of drug using individuals to advertising and their tendencies toward drug abuse. Considering these factors, the prevalence of drug advertising, and the high degree of credibility television has among viewers, it must be concluded that ads should be assumed to influence the public toward heavier use of drugs unless proved otherwise. As such, these issues demand the serious attention of media, the drug industry, legislators, and consumers alike. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:975-978_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mexican American women in the labor force and lowered fertility Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, C.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1186-1188 Abstract: Intra group variations in fertility rates provide information for effective program planning as well as for short term population trends. Among Mexican Americans there is a wide range of contrasting childbearing patterns whose variety goes unrecognized under a single cultural identification. Recognition of these different patterns has been obscured by the relatively young age distribution of Mexican American women, most of whom are at the peak childbearing ages. Other confounding factors in previous studies have been the use of male income, education, and occupation as analytic categories (although fertility is more closely associated with the characteristics of women than with those of men); and the selection of standard populations which mask the particular age distributions associated with contemporary Mexican American fertility patterns. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1186-1188_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public perception of ex mental patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fracchia, J. Author-Name: Sheppard, C. Author-Name: Canale, D. Author-Name: Cambria, E. Author-Name: Ruest, E. Author-Name: Merlis, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 74-76 Abstract: Data are presented from two studies which show that perceptions of ex mental patients appear to derive from a lack of information and that the provision of information alters the perception of former patients. Perceived unpredictability of behavior and dangerousness seem to form a dyad that causes the public to fear the mentally ill. More positive perceptions of mildly ill ex mental patients were obtained when subjects were given short paragraphs describing typical behaviors and symptoms. These findings support the notion that a fear motivated threat recoil cycle process is likely to be evoked by attempts to establish locally based treatment facilities, particularly in residential communities. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:74-76_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of a hospital stay regulatory mechanism Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lave, J.R. Author-Name: Leinhardt, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 959-967 Abstract: The results of an evaluation of a predischarge utilization review program [PDUR] for Medicaid Patients are presented. A group of hospitals in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, participated in this program on a voluntary basis prior to the program's being mandated statewide. All other hospitals in the county experienced retrospective review of Medicaid cases. The analysis incorporates both types of hospitals in a quasi experimental design. It was found that during the period studied the length of stay of Medicaid patients fell proportionately more than that of the Blue Cross patients in both groups of hospitals; the relative decrease in the length of stay began to occur prior to the introduction of the PDUR program, but no differential effect of the PDUR review process could be demonstrated. The decline in the length of stay was, however, more continuous and smooth in those hospitals participating in the program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:959-967_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The use of the well baby clinic to promote early intellectual development via parent education Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morris, A.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 73-74 Abstract: One of the persistent problems of the inner city ghetto is the educational deficit of a large part of the public school population. The progressive decline in performance of poor children that continues throughout their school careers now concerns not only educators but all professionals in child care related fields. The pre school years are crucial in developing the perceptual motor and language skills on which later school performance is based. The mother, the child's first teacher, can effectively promote intellectual development when given tutoring and experience in how early learning occurs. For this reason, it was decided to use the waiting time in an ambulatory pediatric facility to provide parents with substantive information in early learning. In this way the playroom, which primarily provided a baby sitting service, could more effectively meet the needs of the community. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:73-74_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Serosurvey of dogs for Brucella canis infection in Memphis, Tennessee Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lovejoy, G.S. Author-Name: Carver, H.D. Author-Name: Moseley, I.K. Author-Name: Hicks, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 175-176 Abstract: Following occurrence of a rare case of human Brucella canis in Memphis, Tennessee, the free roaming and confined dog populations of that community and a similar geographical location were surveyed for B canis positivity to identify the foci of infection and to compare positivity rates. Three hundred and two dogs were sampled. Positivity was found only in free roaming dogs in both communities. It is concluded that presence of B canis positivity in free roaming dogs may pose an additional medical threat to communities, thus providing one more sound reason for controlling strays and confining dogs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:175-176_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The community workshop as a stimulus for hypertension control programs Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garbus, S.B. Author-Name: Donohue, T.R. Author-Name: Wilson, G. Author-Name: Garbus, S.B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 682-685 Abstract: A logical consequence to the identification of hypertension as a massive public health problem is the need for massive control measures to diminish the extensive morbidity associated with high blood pressure. This is a report of the experiences of one community in New Orleans, La., in organizing a community workshop to stimulate such a program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:682-685_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effectiveness of educational and administrative interventions in medical outpatient clinics Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pozen, M.W. Author-Name: Bonnet, P.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 151-155 Abstract: This study examines the popular belief that increased educational supervision and increased administrative support in university outpatient clinics will improve physician performance, which in turn will improve the process and outcome of patient care. Positive effects on house officers' attitudes and better functioning of clinics with respect to follow up, information retrieval, and prescribing practices were demonstrated. However, no differences in the process and outcome of care were identified by faculty judges using implicit criteria. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:151-155_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patients' perceptions of maternity nurse practitioners Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Adamson, T.E. Author-Name: Watts, P.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 585-586 Abstract: The University of California, School of Nursing, Department of Family Health Care Nursing, in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, is conducting a training program for Maternity Nurse Practitioners (MNP), the object being not only to equip the nurse with technical skills and competency, but also to train her to provide health education and interpersonal supportive services. This study sought to determine what patients perceive as the important aspects of an ancounter with the MNP. Three study sites were selected to represent different types of health care delivery systems: a university hospital clinic; a prepaid group health plan and two private practices. The findings suggest that well patients are very much aware of the shortcomings in care provided by physicians and indicate the need for nurse practitioners to be trained in a program that stresses a comprehensive health care model including health education and psycho social communication. