{smcl} {* 22dec2014}{...} {title:Title} {p2colset 5 16 18 2}{...} {p2col :{hi:artsurv} {hline 2}}ART (Survival Outcomes) - Sample Size and Power{p_end} {p2colreset}{...} {title:Syntax} {p 8 12 2} {cmdab:artsurv} [{cmd:using} {it:filename}[{cmd:.dta}]] [{cmd:,} {it:options} ] {synoptset 30 tabbed}{...} {synopthdr} {synoptline} {synopt :{opt al:pha(#)}}significance level for testing treatment effect(s){p_end} {synopt :{opt ar:atios(aratio_list)}}allocation ratio(s){p_end} {synopt :{opt cr:over(#[#...#])}}treatment cross-over(s){p_end} {synopt :{opt de:tail}}report more detailed results{p_end} {synopt :{opt di:stant(#)}}calculations under distant alternative hypothesis{p_end} {synopt :{opt do:ses(dose_list)}}doses for linear trend test{p_end} {synopt :{opt ed:f0(slist0)}}baseline survival function{p_end} {synopt :{opt fp(#)}}suppress banner heading{p_end} {synopt :{opt hr:atio(hrlist)}}hazard ratios{p_end} {synopt :{opt ind:ex(#)}}index for Harrington-Fleming weights{p_end} {synopt :{opt ld:f(llist [, llist ...])}}distribution function of time to loss-to-follow-up{p_end} {synopt :{opt lg(#[#...#])}}specifies groups subject to loss to follow-up{p_end} {synopt :{opt med:ian(#)}}median survival time in group 1{p_end} {synopt :{opt me:thod(methodname)}}type of logrank test used{p_end} {synopt :{opt n(#)}}total sample size{p_end} {synopt :{opt ng:roups(#)}}number of treatment groups in trial{p_end} {synopt :{opt ni(#)}}non-inferiority trial{p_end} {synopt :{opt np:eriod(#)}}number of time-periods{p_end} {synopt :{opt o:nesided(#)}}use one-sided significance level{p_end} {synopt :{opt po:wer(#)}}power of trial{p_end} {synopt :{opt pw:ehr(hrlist)}}hazard ratio function post withdrawal from allocated treatment{p_end} {synopt :{opt re:crt(rlist)}}duration and rate of recruitment{p_end} {synopt :{opt replace}}allows {it:filename} to be replaced if it exists{p_end} {synopt :{opt tr:end(#)}}specifies a linear trend test{p_end} {synopt :{opt tu:nit(#)}}time units{p_end} {synopt :{opt wd:f(wlist [, wlist ...])}}distribution function of time to withdrawal from allocated treatment{p_end} {synopt :{opt lg(#[#...#])}}specifies groups subject to withdrawal from allocated treatment{p_end} {synoptline} {title:Description} {pstd} {cmd:artsurv} calculates sample size and power for comparative studies with time-to-event outcomes at the end of follow-up. The survival probabilities and hazard ratios calculated by {cmd:artsurv} for each time-period in the trial may optionally be stored in a new Stata file called {it:filename} for plotting, etc; see {cmd:Remarks} for further details. {cmd:artsurv} has the following flexible features: {p_end} {p 8 15 2}1. Any number of groups between 2 and 6. {p 8 15 2}2. Global or linear trend tests with arbitrary dose levels. {p 8 15 2}3. Logrank test - unweighted or weighted (Tarone-Ware or Harrington-Fleming with any index). {p 8 15 2}4. Time-dependent rates of event, loss to follow-up and withdrawal from allocated treatment (treatment change). {p 8 15 2}5. Staggered entry {title:Options} {phang} {opt alpha(#)} specifies the significance level. By default two-sided significance levels are assumed. The default {it:#} is 0.05. {phang} {opt aratios(aratio_list)} specifies the allocation ratio(s). Suppose {it:aratio_list} has r items, {it:#}1,...,{it:#}r. The allocation ratio for group k is {it:#}k, k = 1,...,r. If r is less than {opt ngroups()} then the allocation ratio for group r+1, r+2, ... is taken as {it:#}r. If {opt aratios()} is not specified, the default allocation ratios are all 1, i.e. equal group sizes are assumed. {phang} {cmd:crover(}{it:#}[{it:#...