{smcl}
{* 6may2004}{...}
{hline}
help for {hi:circmedian}
{hline}

{title:Median and mean deviation for circular variables}

{p 8 17 2}
{cmd:circmedian}
{it:varlist}
[{cmd:if} {it:exp}]
[{cmd:in} {it:range}]

{p 8 17 2}
{cmd:circmedian}
{it:varname}
[{cmd:if} {it:exp}]
[{cmd:in} {it:range}]
[{cmd:,} {cmd:by(}{it:byvar}{cmd:)}]


{title:Description}

{p 4 4 2}{cmd:circmedian} calculates the circular median and mean
deviation from the median for circular variables with scales between 
0 and 360 degrees. 

{p 4 4 2}Circular data have no natural origin; whatever origin is used is a
matter of convention. There is thus no natural ordering of circular data from
smallest to largest. This is a blow to the idea of a circular median, but by no
means a fatal one. We could measure the difference between two angles clockwise
or counterclockwise (anticlockwise); measure both, treating both differences 
as positive, and record the smaller. Thus the difference between 45 and 55 degrees is
min(10,350) = 10; the difference between 350 and 10 degrees is min(20, 340) =
20; or more generally {it:d}({it:theta}, {it:phi}) = min(|{it:theta} - {it:phi}|, 360 -
|{it:theta} - {it:phi}|). Then define the circular median by the fact that it
minimises 

{p 8 8 2}SUM {it:d}(value, median)

{p 4 4 2}or, equivalently, 

{p 8 8 2}MEAN {it:d}(value, median), 

{p 4 4 2}the latter being called here the mean deviation (from the median). 
In the event of ties in these measures the median is defined as the
vector mean of all angles minimising either. See help on {help circsummarize}.


{title:Remarks}

{p 4 4 2}Batschelet (1981, p.242) uses the notation |{it:theta}, {it:phi}| for 
{it:d}({it:theta}, {it:phi}) and points out that it is also 
{bind:arccos(cos({it:theta} - {it:phi}))}. Another scale on which to measure 
difference is thus {bind:1 - cos({it:theta} - {it:phi}).}


{title:Options} 

{p 4 8 2}
{cmd:by()} specifies that results are to be shown for each group
defined by values of {it:byvar}. This option is only available if a
single {it:varname} is specified.


{title:Examples}

{p 4 8 2}{cmd:. circmedian axisasp wallasp} 

{p 4 8 2}{cmd:. circmedian axisasp, by(geology)} 


{title:Author}

{p 4 4 2}Nicholas J. Cox, University of Durham, U.K.{break} 
n.j.cox@durham.ac.uk


{title:References} 

{p 4 8 2}Batschelet, E. 1981. {it:Circular statistics in biology.} 
London: Academic Press. 


{title:Also see}

{p 4 13 2}
On-line:  help for {help circsummarize}, {help circdiff}