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:585-586_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Current regulatory status of foods for special dietary uses Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chopra, J.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 351-353 Abstract: The Food and Drug Administration has redefined foods for 'special dietary use'. Such foods must now: supply a special dietary need that exists by reason of a physical or physiological condition, such as convalescence, pregnancy, lactation, or by reason of a specific disease or disorder; supply a vitamin, mineral, or other dietary property to supplement diet by increasing total dietary intake; special nutritional need as the sole item of the diet. The stricter definition of this category of food means that the conventional foods with added nutrients or food for which nutritional claims are made or nutritional information provided will no longer be considered as foods for special dietary uses, although they must conform to standard nutritional labeling requirements. The new regulation establishes a clearly delineated position within which the consumer, industry, and FDA can deal with special dietary foods without the past confusion as to what belonged in this category. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:351-353_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pathways to the hospital for the geriatric psychiatric patient in New York and London Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simon, R.J. Author-Name: Kuriansky, J.B. Author-Name: Fleiss, J.L. Author-Name: Gurland, B.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1074-1077 Abstract: This communication examines the pathways of geriatric psychiatric patients in New York and London from the time of onset of a psychiatric episode to hospitalization. Informants of 50 patients in each city were interviewed with a semi structured interview covering the events and the patient's activities prior to hospitalization. The results show that the time from the onset of the episode to hospitalization is significantly shorter in London than it is in New York. The major portion of this difference is accounted for by the longer time spent in New York between episode onset and initial medical contact. In London the doctor is significantly more involved in the decision to hospitalize. In New York the main reason for hospitalization is harmful behavior, while in London it is psychiatric symptoms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1074-1077_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Professional drivers: protection needed for a high risk occupation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Baker, S.P. Author-Name: Wong, J. Author-Name: Baron, R.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 649-654 Abstract: 'On the job' motor vehicle deaths number more than 4,000 annually in the U.S. and comprise nearly one third of all work related deaths. Yet the Department of Labor has set no standards relating to on the road safety of the millions of workers whose jobs entail large amounts of driving, and Department of Transportation standards affecting occupational safety cover only drivers in interstate commerce. Drivers of some commercial vehicles, such as heavy trucks, are at special risk of injury because trucks have usually been exempted for many years from federal motor vehicle safety standards, such as standards for brakes and seatbelts, designed to prevent crashes or protect occupants in crashes. Observations based on a series of 150 fatal crashes involving tractor trailers illustrate the need for better protection of this large population of high risk workers. Clarification of responsibility within the various federal agencies and application of available knowledge and technology are essential. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:649-654_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dental visits by income and race in ten urban and two rural areas Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Okada, L.M. Author-Name: Sparer, G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 878-885 Abstract: Household surveys in 12 low income areas found large differences in dental visit rates after control for income and race. The dental visit rate for Red Hook (NYC) exceeded the national rate whereas in 7 of the areas the rate was below national averages by 40% or more. The ranges in dental visit rate for low income Blacks was from two thirds the national rate (in 2 areas of the South) to 2 to 3 times greater than the comparable national rate (in 3 areas of the Northeast). Lesser but nevertheless large variations among area dental visit rates existed for other race and income groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:878-885_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A practical approach to quality control of health care services Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Morehead, M.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 17 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:17_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The practitioner and the compliant patient Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Komaroff, A.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 833-835 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:833-835_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of selected federal categorical health programs for the poor Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Komaroff, A.L. Author-Name: Duffell, P.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 255-261 Abstract: The authors examine evidence regarding the impact of several categorical federal health service programs - neighborhood health centers, maternal and infant care projects, and children and youth projects - on access to and quality of health care for the poor. Although conclusive evidence of evidence of improved access and quality are lacking, suggestive evidence of improved quality exists. It is difficult to utilize legislative objectives as guidelines for evaluating the success of a federal program; it is also difficult to obtain solid data supporting the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of health care in general, and of other government programs. These difficulties are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:255-261_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Population based spot maps: An epidemiologic technique Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dean, A.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 988-989 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:988-989_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Primary care physicians and profiles of their hospitalized patients Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Garg, M.L. Author-Name: Skipper Jr., J.K. Author-Name: McNamara, M.J. Author-Name: Mulligan, J.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 390-392 Abstract: 77.071.857_This study demonstrates that the types of hospitalized patients served by different primary care physicians differ significantly not only with respect to age but also with respect to socio economic level, the disease entities most commonly managed, and the quantitative aspects of hospitalization. Although this study is limited to hospitalized patients, it indicates that different primary care physicians may serve distinctly different populations. The practice characteristics of primary care physicians should be examined further on a larger scale in order to help develop a meaningful definition of primary care; more precisely define our needs in the area; and provide guidelines for a national health policy. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:390-392_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Brucella canis infectivity rates in stray and pet dog populations Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Brown, J. Author-Name: Blue, J.L. Author-Name: Wooley, R.E. Author-Name: Dreesen, D.W. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 889-891 Abstract: A serological survey of 200 healthy, mature dogs was made to determine Brucella canis infectivity rates. The 9 per cent rate reported in the stray dogs was significantly higher (0.05