#}]{cmd:)} (only applies when {cmd:wg()} is specified) is the target group number when crossing over. {cmd:crover(}{it:#1 #2...#r}{cmd:)} means that the kth group withdrawing from allocated treatment (specified by {cmd:wg()}) crosses over to receive the allocated treatment of group #k, k=1,...r. The default is that when individuals in group 1 change treatment, they receive the treatment assigned to those in group 2. Individuals in group k (k > 1) cross over to receive the treatment assigned to group 1. {phang} {cmd:detail(}{it:#}{cmd:)} with {it:#} = 1 requests more detailed output, including hazard ratios per group and period, expected proportion of failure, withdrawal from allocated treatment and loss to follow-up by the end of the study. Default{it:#} is 0, meaning shorter output. {phang} {cmd:distant(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies calculations for the logrank test under distant or local alternative hypotheses. Default {it:#} is 0, meaning local alternatives. Distnat alternatives are specified by {cmd:distant(1)}. {phang} {opt doses(dose_list)} specifies doses for a dose-response (linear trend) test. {cmd:doses(}{it:#}1 {it:#}2...{it:#}r{cmd:)} assigns doses for groups 1,...,r. If r is less than {opt ngroups()}, the dose is assumed equal to {it:#}r for groups r+1, r+2, ... . The default is {cmd:dose(1 2 ... }{opt ngroups())}, which applies only when {cmd:trend(1)} is specified and {opt dose()} is not specified. {phang} {opt edf0(slist0)} is required and gives the baseline survival function. This need not be one of the distributions to be compared unless the hazard ratio is set to 1 (see {opt hratio()}) for one of the groups (usually group 1) at all periods. The format is {cmd:edf0(}{it:slist0}{cmd:)}, where string {it:slist0} is {it:#}1[{it:#}2 ...{it:#}r{cmd:,}{it:#}1 {it:#}2 ...{it:#}r]. Thus, {cmd:edf0(}{it:p1 p2 ...pr}{cmd:,}{it:t1 t2 ...tr}{cmd:)} gives the value pi for the survival function for the event time at the end of time period ti, i=1,...,r. Note that the times {it:t1 t2 ...tr}, which are integer period numbers, may be entered as a {it:numlist} (see {help numlist}). For example, times 1 2 3 4 5 6 may be validly abbreviated to 1(1)6. {pin} Instantaneous event rates are assumed constant within time periods (time-to-event is piecewise exponential). If r < {cmd:nperiod()}, the instantaneous event rates in periods r+1,...,{cmd:nperiod()} are taken to be the same as in period r. If only one value of {cmd:edf0} is specified, this is taken to be the value at the end of the study and the instantaneous event rate is constant thoughout follow-up. Thus if the number of periods {cmd:nperiod()} {it:= 6} then {cmd:edf0(}{it:0.5}{cmd:)} is equivalent to {cmd:edf0(}{it:0.5}{cmd:,}{it:6}{cmd:)} and gives 50% survival at the end of period {cmd:nperiod()} and an exponential distribution for the baseline failure time. {cmd:edf0(}{it:0.8 0.6}{cmd:,}{it:1 5}{cmd:)} gives expected survival probability {it:0.8} at the end of the first period and {it:0.6} at the end of the fifth period. The instantaneous event rate during the first period is {it:-log(0.8)=0.223}. The instantaneous event rate during periods 2,3,4 and 5 is {it:-log((0.6)/(0.8))/4 = 0.072} which is also the default rate during period 6. This gives survival probability of {it:0.45} at the end of period 6. See also the {cmd:fp()} option to specify failure probabilities instead of survival probabilities. There is no default; either {cmd:edf0()} or {cmd:median()} must be given. {phang} {cmd:fp(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies whether survival probabilities or cumulative failure probabilities have been supplied in {cmd:edf0()}. The default # is 0, meaning survival probabilities. {cmd:fp(1)} specifies failure probabilities. {phang} {cmd:nohead} suppresses the banner heading on the output. Lessens irritation when running several sample size calculations successively. {phang} {cmd:hratio(}{it:hrlist}{cmd:)} is required adn specifies the event hazard-ratio functions. The format is {cmd:hratio(}{it:hrlist}{cmd:)}, where the string {it:hrlist} is {it:#1_1}[{it:#1_2 ...