{smcl}
{* 6may2004}{...}
{hline}
help for {hi:circtwosample} 
{hline}

{title:Two-sample tests for circular data} 

{p 8 17 2} 
{cmd:circtwosample}
{it:varlist}
[{cmd:if} {it:exp}]
[{cmd:in} {it:range}]
{cmd:,}
{cmd:by(}{it:byvar}{cmd:)}


{title:Description} 

{p 4 4 2}
{cmd:circtwosample} carries out two-sample tests due to Watson (1962) and
Kuiper (1960) for circular variables in {it:varlist} with scales between 0 and
360 degrees.  The values of each variable are grouped according to the
precisely two distinct non-missing values defined by {it:byvar} together with
any restrictions imposed by {cmd:if} or {cmd:in}. The hypothesis under test is
that the distributions so defined are identical. The test statistics are based
on the empirical distribution functions of the two samples.

{p 4 4 2} 
Note that allowing a {it:varlist} is a convenience to allow many tests from a
single command: the tests are separate and users searching for significant
results are urged to consider carefully what they are doing. 


{title:Remarks} 

{p 4 4 2}For the Watson {it:U}-square statistic, critical values are given here
for a few examples of sample sizes {it:n_1} and {it:n_2} and significance level
{it:P}. For many problems with large or moderate samples, the values for
infinite sizes will serve as adequate approximations.

    {it:n}_1 {it:n}_2   {it:P} = 0.5      0.2      0.1      0.05     0.01     0.005    0.001
      5   5       0.089    0.161    0.225    0.225
      7   7       0.079    0.135    0.158    0.199    0.304    0.304
      9   9       0.077    0.125    0.155    0.187    0.266    0.286    0.384
     12  12       0.075    0.122    0.153    0.186    0.256    0.284    0.344
     20  20       0.069    0.117    0.151    0.185    0.261    0.293    0.367
     40  40       0.069    0.117    0.152    0.186    0.264    0.298    0.374
    100 100       0.069    0.117    0.152    0.187    0.267    0.300    0.378
    infinite      0.071    0.117    0.152    0.187    0.268    0.304    0.385

{p 4 4 2}
Fuller tables can be found in Mardia (1972, p.314), Batschelet (1981, p.348),
Kanji (1999, p.210), Zar (1999, Table B.38) and Mardia and Jupp (2000, p.377);
that of Zar is the most extensive of these.

{p 4 4 2} 
For the Kuiper statistics, tables can be found in Batschelet (1981, pp.341,
346-7) and in Upton and Fingleton (1989, pp.393, 395). So long as at least one
sample is more than 12, {it:k*} may be compared with the following critical
values (see discussion in Upton and Fingleton, 1989, p.279):

    {it:P} = 0.1      0.05      0.01      0.005      0.001
        1.62     1.75      2.00      2.10       2.30


{title:Options} 

{p 4 8 2}{cmd:by()} indicating grouping is a required option.


{title:Example} 

{p 4 8 2}{cmd:. circtwosample dir, by(group)} 


{title:References} 

{p 4 8 2}Batschelet, E. 1981. {it:Circular statistics in biology.}
London: Academic Press. (Edward Batschelet, 1914-1979) 

{p 4 8 2}Kanji, G.K. 1999. {it:100 statistical tests.} 
London: Sage. 

{p 4 8 2}Kuiper, N.H. 1960. Tests concerning random points on a circle. 
{it:Proceedings, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen} 
Series A 68: 38-47. (Nicolaas Hendrik Kuiper, 1920-1994) 

{p 4 8 2}Mardia, K.V. 1972. {it:Statistics of directional data.}
London: Academic Press.

{p 4 8 2}Mardia, K.V. and Jupp, P.E. 2000. {it:Directional statistics.}
Chichester: John Wiley.

{p 4 8 2}Upton, G.J.G. and Fingleton, B. 1989. 
{it:Spatial data analysis by example. Volume 2: Categorical and directional data.}
Chichester: John Wiley.

{p 4 8 2}Watson, G.S. 1962. Goodness-of-fit tests on a circle. II. 
{it:Biometrika} 49: 57-63. (Geoffrey Stuart Watson, 1921-1998) 

{p 4 8 2}Zar, J.H. 1999. {it:Biostatistical analysis.} Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.


{title:Author}

{p 4 4 2}Nicholas J. Cox, University of Durham, U.K.{break} 
         n.j.cox@durham.ac.uk


{title:Also see} 

{p 4 13 2} 
On-line:  help for {help circwwmardia}