0.025) than the 1 per cent rate found in pet dogs. These rates coupled with a predictably growing stray dog population have patent zoonotic implications. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:889-891_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The American Journal of Public Health. Relevance to the nation's public health problems? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Podell, R.N. Author-Name: Keller, K. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-69 Abstract: The initial impression and hypothesis was that the content of the American Journal of Public Health only moderately overlapped what seemed to be the major public health problems confronting the people of the United States. Therefore, the authors undertook the study to analyze and classify the substantive focus of each article appearing in the American Journal of Public Health from January, 1973 to June, 1975. (Vols. 63, 64, and half of 65). Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:67-69_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Societal change and public health: a rediscovery Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Miller, C.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 54-60 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:54-60_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trends in intravenous drug abuse as reflected in national hepatitis reporting Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Minichiello, L. Author-Name: Retka, R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 872-877 Abstract: A procedure for obtaining an indicator of trends in illicit intravenous (I.V.) drug use, a form of drug use which is very harmful and difficult to measure, has been developed using national hepatitis surveillance data. Hepatitis reports are separated into two groups: one containing mostly cases related to transmission via I.V. drug use and the other containing cases related to transmission via personal contact and blood transfusion. The analysis of ten years of national hepatitis reporting (1966 to 1975) shows an almost tenfold rise in drug related hepatitis cases from 1966 to 1972. In the last three years the number of cases has declined but remains substantially greater than the pre epidemic levels. The rise in I.V drug related cases began in the 1960's among minority groups living in the center cities of the East and West Coasts and spread during the 1970's into the suburbs of these cities and into metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Limitations of this indicator of I.V drug use relate to the characteristics of the surveillance system and to the underlying relationship of hepatitis to I.V. drug use. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:872-877_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hospital utilization and the health care system Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Roemer, M.I. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 953-955 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:953-955_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The psychiatric patient at work Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robbins, D.B. Author-Name: Kaminer, A.J. Author-Name: Schussler, T. Author-Name: Pomper, I.H. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 655-659 Abstract: Psychiatric consultations and job performance of 135 IBM employees were studied. Psychiatric referrals were made by management and the company medical department or were self referred. The consulting psychiatrist conducted interviews, met with management, personnel representatives and other physicians to coordinate treatment with job requirements. Every effort was made to retain employees and improve performance. After a two three year followup period, 82 employees (61.7 per cent) were with the company; ten were rated outstanding, 38 exceeded job requirements, 25 were meeting job requirements, and four were not. Performance data for five employees were not available. Forty nine of 83 employees (59.0 per cent) rated unsatisfactory in job performance at the initial referral were performing satisfactorily at followup. The results support an optimistic attitude toward the working patient with psychiatric disease and highlight the value of a full time medical department with consultation facilities leading to secondary and tertiary prevention. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:655-659_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A behaviorally oriented treatment program for drug addiction: a preliminary report Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Copemann, C.D. Author-Name: Shaw, P.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 286-287 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:286-287_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of the hospital emergency room in relation to use of private physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelman, H.R. Author-Name: Lane, D.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 891-894 Abstract: The health and social circumstances surrounding the use of a hospital emergency room in a suburban, semi rural area by families with and without their own primary care physicians, were studied in 1973 in an effort to define needed changes in hospital policy and procedures. The study was prompted by earlier reports of increased inappropriate emergency room use especially by individuals or families who had their own physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:891-894_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A bicentennial review Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Curran, W.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 93-94 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:93-94_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The cigarette smoking/lung cancer hypothesis Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ibrahim, M.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 132-133 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:132-133_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The right of a father to be present in the delivery room Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Pies, H.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 688-689 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:688-689_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Estimates of motor vehicle seat belt effectiveness and use: implications for occupant crash protection Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robertson, L.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 859-864 Abstract: Estimates of the effectiveness of seat belts, when used, in reducing motor vehicle occupant deaths vary widely. A recently publicized claim by one analyst that seat belts reduce vehicle occupant deaths 70-80 per cent is based on studies found to contain fundamental systematic error. Deaths occur only 50 per cent less often to belted compared to nonbelted vehicle occupants in crashes, according to previously unanalyzed data from three U.S. states during recent years. New belt systems would be about 60 per cent effective with 100 per cent use. But surveys of observed belt use in 1975 U.S. cars indicate that two thirds of drivers were not using belts. Prospects for widespread adoption and enforcement of belt use laws in the U.S. are not encouraging. Substantial reductions in fatal and other injuries would result from the adoption of requirements mandating automatic (passive) protection for front seat occupants in crashes with forward decelerations. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:859-864_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Occupational lead poisoning, animal deaths, and environmental contamination at a scrap smelter Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Levine, R.J. Author-Name: Moore, R.M. Author-Name: McLaren, G.D. Author-Name: Barthel, W.F. Author-Name: Landrigan, P.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 548-552 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:548-552_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: State level comprehensive health planning: a retrospect Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Waters, W.