#1_r1}]{cmd:,}{it:#2_1}[{it:#2_2 ...#2_r2}]{cmd:,}{it:...}{cmd:,}{it:#k_1}[{it:#k_2 ...#k_rk}]. The event hazard ratio of group i (relative to the baseline distribution specified in {cmd:edf0()}) is #i_j during period j, j=1,...ri; i=1,...k, If ri < {cmd:nperiod()} then the hazard ratio function during periods ri+1,...{cmd:nperiod()} is assumed to be #i_ri. If k < {cmd:ngroups()}, the hazard ratio functions for groups k+1,..., {cmd:ngroups} are assumed equal to the geometric mean of the hazard ratio functions for groups 1,...k. {phang} {cmd:index(}{it:#}{cmd:)} is the index I for Harrington-Fleming weights. Default # is 1. {phang} {cmd:ldf(}{it:llist}[{cmd:;}{it:llist}{cmd:;}{it:... llist}]{cmd:)} is required when {cmd:lg()}, groups with loss to follow-up, is specified. {cmd:ldf()} specifies the distribution function of time to loss-to-follow-up. The format is {cmd:ldf(}{it:llist}[{cmd:;}{it:llist}{cmd:;}{it:... llist}]{cmd:)}, where each {it:llist} specifies a cumulative distribution function for time to loss to follow-up, one for each group specified by {cmd:lg()} and in the same order. Each {it:llist} has the same form as a distribution function as {it:slist0} in {cmd:edf0()}, but {it:llist} is to be interpreted as a cumulative distribution, not a survival distribution. For example, if {cmd:nperiod()} = 6, then {cmd:lg(}{it:1 3}{cmd:)} {cmd:ldf(}{it:0.2}{cmd:;}{it:.05 0.15}{cmd:,}{it:2 5}{cmd:)} specifies that:{p_end} {p 12 15 2}(i) Groups 1 and 3 are subject to loss to follow-up. {p 12 17 2}(ii) The cumulative probability of loss to follow-up is .2 by the end of the last period in group1, .05 at the end of the period 2 and .15 at the end of period 5 in group 3. {p 12 18 2}(iii) Individuals in the other groups are not subject to loss to follow-up. {phang} {cmd:lg(}{it:#}[{it:#...#}]{cmd:)} specifies the groups subject to loss to follow-up. {cmd:ldf()} must then be specified giving the cumulative distribution functions of time to loss to follow-up in the same order. {phang} {cmd:median(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies {it:#} to be the median survival in group 1. Use of this option over-rides the {cmd:edf0()} option. There is no default value. {phang} {cmd:method(}{it:methodname}{cmd:)} - {it:methodname} is {cmd:l} or {cmd:t} or {cmd:h} or {cmd:b} or {cmd:u}, where {p 12 16 2}{cmd:l} = unweighted logrank (default test), {p 12 16 2}{cmd:t} = Tarone-Ware test (logrank with weights proportional to the square root of the total number at risk at event times, {p 12 16 2}{cmd:h} = Harrington-Fleming (logrank with weights proportional to S**I, where S is the estimated pooled survival function at event times and I is the index for Harrington-Fleming weights (see option {cmdab:ind:ex()}), {p 12 16 2}{cmd:b} = Binomial test conditional on the proportion of failures at the end of the study, using Peto's approximation to the log odds ratio, {p 12 16 2}{cmd:u} = unconditional binomial test. {phang} {cmd:n(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies that total sample size is calculated if {cmd:n} = 