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 139-144 Abstract: A questionnaire survey of the 50 state CHP agencies and a case study of a single state CHP agency were conducted to contrast the concept of comprehensive health planning with the practice of health planning at the state level. Both the survey and the case study evidenced a substantial disparity between concept and practice. For example, the survey indicated that the following tasks had not been completed by the following percentages of the responding agencies: defining the system of interest (64%), ranking problems (50%), setting targets (74%), thoroughly analyzing intervention alternatives (71%), selecting criteria and procedures for intervention evaluations (57%). The state CHP agencies were found to be lacking in the following areas: technical analyses, explicitness, priority setting, attention to health status indices and preventive interventions, and integration of planning activities. The implications of these findings are discussed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:139-144_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Independent behavior of nurse practitioners: a survey of physician and nurse attitudes Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Heiman, E.M. Author-Name: Dempsey, M.K. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 587-589 Abstract: A critical in defining the extended role of the nurse appears to be not so much the nurse's ability to function at a high technical level but the attitudes of nurses and physicians towards allowing the nurse real independence and power in clinical decision making. The object of this study is to clarify the attitudes of physicians and nurses toward independent behavior under varying clinical conditions for nurse practitioners in the extended role. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:587-589_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Task delegation to physician extenders. Some comparisons Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Glenn, J.K. Author-Name: Goldman, J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 64-66 Abstract: This study uses a task delegation questionnaire to compare 1973 physician extender practices in seven primary care oriented sites with a physician attitude survey made in 1969. One additional site using no physician extenders was included as a control. The study involves both major types of physician extenders (physician assistants and nurse practitioners) in ambulatory practices with at least one year of experience in using such personnel. With minor exceptions, actual task delegation patterns conform with the 1969 attitudes of physicians as to which tasks 'could and should' be delegated to physician extenders. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:64-66_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The effort to rehabilitate workers' compensation Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Barth, P.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 6 Pages: 553-557 Abstract: State workers' compensation laws have been subjected to criticism since their inception; pressure to change them is now increasing. Most of the current challenge arises from dissatisfaction with the level of benefits available to disabled workers or their survivors, and, to a lesser degree, with the extent of program coverage. In response to this challenge, changes will occur that may range from reform, simply raising benefit levels and extending coverage, to program redesign, implying major structural revisions or abolishment of the system. For several reasons, including public apathy, the role of interest groups, and experience with other social insurance programs, it seems likely that basic structural shifts will not occur in the near future. While the criticism of these state laws is widespread, the problems can be dealt with in the existing framework. One area, however, could conceivably arouse sufficient public and legislative interest to upset this forecast. If it develops that the system is excluding large numbers of individuals disabled or killed by occupational diseases, workers' compensation laws could be placed in jeopardy. While evidence on this is scare, it is clear that the current system compensates only a small number of serious cases of disability arising from occupational diseases. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:6:553-557_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nursing assessment in industry Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Serafini, P. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 755-760 Abstract: In order to be able to offer nursing service to industry, a community health agency must have some knowledge of the industry and the daily problems faced by both management and worker. The nursing process can serve as a framework for the gathering of necessary information and planning of sound care. The five step nursing process, which includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation, is discussed and an annotated model Assessment Guide for Nursing in Industry is given (Appendix A). The six areas from which information should be gathered when assessing an industry are the following: I. The community in which the industry is located; II. The industry, its historical development, policies, and projections; III. The plant or physical structure; IV. The working population; V. The industrial process of the plant; VI. The existing health program. Once the assessment is completed and a diagnosis formulated, services can be offered based on specific, defined needs. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:755-760_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemiology of drug use among New York State high school students: distribution, trends, and change in rates of use Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kandel, D. Author-Name: Single, E. Author-Name: Kessler, R.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 43-53 Abstract: A two wave panel survey was carried out on a representative sample of New York State public secondary school students in fall 1971 and spring 1972. The majority of adolescents have drunk beer or wine (82 per cent), smoked cigarettes (72 per cent) or used hard liquor (65 per cent). Better than one third (35 per cent) report the use of one or more illegal drugs. The illicit drugs most frequently used are marijuana (29 per cent) and hashish (21 per cent). About one in eight adolescents have used pills such as amphetamines and barbiturates, and about one in 12 have tried LSD or other psychedelics. Four per cent have used cocaine and 3 per cent heroin. Use of illicit drugs tends to be experimental and sporadic rather than regular. By contrast, about one in four regularly use beer or wine or smoke cigarettes. Self reported rates of use increase over the course of a school year, and there is considerable turnover with respect to which adolescents are users. The increased number of hard liquor and marijuana users through the high school years results predominantly from more stability among users, rather than increased conversion of nonusers to users over the teen years. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:43-53_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in the U.S. Army. prevalence in health care personnel Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Segal, H.E. Author-Name: Llewellyn, C.H. Author-Name: Irwin, G. Author-Name: Bancroft, W.H. Author-Name: Boe, G.P. Author-Name: Balaban, D.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 667-671 Abstract: The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(s)Ag) and antibody (anti HB(s)) seropositivity and the association of seropositivity with demographic, personal health, and professional experiences were studied in a cohort of Army Medical Department officer personnel. Serologic evidence of Hepatitis B infection was found in 5.0 percent of personnel and was associated with age, sex, place of birth, history of hepatitis, history of blood transfusion, and previous overseas assignments. Seropositivity rates were higher for patient care oriented officer personnel, especially for those in surgical specialties, and rose with increasing professional experience. These data present a composite of risk factors operative in the acquisition of Hepatitis B seropositivity and identify a cohort for prospective study. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:667-671_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The mental hygiene movement: institutional response to individual concern. The early years of the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Dreyer, B.