0. Otherwise power is calculated given total sample size = {cmd:n}. The default # is 0. {phang} {cmd:ngroups(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies the number of comparative groups. The default # is 2. {phang} {cmd:ni(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies whether the trial is of a superiority or a non-inferiority design. The default # is 0, meaning a superiority design. {cmd:ni(1)} specifies a non-inferiority design. {phang} {cmd:nperiod(}{it:#}{cmd:)} is the number of time periods within which all instantaneous rates are constant. The default # is 1. {phang} {cmd:onesided(}{it:#}{cmd:)} - {it:#} = 1 specifies that {cmd:alpha()} relates to a one-sided significance test. The default {it:#} is 0, meaning a two-sided test. {phang} {cmd:power(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies the study power. The default # is 0.8 if {cmd:n()} = 0. {phang} {cmd:pwehr(}{it:hrlist}{cmd:)} specifies the hazard ratio function post withdrawal from allocated treatment. The format is {cmd:pwehr(}{it:hrlist}{cmd:)}, where hrlist gives the hazard ratio functions (relative to the baseline event time distribution) after treatment change for the groups specified by {cmd:wg} and in the same order. The format and interpretation of hrlist is the same as that of {cmd:hratio()} except that the hazard ratio functions for the remaining groups, subject to treatment change (given in {cmd:wg}) but not assigned to a hazard ratio function by {cmd:pwehr()}, is taken to be the same as the last hazard ratio function specified by {cmd:pwehr()}. When both {cmd:pwehr()} and {cmd:crover()} are specified, {cmd:crover()} is ignored. {phang} {cmd:recrt(}{it:rlist}{cmd:)} specifies the duration and rate of recruitment. Its format is {cmd:recrt(}[{it:duration [recrpr0]}]{cmd:,}[{it:w1 w2...wk}]{cmd:,}[{it:s1 s2...sk}]{cmd:)}, where {p_end} {p 12 23 2}{it:duration} = the number of periods for the completion of recruitment. The default {it:duration} is the number of periods specified by {cmd:nperiod(}{it:#}{cmd:)}. {p 12 22 2}{it:recrpr0} = the proportion recruited (instantaneously) at the start of the study. The default is {it:recrpr0} = 0. {p 12 20 2}{it:w1...wk} are the relative proportions recruited in periods 1 to k. The default specifies equal proportions. {p 12 20 2}{it:s1...sk} specify the shape of recruitment time distribution within periods. si = 0 for uniform entry during period i, and si = L>0 for negative exponential with rate L. The default is uniform entry time within each period. {p 8 8 2} If {cmd:recrt()} is not specified, recruitment is assumed completed at the begining of the study, i.e. duration of recruitment = 0; this is equivalent to specifying {cmd:recrt(0, 0, 0)}. {phang} {cmd:trend(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies a linear trend test. With the default ({it:#} = 0), the trend assumed is linear on the dose levels 1, 2, 3 .... With {it:#} = 1, doses are specified by using the {cmd:doses()} option. {phang} {cmd:replace} allows {it:filename} to be replaced if it exists. {phang} {cmd:tunit(}{it:#}{cmd:)} specifies the time-units of the periods. This option has no effect whatsoever on the computation of the power and sample size. It is used to label the output and serves as an aide-memoire. The value of {it:#} must be between 1 and 7, with 1 = years, 2 = 6 months, 3 = quarters, 4 = months, 5 = weeks, 6 = days, 7 = unspecified. Default {it:#} is 1 (years). {phang} {cmd:wdf(}{it:wlist}[{cmd:;}{it:wlist}{cmd:;}{it:... wlist}]{cmd:)} is required when {cmd:wg()}, groups with treatment change (withdrawal from allocated treatment), is specified. {cmd:wdf()} specifies the distribution function of time to withdrawal. The format is the same as that of {cmd:ldf()}. {phang} {cmd:wg(}{it:#}[{it:#...#}]{cmd:)} specifies the groups subject to withdrawal from allocated treatment. {cmd:wdf()} must then be specified giving the cumulative distribution functions of time to withdrawal from allocated treatment in the same order as in {cmd:wg()}. {title:Remarks} {phang} The file optionally saved by {cmd:artsurv} contains variables called {cmd:period}, and {cmd:surv1}, ... {cmd:hr1}, ..., with one variable for each group. For example, {cmd:surv1} contains the survival probabilities at the end of each period in group 1. The file includes values of 1 for the survival probabilities and missing for the hazard ratios at "period 0" i.e. the beginning of the trial, to facilitate plotting. The file contains enough information to allow you to transpose it into "long" format from the default "wide" format (see {help reshape} for more on these data formats). Using the dataset and typing {cmd:reshape long} will convert the data to the alternate format, and typing {cmd:reshape wide} will convert it back again. {title:Examples} {phang}{cmd:. artsurv, method(l) edf0(0.5) hr(1,0.75) np(3) recrt(0 0, 1, 0 ) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)}{break} (compares two exponential distributions using the logrank test) {phang}{cmd:. artsurv, method(l) edf0(0.5) hr(1,0.75,0.5) np(3) ng(3) recrt(2 0,1,0) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)} {phang}{cmd:. artsurv, method(l) edf0(0.9 0.7 0.5, 1(1)3) hr(1,0.75,0.5) np(3) ng(3) recrt(2 0,1,0) trend(1) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)} {phang}{cmd:. artsurv, method(l) edf0(0.8 0.5, 1 3) hr(1,0.6 0.6 0.75) np(3) recrt(2 0,1,0) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)}{break} (treatment effect changes over time) {phang}{cmd:. artsurv using myres, method(l) edf0(0.8 0.5, 1 3) hr(1,0.6 0.6 0.75) np(3) recrt(2 0,1,0) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)}{break} (saves survival probabilities and hazard ratios in 3 periods to myres.dta) {phang}{cmd:. artsurv, method(l) edf0(0.5) hr(1,0.75) np(3) lg(1 2) ldf(.1;.1) recrt(2 0,1,0) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)}{break} (10% lost to follow-up by end of study) {phang}{cmd:. artsurv, method(l) edf0(0.5) hr(1,0.75) np(3) lg(1 2) ldf(.1;.1) wg(1 2) wdf(.3;.1) recrt(2 0,1,0) distant(0) detail(0) onesided(0) ni(0) tunit(1)}{break} (30% of group 1 and 10% of group 2 crossover by end of study) {title:Authors} {pstd}Abdel Babiker, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL{break} {browse "mailto:a.babiker@ucl.ac.uk":Ab Babiker} {pstd}Friederike Maria-Sophie Barthel, formerly MRC Clinical Trials Unit{break} {browse "mailto:sophie@fm-sbarthel.de":Sophie Barthel} {pstd}Babak Choodari-Oskooei, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL{break} {browse "mailto:b.choodari-oskooei@ucl.ac.uk":Babak Oskooei} {pstd}Patrick Royston, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL{break} {browse "mailto:j.royston@ucl.ac.uk":Patrick Royston} {title:Reference} {phang} Barthel, F. M.-S., Babiker, A., Royston, P., and M. K. B. Parmar. 2006. Evaluation of sample size and power for multi-arm survival trials allowing for non-uniform accrual, non-proportional hazards, loss to follow-up and cross-over. {it:Statistics in Medicine} 25: 2521-2542. {title:Also see} Manual: {hi:[R] sampsi}, {hi:[R] stpower} {psee} Online: help for {help artmenu}, {help artbin}, {help artpep}, {help artsurvdlg}, {help artbindlg}