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 85-91 Abstract: Growing recognition of the importance of mental hygiene to social needs generally and to the education of children particularly was evident during the decade of the 1960s. In 1970, the Joint Commission on Mental Health of Children, in response to a mandate by the United States Congress, reported that the mental health of childhood should be the nation's highest priority. A study of the mental hygiene movement and its influence on the education of children, therefore, is meaningful to the degree that it reveals the motivation and activities of individuals within the field. Thus, the history of the movement must be told from the point of view of those who showed most clearly their own synthesis of intensive thought and social commitment to the mental health of children. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:85-91_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use of the hospital emergency room in relation to use of private physicians Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelman, H.R. Author-Name: Lane, D.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1189-1191 Abstract: The health and social circumstances surrounding the use of a hospital emergency room in a suburban, semi rural area by families with and without their own primary care physicians, were studied in 1973 in an effort to define needed changes in hospital policy and procedures. The study was prompted by earlier reports of increased inappropriate emergency room use especially by individuals or families who had their own physicians. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1189-1191_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drug prescribing in hospitals: an international comparison Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lawson, D.H. Author-Name: Jick, H. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 644-648 Abstract: This paper presents a comparison of prescribing habits for patients hospitalized in medical wards of university hospitals in America and Scotland. American patients received almost twice as many drugs both during and prior to hospitalization than did comparable Scots. The differences between the countries were consistent for symptomatic and for more specific therapies. As compared to Scotland, drug therapy in America costs patients more in terms of financial outlay and adverse drug effects. The data do not permit evaluation of the relative benefits to the patients of the different quantities or types of drug used for similar circumstances in these countries. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:644-648_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Changing career specialties within veterinary medicine Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Snizek, W.E. Author-Name: Bryant, C.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 381-382 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:381-382_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ambulatory care for chronic conditions in an inner city elderly population Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: German, P.S. Author-Name: Skinner, E.A. Author-Name: Shapiro, S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 660-666 Abstract: Factors affecting the extent to which individuals aged 65 and over living in inner city households received health care for three chronic conditions (high blood pressure, heart trouble, arthritis) are examined. These factors are age, sex, living arrangements, and the presence of more than one chronic condition. Indicators of receiving care are having seen a health care provider within the previous six months and being on medication for the condition. A more detailed scrutiny of care received for high blood pressure is undertaken as well. This analysis is part of a larger study investigating health care of groups within East Baltimore who utilize different systems of care, focusing on a hospital outpatient department and a new HMO. Data were obtained from 1455 household interviews among three sample populations: enrollees in an HMO, public housing project residents, and the general community. The findings indicate that high proportions of the elderly who report having these conditions also report receiving care for them. For people with high blood pressure, the majority are receiving care and being given self care instructions and high proportions report compliance with instructions. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:660-666_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reporting of Down's syndrome from birth certificate data in the state of Minnesota Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Venters, M. Author-Name: Schacht, L. Author-Name: Ten Bensel, R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1099-1100 Abstract: Following a study of 421 suspected cases of Down's syndrome which were referred during a 10 year period to the Human Genetic Unit of the Minnesota Department of Health for chromosomal analysis, the following conclusions were reached. There was an overall underreporting on the matched birth certificate of 52 per cent of the cytogenetically confirmed cases. This underreporting on birth certificates was greater (79 per cent) for those born in the years 1946-1964 when less specific information was requested than in more recent years (36 per cent), 1967-1974, when identification of the abnormality was requested. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1099-1100_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lead poisoning among migrant children in New York State Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Smith, P.J. Author-Name: Nelson, D.M. Author-Name: Stewart, R.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 383-384 Abstract: Potentially hazardous painted surfaces were found in 40 per cent of 166 dwelling units surveyed in 96 upstate New York migrant labor camps, a figure substantially lower than comparable surveys in upstate New York high risk urban areas. Blood samples obtained from 79 migrant children in 1972 revealed only one child with blood lead level above 40 μg per 100 ml as compared to a 21.6 per cent yield from 5,733 high risk urban area children. A second screening program in 1974 yielded only three children of 190 tested with proven blood lead levels above 40 μg per 100 ml, although seven additional children with possible elevations were lost to follow up. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:383-384_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The epidemiologic revolution, national health insurance and the role of health departments Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Terris, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 12 Pages: 1155-1164 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:12:1155-1164_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communication, compliance, and concordance between physicians and patients with prescribed medications Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hulka, B.S. Author-Name: Cassel, J.C. Author-Name: Kupper, L.L. Author-Name: Burdette, J.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 847-853 Abstract: Forty six practicing physicians and 357 patients with diabetes mellitus or congestive heart failure were the subjects for this study, which focuses on the impact of medication regimen and doctor patient communication in affecting patient medication taking behavior and physician awareness of these behaviors. Four types of medication errors were defined: omissions, commissions, scheduling misconceptions and scheduling non compliance. The average error rates were 19%, 19%, 17% and 3%, respectively. The combined average error was 58%; scheduling non compliance on the part of the patient was a minor component. Specific aspects of the medication regimen were associated with increased errors: the more drugs involved between the doctor patient pair, the greater the errors of omission and commission; and the greater the complexity of the scheduling, the greater the errors of commission and scheduling misconceptions. If the patient did not know the function of all his drugs, errors of commission and scheduling misconception increased. Neither characteristics of patients nor the severity of disease were influential in determining the extent of medication errors. For patients with congestive heart failure, good communication of instructions and information from physician to patient was associated with low levels of all types of errors. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:847-853_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On professor Okun's paper. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Buncher, C.R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1108 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1108_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Do-it-yourself pregnancy tests: the tip of the iceberg. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Entwistle, P.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1108-1109 Abstract: The author is concerned over the increasing use of clinical testing kits by untrained personnel who do not have sufficient background to detect malfunctions and who do not understand the complex nature of the reactions involved. Often these untrained persons try to modify the procedures to suit themselves with catastrophic results. Pregnancy kits are the most widely used and the most abused. The package inserts do not always emphasize strongly enough the need to adhere strictly to stated procedures. The reputations of both commercial manufacturers of such kits and the profession of medical laboratory technology will suffer unless legislation is introduced to limit the use of such potentially dangerous kits to those staff fully trained to use them. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1108-1109_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cigarette smoking: social disease in an intolerant social climate. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Neeman, R.L. Author-Name: Neeman, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages: 1107 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:11:1107_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On lead exposure limits. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Corn, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 10 Pages: 1007 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:10:1007_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On abortion and right to life. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kirsch, E.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 906 Abstract: Recently, I read Dr. C. Arden Miller's Presidential Address which was published in your January 1976 issue. A distressing contradiction appears because he states that the 1973 Supreme Court ruling on abortion was an important step to establish rights to health services. He fails to mention the right of the unborn to health services yet quotes from Edith Hamilton. His very significant quote is as follows: ''a world in which no individual shall be sacrificed for an end, but in which each will be willing to sacrifice himself for the end of working for the good of others in the spirit of love with the God who is love.'' Each child whether unborn or born is an individual and should not be sacrificed for an end. The good of others is preservation of human life in the spirit of love for each other. The Supreme Court ruling liberalized the destruction of life and did not recognize the human rights of the unborn to health services. The American Public Health Association (APHA) cannot derive strength from its diversity when its members advocate abortion under the guise of concern for the well being of people. The work of APHA should be societal change for the sake of human right to life and not for any purpose which will not serve that right. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:906_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Random thoughts on abortion attitudes. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Solomon, K. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 905-906 Abstract: Comments on a paper of physicians' attitudes toward abortion are presented. The reasons for approval of abortion which show about 80% citing medical or psychiatric and only 60% citing social reasons or a woman's right to do with her body what she wants support the belief in the sexist attitudes of physicians. Disbelief is voiced toward the 1 physician who feels a woman cannot become pregnant from incest or rape, and towards the physician who believes a woman's mental health is unthreatened by an unwanted pregnancy. The author wonders if there were differences between male and female physicians sampled. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:905-906_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On role of radiation in leukemogenesis. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chiacchierini, R.P. Author-Name: Landau, E. Author-Name: Mills, W.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 908-909 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:908-909_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On screening for parasites. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Meira, A.R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 907 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:907_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Comments on obesity study. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Ullman, R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 906-907 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:906-907_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On 'controlling one's environment'. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bross, I.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 907-908 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:907-908_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: A universal physical form--its feasibility and potential. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Chaiken, B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 9 Pages: 909 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:9:909_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Coming to grips with the main issue. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Frelick, R.W. Author-Name: Frelick, J.H. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 8 Pages: 795 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:8:795_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On nutrition of migrant workers. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rubenstein, R. Author-Name: Bellin, J.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 691-692 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:691-692_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: California's position on pregnancy testing. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Cunningham, G.C. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 691 Abstract: The dangers of do-it-yourself pregnancy testing have been recognized in California resulting in the passing of legislation. Pregnancy is a c ondition which requires skill, medical assistance, and occasionally inte rvention or objective counseling. There are 4 arguments against do-it-y ourself testing: 1) it may be inaccurate or inexpertly done, 2) reagents can be hazardous to the health of users or small children, 3) it fails to save money because confirmation by health professionals is usually required, and 4) the individual may not have access to appropriate healt h care resources. California counties have been providing an increasing volume of tests that have served to encourage earlier prenatal care, earlier and safer pregnancy termination, or attendance at family planning clinics. The success of this program warrants implementation by other state governments. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:691_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Right on the virus of racism. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Terris, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 7 Pages: 692 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:7:692_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Association between juvenile onset obesity and severe adult obesity in 73, 532 women. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rimm, I.J. Author-Name: Rimm, A.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 479-481 Abstract: The association between juvenile obesity and severe adult obesity was examined using a questionnaire completed by 73,532 weight conscious women. Relative obesity as an adult was determined by the ratio Weight/Height. The question, "Were you considered a fat child?" determined childhood weight status. Analysis of the data revealed that severely obese women (regardless of age) were 2.4 times more likely than normal weight women to have been fat children. This association was noted for all parity groups. The data also suggests that the risk of a fat child developing severe obesity is substantially greater than that for a non-fat child. Since adult obesity is associated with a number of adult diseases, this study emphasizes the importance of weight control in childhood. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:479-481_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Veneral infections in three ethnic groups in Sacramento. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Darrow, W.W. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 446-450 Abstract: Blacks treated in Sacramento County (CA) Clinics were most likely to have gonorrhea. Chicanos were slightly more likely to have nonspecific urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases, and Whites were most likely to be uninfected. Whites tended to name greater numbers of different sexual partners, but differences among the three groups were not statistically significant. Black men more frequently reported to clinics with genitourinary symptoms and delayed significantly longer before seeking treatment. Future research should assess the relative contributions of sexual and health behaviors to the distributions of different sexually transmitted diseases in different groups. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:446-450_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Alcohol controls and outdated paradigms. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Beauchamp, D.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 502-503 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:502-503_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Restraint systems for the prevention of injury to children in automobile accidents. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Scherz, R.G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 451-456 Abstract: Highway accidents are the leading cause of child deaths in the United States from the ages of 1-14 years-6,122 such deaths occurred in 1973. In most instances deaths and permanent injuries occurred with the child as a passenger in an automobile. One approach toward alleviating this problem is the restraint of children in automobiles to reduce the likelihood of injury in a crash. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:451-456_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letters to the Editor: On Miller and Pickett commentaries thrust from Mason. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Mason, H.R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 501-502 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:501-502_1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Education for adolescent mothers in a hospital setting. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Badger, E. Author-Name: Burns, D. Author-Name: Rhoads, B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 469-472 Abstract: This paper describes an innovative service program designed to help adolescent mothers become more effective parents. Mother-infant pairs are recruited in the postpartum unit of Cincinnati (Ohio) General Hospital, and weekly classes are held in a pediatric clinic waiting room until infants are approximately six months of age. Medical consultation and/or treatment and education for parenthood in the areas of health, nutrition, and infant stimulation are the foci of the program. The interest and participation of the mothers, the opinion of professionals, tests of maternal knowledge, and measurements of maternal-infant interaction attest to the value and success of this program. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:469-472_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who should make public policy for health? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Robbins, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 431 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:431_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Complex issues facing health education. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Simmons, J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 429-430 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:429-430_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Skin cancer, melanoma, and sunlight. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fears, T.R. Author-Name: Scotto, J. Author-Name: Schneiderman, M.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 461-464 Abstract: Recent theoretical studies suggest that the earth's ozone layer which filters ultraviolet radiation may be depleted by a fleet of supersonic transports or by continued use of chlorofluoromethanes. It is now generally accepted that short wavelength ultraviolet radiation leads to the development of skin cancer. In this report we demonstrate an approach to estimating the increase in skin cancer incidence associated with increases in skin cancer incidence associated with increases in ultraviolet radiation. The purpose is to demonstrate the logic used and the assumptions that must be made when such estiamtes are made or cited. We emphasize that such estimates should be considered crude until the many assumptions can be investigated. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:461-464_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Motorcycles and public apathy. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kelley, A.B. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 475-476 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:475-476_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Teaching of ethics in schools of public health. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bluestone, N.R. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 478-479 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:478-479_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A framework for prevention: changing health-damaging to health-generating life patterns. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Milio, N. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 435-439 Abstract: A set of propositions is offered to provide a frame of reference for proposed strategies to improve healthful behavior by placing personal choice-making in the context of societal option-setting. The health status of populations at a given point in time is seen as a result of customary personal choice-making. These choices in turn are limited by both the perceived and actual options available to individuals, depending on their personal and their community's resources, from which to make choices. Most people, most of the time will make the easiest choices, i.e., will do the things, develop the patterns or life-styles, which seem to cost them less and/or from which they will gain more of what they value in tangible and/or intangible terms. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:435-439_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The community hospital as a focus for health planning. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lane, D.S. Author-Name: Mazzola, G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 465-468 Abstract: A community hospital focus for health planning has been developed by a Department of Community Medicine in a "non-teaching" voluntary hospital. Results of three years of planning experience have included: descriptions of service area populations and utilizer populations; implementation of neighborhood based health centers with transportation and outreach programs; integration of emergency services with other ambulatory care resources; and proposals for geriatric day-care, ambulatory surgery, and patient education. Working relationships have been developed between the hospital Department and local planning bodies, among them the Comprehensive Health Planning agency, the County Health Services Department, consumer groups, voluntary agencies and a University Health Services Center. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:465-468_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On analyzing journal content. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Carnegie, M.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 502 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:502_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An evaluation of three techniques improving immunization levels in elementary schools. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Vernon, T.M. Author-Name: Conner, J.S. Author-Name: Shaw, B.S. Author-Name: Lampe, J.M. Author-Name: Doster, M.E. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 457-460 Abstract: Three techniques for improving immunization levels among school-age children were tested and then compared for most effective use of school nurses' time. Method A involved reviewing school immunization records, specifically inviting immunization-deficient children to a school-based clinic, with some follow-up to achieve good response. Method B involved sending out permission slips for a school-based clinic to all students without additional investment of nursing time. Method C involved a health education program encouraging parents to have their children immunized on their own. Using an average of 38 hours of school nurse time, Method A succeeded significantly better then Method B in immunizing more immunization-deficient children and raising immunization levels , while giving fewer unnecessary immunizations. Method C did not produce significant improvement of immunization levels. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:457-460_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On use of emergency kits for insect stings. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Fink 3rd., J.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 503-504 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:503-504_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Application of social science theories to family planning health education in the People's Republic of China. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wang, V.L. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 440-445 Abstract: The transformation of the Chinese society was political and economic by revolution; it was also social and cultural through mass education. Group decisions have been used to induce social change in the Chinese society and applied extensively to the family planning program. The methods which Kurt Lewin developed to change food habits, have been perfected on a grand scale of myriad ways by the Chinese. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:440-445_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: EPSDT- one quarter million screenings in Michigan. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Kirk, T.R. Author-Name: Rice, R.G. Author-Name: Allen, P.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 482-484 Abstract: Since the spring of 1973, Michigan's EPSDT program has screened more than 300,000 children. The Department of Social Services contracted with the Department of Public Health to design the screening and referral parts of the program; in turn the Department of Public Health contracts with local health departments to do screening with one or more teams composed of a nurse, two technicians, and a clerk. The 72 teams screen 10,000 clients each month. More than one-half of these clients are referred for diagnosis and treatment. The highest percentage (27 per cent) of referral is for dental care; the second highest (26 per cent) is for immunization. Participation in the program of state and local social services departments, local health departments, and all groups of health providers has been excellent. There continues to be a high no-show for screening and a moderate no-show rate to providers for diagnosis and treatment. Evaluation of the program elements is needed. Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:482-484_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On a do-it-yourself pregnancy test. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Oakley, D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 5 Pages: 502 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:5:502_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Putting teeth into the public health reporting laws. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Hershey, N. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 399-400 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:399-400_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Benjamin Rush on health and the American revolution. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Rosen, G. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 397-398 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:397-398_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: Why the FDA can't win this one. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Schneider, H.A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 342 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:342_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: How long must we wait? Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lee, S.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 4 Pages: 341 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:4:341_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: The birth numbering concept. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Solomon, K. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 298 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:298_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Indices for evaluating nutritional state. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: El Lozy, M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 298 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:298_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: Principal component analysis technique recommended. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Talwar, P.P. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 297-298 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:297-298_2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letters to the editor: It's not 1984 yet! Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Lunde, A.S. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 3 Pages: 297 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:3:297_8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and cancer. Communication from Bross. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Bross, I.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 161 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:161_9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: Do-it-yourself pregnancy testing. . . Envoi. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Yankauer, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 131-132 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:131-132_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: Do-it-yourself pregnancy testing. The legal perspective. . . Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Johnson, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 129-130 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:129-130_4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letters to the editor: The parable of the wounded man. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Marcus, S.J. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 181 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:181_0 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smoking and cancer. Communication from Higgins. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Higgins, I.T. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 159-161 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:159-161_6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editorial: Do-it-yourself pregnancy testing. The medical perspective. . . Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Stim, E.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 130-131 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:130-131_7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Additional comments on the critical assessment of the evidence bearing on smoking as the cause of lung cancer. Communication from Sterling. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Sterling, T.D. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 2 Pages: 161-164 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:2:161-164_3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letter: On equal educational opportunities for children. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Wallach, A. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 95-96 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:95-96_5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Letters to the editor: On measuring health or illness. Journal: American Journal of Public Health Author-Name: Gelfand, H.M. Year: 1976 Volume: 66 Issue: 1 Pages: 95 Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1976:66:1:95_1