Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 8 Update. Anorexia Abstract: The late 1990s proved one thing: Japan can grow, as long as that growth is driven by the powerful tailwinds of massive macroeconomic stimulus—ever-larger fiscal deficits (now approaching 10 percent of gross domestic product [GDP]), interest rates at, or close to, zero, and an expanding trade surplus. What still remains in question is Japan's ability to grow at a decent rate for very long without such artificial life support. As of the beginning of 2001, Japan had yet to achieve the often promised but not-yet-realized "self-sustaining recovery." On the contrary, the economy looked to be slowing down rather than speeding up. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 48-121 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29050648 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29050648 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:48-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 11 Update. Japan's Peculiar Trade Abstract: One of the crowning glories of the post-World War II international economy is the steady increase in global interdependence. The lowering of trade barriers, cheapening of transport costs, new technologies, and the spread of foreign direct investment all fueled a steady globalization trend. Globalization in turn helped fuel faster rates of growth than for any comparable period in the history of the world. Nations now grow as much in a single year as they used to grow in a decade. A greater portion of the world's population has entered the industrial age and left abject poverty behind than ever before. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 122-139 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290506122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290506122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:122-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to Volume 29 (January/February-November/December 2001) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 188-189 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290506188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290506188 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:188-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 2 Update. Dualism Worsens in the 1990s Abstract: Despite all the talk of restructuring, the 1990s saw a worsening of Japan's "dual-economy" syndrome—namely, its unique combination of superefficient exporting industries and superinefficient domestic sectors. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-19 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2905065 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2905065 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:5-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 3 Update. Hollowing Out Accelerates in the Late 1990s Abstract: Given Japan's reputation as a manufacturing superpower, one of the most remarkable developments of the 1990s was a near-decade of virtual zero growth in industrial output. As of late 2000, the industrial production index was no higher than it had been at its 1991 peak. Moreover, calculations by economist Tadashi Nakamae show that as of late 2000, the 84 percent of manufacturing which lies outside the Information Technology (IT) area was still more than 10 percent below the 1991 level. So, even though the IT component soared, it was not enough to overcome downward pressures elsewhere (Figure la). Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 20-28 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29050620 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29050620 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:20-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Katz Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: Introduction Abstract: A number of remarkable changes have occurred since the 1998 publication of Japan: The System That Soured: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economic Miracle. Those changes are tracked in the updates presented in this special double issue of The Japanese Economy (vol. 29, nos. 5–6). Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2905063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2905063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 4 Update. Japan's Shrinking Weight in the World Economy Abstract: Only six short years ago, the president of the United States was photographed carrying a book whose subtitle read: Why Japan Is Still on Track to Overtake the U.S. by the Year 2000. It is, of course, no news that this forecast has failed to come true. What is stunning, however, is just how far Japan has fallen in the world rankings. In a number of key indicators, such as share of world gross domestic product (GDP) and share of world exports, Japan hit its peak during the late 1980s and has now dropped substantially. With the country's growth performance so far below what one would expect for a country at its stage of development, its weight in the world is now dropping precipitously. Most of the drop in Japan's growth is due to supply-side factors—a falling labor force and dwindling productivity growth—rather than demand factors that could be remedied by macroeconomic stimulus. Hence, without substantial reform, we should expect Japan's weight in the world to continue to drop far more than mere maturation would dictate. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 29-47 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29050629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29050629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:29-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 12 Update. Is Japan Becoming More Globalized? Abstract: If, as we have argued, insufficient globalization is at the core of Japan's economic problems, then increased globalization will have to be at heart of the solution. Increased integration with the rest of the world in trade, direct investment, and finance, can be a powerful force for restructuring inside Japan. So, one way to measure Japan's progress toward a revitalized economy is to measure the degree to which it is becoming more globalized. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 140-187 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290506140 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290506140 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:5-6:p:140-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masami Nomura Author-X-Name-First: Masami Author-X-Name-Last: Nomura Title: Employment Adjustments in Japanese Firms: History Abstract: If you look for a definition of lifetime employment in dictionaries of technical terms such as an economics dictionary, a management dictionary, or a sociology dictionary, you will find the following two concepts. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:1:p:3-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to Volume 23 (January-February 1995-November-December 1995) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 92-94 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:1:p:92-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masami Nomura Author-X-Name-First: Masami Author-X-Name-Last: Nomura Title: The Concept of Lifetime Employment: A Historical Critique Abstract: The term "lifetime employment" first appeared in a Japanese translation of a 1958 book by James Abegglen.1 Once the term "lifetime employment" was coined, it went beyond the world of the social sciences; it instantly spread throughout society via journalism, becoming a permanent fixture in the language. The idea that Japanese corporations practice lifetime employment started to be thought of as a given in Japanese society. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-57 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:1:p:39-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masami Nomura Author-X-Name-First: Masami Author-X-Name-Last: Nomura Title: Standards of Personnel Retrenchment and Selection Abstract: Prior to 1955, the issue of personnel retrenchment touched off a number of major labor strikes. Subsequently, large-scale personnel reductions continued to attract the public's attention. What were the major issues between companies and labor unions in these personnel cutbacks? Or, conversely, what issues did not become points of contention? Let us examine three major labor disputes precipitated by personnel retrenchment: the Toshiba, Hitachi, and Miike strikes. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 58-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240158 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240158 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:1:p:58-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideichiro Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Hideichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: The Formation and Development of Mid-Sized Firms: What are Mid-Sized Firms? Abstract: In 1961, while conducting a case study under the topic of "The Modernization of Small and Medium Firms," I noticed a group of firms that were emerging beyond the small and medium sizes. This phenomenon was not limited to just a few industries but could be found in almost all industries in manufacturing and distribution. So, based on a survey and research of forty firms in more than a dozen different industries, I defined as "mid-sized firms" (chuken kigyo) the third group of firms that were no small or medium firms but not yet large firms, identified the characteristics of these firms, and presented a hypothesis that these firms would be established in the industrial society of Japan and would continue to stay and even grow. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 21-52 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1992:i:2:p:21-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomoko Furugori Author-X-Name-First: Tomoko Author-X-Name-Last: Furugori Title: Work Hours and the Quality of Life in Japan Abstract: The quality of life in Japan is generally thought to be inferior to that in other advanced countries. This must be because the economic and social system, which gives priority to Japan's production efficiency, has not stressed the human aspect of workers, who have supported the system, and because the workers themselves have not had the time to look back on their own lives. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-20 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X21023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X21023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1992:i:2:p:3-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoko Sano Author-X-Name-First: Yoko Author-X-Name-Last: Sano Title: Determinants of Pay Levels in the Financial Sector in Japan Abstract: Editor's Note: The banking industry still refuses to make pay information public (e.g., the agreement on annual pay raises reached at in the Spring Labor Offensive). On September 2, 1992, the president of the Nikkeiren (Japan Federation of Employers' Associations) held a press conference where he asked the banking industry to make information public on bank workers' salaries. A director of the Nikkeiren noted that all that the public knows about bank pay is that it is about the same as in other industries at the entry level but rises quickly to more than ¥10 mn annually for workers in the early thirties. (Yomiuri Shimbun, September 3, 1992). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-82 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1992:i:2:p:53-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hikaru Sato Author-X-Name-First: Hikaru Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: What is Japan's Economic Crisis? Abstract: Pessimism over the Japanese economy is growing. "At this rate, the Japanese economy will collapse. Japan will be reduced to a third-class nation," are some of the endless of comments appearing in newspaper, magazine, and television reports. When we hear news about bank operations overloaded with bad loans, the downturn in stock prices, the sale of yen, the three-year decline in the trade surplus, the consumption tax hike, and the ongoing debate over increasing the patient share of medical expenses, a mood of pessimism is certainly not unwarranted. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-20 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X25023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X25023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:3-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hikaru Sato Author-X-Name-First: Hikaru Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Structure and Functions of the Japanese-Style Economic System Abstract: An enormous number of firms operate in Japan. According to the Annual Corporate Enterprise Statistics, there are approximately 1.8 million business corporations. Included in this figure are green groceries, liquor stores, and small factories, as well as world-class mega-corporations in the top ranks of the Fortune 500. How is this vast number of diverse firms interrelated? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 41-59 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250241 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250241 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:41-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tetsuro Chino Author-X-Name-First: Tetsuro Author-X-Name-Last: Chino Title: Structural Characteristics and Conduct of Japanese Medical Institutions Abstract: The coexistence of public and private medical institutions can be regarded as one of the main characteristics of Japan's medical services market. The market shares of private hospitals are 80 percent in the number of facilities, 70 percent in the number of hospital beds, and 60 percent in the amount of medical fees.1 What characteristics does this coexistence of public and private medical facilities give to Japan's medical service market? Also, what behavioral characteristics do public and private institutions each have? Clarifying these questions by observing data is the objective of this paper. In terms of industrial organization theory, that means we will discuss the behavioral characteristics and problems that both types of institutions have under today's medical system. Tokita (1995) discusses in more depth the various problems of Japan's medical services market. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 79-108 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:79-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hikaru Sato Author-X-Name-First: Hikaru Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Positive and Negative Aspects of Japanese-Style Management Abstract: Japanese-style management is an administrative system practiced by Japanese firms that includes the lifetime employment and seniority wage systems, as well as enterprise labor unions. Let us begin by establishing that these systems are neither that different nor special when considered from an international perspective. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 21-40 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250221 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250221 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:21-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadahiko Tokita Author-X-Name-First: Tadahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Tokita Title: Problems of the Medical Service Market in Japan Abstract: This article surveys problems of the medical service market in Japan. First, the structure of the medical service market in Japan is considered in terms of supply, demand, and pricing. Then, the health insurance system, the coexistence of public and private medical institutions, the government's fee-for-service system, and other systemic and historical factors that control the market structure are explained. Next, behaviors of public and private medical institutions, which are the main suppliers of medical services in Japan, are considered. The working hypothesis is that public institutions increase the quality of service because they are required to balance their income and expenditures, while private institutions maximize profits. Finally, by schematicizing the medical market, the market outcomes that market structure and market behaviors are causing in the Japanese medical service market are examined. Certain market structure and market conduct is assumed, based on the facts to be reported in Chino (1995), and the market outcomes corroborated by these facts are explained. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 60-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:2:p:60-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shintaro Takagi Author-X-Name-First: Shintaro Author-X-Name-Last: Takagi Title: Are Land and House Prices Too High in Japan? Abstract: As the Japanese economy grows, in Japan, "internationalization" is becoming the keyword to capture this era, and research in international comparison has been popular [1]. On land and housing, which are the subject of the present study, in the past the data barrier was formidable, but recently various international data have been obtainable in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 57-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200157 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200157 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1991:i:1:p:57-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eisuke Sakakibara Author-X-Name-First: Eisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Sakakibara Title: The Japanese-Style System of Market Economy Abstract: My main thesis is that the Japanese-style system of market economy is characterized by (1) the big business sector and (2) the public sector. In what follows, I would like to synthesize the existing literature and make a brief sketch of the big business sector, which was the driving force of Japan's rapid economic growth. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X20013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X20013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1991:i:1:p:3-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dipak Basu Author-X-Name-First: Dipak Author-X-Name-Last: Basu Author-Name: Victoria Miroshnik Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Miroshnik Title: Human Resources Management of Japanese Multinationals Abstract: Multinational business operations can take many different forms. The "international corporation" is a domestic firm that builds on its existing capabilities to penetrate overseas markets (e.g., companies such as Honda and General Electric), whereas the "multinational corporation" (MNC) is a more complex form that gives its foreign subsidiaries a great deal of latitude to address local issues such as consumer preferences, political pressures, and economic trends in different regions of the world. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X28013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X28013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:3-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dipak Basu Author-X-Name-First: Dipak Author-X-Name-Last: Basu Author-Name: Victoria Miroshnik Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Miroshnik Title: Expansion of Japanese Foreign Investments Abstract: Japanese multinational companies have expended the sphere of Japanese business activities through out the globe in recent years. In the process they have made significant contributions in the economies of the host countries and have developed international economic relationships between Japan and the host countries. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 70-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:70-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dipak Basu Author-X-Name-First: Dipak Author-X-Name-Last: Basu Author-Name: Victoria Miroshnik Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Miroshnik Title: Global Environments for Japanese Multinational Companies Abstract: How do Japanese multinational corporations evaluate the attractiveness of different countries, and what factors are most important to them? Among Japanese corporations, a consensus has been reached on which countries are considered promising for medium- or long-term investment. China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) continue to attract considerable attention. China's attractiveness is declining, however, due to its recent policies regarding foreign investments and a tax system that creates negative influences. Another factor has been the poor performance of foreign companies in China. Among the industrialized nations, the United States, Canada, and the European Union (EU) are the most attractive countries or regions. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 38-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280138 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280138 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:1:p:38-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Atsuko Nagano Author-X-Name-First: Atsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Nagano Title: Chapter 13. Lives of Alumnae, 1974-80 Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to describe the lives of our five alumnae—family life, social life, and work life, if any. This chapter will cover the period corresponding to child rearing (from their late twenties to early forties), and Chapter 18 [The Japanese Economy 27, no. 5:48-55] will cover the period thereafter. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 50-58 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:4:p:50-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Title: Chapter 11. Career Progress Abstract: By the end of the previous period (1973) many of our alumni working for private companies had already been promoted to lower management positions. During this period (1974-80) an increasing number of them were promoted to middle management positions. A typical corporate hierarchy involving middle and lower level management positions is shown in Figure 1. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-22 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:4:p:3-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Title: Chapter 12. Overseas Assignments, 1974-80 Abstract: During this period (1974-80), a total of fourteen alumni were active in overseas assignments (Table 1). They are listed in the order of the commencement of their overseas assignments. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 23-49 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270423 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270423 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:4:p:23-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Masafumi Kasai Author-X-Name-First: Masafumi Author-X-Name-Last: Kasai Author-Name: Yoshihiro Mizuno Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mizuno Title: Chapter 14. General Environment, 1981-90 Abstract: The decade of the 1980s was an epoch-making period in the twentieth century, featuring as it did the fall of the Soviet empire and the victory of the United States and its allies in the cold war. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 59-67 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:4:p:59-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Author-Name: Yukihiro Mitsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Yukihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mitsunaga Author-Name: Fumio Kosugi Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Kosugi Author-Name: Hiroto Hidaka Author-X-Name-First: Hiroto Author-X-Name-Last: Hidaka Title: Chapter 15. Industry-Specific Environment, 1981-90 Abstract: The second oil crisis in 1979 caused renewed inflation, declining economic growth, and an increase in balance-of-payments deficits in industrialized countries, which were still suffering from stagflation. The sluggish economies of those countries resulted in a weakening demand for petroleum in 1981 and 1982, and this placed OPEC's current account balance in the red in 1982. The world economy simultaneously experienced a recession that was spread over the largest area ever. Then world economic recovery began when the crude oil price stabilized at a lower level. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 68-90 Issue: 4 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:4:p:68-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroko Ohta Author-X-Name-First: Hiroko Author-X-Name-Last: Ohta Title: The Changing Status of Women and Japan's Tax System—A Discussion of Taxation Units Abstract: When thinking about equity and neutrality in relation to taxation, it is very important—yet difficult to decide—whether individuals or households should be the basis for the taxation unit. With the former, the wage earner is taxed as a unit; with the latter, the units of actual consumption and savings within the family budget are taxed since expenses are used for taxes based on the money spent. This means that the complete household income is totaled and becomes the taxation unit. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 59-92 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:4:p:59-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Dual Structure and the Macroeconomy of Japan Abstract: It goes without saying that the dual structure is a hallmark of Japan's production economy. It has attracted a great deal of attention in Japanese economic studies, especially in the historical context.1 Its theoretical underpinnings, however, do not seem to have been fully explored. In this article, we will approach the problem from the standpoint of a general equilibrium theory of economic growth. We will focus on the role which the dual structure plays in Japan's macroeconomy through a comprehensive review of price-wage and employment-output relationships. Based on this theoretical model, we will study changes which the dual structure has experienced over the last four decades. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-31 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X23043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X23043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:4:p:3-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Bubbles in Japan's Stock Market: A Macroeconomic Analysis Abstract: Since the 1950s, Japan's stock market has gone into bubbles every ten years or so (early 1950s, early 1960s, and early 1970s). Then the 1980s saw a strong bubble that continued for several years (late 1982 to the end of 1989). What caused this bubble to be so strong? Our analysis of the fundamental equation reveals that the key factor was the nominal interest rate which continued to decline until the late 1980s owing to the extremely relaxed monetary policy pursued by the Bank of Japan. The forecasts for stock prices made by investors added to the effect of the low interest rates. We will show that investors tend to forecast fluctuations on the real side two-to three-quarters ahead of time. The bubble crashed when the forecasts of the investors collapsed. Since then investors have remained bearish and the stock market has remained in the doldrums. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 32-58 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:4:p:32-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Raymond Feddema Author-X-Name-First: Raymond Author-X-Name-Last: Feddema Title: The WTO, Governments, and Global Business Abstract: For the past two decades, three major international economic institutions have gone through difficult times. Two of them, the IMF and the WB, succeeded in triggering controversies for considerable periods of time. The third institution, the GATT, in 1995 renamed the WTO, was already in crisis long before its crisis-stricken meeting in Seattle in December 1999. This attracted the attention of a larger public only after numerous interest groups took to the streets of Seattle to express their discontent with the WTO's policies, protests that were widely covered by the mass media. There is a pressing need to explore what went wrong with these international institutions. This article will analyze problematic issues confronted by GATT, and currently by the WTO. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 31-53 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290231 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290231 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:31-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Radtke Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Radtke Author-Name: Marianne Wiesebron Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Wiesebron Title: Preface Abstract: This book is one of the results of a medium-term project focusing on relations and cooperation involving countries in Latin America, the European Union, and East Asia. This project comprised various workshops and conferences, as well as an intensive course on Asia, Europe, and Latin America, for graduate students from Latin America (see below, project "Cabrai"). Two symposia were held, "South-South Relations" and "Towards the Millennium Round: Asia, The European Union and Latin America." Scholars and graduates from three Latin American countries (Brazil, Argentina, Chile) and Asia (Japan, China, India, and Korea) participated in these projects. In addition, a "Masterclass" was conducted in 2000 as part of the Advanced Master's Program of the Centre of Non-Western Studies of Leiden University. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pitou Van Duck Author-X-Name-First: Pitou Author-X-Name-Last: Van Duck Title: The European Union's New Strategies Toward Emerging Asia and Latin America Abstract: The position of the European Union (EU) in the world economy has become less dominant with the emergence of new centers of gravity since the 1970s. Moreover, the strong orientation of the countries of the Union toward the regional economy decreased and consequently they have become more dependent for their economic prosperity on the rest of the world, as has been the case in all regions in the world economy. The growing significance of trade and direct investment linkages with countries outside the EU and the dynamism of newly industrializing countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America have contributed to the urgency of reforming the external economic policy of the EU. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 75-97 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290275 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290275 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:75-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurt Radtke Author-X-Name-First: Kurt Author-X-Name-Last: Radtke Title: Introduction and Overview Abstract: This book focuses on the role of regional integration as a means for societies, economies, and states to survive in the struggle called globalization. Members of the Triad, the United States, Japan, and the European Union, have developed different types of networks to enhance their competitive strengths.1 While acting globally, each of the three players has been engaged in shaping geographically contingent regions to fit into integrated networks, subordinating weaker economies.2 It is not by chance that the countries that maintain closer relations are often those who in the past were bound to each other in a colonial type of relationship. Since their respective backyards are structured differently, politically, economically, but also culturally, it comes as no surprise that the web of relations developed by members of the Triad differs in many respects. Weaker countries take part in integration schemes led by Triad members, and at the same time attempt to develop their own network of institutions in the form of regionalism to better withstand pressures from members of the Triad, and other possible competitors. Processes of integration thus occur at many levels and layers; competition promotes integration, but various forms of integration processes in turn sharpen competition among all participants. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-27 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:5-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerrit Faber Author-X-Name-First: Gerrit Author-X-Name-Last: Faber Title: Deepening of Multilateral Integration in the WTO Abstract: The liberalization of world trade is an ongoing process. There is a tradition of many decades dedicated to bringing trade barriers down through multilateral negotiations in the framework of the GATT, which has been continued in the WTO since 1995. Tariffs and quantitative restrictions (QRs) were singled out as the most important factors hampering trade. However, to the extent this trade liberalization has been successful, other barriers have become more important as bottlenecks for trade flows. These other barriers are largely the consequence of public regulation of markets. In order to continue multilateral economic liberalization, these regulatory barriers have been the object of trade negotiations, as have the further lowering of tariffs and quantitative restrictions. This shift in multilateral trade talks has changed the nature of the negotiations. In the past, trade liberalization mainly affected the relative protection of sectors, the area of industrial policy. In the new situation, environmental, social, consumer, public health, and cultural policies are drawn into the negotiations as these policies lead to regulatory barriers. This complicates trade negotiations. The number of potential conflicts has increased many times and tradeoffs have become more difficult as different policy areas cannot easily be compared. Groups of countries have succeeded in finding ways to diminish regulatory barriers. Regional integration of this kind is called ‘deep’ integration: The existing objective of economic liberalization is realized by common regulation and policies and by constraining the powers of the participating countries.1 In the European Community (EC), deepening has occurred in the Dassonville and Cassis de Dijon rulings of the European Court of Justice in 1974 and 1979, respectively, and in the Single European Act (1985) and the Treaty of Maastricht (1991). The NAFTA agreement also contains elements of deep integration.2 This paper discusses deepening of integration at the multilateral level: the harmonization and approximation of regulatory diversity through global mechanisms. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 54-74 Issue: 2 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290254 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290254 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:2:p:54-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: IV. Abstract: The automobile market is often described as an oligopoly with product differentiation. Economies of scale in the fields of production, sales, advertising, and consumers' popular support all give overwhelming advantages to large enterprises, thus making the automobile industry highly liable to become an oligopoly industry. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 27-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:27-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: VI. Abstract: An industry's aggressive attitude on technical progress is considered as desirable market performance because it leads to price reductions through productivity advances and, at the same time, to quality improvements of products to meet changes in consumers' preferences and to serve public interests. In the case of the automobile industry, the following three aspects must be examined: 1) How much effort has it exerted to raise productive efficiency and lower product prices? 2) How intent has it been on improving safety devices and preparing antipollution systems? 3) How much has it succeeded in improving the running performance of automobiles? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 55-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:55-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroya Uneo Author-X-Name-First: Hiroya Author-X-Name-Last: Uneo Author-Name: Hiromichi Muto Author-X-Name-First: Hiromichi Author-X-Name-Last: Muto Title: I. Abstract: The first automobile in the world was made by N. J. Cugnot (1725-1804), a Frenchman, some 200 years ago in 1769. This three-wheel steam-engined vehicle, however, ran into a brick wall at a speed of 3.5 kilometers per hour and broke down. As compared with current passenger cars, it was indeed a primitive vehicle. Yet it was undoubtedly an automobile in that it was an engine-loaded wheeled vehicle which could turn into a mobile criminal weapon as soon as it had been driven in the wrong way. In fact, the main features of this primitive vehicle fit what the Japanese Road Traffic Law defines as "cars with prime movers, except prime-mover attached bicycles, which can be driven without the railway or cableway." This might lead one to wonder if there had been any substantial technical progress in automobiles during the past two centuries. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-12 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X03013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X03013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:3-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: II. Abstract: The government, at its cabinet meeting on September 13, 1949, made a decision on "Matters Concerning Industrial Rationalization," which set up the guidelines for building a desirable industrial structure in the future. However, opinions had still been split even within government quarters at that time as to where the automobile industry should be placed in the prospective industrial structure. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 12-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030112 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030112 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:12-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: VIII. Abstract: In 1971 the Japanese automobile industry ranked second in the world in the number of automobiles produced, exported, and registered, thus proving its outstanding leap-forward through the postwar years. This represents a glorious victory for MITI's protectionist policy. Nonetheless, even in 1969, when the Japanese automobile industry ranked second in the world in automobile production and fifth in the number of automobiles exported and registered, MITI itself was quite modest in describing the industry as follows: "Its passenger car production is fifth in the world [actually third when mini passenger car production is included]; it has so many manufacturers [but the number of passenger car manufacturers equals West Germany's]; its enterprise scale is inferior to the top-level automobile makers in the United States and Western Europe [but larger than their second-class firms]; its export ratio is below the European and U.S. level [actually, higher than the U.S. level]; its independent technology developing capacity is insufficient [how much is "sufficient"?]; the automobile parts industry's competitive power is insufficient [how much is "sufficient"?]; the sales network is unprepared [yes, exactly.']." (The statements in brackets are ours — H. U. and H. M.) MITI then insisted that the industry was not yet ready for full liberalization of capital. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 79-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:79-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: III. Abstract: In 1949 the SCAP authorized the Japanese automobile industry to reopen its full-scale operation. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was an unexpected boon that catapulted the industry into a growth orbit. In 1951, when the war came to a truce, production of four-wheel automobiles had reached 100,000 a year — nearly twice as much as the prewar peak record. Since then, thanks to the government's protection, production has kept on expanding to 1 million in 1963, 2 million in 1966, 3 million in 1967, and 5 million in 1970. During the twenty-two years from 1949 to 1971, Japanese automobile production registered a spectacular increase - as much as 200 times for all cars and 3,475 times for passenger cars (see Figure 1). In 1971 Japan was the second largest automobile producer in the world - the third in passenger cars next to the United States and West Germany and the first in bus and truck production. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 19-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:19-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: V. Abstract: Intent on its path of rapid growth so far, the Japanese automobile industry has just entered the stage of maturity. This means that the Japanese automobile industry formed a growth-oriented, competitive oligopoly under the government's strong protection. Its market has been quite competitive, even though automobile enterprises have recently begun avoiding price competition and have been moving toward nonprice competition in model changes, advertising, and sales promotion. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 43-55 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:43-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: VII. Abstract: It is often said that the automobile industry in Japan has achieved current prosperity at the sacrifice of its related enterprises, especially automobile parts makers and automobile dealers. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 68-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:1:p:68-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hidekazu Eguchi Author-X-Name-First: Hidekazu Author-X-Name-Last: Eguchi Author-Name: Koichi Hamada Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Hamada Title: Banking Behavior Under Constraints Abstract: The monetary system of each country has its own institutional characteristics. It may not be useful to apply literally to the monetary system of a country the monetary theory and the policy discussion developed in other countries. At the same time, it may also be inappropriate to deny the relevance of monetary theory developed abroad just because institutional details are different from abroad. The intrinsic economic rationale or logic itself can work even in a different institutional framework. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-41 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X06023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X06023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:2:p:3-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bunji Kure Author-X-Name-First: Bunji Author-X-Name-Last: Kure Title: Window Guidance of the Bank of Japan Abstract: In spite of the important role it has played in monetary policy, the real significance of the window guidance of the Bank of Japan has never been made clear to the public. The purpose of this article is to examine various aspects of the actual working of the window guidance. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 42-70 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:2:p:42-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akiyoshi Horiuchi Author-X-Name-First: Akiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Horiuchi Title: Effectiveness of "Lending Window Operations" as a Restrictive Monetary Policy Measure Abstract: Among a number of monetary policy measures taken by the Bank of Japan, an important restrictive measure has been its direct control over the volume of lendings by a group of financial institutions centering around city banks. This is what is known as the "window guidance" [madoguchi shido] or lending window operations. (1) Defects of this kind of direct control have been pointed out by many critics, but even today the majority view seems to be that the window guidance is highly effective as a restrictive monetary policy. (2) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 71-92 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:2:p:71-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hidekazu Eguchi Author-X-Name-First: Hidekazu Author-X-Name-Last: Eguchi Title: Comments on Effectiveness of the Window Guidance Abstract: Many conditions are necessary if lending window operations (or, the window guidance in Professor Horiuchi's terminology (1)) are to be sufficiently effective as a policy means of monetary control. Nonetheless, there have been no significant dissenting views to the thesis that this measure would work toward depressing the total volume of lendings of private financial institutions. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 93-103 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060293 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060293 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:2:p:93-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. S. Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: S. Title: Afterword Abstract: A sequel to the Horiuchi-Eguchi exchange was published in Keizai Kenkyu, 29 (January 1978):A. Horiuchi, "Eguchi Hidekazu Shi no Comment ni Kotaeru" [On Effectiveness of "Lending Window Operations" — A Reply to Mr. Eguchi's Comment], pp. 78-80; Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 104-104 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X0602104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X0602104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:2:p:104-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryutaro Komiya Author-X-Name-First: Ryutaro Author-X-Name-Last: Komiya Title: Japan's Alarming Turn to the Right Abstract: Hasn't Japanese politics, or more broadly, hasn't Japanese society of late been steadily making a "shift rightward"? For some time now I have been asking people for their personal opinions about this point and have been paying special attention to interviews and other articles in magazines and newspapers relating to this question. My general impression from it all is that politicians and government officials in conservative circles are keenly aware of this shift rightward, and many of them, in fact, take it to mean that the world has been set a little straighter, that the political strength of the reformist [kakushin] forces is receding, and that many things can now be more easily carried out than they once could. On the other hand, most Socialists and Communists also clearly recognize this trend to the right, and it appears that many of them are experiencing feelings of crisis that their political power is on the wane. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-41 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:4:p:3-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iwao Kuroda Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Kuroda Author-Name: Yoshiharu Oritani Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiharu Author-X-Name-Last: Oritani Title: A Reexamination of the Unique Features of Japan's Corporate Financial Structure A Comparison of Corporate Balance Sheets in Japan and the United States Abstract: This report presents a reexamination, by means of a comparison of Japanese and United States corporate balance sheets, of concepts that have come to be regarded as the most remarkable features of corporate finance in Japan — namely (1) a low net-worth ratio (the predominance of borrowed capital) and (2) a high degree of dependency on financial institutions (the predominance of indirect financing) — as a preliminary to any analysis of the structure of corporate finances and corporate behaviors in Japan. (1) We have three major findings as follows:(1) The conventional method of comparison between the two countries is superficial and one-sided, and needs to be modified. There are major differences between Japan and the United States in corporations' hidden assets, sources of funds via leases and subsidiary finance companies, and the terms of flotation and routes of sales of corporate debentures. In undertaking a comparative study of special features of the financial structures of the two countries based on corporate balance sheets, one has to make adjustments for such differences. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 82-117 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X080482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X080482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:4:p:82-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazutoshi Kōshiro Author-X-Name-First: Kazutoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Kōshiro Title: Japanese Studies in Labor Economics Abstract: Over the last ten or more years, Japanese studies of labor problems have made a drastic change of direction. In short, the turn is from the conventional social-policy-oriented institutional research to non-Marxian labor economics. Such a change is evident from a mere glance at the econometric studies of wage changes, spectacular advances in theory and empirical analysis of labor supply, and development of theories of human capital formation and the internal labor market. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 42-81 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X080442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X080442 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:4:p:42-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies Vol. VIII (Fall 1979-Summer 1980) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 118-119 Issue: 4 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X0804118 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X0804118 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:4:p:118-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Dobrovinskii Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dobrovinskii Title: Material Intensiveness and its Influence on the Effectiveness of Production Abstract: The reduction of the material intensiveness of the social product is one of the main ways of increasing economic effectiveness, which is determined by the combination of material intensiveness, the output-capital ratio, and the expenditures of live labor. (1) Under certain conditions one of the partial indices, e.g., capital intensiveness, may grow while outlays of material working capital and live labor per unit of output decline. The saving thus achieved not infrequently outweighs the increase in outlays of fixed capital. As a result of such dynamics of partial indices, there may be an improvement in the effectiveness index on the whole, as was the case in postwar Japan. The compensatory influence of material intensiveness appeared against a background of sharply increased consumption of raw materials and supplies in connection with the rapid and considerable expansion of the volume of production. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 77-97 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:2:p:77-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ia. Pevzner Author-X-Name-First: Ia. Author-X-Name-Last: Pevzner Title: The Japanese Economy Today and Tomorrow Abstract: One of the authoritative Japanese economics journals published for foreigners contained a cartoon depicting the Japanese economy as a horse that had thrown its rider and was running in an unknown direction. A government "planner" wearing a professor's cap was attempting to overtake him. This cartoon serves as an illustration to the following text: "Government planners today are disheartened and are losing faith in the effectiveness of their activity. They have been assigned the task of making a new economic forecast in place of the presently existing Plan of Economic and Social Development for 1970-1975. What especially alarms them is the fear that government forecasts will be fruitless and that social circles and businessmen will be more and more neglectful of government directives. One of the problems that concerns the economists in this connection is the problem of investment in plant and equipment, which in the past was the basic motive force behind economic growth." (1) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-24 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X02023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X02023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:2:p:3-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Dolgorukov Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Dolgorukov Title: Ussr-Japan: Trade and Economic Cooperation in Action Abstract: The program of peace, of relaxation of tensions, and of strengthening of good-neighbor relations proclaimed by the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU found its further creative development and concretization in the report by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev at the April (1973) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The peace program and the report by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, as the scientific generalization of practical experience in the present stage of world development, reflect the continuous growth of the might of socialism and the intensification of the objective trend toward the expansion of political, economic, scientific-technical, and cultural relations between capitalist countries and the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, under the influence of the radical change in the array of forces in the world arena in favor of socialism. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-64 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:2:p:48-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Komzin Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Komzin Title: The Japanese Way of Scientific and Technical Development Abstract: The relatively more rapid growth of social spending on science; the industrialization of the very research and development process; the more extensive processing of raw materials leading to the reduction of the material intensiveness of production and to the reinforcement of the positions of the manufacturing industry; the accelerated development of the electric power base of production; the mastery of new sources and methods of power production; the ever broader application of electronics and computers; and the intensive process of updating the assortment of commodities, and especially equipment —all these and other processes have become virtually synonymous with the scientific and technical revolution. They are associated with the objective features of the modern revolution in the technical production base of industrially developed nations. However, the content and diversity of directions of scientific -technical progress are, of course, not confined solely to its main aspects. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 25-47 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:2:p:25-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Parkanskii Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Parkanskii Title: The Export of American Methods of Management to Japan Abstract: Economic, political, social, and cultural features have produced the uniqueness of the forms and methods of management in Japan. At the same time, the country, with its "lag" in the development of capitalist relations, is greatly influenced by foreign, primarily American, practice. Even though Japanese business circles were familiar with American management long before World War II, these methods have come into common use only in the postwar years. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 65-76 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:2:p:65-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Koike Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Koike Title: Japan's Industrial Relations Abstract: Until now, "lifetime employment" or the "intrafirm labor market" has been emphasized as the distinctive mark of Japanese industrial relations. We can express this in other words as career internalization. But when we make a comparison with the organized sector of America's heavy industries, it is difficult to say that that is peculiar to Japan. Career internalization itself, as far as the organized sectors of the heavy industries of both countries are concerned, has been recognized as common to both. Nonetheless, on that common ground there still are noteworthy differences. According to my observations up to now, they can be summarized as the following six. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 42-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1978:i:1:p:42-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroyuki Itami Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Itami Title: A Japanese-American Comparison of Management Productivity Abstract: The TV series Columbo is an American program occasionally shown on the NHK [Japan Broadcasting Corporation], whose hero has become well-known with his decrepit raincoat. This series has become popular for its twisted scenario and the suspenseful process of the hero detective's deduction. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X07013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X07013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1978:i:1:p:3-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshio Kurosaka Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Kurosaka Title: Fiscal Policy in Postwar Japan Abstract: Tobin (1980, pp. 46-48) stated: That government policies can be a source of instability is obvious. … That they are the only source of shocks to an intrinsically stable mechanism is a proposition that could be seriously advanced only by persons with extravagant faith in their own abstract models and with historical amnesia. … We can take some encouragement from the economic performance of the advanced democratic capitalist nations since the Second World War. On this point, Martin Baily has proved once more that a picture is worth a thousand words. His picture … shows how much more stable real output has been in the United States under conscious policies of built-in and discretionary stabilization adopted since 1946 and particularly since 1961. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-42 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X17033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X17033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1989:i:3:p:3-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takayoshi Shimamura Author-X-Name-First: Takayoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Shimamura Title: Japan's Financial System Abstract: As a prelude to our study of the financial system of Japan, let us outline our own basic understanding of the issue. In what follows, we interpret the financial system very broadly so as to encompass its institutions, structure, function, and policy. More concretely, what we mean is as follows. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 43-88 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1989:i:3:p:43-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Vol. iv (Fall 1975-Summer 1976) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 81-82 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040481 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040481 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:4:p:81-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsuneo Iida Author-X-Name-First: Tsuneo Author-X-Name-Last: Iida Title: The Lineage of Japanese Economics Abstract: Contemporary economics is generally believed to be a discipline that studies how a modern industrial economy functions. But some scholars may make contemporary economics cover not only advanced industrial nations but also developing nations. Frankly speaking, however, contemporary economics becomes powerless when it comes to analyzing economic development or the North-South problem. This shortcoming of modern economics is very serious, for these problems are now the most critical issues of the century. But I am not going to deal with this aspect in the present article. (1) I just want to note that it is safe to limit the scope of contemporary economics to advanced modern economies. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 63-80 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:4:p:63-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kamekichi Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Kamekichi Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Title: Japan's Changing Growth Factors and its Future Prospects Abstract: The main objective of this book has been to examine what were the basic factors of the unprecedented high growth of the Japanese economy in the postwar world. However, with 1970-71 as a turning point, Japan began to slow down its growth to the rate observed for a mature economy owing to the following major internal and external reasons: (i) As internal factors responsible for Japan's rapid growth reached maturity and their driving force became weakened, Japanese economic growth has run into a period of deceleration. (ii) Since late 1973, significant changes occurred in the world economic system, which had nurtured Japan's rapid economic growth. (More on these later.) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-43 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X04043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X04043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:4:p:3-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eisuke Daido Author-X-Name-First: Eisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Daido Title: Why are They "General Trading Firms Abstract: Japan's economic development is inseparably tied to the development of foreign trade. From early in the Meiji era onward, the degree of Japan's trade dependence rose year by year to the point that exports and imports were about 20 percent of net national product early in the Showa era (1927-). In the postwar period, by contrast, Japan's trade dependence fell sharply to around one-half the prewar level. Quantitatively speaking, among the advanced industrial countries Japan has become the nation with the lowest degree of trade dependence next to the United States. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 44-62 Issue: 4 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040444 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040444 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:4:p:44-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshikazu Kano Author-X-Name-First: Yoshikazu Author-X-Name-Last: Kano Title: Japanese Agriculture: It Can Be Revitalized Abstract: This paper is a revised version of my article, "Nihon Nogyo Zakkan—Hogo Hiyo" Minimum eno Daisan no Michi" [Some Reflections on Japanese Agriculture—For a Third Way Toward Minimal Protection Cost], Keizai Hyoron (February 1980). The measurement of the agricultural protection cost in section 2 was reproduced from the National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA), ed., Nogyo Jiritsu Senryaku no Kenkyu [A Study on the Strategy for Independence of Japanese Agriculture] (Tokyo: NIRA, 1981). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 34-66 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130334 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130334 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:3:p:34-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ikutsune Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Ikutsune Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Title: Japanese Agriculture: Fallacy of the Revitalization Argument Abstract: A popular topic these days even at small village gatherings is the Takenaka article and the NIRA Study. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-33 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X13033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X13033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:3:p:3-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryuichiro Tachi Author-X-Name-First: Ryuichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Tachi Title: The "Softization" of the Japanese Economy Abstract: Editor's note: The study group that prepared the report consists of fifteen members from universities, private research institutes, banks, and the government. Professor Tachi serves as chair. The group was assisted by a working group composed of twelve government and business economists, which undertook background research. However, opinions expressed in the report are strictly private. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 67-104 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:3:p:67-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony John Duggan Author-X-Name-First: Anthony John Author-X-Name-Last: Duggan Title: Cranes and Kiwis: Postal system privatization and institutional realignment Abstract: Postal reform is a major issue in Japan. Although the Koizumi administration strove to implement many changes, opposition forces both during and following his term diluted the process and the institutional environment has been only marginally realigned. New Zealand’s experience of postal reform, however, shows a marked shift in the institutional environment. This article offers a comparative analysis of the two countries through the lens of institutional economics and suggests that the relative lack of change in Japan might have been due to a failure to disentangle social and commercial concerns. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 53-79 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 41 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2016.1163641 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2016.1163641 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:41:y:2015:i:3-4:p:53-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jarrod Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Jarrod Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Hirofumi Kawaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Hirofumi Author-X-Name-Last: Kawaguchi Title: Economics, culture, and electoral reform: The case of Japanese agricultural trade negotiations Abstract: The effect of electoral structure on foreign policy is a matter of some question. The 1994 electoral reforms in Japan, which resulted in significant changes to electoral power structures, provide an opportunity to understand if and how electoral structure influences foreign policy. This article examines Japanese WTO agricultural trade negotiations in light of the 1994 reforms, looking specifically at whether or not Japan’s agricultural negotiating position as an extension of its agricultural policy changed after the 1994 electoral reforms. If democratic electoral structure has an impact on Japan’s trade negotiating position, it will do so by reconfiguring the domestic pressures against trade liberalization, producing a different equilibrium point between domestic and international pressures. The article finds that the Japanese negotiating position did not change after the 1994 reforms, raising questions regarding the impact of economic factors mediated by democratic electoral structures on economic foreign policy. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 80-111 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 41 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2016.1246333 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2016.1246333 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:41:y:2015:i:3-4:p:80-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: ebi-ebi Issue: 3-4 Volume: 41 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2015.1260933 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2015.1260933 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:41:y:2015:i:3-4:p:ebi-ebi Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Ando Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Ando Title: Identity and Couples' Housework Sharing Abstract: In this article, I conduct a virtual experiment to examine what kinds of house work-sharing behaviors are exhibited by husbands in situations where the husband's proportion of work hours outside the home is relatively low. The results of a survey conducted in January 2008 showed that the loss of a husband's gender identity has an effect not only on the husband's housework-sharing behaviors, but also on those of his wife, and they support the idea that husbands are therefore quite likely to engage in gender display behaviors. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-29 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:3:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukichi Mano Author-X-Name-First: Yukichi Author-X-Name-Last: Mano Author-Name: Eiji Yamamura Author-X-Name-First: Eiji Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamura Title: Effects of Husband's Education and Family Structure on Labor Force Participation and Married Japanese Women's Earnings Abstract: This article investigates the relationships of a husband's education, family structure, co-residence with parents or in-laws, and child care, to labor supply and earnings among married Japanese women between 2000 and 2002. Whereas educated husbands reduce the labor supply of wives, their human capital is positively associated with productivity and earnings of the wives once they participate in the labor market. Moreover, our analysis suggests a specific division of labor within a household through which a wife's mother or mother-in-law helps her participate in the labor market, while her father or father-in-law does not affect her labor participation. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 71-91 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:3:p:71-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note: Complete Digital Archives of Selected M.E. Sharpe Journals Are Now Available Free of Charge Exclusively to 2011 Institutional Subscribers Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 119-119 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:3:p:119-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wako Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Wako Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Title: Prudential Regulations and Banking Behavior in Japan Abstract: Many types of financial supervision policies have been implemented since the emergence of the financial crisis in the late 1990s, including measures to provide full deposit protection, to inject public funds into banks, to implement prompt corrective action, and to promote so-called relationship banking. This article gives an overview of these policy approaches and surveys empirical studies on financial supervision policies in Japan. The empirical studies that have attempted to assess these policies have clearly shown the following: (1) protecting full deposits may encourage banks' moral hazard, (2) prompt corrective action constrains moral hazard, and (3) the injection of sufficient amounts of public capital to compensate for capital shortfalls at individual banks may mitigate the banks' reluctance to lend, while the injection of small amounts of public capital, when not accompanied by an examination of bank assets, will fail to have the desired effects on lending. Meanwhile, relationship banking, which has been promoted by the Financial Services Agency, has been examined by empirical studies using surveys of companies, but the results of these studies have not facilitated the formation of a consensus on the matter. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 30-70 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:3:p:30-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eiji Yamamura Author-X-Name-First: Eiji Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamura Title: What Discourages Participation in the Lay Judge System of Japan? Abstract: The lay judge system, a quasi-jury system, was introduced in Japan in May 2009. This article attempts to analyze Japanese people's attitude toward this system by examining whether they show a willingness to serve as a lay judge. The major findings from regression analysis are: (1) In general, people with a spouse are inclined to adopt a negative attitude about serving as a lay judge. This tendency is, however, not observed in large cities. (2) Long-time residents and homeowners are more likely to have a negative attitude about serving as a lay judge. These results show that a tight-knit interpersonal social network discourages people from serving as lay judges. Because of the lifetime secrecy obligation and the penalty provisions for those who break this obligation, people with closer interpersonal ties are under greater pressure and strains, which leads to greater psychological cost. The obligation and its penalty should be eased to improve attitudes about serving as a lay judge. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 92-118 Issue: 3 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:3:p:92-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Metzler Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Metzler Title: The Road to the Dollar Standard Abstract: This essay describes the evolution of Japan's modern currency standard, from its premodern origins, to the age of the classical gold standard, to the establishment of the classical dollar standard after World War II. Relatively little has been written in English describing this long-run evolution, and much of the existing work is relatively fragmentary; what follows is intended to provide a chronological framework and to provide some pointers to the literature on the subject.1 Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 46-81 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300346 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300346 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:46-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Werner Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Title: A Reconsideration of the Rationale for Bank-Centered Economic Systems and the Effectiveness of Directed Credit Policies in the Light of Japanese Evidence Abstract: Directed credit is seen by recent literature as having contributed to high post-war economic growth in several Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Indonesia. Its use, however, remains controversial. This paper adopts ex ante predictive power as criterion for the evaluation of the usefulness of theories and policies. For this purpose it attempts to identify the historical rationale of the credit direction policies adopted by Japan—the East Asian country that developed earliest and most successfully. It is found that Japan's directed credit policymakers modeled their system on the practice of the Reichsbank, under its president Hjalmar Schacht in the 1920s, and the economic thought of German development economists at the time, who argued for a strong role of banks as conduits of official guidance within an overall growth-oriented institutional design. This paper provides some support for directed credit policies and offers an alternative explanation for the emergence of a bank-based financial system in Japan and other countries. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-45 Issue: 3 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:3:p:3-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 3. What Is the Most Likely Future Trend of the Pillars of Japanese Management? Abstract: This chapter addresses the future aspects of the Japanese economic and social system, with a particular focus on the future direction of certain traditional values of the Japanese management system. To this end, we examine the most likely trends for lifetime employment, the seniority wage system, the enterprise union, bottom-up management, and certain secondary characteristics of the Japanese model. We offer proof that changing corporate governance rules at both the worldwide and domestic levels will overthrow the traditional Japanese model. This will also speed up the decartelization of the zaibatsu. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 87-113 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:3:p:87-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Conclusion Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 114-117 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:3:p:114-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claude Lonien Author-X-Name-First: Claude Author-X-Name-Last: Lonien Title: Guest Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:3:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 1. The Old Japanese Model Abstract: In this chapter, first, we explain the evolution of the Japanese conglomerates, from the prewar zaibatsu to their decartelization in 1946 and to their reconstruction by the U.S. occupation. Thereafter, we outline the industrial organization of Japan and the role of the Japanese state in the domestic economy. Finally, we describe the four main pillars of the keiretsu1 model, namely, lifetime employment, seniority wages, enterprise unions, and consensual capitalism, before closing the chapter with some secondary aspects of the Japanese economic and social model. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-36 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:3:p:5-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 2. The Economic and Sociologic Reasons Explaining the Structural Impediments in the Japanese Economy Abstract: In this chapter, first we point out the reasons that led to the unsustainable level of Japanese gross public debt. Then, we focus on the power struggles between domestic policymakers, bureaucrats, and businessmen in order to understand why it is difficult to reach quick decisions in Japanese political and economic affairs nowadays. After stressing the recent reform of home administration, we examine the reasons that led to the deregulation waves in the domestic banking industry and that finally resulted in the Big Bang of 1996. We also talk about the problem of the privatization of the state-owned postal savings system, because the latter seems to contain the solution to the structural impediments of domestic banking and policy-making bottlenecks. Furthermore, we discuss the shortcomings of the Japanese education and research systems. Then we mention the time bomb looming in the domestic pension and social security system that is deeply linked to the shortcomings of the domestic labor market and its decade-old hiring and promotion practices. Finally, we point to a very important issue on the labor market, namely, the declining work morale of domestic youth. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 37-86 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:3:p:37-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Bibliography Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 118-121 Issue: 3 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:3:p:118-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulli Jamitzky Author-X-Name-First: Ulli Author-X-Name-Last: Jamitzky Title: Diffusion of Japanese preferential trade agreements: Why is no evaluation underway? Abstract: In the last two decades, the worldwide diffusion of bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) has altered the international trade regime. East Asian governments are eager to conclude FTAs. Japan is an especially interesting case in East Asia because it initially did not consider FTAs as a policy option, but subsequently changed its position drastically, and is now one of the main FTA-hubs in the region. After mainly signing bilateral agreements, Japan entered a second stage of FTA diffusion when it joined the ongoing Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations and started talks with the EU in 2013. Discussions on a trilateral FTA among Japan, China, and Korea are also underway. However, Japan has not undertaken any measures to evaluate its present FTAs in order to secure the best possible political and economic outcome in future negotiations. This article will examine the challenges of trade policy evaluation in Japan. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 41 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2014.1005505 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2014.1005505 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:41:y:2015:i:1-2:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hironori Sasada Author-X-Name-First: Hironori Author-X-Name-Last: Sasada Title: The “third arrow” or friendly fire? The LDP government’s reform plan for the Japan agricultural cooperatives Abstract: Upon its triumphant return to power in 2012, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), under the leadership of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, introduced a set of new economic policies popularly called “Abenomics.” One of the main components of the new policy was a drastic reform plan for the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA), the party’s longtime loyal supporter. The announcement of the reform plan invited fierce opposition from the JA, which threatened to end its support of LDP in future elections. Why did Abe introduce the JA reform plan, even though it could lead to loss of electoral support for his party? Is he serious about carrying out the proposed reform plan, or is it just for show? This article analyzes the context of the JA reform plan from the standpoint of constructivist institutionalism focusing on policymakers’ ideas regarding party management. It claims that the LDP’s shift away from clientelism is not simply a product of electoral reform; its cause is deeply rooted in the history of the ruling party. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 14-35 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 41 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2015.1085320 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2015.1085320 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:41:y:2015:i:1-2:p:14-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Ando Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Ando Title: Social norms, gender identity, and high-earning wives’ housework behavior in Japan: An identity economics framework Abstract: This article takes an identity economics perspective to examine the housework behavior of Japanese wives of couples where both spouses work full-time, based on panel data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers in 2000–2008. First, we show that Japanese wives are reluctant to reduce their housework time even when they out-earn their husbands. Second, there is no negative linear relationship between wives’ absolute income and the time they allocate to unpaid work. Last, we find no evidence that low-earning wives reduce their time spent on housework more rapidly than high-earning wives in Japan. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 36-51 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 41 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2015.1105675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2015.1105675 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:41:y:2015:i:1-2:p:36-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshimasa Tsuruta Author-X-Name-First: Toshimasa Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuruta Title: The Mixed Economic System and the Role of Government Abstract: The kind of roles and functions the government has played, with respect to economic activities, and the kinds of expectations people have kept toward the government in the economic development process, vary a great deal across countries and over time. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 61-90 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250361 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:61-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koji Taira Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Taira Title: Professor Martin Bronfenbrenner, 1914-1997 Abstract: Martin Bronfenbrenner, Duke University's first Kenan Professor of Economics, died of pancreatic cancer at his Durham home on June 2, 1997. He is survived by his wife, Teruko Okuaki Bronfenbrenner; a son, Kenneth Bronfenbrenner of New York; a daughter, June K. Bronfenbrenner-Walker; and a grandson, Brian J. Walker, both of Severna Park, Maryland. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 102-104 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2503102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2503102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:102-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiyoshi Mitsui Author-X-Name-First: Kiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Mitsui Author-Name: Jun Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: The Productivity Effect of Social Capital Abstract: Public investment is accumulated as social capital, which leads to improvements in the industrial base and contributes to private sector production. For example, productivity should rise in the transportation industry because of improvements to social capital such as highways, airports, and port facilities. Moreover, service industry productivity rises with improvements to social capital such as water and sewage facilities. Because such social capital is a good with major externalities, public policy intervenes in the supply process when private sector economic agents encounter supply problems, or when supplies are inadequate. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-29 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X25033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X25033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shiro Ito Author-X-Name-First: Shiro Author-X-Name-Last: Ito Title: The Macroeconomy and the Financial Structure of Japan Abstract: The history of the Japanese economy since its modernization started has been a process in which growth and cycles intermingled. In general, the modern economic growth process after a capitalist economic system was established has been characterized by an accelerating trend of growth and cyclical fluctuations around that growth path. According to Schumpeter, the essence of a capitalist economy is the dynamic developmental process of change and growth created by the innovative activities of entrepreneurs, the innovation working as the driving force of the development process. Advanced capitalist countries including Japan have experienced recurrent fluctuations during periods of continued growth. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 30-60 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:30-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Bronfenbrenne Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Bronfenbrenne Title: Growth and Recessions in Japan Abstract: My one-semester "Japan" class is formally titled "The Japanese Economy and Its History." It is aimed at upper-division undergraduates. Prerequisites are either a year of economic principles or a year of East Asian history (and preferably both). Since my "heavy foot" is in the economics department, the bulk of my students are economics majors. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 91-101 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:3:p:91-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koichi Shimokawa Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Shimokawa Title: Keiretsu Transactions Abstract: Before taking up the task of discussing international comparisons of keiretsu transactions, one fact must be made clear. This is that this form of transactions exists in the United States as well. It, in fact, existed particularly in such durable consumer goods industries as automobiles and is in the process of emerging in production of parts and components even though it is alleged that keiretsu transactions do not exist in the United States. Although they are not exactly identical with those observed in Japan there is a considerable similarity between them. This is always a point of contention between Japan and the United States that officially insists that it is only in Japan that closed keiretsu transactions exist. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 49-65 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210349 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210349 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:3:p:49-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hisashi Yaginuma Author-X-Name-First: Hisashi Author-X-Name-Last: Yaginuma Title: The Keiretsu Issue Abstract: There have been voices heard pointing out the importance of transactions among firms within an industry as a source of the international competitiveness of Japanese firms in recent years. At the same time, the issue of such a business transaction system, in particular its exclusivity, has come to be discussed internationally in the form of the "keiretsu issue." In concrete terms, industries such as automobiles and electric machinery are the subject of this debate. Here, we would like to view the keiretsu issue from the standpoint of economic theory and examine its effectiveness and problems. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-48 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X21033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X21033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:3:p:3-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akiyoshi Horiuchi Author-X-Name-First: Akiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Horiuchi Title: Functions of the Japanese Capital Market Abstract: The capital market, the stock market in particular, not only gives investors the opportunity to distribute the burden of risk, it is also expected to add the function of control to business management. In other words, the evaluation of investors that is unveiled in the capital market regarding the various forms of business management should have a very heavy influence on management decision making. The threat of company acquisition especially may be thought to play the part of deterring any deviation from a management policy of managing business with a serious consideration for the profit of the stockholders. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 66-95 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:3:p:66-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KENJI HATTORI Author-X-Name-First: KENJI Author-X-Name-Last: HATTORI Title: Sino-Japanese Economic Relations : Problems and Prospects Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 51-59 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:51-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TOSHIYA TSUGAMI Author-X-Name-First: TOSHIYA Author-X-Name-Last: TSUGAMI Title: FTAs Take Off in East Asia : The Absence of a Japan-China FTA Is a Loss Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 120-123 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:120-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YUKINORI KUWANO Author-X-Name-First: YUKINORI Author-X-Name-Last: KUWANO Title: The Leading Players in a Technology Superpower : Making Manufacturing a "Creative Industry" Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 67-76 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045172 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045172 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:67-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HIDEHIKO MUKOYAMA Author-X-Name-First: HIDEHIKO Author-X-Name-Last: MUKOYAMA Title: How Globalization Will Change Japan-China Trading Patterns Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 8-50 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045173 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045173 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:8-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KYOJI FUKAO Author-X-Name-First: KYOJI Author-X-Name-Last: FUKAO Title: The Future of Japan-China Trade and the Industrial Structure of Both Countries Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 77-107 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:77-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: EDWARD LINCOLN Author-X-Name-First: EDWARD Author-X-Name-Last: LINCOLN Title: Comment on Tsugami's "FTAs Take Off in East Asia" Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 124-125 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045175 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045175 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:124-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: C.H. KWAN Author-X-Name-First: C.H. Author-X-Name-Last: KWAN Title: Complementarity in Sino-Japanese Relations : Toward a Win-Win Game Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 60-66 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:60-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SAORI N. KATADA Author-X-Name-First: SAORI N. Author-X-Name-Last: KATADA Title: Constructing Regional Interests in Japan and China Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 126-150 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045177 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045177 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:126-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RYOSEI KOKUBUN Author-X-Name-First: RYOSEI Author-X-Name-Last: KOKUBUN Title: China and Japan in the Age of Globalization Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 108-119 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:108-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to Volume 31 Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 151-151 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045180 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045180 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:3-4:p:151-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yang Zerui Author-X-Name-First: Yang Author-X-Name-Last: Zerui Title: An Assessment of the Impact of China's WTO Accession Abstract: China is expected to have entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) toward the end of 2001, 15 years after negotiations with other General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/WTO members began in earnest. The international consensus seems to be that China's impact on the WTO will be comparable to that of Japan when it joined the GATT in 1955. With an eye to the possible consequences for the United States, members of the U.S. Congress have opposed China's WTO membership. This raises the need to reconsider the impact of China's entry into WTO on world markets. The major question is whether the rapid economic growth and high export growth rates that China achieved over the past 20 years will in fact accelerate even further, as was the case after Japan joined GATT. Is this a realistic assessment? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 48-68 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:48-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsutomu Kikuchi Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu Author-X-Name-Last: Kikuchi Title: The Political Economy of "East Asian" Cooperation Abstract: The purpose of my article is to examine the prospects for regional cooperation between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, and China, Japan, and South Korea known collectively as ASEAN Plus Three,1 on ‘East Asian' cooperation, from the perspectives of strengthening regional and global governance.2 There are rising expectations concerning the future of this forum in various parts of the region. However, the future development of this forum is still uncertain. There are many factors that could both stimulate and obstruct the strengthening of an East Asian regional architecture. This article argues that for the time being there is little possibility for the ASEAN Plus Three to evolve into a more institutionalized mechanism for cooperation. However, it would contribute to enhancing regional and global governance, if it is more tightly linked to existing regional and global institutions. That is, the ASEAN Plus Three might play an important role in forging a multilayered governance structure. The progress of economic globalization and interdependence among nations has promoted moves toward multilayered governance, where regulatory competence tends to be dispersed across global and regional institutions. "East Asian" cooperation must be a part of this complex governance structure that is gradually emerging in contemporary international relations. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-20 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:5-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsuhiro Kagami Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Kagami Title: Japan and Latin America Abstract: The relationship between Japan and Latin America is strong in blood but weak in business. There are around 1.3 million nikkei-jin people of Japanese origin in Latin America, the largest population outside Japan. Recently these people have filled the demand for hardworking manual labor in Japan (called dekasegi). Around 200,000 are said to be living in Japan at present. This is a new phenomenon which has given rise to economic, social, cultural, and even psychological problems. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 21-47 Issue: 3 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:3:p:21-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Wan Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Title: Unique Leader in East Asia Abstract: Japan's economic relations with its Asian neighbors are largely complementary, unlike its clear competition with the West. But Japan seeks advantages through economic cooperation with the region, aiming to enhance its competitiveness versus the West and to maintain a structural lead over other Asian nations. Japan's pursuit of self-interests is not unique among nations. What is unique is that Japan eschews virtually all but economic tools of diplomacy, and even there it prefers cooperative to punitive measures. "Normal" powers in the region, such as the United States and China, combine military, diplomatic, and economic statecraft—both cooperative and punitive—to advance broad national interests. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-63 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X26063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X26063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:6:p:3-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Wan Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Title: Financier of International Institutions Abstract: This chapter discusses Japan's relations with the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). As a latecomer, Japan has faced institutional disadvantages in the two global institutions—the World Bank and the IMF. In contrast, the ADB is a rare case in which, for the first time since the World War II, Japan became a co-leader with the United States and assumed top managerial positions in an international organization. Since there are not many occasions when Japan enjoys a dominant position, this case provides an interesting glimpse of what might be expected of Japan's behavior as a dominant power. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 64-124 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260664 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:6:p:64-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to The Japanese Economy, Volume 26 (January/February 1998-November/December 1998) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 125-126 Issue: 6 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2606125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2606125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:6:p:125-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuhito Ikeo Author-X-Name-First: Kazuhito Author-X-Name-Last: Ikeo Title: The Japanese Firm from a Financial Perspective Abstract: The following concept is frequently noted: The prevailing management style of Japanese firms—as portrayed in traditional economics textbooks—is oriented toward the worker-managed business rather than the maximization of the firm's stock price. 1 This can be interpreted to mean that many Japanese firms are not the providers of capital (i.e., stockholders). Instead, the workers, in essence, occupy the position of the residual claimant with the right to receive the firm's residual earnings. The residual earnings refers to that part of the total firm's earnings which remain after satisfying prior contracts with other providers of factors of production. 2 Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 46-73 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230546 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230546 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:5:p:46-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ichiro Shirakawa Author-X-Name-First: Ichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Shirakawa Title: Toward Freer Consumer Choice Abstract: To consider policy measures for reducing domestic-foreign price differentials in Japan, we must first understand Japan's price policy system. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-45 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X23053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X23053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:5:p:3-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norio Kambayashi Author-X-Name-First: Norio Author-X-Name-Last: Kambayashi Title: Changes in Organizational Structure and New Developments in Personnel Management Abstract: Within the current information technology revolution, the middle management system is being forced to make large changes. The results of a survey of Japan's large corporations show that due to organizational flattening and the transfer of authority to lower-level employees, status promotion levels are more intricate, status promotion requirements focus more on knowledge and ability than on the number of years of experience, and the importance of on-the-job training is increasing. Therefore, this appears to indicate a reform in the personnel management paradigm from one which has normally focused on seniority to one which focuses on the effective use of individual knowledge and ability. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 74-96 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230574 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230574 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:5:p:74-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Title: Chapter 17. Overseas Assignments, 1981-90 Abstract: As mentioned in the preceding chapter, twenty-four alumni remained with their original employers at the beginning of this period (1981). Of the twenty-four, a total of fifteen alumni were assigned to various overseas offices during this period (1981-90). Of these fifteen, the case of one alumnus who stayed in New York from 1977 through 1983 has already been discussed in Chapter 12 [The Japanese Economy 27, no. 4: 23-40]. A second alumnus was transferred out to a nonprofit organization (NPO), which in turn sent him overseas for an assignment in an area entirely different from that in which he had been engaged up to that time. From a third alumnus detailed information was not available. Therefore, in this chapter we will study the overseas experiences of the remaining twelve alumni. They are listed in order of the commencement of their overseas assignments (Table 1). Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 22-47 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270522 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270522 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:5:p:22-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Author-Name: Yukihiro Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Yukihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Author-Name: Fumio Kosugi Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Kosugi Author-Name: Hiroto Hidaka Author-X-Name-First: Hiroto Author-X-Name-Last: Hidaka Title: Chapter 20. Industry-Specific Environment, 1991-2000 Abstract: Japan's economy faced a serious situation as the result of a recession after 1990 and a strong yen. A slowdown in processing industries with assembly plants (such as the automobile and electric appliance industries) and expanding imports reduced domestic demand for iron and steel (Tables 1 and 2). The steel makers with blast furnaces fell deep into the red in the 1993 accounting year. In order to recover international competitiveness, they carried out further restructuring, which, this time, involved not only producing departments but also the administrative departments of head offices. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 66-91 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270566 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270566 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:5:p:66-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Masafumi Kasai Author-X-Name-First: Masafumi Author-X-Name-Last: Kasai Author-Name: Yoshihiro Mizuno Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mizuno Title: Chapter 19. General Environment, 1991-2000 Abstract: The last decade of the second millennium was characterized by a series of events symbolizing the end of the cold war. Following the unification of West Germany and East Germany on October 3, 1990, the Warsaw Treaty Organization (called the Warsaw Pact), with the Soviet Union as the leader, was dissolved on July 1, 1991 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1991: 314). The dissolution of this organization drastically weakened the international position and influence of the Soviet Union. It no longer could rival the United States, which became the only superpower. The Soviet Communist Party had to terminate its existence on August 22, after an unsuccessful coup d'état by conservative communists (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1992: 276-77). Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 56-65 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:5:p:56-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Title: Chapter 16. Career Progress and Change, 1981-90 Abstract: The third subperiod (1981-90) represents the mid-career stages of the thirty alumni, covering the age span from their early forties through to the age of fifty or so. According to Schein, this stage is characterized by career stabilization and/or a mid-career crisis. Career stabilization means that one establishes a clear identity in the organization and accepts higher levels of responsibility. At the same time, for many people, this is a period of crisis in which a major reassessment of one's progress is made relative to one's ambitions. Decisions are made to level off, change careers, or forge ahead to higher challenges. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-21 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:5:p:3-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Atsuko Nagano Author-X-Name-First: Atsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Nagano Title: Chapter 18. Work Lives of Alumnae, 1981-90 Abstract: As of 1981, when our alumnae were about forty years old, only two of the six held full-time jobs. Within the next decade, three went back to work or started to work either full-time or part-time. The remaining alumna continued to help her husband more extensively as the scope of his work expanded over the years. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to provide a picture of the lives of our six alumnae, focusing on their work lives from their early forties up to their early fifties. We will present their experiences in the order in which they started or resumed their work lives. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 48-55 Issue: 5 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:5:p:48-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takahiro Miyao Author-X-Name-First: Takahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Miyao Title: Japan's Urban Policy Abstract: Why ‘urban policy’ now: Tokyo and other megopolises in Japan have been going through rapid changes these days. And the recent trend in urban transformation is advancing characteristically along with the change in the "urban policy," influencing each other. For example, rapid construction of office buildings in urban centers promotes adoption and execution of policies for the redevelopment of peripheries around the urban centers and large-scale projects, and such policies also seem to affect to a considerable degree both the pattern and speed of the redevelopment of Tokyo. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 52-66 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150452 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:4:p:52-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadao Miyakawa Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Miyakawa Author-Name: Naohisa Wada Author-X-Name-First: Naohisa Author-X-Name-Last: Wada Title: Functions of Corporate Headquarters: Concentration in Tokyo Abstract: Introduction: It is not always easy to say what the central functions of a corporation are. It is usually believed, as a matter of common understanding, that these functions are borne by the corporate headquarters. However, not all the functions of the corporate headquarters are central, and frequently the central functions are partially shared by departments and sections that are not located at the headquarters. Still, we can safely say that it is the headquarters that plays the pivotal role in performing these functions. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-37 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X15043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X15043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:4:p:3-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , Volume XV (Fall 1986-Summer 1987) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 97-98 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:4:p:97-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoko Moriizumi Author-X-Name-First: Yoko Author-X-Name-Last: Moriizumi Title: Theory and Fact on Family's Residential Location Abstract: Every city has its own particular geographical and economic structures. These were brought about gradually over the cities' long histories so that they would function efficiently. The population of Japan is heavily concentrated into three major metropolitan areas because of the process of urbanization rapidly brought on after World War II. As much as 60 percent of the population reside at present in cities. This extreme concentration of people into urban areas gave birth to a form of urban development that is unique to Japan and different from that of other countries. At the same time, it has also brought with it various urban problems. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 38-51 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:4:p:38-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Satoru Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Satoru Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Title: Japanese Financial Innovation Abstract: The American financial innovations occurred under the direct impetus of inflation and the accompanying high interest rates, but we should not ignore the existence of special characteristics of American financial institutions behind these innovations. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 67-96 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:4:p:67-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shunsaku Nishikawa Author-X-Name-First: Shunsaku Author-X-Name-Last: Nishikawa Title: The Banking System: Competition and Control Abstract: A) The defendants are ordered by the Commission to abolish the agreement on interest rates, indicated as (1) and (2) in the attached documents of this decision. (With respect to the defendants, the Shoko Chuo Bank [Central Bank for Commercial and Industrial Cooperatives] and the Shomin Bank [People's Bank], the part in document (1) on lending interest rates is excluded.) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-52 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X02033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X02033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1974:i:3:p:3-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Kosobud Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Kosobud Title: Measured Productivity Growth in Japan, 1952-1968 Abstract: Japanese economic developments during the 1950s and 1960s invite study. This period was one of dramatic economic growth, growth that has attracted the intense interest of admirers and critics alike. What is extremely interesting about the growth patterns of the period is that they were generally not correctly anticipated or predicted. Typically, the growth rate was under-predicted, for example, and balance of payments deficits over-predicted. It seems clear to me that a good deal more research into the Japanese experience will be of great value both in understanding the period and in forecasting future developments. The purpose of this study is to measure the quantitative importance of productivity growth or total factor productivity change and to help prepare the way for a more detailed explanation of this important force. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 80-118 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020380 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020380 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1974:i:3:p:80-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuo Shimazu Author-X-Name-First: Yasuo Author-X-Name-Last: Shimazu Author-Name: Kozo Sugiyama Author-X-Name-First: Kozo Author-X-Name-Last: Sugiyama Title: Limits to Growth by Pollution Abstract: "The flow of a river never ceases, and it never bears the same water." This celebrated opening sentence of Hojo-Ki [An Abbot's Diary by Chomei Kamo (1153-1216)] concisely reflects the unique pattern of Japanese climate and philosophy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-79 Issue: 3 Volume: 2 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1974:i:3:p:53-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Koike Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Koike Title: The Formation of Worker Skill in Small Japanese Firms Abstract: In February 1978 the Survey Bureau of the Smaller Business Finance Corporation conducted a questionnaire survey about skill formation in small and medium-sized enterprises. This article reports an analysis of the results of that survey. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-57 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X11043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X11043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1983:i:4:p:3-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isao Obhashi Author-X-Name-First: Isao Author-X-Name-Last: Obhashi Title: A Comparison of the Labor Market in Japan and the United States Abstract: It is now a commonplace to cite lifetime employment, seniority-related wages, and enterprise unions as three essential features of the Japanese labor market. This understanding can be traced to James G. Abegglen's book The Japanese Factory-Aspects of Its Social Organization, published in 1958 and widely accepted by the 1960s. At the time, these characteristics were considered to reflect the backwardness or archaism of Japan; today, they are regarded as the strength of the Japanese economy. Needless to say, this reevaluation was supported by the superior international competitiveness of Japanese businesses in such areas as automobiles and steel and by the resiliency of the Japanese economy as shown by its swift recovery from the oil shocks. However, despite the glamor that surrounded the debate on Japanese-style employment practices, there has never been an effort to test the above-stated interpretation by careful empirical analysis. Thus has a stereotype become what may be a myth. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 58-84 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X110458 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X110458 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1983:i:4:p:58-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies Vol. XI (Fall 1982-Summer 1983) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 85-86 Issue: 4 Volume: 11 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X110485 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X110485 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1983:i:4:p:85-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Sheard Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Sheard Title: The Economics of Japanese Corporate Organization and the "Structural Impediments" Debate Abstract: In recent years Japanese corporate organization and business and management practices have attracted widespread attention, although the focus of that attention has been shifting over time. After the high growth of the 1960s and the favorable structural adjustment to the "oil shocks" of the 1970s, Japan has continued to exhibit strong economic performance, to the point where per capita gross national product (GNP) now exceeds that in the United States. Much attention has been directed to understanding the organization and behavior of the firms whose operations have contributed to this economic performance. The perception that Japanese firm organization, both internal (the employment system) and external (capital structure and interfirm relations), differs in important ways from firm organization elsewhere, particularly in the other dominant economy, the United States, has intensified this interest, and has helped to stimulate a large body of literature on Japanese corporate organization and behavior in such disciplinary areas as economics, management science, and sociology, and in more popular and journalistic writings.1 Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 30-78 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:4:p:30-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Volume 19 (Fall 1990-Summer 1991) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 99-100 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:4:p:99-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takao Kawakita Author-X-Name-First: Takao Author-X-Name-Last: Kawakita Title: The Ministry of Finance Abstract: The national government's ministries are said to stand like "a row of mountains" in the Kasumigaseki area of Tokyo, and one of these, the Ministry of Finance, is said to stand out among them as the "Mount Fuji" of government agencies. The organization of the Ministry of Finance includes seven main internal subdivisions—the Minister's Secretariat, the Budget Bureau, the Tax Bureau, the Customs and Tariff Bureau, the Financial Bureau, the Securities Bureau, the Banking Bureau, and the International Finance Bureau. There are two special agencies, the Mint Bureau and the Printing Bureau, and an external agency, the National Tax Administration Agency. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-29 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X19043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X19043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:4:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takao Komine Author-X-Name-First: Takao Author-X-Name-Last: Komine Title: Structural Change of Japanese Firms Abstract: The effort to streamline management after the oil crisis: Great changes have occurred in the Japanese economy in the way firms are managed and in the way industry is structured. In what follows, I shall attempt to describe two phenomena. One is the important roles that Japanese firms' adaptive management practices and the existence of a competitive industrial system in Japan have played in enabling the Japanese economy to overcome the effects of the rising yen value. The other is the way some of the unique features that have heretofore been characteristic of Japanese management and industrial structure are changing to meet the needs of a changing economic environment. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 79-98 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:4:p:79-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masataka Nakajima Author-X-Name-First: Masataka Author-X-Name-Last: Nakajima Title: Japan's Public Debt Management: New Developments Abstract: 1. New issues of government bonds in large quantities: On the bond market, the period after 1975 has generally been characterized as one in which large quantities of government bonds were issued. Indeed, after 1975 "large quantities" of government bonds appeared on the bond market, judging from all indicators such as the amount issued, the government's dependence on bond finance, and the ratio of outstanding public debt to GNP. But it is necessary to ask what we really mean when we say that government bonds were issued in "large quantities." It is true that the issuings were unmistakably large with regard to the quantitative scale. However, this by itself is insufficient in determining whether the issuings were large or not. For example, the amount of government bonds issued after 1975 may not necessarily be large when compared with the balance between saving and investment. A look at the flow-of-funds table reveals that while the household sector continued to show a large surplus, the shortage in the corporate sector diminished relatively, and the increasing shortage in the public sector filled in the difference. Although the flow-of-funds table shows only the ex post balance, it may be said that government bonds issued after 1975 had been such as to supplement insufficient investment undertaken by the private sector. There was a concern that government bonds issued after 1975 might crowd out private investment, but so far, no such phenomenon seems to have occurred in full scale. Thus, the quantitative scale alone is insufficient in determining whether the issuance of goverment bonds was in a "large quantity." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 78-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1987:i:1:p:78-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken-ichi Miyamoto Author-X-Name-First: Ken-ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyamoto Title: Cities under Contemporary Japanese Capitalism Abstract: The character of cities in contemporary Japan is, first of all, represented by the three metropolitan regions. During the 1970s the populations of the principal regional cities grew rapidly, but their characteristics are approaching those of the metropolitan cities of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. Furthermore, while the character of contemporary Japanese capitalism is seen in the character of the metropolitan regions that are the centers of the economy, the formation of the metropolitan regions can be said to have been achieved through the rapid growth of contemporary Japanese capitalism. In this vein, I wish to proceed with a discussion focused on the metropolitan regions. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X16013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X16013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1987:i:1:p:3-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuhito Ikeō Author-X-Name-First: Kazuhito Author-X-Name-Last: Ikeō Title: Japan's Financial System: A Micro Approach Abstract: 1. Introduction: According to the point of view dominant thus far (i.e., the traditional paradigm), the Japanese financial system is an oddity that cannot be explained through the application of standard Western economic theory. Consequently, the Japanese financial system was often seen as a backward or "distorted" entity. Although there are some important exceptions,1 it can be said that this view has been common, shared by both Japanese Marxist and non-Marxist economists. However, two questions can be raised about this viewpoint: One might question first whether the standard economic theory actually explains the Western financial systems, and second, whether it is really appropriate to regard the Western financial systems as an absolute norm. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 60-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1987:i:1:p:60-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naohiro Yashiro Author-X-Name-First: Naohiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yashiro Title: Japan's Fiscal Policy: An International Comparison Abstract: The evaluation of the role of the government in economic activities has changed radically in the past ten years or so. A great impetus for such a transformation of the view of this role lies in the sudden deterioration of the fiscal balance, with the fall of the economic growth rate in the period following the First Oil Crisis, and a subsequent remarkable increase in the balance of national debt. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 34-59 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1987:i:1:p:34-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kosaku Matsumoto Author-X-Name-First: Kosaku Author-X-Name-Last: Matsumoto Title: External Elements of China's Economic Policy and Japan's Financial Assistance to China Abstract: A Japanese economic daily ran a short news item in late October which said, "Xie Beiyi, vice minister of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection, 62, died of heart failure in Beijing on October 9." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 71-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120171 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120171 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1983:i:1:p:71-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Ogawa Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Ogawa Title: The USSR's External Economic Relations and Japan Abstract: In 1979-1982 — the last years of the late Leonid Brezhnev — the Soviet economic environment at home and abroad was taking a turn for the worse. At home, agriculture was in poor shape for four years in a row, and industrial growth slowed markedly. As for external relations, the slump of the East European economies, as was clear from the confusion in Poland, brought a heavy burden to the Soviet economy, and the Western camp led by the United States embarked on relentless anti-Soviet economic sanctions. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 26-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120126 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1983:i:1:p:26-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akira Ishii Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Ishii Title: "Three Chinas" and "one Russia" Abstract: The word for sardine — Iwashi in Japanese, ivasi in Russian — is one of the few nouns shared by the two languages. Actually, the Russians have always had a preference for sel'd (herring), especially the kind caught on the Norwegian coast, which they eat with their drinks. However, in recent years, because of the establishment of the 200-mile fishing territory restriction, sufficient quantities of herring can no longer be secured, and sardines caught in the Pacific off the Japanese coast are gaining popularity. Every year Japan and the USSR enter into a provisional fishing agreement to define the operating terms and the allotted quantity of catch for the fishing boats of each country within the other's 200-mile limit. By the terms of this agreement, since 1978 the Soviets have been allowed to catch 650 thousand tons of fish, most of which they take in sardines and mackerel. Their catch of sardines and mackerel combined has increased from 318 thousand tons in 1978, to 450 thousand tons in 1979, to 500 thousand tons in 1980 and 1981. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X12013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X12013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1983:i:1:p:3-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keisuke Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Keisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Author-Name: Ken'ichirō Yokowo Author-X-Name-First: Ken'ichirō Author-X-Name-Last: Yokowo Title: Japan's Trade Mission to Moscow, February 1983: What did it Accomplish? Abstract: The delegation of the Japanese Trade Mission to the Soviet Union headed by Shigeo Nagano, president of the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, visited Moscow on February 22-26, 1983. Besides holding two days of general meetings, the Nagano Mission paid calls on and held talks with a number of Soviet government leaders, including Prime Minister Tikhonov, First Deputy Minister Arkhipov, Deputy Minister Baibakov, and Deputy Minister Marchuk as well as ministers and deputy government ministers. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 54-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1983:i:1:p:54-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshihiro Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Author-Name: Takenori Takase Author-X-Name-First: Takenori Author-X-Name-Last: Takase Title: Status Acquisition of Business Elites Abstract: The elite group, which is capable of exercising direct influence on industrial activities, consists of top managers at large corporations. Studies on who are members of this so-called business elite and how they have come to acquire such positions will give important clues to the understanding not only of the industrial world but also of the present status of the entire Japanese society. Knowledge about the origins and careers of the business elite leads to answers to the questions "How do people become business elites?" and, at the same time, "With whom does society replenish the business elite?" In this sense, the origins and careers of the business elite reflect characteristics of the social structure of the times. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1988:i:2:p:48-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haruo Takagi Author-X-Name-First: Haruo Author-X-Name-Last: Takagi Title: Aspirations of Women Executives: A U.S.-Japan Comparison Abstract: With the implementation of the Equal Employment Act in 1986 in Japan, the effective utilization of women executives has become an important task in business management. This article will compare career-related aspirations of women executives in the United States and Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 23-47 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170223 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170223 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1988:i:2:p:23-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsuyo Hanada Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuyo Author-X-Name-Last: Hanada Title: The Principle of Competition in Japan's Personnel System Abstract: There has long been a strict principle of competition applied to promotions and acquisition of status in Japanese corporations. Innovations in the personnel system that are in progress in many of the Japanese corporations and adoption of new personnel policies have been possible only because of the application of this traditional strict principle of competition. However, only when a system is built in which there is still room for individual choices can the principle of competition be preserved in response to the current serious changes, and the unification of the needs of the organization and those of individuals begin. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-22 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X17023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X17023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1988:i:2:p:3-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RYUICHIRO MATSUBARA Author-X-Name-First: RYUICHIRO Author-X-Name-Last: MATSUBARA Title: A Critical Point on the Horizon for Interdependent Japan-U.S. Markets Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-11 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2005:i:4:p:5-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2005:i:4:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to Volume 32 Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 109-110 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2005:i:4:p:109-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: LUIS A. GIL-ALANA Author-X-Name-First: LUIS A. Author-X-Name-Last: GIL-ALANA Title: Fractional Integration and Cointegration in the Japanese Exchange Rate Market Abstract: There is widespread agreement that the logarithmic spot and forward exchange rates are both integrated of order one (I(1)) variables, so that their corresponding returns are I(0) stationary. In this article, we examine this hypothesis for the Japanese market by means of fractional integration techniques. The results show that, although fractional degrees of integration are plausible in some cases, the confidence intervals include the unit root in both series. The possibility of the two variables being fractionally cointegrated is also examined throughout the differenced series. The empirical evidence supports this hypothesis, implying that there is a long run equilibrium relationship between the Japanese spot and forward exchange rates, with deviations from equilibrium being highly persistent. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 12-35 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2005:i:4:p:12-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MACHIKO OSAWA Author-X-Name-First: MACHIKO Author-X-Name-Last: OSAWA Title: Japan's Changing Economy and Women Workers Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 96-108 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2005:i:4:p:96-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: JEFF KINGSTON Author-X-Name-First: JEFF Author-X-Name-Last: KINGSTON Title: Downsizing the Construction State Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 36-95 Issue: 4 Volume: 32 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2005:i:4:p:36-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miki Kohara Author-X-Name-First: Miki Author-X-Name-Last: Kohara Author-Name: Fumio Ohtake Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtake Title: Altruism and the Care of Elderly Parents Abstract: This study analyzes what adult children will do for their parents if they become frail and need long-term care. Descriptive statistics show that about 30 percent of adult children living separately from their parents provide long-term in-home care, which suggests that a significant number of Japanese children supply care. However, detailed examination reveals that this parental care is not motivated entirely by altruism. Children may provide parental care when their parents are wealthy enough to meet the costs of nursing. The results suggest that as the number of dual-income couples increases, they are able to give more money to their parents but not more time. A potentially large demand for market care services exists and will possibly increase. The results also suggest that the empirical results based only on money transfer may be misleading. Empirical results on time as well as money transfer should be compiled, and explanations found for any difference between the two behaviors. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-18 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:2:p:3-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shinichi Fukuda Author-X-Name-First: Shinichi Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuda Title: Nontraditional Financial Policies Abstract: This study examines how nontraditional financial policies were implemented in Japan from the late 1990s to the early 2000s by looking at the differences between the zero interest rate policy and quantitative easing policy. During this time, the Bank of Japan adopted an unprecedented ultra-low interest rate policy. Orthodox financial policies had become ineffective because of the liquidity trap. However, under increasing instability in the financial markets, this radical financial policy proved to be somewhat effective as a credit-easing measure. In this analysis, I focus on the fact that a difference between the high and low daytime call rates (the spread) emerges as a reflection of the risk premium, and I examine how that spread differed during the zero interest rate period and the quantitative easing period. Not only did the ultra-low interest rate policy cause the short-term interest target rate to approach 0 percent, but it was also somewhat effective at reducing the size of the spread in the call market. However, the quantitative easing policy caused further significant reductions in the call rate spread, virtually removing the risk premium from call market transactions. Thus, it is very possible that Japan's radical financial policies, including its quantitative easing measures, reduced liquidity risk and credit risk in the market, and ultimately contributed to the performance of the overall economy by easing access to credit. At the same time, however, radical financial policies create a moral hazard for financial institutions, which are supposed to be weeded out through market mechanisms. During the period of quantitative easing, the institutions that added the most to their excess reserves as a ratio of their total funds were foreign banks, as they were able to procure yen funds under the highly advantageous condition of negative interest. In reality, financial institutions on the verge of bankruptcy also increased their liquidity. On the other hand, the Lombard-style lending that was implemented in the early years of the 2000s generally fell out of use once the quantitative easing policy was strengthened. These super-loose monetary policies, in spite of their side effects, seem to have played an important role as macroprudential policies. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 45-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:2:p:45-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shinobu Takada Author-X-Name-First: Shinobu Author-X-Name-Last: Takada Title: Factors Determining the Employment of Single Mothers Abstract: In recent years, the number of single-mother households has increased. The income of single-mother households is lower than that of other households, a fact that is attributable in part to the high rate of non-full-time employment among single mothers. This study analyzes the employment selections of single-mothers using the Survey of Employment Support for Single Mothers conducted by the Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT) from December 2007 to January 2008. The following four conclusions can be drawn with regard to the employment selections of those who were unemployed immediately prior to becoming single mothers. (1) When the eldest child is under the age of six, older mothers and widows tend to have a lower probability of full-time employment; (2) nonemployment income decreases the probability that the mother will have non-full-time employment, but that effect is small; (3) the mother's employment format immediately after becoming a single mother has a historical effect on her current employment format; and (4) having a home helper certification raises the probability of full-time employment. Similar trends can be seen among those who had non-full-time employment immediately before becoming single mothers. This all suggests that employment support immediately after a woman becomes a single mother, that is, greater support to help those women obtain certifications in occupations currently in high demand, is necessary for promoting employment among single mothers. Particularly important to the promotion of full-time employment are expanded child-care options and efforts to make it easier for women to find full-time employment regardless of age. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 105-123 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:2:p:105-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoichi Okita Author-X-Name-First: Yoichi Author-X-Name-Last: Okita Author-Name: Wade Pfau Author-X-Name-First: Wade Author-X-Name-Last: Pfau Author-Name: Giang Long Author-X-Name-First: Giang Author-X-Name-Last: Long Title: A Stochastic Forecast Model for Japan's Population Abstract: Obtaining appropriate forecasts for the future population is a vital component of public policy analysis for issues ranging from government budgets to pension systems. Traditionally, demographic forecasters rely on a deterministic approach with various scenarios informed by expert opinion. This approach has been widely criticized, and we apply an alternative stochastic modeling framework that can provide a probability distribution for forecasts of the Japanese population. We find the potential for much greater variability in the future demographic situation for Japan than that implied by existing deterministic forecasts. This demands greater flexibility from policy makers when confronting population aging issues. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 19-44 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:2:p:19-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kensuke Miyazawa Author-X-Name-First: Kensuke Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazawa Title: The Taylor Rule in Japan Abstract: The purpose of this article is to reexamine Japan's financial policies from the perspective of the Taylor rule, which has become the standard for assessing financial policies. The Taylor rule is a rule for setting the bank rate, whereby the nominal bank rate is expressed as a linear function of the inflation rate and gross domestic product (GDP) gap. In microeconomic analyses in recent years, the Taylor rule has been increasingly used for setting financial policies, and efforts are being promoted to analyze the rule itself. In this article, I start by presenting the results of an empirical analysis of the Taylor rule in Japan. When analyzing bank rates vis-à-vis the Taylor rule, the reaction factor of the bank rate to the inflation rate and GDP gap are important. Most empirical analyses show slight differences in the values, but indicate that the values fall within parameters that are largely consistent with the theory. Next, I performed a supplementary examination of these empirical analyses after changing various parameters. Nonetheless, in many cases, I achieved results similar to those produced by previous studies, suggesting that the results of those studies are stable. Finally, I assess the bank rate by comparing the Taylor rule and the actual call rate. The results show that even though the parameter values focused on in the empirical analyses are confirmed, there are several problems to be addressed when it comes to thinking about actual financial policies. Specifically, what indicator reflects the real equilibrium interest rate? What are the prices of goods that the central bank must take into consideration? And what is the potential GDP that is taken into consideration when calculating the GDP gap? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 79-104 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:2:p:79-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note: Complete Digital Archives of Selected M.E. Sharpe Journals Are Now Available Free of Charge Exclusively to 2011 Institutional Subscribers Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 124-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:2:p:124-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masao Yamaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Masao Author-X-Name-Last: Yamaguchi Title: An Empirical Analysis of the Relationships of Substitution and Complementarity Between Regular and Nonregular Employees in Japanese Firms Abstract: This study uses Annual Securities Report data from firms listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) in FY 2005 and FY 2006 to examine whether there is a relationship of substitution or complementarity between regular and nonregular employees. This is done by measuring and testing the Hicks partial elasticity of complementarity, the Allen partial elasticity of substitution, the Morishima elasticity of substitution, and the direct partial elasticity of substitution. The measurements of each of these elasticities show that there is a relationship of substitution between regular and nonregular employees, and the results suggest that employment substitution behavior aimed at decreasing the number of regular employees and increasing the number of nonregular employees expanded in FY 2005 and 2006. This study also gives mathematical proofs and a detailed explanation of the methods used to calculate the Hicks elasticity of complementarity, the Allen elasticity of substitution, the Morishima elasticity of substitution, and the direct partial elasticity of substitution from the Translog production function. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:1:p:3-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harald Conrad Author-X-Name-First: Harald Author-X-Name-Last: Conrad Author-Name: Jim McCafferty Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: McCafferty Title: United Kingdom Fund Managers and Institutional Investors' Attitudes Toward Japanese Equities Abstract: This article explores UK fund managers and institutional investors' attitudes toward Japanese equities. We find a declining home bias of UK pension funds vis-à-vis Japanese equities since the early 1990s. However, for the most part, this decrease is a reflection of Japan's decreasing equity market and gross domestic product weights. Only in the 2000s did UK pension funds increase their Japanese equity holdings slightly. While our informants showed a comparatively high degree of variance in opinions about market factors, certain macro and institutional factors—namely, economic growth, deflation, demographics, and corporate governance—were rated high as explanatory factors for an overall low enthusiasm in Japanese equities. Our discussion confirms that these factors appear to make investments in Japan comparatively less attractive. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 105-130 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:1:p:105-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Unayama Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Unayama Title: The Possibility of Pursuing Both Marriage/Childbirth and Employment, and the Development of Nursery Schools Abstract: This study examines trends in the possibility of pursuing both marriage/childbirth and employment among women over the past twenty-five years by measuring the rate of job separation due to marriage/childbirth. I conducted a pseudo-panel analysis using age-group-specific National Census data from 1980 to 2005 as the birth cohort data. The results yielded a rate of job separation due to marriage/childbirth of 86.3 percent, a figure that has remained virtually unchanged since 1980 regardless of age at the time of marriage. Even when broken down by prefecture, the data indicate no change in the job separation rate over time, although major differences between prefectures can be observed. The nature of these results suggests that the job separation rate is stable over time and governed by a key factor (or factors) that differs between regions. Among the factors that have been identified in previous studies, the development of nursery schools is statistically consistent and has been shown to be a major determinant of the job separation rate. On the other hand, child-care-leave programs and three-generation cohabitation rates have not proved statistically convincing. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 48-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:1:p:48-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reo Takaku Author-X-Name-First: Reo Author-X-Name-Last: Takaku Title: Labor Supply in Workplaces with Inherent Hazards Abstract: This article looks at the health uncertainties being faced by many care workers, and analyzes what type of people experience accidents and near misses1 while on the job. The results showed that while workers who "work to make a living" earn higher wages, they also have a higher probability of exposure to accidents and near misses. A factor analysis of the differences in the exposure probability of those who "work to make a living" and those who do not revealed that the former are more susceptible to experiencing accidents or near misses not only due to their long work hours but also because they work in businesses offering services that are more likely to involve accidents. Individuals who have to work to make a living because they have a low household income or only a few assets have a tendency to choose unsafe workplaces and highly burdensome work situations. Considering this, it is extremely important to promote policies that ensure employee safety, and to promote the widespread availability of assistive devices for people with disabilities. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 72-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:1:p:72-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note: Complete Digital Archives of Selected M.E. Sharpe Journals Are Now Available Free of Charge Exclusively to 2012 Institutional Subscribers Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 131-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:1:p:131-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yanfei Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Yanfei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: The Trend Toward Nonregular Employment Among Young Workers, 1994-2003 Abstract: This study uses individual data to explore the reasons young Japanese workers are becoming nonpermanent employees, and to analyze the factors including both year effects and effects tied to individuals' characteristics that account for recent increases in nonpermanent employment rate. The results are, first, there has been an increase in the number of young people who are becoming nonpermanent employees "reluctantly." Even among people in the same age group, those who entered the workforce later tend to have higher rates of nonpermanent employment. Second, factor analysis reveals the possibility that covariant factors, such as macroeconomic fluctuations or changes in labor demand, are a major reason for the increase in nonpermanent employment rate among young people. Third, the increase in the number of females and unmarried people in the labor force are also a predominant factor behind the increase in nonpermanent employment rates. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 105-134 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:4:p:105-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minoru Otsubo Author-X-Name-First: Minoru Author-X-Name-Last: Otsubo Author-Name: Yusuke Miyoshi Author-X-Name-First: Yusuke Author-X-Name-Last: Miyoshi Title: Empirical Study on Subsidiary Reacquisition Among Japanese Companies Abstract: This study presents an empirical analysis of the reasons Japanese companies are pursuing subsidiary reacquisition, with a particular focus on listed subsidiaries. Based on previous research on listed subsidiaries, we identified and empirically analyzed five hypotheses regarding the motivation for pursuing reacquisition: the information asymmetry hypothesis, restructuring hypothesis, low growth hypothesis, conflict-of-interest hypothesis, and hostile merger and acquisition (M&A) hypothesis. The results did not offer support for the information asymmetry hypothesis, low growth hypothesis, or hostile M&A hypothesis, but did in part support the restructuring hypothesis and low growth hypothesis. They also showed that the restructuring hypothesis is the only one of these five that accounts for the possibility of an increase in the share value of the parent company. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 31-60 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:4:p:31-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koji Sakai Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Sakai Title: Financing Behavior of Japanese Firms Abstract: This article tests the trade-off theory against the pecking-order theory of corporate financing behavior on a panel data set of publicly traded Japanese firms for 1964 to 2005. Comparing the explanatory powers for both the trade-off and the pecking-order models, we find the following. First, for the financing behavior of Japanese firms, the pecking-order model has much greater explanatory power than the trade-off model, while both models are still statistically significant. Second, running the quantile regressions, which allow for the non-normal conditional distribution of the dependent variable, the behavior of most Japanese firms is strongly consistent with the pecking-order prediction. In this sense, the financing behavior of most Japanese firms obeys the pecking-order theory, and this tendency holds for almost the entire period after 1964. The pecking-order theory has no well-defined optimal capital structure, and the meanings of interest tax shields or the costs of financial distress are assumed to be second-order. This means that the financing behavior of Japanese firms is driven mainly by the need for external funds, not by the adjustment to an optimal capital structure. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-30 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:4:p:3-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryusuke Shimizu Author-X-Name-First: Ryusuke Author-X-Name-Last: Shimizu Author-Name: Yoshio Higuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Higuchi Title: The Value of MBA Education in the Japanese Labor Market Abstract: In this article, the authors analyze master of business administration (MBA) education, which now accounts for a major portion of advanced professional studies and has gained an important place as the education of choice among those in the white-collar business world. Traditionally, Japanese companies have provided all education internally through on-the-job training, creating little demand for specialized business education by institutions external to the corporation. However, since the establishment of a professional graduate school system, MBA programs have begun to proliferate. An analysis using data from an independent survey conducted by the authors in 2006 revealed that, on average, students who received an MBA had a greater return on investment in terms of higher wages over and above their undergraduate counterparts regardless of whether the students paid the tuition privately or were company-sponsored. The degree also brought additional nonmonetary benefits. The reasons companies cited for investing in the education of workers were: (1) to ensure the availability of talented human resources to draw upon; (2) to provide incentives for younger workers; (3) to use as an alternative to promotion; and (4) to utilize the skills that the graduate acquired. However, because of a rising tendency of people to leave the company after acquiring the degree, the reason stated in (4) above often goes unsatisfied, prompting many companies to scale back on the number of people they commit to MBA programs. As a result, now roughly 70 percent of people who pursue an MBA finance their education by borrowing funds and seeking scholarship or grant opportunities. This has not only caused the demand for educational funding to increase, it has placed a significant financial burden on the individual pursuing the degree. Given these conditions, we can presume that the current level of investment in MBA education is probably lower than the true level of demand. In order to ensure that the content of MBA programs serves the needs of the market, a system of public support and funding through scholarships and financial aid should be made available, particularly through means that provide direct support to individuals. Furthermore, it is essential that corporations, in order to fully enjoy the benefits from sending employees to achieve MBA status, provide the salary and job specifications that are appropriately aligned to the efforts and abilities of those employees. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case, prompting people to quit, eliminating any opportunity for the company to capture benefits from the degree. Furthermore, because loyalty to the company sponsoring an employee may be high, and if the individual is especially ambitious on the job, dissatisfaction may be even greater when he or she returns to the sponsoring company, prompting some to seek employment elsewhere. By better assessing the value of an MBA and by utilizing those abilities attained through MBA studies, the adjustment costs from employee turnover can be avoided, thus yielding significant social consequences. Compared to programs overseas, MBA programs offered in Japan are cheaper to obtain given the familiarity of the geography, language, and environment; however, the post-MBA benefits are more significant when achieved overseas. No significant post-MBA education effect could be determined when study occurred in Japan. One reason for this may be that the needs of industry are not being fully reflected when it comes to the selection of students and course content of MBA programs in Japan, and not all graduates are highly regarded. The MBA programs in Japan should really be geared toward developing the curriculum and training human resources in a manner aligned with the labor systems and environment in Japan—an aspect that overseas MBA programs cannot achieve. By providing the venue or means by which good information can be exchanged, allowing for the appraisal of MBA programs by outsiders, we can develop a system that services educational needs in accordance with demand. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 61-104 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:4:p:61-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 36 Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 135-136 Issue: 4 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2009.11045295 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2009.11045295 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:4:p:135-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: References Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 122-124 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:122-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Chapter 1. What Is the Underground Economy? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 7-19 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:7-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Chapter 2. Japan's Underground Economy Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 20-49 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:20-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Chapter 5. The Underground Economy Around the World Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 88-110 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:88-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Afterword Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 120-121 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340207 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340207 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:120-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-6 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:3-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Chapter 3. What Is the Total Value of Japan's Underground Economy?: How Big Is the Underground Economy? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 50-61 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:50-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Chapter 4. Total Value of Activities and the Market Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 62-87 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:62-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Kadokura Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Kadokura Title: Chapter 6. Future Outlook: Where Will the Underground Economy Go from Here?: What Factors Will Fuel the Underground Economy? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 111-119 Issue: 2 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:2:p:111-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: HIROSHI KATO Author-X-Name-First: HIROSHI Author-X-Name-Last: KATO Title: The Fate of Structural Reform Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 14-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:14-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RICHARD A. WERNER Author-X-Name-First: RICHARD A. Author-X-Name-Last: WERNER Title: Response to William W. Grimes, "Comment on Richard Werner's 'The Enigma of Japanese Policy Ineffectiveness: The Limits of Traditional Approaches, Not Cyclical Policy'" Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 82-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:82-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:3-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SEIJI SHINPO Author-X-Name-First: SEIJI Author-X-Name-Last: SHINPO Title: The Underlying Cause of Deflation Structural Factors or Monetary Policy? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 26-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:26-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TAKATOSHI ITO Author-X-Name-First: TAKATOSHI Author-X-Name-Last: ITO Title: How to Beat Deflation Take Action with Unconventional Monetary Policies Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 7-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045163 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045163 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:7-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WILLIAM W. GRIMES Author-X-Name-First: WILLIAM W. Author-X-Name-Last: GRIMES Title: Comment on Richard Werner's "The Enigma of Japanese Policy Ineffectiveness: The Limits of Traditional Approaches, Not Cyclical Policy" Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 69-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045164 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045164 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:69-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KEIICHIRO KOBAYASHI Author-X-Name-First: KEIICHIRO Author-X-Name-Last: KOBAYASHI Title: Japan's Confidence Crisis Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 59-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:1:p:59-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fukuju Yamazaki Author-X-Name-First: Fukuju Author-X-Name-Last: Yamazaki Author-Name: Ayako Inouye Author-X-Name-First: Ayako Author-X-Name-Last: Inouye Title: Event Studies Concerning the Effects of the Thirty-Fifth Article of the Patent Law and the Employee-Invention System in Japan Abstract: Recently, inventors of research and development (R&D) firms have filed lawsuits for "reasonable remuneration" against the firms. Firms have begun to revise their reward systems to better reward researchers and preempt litigation. In the Olympus case, the court judged that inventors have an ex post right to claim rewards from inventions no matter what the contract ex ante. By using event studies, we examine whether court judgments and system revisions gave inventors an improved incentive to conduct research or discouraged firms from undertaking R&D investments. We find that the judgments and system revisions significantly increased the value of firms. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 59-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:1:p:59-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donald Katzner Author-X-Name-First: Donald Author-X-Name-Last: Katzner Author-Name: Mikhail Nikomarov Author-X-Name-First: Mikhail Author-X-Name-Last: Nikomarov Title: Exercises in Futility: Postwar Automobile-Trade Negotiations Between Japan and the United States Abstract: This article traces the history of the failed automobile-trade negotiations between Japan and the United States from the 1970s to the mid-1990s. It attributes the failure of those negotiations to a lack of understanding on both sides of not only what was motivating the other side, but also the unalterable cultural, social, and economic constraints under which the other side operated. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 29-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:1:p:29-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akira Maeda Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Maeda Title: On the Oil Price-GDP Relationship Abstract: This article analyzes the macroeconomic impact of high oil prices on various national economies. Using an analytical model, we show that oil price-real gross domestic product (GDP) elasticity can be estimated roughly from current oil prices, GDP, and oil imports and exports. In contrast to large-scale modeling, our approach is based on simple algebra and clear assumptions, and thus provides policymakers with a more transparent view of the vulnerability of economies to oil price increases, in terms of GDP; our model shows how this vulnerability declined sharply in the late 1980s and remained low through the 1990s, and how the euro-zone countries are becoming more vulnerable while Japan remains less so. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 99-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:1:p:99-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Flath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Flath Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Title: Parallel Imports and the Japan Fair Trade Commission Abstract: We review the facts pertaining to some recent antimonopoly cases in Japan involving interference with unauthorized imports, so-called parallel imports, and propose economic explanations for the behavior of the foreign manufacturers in these cases. Japan's intellectual property law provides a mechanism for private obstruction of parallel imports, but under Japan's antimonopoly law as implemented by the Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC) such obstruction is per se illegal. To the extent that price discrimination is the rationale for obstruction of parallel imports, the JFTC policy has promoted lower prices and increased economic welfare in Japan. But we argue that in several of the cases we examine the rationale for obstructing parallel imports was to preserve incentives for distributors to invest and innovate and to preserve efficient marketing arrangements that depended upon resale price maintenance. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:1:p:3-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenji Kutsuna Author-X-Name-First: Kenji Author-X-Name-Last: Kutsuna Title: The Relationship Between Private and Public Financing for Small Businesses Abstract: The discussion concerning the present state of public financing has been very active.1 In spite of the public finance goal of being a qualitative and quantitative supplement to private financing, critics have said that the pressure on private financing stems from the expansion of public financing. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-28 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:3-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takaaki Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Takaaki Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Keynesianism, Monetarism, and the Contradiction of Japan's Modern Welfare State Abstract: The relationship between the state and the market is a controversial one that continues to occupy a prominent place in the field of political science. If "politics" is defined in terms of "who gets what, when and how" or as the "authoritative allocation of values,"1 then nowhere are these issues more directly addressed than in the manner in which nations struggle to find the appropriate balance between the role of the state and of the market in allocating scarce resources while facing numerous and often conflicting societal demands and national objectives. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 42-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300242 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300242 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:42-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward Lincoln Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Lincoln Title: Whither Trade Policy with Japan? Abstract: Trade issues with Japan have subsided to a murmur. With the Japanese economy reeling from recession and the financial sector wallowing in a mountain of bad debt, the issue of access for foreign firms has diminished in relative importance. Nonetheless, the issue remains—and Japanese government resistance to dismantling those barriers continues. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 29-41 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300229 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300229 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:29-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: The Force of Business: Are Multinationals Policymakers? Abstract: Multinationals are becoming an increasingly controversial force in the global arena, and Japanese multinationals are among the largest in the world. Japanese multinationals are said to have lagged behind their American and European counterparts in foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies, or more specifically, their production networks in East Asia (Ernst and Ravenhill 2000). They began by setting up export platforms, but only in the mid-1980s did they begin to integrate production within the East Asian region for export as well as for supplying expanding local markets. Much of the incentive to do so sprang from rising costs and worsened economic conditions in Japan, coupled with a search for new markets as nontariff barriers set limits on the volume of Japan's exports to the United States and Europe. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 79-104 Issue: 2 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:79-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Author-Name: Atsuko Nagano Author-X-Name-First: Atsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Nagano Title: Chapter 23. Continuity and Change in Japanese Values and Society Abstract: In Chapter 1 we introduced the view of James Abegglen (1958, 1973) in the context of the convergence-divergence debate [The Japanese Economy 27, no. 2: 30-31]. Simply put, his view, which represents the divergence school of thought, is that Japanese management practices are unique, because Japanese culture is unique. In this chapter and the next we will introduce the views of our participants in this study on these two questions: the uniqueness of Japanese culture and the uniqueness of Japanese management. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 38-56 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:6:p:38-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Title: Chapter 21. Top-Level Decision Making Abstract: The objectives of this chapter are twofold: (1) to describe decision-making processes at the highest level within Japanese organizations with specific reference to the use of ringi, and (2) to analyze how the decision-making power is shared, if at all, among various positions within the organization. To find answers to these questions, we obtained data through intensive interviews of those who had the position of torishimariyaku (member of the board of directors [to be called "director"]) or above and who were directly involved in top-level decisions. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-20 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:6:p:3-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Atsuko Nagano Author-X-Name-First: Atsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Nagano Title: Chapter 22. Late Career Diversity Abstract: This chapter deals with the late career stages of our alumni covering the eight-year period beginning in 1991 and ending in 1998. It corresponds to the age range of the early to late fifties of our alumni. This period is somewhat shorter than the one suggested by Schein (1978)—age forty until retirement. This is because, under the Japanese length-of-service system, managers' late career stages begin rather late, a reflection of the fact that managers' career progress continues, on average, through their forties and into their early fifties, and that during this period managers' work involvement remains very high. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 21-37 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270621 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270621 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:6:p:21-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Title: Conclusions: From Developmental Capitalism to Globalism? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 77-91 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270677 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270677 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:6:p:77-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Title: Chapter 24. Change of Japanese-Style Management Abstract: This chapter introduces the views of twenty-six alumni on Japanese-style management. Information was not available from four alumni. Furthermore, no attempt was made to obtain information from the six alumnae, because none of them worked for a typical Japanese corporation. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 57-76 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270657 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270657 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:6:p:57-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to The Japanese Economy, Volume 27 (January/February—November/December 1999) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 92-93 Issue: 6 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270692 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270692 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:6:p:92-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asako Takada Author-X-Name-First: Asako Author-X-Name-Last: Takada Title: Transformation of an Internal Model Under Crisis Management Abstract: It is generally said that Japanese companies are weak in handling the unexpected events. As a result of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of 1995,1 the main plant of Sumitomo Electric Industries (SEI) was severely damaged. Most logistic lines and telecommunication systems were disrupted. In spite of the chaos, SEI successfully managed the information disruptions and created a new information network through the office electronic network system (J-NET). As a result, almost 80 percent of the operating functions of SEI were recovered within just two weeks. During this crisis, the board decided to delegate most of its authority of decision making to the front-line employees. This paper presents the results of analyzing nearly 320 electronic J-NET logs from a six-week period following the earthquake. Analyses show that employees exchanged their internal models of the company's actual situation through the J-NET. Moreover, the cohesiveness of the employees became stronger during the crisis. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 32-68 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:32-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katsumi Matsuura Author-X-Name-First: Katsumi Author-X-Name-Last: Matsuura Title: Disturbances in the Financial System and Corporate Finance Abstract: Actions taken by the banking industry and the policy authorities (e.g., the Ministry of Finance [MOF] and the Bank of Japan) in the 1980s and 1990s exerted a grave impact on the lending and securities markets in Japan. The foregoing impact was not confined to problems caused by individual trading markets and corporate financing, but extended so far as to threaten the very roots of Japan's financial system and economy. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-31 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X28033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X28033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:3-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuko Kawamoto Author-X-Name-First: Yuko Author-X-Name-Last: Kawamoto Title: Why Don't Japanese Banks Earn Enough? Abstract: Improved earnings are becoming the first priority for banks. In this article, I would like to look back at how the profit structure of Japanese banks has evolved in recent years. Figure 1 shows overall banking profits since the 1980s. Profits from the traditional financing businesses such as lending and bill discounts, which exceeded 80 percent in the first half of the 1980s, fell to roughly 70 percent because of the expansion of the dealing and fee business at the beginning of the 1990s. The story of how the banking business diversified is told in how the fee business, which had been approximately 10 percent, expanded to about 20 percent in the middle of the 1990s, thanks in part to promotional efforts made by banks. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 69-93 Issue: 3 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280369 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280369 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:3:p:69-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masatoshi Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Masatoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Fiscal and Monetary Policies and the Government's Economic Outlook Abstract: Looking back over the postwar Japanese economy, the factors that led its growth in recovering from recession have been mainly exports and private sector capital investment. There has never been a case in which public investment led growth (see Table 1). During the 1950s and 1960s, since the actual growth rates often exceeded the projected rates, it was sufficient for the government to be passive with respect to its involvement in government finance. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-43 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X23063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X23063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:6:p:3-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masatoshi Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Masatoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Japan's National Economic Plans Abstract: The government's projection includes, in addition to the annual short-term projection, intermediate- and long-term plans for five to ten years. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 44-89 Issue: 6 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:6:p:44-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Wan Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Title: Competitor and Supporter for the United States Abstract: Japan competes with the United States economically while acting as a supporter, not a challenger, in world politics. Japan is America's number one ally in Asia. It has made economically based contributions. How cooperative has Japan been in the use of economic power for the United States? The answer to this question depends on three questions. First, does Japan intend to facilitate realization of U.S. policy objectives? Second, what does the United States want from Japan? Does Washington believe that Tokyo has been cooperative? Third, how should researchers assess Japan's cooperation based on "objective" evidence? This chapter examines these questions. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 27-82 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:5:p:27-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Wan Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Title: Introduction Abstract: Two competing visions of Japan prevail in academic research and policy analysis. On the global level, Japan is often seen as a power that knows how to achieve economic success but does not know what to do in foreign policy. By contrast, on the regional level the country is viewed, with both awe and suspicion, as dominating the East Asian regional economic order with a strong sense of purpose, resourcefulness, and determination. Japan itself has adopted a two-track foreign policy—one track for the West and one track for East Asia. Japan's prolonged economic stagnation in the 1990s has drastically changed the world's view of the country. Japan is now seen as stuck in a system that has outlived its usefulness. But this recent development highlights rather than negates the importance of critically examining the cleavage between Asia and the West in Japan's foreign policy to shed light on Tokyo's motivation and strategic behavior. In fact, while retreating to some extent in the world, Japan has become more active, relative to its past behavior, in East Asia in recent years Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-25 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X26053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X26053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:5:p:3-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Koike Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Koike Title: Dislocation and the Employment of Older Workers Abstract: Lately, I am often asked whether layoffs that are widely observed among large Japanese corporations may destroy the employment system in Japan. Is this concern indeed well-founded? Are there unexpected problems in the Japanese approach to employment? To examine these questions is the theme of this article. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 62-82 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240362 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240362 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:3:p:62-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ko Akaoka Author-X-Name-First: Ko Author-X-Name-Last: Akaoka Title: In Search of Elegant Labor Management Abstract: Nikkeiren (1994) argues that neither lifetime employment nor the seniority system are characteristics of Japanese-style management. They describe an "employment portfolio," which advocates the need for employment flexibility as the foundation of a human-oriented concept (an attitude of respect) in response to the growing number of people who are rejecting total commitment to a firm. They argue that it is a management style that promotes respect for humanity. We show, however, that Nikkeiren's proposal does not always benefit people; moreover, the proposal clearly indicates that solutions to male-female employment equality and labor conflicts with foreign countries—urgent problems for Japanese management—are not being adequately addressed. This article considers how future Japanese management should handle these issues. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-22 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:3:p:3-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukio Noguchi Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Noguchi Title: Leaving the "1940" System and Moving into a New System Abstract: Editor's Note: This article was written shortly after the July 1993 general election in which the Liberal Democratic party (LDP) lost its majority control of the House of Representatives. As the LDP stepped down, a coalition government was formed by new political parties. However, this government was short lived. In July 1994, it was replaced by a coalition of the LDP, the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), and the Sakigake party. Chairman Tomiichi Murayama of the JSP was appointed prime minister even though the JSP became an even smaller minority party. He resigned from the post in January 1996 and premiership passed to Ryutaro Hashimoto, newly elected president of the LDP. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 83-94 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240383 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240383 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:3:p:83-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jurō Hashimoto Author-X-Name-First: Jurō Author-X-Name-Last: Hashimoto Title: Amid the Global Turning Point Abstract: The two decades since the mid-1970s represent a major turning point in the twentieth-century world economic system. We are not referring here to a natural fin-de-siècle transition. Rather this is a large transition which occurs once in a century. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 23-61 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240323 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240323 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:3:p:23-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, VOL. VI (Fall 1977-Summer 1978) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 174-175 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060304174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060304174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1978:i:3-4:p:174-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideichiro Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Hideichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: Japan, Incorporated and Postwar Democracy Abstract: As a thesis, Japan, Incorporated is not of Japanese design. Back in the late 1960s when Japan rose to be the second largest economic power, ranking next to the United States in the free world and ahead of West Germany in terms of GNP while continuing to surpass a number of Western nations in per capita national income, with its productive force in major industrial products already at the top level in the world, Japan observers abroad and foreign journalists who were interested in the superb growth performance of the postwar Japanese economy noted that Japan, Incorporated represented the system of close-knit cooperation between government and business which is at the core of Japan's outstanding economic growth. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 68-109 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X06030468 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X06030468 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1978:i:3-4:p:68-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken'ichi Imai Author-X-Name-First: Ken'ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: Japan's Industrial Organization Abstract: What was the foundation of the Japanese industrial organization which supported Japan's postwar economic development? On the one hand, Japan's industrial organization positively contributed to high economic growth, but, on the other hand, it created friction between the market and the environment, which has become the cause as well as the consequence of the fragility of public action and social welfare. The Japanese economy is often said to possess outstanding shiftability. If so, its industrial organization should also possess corresponding characteristics. In a dynamic economy, industrial organization is always in the process of change and evolution. Then, how can Japanese industrial organization convert itself from the one that has been formed primarily to contribute to economic growth to the one that can bring the genuine fruit of economic activities to the people? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-67 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X0603043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X0603043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1978:i:3-4:p:3-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Hazama Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Hazama Title: Characteristics of Japanese-Style Management Abstract: Foreign Views of Japanese Management. The expression Japanese-style management is being used as a contrast to such expressions as American-style management, British-style management, or Chinese-style management. An international comparison is therefore intended. Strictly speaking then, one cannot use this expression meaningfully unless a great deal is known on this subject. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 110-173 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 6 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060304110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060304110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1978:i:3-4:p:110-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Motoshige Itoh Author-X-Name-First: Motoshige Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Title: Japan's Domestic-Foreign Price Gap, as Viewed from the Firm's Price-Setting Behavior Abstract: With a shift since 1985 toward higher yen value, the issue of the overseas-domestic price gap has come under sharp focus. The prices of goods, which should fall due to the rising value of the yen, do not in fact fall. With regard to certain brand items from overseas, exorbitant prices are charged in the domestic market in Japan. As an extreme case, goods are made in Japan that are sold more cheaply overseas than in Japan; moreover, a public upheaval was caused by these goods being imported back into Japan and sold at discount stores. When such a phenomenon attracts public attention, many debates are carried out with a frequency that has never before occurred regarding the way Japanese firms should set prices, regarding the distributional structure in Japan, and regarding the various government rules and regulations about this distribution. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-36 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X20033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X20033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:3:p:3-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takamitsu Sawa Author-X-Name-First: Takamitsu Author-X-Name-Last: Sawa Title: The Growing Service Sector in the Japanese Economy: The Present and the Future Abstract: It has been some time since the expression "the softization of the economy" came into use. The word softization, created by the mass media, means a drastic structural change in the economic society and is symbolized by six types of change. They are the increased service sector, the growing importance of information, internationalization, the growing importance of the financial sector (economic obesity), increased speculation, and the increased importance of energy saving. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 37-50 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:3:p:37-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukio Noguchi Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Noguchi Title: Japan's Land Problem Abstract: One need not be reminded that the land is an indispensable stock to our living and economic activities. The "land problem," however, has always been a serious issue in Japan. How did it happen that the land problem became so serious? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 51-77 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200351 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200351 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:3:p:51-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshiro Hoshino Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiro Author-X-Name-Last: Hoshino Title: What Technology Has Postwar Japan Learned from the U.S.? Abstract: At present, Japanese technology has reached the point where we can say that it is just as advanced as Western technology, at least in terms of mass production technology. In shipbuilding, steel, automobiles, motorcycles, color televisions, sewing machines, cameras, watches, synthetic fibers, plastics, titanium, petrochemical, semiconductors, and similar products, Japanese technology finds itself at the top level of the world. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 65-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170165 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170165 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1988:i:1:p:65-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryuhei Wakasugi Author-X-Name-First: Ryuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Wakasugi Title: Research and Development and Innovations in High Technology Industry: The Case of the Semiconductor Industry Abstract: Today, most active in research and development (R & D) activities are high technology industries such as electronics and computers. The semiconductor industry is one representative field. The semiconductor itself was invented in the United States in the late 1950s. Japan began its R & D based on technology imported from the United States. Since then, through fierce competition among firms in technological development and capital investment, this industry rapidly acquired its international competitive capability. Through this process, private firms conducted joint R & D, and the government actively supported and subsidized such private joint R & D activities. Today, Japan's semiconductor industry has reached the highest technological level in the world, and semiconductor products produced by Japanese firms are exported en masse to the world market. In this technological innovation process in the semiconductor industry, one can discern several characteristics common to all innovations in the Japanese economy. This discussion takes up the semiconductor industry as a case study of R & D by Japanese firms and of the government support. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X17013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X17013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1988:i:1:p:3-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazayuki Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Kazayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Author-Name: Tsutomu Miyakawa Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu Author-X-Name-Last: Miyakawa Title: Replacement Investment and International Competitiveness of Firms Abstract: There are two parts to business fixed investment. One is net investment and the other is replacement investment. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 36-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1988:i:1:p:36-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shoichi Royama Author-X-Name-First: Shoichi Author-X-Name-Last: Royama Title: The Japanese Financial System: Past, Present, and Future Abstract: At the end of a survey of the Japanese financial system, Wal-lich and Wallich described it as being "in a process of rapid transition, not only under the influence of growing international competition and integration (internationalization), but also under the rapid progress... of the economy itself."1 Their view proved correct, as the facts show in the half-decade since the publication of their paper. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-32 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X12023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X12023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1983:i:2:p:3-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadao Kagono Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Kagono Author-Name: Ikujiro Nonaka Author-X-Name-First: Ikujiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nonaka Author-Name: Kiyonori Sakakibara Author-X-Name-First: Kiyonori Author-X-Name-Last: Sakakibara Author-Name: Akihiro Okumura Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Okumura Title: Strategic Adaptation to Environment: Japanese and U.S. Firms Compared Abstract: On the basis of the data collected from responses to our questionnaire sent to 1,000 firms each in Japan and the United States, as well as an intensive comparative analysis of a few representative firms, our study has examined (1) general characteristics of strategy and organization for environmental adaptation of firms in the two countries; (2) causal factors that gave rise to them; (3) their strengths and weaknesses; and (4) the impact of the differences in strategy and organization on management performance. This final chapter summarizes the principal analytical findings and explores their theoretical and practical implications. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 33-80 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1983:i:2:p:33-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masaaki Homma Author-X-Name-First: Masaaki Author-X-Name-Last: Homma Author-Name: Fumio Ohtake Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtake Title: Japan's Tax Reform Abstract: The "Nakasone Tax Reform," the objective of which was the most drastic tax reform since the Shoup Tax Reform Recommendations of 1949, overcame the setback of the rejection of the sales tax proposal in the 108th Regular Session of the Diet and ended in the 109th Regular Session, having accomplished only limited reform through the partial reform of the income tax and inhabitant tax and the review of the tax on interest income in the taxation of assets. As a result, tax reform continued to be an important policy question during the Takeshita era. Below, we outline how tax reform became a topic of national concern, and the tax reform issues that still remain to be determined. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-18 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X18043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X18043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:4:p:3-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsuneo Ono Author-X-Name-First: Tsuneo Author-X-Name-Last: Ono Title: The Maturing of the Labor-Management Relationship and a Macroeconomic Analysis of Wage Change Abstract: The logic of economic consistency in the wage function that econometrically predicts the rate of spring offensive wage hike on the basis of a relationship of wage change with macroeconomic determinants has a policy implication that the wage function reflects individual firms' dominant behavioral pattern at wage determination or the wage criteria taken at pattern-setting wage bargainings. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 65-91 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:4:p:65-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukio Noguchi Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Noguchi Title: Japan's Land Problem Abstract: I. Present land situation in Japan: Land is, on the one hand, a factor of production indispensable in living and in production activities for residential use, industrial and commercial use, and agricultural use and, on the other hand, is an asset as well. When we consider the land issue, it is always important to consider it from these two aspects. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-64 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:4:p:48-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naotatsu Hosaka Author-X-Name-First: Naotatsu Author-X-Name-Last: Hosaka Title: The Political Economy of the Consumption Tax Abstract: 1. The problem and points of view: On April 1, 1989, a consumption tax went into effect in Japan, demonstrating the various effects at all levels of the economy that might be expected of a tax described by its proponents as "a consumption tax with a tax burden spread widely and lightly." This multistage, Japanese-style value-added tax, which was based on the assumption that it would be easy to shift, is plainly showing its defects in the short-term price effects that have been so conspicuous at each level of tax shifting—the opportunistic price increases and the excessive shifting or insufficient shifting, as the case may be, depending on the degree of market imperfections and the relative competitiveness of the various participants. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 19-47 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180419 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:4:p:19-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Volume 18 (Fall 1989-Summer 1990) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 92-93 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:4:p:92-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masahiro Okuno-Fujiwara Author-X-Name-First: Masahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Okuno-Fujiwara Title: The Economic System of Contemporary Japan: Its Structure and Possibility of Change Abstract: The economic system of contemporary Japan is often referred to as the "Japanese-style" system. This is because, whether consciously or unconsciously, many people consider the economic system in Japan to be different from that in Western Europe and, in particular, from that in the United States. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 76-98 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22050676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22050676 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:76-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takeshi Hara Author-X-Name-First: Takeshi Author-X-Name-Last: Hara Title: Japanese Agriculture As It Is Now Abstract: Japanese agriculture was damaged by a very poor harvest and Japan was driven into importing as much as two millions tons of foreign rice in 1993. In addition, starting in 1995, the government was forced by the Uruguay Round of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) to open partially the rice market. Japanese agriculture, which concentrates on rice growing, will be pressed into complete reform by removing the embargo on rice imports. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 126-159 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220506126 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220506126 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:126-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadahiro Mitsuhashi Author-X-Name-First: Tadahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mitsuhashi Title: High Technology and Japan in the 1990s Abstract: It is said that the 1990s will be Japan's most important transition period since the time of World War II. During the past few years, huge global changes (which occur only once every hundred years or so) have taken place. Especially noteworthy were changes in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, symbolized by the destruction of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) at the end of 1991. These changes resolved this century's biggest ideological battle over which system was superior and eliminated—in a single stroke—the cold war which had existed between the United States and the Soviet Union since the end of World War II. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 160-192 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220506160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220506160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:160-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Forthcoming Articles Abstract: "… When we look at the number of fresh high school graduates who become employed in the fishing industry, we find only a few hundred these days, which confirms our sad suspicion. Ten years ago we were talking about several thousands of graduates taking the places of older fishermen, but we now find only a few hundred in all of Japan. Since there are forty prefectures that face the sea, this means only ten or twenty graduates per prefecture. In terms of fishermen's cooperatives, since they number about 2,000 in Japan, only one out of three cooperatives will, on the average, get a new recruit. It is clear from this that fishermen are on the verge of vanishing. …" Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 195-198 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220506195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220506195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:195-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuo Takeuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yasuo Author-X-Name-Last: Takeuchi Title: The Ethics of Japanese-Style Capitalism Abstract: An article written by Sony Chairman Akio Morita (1992) entitled "Japanese-Style Management is in Danger," caused a sensation. In it, Morita makes the bold statement that corporate Japan's present methods of doing business and Japan's economic structure should be changed. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 44-75 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22050644 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22050644 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:44-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koichiro Imano Author-X-Name-First: Koichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Imano Title: The Labor Market for Technical Workers and Their Job-Seeking Behavior: An International Comparison Among Japan, United States, Great Britain, and Germany Abstract: This article is a part of an international research project comparing the labor market and employment management of technical workers in four countries—Japan, United States, Great Britain, and Germany.1 Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 99-125 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22050699 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22050699 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:99-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Machiko Osawa Author-X-Name-First: Machiko Author-X-Name-Last: Osawa Title: Japanese-Style Employment Practices and Male-Female Wage Differentials Abstract: In the previous chapter, we considered how women coped with economic change and how that influenced male-female wage differentials. Women's employment patterns have changed dramatically depending on their decisions about childbirth. During the prewar generation it was common practice for women to marry and become homemakers. Employment patterns changed for the wartime and postwar generations when women worked as regular workers before marriage and childbirth and then sought reentry into the labor force as nonregular workers. Now a new generation is emerging in which women are delaying marriage and childbirth as they attempt to combine career and matrimony. In this chapter, we consider how firms have dealt with the economic change and the male-female wage differentials from the labor—demand side. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-43 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2205063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2205063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:3-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , Volume 22 (January 1994-December 1994) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 193-194 Issue: 5-6 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220506193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220506193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:5-6:p:193-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken'ichi Imai Author-X-Name-First: Ken'ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: The Corporate Network in Japan Abstract: As Schumpeter said, the fundamental force that drives the engine of capitalism and enables its system to function continuously is composed of new production methods (and new transportation methods), new markets, and new industrial systems created by entrepreneurs. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-37 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X16023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X16023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1987:i:2:p:3-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asao Mizuno Author-X-Name-First: Asao Author-X-Name-Last: Mizuno Title: Wage Flexibility and Employment Changes Abstract: Japan's unemployment rate began to rise on the heels of the first oil shock and has not yet shown a sign of improvement. Nevertheless, it is far lower than the European and American levels. According to recent arguments on macroeconomic performances of the labor market, the principal reason for the low unemployment in Japan may be attributable to the high flexibility of nominal and real wages in the process of business cycles. Other things being equal, flexible wages—more precisely, a sharp fall in the rate of increase of real wages in a recession—lead to stable employment and contribute to reducing an increase in unemployment. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 38-73 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1987:i:2:p:38-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryoshin Minami Author-X-Name-First: Ryoshin Author-X-Name-Last: Minami Author-Name: Akira Ono Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Ono Title: Price Changes in a Dual Economy Abstract: One of the frequently mentioned features of postwar Japanese economic growth concerns divergent changes in the sectoral wholesale price indexes: the price index for the "modern" sector has decreased slightly or remained constant, whereas the price index for the "nonmodern" sector has registered a rapid increase, especially in the 1960s. A rapid rise in the latter price index has been one of the main reasons for the sharp increase in the consumer price index. The modern sector includes large manufacturing enterprises and the nonmodern sector refers to primary industry and small-scale manufacturing enterprises. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 32-58 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030332 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030332 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:3:p:32-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shoichi Royama Author-X-Name-First: Shoichi Author-X-Name-Last: Royama Title: The Financial Mechanism of Japan: Survey and Synthesis of Major Issues Abstract: This study is intended to survey major problems in the analysis of the financial mechanism of Japan and to examine how they have been treated in the literature. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-31 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X03033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X03033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:3:p:3-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsuneo Unno Author-X-Name-First: Tsuneo Author-X-Name-Last: Unno Title: Problems of Overpopulation and Depopulation Abstract: The biggest task in regional development administration in Japan today is said to be the elimination of overpopulation and depopulation. When was it that these problems of overpopulation and depopulation began to appear on the scene as issues in regional development policy? My personal experience tells me that these two problems did not arise simultaneously; rather, rural depopulation appeared as a policy issue a few years after urban overcrowding was taken up as a serious problem. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 59-87 Issue: 3 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030359 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030359 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:3:p:59-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masanori Yoshikai Author-X-Name-First: Masanori Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshikai Title: R & D and Technology Policy in Japan Abstract: In this book, we have so far examined technology development and technology policy both theoretically and historically. We have also analyzed the relationship between technology imports—a principal postwar technology policy—and technology development. Now we turn to the development of high technology, an area in which competition is most severe among industrial countries as it is where their growth industries are. Understanding the contemporary structure of R & D activities is important for formulating the strategic viewpoint in technology policy. In what follows, we shall explore the trends and patterns in business R & D activities and their responses to environmental changes. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-50 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X14043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X14043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1986:i:4:p:3-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Komiya Ryutaro Author-X-Name-First: Komiya Author-X-Name-Last: Ryutaro Title: Industrial Policy in Japan Abstract: I. Overview: It is widely known that after World War II, and in particular in the 1950s and 1960s, the Japanese government adopted a complicated set of policy measures designed to accelerate industrial development, and that in order to do this the government worked in close cooperation with the private sector. However, it is not well known how industrial policy was in fact implemented, nor is the decision process through which it was formulated widely understood. At the time many individual measures were widely reported in newspapers and the like, but there have been few attempts by outsiders to present a clear, overall picture of "industrial policy." Thus, while many things were well known to the parties involved, there is much that is not known now, even among academics. There are furthermore relatively few studies that seek to analyze the effectiveness of the various policy measures and their impact on the national economy,1 though in the late 1970s a fair number of books and two studies were written that were perceptive and provided much information.2 From the mid-1970s, with the obvious success of Japanese industry, the content of industrial policy has changed greatly, while at the same time interest abroad in Japanese industrial policy has heightened. From the United States and Europe to the developing countries (especially East Asia—including China), there is strong interest in the lessons to be learned for their own industrial development from postwar Japanese industrial policy. Until now, however, studies by foreign scholars have either been limited to a description of policy measures or relied more heavily on a political science perspective than on economic analysis. As a result there has been a general trend abroad to overestimate the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of industrial policy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 51-81 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1986:i:4:p:51-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Volume XIV (Fall 1985-Summer 1986) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 82-83 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140482 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140482 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1986:i:4:p:82-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index of Authors Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 120-127 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1004120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1004120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:120-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Okumura Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Okumura Title: Interfirm Relations in an Enterprise Group Abstract: What is a business enterprise ? Though seemingly simple, in reality this is a very difficult question to answer. When we examine a group of business enterprises such as the Mitsubishi Group, an important issue is how to look at enterprises, the members of said group. A currently popular approach in management science tries to unravel a firm by examining its internal organization. However, there may be an alternative approach, in which one illuminates the essence of an enterprise by examining its relations with other enterprises. Just as contact between communities determines communities' characters, relations between firms may reveal the true nature of firms. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-82 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100453 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100453 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:53-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Topics of Special Issues Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 119-119 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1004119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1004119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:119-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Editor's Note Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 105-118 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1004105 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1004105 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:105-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuo Okamoto Author-X-Name-First: Yasuo Author-X-Name-Last: Okamoto Title: The Grand Strategy of Japanese Business Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to uncover basic patterns in the development of Japanese business through an analysis of some empirical observations on management in postwar Japanese firms. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-52 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X10043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X10043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:3-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies Vol. X Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 129-130 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1004129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1004129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:129-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Taiichi Ohno Author-X-Name-First: Taiichi Author-X-Name-Last: Ohno Title: How the Toyota Production System was Created Abstract: The oil crisis of the autumn of 1973 first led the public to take a strong interest in the Toyota production system. Anyway you look at it, the oil crisis had a great influence on government and industry, and even on personal lifestyles. The following year, the Japanese economy slid down to zero growth, and all of a sudden the entire industrial sector seemed to plunge into a profound panic. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 83-101 Issue: 4 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:4:p:83-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasukichi Yasuba Author-X-Name-First: Yasukichi Author-X-Name-Last: Yasuba Title: Policy-Induced Growth and the Older Generation Abstract: When there was a rise of antigrowth thinking around 1970 many people argued that postwar Japan had been preoccupied with rapid economic growth at the sacrifice of welfare and that henceforth welfare rather than growth should be emphasized. (1) In this paper I shall examine the meaning of the question of "growth or welfare" and demonstrate that, if there had been a sacrifice made as a result of policy-induced growth, it was not welfare in general but mainly the welfare of the older generation. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 30-70 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070330 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070330 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:3:p:30-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryohei Magota Author-X-Name-First: Ryohei Author-X-Name-Last: Magota Title: The End of the Seniority-Related (Nenko) Wage System Abstract: The wages that ceased to rise. The pay scale of the civil service is publicly announced in a schedule of basic monthly salaries, namely, prices of labor services. Since civil servants are given only a few allowances, such as dependent allowances and regional adjustment allowances, the basic pay schedule is sufficient to show wage differentials by age. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 71-125 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:3:p:71-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Ohbuchi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Ohbuchi Title: The Aging of Population and Economic Growth in Japan Abstract: Ever since the successful takeoff of the Japanese economy in the middle of the Meiji era, the late 1880s to be exact, it has maintained, for nearly a century, a high level of growth that surpasses the advanced industrial states of the West, and it has now grown into one of the most highly developed industrial nations in the world. That path has not been even by any means, and it involves many of the problems that go hand in hand with growth, but it can be made the subject of an interesting analysis from various angles as an example of Kuznets's "modern economic growth." [1] Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-29 Issue: 3 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X07033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X07033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:3:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koichi Hamada Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Hamada Title: Nonperforming Loans Versus Economic Recession Abstract: The Japanese public hopes the administration of Junichiro Koizumi remains firmly committed to structural reform of the Japanese economy, and eagerly anticipates the realization of his reform agenda. People are aware of the gross inefficiencies in the public sector as well as the private sector, where nonperforming loans have afflicted banks and their corporate borrowers. Regardless of economic conditions, it is necessary to reduce these gross inefficiencies by improving the incentives facing economic actors and institutions. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 8-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:8-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Walter Hatch Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Hatch Title: Guest Editor's Introduction Abstract: With the exception of a growth hiccup in 1996, the Japanese economy has been flatter than cola without carbonation for more than a decade. An export drive has fueled rising expectations, but still has not managed to stimulate domestic demand, restore business confidence, or put the unemployed back to work. If a recovery is underway, it remains weak, unimpressive. Here is just one indicator of how far Japan's economy has fallen: On the Tokyo stock exchange, the Nikkei index, which had soared to almost 39,000 at the peak of the financial bubble in December 1989, had dipped below 9,000 by December 2002. How did Japan fall into this swamp? And what must it do to get out? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:3-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Werner Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Title: The "Enigma" of Japanese Policy Ineffectiveness Abstract: Japan's economic performance has been disappointing since the early 1990s. Actual growth largely has remained below potential. The economic loss, in the form of lost output and national income, amounts to trillions of yen.1 Unemployment is one indicator of the degree of social dislocation. Another may be the suicide rate, which rose to postwar record highs in the 1990s, apparently largely recession induced. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 25-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300125 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300125 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:25-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shizuka Kamei Author-X-Name-First: Shizuka Author-X-Name-Last: Kamei Title: "Prime Minister Koizumi, You Are Wrong" Abstract: While Japan is one of the wealthiest nations in the world with 1,400 trillion in financial assets and $400 billion in foreign reserves, our economy is caught in a deflationary spiral. The Japanese people have no idea what tomorrow will bring, but nonetheless continue to enthusiastically support the Koizumi administration, which tells them it "shares their pain." Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 22-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:1:p:22-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Title: The Economics of Marketing and Distribution Abstract: Economic theories of information gathering, strategic behavior, opportunism, and response to externalities afford logical interpretations of various marketing phenomena. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-22 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:5-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Author-Name: Akio Torii Author-X-Name-First: Akio Author-X-Name-Last: Torii Title: Long-Term Manufacturer-Distributor Relationships Abstract: We attempt to answer the question of what circumstances help bring about a long-term relationship. By a model analysis we demonstrate that a long-term relationship prevails when the cost-cutting effect of relation-specific resources is considerable, variance in demand is small, consumers are more loyal to brands, and adjustments of production scale and inventory level are easy. A case study analyzing the difference between automobile distribution systems in Japan and the United States, and a cross-section analysis of Japanese wholesale divisions, provide strong support for the conclusions drawn from the model analysis. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 87-117 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350206 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350206 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:87-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Title: Consumers' Information-Gathering Behavior and the Structure of Distribution Channels Abstract: Consumers gather information about quality either by prepurchase investigation—search, or by actual trial consumption—experience. Search is more likely for goods bought infrequently, or for which search costs are low, or the quality is highly uncertain. Experience is more likely under the opposite conditions. Classification of goods as either search goods or experience goods corresponds in detail to longstanding classifications in the marketing literature such as "shopping" goods versus "convenience" goods, and Aspinwall's "yellow" and "red" categories. Consumers' information-gathering behavior determines to some degree the appropriate physicaldistribution paths and methods of sales promotion. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 23-38 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:23-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Flath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Flath Title: Tatsuhiko Nariu's Economic Theory of Marketing and Distribution: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Title: Returns Policy, Information, and Communication Abstract: Manufacturers and retailers will often have information about future demand that is not known to the other. Efficiency requires that each member of the distribution channel has an appropriate incentive either to act on its private information or to reveal it to the other members. If a manufacturer accepts returns of unsold merchandise from retailers then it will use its information efficiently. This may be the economic reason for this otherwise puzzling marketing phenomenon. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 54-67 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:54-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Title: The Role of Reputation in the Market for Consumer Goods: Entry Barriers and the Wheel of Retailing Abstract: Sellers confront problems of strategy in deciding whether to maintain reputations for supplying high-quality goods or low-quality goods. In a spatial competition model an incumbent monopolist deters entry by maintaining a high reputation. But in a model based on differences in consumers' tastes, an incumbent monopolist becomes more vulnerable to entry the higher its reputation is, which is somewhat reminiscent of the "wheel of retailing" phenomenon noted in the marketing literature. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 39-53 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:39-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Flath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Flath Author-Name: Tatsuhiko Nariu Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nariu Title: The Complexity of Wholesale Distribution Channels in Japan Abstract: A measure of number of steps in the wholesale distribution chain is proposed and calculated for Japan, the United States, and Germany and for different kinds of business within Japan and within the United States. Economic factors that influence the number of wholesale steps in the distribution channel are examined in relation to these data. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 68-86 Issue: 2 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:2:p:68-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GREGORY P. CORNING Author-X-Name-First: GREGORY P. Author-X-Name-Last: CORNING Title: Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-11 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:3-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: References Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 97-100 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:97-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 2. Techno-Globalism in the Triad Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 12-51 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:12-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 6. The Real World Computing Program Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 52-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 31 Year: 2003 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045169 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2003.11045169 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:31:y:2003:i:2:p:52-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Flath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Flath Title: Editor's Note Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:1:p:3-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rikiya Matsukura Author-X-Name-First: Rikiya Author-X-Name-Last: Matsukura Author-Name: Naohiro Ogawa Author-X-Name-First: Naohiro Author-X-Name-Last: Ogawa Author-Name: Robert Clark Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Clark Title: Analysis of Employment Patterns and the Changing Demographic Structure of Japan Abstract: Japan's economic development has been achieved through a demographic structure characterized by total fertility rate decline and increasing longevity. These changes in the demographic structure have had an impact on such factors as economic growth, savings rates, and labor productivity, and have helped Japan to grow. However, as the pace of population aging accelerates, due to birthrate decline, and the workforce population decreases, there are concerns that economic growth could suffer.This report uses data from the Employment Status Surveys conducted from 1982 to 2002 to study the potential pool of workers that will be able to sustain Japan's workforce over the next ten years. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 82-153 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:1:p:82-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yusuke Date Author-X-Name-First: Yusuke Author-X-Name-Last: Date Author-Name: Satoshi Shimizutani Author-X-Name-First: Satoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Shimizutani Title: Why Has Japan's Fertility Rate Declined?: An Empirical Literature Survey with an Emphasis on Policy Implications Abstract: Japan's total fertility rate declined to 1.29 in 2003, the lowest in its modern era. Such a drastic decline in fertility rate is extremely unusual. The decreased birthrate creates an unbalanced demographic composition between the productive and dependent populations. This development may result in agreater burden per person regarding social security and have a negative effect on Japan's long-term economic performance.This article surveys the literature on the decline in Japan's fertility rate. It emphasizes the policy implications with respect to supporting households that want to have children. In the first section of the article, we describe a long-term trend in Japan's fertility rate and show that the decline after the 1970s was primarily attributed to a decline in marriage rates, and partly due to a decline in the number of households with three or more children.We then present a survey empirical studies to examine the relationship between birthrates and several factors: an increase in the opportunity costs of having children caused by increases in female wages and labor participation, the growing costs of child care, the shortage of child care services, poor company support for child care leave, and direct public compensation for having children. We conclude that all policies supporting female workers and child care are especially important. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 4-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:1:p:4-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Oshio Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Oshio Author-Name: Wataru Seno Author-X-Name-First: Wataru Author-X-Name-Last: Seno Title: The Economics of Education in Japan: A Survey of Empirical Studies and Unresolved Issues Abstract: The purpose of this article is to survey the empirical studies on education in Japan and to identify the issues yet to be addressed by the research. We divide the existing studies into six categories: (1) human capital theory and rates of return on education, (2) the labor market and education, (3) factor analysis of educational performance, (4) industrial analysis of education, (5) determinants of education demand, and (6) education and social stratification. We then compare the purposes, methodologies, conclusions, and policy implications of the studies discussed. There is an abundance of literature on each topic and we found many insights provided by noneconomic approaches, such as education sociology, that are also of interest from an economic viewpoint. A lack of data, however, limits empirical analysis and leaves many problems unresolved.The following four issues in particular remain to be resolved. First, there are relatively few empirical analyses on educational performance in Japan as compared with countries like the United States, and long-term panel data that include educational background information need to be developed. Second, a certain level of liberalism is being allowed in school education at the municipal level, expanding the opportunities for conducting analyses of educational performance based on cross-sectional data. Third, additional analyses of education from the perspectives of industrial organizational theory and business management need to be performed in light of the conversion of the national universities into independent administrative institutions. Fourth, some topics are conducive to joint research by scholars in the fields of economics and education sociology, such as the relationships between education and social stratification, and between education and income disparities. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 46-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:1:p:46-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Flath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Flath Title: Are There Any Cournot Industries in Japan? Abstract: For each of the seventy Japanese four-digit SIC manufacturing industries, using annual data for 1961-90, I test the simple Cournot hypothesis of proportionality between industry price-cost margin and Herfindahl index against the non-nested alternative that the industry price-cost margin remains constant in the face of varying Herfindahl index, as it would under a simple product-differentiated Bertrand framework. I then test each of these against the alternative hybrid specification that nests both of them, and from the pairwise tests, compute likelihoods of each specification. The simple Cournot specification is the most likely for five of the industries, the simple Bertrand specification for thirty-five, and the hybrid specification for thirty. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-36 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:2:p:3-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshio Kurosaka Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Kurosaka Title: Okun's Law and Employment Adjustment Abstract: This study estimates and conducts a factor analysis on Okun's coefficient to look at the labor productivity effect that can be derived from the Okun coefficient residual, and indirectly examines the employment adjustment speed of the Japanese economy in 1981-2010. The key findings are as follows. Okun's coefficient for the Japanese economy was calculated at 10.8 for the periods 1981-2000 and 2008-10, and 3.0 for the period 2001-7 (= 1 ÷ 0.329), with the value of Okun's coefficient falling in the 2001-7 period, but then rebounding to its original value in 2008 and after. The labor productivity effect was found by calculating the difference remaining after subtracting the direct effect, labor supply effect, and labor hours effect from Okun's coefficient. It was 6.43 in the periods 1981-2000 and 2008-10, and 1.03 in the period 2001-7 when Okun's coefficient fell. This means that corporate employment hoarding had decreased, indirectly showing that employment adjustments had been made quickly. In the period 2008-10, following the collapse of Lehman Brothers, Okun's coefficient rebounded to 10.8 and the labor productivity effect returned to its previous level, thus suggesting that the overemployment being maintained by companies was largely eliminated in the 2001-7 period. It was not so much that the pace of employment adjustment itself changed after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, but rather that the magnitude of the Lehman collapse was so large as to require massive employment adjustments to be made even at the previous pace of employment adjustment. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 87-107 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:2:p:87-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eiji Yamamura Author-X-Name-First: Eiji Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamura Title: Perceived Consequences of Immigration in Japan Depend upon Frequency of Contact with Foreigners Abstract: Using individual survey data from Japan, this study investigates how frequency of contact with foreigners is associated with perceptions of the effects of increased immigration. The results show that frequency of contact with foreigners has a measurable effect on perceptions and that its influence varies according to household income level. More frequent contact with foreigners inclines respondents with low income to agree that if the number of foreigners increased in their community, job opportunities for Japanese will decrease. It inclines high-income respondents to agree that if the number of foreigners increased, the foreigners would be a needed labor force. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 37-48 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:2:p:37-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akira Kawaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Kawaguchi Author-Name: Kimitaka Nishitani Author-X-Name-First: Kimitaka Author-X-Name-Last: Nishitani Title: Corporate Governance and the Role of Women Abstract: The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the relationships between financial structures and corporate governance on the one hand, and corporate employment systems, particularly female employment, on the other. We tested two hypotheses regarding governance and female employment. The first is that the long-term employment system is changing due to strengthened governance by investors, and that the resulting trend toward shortened terms of employment for full-time employees (FTEs) is working to the advantage of women. The second is that overall management efficiency is improving due to strengthened governance by investors, and as a result, the effective use of women's labor power is being promoted. The results of this empirical analysis provide some support, albeit not very strong support, for the first hypothesis. The results obtained were consistent with the hypothesis that governance by institutional investors is resulting in shortened terms of employment for FTEs, and thus is promoting the employment of women, but the correlation between shortened terms of employment and female employment was not very strong. By contrast, the second hypothesis was strongly supported by the data. The evidence showed that companies with stronger governance by institutional investors are involved in positive action and have many female FTEs and managers. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 49-86 Issue: 2 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:2:p:49-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 33 (Spring 2005—Winter 2005-6) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 146-147 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2006.11045226 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2006.11045226 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:146-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Walter Hatch Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Hatch Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-5 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:3-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsuru Iwamura Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuru Author-X-Name-Last: Iwamura Author-Name: Tsutomu Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Title: Electronic Money and Monetary Policy Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 65-74 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:65-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katsuhito Iwai Author-X-Name-First: Katsuhito Author-X-Name-Last: Iwai Title: Do Corporations Belong to Their Shareholders?: U.S.-Style Shareholder Rights Orientation Will Not Become the Mainstream in the Twenty-First Century Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 6-15 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:6-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshiaki Ikoma Author-X-Name-First: Toshiaki Author-X-Name-Last: Ikoma Title: Research and Development and Innovation Boost Firm Value: The Goal of Technology Management Is Maximizing Firm Value Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 110-127 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:110-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Weathers Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Weathers Title: Equal Opportunity for Japanese Women: What Progress? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 16-44 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:16-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Dewit Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Dewit Title: Spinning Its Wheels: Japan's Small State Meets the New Economy Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 75-109 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:75-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nobuto Iwata Author-X-Name-First: Nobuto Author-X-Name-Last: Iwata Title: World Trade Organization and the Recycling Trade: Trade Measures for Global Environmental Preservation Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 45-64 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:45-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chan Khoon Author-X-Name-First: Chan Author-X-Name-Last: Khoon Title: Renegotiating the Social Contract: Challenges to Health and Social Policy in Japan Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 128-145 Issue: 4 Volume: 33 Year: 2006 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X330407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X330407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2006:i:4:p:128-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 3. "No First-Time Customers" Abstract: The Kyoto hanamachi is a 350-year-old members-only trade. The nature of this exclusivity and some of the economic reasons for it are described. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 36-46 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:36-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 5. No Wallet Required Abstract: The system of deferred payment by customers and its relation to the elaborate division of labor within the hanamachi are explained. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 61-73 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:61-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 7. The Women's Vocational Schools for the Arts Abstract: Training in the Japanese traditional arts takes place in special academies tied to the Kyoto hanamachi. This is supplemented by on-the-job study and individual study in a continuous, career-long learning cycle. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 90-102 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370407 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370407 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:90-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Afterword Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 125-127 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370409 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370409 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:125-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Bibliography Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 132-134 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370411 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370411 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:132-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 1. The Kyoto Hanamachi Abstract: The origins and special features of each of the five Kyoto hanamachi are described, and educated guesses are offered regarding their combined employment and annual revenue. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 6-19 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:6-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 6. The Hanamachi Evaluation System Abstract: Within the Kyoto hanamachi, very detailed and comprehensive annual performance evaluations are the basis for annual awards bestowed at New Year's celebrations, awards that confer both earnings and status within the community. The compensation system itself is very much merit-based. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 74-89 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:74-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 8. The Kyoto Hanamachi Enterprises Abstract: The Kyoto hanamachi embodies a business system that has evolved over its 350-year history in ways that confer a competitive edge. The system continues to evolve. Some important differences between the Kyoto hanamachi and ones in Tokyo and Osaka, may explain why the Kyoto hanamachi has been less adversely affected by recent economic challenges. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 103-124 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370408 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370408 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:103-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Glossary Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 128-131 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370410 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370410 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:128-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 37 (Spring 2010-Winter 2010-2011) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 135-136 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2010.11045319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2010.11045319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:135-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Business Aspects of the Kyoto Hanamachi: Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-5 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370400 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370400 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:3-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 2. Geiko, Maiko, Ochaya, and Okiya Abstract: The various categories of highly skilled professionals who work in the Kyoto hanamachi, almost all of them women, are enumerated, and their special skills and duties are described. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 20-35 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:20-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Nishio Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Nishio Title: Chapter 4. The Life of a Maiko Abstract: The recruitment of apprentices, their subsequent thorough on-the-job training, and possible career paths are described. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 47-60 Issue: 4 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:4:p:47-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryuichi Tanaka Author-X-Name-First: Ryuichi Author-X-Name-Last: Tanaka Author-Name: Toshiaki Kouno Author-X-Name-First: Toshiaki Author-X-Name-Last: Kouno Title: Do Birth Allowances Increase the Birthrate? Abstract: The purpose of this article is to empirically clarify the effect of birth allowances on fertility, using panel data from Japan's health-insurance unions. Approximately one-fourth of the total population of Japan is enrolled in health-insurance unions as insureds or their dependents, and more than half these unions independently pay a supplementary birth-allowance benefit, in addition to the statutory lump-sum birth allowance, to insureds' spouses who give birth. In this article we analyze the effect of these supplementary benefits on the crude birthrate for the wives (dependent spouses) of the unions' male insureds, using changes over time and between unions in the amounts of the supplementary birth-allowance benefits to take into consideration individual effects for each union. Our results show that supplementary birth-allowance benefits of ¥100,000 in health-insurance unions in which male insureds' (husbands') salaries are low increase the crude birthrate of these insureds' wives (the number of children per dependent wife) by 0.017 point, and that this effect is robust with respect to the potential endogeneity of supplementary benefit amounts. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 40-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:1:p:40-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan Batten Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Batten Author-Name: Peter Szilagyi Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Szilagyi Title: The Recent Internationalization of Japanese Banks Abstract: We investigate the changing role and direction of Japanese bank internationalization with an emphasis on the period from 1995 to 2008. In recent years Japan has gone from being a net receiver of international bank lending of US$230 billion (1995) to a net lender to international banks of US$235 billion (2008). The analysis of international bank positions demonstrates that (a) Japanese banks significantly reduced their international exposures to mitigate the effects of their failed loans in the Asia-Pacific region; (b) European integration has been associated with enhanced claims, while during the same period Japanese claims were reduced; (c) Japanese bank internationalization appears to be at odds with customer-related motivations, although such a low-risk strategy would be consistent with sociocultural or geographic influences, the effects of asymmetries in information, and risk aversion. Finally, we can add to existing facts concerning the differences between domestic and international banking. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 81-120 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:1:p:81-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukinobu Kitamura Author-X-Name-First: Yukinobu Author-X-Name-Last: Kitamura Author-Name: Takeshi Miyazaki Author-X-Name-First: Takeshi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazaki Title: Marriage Promotion Policies and Regional Differences in Marriage Abstract: Existing studies on marriage have highlighted the importance of paying attention to local characteristics, but few Japanese studies have been conducted on marriage, taking regional differences into account. This article examines the factors that influence marriage using data from localities across Japan with an eye toward identifying regional differences, and analyzes the effects of marriage promotion policies in depopulated localities. The results of a basic analysis and regression analysis reveal the following. First, the ever-married ratios among men and women vary significantly depending on the level of urbanization where they live, but the male employment rate has a positive correlation with male marriage while the male-female ratio has a negative correlation with male marriage and a positive correlation with female marriage. Second, the results confirmed that prefectural differences in marriage cannot be explained by factors such as the level of urbanization, the male-female ratio, or employment conditions. However, this study was not able to identify the factors that explain these findings. Third, the results revealed that marriage promotion policies in depopulated localities have a greater effect on the marriage of females than of males. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:1:p:3-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toru Nakazato Author-X-Name-First: Toru Author-X-Name-Last: Nakazato Title: The Bond Market and Fiscal Balance Abstract: It is important that the fiscal positions of government bodies are appropriately assessed by the markets for the bonds they issue, thereby allowing market regulations on fiscal management to function effectively and promoting sound fiscal management. This article examines the relationship between the financial conditions of local governments (creditworthiness) and the local bond yields (spread versus Japanese national government bonds), and conducts an empirical analysis of the trading market for public subscription bonds. According to the calculations conducted in this study, (1) there is a significant difference in interest rates (of five to seven basis points) between public subscription bonds issued by agencies with a rating of AA versus AA-; and (2) the ordinary balance ratio (i.e., ordinary expenses as a percentage of ordinary revenue) and the outstanding local borrowing ratio (i.e., outstanding amount in relation to standard local government revenue) have a significant positive correlation with public subscription bond yields, thereby confirming that a worsening of the financial situation has worked to increase the spread between local bonds and national government bonds. These results suggest that the conventional view that "there are no differences in the creditworthiness of different local governments because they are all backed by the national government" has been abandoned. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 59-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:1:p:59-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 6. at a Shareholder Meeting Abstract: In his examination of the social organization of extortion, Joel Best described that crime as being distinguished from all other predatory and exploitative crimes by the relationship existing between the perpetrator and the target:In extortion, the two actors strike a bargain: The extortionist threatens to injure a hostage unless the target agrees to pay a ransom. The particulars vary: The hostage may be a person (kidnapping), property (racketeering), or a reputation (blackmail); the extortionist and target may be individuals or groups; and the ransom, typically a cash payment, can take many forms, for example, the release of prisoners. (Best 1982, 107) Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 38-60 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:38-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Epilogue Abstract: In the final moments of an interview with an Osaka-based sokaiya, as we sped in his Mercedes from a nightclub in the fashionable Ashiya district bordering a pre-earthquake Kobe, I asked why there is a peace-at-any-price philosophy (koto-nagareshugi) among corporation managers regarding sokaiya. After all, I said, there are no sokaiya in the United States but U.S. corporations are concerned about their reputations and their profits. They want to avoid scandals and public knowledge of management mistakes. Bad news of any kind can have a bad effect on the corporation. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 76-87 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:76-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 5. Sokaiya Maintain Position Abstract: In April 1991, some seventy sokaiya and corporate executives of the general affairs departments of major Japanese corporations met at Chiyoda, a ryotei (high-class Japanese restaurant) in Tokyo. 1 Mitsuyoshi Miharu, a prominent sokaiya in the Tokyo area, was the host. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 17-37 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260417 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260417 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:17-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 4. Commercial Code Reform Abstract: On June 1, 1973, Takeshi Tanaka, a member of the lower-house Judicial Affairs Committee, held up a batch of newspaper clippings before his colleagues in the Diet. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-16 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X26043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X26043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:3-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Chapter 7. Riding the Bear Abstract: When Juntaro Suzuki, the vice president of Fuji Photo Film, was killed on the door-step of his home, the incident was more than simply a bizarre murder. A one-time sokaiya handler for a major Kansai-based manufacturing company had said it would be only a matter of time before such an incident took place. If Suzuki had not been at home that night, he said, then someone else—such as Mrs. Suzuki—would have been a suitable target. The victim was not of great importance. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 61-75 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260461 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260461 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:61-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: References Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 88-94 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:4:p:88-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toru Nakakita Author-X-Name-First: Toru Author-X-Name-Last: Nakakita Title: Restructuring the Ministry of Finance and Revising the Bank of Japan Law Abstract: The Bank of Japan was established as a central bank and a monopolist issuer of bank notes according to the Bank of Japan Act enacted in 1882. At that time, hyperinflation raged, along with the 1877 Civil War (Southwest Rebellion), as the Meiji government had issued large amounts of inconvertible paper money to pay for the war. In addition, more than a hundred national banks issued their own bank notes. Under these circumstances, Masayoshi Matsukata, the minister of finance at the time, tried to quiet down inflation by setting up a central bank that issued central-bank notes supported by the specie and so established a modern credit system centering on a central bank. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 48-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:48-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edith Terry Author-X-Name-First: Edith Author-X-Name-Last: Terry Title: Crisis? What Crisis? Abstract: If Muhammad Azlan Bin Amran was worried about the Asian financial crisis, he did not show it. Trained in Japan, the thirty-two-year-old engineer worked for Japanese electronics giant Canon, Inc., in a factory near Kuala Lumpur, the Malaysian capital. Showing off a brand-new production line for new-format cameras that he helped design, Azlan bragged, "We picked up this production line from Japan because we wanted to learn how to do it. It's the first model of advanced photo system (APS) cameras, and it's just a copy. Compared to our parent factory in Oita (Japan), we're just a coffee shop. Oita is like a hotel. But we're the best coffee shop in the world, and our customers like coming to coffee shops." Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:3-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toru Nakakita Author-X-Name-First: Toru Author-X-Name-Last: Nakakita Title: The International Economy and Monetary Policy from Now On Abstract: In economics, an international currency is a currency that plays a major role in the settlement of international economic transactions of goods/services and monetary transactions. This international currency is often called a key currency. Today, the dollar is a key currency located at the center of the monetary system of the world. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 20-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290120 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290120 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:1:p:20-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carl Mosk Author-X-Name-First: Carl Author-X-Name-Last: Mosk Title: Inequality, Ideology, Autarky, and Structural Change Abstract: This paper addresses a set of questions concerning the relationship between welfare—its level and its distribution—and economic development in Japan between the 1880s and 1940. Did average levels of welfare improve or decline? Did welfare steadily change, or did it improve during certain periods, only to decline during others? Did the distribution of welfare change? Were some people made worse off while other people prospered? Or did welfare improve for everyone, but at differential rates, so that the gap between rich and poor widened? In short, did the degree of inequality change as Japan developed; and, if so, were the changes continuous, or were they subject to sharp fluctuation? For instance, was there a period when inequality markedly worsened? Of course, we are not only interested in what happened—we are also interested in why. So, the paper attempts to pinpoint key causal factors shaping secular trends and fluctuations in welfare and its distribution. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 39-75 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:39-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean Culhane Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Culhane Title: Japan's Post-Graduate Labor Market, 1960-1990, A Historical Analysis Abstract: The three decades from 1960 to 1990 saw significant changes occur in the Japanese labor market, particularly the segment comprised of new school graduates. Several writers have examined the effects on this market that were brought about by shortages of new graduate labor.1 This deficit began to manifest itself after the mid-1960s, continued in severity right through the 1970s despite the two oil crises, and lasted until about 1990, by which time the financial bubble of the late 1980s had burst. However, their work seems to have focused upon all new school graduates (i.e., junior and senior high school, junior and technical college, and university graduates). Indeed, this article shows that, when a close examination is made of the cohort specifically comprised of university graduates, it is doubtful that there was a genuine shortage of new workers until quite recently. In fact, it was the general demand for better-educated labor market entrants in the 1960s that spawned the dramatic increases in the numbers of graduates seen in the 1970s and 1980s.2 Furthermore, due mainly to economic crises in the 1970s and sheer volume in the 1980s, the employment situation for university graduates should have remained largely a buyer's market until the second half of the 1980s; but for several reasons, which will be explored herein, employers in Japan complained of a shortage of graduates throughout 1960-90. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-38 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X28023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X28023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:3-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edith Terry Author-X-Name-First: Edith Author-X-Name-Last: Terry Title: How Asia Got Rich Abstract: In a lavish teak-paneled conference room in the Tokyo headquarters of the Japan Export-Import (JExIm) Bank, Toshihiko Kinoshita, head of the JExIm Bank's research institute, is explaining the history of Japanese industrial policy to two dozen young officials from developing countries. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 76-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:2:p:76-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Okumura Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Okumura Title: Mergers and Corporate Buy-Outs in Japan Abstract: There have been many corporate mergers in Japan. Beginning with the great mergers of once-dissolved Mitsubishi Shoji (Mitsubishi Trading) and Mitsui Bussan (Mitsui Trading) in the 1950s, there have been numerous large-scale mergers including the Ocean Shipping Conglomerate (mergers into six core bodies), the merger of three Mitsubishi Heavy Industry corporations in the 1960s, the creation through merger of Shin Nittetsu (Nippon Steel Corporation), the merger of Daiichi Bank and Nippon Kangyo Bank, and, recently, the merger of Mitsui Bank and Taiyo Kobe Bank. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-38 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X20023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X20023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1991:i:2:p:3-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshitsugu Kanemoto Author-X-Name-First: Yoshitsugu Author-X-Name-Last: Kanemoto Title: Land Tax and Urban Land Supply Abstract: The land prices in Japan are abnormally high by international standards. Their adverse effects are intensely reflected in the inferior housing conditions in large cities. Especially in the large metropolitan regions, people are forced to live in small houses, which have been compared to "rabbit hutches," or else must endure exceedingly long commuting hours. Obviously, the high land prices in Japan are due to the scarcity of residential land supply relative to the demand for houses. The basic cause must be that the excessive population concentration in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region boosts the demand for residential land and that the deficiency in the social overhead investment depresses the supply of residential land. Another important factor, however, is the distortion created by the land tax system that inflates the land value in Japan. In other words, because the land is too advantageous as an asset because of the tax system, the low-intensity-use lands, such as farm land or parking lots, are not converted into residential housing use, thus holding down the supply of residential land. A typical manifestation of this is the existence of much land that is used for such purposes as chestnut fields despite the extensive social overhead investment and the need for development of residential land. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-93 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1991:i:2:p:53-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshiro Miwa Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiro Author-X-Name-Last: Miwa Title: The Subcontracting System in Japan: A Critical Survey Abstract: The public's interest in medium and small firms in Japan has recently been raised, owing to the industrial success of the Japanese economy, which parallels the "spreading awareness that there is a vast group of medium and small firms in Japan that support the rapid industrial development in Japan" (Sato 1986, p. 152). Since the industrial success of Japan depends, more than anything else, on the success of the fabrication and assembly-type industries, the rise in interest in medium and small firms is, above all, an interest in medium and small firms in the "subcontracting relationship" or under the "subcontracting system." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-52 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1991:i:2:p:39-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Economic Development and Financial Deepening Abstract: The financial mess in which Japan finds itself in the mid-1990s has attracted much popular attention. After a sustained boom in the late 1980s, Japan went into a recession in the early 1990s. Though the recession ended in late 1993, Japan's growth rate has remained below one percent (1992-95). By 1995, the large number of nonperforming loans made the serious difficulties in Japan's financial system apparent. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-35 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X25013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X25013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:3-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: The Target Wealth Hypothesis and Japan's Household Saving Abstract: It is true that individuals formulate and implement their consumption-saving plans based on the expected economic environment. As the economic environment is always in a state of flux, individuals must keep on revising their plans as they go along. The question is: How do they revise their plans in real life? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 36-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:36-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masahiro Murakami Author-X-Name-First: Masahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami Title: International Adjustment of Competition Law Abstract: During the two decades since 1970, the United States, the European Community (EC), and Japan have rapidly adjusted their substantive legal rules and enforcement standards of laws regulating the establishment of monopolies, restricting business collusion, and promoting competition. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 67-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:1:p:67-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuaki Tezuka Author-X-Name-First: Kazuaki Author-X-Name-Last: Tezuka Title: The Foreign Worker Problem in Japan Abstract: Editor's note: The foreign worker problem is exploding in Japan. The Ministry of Justice reports the number of illegal aliens in Japan to have been 28,000 at the end of 1986, 100,000 at the end of 1989, and 278,872 as of May 1992. The number has been increasing at the monthly rate of 10,000 for the past year. Correspondingly, the number of crimes has also sharply risen. In the first half of 1992, there were 3,409 arrests and 1,989 crimes involving foreigners. It is suspected that international crime syndicates are in operation behind narcotics smuggling and prostitution. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X21013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X21013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1992:i:1:p:3-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadao Nagaoka Author-X-Name-First: Sadao Author-X-Name-Last: Nagaoka Title: An Economic Analysis of Trade Friction: Economic Effects of the Dumping Control and the Result-Oriented Trade Policy Abstract: This paper reviews the general movement of trade friction and its background (Section 2). We will point out that, in the background of the emergence of the worldwide trade friction centered around Japan, there have been a rapid growth of export from Japan, a drastic change in the comparative advantage structure, the persistence of external imbalance, and the low degree of market penetration by imports. Also, we will point out that, on the side of importing countries, there has been a gradual change in the principle of trade policy from free trade to free and "fair" trade. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1992:i:1:p:39-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Katz Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: From Growth Superstar to Economic Underachiever: The Role of Trade in Japan's Sagging Fortunes Abstract: Japan is a case of "success that soured."1 While Japan was a miracle economy during the high-growth era, the miracle ran out of juice more than twenty years ago. A twenty-three-country regression using a "conditional convergence" model shows that, in 1960-70, Japan achieved 8.4 percent annual growth in real gross domestic product (GDP) per worker, far above a model projection of 7.0 percent. In 1973-90, by contrast, Japan's growth was only 3.0 percent, far below the model projection of 4.3 percent. A Japan dummy is sizable and significant in both cases. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-72 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:2:p:3-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Katz Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: Reply to Professor Kazuo Sato Abstract: Professor Kazuo Sato has prepared a detailed critique of my paper, "From Growth Superstar to Economic Underachiever." His main points are:1. Japan, far from being an underperformer in 1973-90, was still superior since its per capita GDP growth was higher than the growh of other leading industrial countries. My growth regressions contained a serious specification error, specifically a simultaneity bias in the investment factor. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 73-95 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240273 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240273 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:2:p:73-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index To , Vol. I (Fall 1972-Summer 1973) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 104-105 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X0104104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X0104104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:4:p:104-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Corrigenda Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 106-106 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X0104106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X0104106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:4:p:106-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenzo Yukizawa Author-X-Name-First: Kenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Yukizawa Title: Part One: International Levels of Labor Productivity in Prewar Japanese Manufacturing Industry - Comparison Of Japan, Britain, And The United States Abstract: The aim of this work is to compare prewar levels of physical productivity of labor in the Japanese manufacturing industry with Britain and the United States in a number of manufacturing sectors. I may symbolically represent the international index of physical labor productivity as follows: Let i be the product which is to be compared, q i the volume of production during the year, li the labor input for that production, subscript 0 the base country (Japan), and subscript 1 the country compared (U.S. or Britain). Then the index of physical productivity, p 10 i is given by Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 33-47 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:4:p:33-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iwao Ozaki Author-X-Name-First: Iwao Author-X-Name-Last: Ozaki Title: Recent Changes in the Structure of Japanese Production and Trade Abstract: Pollution and incessant rises in prices are headaches shared alike by mature advanced industrial countries. In addition, the Japanese economy has been confronted with the difficult problem of accumulating trade surpluses, which, as is well known, has been the target of international criticism. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-32 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X01043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X01043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:4:p:3-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenzo Yukizawa Author-X-Name-First: Kenzo Author-X-Name-Last: Yukizawa Title: Part Two: The Narrowing Japanese -United States Productivity Gap -as Related to the Yen Revaluation Abstract: I would like to expand the suggestion given at the end of Part One. Professor Samuelson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who recently visited Japan, referred to President Nixon's statement on American dollar defense policy, in which the President took "international speculators" to task for the dollar problem, and observed that there had been a more basic problem than that in the cessation of gold-dollar convertibility. This "basic problem" provides the theme of Part Two. In a special presidential message concerning international payments, delivered in the spring of 1970, President Nixon put forth American dollar defense as a plan to improve the American balance of trade by controlling inflation. In short, he was trying to define the dollar problem as a result of international speculation or a cyclical or monetary problem of inflation and recession. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-62 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010448 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010448 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:4:p:48-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Growth And Technical Change in Japan's Nonprimary Economy, 1930-1967 Abstract: The Japanese economy experienced extreme vicissitudes in a short span of four decades, from the nineteen thirties to the sixties. More than half a century of steady economic growth was terminated by Japan's entry into a full-scale war with China in 1937, which escalated into World War II four years later. Its culmination was sheer economic disaster. However, Japan's recovery from war dislocations and devastations was spectacular, and she sustained high rates of economic growth in the 1950s (8% per annum from 1951 to 1958), which even accelerated in the 1960s (10.5% per annum from 1958-1967). Thus, per capita GNP increased fivefold from 1946 to 1967. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 63-103 Issue: 4 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010463 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010463 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:4:p:63-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Royama Shoichi Author-X-Name-First: Royama Author-X-Name-Last: Shoichi Title: The Financial System of Japan: A New View Abstract: Today, extremely important structural changes are taking place in finance. They are progressing not only in Japan but also simultaneously in many advanced countries as well as in the international financial system. There have been changes in the demand structure in many financial markets, changes in the supply conditions of financial services owing to the progress in communication and information technology, and, further, reform or relaxation of the regulatory system that has been prompted by these changes. It appears that these changes have exerted an enormous impact on the functions of the financial system and led to changes in the interrelationship between the financial and real sides of national economies. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 76-97 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1988:i:3:p:76-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megumu Sudo Author-X-Name-First: Megumu Author-X-Name-Last: Sudo Title: Competition in Japan's Securities Industry: A Historical Overview Abstract: In response to changes in the financial environment surrounding the securities market and the securities industry, the competitive relationship and market structure of the securities industry in postwar Japan have experienced several drastic changes. Confining our focus to the period up to the first half of the 1980s, we can identify four distinct phases:1. The latter half of the 1950s to the beginning of the 1960s: growth of the securities market and entrenchment of the four major company regime. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-38 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X16033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X16033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1988:i:3:p:3-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroya Ueno Author-X-Name-First: Hiroya Author-X-Name-Last: Ueno Title: Deregulation and Reorganization of Japan's Financial System Abstract: From the standpoint of internationalization and liberalization, the financial system in Japan, together with the food control system and the farm and livestock price stabilization program, is an area where the systemic reform is least achieved. Judging from the strict regulation that has gone on for a long period of time, the financial industry is clearly regarded as a "governmentally regulated industry." This is due to the fact that, to plan and realize economic reconstruction and development in the postwar period subject to scarce foreign exchange and capital, it was necessary for the government to intervene in the market and regulate financial and capital transactions and financial institutions that handle them, instead of leaving the fund allocation to the free market mechanism. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-75 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1988:i:3:p:39-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoko Mimura Author-X-Name-First: Yoko Author-X-Name-Last: Mimura Title: Family Characteristics and Educational Expenditures in Japan and the United States Abstract: This study examined family expenditures on education for children up to secondary school age in Japan and the United States to compare how family characteristics explain the variations in such expenditures differently in these countries. The data for this study were taken from the 2004 Japanese Consumer Panel Study and the 2004 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey. The probability of having expenditures on children's educations and the associated costs were analyzed simultaneously using double-hurdle models. Overall, families in Japan spent more when children were older, while families in the United States spent more when children were younger. Furthermore, homeownership status, mother's age, educational attainment, employment status, and marital status explained the variations in expenditures differently for Japan and the United States. The findings of this study supported the conclusions that the present situation reinforces intergenerational economic inequality in both countries and that the current family economic burden discourages the improvement of birthrates in Japan. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 5-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2014 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES2329-194X400101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES2329-194X400101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:40:y:2014:i:1:p:5-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masahiro Hori Author-X-Name-First: Masahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Hori Author-Name: Koichiro Iwamoto Author-X-Name-First: Koichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Iwamoto Title: The Run on Daily Foods and Goods After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Abstract: Using high-frequency scan-based data on purchases by households compiled by a market research firm, this article examines changes in consumption patterns in the period of confusion immediately after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. In particular, we focus on the panic buying of foods and daily necessities observed mainly in the Tokyo metropolitan area immediately after the unprecedented disaster. The results of our empirical analysis suggest that the sudden increase in daily expenditure due to panic buying was mainly due to a jump in the share of households that engaged in buying; on the other hand, increases in prices and the quantities that each household purchased were limited. Furthermore, based on regression analyses on items for which panic buying was clearly observed, we found that households that engaged in panic buying appear to have hoarded a wide range of commodities at random (i.e., they purchased rice, bread, noodles, and whatever they could lay their hands on). Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 69-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2014 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES2329-194X400103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES2329-194X400103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:40:y:2014:i:1:p:69-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note on the Editorial Plan for Abstract: Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2014 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES2329-194X400100 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES2329-194X400100 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:40:y:2014:i:1:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenji Kushida Author-X-Name-First: Kenji Author-X-Name-Last: Kushida Title: The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster and the Democratic Party of Japan Abstract: The Fukushima nuclear disaster was a critical juncture in the world's relationship with nuclear energy, as well as Japan's postwar political economy, society, and national psyche. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), and particularly Prime Minister Kan, were later widely criticized for mismanaging the disaster, contributing to the party's loss of power. This article closely examines the crisis as it unfolded, assessing the degree to which the government's chaotic response can be attributed to the DPJ's political leadership. It finds that the DPJ inherited a difficult hand when coming to power in 2009, with deep structural problems developed under the long Liberal Democratic Party rule. Existing procedures and organizations were drastically inadequate, information and communications problems plagued decision making and coordination. Kan's leadership was, on balance, beneficial, taking control where the locus of responsibility and decision-making was ambiguous and solving several information and communication problems. This article is one of the first readily accessible English-language analyses examining this critical juncture, and it includes a broadly readable account of primary government decision makers as the disaster unfolded. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 29-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2014 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES2329-194X400102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES2329-194X400102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:40:y:2014:i:1:p:29-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Call for Papers for Special Issues of on Abenomics and on Diversity and Institutional Change in the Japanese Economy and Society Abstract: Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 114-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 40 Year: 2014 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES2329-194X400104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES2329-194X400104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:40:y:2014:i:1:p:114-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naohito Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Naohito Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Japanese-Style Management and Its Transferability Abstract: Since 1980 the topic of Japanese-style management has dominated business discussion in the West. Not only newspaper and journal articles but even management seminars and symposia on productivity have taken Japanese corporate management as their theme. Moreover, not a few foreign businessmen and engineers have visited Japan recently to observe production lines and quality control activities which had never captured much attention in the past. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 64-79 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120364 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120364 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1984:i:3:p:64-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eiko Shinotsuka Author-X-Name-First: Eiko Author-X-Name-Last: Shinotsuka Title: Female workers as Described in a Help-Wanted Information Magazine Abstract: While it is true that the female labor force came to be more actively utilized during the period of rapid economic growth, this was largely due to a labor shortage. Fast-growing heavy industries required young male labor, and female labor supplemented male labor wherever the former was in short supply. It is also true that the female labor force provided a means for employment adjustment. Often referred to as a "peripheral labor force," female workers entered the labor market when business was picking up, and lost their jobs and returned to their homes when it turned slack. Thus, as a labor force, they were marginal, going back and forth between the labor market and the home. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-20 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X12033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X12033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1984:i:3:p:3-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kohzo Nishida Author-X-Name-First: Kohzo Author-X-Name-Last: Nishida Title: Social Relations and Japanese-Style Management: Internal and External Ittaika-Mode Relations of Japanese Enterprises Abstract: The Introductory Note below is based on text prepared by the author in English. The author prefers to leave two basic concepts—Keiyaku relations and Ittaika relations—not fully translated into English in this publication, and we have respected his wish. For the reader who is not familiar with Japanese, let us note that Keiyaku is a contract and Keiyaku relations are relations based on a contract. Ittaika is unification or identification of two or more independent entities, and Ittaika relations are relations of two or more parties who identify with one another as a single entity.—K. S. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 21-63 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120321 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120321 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1984:i:3:p:21-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hikaru Shoji Author-X-Name-First: Hikaru Author-X-Name-Last: Shoji Author-Name: Kenichi Miyamoto Author-X-Name-First: Kenichi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyamoto Title: Environmental Pollution in Japan Abstract: Environmental pollution in Japan has three outstanding features in comparison with other advanced industrial nations. First of all, it is dominated by industrial pollution owing to private enterprises, much of which is criminal in character. In order to substantiate this point, we classified cases of environmental pollution reported in 46 local newspapers, one from each prefecture, from November 1961 to October 1965, and found that 70% of them had been caused by industrial discharges of manufacturing firms. In quantity, major pollutants are mostly industrial discharges. It is true that consumption activities involving, e.g., automobiles, have been increasingly responsible for environmental pollution in the 1970s, as we shall see later, but even in these instances the main fault of pollution lies with automobile manufacturers. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-40 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X05043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X05043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:4:p:3-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoichi Shinkai Author-X-Name-First: Yoichi Author-X-Name-Last: Shinkai Title: Is Stabilization Policy Possible in Japan? Abstract: In this paper I will be concerned with the question posed in the title, which is perhaps modest in scope if compared with the other items on the agenda of the symposium, but which I believe is nevertheless important and worthy of examination. Although I confine myself to the Japanese case, due attention will be paid to the interdependence of Japan and the world economy. Moreover, it is hoped that the analysis of the Japanese case may be of some relevance to other countries. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 71-86 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050471 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050471 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:4:p:71-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiyoshi Yamazaki Author-X-Name-First: Kiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Yamazaki Author-Name: Noritake Kobayashi Author-X-Name-First: Noritake Author-X-Name-Last: Kobayashi Author-Name: Teruo Doi Author-X-Name-First: Teruo Author-X-Name-Last: Doi Title: Toward Japanese-Type Multinational Corporations Abstract: Presumably no other people are as fond as the Japanese of forming "joint ventures," particularly "fifty-fifty joint corporations" in doing international business. On June 6, 1968, the Japanese Government took the first step in its "Five-Year Capital Liberalization Plan" and at the same time issued a ten-point demand (known as Ten Commandments to foreigners) for foreign investors in Japan. And its first article shows very clearly the Japanese inclination for joint ventures in expressly insisting that "direct investment in Japan shall, for the time being, make it the rule to take the form of joint venture on equal footing so as to promote coprosperity with Japanese business." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 41-70 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:4:p:41-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Vol. V (Fall 1976-Summer 1977) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 87-88 Issue: 4 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050487 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050487 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:4:p:87-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Appendix A Organization Chart of Hitachi Ltd (1982) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 198-199 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130102198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130102198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:198-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Note Abstract: This double issue of Japanese Economic Studies is devoted to six chapters of Strategy & Structure of Japanese Enterprises by Toyohiro Kono. The full text of this book will be published later this year by M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 2-2 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1301022 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1301022 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:2-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: 7 Competition Strategy Abstract: Competition arises where many of the same or similar products are sold in the same market. Competition strategy is the strategy to increase or maintain the share of market, whether it is the share of old products or new ones. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 45-71 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X13010245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X13010245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:45-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: 9 Long-range Planning Abstract: Through an analysis of the long-range planning systems of successful Japanese corporations, we can discover how the strategic decisions are arrived at in Japan, and by what means the strategic decision can succeed. Formal long-range planning covers many areas of strategic decisions, so the analysis of the planning process shows the formal behaviour pattern of the organization. As in the previous chapter, we will analyse the formation of goals and policies, organizational process and the features of information processing. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 104-144 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130102104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130102104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:104-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: 10 Organizational Structure and Resource Structure Abstract: The organizational structure of a company is the way that company groups its jobs and defines the line of authority to integrate the jobs. Organizational structure has three dimensions, as illustrated in Figure 10.1. From the similarity of goals, the sub-units are grouped under products. The diversified company takes this grouping as the first stage; it uses the product division structure. From the similarity of required knowledge, the jobs are grouped under strategic planning, development, production and marketing. This is a functional grouping. The specialized company uses functional organization as its first stage of grouping. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 145-178 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130102145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130102145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:145-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Appendix B Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 200-205 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130102200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130102200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:200-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: 6 Multinational Management Abstract: In this chapter we will describe the status of multinational management in 102 manufacturing corporations, the principles derived from it, and the transferability of the Japanese style of management. The author visited more than twenty Japanese subsidiaries in the USA, the Philippines, Malaysia and the UK, and conducted interviews with Japanese managers and local managers. This chapter is based on these interviews, and on the analysis of statistical data. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-44 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1301023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1301023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:3-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: 8 New-product Development Abstract: New-product development is one area of strategic decision-making. This chapter and the next deal with the process of decision-making in Japanese corporations. The analysis in this chapter is based on the detailed analysis of more than fifteen cases and two mail questionnaire surveys conducted in 1980. (The method of survey is explained in Appendix 8.1.) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 72-103 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X13010272 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X13010272 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:72-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: 11 Personnel Management System Abstract: The feature of personnel management systems of successful Japanese corporations can be explained by the concept of Gemeinschaft, or community organization, as opposed to Gesellschaft (association) - concepts first put forward by Tönnies (Tönnies, 1887). Gemeinschaft is like a family or a church where members are combined by mutual love. Getting together is itself a source of joy. People love, help, trust and understand one another, and share bad luck as well as good. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 179-196 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 13 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130102179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130102179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1984:i:1-2:p:179-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Proposals for the Japanese Economy Abstract: In order to formulate a viable rebuilding program for the Japanese economy, we must first of all begin by making an accurate assessment of its current situation. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 10-88 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1978:i:2:p:10-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: A Note on the Communist View of the Japanese Economy Abstract: The Japan Communist Party (JCP) published its position paper on the Japanese economy in June 1977. Its general summary is translated and presented in this issue of Japanese Economic Studies in the hope that it will give the reader a clearer idea of how the JCP looks at the Japanese economy now and what sort of an economic policy platform the JCP envisages. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-9 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 1978 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X07023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X07023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1978:i:2:p:3-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshikazu Miyazaki Author-X-Name-First: Yoshikazu Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazaki Title: The Japanese-Type Structure of Big Business Abstract: "Business belongs not to individuals but to shareholders. It borrows enormous amounts from financial institutions for equipment investment but at the same time receives protests for decreased production from labor unions. Therefore we want to take countermeasures while considering the survival of business." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X02013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X02013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:1:p:3-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yusaku Futatsugi Author-X-Name-First: Yusaku Author-X-Name-Last: Futatsugi Title: The Measurement of Interfirm Relationships Abstract: As the Japanese economy is moving toward oligopolistic structure under liberalization of capital, we witness lively discussions about business groups such as Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and Sumitomo. Apart from topical discussions, the analysis of these business groups presents an important problem to economics, since business grouping is a salient feature of Japan's productive structure. We can, of course, count several points which should be studied in connection with business groups, such as their earnings based on financial analysis or their role in the circular flows and reproductive structure of the Japanese economy. In this paper, however, we examine business groups by inquiring into what firms belong to which business groups and how they are tied together in forming these groups. In other words, we focus on the associative relationships among firms in our analysis of business groups. We think that this is a basic point that precedes all analysis of business groups. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 62-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1973:i:1:p:62-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kimihiro Masamura Author-X-Name-First: Kimihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Masamura Title: Options for the Future of the Japanese Economy and Society Abstract: When today's generation thinks of history, it perceives human beings as subjects who choose their future while being controlled by the past. Moderns do not subscribe to the point of view that history is an inevitable process which unfolds according to the law of nature, which is beyond human control. In particular, the latter half of the twentieth century, which is our most recent past and which is none other than "contemporaneous" with many of us, is a period in which the knowledge of human beings and their society advanced, and policy steps that manipulate the economy, too, were improved as never before. It seems clearly a mistake to portray the history of such a period as a world of inevitability beyond the reach of human power. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 61-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:1:p:61-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadao Kiyonari Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Kiyonari Author-Name: Hideichiro Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Hideichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: Establishment of the Big Business System Abstract: The development of big business in the process of rapid economic growth of Japan in the late fifties and the early sixties was truly spectacular. In manufacturing industries, in particular, big business accomplished very rapid capital accumulation by adopting technological innovations based on imported technology and succeeded in strengthening its international competitive power. Coinciding with this continued expansion of the business scale, there developed in Japan a theory of big business in the form of State Monopoly Capitalism under the strong influence of Marxian economics. Read widely as a clear and enlightening piece of popular writing, among others, is the Nihon Keizai Nyumon [Introduction to the Japanese Economy] (1) authored by Kazuji Nagasu and published in 1960. A distinctive feature of this book is its simple and clear-cut exposition, which is worth being introduced right here. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X06013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X06013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:1:p:3-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. S. Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: S. Title: Editor's Note Abstract: The following two papers are the concluding chapters of the two volume book Gendai Nihon Keizai Shi — Sengo Sanjunen no Ayumi [Contemporary Japanese Economic History: Progress in the Three Postwar Decades] (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1976), co-authored by Tsunei Iida, Tadao Kiyonari, Kazuo Koike, Akira Tamaki, Hideichiro Nakamura, Kimihiro Masamura, and Mitsuru Yamamoto. These authors contributed 27 chapters plus an introduction and two concluding chapters. The book is the product of a study group formed by these authors in 1973 to review the economic history of Japan from 1945 to the present with the specific point of view that the past can be reassessed only when one has a vista for the future. While chapters were discussed by the group, individual authors wrote individual chapters from their individual views on Japan's future possibilities. In particular, the two authors of the concluding chapters have different political persuasions, as the reader will discover from what follows, about their assessments of the past and the future of the Japanese economy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 41-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060141 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060141 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:1:p:41-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsuneo Iida Author-X-Name-First: Tsuneo Author-X-Name-Last: Iida Title: Evaluation of the Policymakers Abstract: In concluding our book, I present an epilogue which will attempt to evaluate policymakers. Let me make a few preliminary observations. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 42-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X060142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X060142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:6:y:1977:i:1:p:42-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenichi Imai Author-X-Name-First: Kenichi Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: IRON and Steel: Industrial Organization Abstract: The first showing of Cinerama in Japan was in early 1955. This new type of film, titled This Is Cinerama, introduced in documentary style some main features of a number of countries. The part on Japan, represented as usual by Mount Fuji and geisha girls, was too repulsive to me. But the United States was shown in the last segment as a country of iron and steel, which somehow stuck in my memory. A sharp, wide-angle picture of a rust-covered iron bridge under construction conveyed the image of the United States as an industrial super-state. The image of a steel- framed bridge as a symbol of America overwhelmed me, perhaps, because as a graduate student I was thinking of specializing in industrial economics. At the same time, it overlapped with the image of "frail" Japanese industry. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-67 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X03023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X03023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:2:p:3-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshimasa Tsuruta Author-X-Name-First: Toshimasa Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuruta Title: Industries Studies of Japan: A Survey Abstract: This article concludes the series "Japanese Industries," carried by this journal ["Keizai Seminar"] for a year and a half, from April 1972 to September 1973. In this series specialists on industrial organization presented a general introduction and some analysis of eighteen individual industries, ranging from basic key industries such as iron and steel, petrochemicals, petroleum refining, electric power, textiles, automobiles, electric machinery, general machinery, shipbuilding, and food products to construction, real estate, distribution, department stores, transportation, mass communications, recreational industries, finances, and other tertiary industries. The series has covered almost all important industries, with the notable exception of nonferrous metals, ceramics, paper and pulp, precision instruments, securities, and insurance. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 68-81 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030268 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030268 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:2:p:68-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: A Note on Economic Periodicals in Japan Abstract: This note has been written to give the reader a general idea of economic periodicals published in Japan. What I am going to say is summarized in Table 1, which cross-classifies economic journals by their organizers and by the frequency of publication. The tabulation is made from the list prepared by the Osaka City University Institute of Economic Research, which runs a monthly bibliography of economic articles and books in Keizai Hyoron. (1) There are more than 400 periodicals on economics and related subjects. (2) In all, there must be more than 2,200 issues of these periodicals a year. One naturally wonders how such an enormous number can be consumed by the general reading public. This requires a closer look at the table.* Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 82-87 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030282 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030282 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1974:i:2:p:82-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies Vol. DC (Fall 1980-Summer 1981) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 90-91 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090490 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090490 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:4:p:90-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masanori Moritani Author-X-Name-First: Masanori Author-X-Name-Last: Moritani Title: Postscript Abstract: I have been engaged for the last three years in research on comparative technology. This book is its first result. Research in comparative technology compares technology internationally with respect to a number of country-specific factors such as national character, social customs, business behaviors, and geographic conditions. The table that follows lists some of these factors targeted for study. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 88-89 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:4:p:88-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masanori Moritani Author-X-Name-First: Masanori Author-X-Name-Last: Moritani Title: Japan, China, and Korea Abstract: Are there national boundaries to technology? Similarly, it might be asked, is there a big difference by country in present-day technology, industry, and industrial goods, which are themselves the products of modern society? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 52-87 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090452 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090452 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:4:p:52-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Tomiyama Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Tomiyama Title: Japan's Defense Industry Abstract: After World War II, Japan's defense industry resumed production in 1950, the year when Japan's de facto rearmament started. Though the defense industry's production and Japan's rearmament both began upon the outbreak of the Korean War, they were initially not directly linked together at all. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-51 Issue: 4 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X09043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X09043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:4:p:3-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koki Arai Author-X-Name-First: Koki Author-X-Name-Last: Arai Title: Fact-Finding Based on Economic Circumstantial Evidence: Applying Economic Analysis to the Exchange of Information and Conjectured Bid-Rigging Mechanisms Abstract: This article surveys the use of economic analysis in Japanese antimonopoly cases in comparison with the use of circumstantial evidence in criminal code cases. It introduces the economic thinking to be applied in uncovering secret collusive schemes, especially in proving the exchange of information. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-33 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:3:p:3-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideo Akabayashi Author-X-Name-First: Hideo Author-X-Name-Last: Akabayashi Title: Lives of the Firehorse Cohort: What the Statistics Show Abstract: The superstition that says women born in the year of the firehorse (Hinoeuma) are emotional and difficult to control clearly caused the fertility rate to drop sharply in Japan in 1906 and 1966. In this article, we focus on the lives of those born in the firehorse generation. We use government statistics to determine their family backgrounds and how they lived their adult lives. We review demographic studies regarding the reasons for fertility declines in the firehorse years, propose some theoretical hypotheses on how the superstition might have affected the later lives of the firehorse children, and review some related studies. Using government statistics, including the Census, Vital Statistics, and the Basic Survey of Schools, we investigate the family background, education, labor status, and marriage rates of the 1966 cohort, and the marriage rates, labor status, and health of the 1906 cohort. We find, among other things, that the quality of the education received by the 1966 cohort appears to be higher than that of other cohorts, their marriage rates for both men and women are lower, and the labor participation rate of the 1906 cohort is higher than that of other cohorts. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 34-54 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:3:p:34-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jahanur Rahman Author-X-Name-First: Jahanur Author-X-Name-Last: Rahman Author-Name: Toshihisa Toyoda Author-X-Name-First: Toshihisa Author-X-Name-Last: Toyoda Title: An Empirical Study on Long-Run Neutrality of Money in the Japanese Economy Abstract: Previous tests of the long-run neutrality of money hypothesis have generally relied on seasonally adjusted data and overlooked the important issues of seasonality. This article analyzes the long-run neutrality of money in Japan using quarterly seasonally unadjusted data, which permit an examination of the effects of seasonality and the robustness of previous empirical results. Fisher and Seater (1993) methodology is used with both seasonally unadjusted and adjusted Japanese real gross domestic product and nominal money supply to test the long-run neutrality of money hypothesis. Using two measures of money stock, namely, M1 and M2, it is shown that the hypothesis is supported using M2 as the measure of money supply, while it is rejected using M1. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 87-117 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:3:p:87-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Souichi Ohta Author-X-Name-First: Souichi Author-X-Name-Last: Ohta Author-Name: Yuji Genda Author-X-Name-First: Yuji Author-X-Name-Last: Genda Author-Name: Ayako Kondo Author-X-Name-First: Ayako Author-X-Name-Last: Kondo Title: The Endless Ice Age: A Review of the Cohort Effect in Japan Abstract: The cohort effect in the labor market refers to the lasting impact on employment conditions, such as wages and job separation, of a group of people of the same age, gender, and educational background that is created by supply and demand in the labor market at the time of graduation and that group's population size. This article outlines conventional research findings on the cohort effect, and presents the results of research conducted using long-term data, including data from the prolonged hiring slump known in Japan as the "employment ice age." During this time, rising unemployment rates at the time of graduation left graduates unable to find employment immediately after graduation or thereafter, increasing the likelihood that they would obtain provisional employment or remain unemployed altogether. A trend toward declining annual incomes was especially noticeable among high school graduates. This is attributable to the limited employment opportunities available to the less educated during a recession as well as to the effects of a structural pitfall of the Japanese labor market. That is, because of the weakness of the market's evaluation functions and the high level of mobility costs, the inability to find employment immediately after graduation makes it tremendously difficult to improve one's situation later. Helping the employment ice-age generation will require intensive skill development efforts and also efforts by the government and corporate sector aimed at improving the evaluation functions of the labor market. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 55-86 Issue: 3 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:3:p:55-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li Shangbo Author-X-Name-First: Li Author-X-Name-Last: Shangbo Title: Study on the Employment of Female College Graduates in an Age of Employment Equality Abstract: In 1985, upon the ratification of the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Japanese government enacted the Law Respecting the Improvement of the Welfare of Women Workers, Including the Guarantee of Equal Opportunity and Treatment Between Men and Women in Employment (the Equal Opportunity Act), and spent the next twenty-five years enacting and revising legislation related to employment equality. As a result, the political impediments to gender equality in employment are slowly but surely being eroded in Japan. Beyond those political impediments, however, social impediments and structural impediments within companies still remain. The elimination of these other impediments is extremely important if we are to achieve a society in which true equal employment can be realized. In contemporary Japanese society, it is possible to see some changes in these social impediments because of changes in the functions of a college education and changes in the family strategies that couples are adopting based on their financial situations. Today, the ability of employees, regardless of gender, to be promoted in the workplace under the system of lifetime employment may be a result of their participation in the rigorous competition for advancement. The walls may still seem thick to college-educated women, but under the leadership of the national government, the penetration of college-educated women into traditionally male-centered companies is genuinely being promoted. Also, the gender wage gap in Japan is still higher than in other advanced nations, but seems to have improved, a little bit at a time, over the past twenty-five years. After the war, while a college education served to help solidify the position of men as contributors to society, many women used their status as a college graduate to help them marry up, or to help them shape or demonstrate their own status. In twenty-first-century Japan, employment equality is protected and supported by law. The remaining impediments to employment equality between college-educated men and women are also likely to be eliminated. Thus, it is very possible that the tendency for college-educated women in Japan to use their education as a means of attaining a certain social status is gradually changing. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 30-48 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:30-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Flath Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Flath Title: Why Do We Tip Taxicab Drivers? Abstract: The leading economic explanation for tipping—that is, explanation why the practice is socially beneficial, not why individuals leave tips even though it is not narrowly advantageous to them—is that it confers an incentive to provide personal services. This fits many instances in which tipping is common but does not fit the taxicab business very well. I propose a novel explanation for tipping that does fit the taxi case. It is that tipping amounts to Lindahl pricing of the services of vacant cabs (essentially, reduced waiting time), a local public good for taxi customers. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 69-76 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:69-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ting Yin Author-X-Name-First: Ting Author-X-Name-Last: Yin Title: The "Will" to Save in China Abstract: In this article, I discuss the actual conditions and determinants of the saving behavior and wealth holdings of the aged in China, with emphasis on the impact of bequest motives, using microdata from the February 2009 "Survey of Living Preferences and Satisfaction" (urban households) and the January 2010 "Survey of Living Preferences and Satisfaction" (rural households), which were conducted as part of the Global Center of Excellence Program on "Human Behavior and Socioeconomic Dynamics" of the Graduate School of Economics and the Institute of Social and Economic Research of Osaka University. I found that bequest motives are strong in China, with more than 87 percent of respondents in urban areas, more than 75 percent in rural areas, and more than 85 percent in the country as a whole having a bequest motive. These bequests are motivated primarily by altruism. There is little evidence that aged households in China dissave (decumulate their wealth). Altruistic and selfish bequest motives, especially the latter, increase the saving (or reduce the dissaving) of aged households. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 99-135 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390306 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390306 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:99-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atsushi Tsuneki Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuneki Title: Japanese Bureaucracy Abstract: This article takes up three representative arguments that regard Japanese bureaucracy as superior, harmful, or benign for the Japanese economy and supports the view that the Japanese bureaucracy cannot behave independently from the intentions of politicians. But the effect of Japanese bureaucracy on the quality of public policy in Japan is nonetheless important. I consider the problem of human resource management in the Japanese bureaucracy, and point out that the real defect within the present Japanese bureaucracy is not corruption or idleness but its incompetence in recommending appropriate public policies that maximize social welfare. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 49-68 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:49-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Margarita Estévez-Abe Author-X-Name-First: Margarita Author-X-Name-Last: Estévez-Abe Title: An International Comparison of Institutional Requisites for Gender Equality Abstract: A quarter-century has passed since the enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act in 1985, but the economic status of Japanese women remains well below average as compared with women in other developed nations. This article conducts an international comparison to examine the problems with the employment environment for women in Japan and the efforts taken to address them. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 77-98 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:77-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note: Subscribe to M.E. Sharpe's Asian Studies journals and receive FREE online access to the complete archives. Special discount prices available Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 136-136 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390307 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390307 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:136-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masakazu Hojo Author-X-Name-First: Masakazu Author-X-Name-Last: Hojo Title: Determinants of Academic Performance in Japan Abstract: This article gives an overview of the empirical studies of the determinants of students' academic performance in Japan. Recent development in the availability of achievement data have enabled researchers, including economists, to identify the determinants of education outcomes. Economists have great curiosity about the determinants of students' academic achievement because achievement gaps among school-age children result in future income inequality. Education production functions are estimated using student-level achievement data for Japanese students, with emphasis on estimating the effect of ability grouping. The empirical results show that students' test scores are strongly affected by family backgrounds, whereas school resource variables have a more limited impact. We cannot reject the hypothesis that the effect of reducing class size is zero. On the other hand, the effects of family backgrounds become small when students are grouped according to their ability, suggesting a possibility that schools can succeed in reducing the gaps in opportunities among students from different family backgrounds. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-29 Issue: 3 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:3:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Kumazawa Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Kumazawa Title: Ability-Oriented Management in Japanese Firms Abstract: The infiltration of ability-oriented management into Japanese corporate society is a process of ongoing managerial effort, rather than a bracketed period of change; however, it can be broadly divided into three periods. The first period spans the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s; the second period includes the mid-1970s to 1992; and the third period covers 1992 to the present. To understand the Japanese perspective on ability and work using these categories, we should not confine our discussion to wage-paying methods. We must also consider labor (organization) management, so-called worker incentives, and the employment system. Based on the introductory chapter (Kumazawa 1997), let us begin by discussing the recent management-led reorganization of seniority-based wages. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-42 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X25063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X25063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:6:p:3-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eui Tajika Author-X-Name-First: Eui Author-X-Name-Last: Tajika Author-Name: Yoshilmro Kaneko Author-X-Name-First: Yoshilmro Author-X-Name-Last: Kaneko Author-Name: Fumiko Hayashi Author-X-Name-First: Fumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Hayashi Title: Japan's Pension Reform Abstract: We have explained elsewhere the characteristics of public pensions in various countries. In so doing, it became clear that the public pension system in the United States guarantees a minimum income and redistributes income; the public pension system in Germany is like social insurance, in that it guarantees a person's former income; and the public pension system in Great Britain aims to guarantee a minimum income. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 70-92 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250670 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250670 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:6:p:70-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eui Tajika Author-X-Name-First: Eui Author-X-Name-Last: Tajika Author-Name: Yoshihiro Kaneko Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Kaneko Author-Name: Fumiko Hayashi Author-X-Name-First: Fumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Hayashi Title: Japan's Public Pension Policy Abstract: It was in 1961 that the Japanese national pension (Kokumin nenkin) for self-employed people was established. This opened the door to a universal pension system that included existing mutual aid association pensions (Kyosai nenkin) for public service employees and employee pensions (Kosei nenkin) for private sector workers. National pension benefit payments began almost ten years later—since, as an interim measure, people over fifty years of age when the system was established were allowed to receive benefits after a contribution period of five to ten years. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 43-69 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250643 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250643 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:6:p:43-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 25 (January/February 1997—November/December 1997) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 93-95 Issue: 6 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250693 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250693 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:6:p:93-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Volume 21 (Fall 1992-Fall 1993) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 95-96 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210695 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210695 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:6:p:95-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Miyajima Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyajima Title: The Family Structure in Contemporary Japan Abstract: Several representative models of the family can be constructed from studies of the family in sociology and cultural anthropology. We have attempted elsewhere (Chapter 4 of the present book) to integrate them with economic theories of saving and social security. In what follows, we want to examine to what extent those models are applicable to the modern Japanese family. Our aim is to understand the contemporary Japanese family from two perspectives: the family as an economic unit and the family as a social security provider based on the arrangement and analysis of materials and statistics concerning current structure, form, type, and size of the contemporary Japanese family. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 25-53 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210625 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210625 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:6:p:25-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Kazushi Ohkawa Abstract: Ohkawa was often called the Simon Kuznets of Japan in recognition of his work of initiating and supervising the construction of Japan's national accounts statistics for the prewar period as far back as 1868 (Meiji Restoration) in a mutually consistent manner. Although there had been several sporadic efforts before his to estimate Japan's national income, 1 his was a systematic and comprehensive attempt to piece together all available statistical materials. The vast amount of work, which had to be meticulous and laborious, was conducted at the Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University (Tokyo), where Ohkawa was a senior member from 1950 to 1972. The team work under the supervision of Ohkawa, along with his colleagues Miyohei Shinohara and Mataji Umemura, resulted in the four-teen-volume Long-term Economic Statistics of Japan (LTES). Its publication alone took more than two decades. 2 Thanks to LTES, we now know in quantitative terms how the Japanese economy achieved its modern economic growth in such a remarkably short time. 3 Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 91-94 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210691 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210691 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:6:p:91-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Miyajima Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyajima Title: Japan's Aging Society Abstract: Editor's Note: Population aging is taking place in Japan at a very rapid pace, and much public attention in recent years has focused on what to do with the increasing number of elderly persons and how to support them economically and socially. This article reviews representative opinions on these issues in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-23 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X21063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X21063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:6:p:3-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshio Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: Monetary Policy of Japan Abstract: We reviewed the monetary policy in place after the Second World War in Parts I and II and observed a strong relationship between the monetary policy and the Japanese economy, as well as its national standard of living, of that period. We also considered what was being targeted by the monetary policy in each period and what role it was attempting to fill. The actions taken by the Bank of Japan during that transition were not diverse. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 55-89 Issue: 6 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:6:p:55-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Okumura Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Okumura Title: The Fate of Corporate Capitalism: History and Overview Abstract: Immediately after Japan was defeated in World War II and the United States began occupying it, the dissolution of the zaibatsu took place. The basic objective of the zaibatsu dissolution was to eliminate the family control of giant corporations in Japan. This action stemmed from the perception that the zaibatsu were controlling giant corporations based on a feudal family system and that their control led Japan into war. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 71-94 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240571 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240571 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:5:p:71-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshiaki Tachibanaki Author-X-Name-First: Toshiaki Author-X-Name-Last: Tachibanaki Title: Public Financing and Financial Regulations Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship between public financing and financial regulations in Japan. The article starts with a simple outline of the characteristics of public financing. Next is a discussion of the relationship between government regulations and public financing. Third is an analysis of the roles and limitations of postal savings, postal insurance, and the social security fund. The last part examines the significance of public financing in the present climate of financial liberalization. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-32 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:5:p:3-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takao Kawakita Author-X-Name-First: Takao Author-X-Name-Last: Kawakita Title: What the Central Bank Can and Cannot Do Abstract: On April 4, 1995, those in charge of call money and other short-term financial markets at private financial institutions were startled. Central interest rates for overnight unsecured call money—which are an indicator of short-term interest rates—fell below the official discount rate of 1.75 percent to 1.71 percent. This was the first occurrence of such a phenomenon since the beginning of unsecured call transactions in 1985, and, of course, before that short-term market interest rates never fell below the official rate either. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 33-70 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240533 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240533 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:5:p:33-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Introduction Abstract: "Extortion" is a term familiar to most societies. Indeed, many people, at some point in their lives, have been perpetrators or victims of the act, in one form or another. For example, an exasperated parent will threaten, "Clean your room or you're grounded." A possessive lover will cry, "If you don't stay with me, I'll tell your [wife or husband]." The rebellious adolescent cleans his room so he can go out; the harassed lover promises to stay to avoid an ugly divorce. In such cases, it is often easier to give in than fight, meaning the perpetrators get their way—most of the time. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-11 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X26033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X26033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:3-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Foundations and History Abstract: Most shareholder meetings in Japan are held annually on the last Thursday in June. The few weeks before that day are so busy with sokaiya activities, they are popularly called the "sokaiya season" by the public and media.On the day of a meeting, it is not unusual to see hordes of men bustling out of company buildings. Some are clearly shareholders who, alone, hurry along the streets or await their limousines. They carry small shopping bags containing a few trinkets distributed by the company to attendees. Others, traveling in boisterous groups, are obviously sokaiya. Conversations are alternately angry and merry. Follow them, and they talk of inept questions, failed strategies, big victories. It is a typical scene in the business district on shareholder-meeting day.On one occasion, however, the relative normalcy was disrupted. Blaring pseudomilitary music sounded, echoing off the tall buildings. Around a corner came a huge black reconverted bus, its windows covered with thick screens, its sides draped with banners, its top studded with huge speakers and rising-sun battle flags. The right wing had arrived.The bus stopped in front of the building housing the corporate headquarters of a ball-bearing company recently rocked by an insider-trading scandal. A man, clad in a black jumpsuit, emerged from the bus. Climbing atop the bus, holding a microphone, he made a passionate speech about corporate corruption and how it, along with political corruption, is weakening Japan—which in his view should be dominating the world. The speech finished, the uniformed man descended and entered the bus. The music blared again. The bus drove away. The scene returned to its normal bustle. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 38-66 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260338 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260338 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:38-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Conflict, Resolution, Adaptation Abstract: For those seemingly few socially aware Japanese in the early 1970s, death seemed to ooze from the smokestacks and waste pipes of corporate Japan. After decades of rapid development, the streams and rivers near the urban and manufacturing centers of Japan were little more than foul sewers, nearly devoid of life. Any chemical that could not be burned off into the air could be buried in the ground or pumped into the water. Few cared. Production was not only necessary, it was a virtue—and, with some of Japan's products making their way to Vietnam to be used as weapons of war, it was also profitable. This attitude of indifference changed, however, when the effects of such unchecked production and pollution began to have a tangible impact on people's lives. And yet corporate Japan refused to accept the reality. Indeed, rather than heed the calls for reform, it unleashed the one weapon at its disposal: sokaiya. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 67-85 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:67-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Reconstructing Abstract: On February 28, 1994, Juntaro Suzuki, a sixty-one-year-old managing director of Fuji Photo Film Corporation was stabbed to death on the doorstep of his home.Suzuki and his wife, Michiko, lived in a modest home on a narrow side street in Tokyo's Setagaya Ward, a fashionable residential area near the shallow Tamagawa, the river that serves as the border between Tokyo and the industrial city of Kawasaki. Mrs. Suzuki was taping a television program for her son, who was on an overseas trip. The doorbell rang and Mr. Suzuki answered the door using an intercom. The man at the door said his car had hit part of the wall surrounding Suzuki's home. He asked if someone could come out to inspect the damage.Suzuki agreed and went out. Neighbors said later that there was some brief shouting, perhaps even a few cries for help. Mrs. Suzuki said that all she heard was her husband weakly calling "Mama" when she found him on the step, dying from wounds on his head, legs, and arms. According to police reports, the wounds were consistent in shape with those made by a Japanese sword. The nature of the wounds gave rise to the suspicion that Suzuki was a victim of right-wing terrorism. Japan's radical right is well known for its attacks against corporations and their executives. The Japanese sword is one of their favorite weapons, although the right wing is also known to use Molotov cocktails and the occasional firearm to shoot into a vacant home or office. But radical-right involvement became less and less a possibility as Suzuki's encounters with extortionists became increasingly known. The details of the case pointed toward sokaiya.1 Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 12-37 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260312 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260312 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:3:p:12-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patricia Nelson Author-X-Name-First: Patricia Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson Title: Integrated Production in East Asia: Globalization without Insulation Abstract: Economic integration in East Asia was by 2001 a fact. It was characterized by the strong presence of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) that had expanded their manufacturing facilities to East Asia, particularly since 1985, and had integrated their production networks across several countries. It was also directly influenced by the rapid growth of China as an attractive target for foreign direct investment (FDI), especially during the 1990s. At the same time, Japanese MNCs were faced with high prices and continued stagnation at home. Compared with the cost of doing business elsewhere in East Asia, Japan was simply too expensive. This chapter explores how the globalization of Japan's multinationals (and their subsequent integration of production in East Asia) influenced the political economy of Japan, and specifically addresses a problem common to all advanced industrialized nations: the tension between highly globalized firms and the state. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 50-83 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280550 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280550 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:5:p:50-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mireya Solís Author-X-Name-First: Mireya Author-X-Name-Last: Solís Title: Adjustment Through Globalization: The Role of State FDI Finance Abstract: One of the greatest puzzles in the debate over Japanese industrial policy—which has been characterized by export promotion, infant industry protection, and strategic policies to influence resource allocation and industrial adjustment—is the fact that, throughout the entire postwar period, the Japanese government provided subsidized loans to outward-bound foreign direct investment (FDI). Why would a government keen on building a home-based industrial juggernaut support the relocation of production abroad? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 27-49 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280527 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280527 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:5:p:27-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saadia Pekkanen Author-X-Name-First: Saadia Author-X-Name-Last: Pekkanen Title: Sword and Shield: The WTO Dispute Settlement System and Japan Abstract: At its inception in 1995, few predicted that the World Trade Organization (WTO) would be as widely used by its members as it is today. Between 1995 and 2001, the WTO presided over more complaints than its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), had over a forty-year period.1 Observing this trend at the close of the 1990s, many scholars—supporters and skeptics alike—agreed that ruled-based dispute settlement had moved to the center stage of international economic diplomacy, and that there were significant economic, political, and legal advantages to this progressive "judicialization" from the perspective of national governments (Jackson 1998a, pp. 175, 178-79; Petersmann 1998 [1997], pp. 84-87). Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-26 Issue: 5 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X28053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X28053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:5:p:3-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: RISABURO NEZU Author-X-Name-First: RISABURO Author-X-Name-Last: NEZU Title: Why Did Japanese Industry Lose Out in the Global Competition During the 1990s? : Current Problems and Prospect for Recovery Abstract: Over the last ten years, Japan and Germany--two post-war industrial superpowers--have fallen substantially behind their common rival, the United States. These two economies are now seen as major contributors to slowing down the global economy. This paper aims to examine the causes of the abrupt weakening of the manufacturing sector of Japan, particularly in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry, while comparing their performances with those of the United States and Germany. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 45-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045181 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045181 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:45-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARTIN SCHULZ Author-X-Name-First: MARTIN Author-X-Name-Last: SCHULZ Title: Japan's Industrial Restructuring : Results and Policy Recommendations Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 153-155 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:153-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TATSUYA KIMURA Author-X-Name-First: TATSUYA Author-X-Name-Last: KIMURA Author-Name: MARTIN SCHULZ Author-X-Name-First: MARTIN Author-X-Name-Last: SCHULZ Title: Industry in Japan : Structural Change, Productivity, and Chances for Growth Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:5-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARTIN SCHULZ Author-X-Name-First: MARTIN Author-X-Name-Last: SCHULZ Author-Name: TATSUYA KIMURA Author-X-Name-First: TATSUYA Author-X-Name-Last: KIMURA Title: Foreword Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SATORU HAYASHI Author-X-Name-First: SATORU Author-X-Name-Last: HAYASHI Title: Japanese Manufacturers Shift Toward a Global Operation Model Abstract: <P> Current reforms in the Japanese manufacturing industry (from engineering to production, procurement, inventory, distribution, and sales) might not be sufficient for the challenges of the twenty-first century. </P><P>It will become more and more important to seek demand-driven business with an as close as possible integration of global supply chain management. This article proposes such a global operation model by building on the experiences at Fujitsu.</P> Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 132-152 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:132-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MARTIN SCHULZ Author-X-Name-First: MARTIN Author-X-Name-Last: SCHULZ Title: Changing the Rules of the Game : The Reform of Corporate Governance in Japan Abstract: Governance in Japan is moving from a system of stable "insider" relations to a more flexible model of market-based "outsider" or shareholder participation and control. This transformation remains costly and time consuming. But major changes in the commercial code, the bankruptcy code, accounting rules, shareholder structures, and labor market contracts have already shifted the "rules of the game" towards a more open market economy. It is now necessary to enforce the implementation of these governance reforms by keeping a strong focus on transparency at every level, and by pushing the swift progress of the "accounting big bang" and the privatization of the postal savings system. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 87-131 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:87-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KAZUNORI MINETAKI Author-X-Name-First: KAZUNORI Author-X-Name-Last: MINETAKI Title: The Effect of Information and Communication Technology on the Japanese Economy Abstract: <P> Information and Communication Technology (ICT) might be able to substitute for young workers in Japan. This suggests ICT innovation may reduce the effects of aging on the Japanese economy. We also found a complementary relationship between ICT capital and high education workers. </P><P>The importance of older worker's skills declined from the 1980s to the 1990s. One of the cornerstones of Japan's aging industry--long-term work relationships with extensive and specialized on-the-job training--therefore became less important. Furthermore, on the negative side, we also found that outsourcing in the ICT service industry (including software and Internet) has been rather inefficient in Japan.</P> Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 76-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045187 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045187 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:1:p:76-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukiko Murakami Author-X-Name-First: Yukiko Author-X-Name-Last: Murakami Title: Japan's Brain Drain Abstract: In recent years, international competition for highly skilled workers has been increasing, demonstrating that the brain-drain issue is not limited to developing countries. This article is focused on Japanese scientists working in the United States and analyzes their emigration motives, based on a survey and interviews. In addition, it considers differences between Japan and the United States in terms of research environments, scientists' job opportunities,and human resource management practices, which are causes of scientists' emigration. Furthermore, the likelihood of their returning to Japan is analyzed and factors influencing their stay in the United States or return to Japan are clarified. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 23-57 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:2:p:23-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takashi Oshio Author-X-Name-First: Takashi Author-X-Name-Last: Oshio Author-Name: Shinpei Sano Author-X-Name-First: Shinpei Author-X-Name-Last: Sano Author-Name: Kaori Suetomi Author-X-Name-First: Kaori Author-X-Name-Last: Suetomi Title: Estimate of the Production Function of Education Abstract: This article calculates the production function of education for combined junior and senior high schools (“combined high schools”) in the capital and Kinki regions. The results of the empirical analysis conducted lead to the following three conclusions. First, at all combined high schools in the capital and Kinki and regions, university admission success, which is often viewed as an important indicator of the quality of a junior high or high school education, is largely determined by the average academic skills (hensachi) of students enrolled in that school. Second, if we control for the average academic skills of students enrolled in a school and the attributes of that school, the only effort that can be made by the school to statistically improve the university admission success of its graduates in any clear way is to increase total class Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 83-119 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:2:p:83-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ana Maria Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Ana Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Author-Name: Shingo Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Shingo Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Title: Determinants of Job-Related Stress of Academic Economists in Japan Abstract: This article examines the determinants of job-related stress for academic economists in Japan. Our results suggest that relative deprivation effects are associated with pursuing academic achievements. If an academic's yearly publication rate of refereed articles or the amount of external grants is below average, the academic is more likely to report higher stress levels. In addition, academics with greater teaching loads or administrative duties are more likely to report higher stress levels. Female academics are 15 percent more likely than males to report higher levels of stress. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 120-127 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:2:p:120-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth Kuttner Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth Author-X-Name-Last: Kuttner Title: Reinventing the Lender of Last Resort Abstract: The recent financial crises in Japan and the United States have reminded central bankers of the importance of their mandate to serve as lenders of last resort. This article summarizes the key features of the two countries' crises, compares the policy response of the U.S. Federal Reserve with that of the Bank of Japan, and discusses the ways in which these responses have expanded the traditional boundaries of the lender of last resort function. The experience suggests that the conventional tool of liquidity provision, lending funds against risk-free collateral, has become inadequate for dealing with modern financial crises. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-22 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:2:p:3-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomohiko Noda Author-X-Name-First: Tomohiko Author-X-Name-Last: Noda Author-Name: Masaru Ichihashi Author-X-Name-First: Masaru Author-X-Name-Last: Ichihashi Title: Governance Structures and Management Efficiency in Japanese Companies Abstract: This study uses panel data from companies from FY 2001 to 2004 to analyze the effects of banks, share owning, and directors on the management efficiency of companies, with consideration given to the attributes of managers, the presence of labor unions, and the existence of an education and training system. The results showed that the impacts of bank dependence and labor unions on management efficiency differ depending on the origins and attributes of the managers. We confirm that Japanese companies that have high dependence on banks and weak pressure from the capital markets, with labor unions in place and managers that are promoted internally within the company—in other words typical Japanese-style companies—tend to have lower management efficiency as compared with Japanese companies that do not share these attributes. Underlying all this is the difficulty involved in making employment adjustments in non-founder-managed companies, particularly in companies where managers are promoted internally. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 58-82 Issue: 2 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:2:p:58-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DAVID FLATH Author-X-Name-First: DAVID Author-X-Name-Last: FLATH Title: Distribution Keiretsu, Foreign Direct Investment, and Import Penetration in Japan Abstract: Directed marketing channels--known in Japan as distribution keiretsu--are more likely than others to be headed by a primary wholesaler that is vertically integrated with the manufacturer, which for foreign manufacturers entails their directly investing in Japan-based wholesale subsidiaries. I support this statement with empirical evidence and theoretical reasoning. Briefly stated, vertical integration better aligns the noncontractible wholesaler effort levels with the manufacturer's profit, but necessarily forgoes the inherent advantage of an independent wholesaler at market-widening efforts. This establishes a trade-off bearing on the decision to vertically integrate. Where market-widening efforts complicate the resolution of retail externalities, it can be better to forgo market-widening efforts altogether and instead focus exclusively on resolving the externalities, vertically integrating with the wholesaler in order to better administer a distribution keiretsu. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 26-53 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045214 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045214 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:26-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YUKIO NOGUCHI Author-X-Name-First: YUKIO Author-X-Name-Last: NOGUCHI Title: Postal Service Privatization Is Nonsense: Funds Will Flow into the Public Sector as Long as Fiscal Investment and Loan Program Bonds Are Issued Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 6-17 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045215 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045215 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:6-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: JONATHAN E. LEIGHTNER Author-X-Name-First: JONATHAN E. Author-X-Name-Last: LEIGHTNER Title: Fight Deflation with Deflation, Not with Monetary Policy Abstract: The Japanese government has pinned its hopes of defeating deflation on monetary policy. This article applies a new analytical technique, reiterative truncated projected least squares, (RTPLS) to monthly Japanese data from January 1970 to January 2003. In this application, RTPLS produces a separate estimate of dCPI/d(M2 + CD) and of dCPI/d(M2 + CD) for each observation, which makes it possible to see how they change over time due to the influence of omitted variables. I find that dCPI/d(M2 + CD) falls by 55 percent between October 1997 and January 2003, hampering the Bank of Japan's efforts to fight deflation. I recommend that Japan change its strategy. I recommend that Japan fight deflation with deflation just as firefighters often use smaller fires to burn a fire break in the path of out-of-control forest fires. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 67-93 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045216 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045216 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:67-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-5 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045217 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045217 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:3-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MITSUHIKO TSURUTA Author-X-Name-First: MITSUHIKO Author-X-Name-Last: TSURUTA Title: Respecting Differences in the Anglo-American, European, and Japanese Models of Capitalism Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 18-25 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045218 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045218 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:18-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Transplanting Keiretsu: Empirical Evidence from Southeast Asia's Auto Industry Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 54-66 Issue: 2 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:2:p:54-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Funakoshi Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Funakoshi Author-Name: Kazuyuki Motohashi Author-X-Name-First: Kazuyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Motohashi Title: A Quantitative Analysis of Market Competition and Productivity Abstract: To help further develop and expand the national economy as well as to ensure the interests of consumers in general, a competition policy is needed that promotes free and fair competition to encourage the business activities of firms. In particular, many early studies demonstrate that market competition raises firms' productivity. However, reverse results drawn from the perspective of competition indicate that further research in this field is needed.Empirical studies of industrial organizations have traditionally been based on the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) theory, and profit rates have been used as a performance index. Moreover, the concentration ratio and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) have been used as competition indicators.In this research, we estimate the Cobb-Douglas production functions of companies and analyze the effect of competition on growth of total factor productivity (TFP). The main result is as follows.In the analysis of the system-generalized method of moments (sysGMM), which solves the endogeneity problem, market competition (lower HHI) was associated with higher TFP for firms in Japan. We believe that this analysis can contribute significantly to improving current Japanese competition policy Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 27-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:1:p:27-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masayoshi Hayashi Author-X-Name-First: Masayoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Hayashi Title: The Tax System and Labor Supply Abstract: This article surveys empirical analysis in Japan regarding labor supply, keeping in mind the policy assertion that "reducing taxes will vitalize the economy." The following two points characterize empirical analysis in Japan. First, there has been no comprehensive estimation done on the labor supply of prime working-age males who make up the core labor force, and no empirical analysis exists that could support the basis of the policy assertion. Second, although many empirical analyses exist regarding elderly and female labor, they are based on inappropriate specifications, and, even using such estimates, the effects of the tax system on labor supply cannot be identified. Therefore, an appropriate empirical analysis regarding the proposition "reducing taxes will vitalize the economy" has not been conducted, and with respect to core male labor, no real empirical analysis has been done. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 106-136 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:1:p:106-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keiko Tamada Author-X-Name-First: Keiko Author-X-Name-Last: Tamada Title: The Effect of Election Outcomes on the Allocation of Government Spending in Japan Abstract: This article investigates the causal effect of the majority party's electoral outcomes on the allocation of government spending in Japan, using prefectural data from 1981 to 1999. We first articulate the difficulty in consistently estimating the majority party's influence on the allocation of government spending due to the endogeneity of electoral outcomes. The endogeneity of electoral outcomes is more serious when the majority party makes decisions on the allocation of government spending in order to win the elections. The amount of rainfall on election days offers an exogenous variation of the electoral outcomes of the majority party across regions. Therefore, we use the amount of rainfall on election days to estimate the causal effect of the electoral outcomes on the allocation of government spending. The weather on election days affects the behavior of voters in many regions, in turn affecting the majority party's electoral outcomes. We can reject the null hypothesis that the majority party's electoral outcomes have no impact on the allocation of government spending. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:1:p:3-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yutaka Harada Author-X-Name-First: Yutaka Author-X-Name-Last: Harada Author-Name: Minoru Masujima Author-X-Name-First: Minoru Author-X-Name-Last: Masujima Title: Effectiveness and Transmission Mechanisms of Japan's Quantitative Monetary Easing Policy Abstract: This study analyzes the overall economic impact and transmission mechanisms of Japan's quantitative monetary easing policy (QMEP) based on Honda, Kuroki, and Tachibana (2007). A vector auto regression (VAR) model analysis has led to the following four observations. First, an increase of base money raises aggregate output. Second, the impact of the QMEP is primarily transmitted through the channels of asset prices and bank balance sheets. Not verified are the transmission channels of the bank's information production, exchange rate, or the policy duration effect. These findings confirm the results of Honda, Kuroki, and Tachibana (2007). but the identification of bank balance sheets as a transmission channel represents a new finding. Additionally, these channels were reaffirmed even when subject to more rigorous analysis. Third, the QMEP raises interest rates in the long term, which raises doubt about the validity of the policy duration effect and, in particular, the signaling effect. Fourth, even during the period when a traditional interest rate policy was being implemented, base money had an effect on aggregate output. These results suggest that Japan's monetary policy has been an effective means of easing Japan's prolonged economic downturn. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 48-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:1:p:48-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 39 (Spring 2012—Winter 2012-13) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 127-127 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2012.11045360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2012.11045360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:127-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Ando Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Ando Title: Empirical Analysis of Dual-Earner Couples' Housework Behavior Using the Japanese Version of the General Social Survey (JGSS)-2006 Data Abstract: In this article, I sample data from the JGSS-2006 and conduct an empirical analysis of the housework behavior of dual-earner couples in Japan using their housework participation frequency as the dependent variable. The results of this empirical analysis show that the housework behavior of husbands with wives working part-time is explained by the gender display model while the housework behavior of wives is explained by the autonomy model regardless of their employment type. The results also show that the housework behavior of husbands with wives working full-time is not explained by either the economic exchange model or the gender display model. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 42-59 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:42-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naoki Mitani Author-X-Name-First: Naoki Author-X-Name-Last: Mitani Title: Long-Term Trends in Leisure and Work Hours Abstract: This article describes long-term trends in hours worked, both in Japan and other countries, and uses economic theory to suggest explanations for the observed patterns. There are four main findings: (1) In Japan, the reduction in hours worked of regular workers has typically been during periods of labor shortage. (2) The reform of the Labor Standard Law in 1987 contributed to reducing the hours worked by Japanese workers to the same level as that of their American counterparts. Nonetheless, the hours worked by regular workers have been stable since 1993. (3) It is difficult to explain the differences between Japan and continental European countries in per capita hours worked based only on tax wedges. It is necessary to take into consideration the differences in the uses and benefits of taxes, including payroll taxes. (4) The reduction in hours worked in continental European countries is largely due to collective agreements and to governments' regulation of working hours based on the idea of "work-sharing," creating jobs by reducing working hours. In reality, hours worked were reduced but at the detriment of employment. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 79-108 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:79-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note on the Retirement of David Flath from the Editorship of and the Announcement of a New Editor, a New Title, and a New Editorial Plan Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 125-125 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390406 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390406 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:125-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Ando Author-X-Name-First: Jun Author-X-Name-Last: Ando Title: Changes in Dual-Earner Couples' Housework Behavior Abstract: The purpose of this article is to empirically show how the housework behavior of husbands and wives has changed based on data on wives in dual-earner households obtained from the JPSC conducted by the Institute for Research on Household Economics in 1993, 2000, and 2007. The results show that the housework behavior of husbands in 2000 and 2007 is explained by the gender display model, while the housework behavior of wives is explained by the gender display model in 2000, but by the autonomy model in 2007. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-41 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:3-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shigeki Kunieda Author-X-Name-First: Shigeki Author-X-Name-Last: Kunieda Title: New Optimal Income Tax Theory and Japan's Income Tax System Abstract: This study provides new estimates of the income distribution of high income earners and uses recent empirical findings related to the elasticity of taxable income in Japan to derive the optimal highest marginal tax rate. Based on the 2003 Top Taxpayer Rankings, the Pareto distribution coefficient (α) is estimated to be 2.1. Compared with Mizoguchi (1987), this suggests the possibility that income in Japan is concentrated, though not to the same degree as in the United States, among the top several thousand to several tens of thousands of high income earners. On the other hand, recent empirical research has estimated the elasticity of taxable income to be in the range from 0.051 to 0.28. This result indicates that the optimal highest marginal tax rate in Japan is higher than the current level as long as the social welfare weight attached to the most highly skilled individuals is not too large. It also supports the argument for increasing taxes on high income earners. Also, the elasticity of taxable income is influenced by the withholding tax and year-end adjustment system and by the earned income deduction. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 60-78 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:60-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Horioka Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Horioka Title: Are Japanese Households Financially Healthy, If So, Why? Abstract: In this article, I conduct an international comparison of the financial health of households using data on household wealth and indebtedness for the G-7 countries and show that, even though household borrowings in Japan were the highest among the G-7 countries, at least until 2000, household assets were also high in Japan, as a result of which household net worth and financial health in Japan were among the highest in the G-7 countries. Turning to long-term trends in Japan over time, I find that Japan has shown a sharp increase over time in household borrowings, at least until 2000, and a sharp increase over time in both household assets and household net worth, at least until 1990. It is not clear whether the greater financial health of Japanese households is due more to culture or to government policies, institutions, and other noncultural factors, but it appears that long-term trends over time in household assets, liabilities, and net worth in Japan can be explained much better by noncultural factors than by culture. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 109-124 Issue: 4 Volume: 39 Year: 2012 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X390405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X390405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:39:y:2012:i:4:p:109-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shumpei Takemori Author-X-Name-First: Shumpei Author-X-Name-Last: Takemori Author-Name: Lioudmila Savtchenko Author-X-Name-First: Lioudmila Author-X-Name-Last: Savtchenko Title: Monetary Regimes and Inflationary Expectations Abstract: The statistical relationship between price levels and interest rates, known as the "Gibson paradox," is, according to Keynes, "the most established fact in monetary economics." Since Barsky and Summers (1988), the Gibson Paradox has been interpreted as a phenomenon associated primarily with the gold standard. The test of the Gibson paradox using Japanese historical data provides a good opportunity to determine whether this claim is true because the monetary system during the Meiji era went through three phases: fiat money, silver standard, and gold standard. Our empirical findings show that this phenomenon tends to hold true in Japan only during the period of fiat money (1877-85) and is not observed under the precious metal standards, contradicting the claim made by Barsky and Summers (1988). The study also examines whether the adaptive expectation hypothesis proposed by Irving Fisher (1930) holds true and reveals the mechanism that governs the behavior of interest rates. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-21 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:4:p:3-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 35 Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 133-134 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2008.11045274 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2008.11045274 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:4:p:133-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ma Xinxin Author-X-Name-First: Ma Author-X-Name-Last: Xinxin Title: Occupational Career Types of Baby-Boomers and Their Effects on Employment Pattern Selection Abstract: In this article, individual data from the Survey on the Baby-Boomer Generation's Work and Life Vision conducted in October 2006 by the Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training (JILPT) are used to perform a quantitative analysis on the effects of occupational career type on employment pattern choices among baby-boomers. The main conclusions are: first, an analysis of the effects on employment pattern choice before age sixty shows that specialists have a higher probability than generalists of working in part-time jobs or being self-employed; and second, an analysis of the effects on preferred employment patterns at age sixty-five shows that specialists are more likely than generalists to prefer self-employment. This analysis suggests that to promote the employment of seniors, it will be important to provide occupational retraining to generalists who are in middle age, which includes baby-boomers, and to respond to the occupational needs of specialists with specialized skills by providing a social environment that makes it easier for them to start their own businesses. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 64-106 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:4:p:64-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsuneo Kamiyama Author-X-Name-First: Tsuneo Author-X-Name-Last: Kamiyama Title: Transition to the Gold Standard System and Korekiyo Takahashi's Opinion Statement Abstract: Careful examination of the written memoranda on the manner of Japan's transition from silver standard to gold standard near the end of the nineteenth century shows that the arguments of Korekiyo Takahashi were the most persuasive and, in the end, the most correct. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 22-63 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:4:p:22-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryuhei Wakasugi Author-X-Name-First: Ryuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Wakasugi Author-Name: Harue Wakasugi Author-X-Name-First: Harue Author-X-Name-Last: Wakasugi Title: The Effects of Regulation on Japan's Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abstract: In Japan, the research and development (R&D) process of a new drug, from synthesizing new compounds to supplying the drug in the market, is largely affected by the legal regulations under the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and the drug price standards under the Health Insurance Law. In recent years, the "hollowing-out" of new drug R&D has been observed in Japan, which involves a decrease in new drug development, the lengthening of development periods, and the shifting of development to overseas. This article presents an international comparison and analysis from an economic standpoint on how Japan's regulations affect new drug R&D. The results of the analysis indicate that establishing the infrastructure for clinical trials and drug reviews, improving the efficiency of and adding incentives to clinical trials, and pricing new drugs appropriately relative to generic drugs are necessary conditions for promoting new drug R&D in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 107-132 Issue: 4 Volume: 35 Year: 2008 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X350404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X350404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:35:y:2008:i:4:p:107-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuhiro Yonezawa Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yonezawa Author-Name: Junko Maru Author-X-Name-First: Junko Author-X-Name-Last: Maru Title: Functions of the Japanese Stock Market Abstract: Although the Japanese economy has experienced a remarkable growth in the postwar period, it would not be an overstatement to say that there has been no definitive analysis done on the functions performed by the capital market, particularly the stock market, and thus we have no common understanding of it. One of the possible reasons for this state is that industrial funds have mainly been supplied through the financial market centering around banks, whereas the stock market has played only a minor role. As a result of this, even in the few analyses that have been carried out, certain special characteristics of the Japanese stock market (the so-called backwardness compared to that of the United States, for example) have been emphasized, and even the viability of its functioning has been questioned. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 42-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1986:i:1:p:42-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideichiro Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Hideichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: The Challenge of Japanese Small Business Abstract: There has been a persistent belief in Japan that the existence of numerous small businesses in the Japanese economy is the exemplification of its historical backwardness. The view that sees small businesses as being backward, weak, unstable, excessively competitive, and exploited by large firms has always been popular and is still a dominant view of small businesses to many people. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 76-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150176 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150176 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1986:i:1:p:76-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kichiro Hayashi Author-X-Name-First: Kichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Hayashi Title: Crosscultural Interface Management: The Case of Japanese Firms Abroad Abstract: My interest in this study is to identify five types of organization in Japanese firms overseas from the viewpoint of the division of labor between Japanese expatriates and local nationals and to ascertain determining factors of these types and their salient features in management. For this purpose, I have studied twenty Japanese subsidiaries in the United States in the field of manufacturing. This introduction briefly explains these five types. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X15013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X15013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1986:i:1:p:3-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takao Komine Author-X-Name-First: Takao Author-X-Name-Last: Komine Title: The Japanese Economy's Resiliency Since the Oil Crisis Abstract: To provide a point of departure for our discussion, let us review changes in the Japanese economy from the time of the Oil Shock until now and identify their characteristics. In the short period of time since 1970 the economy has experienced quite radical changes. These changes were so great that at each juncture many debates emerged as to how to understand the current situation and the future outlook of the Japanese economy. However, quite a few interpretations seem to have superficially regarded short-term fluctuations as long-term changes and, consequently, stressed structural changes of the economy. In what follows, we shall identify the forms of changes in the real economy and present and assess the arguments that were repeatedly made. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 25-48 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:2:p:25-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. S. Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: S. Title: Editor's Comment Abstract: Concerning econometric specifications of the wage functions estimated in the above article, I wish to add two points. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 85-86 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100285 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100285 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:2:p:85-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seiji Shimpo Author-X-Name-First: Seiji Author-X-Name-Last: Shimpo Title: Stagflation in Japan Abstract: The Japanese economy attained remarkably rapid growth from the late 1950s through the early 1970s. In this 20-year period, real GNP grew at an average annual growth rate of 8.8 percent, achieving an expansion of 5.4 times. Industrial production grew 8.4 times. As a result, per capita national income expanded roughly 14 times in nominal terms from 82,000 in 1955 to 1,138,000 in 1975; in real terms, the expansion comes to 4.3 times. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-24 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X10023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X10023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:2:p:3-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Postscript Abstract: The analysis presented in this paper is based on data up to 1979. Two rounds of spring offensive have occurred since then. Wage raises agreed upon in these annual negotiations were 6.9% in 1980 and 7.7% in 1981, both relatively modest as compared to rises in the CPI, which were 7.5% (19791 to 19801) and 7.6% (19801 to 19811). Conclusions arrived at in this paper need no essential change in light of these new developments. A few new results which update some of the tables in the text are shown below. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 79-84 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100279 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100279 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:2:p:79-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazutoshi Koshiro Author-X-Name-First: Kazutoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Koshiro Title: Japan's Wage Determination Reexamined Abstract: The prospects for this year's [1980] wage determination in Japan would seem largely to depend on its success in coping with the impact of the second oil crisis. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 49-79 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:2:p:49-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadao Ishizaki Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Ishizaki Title: Is Japan's Income Distribution Equal? An International Comparison Abstract: The discussion of the issue of equalizing income distribution is based on the size distribution of income. It is difficult, however, to decide how far the equalization should proceed or what degree of equalization is acceptable. For this reason, it is important to learn how Japan's position compares internationally. Let us conduct an international comparison in order to examine the degree of inequality of income distribution, which is an important index of welfare in relation to the stage of economic development. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 30-55 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:2:p:30-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshio Sanuki Author-X-Name-First: Toshio Author-X-Name-Last: Sanuki Title: Changing Fortunes of Occupations in Japan Abstract: It was around 1960 when Japan finally emerged from being an underdeveloped Asian nation to join the ranks of more developed nations. Over the next twenty years, from 1960 to 1980, the Japanese economy grew 4.5 times in real terms, thereby making itself into an economic superpower worthy of the expression, "Japan as No. 1." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-29 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X14023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X14023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:2:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masako Ozawa Author-X-Name-First: Masako Author-X-Name-Last: Ozawa Title: Myths of Affluence and Equality Abstract: In an earlier study (Ozawa 1981), the present author examined the effect of a substantial fall in the growth rate of real disposable income upon household consumption since 1974. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 56-99 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:2:p:56-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshio Suzuki Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Suzuki Title: The Inflation Debate in Japan Abstract: Thirty-six years have elapsed since the end of World War II. In looking back at the course of the Japanese economy during that time, a survey of what Japanese economists have considered to be important problems and what kind of arguments they have developed to deal with them seems to me a most worthwhile task. It frames the economic history of postwar Japan and leads to a reexamination of the role of economics in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-36 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X11013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X11013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1982:i:1:p:3-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadanori Nishiyama Author-X-Name-First: Tadanori Author-X-Name-Last: Nishiyama Title: The Structure of Managerial Control Abstract: Big businesses in Japan today are almost completely under control by managers. (1) In a sense one can more accurately say that modern Japanese businesses are under the control of "management workers." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 37-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X110137 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X110137 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1982:i:1:p:37-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editor's Notes Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 107-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1101107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1101107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1982:i:1:p:107-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroyuki Itami Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Itami Author-Name: Tadao Kagono Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Kagono Author-Name: Hideki Yoshihara Author-X-Name-First: Hideki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshihara Author-Name: Akimitsu Sakuma Author-X-Name-First: Akimitsu Author-X-Name-Last: Sakuma Title: Diversification Strategies and Economic Performance Abstract: What sorts of effects do the differences in firms' corporate strategies have on their economic performance (profitability, growth, etc.)? Let us pose this very interesting question from the point of view of an analysis of corporate strategies that treats diversification as the main defining factor. What sort of influence does a firm's diversification strategy have on its economic performance? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 78-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X110178 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X110178 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1982:i:1:p:78-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: A Survey of Macroeconometric Forecasting Models of Japan Abstract: Since the pioneering work of Jan Tinbergen (1939), macro-econometric model building has gone through a history of 40 years. Like the growth of a human being, its evolution exhibited three stages, namely, infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, or more appropriately, apprenticeship, journeymanship, and mastership. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-60 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X09033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X09033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:3:p:3-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noriyuki Takayama Author-X-Name-First: Noriyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Takayama Title: The Distribution of Assets in Japan Abstract: The economic growth of postwar Japan has been examined and analyzed from a number of perspectives. Among the most recent studies are some that critically review the growth-first policy in connection with the question of equitable distribution of income. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 87-113 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:3:p:87-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideki Yoshihara Author-X-Name-First: Hideki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshihara Title: Research on Japan's General Trading Firms Abstract: Nearly two decades ago Hitoshi Misonou published his famous article "Are the General Trading Firms Declining Like the Setting Sun?" [Sōgō Shōsha wa Shayō de Aruka] (1961), which triggered years of active debates in the literature on Sōgō Shōsha or general trading firms. In this article Misonou argues that the trading firms' decline was evidenced by the falling rate of return, despite the spectacular growth of their sales volume. He took note of the limits of the trading firms' management capability as one cause of this unfavorable performance. Thus he states: "Can a firm be fully capable of managing and controlling its operations over markets and over merchandise, which are expanding indefinitely within the limits of one business entity?" (p. 1). A general trading firm is engaged in dealing with over a hundred countries in several thousand kinds of goods. In addition, it is involved domestically as well as overseas in natural resource development, manufacturing, and tertiary industry. For a general trading firm that is on a large scale and diverse, it is indispensable to build up a management system — rational management organization and management control, for example — in order to achieve a high level of business performance. Still, it is a very difficult task. One must agree with Misonou that the limits of its management capability are indeed crucial for a general trading firm. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 61-86 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090361 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090361 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1981:i:3:p:61-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Kitamura Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Kitamura Title: What Posture Should Japan Take in its Overseas Expansion? Abstract: When we speak of Japanese overseas expansion, we are concerned with the expansion of Japanese businesses into Asia and with the emigration of the Japanese into this region for economic reasons. But any discussion of this subject must go beyond merely examining problems of business or homo economicus. We have to ask such broad questions as: What sort of a relation should Japan maintain with other Asian countries? In what form should Japan be integrated into the economy of Asia? Or, conversely, should Japan move on a course entirely unrelated to Asia and keep contacts in some kind of power relationship with Asia from outside rather than from inside? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-55 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:3:p:39-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Japan in the International Setting Abstract: The past two years have witnessed serious disruptions in the international monetary and trade systems, and Japan has played a central role in these events. Japan's trade surplus has continued to expand over the past few years; in 1971 it became so large that Japan's foreign exchange reserves more than tripled in one year. The revaluation of the yen at the end of 1971 was intended to rectify this disequilibrium. But Japan's export surplus kept on increasing in 1972, and it led to another revaluation in February 1973 and the floating of the yen. In the course of a year and a half, the value of the yen rose from 360 yen per dollar to 260 yen per dollar. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-8 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X01033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X01033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:3:p:3-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshiyuki Mizoguchi Author-X-Name-First: Toshiyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Mizoguchi Title: The New Official Exchange Rate from the Viewpoint of Effective Purchasing Power Parity Abstract: The new official exchange rate ($ = 308 yen) announced in December 1971, has called forth much discussion, since the scale of the yen revaluation exceeded expectations. There seems to be a consensus in this discussion that the consequences of the recent currency realignment will have some influence on Japan's export sector, and that the current recession will, at the least, be prolonged for another half year. There are also some who regard the currency adjustment as overstating the "real strength of the yen." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 56-77 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:3:p:56-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoichi Shinkai Author-X-Name-First: Yoichi Author-X-Name-Last: Shinkai Title: The Basic Doctrine of Japanese Commercial Policy Abstract: Last year's (1971) two so-called Nixon shocks - namely, the announcement of the presidential visit to China and the enactment of the New Economic Policy - made it once more apparent that Japan is tied inseparably into international political and economic relations. I shall not dwell on the various problems concerning China. The New Economic Policy, especially its international aspects, has conspicuous political significance, and it is doubtful that one can separate politics and economics in analyzing them. However, even if limited to the economic sphere, its influence on Japan is profound. Actually, it is no exaggeration to say that the whole Japanese nation has spent day and night from last fall to this spring coping with the new American policies. With the exchange rate revision at the end of last year (1971) and the passage of the 1972 budget proposal in the Diet, it is clear that the problem is not yet completely settled. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 9-38 Issue: 3 Volume: 1 Year: 1973 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X01039 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X01039 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1973:i:3:p:9-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken Sakuma Author-X-Name-First: Ken Author-X-Name-Last: Sakuma Title: Changes in Japanese-Style Labor-Management Relations Abstract: In discussing the changes in the factors of Japanese-style labor-management relations, let us first clarify the current status of labor unions, and then consider how each of the factors—lifetime employment, seniority, and enterprise unions—will change in the future. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-48 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X16043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X16043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1988:i:4:p:3-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masumi Tsuda Author-X-Name-First: Masumi Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuda Title: The Cluster Specialist System Abstract: The second generation has appeared in Japanese-style management with new developments in the organization and management system which respond to various changes in the management environment. In what follows, I shall suggest some new ideas regarding future personnel strategy for those Japanese enterprises classified as management types A and B, who are feeling anxious because these styles of management will supposedly be abolished in the future [see the note on four types of Japanese-style management at the end of this article]. Naturally, since those business managers leading the drive to abolish Japanese-style management must be directing their own companies along a course they believe in, I have no intention of attempting to sway them at all with my suggestions. What I intend to do below is to make some new suggestions in an attempt to help those business managers who, despite a desire to reject Japanese-style management, are having a hard time choosing a new direction. At the same time, this writing may contribute somewhat to ideas about the personnel systems of the second generation of Japanese-style management as it contains contains further theoretical development of the "multiple specialist system," first proposed in my 1977 book, Japanese-Style Management in a Highly-Educated, Aging Society. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 49-102 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X160449 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X160449 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1988:i:4:p:49-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Volume XVI (Fall 1987-Summer 1988) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 103-104 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 1988 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1604103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1604103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:16:y:1988:i:4:p:103-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshikazu Miyazaki Author-X-Name-First: Yoshikazu Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazaki Title: The Dollar and the Yen Abstract: Ezra F. Vogel, a Harvard professor and well known as the author of Japan as Number One, Lessons for America (1979), published an article entitled "Pax Nipponica?" in the spring 1986 issue of Foreign Affairs. He opens this article by noting that future historians may record the mid-1980s as the period in which Japan overtook the United States and became a world-class economic superpower, with the United States becoming the largest net debtor and Japan the largest net creditor in the world by 1986. In fact, the net overseas debt of the United States (as of the end of 1986), published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, reached 263.6 billion dollars, larger than the total net debt of 262.2 billion dollars of the three next largest debtor nations (Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina). At the same time, net foreign assets of Japan (as of the end of 1986), published by the Ministry of Finance, is as large as 180.3 billion dollars. As of the end of 1987, the net foreign debt of the United States reached 368.2 billion dollars, and Japan's net foreign assets reached 240.7 billion dollars. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X19013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X19013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1990:i:1:p:3-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideki Iide Author-X-Name-First: Hideki Author-X-Name-Last: Iide Title: Japan's Telecommunications Industry Abstract: In 1987, when the guideline regarding monopolistic conditions was revised for the fifth time, services were brought into consideration, and, consequently, the domestic regular air passenger transport service industry, the domestic basic telecommunications industry, and the international basic telecommunications industry1 came to be monitored for "monopolistic conditions." However, because services offered by these industries are highly public in nature and indispensable to people's lives, various regulatory measures have already been taken. These include the entry regulation, the fee regulation based on the method of fair remuneration rates, and the regulation regarding operating multiple lines of businesses. Therefore, unlike other monopolistic industries, these industries operate under the condition of "competition under government regulation." In what follows, we will examine two of these three industries: the domestic basic telecommunications industry and the international basic telecommunications industry. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 61-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1990:i:1:p:61-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyoji Hashimoto Author-X-Name-First: Kyoji Author-X-Name-Last: Hashimoto Author-Name: Fumio Otake Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Otake Author-Name: Naosumi Atoda Author-X-Name-First: Naosumi Author-X-Name-Last: Atoda Author-Name: Shin Saito Author-X-Name-First: Shin Author-X-Name-Last: Saito Author-Name: Masaaki Homma Author-X-Name-First: Masaaki Author-X-Name-Last: Homma Title: Japan's Tax Reform Abstract: A tax reform influences households in many ways. Income tax reform influences the disposable income of households, and a reform of indirect tax influences the prices of goods and services. Furthermore, the changes in disposable income or in prices are thought to influence the consumption behavior of households. When a tax reform is enacted, one must not only evaluate the impact of the reform ex post facto but also must analyze it ex ante facto. It is likely that such an analysis will stimulate debate over the reform and lead to a more desirable reform. A series of simulation analyses that Homma (1986) attempted in the tax reform project of the Policy Design Forum was conducted with this thought in mind. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 31-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1990:i:1:p:31-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Toshihiro Horiuchi Author-X-Name-First: Toshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Horiuchi Title: Main-Bank Competition and the Loan Market: The Case of Small Financial Institutions Abstract: In this paper, we will examine the strategic responses of small and medium-sized (S-M) financial institutions to financial deregulation.1 In doing so, we will focus on the loan market and, as much as possible, on individual financial institutions rather than concentrating on their average behavior. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-29 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X18023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X18023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:2:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sano Yōko Author-X-Name-First: Sano Author-X-Name-Last: Yōko Title: Japanese Work Hours Abstract: It is well known that work hours are long in Japan and, since the oil crises, there has been no effort for them to be shortened. However, as to why this is so, there are a number of explanations, for example, the powerless-worker thesis which points to the exploitation of workers and weak labor unions, or the praising of Japanese workers' industriousness, arguing that their love for working makes long work hours a virtue. Let us begin our discussion by identifying seven curious points about work hours in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 58-84 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180258 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180258 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:2:p:58-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akira Ono Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Ono Title: Labor Cost in an Aging Economy Abstract: When the wage structure is organized in such a way that wages tend to rise with age, it follows that the more younger workers there are, the lower a firm's total labor cost will be; by the same token, the more older workers there are, the higher a firm's labor cost. This is a factor that businessmen must consider in their decision as to whether or not to maintain the current wage system. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 30-57 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180230 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180230 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:2:p:30-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takaaki Wakasugi Author-X-Name-First: Takaaki Author-X-Name-Last: Wakasugi Title: Capital and Finance of Japanese Business Abstract: For the purpose of carrying out its operations, a business firm keeps many kinds of assets, both physical and financial, e.g. manufacturing equipment, inventories of raw materials and finished products that facilitate production and marketing, accounts receivable that result from sales, cash on hand and deposits as a reserve for paying procurements, securities held to support interfirm transactions, and so on. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-49 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X12043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X12043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1984:i:4:p:3-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , Volume XII (Fall 1983-Summer 1984) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 91-92 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1984:i:4:p:91-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takatoshi Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Takatoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: Japan's Giant Enterprises—Their Power and Influence Abstract: It is often said that we live in a world of Big Business, that ever since Japan achieved a high level of economic growth, everything we do from morning until night, or even from cradle to grave, has something to do with large business corporations. It has become exceedingly difficult to escape the sphere of influence of giant corporations in today's "Business Society." Let us take an example. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 50-90 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 1984 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X120450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X120450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:12:y:1984:i:4:p:50-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solomon Levine Author-X-Name-First: Solomon Author-X-Name-Last: Levine Author-Name: Koji Taira Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Taira Title: Labor Markets, Trade Unions and Social Justice Abstract: In his chapter, "The Japanese Labor Market" (with the collaboration of Konosuke Odaka), in Asia's New Giant (Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1976), Professor Walter Galenson seems to view labor-management relations almost as a zero-sum game supported by a fierce adversary spirit on both sides. If a pattern of labor-management relations works well for management, it must by definition bode ill for labor. Since Galenson's heart lies with labor, he would not accept a pattern of labor-management relations as reasonable unless he were sure that all of its major aspects had been desired and promoted by labor unions and imposed on the reluctant management. Considering "permanent commitment" to be the essence of the Japanese labor-management relations, Galenson suggests "that, for a number of reasons, it has been a completely rational policy in terms of costs and benefits for large Japanese employers, and that although workers welcomed the job security that it brought, particularly in the decade after World War II, the main reason for its survival has been economic efficiency" (p. 619). Save for this overlap of worker and management interests in the Japanese employment system, Galenson has almost no kind words to say about the benefits of the system to workers or unions. "Japanese working people," he says (p. 655), "do not enjoy a standard of living consonant with the nation's per capita income. Further, it is our hypothesis that to a considerable degree this has resulted from the inability of the labor movement to exercise any real influence on national economic policy." One (the fourth) of his conclusions reads: "…. because of economic and political weakness, the Japanese labor movement has been unable to secure for its members a level of social welfare or a degree of industrial democracy consistent with the nation's level of development" (p. 669). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 66-95 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050366 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050366 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:3:p:66-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikio Sumiya Author-X-Name-First: Mikio Author-X-Name-Last: Sumiya Title: Japanese Industrial Relations Revisited Abstract: It has been pointed out by many people — and it is generally agreed — that the most salient features of Japanese industrial relations are the nenkö system (seniority-based system) and lifetime commitment in employer-employee relations and by the enterprise-based union system in labor-management relations. However, two qualifications are required as I see it. First, though the nenkö system and lifetime commitment are closely interrelated with the enterprise-based union system, it has not been fully examined which of them is more fundamental. What follows is based on an assumption that the nenkö system is more fundamental. Second, it has been increasingly questioned whether the nenkö system and lifetime commitment are really unique to Japanese industrial relations. Indeed, it is exactly the point that I would like to clarify in this paper. However, as a point of departure let us assume for the sake of convenience that the nenkö system and lifetime commitment are unique to Japan. This is because, for one thing, it is generally believed that these are the salient features of Japanese industrial relations and, for another, they are the first of Japanese industrial relations that have been brought to attention. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-47 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X05033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X05033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:3:p:3-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasukichi Yasuba Author-X-Name-First: Yasukichi Author-X-Name-Last: Yasuba Title: Economists and Society in Postwar Japan Abstract: An economist can contribute to the welfare of the society through various means. First, he may be engaged in abstract research which eventually brings fruits to society. Second, he may do empirical research whose results directly or indirectly affect public opinion and public policy. Third, he may teach at a college or a university where he presumably contributes to the enrichment of human capital. Fourth, he may be engaged in advocating or criticizing a policy or a system through mass media. Finally, he may participate in policy making itself. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 96-104 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050396 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050396 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:3:p:96-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoko Sano Author-X-Name-First: Yoko Author-X-Name-Last: Sano Title: Seniority-Based Wages in Japan — A Survey Abstract: From unemployment in the recent recession to the wage-push inflation, today's problems of labor economics are important economic issues. However, I note very few exciting academic discussions on these problems. It may be that researchers in labor economics have been too specialized to call forth controversies on common grounds, that economists' sense of mission to solve real and live problems has waned, or that the flood of information fed by computers and mass media has so overwhelmed them that they are at a loss to think by themselves. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-65 Issue: 3 Volume: 5 Year: 1977 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1977:i:3:p:48-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Appendix I Abstract: This appendix presents a formal (heuristic) model of two players. Each player has a fixed endowment Zi (i = 1, 2) which he can consume by himself, but he can increase his utility if he can get a favor Zj from the other player (i ≠ j). However, the other player wants to receive something back in the form of a favor Zi . The i-th player gives a part of his endowment for Zi . Obviously, each player is in a trade-off position with respect to (Z1, Z2 ). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 97-101 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:97-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Appendix II Abstract: In our projection exercise of the employment structure, the size of the apparent income elasticities of demand, especially ν3, is of critical importance. Will population aging shift sectoral demands more to services? If so, ν3 ought to be as high as the value assumed for case (3) of Table 1 in the "Quo Vadis?" section. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 102-105 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2404102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2404102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:102-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Japanese-Style Capitalism Abstract: The reader may have wondered why the author has gone back in history to 1868 when he is supposed to be looking at the contemporary economy. The reason for the history is I wanted to show that—in an essential sense—the command mechanism of Japan's economic system has not changed despite some major changes over the years in the economic system. The Japanese economy is still ruled top down. The ruling class (top) rules the country from above, and the masses (down) obey the orders from above. Though the top has changed a number of times, the basic scheme has not. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 13-21 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240413 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240413 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:13-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Likely Scenario Author-X-Name-First: Likely Author-X-Name-Last: Scenario Title: Quo Vadis? Abstract: Recent economic changes, which we reviewed in the preceding section, all suggest that Japan is now truly at a crossroads. If our thesis of fifteen-year cycles is correct, Japan must already be in a new era. Our question here is which way Japan is now moving. In the following, we examine the quantitative side of the question. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 74-87 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240474 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240474 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:74-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Historical Evolution Abstract: Japan has always been ruled top-down. The top changed a few times. In Japanese-style capitalism—which is alleged to have been perfected in the rapid-growth period of the 1960s—the top is the triad of national politics, the elite, the bureaucracy, and big businesses.In the subsequent slow-growth period, many economic changes have taken place, thereby transfirming various parts of Japan's economic system. These changes are related to rapid population aging, later marriages, and fewer children. For these reasons, the lifetime employment system is facing its demise. JapanS industrial structure is ready to shiji to more services and jewer goods.At the same time, Japan's financial sector is likely to be the most dominant one in the national economy. A systemic change is now called for, but so far no large changes seem to be forthcoming. How Japan will cope with it will determine Japan's future. At this time, Japan is truly at a crossroads. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 7-12 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24047 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24047 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:7-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Preface Abstract: In 1980, I prepared a paper entitled The Japanese Economy at a Crossroads and presented it to the Interuniversity Seminar on Modern Japan (Columbia University) in April 1981. My prediction at that time that Japan was at a crossroads was ten years too early. Wisely (in hindsight), I did not publish the paper. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 5-5 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:5-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Concluding Remarks Abstract: The postwar reform was intended to democratize Japan, but it failed to change Japan's top-down system. The triad of national politics, elite bureaucracy, and big business has become too well entrenched. However, many circumstances are changing and will continue to change, including population aging, growth slowdown, deindustrialization, the breakup of the three-generation family, the demise of the lifetime employment system, and so on. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 95-96 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240495 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240495 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:95-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Recent Changes Abstract: Japanese-style capitalism, which had been brought to fruition in the rapid growth period, started to be eroded in the slow growth period because of various significant economic changes in recent years that, of necessity, have affected Japan's economic institutions. In what follows, our review of these recent changes is divided into microeconomic and macroeconomic changes—though the distinction is rather arbitrary. The recent history is also loosely defined. How far we look into the past varies from case to case. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 22-73 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240422 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240422 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:22-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: References Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 106-107 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2404106 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2404106 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:106-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Systemic Change Abstract: The previous section considers the Japanese economy in the next decade and a half in purely quantitative terms. However, as we discussed in section entitled "Japanese-Style Capitalism," there have been many profound economic changes in Japan. Along with population aging, later marriages, and fewer children, the family system is in the process of transformation and the lifetime employment system is on the verge of demise. When the principle of collective utility maximization—which we argued is the guiding principle of Japanese-style capitalism—is finally eroded, can the system itself remain intact? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 88-94 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:4:p:88-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yozo Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Yozo Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Title: The New Phase of Japan's Land, Housing, and Pollution Problems Abstract: I had an opportunity to see an American advertisement for a condominium recently, which stated, "Wouldn't you buy a dream of owning a condominium in Manhattan for $200,000?" Articles appear in sports newspapers describing Japanese "singer such and such or TV star so and so in their own condominiums in New York City." From a Tokyo point of view, however, dreams in Manhattan are simply inexpensive. The price of the total land area in the entire United States, which is twenty-five times larger than that of Japan, is 403 trillion yen, and this is approximately the price of land in the twenty-three wards of Tokyo (as of 1987). This means that the land value of Tokyo's twenty-three wards can purchase the entire United States; the price of Chiyoda Ward alone can purchase the whole of Canada. The land price in Japan is almost a hundred times higher than that in the United States. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 30-68 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:4:p:30-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Volume 20 (Fall 1991-Summer 1992) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 110-111 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2004110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2004110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:4:p:110-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuyuki Matsumoto Author-X-Name-First: Kazuyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Matsumoto Title: The Future of the Service Industry in Japan Abstract: In preceding chapters of this book, we have seen how to define service industries and have reviewed how the Japanese economy shifted toward a service economy. While we can say that the service sector is not as extensive in Japan as in the United States or in Britain, it has been shown that the shares of the tertiary industry and service industry are the growing trend even in Japan and, in particular, this tendency has accelerated considerably in recent years. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-29 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X20043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X20043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:4:p:3-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Muneyuki Shindo Author-X-Name-First: Muneyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Shindo Title: Administrative Guidance Abstract: Since June 1991 the press has reported much about the Big Four (Nomura, Yamaichi, Nikko, and Daiwa) and many other securities firms making up losses for their institutional investors. During the course of this reporting, it was learned that both Nomura and Nikko have connections with yakuza gangsters and these securities scandals became a big political problem. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 69-87 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200469 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200469 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:4:p:69-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index of Authors: Japanese Economic Studies, Volumes 11-20 Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 97-109 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200497 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200497 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:4:p:97-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Editor's Note: Twenty Years of Japanese Economic Studies and the Present State of Economic Studies in Japan Abstract: This issue marks the twentieth year of Japanese Economic Studies. Twenty years represents a long period of time, and it would be useful to take stock of what has ensued.1 Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 91-96 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 1992 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X200491 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X200491 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:20:y:1992:i:4:p:91-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miki Seko Author-X-Name-First: Miki Author-X-Name-Last: Seko Title: Housing in a Wealth-Based Economy Abstract: The disparities in wealth that exist among different households in Japan have been recently discussed in many places as a problem of a wealth-based economy. For example, a look at recent white papers (e.g., White Paper on the Japanese Economy, White Paper on the National Life, Construction White Paper, etc.) reveals various indices of disparities in financial assets and land assets that are calculated on the basis of various premises. While these indices show macrotrends as they are calculated on the basis of aggregated data, most of them do not really take into sufficient consideration the disparities among individual households. This article analyzes the role that household assets (financial assets such as savings and physical assets such as land) play in acquiring a home based on microdata on home purchasers from 1984 to 1985. It also touches on issues concerning housing financing in search of a solution. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 65-92 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220265 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220265 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:2:p:65-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kikuo Iwata Author-X-Name-First: Kikuo Author-X-Name-Last: Iwata Title: Problems of Japan's Capital Market Abstract: The capital market, in which the price of corporate bonds and stock shares is decided, is a market in which the worth of the corporate-managed assets is evaluated. Through the evaluation of this capital market, the value that these corporate assets are expected to generate is divided among the suppliers of funding (that is the bearers of the stock or bonds). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-38 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:2:p:3-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kikuo Iwata Author-X-Name-First: Kikuo Author-X-Name-Last: Iwata Title: Overcongestion and Revisions in Urban Planning Abstract: On the back of strong economic growth following World War II, Japan became a major economic power with a GDP of one-seventh (approximately 14%) of the world's total. In 1989, Japan's population was approximately 2.4% of the world's total, and its per capita income, at 18,475, had exceeded that of the United States (16,703). There are some problems in making international comparisons based on foreign exchange conversions, but it is a fact that globally and historically speaking, modern Japan is a wealthy nation. In spite of this, most Japanese do not feel that their lifestyle is affluent. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-64 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:2:p:39-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ming Wan Author-X-Name-First: Ming Author-X-Name-Last: Wan Title: Japan Between the United States and East Asia Abstract: This chapter integrates the explanations for Japan's relations with the United States, East Asia, and the three international financial institutions provided in the previous chapters. By resorting mainly to economic means—and mostly cooperative at that—Japan behaves "strangely" compared with normal major powers, which augment cooperative economic statecraft with military threats, military force, and punitive economic measures. At the same time, Japan's unique domestic and international circumstances make its behavior more understandable. Section 1 discusses whether Japan has been strategic. Section 2 illustrates Japan's balancing between Asia and the West. Section 3 highlights the theoretical implications of my discussions and what remains uncertain. Section 4 discusses Japan's current foreign relations and contemplates its future foreign orientations. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:3-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Bibliography Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 31-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:31-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anne Emig Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Emig Title: Japan's Challenge to the World Bank Abstract: The 1980s witnessed huge increases in Japan's commitment of capital to third world development. Annual Group of Seven (G-7) summits could be counted on to produce new or expanded Japanese financial initiatives for developing countries. In 1989, after a decade in which total dollar commitments to official development assistance (ODA) increased more than 300 percent, Japan became the world's leading provider of bilateral foreign aid. Nonetheless, Japan remained a "silent partner"1 in development, its massive financial contributions unmatched by similar commitment of manpower or ideas. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 46-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:1:p:46-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Grimes Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Grimes Author-Name: Ulrike Schaede Author-X-Name-First: Ulrike Author-X-Name-Last: Schaede Title: Chapter 2. Japanese Policy Making in a World of Constraints Abstract: As Japan moved into the twenty-first century, it found its position and options within the world economy and within Japan fundamentally changed. In contrast to most of the postwar era, which had been a period of growing opportunities, the 1990s and early twenty-first century were characterized by growing constraints. Legal, political, and economic changes both within and outside Japan had narrowed the possibilities for policy makers and corporations seeking to protect firms and sectors from the challenges of an ever more competitive marketplace. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 18-45 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280418 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280418 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:4:p:18-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrike Schaede Author-X-Name-First: Ulrike Author-X-Name-Last: Schaede Author-Name: William Grime Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Grime Title: Chapter 1. Introduction: The Emergence of Permeable Insulation Abstract: Circumstances have changed dramatically between the early 1990s, when the world hailed Japan as one of its economic superpowers, and the early twenty-first century, as the country entered its second decade of economic stagnation. Domestically, Japan's industries have experienced major structural change, the relocation of production abroad, deregulation, and experimental macroeconomic policy such as zero-level interest rates. Internationally, the rise of the yen after 1985 and the increasing competitiveness of industrializing economies in Asia have reduced opportunities for firms producing inside Japan. At the same time, trade liberalization and financial market integration have increased pressure for governments throughout the developed world to comply with international rules in such diverse areas as competition policy, financial regulation, subsidization of private investment, and the adoption of multilateral trade dispute settlement. External and internal pressures have thus combined to force Japan to change in potentially fundamental ways. Interestingly, however, many Japan observers disagree about just how much, and into what, Japan is changing. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-17 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X28043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X28043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:4:p:3-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Grimes Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Grimes Title: Chapter 3. Internationalization as Insulation: Dilemmas of the Yen Abstract: The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 was a shock to Japan and the world. The rapidity with which fast-growing economies were hit by currency attacks and then economic chaos, the spread of the crisis first among disparate regional economies and then as far as Brazil and Russia, and the seeming inability (or perhaps unwillingness) of the United States and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to fix the problem left a huge impression around the globe. The size and rapidity of the capital movements appeared to make for a qualitatively different kind of currency crisis from those of previous decades, and presented global finance with a serious new challenge. Unlike those in most other countries, however, policy makers in Japan saw themselves as being in a position to reduce about the possibility of a repeat performance—particularly a repeat performance that would have a direct effect upon Japan itself. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 46-75 Issue: 4 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:4:p:46-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fumitoshi Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Fumitoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Title: Bidding and Contract Systems in Japan Abstract: Public works projects are supposed to be carried out with the construction firm bidding the lowest amount winning the contract. When the contract winner has already been determined through dango,1 however, the bidding process becomes no more than a simple ceremony. The very fact that this is accepted as a long-standing tradition is probably incomprehensible to outsiders. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 29-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:1:p:29-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenn Ariga Author-X-Name-First: Kenn Author-X-Name-Last: Ariga Title: Economics of Japan's Retail Stores Abstract: The retail store is the closest that we come into contact with "distribution" in our everyday lives. The retail store stocks all sorts of items through manufacturers or wholesalers, displays them in rows and, while providing product information, sells them to its customers. Except for the profit, which is about 2 percent of sales, the main part of the value added is expended on such services and activities. Combined with wholesalers located farther upstream, the distributors account for approximately 15 percent of the economy's GNP. Taking 1988 as an example, the total of that value added was about 50 trillion yen, the second largest sum after manufacturing (116 trillion yen)—with the economy divided into 10 industrial categories. This was larger than either the service (47 trillion yen) or construction (24 trillion yen) industries. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 66-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230166 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230166 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:1:p:66-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsuhiro Seki Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Seki Title: The Destruction of the Full-Set Industrial Structure—East Asia's Tripolar Structure Abstract: Since the days of the dollar shock and the oil crises, debates over Japan's industrial structure have taken several twists and turns. During boom times, Japan's industrial prowess was ascribed to structural factors. Now, during a recession that has seen the upward spiral that had continued since the close of World War II come to an end, serious discussion has ensued on such topics as shifts in the industrial structure and the need for structural adjustments. Published in the midst of this recession, Beyond the Full-Set Industrial Structure is therefore truly a product of its times. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X23013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X23013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:1:p:3-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuo Takeuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yasuo Author-X-Name-Last: Takeuchi Title: Japan's Transition from Socialism to Capitalism Abstract: I believe that Japan should be regarded as a country of socialism, not capitalism. Most people have misperceived Japan as a capitalist country. Indeed, Japan has had capitalism—along with the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, other European countries, and Korea. Japan was affiliated with the Western capitalism during the cold war and when confronted with Eastern socialism. Liberalism and democracy were the banners of Japan as a member of the "free world." However, even if Japan appears to be a capitalist country, when we probe the Japanese psyche we see that her true color is not capitalism, but socialism. For example, a bat tends to be mistaken for a bird, since it flies in the sky as a bird does. However, the truth is that a bat is not a bird, but a mammal. Likewise, Japan is a socialist country that pretends to be capitalist, just as a bat tends to be regarded a bird, rather than a mammal. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-24 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X26023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X26023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:3-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tsutomu Muramoto Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu Author-X-Name-Last: Muramoto Title: Characteristics of Financial Asset Holdings and Changes in Financial Asset Selection Abstract: In Japan—accompanied by the financial "Big Bang"—a financial system of global standards is expected to be established by 2001. If this kind of financial system, equal to that of the United States and England, can be established, asset choices for individuals and depositors who are the end-users of financial system will be widened, and their economic welfare will be enhanced. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 52-94 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260252 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260252 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:52-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuhiro Yonezawa Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yonezawa Title: A Financing Model for a Japanese-Style Firm Abstract: In this paper, in order to explain theoretically the structure of corporate financing in Japan—in particular, changes in fund raising during the 1980s—we present the "internal common assets" hypothesis and the "relative cost" hypothesis, in addition to the agency cost hypothesis explained elsewhere (Sudo et al. 1996). "Internal common assets" means assets that are accumulated within a firm based on its retained earnings, and are not necessarily defined exactly as to their ownership. Japanese firms are viewed as attempting to maximize the total sum of internal common assets and aggregate market value of stocks, less any debt. We call this sort of business financing behavior Japanese-style corporate finance. The principle objective of this finance is to take into consideration, not only the welfare of stockholders, but also the welfare of employees. Thus, in this respect, it is largely different from the standard type business financing that pursues the welfare of stockholders alone. Although this Japanese style of business financing is efficient, in order to maintain it, it is necessary to protect the firm from the danger of takeover. From this view-point, it is thought that Japanese-style business financing and the main bank system or the reciprocal stock holding system, which are used as a means to protect against takeover, have a complementary institutional relationship to each other. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 25-51 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:2:p:25-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: The Japanese Economy Abstract: Among nations of the world, Japan has been number two in economic size, only next to the United States. In per capita gross domestic product (GDP) at the prevailing exchange rate, Japan was number one in 1993, slightly above Switzerland. In life expectancy at birth, Japan has been number one. The world economy revolves around three centers—the United States, the European Union, and Japan. Japan is the first, and still the only non-Western country that has been able to join the club of advanced countries. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 30-46 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30040530 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30040530 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:30-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: The War Economy and the Postwar Reform, 1937-1951 Abstract: The watershed in Japan's modern economic growth was from 1937 to 1951. The first half,1 1937-45, was the war era, which banged with an ignominious end to the prewar growth. The second half, 1945-51, was a start of the reconstruction from the ashes of the war, and marks the beginning of the postwar growth. We examine the period in two parts. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 117-135 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300405117 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300405117 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:117-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Slow Growth, 1975-1995 Abstract: The rapid-growth period ended with the first oil shock (1973-74). For the first time after World War II, the real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate turned negative in 1974 (-0.6 percent). The growth rate was permanently lowered. With the decline in growth, capital formation declined. But saving did not decline much. Thus, the economy turned from the state of saving shortage to the state of saving surplus. The saving surplus was met by government deficits at first and by capital outflows later. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 161-180 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300405161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300405161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:161-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Preface Abstract: In the half-century since the end of World War II, Japan has grown spectacularly out of the war's ruins. The country now faces a new economic era with harsh reality. It is an opportune time to take stock of Japan's economic performance. With this in mind, this issue presents a survey of the Japanese economy as an introduction to those students who have a basic knowledge of micro- and macroeconomics but little knowledge of Japan. The main objective is to give an "accurate" image of the Japanese economy as it is. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X3004053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X3004053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Rapid Growth, 1952-1974 Abstract: By 1951, the reconstruction of the Japanese economy was over. Japan regained independence and the economy zoomed. The growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) was quite high in the 1950s, being in the range of 8-10 percent (Table 1). It was even higher in the next decade. The early 1970s saw some decline in growth, and finally the first oil shock of 1973-74 put an end to the period of rapid growth by bringing down the growth rate below zero for the first time after World War II. The growth rate subsequently recovered, but not to the high level of the 1960s. This article covers the period of rapid growth from 1952 to 1974.1 Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 136-160 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300405136 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300405136 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:136-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Historical Heritage Abstract: To understand the present, one must know the past. Nature does not fly. History is a gradual but continuous process of change. The legacy of the long past survives even today. Then, how far should we go back in the case of Japan? Japan is an ancient country. Not going to the ages of mythology, one can still start at 660 b.c.e. when Emperor Jimmu established the imperial dynasty, which is still in reign today.1 However, we begin our historical discourse at the Tokugawa period when the entire nation was politically and economically unified. The Tokugawa feudal system is important to us, as many things were inherited from it by the succeeding period of modern economic growth. One cannot readily understand contemporary Japan unless one knows institutions that flourished in the Tokugawa period. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 47-67 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30040547 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30040547 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:47-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Economic Changes to Catastrophe Abstract: With the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, the era of nation building came to an end. On the domestic front, it was time for a change in political leadership. Young radicals who took over the helms of the Meiji government in 1868 were already retired, dead, or about to vanish. In the foreign front, Japan was to receive an increasingly stronger impact from overseas. The domestic economy of Japan was subject to a very high degree of turbulence through the next three decades. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 95-116 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30040595 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30040595 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:95-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Background Abstract: If you want to understand how a foreign economy functions, you must first know how that economy differs from, say, the U.S. economy, which is more familiar to you. Japan differs from the United States in many aspects. These differences are important because they condition how individual national economies work in their respective ways. So, even though you are to apply the same set of standard tools of economic analysis whether you study the United States or Japan, you must be aware that these differences make the set of tools work differently in the United States and Japan. In this background article, we describe a few of these differences, which are important in understanding the Japanese economy. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-29 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X3004055 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X3004055 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:5-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Nation Building Abstract: It is now well established that a nation remains economically stagnant for a long time before it starts on a takeoff into modern economic growth. During this long period, the nation is dormant. Its productivity remains at a low level. Income is barely at the subsistence level so that there is little room for population growth. Net capital formation is nil as the low income level does not generate positive net savings, and the demand for net investment is absent as there are little incentives for investment in the absence of technical innovations. Such an economy remains stationary. Although the Tokugawa economy may not have been as static as this stereotype of a pregrowth economy suggests, it must have been close to it. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 68-94 Issue: 4-5 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30040568 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30040568 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:4-5:p:68-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Author-Name: Richard Westra Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Westra Title: Introduction: Is the Uno school approach relevant to understanding present-day capitalism? Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 105-111 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1701304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1701304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:3-4:p:105-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Itoh Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Title: How to apply Uno theory to contemporary capitalism in multiple crises Abstract: Starting with characterization of Uno theory, this article reviews representative works to apply Uno's theory of economic crises based on Marx to contemporary capitalism after World War I in three distinctive periods: first, the 30 years of interwar period including the worldwide Great Depression after 1929; second, the post-World War II period of high economic growth continuing until the beginning of the 1970s without serious economic crisis; and, third, the inflationary crisis of 1973–1975, and repetitive financial collapses in the neoliberal capitalist period since the 1980s, including the subprime world economic crisis in 2007–2008. Historical meaning and limitations of neoliberal capitalism are thus reconsidered from a theoretical view on fundamental contradictions immanent in capitalist market economy. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 112-131 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1633545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1633545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:3-4:p:112-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas T. Sekine Author-X-Name-First: Thomas T. Author-X-Name-Last: Sekine Title: The legend of Unoism in Japan Abstract: Marx taught that economics, as a social science, must seek to know the noumenon (thing-in-itself) of capitalism, not just this or that of its phenomena, despite Kant’s well-known thesis that suggests the impossibility of such an enterprise. Uno was the only Marxist who understood this message from his study of Capital, and so developed his elaborate tripartite methodology, quite different from the usual “positivist” approach adopted by the natural sciences and bourgeois economics. His genriron (or pure theory of capitalist society) marked the first step towards the dialectic of capital that lurks behind Marx’s critique of bourgeois political economy, and initiated a truly scientific enquiry into the dialectical (i.e., synthetically-logical) structure of the capitalist mode of production. Economics based on this knowledge is scientifically dependable in comprehending not only the developmental phases in the past of our capitalist history, but also its process of disintegration that began after WWI and is continuing at present. Without this lucidly Uno-Marxian perspective, scientific approach to economics is fundamentally impossible. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 132-160 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1694419 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1694419 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:3-4:p:132-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Albritton Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Albritton Title: Buy now, pay later: The great unravelling of the commodity-form Abstract: In this article, I analyze theoretically Marx’s commodity-form in connection with the latest phase of capitalism, which I refer to as the “phase of consumerism.” I will use an approximation to Kozo Uno’s and Tom Sekine’s three levels of analysis, but will oppose their three phases of capitalism (mercantilism, liberalism, and imperialism) with a fourth—the phase of consumerism—which developed primarily in the United States after World War II and reached its golden age between 1947 and 1970. Since the 1970s, capitalism has been moving gradually toward a phase of transition, during which it is becoming less and less capitalist. Coming to conclusions about just how capitalist the global economy still is must remain arguable. For example, should we label the existing economic order “neoliberalism,” “capitalism,” or something that it is moving toward, such as “populism” or “socialism”? Is it clear at this moment which concept best fits the directions of the global economy? It is a rapidly deteriorating capitalism with some fascist tendencies, tendencies that I will not discuss in this article but may be clear to those familiar with fascism. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 161-183 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1590722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1590722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:3-4:p:161-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Westra Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Westra Title: An Unoist perspective on the agrarian question in capitalist development Abstract: This article revisits the agrarian question and the related problematic of so-called unfree labor through the prism of two contending approaches to Marxist theory. In highlighting the limitations of the received approach, the conceptual infrastructure of which is pushed to the limit in the face of seismic shifts in the world economy, the article draws on the Uno approach to Marxist theory to examine the case Marx makes for the role of agrarian change in capitalism and sketches out the implications of that for understanding labor relations in nondeveloped economies at the current conjuncture. Operationalizing theoretical insights arrived at in this discussion the article turns to evidence on agrarian change and the commodification of labor power in China. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 184-212 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1599959 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1599959 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:3-4:p:184-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadahiko Abe Author-X-Name-First: Tadahiko Author-X-Name-Last: Abe Title: The Development of Service Science Abstract: Productivity and innovation in services still depend heavily on intuition and the experience of employees. In Japan, esteem for services is still low and corporations are slow to standardize and commercialize their service operations. The current development of service science, which integrates informationtechnology-based modeling with management and behavioral sciences, now offers the opportunity to analyze existing deficiencies and promote innovation more systematically. In comparison with the United States, service science in Japan places a stronger focus on cognitive and behavioral aspects while sharing the core of information systems development. This seems to fit well with the need of Japan's major corporations to reform and modularize their highly integrated operations and to standardize their service applications. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 55-74 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X320303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X320303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:3:p:55-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Schulz Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz Title: Guest Editor's Introduction: Is Japan Finally Catching Up on Service Innovation? Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-9 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X320300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X320300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:3:p:3-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Satoshi Hamaya Author-X-Name-First: Satoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Hamaya Title: Collaborative System Integration Services Abstract: Information technology (IT) service is collaborative work among vendors and users. The user's satisfaction level depends not only on the skill or capability of the system integrator (SIer) but also on the user's own IT management. The results of two surveys will be presented to illustrate the relationship between users' satisfaction level and the internal IT management of SIers as well as users. Furthermore, collaboration is an important source of innovation in IT services and a crucial source of productivity gains in the economy as a whole. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 75-90 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X320304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X320304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:3:p:75-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bart van Ark Author-X-Name-First: Bart Author-X-Name-Last: van Ark Title: Has the Japanese Economy Turned the Corner?: An International Comparative Perspective on Japan's Productivity Revival Abstract: The slight improvement in productivity performance of the Japanese economy cannot yet be interpreted as a major turn-around compared with its dismal performance during the 1990s. Despite recent improvements, most labor productivity growth since 1995 is driven by capital deepening, both in information and communication technology (ICT) and non-ICT. However, total factor productivity (TFP) growth—in particular outside ICT production—remains weak. A sector breakdown of productivity growth shows some strength in ICT-production, but the contribution of other goods-producing industries and market services halved. The article concludes that better use of ICT and innovations in combination with continued reforms in product and labor markets are important drivers of future growth of the Japanese economy. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 10-26 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X320301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X320301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:3:p:10-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuya Kimura Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuya Author-X-Name-Last: Kimura Title: Logistics Innovation Through Outsourcing Abstract: This article explores the effects of regulatory reforms on logistics and analyzes logistics outsourcing (LO) as one form of logistics innovation. The analysis of the effects of regulatory reforms focuses on the trucking industry, which has the highest share of domestic freight transport in Japan. The results show that, compared with other transport industries and the industry as a whole, total factor productivity (TFP) for the trucking industry increased noticeably following regulatory reforms. The results of the analysis of LO reveal that outsourcing success depends on the outsourcee's management involvement in LO, the establishment of information-sharing relationships, and the retention of core logistics-related operational capabilities (logistics competence). Further, efficient LO has a positive direct impact on cost competitiveness, while indirect LO contributions, which work through changes in the company's internal business structure, have a positive impact on inventory reductions. Future research might show even stronger indirect contributions of LO to corporate operations by means of efficient information sharing and collaborative improvement of business structures. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 91-118 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X320305 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X320305 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:3:p:91-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Schulz Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz Title: Banking Consolidation and Financial Innovation Abstract: Japan's financial markets have become even more concentrated and are dominated by a few mega-banks. This, and the low level of investment during the financial market crisis, hampered the development of significant financial innovation. But after banking consolidation, the focus of the financial industry is shifting toward developing Japan's "underbanked" and underserviced retail banking market. On the basis of current deregulation of nonbank financial services and the boom of e-money and e-commerce technologies, new alliances between network, retail, and financial service providers are on the brink of developing a whole set of integrated, innovative finance and banking platforms. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 27-54 Issue: 3 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X320302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X320302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:3:p:27-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shuhei Aoki Author-X-Name-First: Shuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Aoki Author-Name: Naoki Shimoi Author-X-Name-First: Naoki Author-X-Name-Last: Shimoi Author-Name: Kimiya Nakagomi Author-X-Name-First: Kimiya Author-X-Name-Last: Nakagomi Title: Chapter 3. Policy Response to Risks in Foreign Countries Abstract: In countries with liberal policy regimes, the level of income redistribution by the government is extremely low, and individuals are therefore exposed to risk. However, the use of financial products (loans, etc.) to share risk compensates for the deficiencies of the policy regime. Countries with policy regimes that emphasize income redistribution policies experience the problem that a high level of benefits reduces the motivation to find work and lowers the labor supply. Sweden has adopted various measures to resolve these issues, including offering day-care services in order to encourage the entry of women into the workforce. The share of family allowances and unemployment benefits, which tend to suppress employment, is greater in France than in Sweden, and it is possible that they actually suppress employment. As indicated by measures including the Gini coefficient and the relative poverty rate, Japan can be considered deficient in terms of income redistribution by the government. However, Japan's income redistribution system is not in itself inferior to those of Sweden or France. Japan's problem is the high level of administrative discretion involved in the operation of its systems, as can be seen, for example, in the low take-up rate of the social assistance system. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 74-128 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:3:p:74-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kengo Yasui Author-X-Name-First: Kengo Author-X-Name-Last: Yasui Title: Chapter 2. Thinking About Measures to Address Employment Risk Abstract: We survey the existing empirical research on employment risk, the primary factor in income risk. The literature indicates that, in Europe and the United States, strong employment regulations have resulted in longer periods of unemployment and have increased the rate of unemployment more among young people than among older workers. In Japan, strong employment regulations have reduced new hires. In addition, previous research for Japan shows that: (1) increasing the minimum wage could have the effect of eliminating employment opportunities among certain segments of the working population, in particular, low-paid workers; (2) excessive unemployment benefits impede reemployment; and (3) self-education and on-the-job training allowances do not necessarily result in increased wages. In addition, the worsening employment conditions among new graduates are increasing the rate of temporary employment and joblessness among the younger generation, and causing a decline in annual income. In other words, young individuals are being exposed to risks in response to which they can make no defensive maneuvers, other than continuing their schooling. To correct this intergenerational inequity, it will be necessary to provide support to enable the generation seeking employment during the current recession to find employment under conditions similar to those enjoyed by previous generations. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 62-73 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:3:p:62-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naohito Abe Author-X-Name-First: Naohito Author-X-Name-Last: Abe Title: Chapter 1. Income Risks Faced by Contemporary Japanese Households Abstract: Empirical analysis of the income risks faced by Japanese households has found that the income risks faced by households in their thirties tend to be greater than those for households in their forties. The analysis indicates that income shocks tend to continue for a longer period for households in their thirties and that households facing a persistent income shock tend to mitigate risk by means of the dependent spouse seeking work. At a time when intergenerational disparities between working generations and retired generations in terms of the pension system, and so forth, are coming to be viewed as problematic, this analysis suggests that income risks are not shared equitably even among working generations. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 37-52 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:3:p:37-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Horioka Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Horioka Author-Name: Reiko Kanda Author-X-Name-First: Reiko Author-X-Name-Last: Kanda Title: Revitalizing the Japanese Economy by Socializing Risk Abstract: The almost continuous stagnation of the Japanese economy for the past two decades has had an adverse impact on Japanese households from at least three perspectives: a decline in the standard of living; an increase in risks and uncertainties relating to livelihood, employment, old age, and so forth; and an increase in income inequality. The majority of economists and policymakers focus their attention on the increase in income inequality. The research discussed here, however, focuses on the increase in risk and uncertainty among households and individuals. Based on this research, we propose a shift to a policy regime centering on the socialization of risk, which will make possible a transition from a society in which individuals bear excessive risks to one in which risk is shared equitably by society as a whole. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-36 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370300 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370300 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:3:p:3-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shuhei Aoki Author-X-Name-First: Shuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Aoki Title: Chapter 1. Income Risks Faced by Contemporary Japanese Households Abstract: Recent empirical research has shown that income disparities and income risks have increased significantly in the past thirty years, in particular in the Anglo-Saxon nations. Policies to redistribute income by means of taxation, income transfers, and the like, not only reduce the level of disparities but also help dampen any increase in disparities due to the business cycle and also preempt long-term increases in disparities. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 53-61 Issue: 3 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:3:p:53-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Werner Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Title: Aspects of Career Development and Information Management Policies at the Bank of Japan Abstract: The use of eyewitness accounts to establish institutional details is common practice in many disciplines of the social sciences. While Adam Smith claims to draw on his experience of having visited a pin factory to describe the benefits of the division of labor, much of the discipline of economics has been beholden to the deductivist research methodology, which places little emphasis on the gathering and analysis of empirical data in the formulation of economic theories. However, there is a long history of inductivist economics, especially in continental Europe. Moreover, leading economists in the United States have recently stepped up their efforts to engage in fieldwork.' In area studies, where country-specific features need to be explored, the concept of fieldwork is naturally far more widespread, such as in the context of an examination of Japanese economic institutions. Examples for the use of interviews in research on the Japanese economy include the interview with Miyohei Shinohara in Amsden (2001), or the extensive use of interviews to establish details of monetary policy implementation during the 1980s and early 1990s in Richard Werner (1999, 2002, 2003). The present paper adds to this growing strand of literature by contributing a frank interview with a former senior Japanese central bank official. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 38-60 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300638 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300638 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:6:p:38-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to Volume 30 (JanuaryFebruary-NovemberDecember 2002) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 88-89 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:6:p:88-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Werner Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Title: Post-Crisis Banking Sector Restructuring and Its Impact on Economic Growth Abstract: Restructuring of the banking sector has been a major topic in Japan for at least a decade now. It is also a major and recurring topic for many policymakers in both the developed world and among developing countries. This paper examines the implications of post-crisis banking sector restructuring for economic growth. First, a relevant feature of banking activity is analyzed in a basic framework linking bank credit to the economy. Using this model, the common causes of banking crises are examined and policies on how to avoid them are suggested. Next, the dynamics of banking crises are examined and how traditional bank restructuring, as also often implemented under the auspices of international organizations, affects them. This includes an analysis of the impact of increased fiscal expenditures as part of bank reforms. Finally, a modified program of banking reform that avoids the problems of traditional policies and which considers macroeconomic stability is proposed. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-37 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X30063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X30063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:6:p:3-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Werner Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Title: A Discussion of Anil K. Kashyap's Paper "Sorting Out Japan's Financial Crisis" Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss the paper by Anil K. Kashyap on Japan's financial crisis (Kashyap 2002). The reader is advised to read Kashyap's paper in parallel with this discussion, which closely follows the structure of his paper. Comments on Kashyap's statements are made in chronological order, and using Kashyap's section headings. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 61-87 Issue: 6 Volume: 30 Year: 2002 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X300661 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X300661 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:30:y:2002:i:6:p:61-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Title: Introduction: Money, finance, and capitalist crisis Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1623446 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1623446 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:1-2:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Author-Name: Ivan Mendieta-Muñoz Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Mendieta-Muñoz Title: Profitability trends in the era of financialization: Notes on the U.S. economy Abstract: This article considers the evolution of financialization in the U.S. economy by examining the profitability and the volume of profits of the financial sector relative to general profitability and total profits in the economy. It is shown that financial profitability rose strongly from the early 1980s to the early 2000s. Similarly, the volume of financial profits reached extraordinary levels in the early 2000s. These phenomena occurred while interest rates and the net interest margin of banks were on a downward trend and, broadly speaking, reflect financial expropriation in the U.S. economy. The great crisis of 2007–2009 has acted as a threshold point beyond which both the profitability and the volume of profits of the financial sector have not recovered to previous levels. It is possible, but not certain, that a rebalancing of the productive and the financial sectors is under way in the financialized U.S. economy. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 4-19 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1596033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1596033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:1-2:p:4-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junji Tokunaga Author-X-Name-First: Junji Author-X-Name-Last: Tokunaga Title: The comparative advantage of the U.S. shadow banking system and the role of the U.S. dollar Abstract: What facilitated European banks to expand their balance sheets denominated in the US dollar across the Atlantic through U.S. shadow banking system in the 2000s, despite the creation of the euro in 1999? In order to the question, this article argues that the European banks’ balance sheets denominated in the dollar depended on the comparative advantage of the U.S. shadow banking system over one in the Eurozone in term of financial market side institutional side, resulting in the U.S. dollar reign in the shadow banking system in the 2000s. In conclusion, as far as the dominant position of the dollar in the shadow banking system, the U.S. dollar standard system has been as asymmetric as ever in the 2000s, rather than less asymmetric. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 20-42 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1611375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1611375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:1-2:p:20-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Engelbert Stockhammer Author-X-Name-First: Engelbert Author-X-Name-Last: Stockhammer Author-Name: Christina Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Title: Building blocks for the macroeconomics and political economy of housing Abstract: Housing played an essential part in the global financial crisis 2007–2008 and the Euro crisis. Large parts of bank lending continue to go to mortgages. Housing wealth is the largest part of wealth for most households and is, at the same time, more dispersed than other forms of wealth. House prices exhibit pronounced fluctuations that are closely linked to credit growth. Housing thus plays a crucial role in the macroeconomy, which has become even more pronounced under neoliberalism. We scrutinize different theoretical approaches to housing. Despite its theoretical shortcomings, mainstream economics has pioneered empirical research on wealth effects in consumption and recently documented the role of house prices in financial cycles. Post-Keynesian theory emphasizes endogenous money creation, cycles in asset prices and debt, and has formalized the notion of a debt-driven demand regime. Comparative political economy research has recently developed the concept of the varieties of residential capitalism, which has different structures of house ownership and housing finance at the core of political coalitions. Marxist political economy has long established the intrinsic link between ownership of land and economic rent and notes that homeownership can act as force of working-class fragmentation. Wealth surveys can be used to trace the extent of conflicting interests in a class-relational approach. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 43-67 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1611376 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1611376 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:1-2:p:43-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Nishibe Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Nishibe Title: Marx’s Financial Capitalism Abstract: This study shows that “financialization,” widely accepted as a theoretical framework representing the structural change in modern capitalist economy, is one aspect of the “free investment capitalism” that resulted from globalization and deindustrialization as the long-term institutional and technological trends since the 1970s. Globalization is understood as the tendency for the simultaneous expansion (more accurately, extensive expansion and intensive deepening) of market and the reduction of state and community. Its ultimate goal is free investment capitalism, in which fictitious capital is ubiquitous and free investment in it is totally pursued. The study theoretically sees it as G mode (general mode) capitalist market economy with general commodification of labor power as seen in human capital investment and financialization of labor power. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 68-80 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1611377 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1611377 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:1-2:p:68-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: François Chesnais Author-X-Name-First: François Author-X-Name-Last: Chesnais Title: Financialization and the impasse of capitalism Abstract: This article considers the inextricable relationship between globalization and financialization. It then argues that the decisive characteristic of financialization is the preeminence of financial accumulation over productive accumulation and of capital-as-property over capital-as-function. The importance of intercorporate power relationships in the distribution of surplus value is demonstrated. After a short setback in 2009, claims to surplus value have continued to grow faster than its production and appropriation, implying that financial profits have become harder to earn. The outcome is the unabated intensity of asset trading and endemic global financial instability. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 81-103 Issue: 1-2 Volume: 45 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2019.1612255 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2019.1612255 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:45:y:2019:i:1-2:p:81-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shunsaku Nishikawa Author-X-Name-First: Shunsaku Author-X-Name-Last: Nishikawa Author-Name: Yoshio Higuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Higuchi Title: Determinants of Female Labor-Force Participation Abstract: As is well known, the labor-force participation rate of women was in a continuous decline (for more than a half century) until 1975. Needless to say, this fact is attributable to the decline in the farm population. In other words, this gradual decline has been associated with industrialization and urbanization. However, as is also well known, the female labor-force participation rate made a complete turn around between 1976 and 1978, rising by as much as 1.6 percentage points to reach 47.4 percent over these three years (see Table 3 below for recent statistics). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 62-87 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090262 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090262 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:2:p:62-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Koike Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Koike Title: A Japan-Europe Comparison of Female Labor-Force Participation and Male-Female Wage Differentials Abstract: There are numerous "myths" about female labor in Japan, which may be summarized as follows: In comparison with Europe and the United States, male-female differentials are so great in Japan that few women work; though some women have finally begun to take jobs, they are still far fewer than in Europe and the United States; and, accordingly, male-female wage differentials are much greater in Japan than in Europe or the United States. In what follows, I want to test a few of these assertions by comparing Japanese and Western labor statistics (which have finally become as good as Japanese statistics). The following is a report on my elementary fact-finding exercise. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-27 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X09023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X09023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:2:p:3-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naohiro Yashiro Author-X-Name-First: Naohiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yashiro Title: Male-Female Wage Differentials in Japan Abstract: The report issued by the Labor Standards Act Study Group in November 1978 met with a strong reaction in many quarters. One of the reasons seems to be a point it made regarding factors in wage differentials between male and female workers, namely, that "among the special measures for women, …to retain even those that no longer have a rationale may, rather than protect women, narrow their occupational choices." (1) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 28-61 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:2:p:28-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editor's Note Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 88-88 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090288 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090288 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:2:p:88-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masao Sakisaka Author-X-Name-First: Masao Author-X-Name-Last: Sakisaka Title: Japan's Energy Policy Abstract: Our sudden awareness of energy problems in 1972-1973 suggests that a new outlook or attitude is required of us in coming to grips with these problems. Just citing a few examples - such as internal and external anxieties of oil or energy shortage, the confrontation between residents and electric power companies over the construction of power plants, international political and economic trends centering around the oil-producing Arab nations, as well as the relationship between heat generation accompanying energy consumption and abnormal weather conditions - makes clear the complex nature of the pressing problems to be solved. A critical statement that energy policy is in a chaotic state in the face of mutually contradictory claims indicates one aspect of the complexity of energy problems. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 4-37 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X03044 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X03044 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:4:p:4-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sueo Sekiguchi Author-X-Name-First: Sueo Author-X-Name-Last: Sekiguchi Title: Environmental Regulations And Japan'S Industry And International Trade Abstract: With respect to increasing Japanese steel exports to the United States, U.S. businesses have reportedly been criticizing the Japanese steel industry for strengthening its international competitiveness by cutting back the pollution abatement cost. In other words, they charge Japan with "dumping environmental pollution." However, there has been little factual evidence that can either support or deny such a charge. In view of very little information available on firms' cost of production, I conjecture that the American criticism is based on no objective evidence. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 83-126 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:4:p:83-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index To , VOl. III (Fall 1974-Summer 1975) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 127-128 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X0304127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X0304127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:4:p:127-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. S. Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: S. Title: Editor's Note Abstract: The present issue contains papers on resource and environmental problems of Japan. They were written before the oil crisis of late 1973, and some statistics and information are outdated by now, but since Japan's basic position in these problems has not changed, the substance and analysis of these papers are not affected by the more recent developments. They have the additional value of enabling scholars to trace Japan's increasing awareness of the critical problems to be dealt with. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-3 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X03043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X03043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:4:p:3-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masaru Saito Author-X-Name-First: Masaru Author-X-Name-Last: Saito Title: Japan's Overseas Resource Development Policy Abstract: Japan is the world's largest importer of resources. In addition to its limited territory, it has a large population, and natural resources are already depleted, so that it relies heavily on foreign resources. Economic growth causes the demand for resources to increase at a commensurate rate. To meet the growing demand for resources, the deficit must be secured from abroad. As can be seen in Table 1, most of the vital resources show extremely high degees of foreign dependency which, moreover, show a tendency to rise rapidly. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 38-82 Issue: 4 Volume: 3 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X030438 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X030438 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:3:y:1975:i:4:p:38-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsuhiko Yamada Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Yamada Title: A Study on Divestitures by Japanese Corporations in Foreign Countries: I. Japanese direct foreign investment and divestiture Abstract: A. Post-1970 direct foreign investment: In comparison with firms of other developed economies, Japanese firms did not begin direct foreign investment in earnest until the latter half of the 1960s. From the start of the 1970s, however, such investment expanded rapidly, and it increased in particular during the boom years in the world economy of 1972 and 1973. In 1973, the year of the first oil crisis, foreign exchange licenses and notifications for foreign investment reached U.S. $3.5 billion. From the following year, for reasons such as the onset of an international recession, the low profitability of Japanese corporations, the rising nationalism in developing countries which affected their policies toward foreign capital, and friction caused by the foreign operations of Japanese firms, the appeal of foreign investment declined, and levels remained low during 1974-1977 (table 1). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-51 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X14033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X14033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1986:i:3:p:3-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiyoshi Kojima Author-X-Name-First: Kiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Kojima Title: Japanese-Style Direct Foreign Investment Abstract: I. Direct foreign investment: Time of change: For more than two decades, direct foreign investment (DFI) and its bearer, multinational corporations (MNC), have continued to attract great attention from the public. This is because overseas expansion of enterprises has been recognized as vital and as indispensable as, or even more important than, international trade for the management and prosperity of the world economy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 52-82 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140352 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140352 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1986:i:3:p:52-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukio Noguchi Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Noguchi Title: Japan's Fiscal Crisis Abstract: 1. Causes of the Fiscal Crisis: Beginning with the compilation of the Supplementary Budget for fiscal year (FY) 1975, the Japanese central government's revenues have been based increasingly on new issues of public bonds. In the initial Budget Program for FY 1979 the amount of public bonds to be issued exceeded 15 trillion yen, raising the share of revenue from the issuance of public bonds to close to 40% of the revenue total. In the FY 1980 Budget Program, though the amount of new public bonds has been cut down by 1 trillion yen as compared with the initial FY 1979 Budget Program, in anticipation of an automatic increment of tax revenue, dependence on new public bond issue is still as high as 34% of total revenue. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-85 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:3:p:53-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Isamu Miyazaki Author-X-Name-First: Isamu Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazaki Title: The Real Reason for Japan's Success in Economic Growth Abstract: Shortly before the recent Economic Summit Meeting I wrote an article entitled "The Dangerous Option of Slighting the Market Principle" [Shijo Genri Keishi no Kiken na Sentaku] (Voice, September 1981). Not until after it appeared in print, however, did I recognize that on many counts it strikingly resembled an article I had published exactly six years before titled "Human-faced Economic Policy" [Ningen no Kao o shita Keizai Seisaku] (Chūo Koron, August 1975). That article was written some 20 months after the first oil crisis occurred, at a time when the capitalist economy was being tormented by the "three plagues" (low growth, high prices, and an unstable balance of payments). I concluded then that this "was directly occasioned by the fourfold increase in oil prices, but at the same time it occurred amid the confusion of a transitional period when one age, namely the postwar period, ends and a new age begins." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 86-107 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100386 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100386 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:3:p:86-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tadao Uchida Author-X-Name-First: Tadao Author-X-Name-Last: Uchida Title: The Reform of Japan's Public Administration and Finance: A Critical Assessment Abstract: Since the Second Temporary Investigative Commission on Government Administration (the Temporary Commission) published its First Report on Administrative Reform on July 10, 1981, the administrative and fiscal reform issues that were the focus of attention at the governmental level and also the measures about to be taken have gradually become clear. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-52 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X10033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X10033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1982:i:3:p:3-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masumi Tsuda Author-X-Name-First: Masumi Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuda Title: Japanese-Style Management: Principle and System Abstract: This chapter, based on the preceding five chapters, concludes this book by presenting the author's views regarding which of the major characteristics of Japanese-style management should be noted and defended. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-32 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X07043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X07043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:4:p:3-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yukio Noguchi Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Noguchi Title: Decision Rules in the Japanese Budgetary Process Abstract: The Japanese budget system is similar in many respects to that of other industrialized countries, especially European countries. The Constitution prescribes that the budget should be prepared by the cabinet and approved by the Diet each year (the fiscal year begins on April 1). The actual responsibility for preparing the budget is assigned to the Ministry of Finance, which controls not only the expenditure side but also the revenue side of the budget. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 51-75 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070451 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070451 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:4:p:51-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , Volume VII (Fall 1978-Summer 1979) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 89-90 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070489 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070489 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:4:p:89-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kuniyoshi Urabe Author-X-Name-First: Kuniyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Urabe Title: A Critique of Theories of the Japanese-Style Management System Abstract: It is quite fortunate that during the past dozen years or so academic interest both in Japan and abroad has been very strong on Japanese-style management and a number of significant studies have been made public. They have greatly stimulated this author's thinking about Japanese-style management and helped him to organize his own thoughts. Worthy of special mention here are empirical works on Japanese-style management conducted by Robert E. Cole of the University of Michigan and by Ronald Dore of the University of Sussex, which gave this author numerous insights. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 33-50 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:4:p:33-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Bingham Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bingham Title: Monetary Policy in Japan Abstract: There are many countries in which monetary policy is conducted under conditions that diverge substantially from those assumed by the standard monetary, financial, and investment theories. In these countries financial markets are not well developed, financial flows are primarily allocated by financial institutions on a bilateral basis, supply and demand for finance is not equilibrated exclusively by the interest rate, and financial institutions operate in a half-collusive, half-competitive oligopolistic environment. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 76-88 Issue: 4 Volume: 7 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X070476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X070476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:7:y:1979:i:4:p:76-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moriaki Tsuchiya Author-X-Name-First: Moriaki Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuchiya Title: The Japanese Business as a "Capsule" Abstract: In all organizations, there is, to one degree or another, a function that makes their members mutually alike. Let us refer to this function as that of assimilation. We must recognize that this is not a question of good or bad but that it functions generally, at any rate, as an attribute of organizations. Especially in the case of Japanese business organizations, there is a blatant tendency to lay bare this assimilation. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 8-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08018 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08018 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1979:i:1:p:8-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moriaki Tsuchiya Author-X-Name-First: Moriaki Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuchiya Title: Is Japanese-Type Management Really Japanese? Abstract: The task for us business economists, as one might put it, is to ascertain the present state of the various interests and institutions that affect business management, to explain logically how this has developed and what kind of meaning the present state has in relation to various aspects of society, and to deduce how this will change in the future. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1979:i:1:p:3-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naomi Maruo Author-X-Name-First: Naomi Author-X-Name-Last: Maruo Title: The Levels of Living and Welfare in Japan Reexamined Abstract: When the yen drastically appreciated in value recently, Japan's per capita GNP as evaluated at the current exchange rate all of a sudden jumped up toward the highest level in the world. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 42-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X080142 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X080142 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1979:i:1:p:42-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroya Ueno Author-X-Name-First: Hiroya Author-X-Name-Last: Ueno Title: Conception and Evaluation of Japanese Industrial Policy Abstract: A nation's economy is a living matter that functions according to national and natural conditions, historical institutions, culture, and customs. Because national and natural conditions do not change easily, and initial historical conditions have a historicist effect over a long period, it is natural that countries differ in economic structure and economic behavior. It is also not at all strange that they neither follow the same methods of economic planning and administration nor pursue the same ideal for economic policy, nor go through the same process of policy-making. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-63 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X05023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X05023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:2:p:3-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eleanor Hadley Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor Author-X-Name-Last: Hadley Title: "Industrial Organization" by Caves and Uekusa Abstract: The Caves-Uekusa chapter "Industrial Organization" in Asia's New Giant, edited by Patrick and Rosovsky — and the book which grew out of their chapter (1) — are, I believe, the first explicit presentation of industrial organization applied to the Japanese economy, in either Japanese or English, though various writers, including myself, have addressed aspects of it. (2) Japanese economists have done outstanding work in macroeconomics, but overall, work in the micro field has not been as extensive. Entry into "modern economics" from Marxian economics, which overwhelmingly dominated Japanese academic economics until the sixties, has typically been through the macro route. Accordingly, the Caves-Uekusa study is only to be the more welcomed. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 64-82 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050264 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050264 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:2:p:64-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Yasuhara Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Yasuhara Title: The Dissolution of Japan, Inc. Abstract: Examining a recent series of public opinion polls of major newspapers, one is surprised at the strength and extent of political mistrust that has taken root so thoroughly among the Japanese. Why has this happened? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 93-107 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:3:p:93-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chikashi Moriguchi Author-X-Name-First: Chikashi Author-X-Name-Last: Moriguchi Title: The Japanese Economy: The Capacity to Transform and Restructure Abstract: It is frequently said that the Japanese economy has a strong capacity to transform itself. The capacity to transform is the ability to convert rapidly. "Convertibility" is the ability to adapt quickly to a rapidly changing environment. The history of Japanese modernization is a history of adaptation. From the policy of "a prosperous country and a strong military force," adopted at the time of the decision to open up the country to foreign commerce, made at the end of the Tokugawa period, to the policies of economic democratization under the Peace Constitution that followed World War II, the country itself was at stake in each period of adaptation. These were changes that involved the whole of society and that contained many factors not limited to just the economic sphere. However, I will limit the following discussion to those factors having a direct connection to the capacity of the Japanese economy to transform itself. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-34 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X18033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X18033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:3:p:3-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshiro Tsutsui Author-X-Name-First: Yoshiro Author-X-Name-Last: Tsutsui Title: Japan's Banking Industry: Collusion under Regulation Abstract: In the preceding three chapters, financial markets, in particular the loan market, were the subject of analysis. Chapters 1 and 2 found that, although during the period of rapid economic growth the interest rate regulation in the loan market operated effectively and the market could not be said to have been freely adjusted, after the First Oil Shock it came to be adjusted to a considerable extent. Chapter 3 brought to light that the loan market is not a place of "anonymous" transactions where strangers happen to meet on business occasions but is a "market of implicit contracts" in which banks, who are the lenders, and firms, who are the borrowers, enter into long-term business relationships and the banks help the firms to stabilize their management. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-92 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180353 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180353 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:3:p:53-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nobuaki Takahashi Author-X-Name-First: Nobuaki Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi Title: Toward the Legacy of Industrial Policy Abstract: Many people in Japan are not able to find affluence in their daily lives, although they feel they belong to the middle class which enjoys abundant material possessions, as indicated by their widespread ownership of automobiles and home electrical appliances, in a nation with a strong economy, as reflected in Japan's Gross National Product (GNP) as well as other economic statistics. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 35-52 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180335 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180335 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1990:i:3:p:35-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katsu Yanaihara Author-X-Name-First: Katsu Author-X-Name-Last: Yanaihara Title: Japanese Overseas Enterprises in Developing Countries Under Indigenization Policy - the African Case Abstract: I am concerned with the contemporary problems faced by Japanese overseas enterprises in developing countries in connection with their indigenization policy. In particular, I am interested in this paper in Africa, where indigenization policy can be referred to as Africanization. However, this paper does not cover all Japanese overseas enterprises in Africa, but is a study of eleven firms that I conducted toward the end of 1973. (1) The eleven firms are geographically distributed as follows: three in Kenya, four in Nigeria, and four in Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper is a report of my case studies of certain Japanese overseas enterprises in certain African countries. Table 1 classifies the eleven firms by industry type. Note that "foreign" in this table often refers to Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 23-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1975:i:1:p:23-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sueo Sekiguchi Author-X-Name-First: Sueo Author-X-Name-Last: Sekiguchi Author-Name: Koji Matsuba Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Matsuba Title: Direct Foreign Investment in Japan Abstract: Foreign investment for managerial participation is not necessarily a new phenomenon in postwar Japan. Instances of foreign direct investment were not rare in prewar Japan from the 1910s to the mid-1930s. A typical example in this connection was the prewar electrical machinery industry. Indeed, direct foreign capital investment made its contribution to the industrial progress of prewar Japan through introduction of new production and management technologies, even though foreign investment as a capital fund could play only a limited role in modernizing the prewar Japanese industries. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 52-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040152 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040152 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1975:i:1:p:52-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miyohei Shinohara Author-X-Name-First: Miyohei Author-X-Name-Last: Shinohara Title: On the Evaluation of the 360-Yen Exchange Rate Abstract: When one looks back on the postwar economy of Japan, it can be said that I, in my own way, adopted a hypothesis regarding the role of the fixed exchange rate that lasted for over two decades, beginning in April 1949. Because that exchange rate remained constant for so long, there was no opportunity for my hypothesis to be tested. I, who had continued to observe the Japanese economy on the basis of an untested hypothesis, which amounted to no more than a kind of vision, was suddenly able to encounter here an unexpected and magnificent "experiment of the century." The large revaluation of the yen following the Nixon Shock presented a golden opportunity for verification of my hypothesis of the undervalued yen. In presenting my Presidential Address, I hesitate to speak on a lowbrow economic topic like this, especially when I recall the impressive lectures given by previous presidents of this Association. For me, however, it is precisely this kind of vision that I wish to put before the members of this Association as a subject for their consideration. It was with such thoughts that I decided to choose this topic. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X04013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X04013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1975:i:1:p:3-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juro Teranishi Author-X-Name-First: Juro Author-X-Name-Last: Teranishi Title: A Survey of Economic Studies on Prewar Japan Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review past studies on the Japanese economy as comprehensively as possible, evaluate their contributions, and determine possible directions of research in the future. (1) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 47-98 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1972 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1972:i:2:p:47-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasukichi Yasuba Author-X-Name-First: Yasukichi Author-X-Name-Last: Yasuba Title: Modern Economists' Views on the Japanese Economy - a Survey Abstract: The task I assign to myself in this paper is a survey of major studies on the Japanese economy published in the postwar years by modern Japanese economists. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-46 Issue: 2 Volume: 1 Year: 1972 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X01023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X01023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1972:i:2:p:3-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Bibliography Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 83-100 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:83-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marianne Wiesebron Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Wiesebron Title: Transformation in Latin America Abstract: In Latin America, import-substitution industrialization has been replaced by open economies; or rather trade liberalization, at a rapid pace, with sometimes dramatic consequences for the national industries and the labor market. At the same time, in that continent, where public enterprises represented a very substantial part of the economy, privatization is taking place on a large scale. It started in Chile in 1973 after the military takeover, a bit later in Argentina, after the coup of 1976. Mexico followed in the 1980s and Brazil joined the ranks in the 1990s. In July 1998, Telebrás, the Brazilian telecommunications company, was put up for auction, the largest single privatization in any emerging market.2 Furthermore, in a number of Latin American countries, the whole social security system is being revised, retirement and health schemes are being modified, mostly privatized, and job security for civil servants is being abolished. Unemployment, an increasing informal sector, growing poverty, increasing inequality, and unrest are the results. For instance, the fortune of the richest Mexican was estimated at 6.6 billion dollars in 1995, equal to that of the earnings of the 17 million poorest of this country.3 Inequality has only increased since, and not only in Latin America. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-32 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X29045 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X29045 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:5-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: About the Authors Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 76-78 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290476 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290476 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:76-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marianne Wiesebron Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Wiesebron Title: Who Is Integrating Whom? Abstract: "Barbarism is not only the cowardice of terrorism, but also intolerance or the imposition of unilateral policies on a planetary scale," stated the Brazilian President, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, while addressing the French National Assembly, on October 30, 2001.1 Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 67-75 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:67-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: List of Abbreviations Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 79-82 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:79-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Cammack Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Cammack Title: Mercosur/l and Latin American Integration Abstract: The argument advanced in this chapter is twofold. First, regional associations can in principle play a wide variety of roles, from the promotion of common regional interests to the reinforcement of domestic political projects; they may even contribute to processes of state formation and identity construction and transformation. Second, Mercosur/l has in fact played a number of such roles over the last decade, and should not be seen as a simple economic association; but at the same time the constraints imposed by its rigid structure (essentially a bilateral association between two mismatched economies whose governments are pursuing incompatible agendas) have limited the extent to which it can perform them effectively. It was able for conjunctural circumstances to contribute briefly to political stability and economic reform and integration in its early stages, but has little capacity to offer more, and may already be an obstacle to further progress on these fronts. Mercosur/l, in sum, is an ineffective regional association with little capacity to contribute to regional or global integration, and little capacity to promote other goals. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 54-66 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:54-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paulo Vizentini Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Author-X-Name-Last: Vizentini Title: Mercosur/l at Crossroads Abstract: In the context of the emerging global order, Mercosur/l is the first South American integration process to have produced concrete results and to have opened up regional alternatives to achieve a better international positioning for the countries of the Southern Cone. A study of the future of Mercosur/l in the light of its first most significant crisis raises several strategic issues. Does this crisis sound the death knell of this initiative or is it merely a passing storm? Which solution will be the most appropriate: a deepening of the process; the creation of supranational institutions and the widening of membership; or a slowdown of objectives and timetables in a search of a more realistic approach? Whatever solution transpires, the creation of a system of structured relations between South American countries depends on it. And in order to analyze the problem of the prospects of Mercosur/l, it is essential to identify its formative elements, evolutionary trends, and the international and domestic challenges with which it is faced at the turn of the century. The most important exercise is to point out which of Mercosur/l's dimensions were hit by the crisis. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 33-53 Issue: 4 Volume: 29 Year: 2001 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X290433 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X290433 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:29:y:2001:i:4:p:33-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masatsugu Takeda Author-X-Name-First: Masatsugu Author-X-Name-Last: Takeda Title: Deregulation and Female Labor Abstract: This article examines female labor in contemporary Japan by focusing on the issue of abolishing women's protection provisions in the Labor Standards Law. My reason for doing this is not only that this issue is being tackled in the deregulation of employment and labor matters, but also because it is an issue that cannot be avoided when examining gender equality and female labor rights; and, it has arisen as an ongoing issue in connection with the debate over revising the Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law. Moreover, considering that 40 percent of workers today are female, the way in which women are protected will have a big impact on society. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X26013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X26013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:3-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuo Takeuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yasuo Author-X-Name-Last: Takeuchi Title: The End of Company-ism Abstract: Lifetime employment and seniority (nenko joretsu), the two major tenets of Japanese-style management, are systems that were established during Japan's growth period—so, without growth, both are destined to collapse. The seniority system is particularly fragile, in that it can never hold up without the growth of the company or the expansion of the organization. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 33-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260133 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260133 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:33-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masami Nomura Author-X-Name-First: Masami Author-X-Name-Last: Nomura Title: Japan's "Total Employment"—and Its Decline: The Decline of "Total Employment" Abstract: The number of employees typical of the big-company model is expected to decrease gradually. According to the annual reports of several well-known Japanese companies, the number of male full-time employees—who are supposedly the family breadwinners—has been falling since the collapse of the "bubble" economy:As shown in Figure 1, the absolute number of male workers at large corporations with more than 1,000 employees, combined with the number of male government employees, began to increase in 1990, toward the end of the "bubble" economy; then, after peaking in 1993, it began to decrease. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 55-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 1998 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X260155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X260155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:55-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daisuke Okamoto Author-X-Name-First: Daisuke Author-X-Name-Last: Okamoto Title: "Social Responsiveness" as a Corporate Objective Abstract: "Social responsiveness " of a corporation includes its contribution to and participation in the community, its efforts to improve the living standards of its employees and the protection of the global environment. These are issues contemporary corporations cannot ignore, although they tend to be less emphasized in business downturns like today's. Previously, when these issues were hotly discussed in the context of philanthropy, they were treated as contributions corporations make without a return on investment, not related to any of the logic by which corporations are usually run; it is believed here that corporations should consider "social responsiveness" one of the corporate objectives like profitability and growth, an objective that provides long-term preservation and self-development. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-37 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X23023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X23023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:2:p:3-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katsuhito Iwai Author-X-Name-First: Katsuhito Author-X-Name-Last: Iwai Title: The Japanese Firm as a Worker-Managed Enterprise Abstract: It is well known that the Japanese firm is characterized with a behavioral mode and organizational structure that are quite different from the model of the firm portrayed in traditional neoclassical economics. In general, a firm is an economic organization composed of three different groups—namely, employees (workers), managers, and stockholders (capitalists); but, of them, in traditional neoclassical economic theory workers are in essence outsiders who are recruited in the labor market in exchange for wages while the firm is pictured as belonging in name and substance to the stockholders who are the rightful owners. Therefore, the managers, who are given the responsibility of conducting the actual management of the firm are portrayed as mere agents for stockholders with the objective of maximizing the profit (or, the value of the firm) to be distributed among the stockholders. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 77-95 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230277 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230277 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:2:p:77-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomoyasu Kawai Author-X-Name-First: Tomoyasu Author-X-Name-Last: Kawai Title: The Day Fishermen Disappear from Japan Abstract: These days, one of the things we have stopped using very much is a fountain pen. Its primary position must have been replaced by the ball point pen. I remember that fountain pens were most popular when I was a student. I felt proud and liked bragging to somebody whenever I found myself in possession of a fountain pen of a famous manufacturer. I paid particular attention to the pen nib where the letter K (karatto [carat]) indicated the ratio of gold in the nib's metal composition. Eighteen K (18K) was the highest value; 24K indicated pure gold, which was too soft to be usable. I felt satisfied when I saw my fountain pens with this 18K marking. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-76 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230239 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230239 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:2:p:39-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Solomon Levine Author-X-Name-First: Solomon Author-X-Name-Last: Levine Title: Foreword Abstract: The study this book represents is unique in the English language, and, perhaps, in Japanese as well. Only Makoto Ohtsu and his coauthor, Tomio Imanari, could have produced it. Both Professor Ohtsu and Mr. Imanari were members of the class at Keio Gijuku University, which provided the sample for the research. As an undergraduate, Ohtsu joined the English Speaking Society at Keio. Later, he earned a Ph.D. in labor and industrial relations at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and lived in the United States and Canada for many years before assuming his professorial post at Nanzan University in Nagoya, Japan. Imanari, a registered professional consultant, spent his career as an executive in the Kirin Brewery Company and is well known in professional circles as a writer on management analysis. Together they have known virtually all thirty-six of the sampled individuals on a personal basis for much of their lives. The study is a model for both sampling method and factual reliability. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Title: Chapter 2. Characteristics of Japanese Business and Management Abstract: Ever since the late 1950s, when pioneering foreign scholars began serious academic inquiries into Japanese business and management (Abegglen 1958; Levine 1958; Karsh and Cole 1968; Cole 1971), a long list of practices have been identified as uniquely Japanese (Okochi, Karsh, and Levine 1974; Patrick and Rosovsky 1976; Ouchi 1981; Shirai 1983; Koike 1988; Fruin 1992; Aoki and Dore 1994). While some were discovered early (e.g., permanent employment), others were added to the list more recently (e.g., corporate governance). Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 33-44 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270233 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270233 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:33-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Title: Acknowledgments Abstract: As its subtitle suggests, the main body of this book is a narrative history of a group of thirty-six men and women who entered Keio University in Tokyo, Japan, and who nearly all graduated together four years later. During their university days they were members of a student club, the Keio English Speaking Society (KESS), together with several hundred other students; the number of members was reduced to less than one hundred by the time of their graduation. The bond among the fifty or so core members was so strong that since graduation they have continued to meet twice a year for nearly forty years to maintain their friendship. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-6 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:5-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Author-Name: Yukihiro Mitsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Yukihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mitsunaga Author-Name: Fumio Kosugi Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Kosugi Author-Name: Hiroto Hidaka Author-X-Name-First: Hiroto Author-X-Name-Last: Hidaka Title: Chapter 5. Industry-Specific Environment, 1962-73 Abstract: During the period of high economic growth, expansion of domestic demand brought about remarkable growth in automobiles, industrial machinery, electric machines, and shipbuilding, as well as in construction (building and engineering works), which had long been a purchaser of steel. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 71-95 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270271 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270271 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:71-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Title: Chapter 1. The Convergence-Divergence Debate and Japanese Management Abstract: This book deals solely with Japanese business and management. This does not mean, however, that it attempts to deal with Japanese business and management in isolation and to "demystify" esoteric Japanese business practices and managerial behavior. Rather, its objective is to relate Japanese experiences to mainline management theory dominated by the American experience, observed and analyzed by American researchers. The foreign experiences that do appear in typical English-language management textbooks are sporadic and anecdotal (Baird, Post, and Mahon 1990; Bartol and Martin 1994; Mosley, Pietri, and Megginson 1996). In this book, we will attempt to examine the extent to which American management theory—which is assumed, if implicitly, to be universally applicable—is indeed useful in analyzing Japanese management. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 19-32 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270219 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270219 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:19-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Title: Chapter 3. Japanese National Values and Confucianism Abstract: One of the major works that traced the role of national culture in organizational behavior is the study by Geet Hofstede (1983). On the basis of the data from 116,000 employees working for a large multinational corporation located in forty countries, he was able to identify four dimensions of culture: (1) individualism versus collectivism, (2) high versus low power distance, (3) strong versus weak uncertainty avoidance, and (4) masculinity versus femininity. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 45-59 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270245 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270245 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:45-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Title: Prologue Abstract: Since the collapse of the bubble economy nine years ago, the once-acclaimed Japanese-style management has been under serious criticism both inside and outside Japan. But this is not a new phenomenon. In fact, when we look back over the past fifty years or so, evaluation of Japan and Japanese management has fluctuated widely between extreme affirmation and extreme negation. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 7-18 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27027 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27027 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:7-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Author-Name: Yoshihiro Mizuno Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mizuno Title: Chapter 4. General Environment, 1962-73 Abstract: The international environment surrounding Japan was volatile during the period of high economic growth (1962-73). In July 1962, a border conflict between Communist China and India broke out (Ministry of Foreign Affairs [MOFA] 1963: 10). The Soviet Union's support of India angered Communist China and sowed the seeds of conflict between China and the USSR. In October of that year, the Cuban Missile crisis occurred, which might have turned the cold war into a hot war between the United States and the Soviet Union (MOFA 1963: 1). Although the crisis was narrowly averted when the Soviet Union backed down from its attempt to bring nuclear warheads into Cuba, the incident reminded the world's people of the fragility of peace between the two superpowers. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 60-70 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:2:p:60-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Asao Mizuno Author-X-Name-First: Asao Author-X-Name-Last: Mizuno Title: Regional Structure of Unemployment in Japan Abstract: Regional analysis of the unemployment rate is the least studied area of unemployment research in Japan. One reason is that the average unemployment rate reported for each district reflects unemployment rates by industry, gender, and age in a very complex manner, and therefore it is not easy to evaluate regional unemployment characteristics accurately. The tremendous amount of calculations required to perform analyses based on data by prefecture is probably another factor. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 51-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220151 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220151 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:1:p:51-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Koike Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Koike Title: White-Collar Workers in Japan and the United States: Which Are More Ability Oriented? Abstract: Although there is much that needs to wait for future research because of the present lack of data, let us summarize the results of the examination so far. To begin with, diversity in the United States draws our attention. It seems that, instead of a convergence into a single approach, coexistence and competition among various approaches seem to be present. This is reflected in the "vertical classification" of white-collar workers' careers. They belong to the "rapid promotion approach," in contrast with present-day Japan. However, among the approaches, the mainstream is the one that selects a considerable number of upperand middle-manager candidates at a relatively late time of three to five years after initial hire. These approaches are different from those in France, Britain, and Japan with regard to the selection of high-grade public servants, in which only a limited number of executive candidates are designated through a tough examination at the point of new hire. However, there are also approaches that screen to some degree at the time of new hire through academic credentials such as the MBA degree. The current use of these approaches may be expected to grow. There are still many approaches in which the performance of the worker is tracked after hire. But what will happen in the future? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:1:p:3-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akitoshi Seike Author-X-Name-First: Akitoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Seike Title: Japanese-Style Inter-Organizational Relationships Abstract: In the past, the Japanese company was regarded as a single entity. But a new way of thinking is to regard it from the viewpoint of inter-organizational relationships. For instance, while General Motors Corporation (GM) has 700,000 employees, Toyota Motor Corporation has only 80,000 employees. But the business group of Toyota as a whole employs 300,000 workers (of which 210,000 are members of Toyota labor unions affiliated with the Toyota Federation of Unions). Considering the 300,000 employees of the Toyota business group, we can easily see that it is not Toyota Motor Corporation, but the Toyota group, which corresponds to GM. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-49 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X25043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X25043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:4:p:3-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Title: How to View Japanese-Style Management Abstract: As has been reviewed in this book, capitalist economies in the world differ significantly from one another even though they are all capitalist economies. The Japanese, the American economy, and the German economy are all capitalist economies with their own specific features. It is, therefore, undoubtedly quite difficult to analyze those mutually different economic systems by applying the same economic theory. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 50-101 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250450 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250450 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:4:p:50-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Noboru Makino Author-X-Name-First: Noboru Author-X-Name-Last: Makino Title: Global Strategy of Japanese Corporations Abstract: I. Objective and outline of the survey: In carrying out its global development, if the Japanese firm continues its existing organizational structure of heavy dependence on home headquarters in Japan and a limited role of the overseas corporate subsidiaries its adaptive ability to local conditions would become weak even though it could pursue efficiency. When the adaptive ability to the local condition is lacking, the competitiveness as indicated by the share in the local market or the growth of earnings such as the rate of return can only not be expected but could even worsen. Starting with this premise, we conducted a questionnaire survey to assess the real state of the global strategy of Japanese firms to analyze the direction of the globalizing Japanese firms. Our two basic viewpoints are:1. The necessity of the concentration (centralization) of the operation and localization (decentralization) of the global business operations of Japanese firms. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 59-86 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210459 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210459 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:4:p:59-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haruo Horaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Haruo Author-X-Name-Last: Horaguchi Title: Withdrawal of Overseas Japanese Firms from Asia: 1971-1988: I. Setting of the issues Abstract: Cases of withdrawal: In the preceding chapter, "Determinants of Overseas Direct Investment: Empirical Analysis," we explored factors that affected the frequency of the withdrawal of overseas subsidiaries of Japanese parent corporations. There, we captured the withdrawal from the standpoint of the reversal of the advantage of the management resource. In doing it, we did not analyze factors contributing to the pullout, such as the stagnation of demand and the intensified entry in the receiving countries of direct investments; thus, the theme of this chapter is examination of the characteristics of the countries in the areas in which Japanese capital moved. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 25-57 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:4:p:25-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Okumura Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Okumura Title: Japan's Corporate Capitalism in Peril Abstract: Capitalism without capitalists: Yataro Iwasaki (1834-1885), who founded the Mitsubishi Co. about 120 years ago and then later built the Mitsubishi zaibatsu around it, openly and without apology proclaimed, "The Mitsubishi Company is nominally a corporation, but it is in fact entirely a private enterprise of the Iwasaki family in which all decisions are made by and all profits belong to the president, myself." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-23 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X21043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X21043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:4:p:3-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: DAVID FLATH Author-X-Name-First: DAVID Author-X-Name-Last: FLATH Title: Guest Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045195 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045195 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KEISUKE SUYAMA Author-X-Name-First: KEISUKE Author-X-Name-Last: SUYAMA Author-Name: HARUO UMEMOTO Author-X-Name-First: HARUO Author-X-Name-Last: UMEMOTO Author-Name: YUYA SUZUKI Author-X-Name-First: YUYA Author-X-Name-Last: SUZUKI Title: National Brands and Private Brands Communication in Japan Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 105-124 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045196 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045196 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:105-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: YOSHINOBU SATO Author-X-Name-First: YOSHINOBU Author-X-Name-Last: SATO Title: Characteristics of the Japanese Supermarket and the Learning Process of Foreign-Affiliated Large Store Retailers Abstract: This article aims at solving the following problems focusing on the shopping behavior of Japanese people. What influences did Japanese shopping behavior with respect to perishable foods have on the supermarket introduced from the United States? How were the U.S.-type supermarkets transformed into Japanese-type supermarkets? What influences did the emergence of Japanese-type supermarkets have on Japanese shopping behavior? Finally, what influences does Japanese shopping behavior with respect to perishable foods have on foreign-affiliated retail companies? Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 76-91 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045197 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045197 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:76-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: MASAYOSHI MARUYAMA Author-X-Name-First: MASAYOSHI Author-X-Name-Last: MARUYAMA Title: Japanese Distribution Channels : Structure and Strategy Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 27-48 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045198 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045198 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:27-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TATSUHIKO NARIU Author-X-Name-First: TATSUHIKO Author-X-Name-Last: NARIU Author-Name: KAORU UEDA Author-X-Name-First: KAORU Author-X-Name-Last: UEDA Title: Channel Culture and Economic Performance in a Competitive Environment : Toyota and Nissan Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 92-104 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045199 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045199 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:92-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KENJI MATSUI Author-X-Name-First: KENJI Author-X-Name-Last: MATSUI Author-Name: TADASHI YUKIMOTO Author-X-Name-First: TADASHI Author-X-Name-Last: YUKIMOTO Title: Retail Store Density in Japan Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 49-75 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045200 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045200 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:49-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: AKIO TORII Author-X-Name-First: AKIO Author-X-Name-Last: TORII Author-Name: TATSUHIKO NARIU Author-X-Name-First: TATSUHIKO Author-X-Name-Last: NARIU Title: On the Length of Wholesale Marketing Channels in Japan Abstract: Wholesalers enter distribution channels to capitalize on their private information about demand and supply. The channels become long only when such private information is valuable. In this article, we document the close link between wholesalers' private information and length of the marketing channel, based on analysis of panel data for five wholesale industries drawn from the last three decades of Japan's Census of Commerce. Specifically, we show that marketing channels tend to be longer--that is, they have more wholesale steps--where wholesalers tend to be in close geographic proximity to the final demanders, where wholesalers tend not to be organized into distribution keiretsu by manufacturers, where regional variation in demand tends to be idiosyncratic, where producers advertise less intensely and distributors advertise more intensely, and where the density and heterogeneity of retail outlets is greater. All of these are factors likely to be associated with the value of wholesalers' private information. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-26 Issue: 3 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:3:p:5-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masaaki Kawagoe Author-X-Name-First: Masaaki Author-X-Name-Last: Kawagoe Title: What Is the Economic Value of Japanese Longevity? Abstract: Because of substantial improvements in the health of its citizens during the thirty-five years from 1970 to 2005, Japan is noted among countries with the greatest average life spans. In this article, the author attempts to quantify the economic value of this longevity by estimating willingness-to-pay (WTP) with respect to the drop in mortality rates during that period using Murphy and Topel (2003, 2006). The results suggest that the economic value is as much as ¥165 trillion per year as of 2005 or about 30 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). By changing the discount rate and utility function parameters, the author also attempts to show the values obtained for WTP. He provides an analysis of the impact of demographics on WTP, and in particular, shows how the population increase from 1970, with lower birthrates and an aging population, has increased WTP on an annualized basis by ¥30 trillion and ¥20 trillion, respectively. He also suggests that looking ahead to 2040, WTP will likely decrease to ¥60 trillion due to limited additional improvements in survival rates and a declining population. Health expenditures attributed to the decrease in mortality rates are expected to be below one-tenth of WTP, suggesting that the increase in health care expenditures up to now are justifiable given a cost—benefit analysis. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 28-60 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360302 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360302 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:3:p:28-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kaoru Natsuda Author-X-Name-First: Kaoru Author-X-Name-Last: Natsuda Title: States, Multinational Corporations, and Institutional Arrangements Abstract: This study argues that economic relations between Japan and Southeast Asia have been moving toward greater interdependence in the context of the creation of regional deliberation councils. These maintain the interests of the members within a three-party economic interdependence system, namely, the Japanese government, governments in Southeast Asia, and Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs). Under such institutional arrangements, the Japanese government, in association with Japanese MNCs, has been facilitating economic development in Southeast Asia that benefits Japanese MNCs as well as the regional economy. The establishment of AMEICC, the ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM)—Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) Economic and Industrial Cooperation Committee, and the Vietnam—Japan Joint Initiative (VJJI) will be examined as case studies at the multilateral and bilateral levels, respectively. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 96-127 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360304 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360304 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:3:p:96-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masakazu Hojo Author-X-Name-First: Masakazu Author-X-Name-Last: Hojo Title: Inequality in Japanese Education Abstract: The purpose of this article is to quantitatively express the inequalities in Japan's educational system and to verify trends in the recent past. Since the 1950s, the rate of advancement to middle and high school has continued to increase, as has the average number of years of schooling per capita. However, few if any studies have addressed whether or not education is distributed equitably against this trend toward higher education. In this study, the Gini coefficient for years of schooling is determined using census data in order to measure the degree of inequality in education. Factors that cause change over time are examined and gender, age groups, and districts in Japan are compared. The results show that (1) the degree of inequality in the distribution of education in Japan is declining overall; however, the trend toward greater equality is not occurring in a uniform manner; (2) education is more fairly distributed for females than for males; and (3) the relationship between average years of schooling and the Gini education coefficient is an inverted-U shape. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-27 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360301 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360301 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:3:p:3-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Namie Nagamatsu Author-X-Name-First: Namie Author-X-Name-Last: Nagamatsu Author-Name: Tōru Kikkawa Author-X-Name-First: Tōru Author-X-Name-Last: Kikkawa Title: The Education Gap in the Postindustrial Era Abstract: In this article, by performing an analysis that incorporates the variable of "occupation," which takes into consideration the progression from education to income, we attempt to determine the reason for the lack of significant expansion in the education gap. In the second section of the paper, we give an overview of research on the growth of income and wage disparity and discuss current conditions. In the third section, we discuss the mechanism responsible for growth in the gap and consider the reasons why, assuming the mechanism comes into play, we see little or no growth in the gap. In the fourth section, after explaining the data used in our analysis, we evaluate income disparity to educational level from the 1980s to the present to determine whether this indicator has increased or not. Then we investigate the correlation among educational level, occupation, and income to attempt to clarify why we see no expansion in the income disparity to educational level. Finally in the conclusion of the article, we provide a theory about what these results mean from the wider context beyond just individual income disparity. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 61-95 Issue: 3 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360303 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360303 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:3:p:61-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Sawayama Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Sawayama Title: Japan's Short-term Financial Market Abstract: The quantitative expansion and the qualitative changes of the short-term financial market in Japan since the Japan-U.S. Dollar-Yen Committee Report, published in May 1984, has indeed been remarkable. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-18 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X19033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X19033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:3:p:3-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideki Yoshihara Author-X-Name-First: Hideki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshihara Title: Overseas Transfer of the Japanese-Style Production System Abstract: A key point in the success of Japan's overseas production is the way in which the production system of the Japanese firms is transferred to the plants overseas. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 19-42 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190319 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190319 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:3:p:19-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kiyoshi Nikami Author-X-Name-First: Kiyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Nikami Title: Management of Japan's Securities Companies Abstract: Since the mid-1970s, the environment surrounding Japan's securities companies has changed greatly. With the impetus of the Japan-U.S. Yen-Dollar Commission Report, important changes in regulations and institutions were made in conjunction with the following developments: (1) pressure by Western countries demanding the liberalization of Japan's financial and securities markets and the internationalization of the yen; (2) administrative pressure by the Ministry of Finance with the aim of creating a market that is fair and open enough to be accepted internationally. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 43-86 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 1991 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190343 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190343 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1991:i:3:p:43-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hirofumi Uzawa Author-X-Name-First: Hirofumi Author-X-Name-Last: Uzawa Title: Japan's Isolation in the International Arena — Over the New Stage of Currency Adjustment Abstract: Fear of Japan's Isolation: Last year [1971] was marked by a series of events which gave rise to fear that Japan was headed, internationally, for gradual isolation in the political and economic spheres. Japan's lack of independent thinking in political and economic affairs was clearly revealed in its handling of Chinese entry into the United Nations, the Japan-U.S. textile talks, and the multinational negotiations on the currency adjustment. In the international arena, one event after another added to the suspicion that the Japanese government lacked a long-range vision and could not see things in proper perspective. Having observed the succession of recent events from the shift in U.S. economic policy to the multinational currency realignment, I cannot suppress fundamental doubt about Japan's qualification for a place in the club of advanced free countries. These events raise doubts about whether Japan has attained sufficient maturity in political democracy and the economic liberalism required for membership in the free, international economic community. I believe that unless Japan can answer the question persuasively, it will inevitably go further along the road to isolation in the international economic community. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 7-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1972 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X01017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X01017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1972:i:1:p:7-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: It is a great pleasure to announce the initiation of Japanese Economic Studies. The Japanese economy is now analyzed and discussed so extensively throughout the world that the appearance of this journal is quite opportune. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1972 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X01013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X01013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1972:i:1:p:3-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takafusa Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Takafusa Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: A Long-Term Survey of Japan's Prewar Growth Process Abstract: Due to new opportunities presented after World War II, the world economy achieved rapid growth, and with this growth, theoretical and empirical analysis of economic growth has emerged as one of the key tasks of economic analysis. In Japan, also, long-term statistics have begun to be compiled, and attempts have been made to examine the process of economic growth since the Meiji era. In this introductory chapter, we will study some of these long-term statistics and examine their implications. This study is being presented first because we wish to show that some of what has passed as conventional wisdom is due for a reexamination, for a number of "facts" about the Japanese economy from the Meiji era to the Pacific war have had to be revised on the basis of newly obtained data, and new "facts" which were overlooked before have been discovered. Also, if these new facts are established as such, it will be necessary to present a set of hypotheses that can provide a systematic explanation for them. To point this out is another objective. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 49-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1972 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010149 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010149 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1972:i:1:p:49-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hisao Kanamori Author-X-Name-First: Hisao Author-X-Name-Last: Kanamori Title: What Makes Japan's Economic Growth Rate High? Abstract: Japan's rate of economic growth has been slightly over 10% per annum from 1955 to 1968, as against less than 5% in Western Europe and the United States. Why such a difference? Why such a high rate of growth in Japan? Many answers have been given, which I think can be classified roughly into three schools. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 31-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1972 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X010131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X010131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:1:y:1972:i:1:p:31-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sei Fujita Author-X-Name-First: Sei Author-X-Name-Last: Fujita Title: Fiscal Policy in Postwar Japan Abstract: The rapid growth of the Japanese economy subsequent to its postwar recovery was accompanied by significant cyclical fluctuations. An evaluation of the role that Japanese public finance as an economic stabilization policy played in this cyclical growth process is the subject of this report. (1) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 27-58 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1975:i:2:p:27-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shigemi Jinushi Author-X-Name-First: Shigemi Author-X-Name-Last: Jinushi Title: Welfare: Social Security, Social Overhead Capital, and Pollution Abstract: Economic policy has, for the purpose of improving public welfare, always been aimed at the efficient allocation of economic resources and the equitable distribution of the wealth and income resulting from those resources. Efficiency and equity are thus regarded as the two main goals of economic policy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 59-82 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040259 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040259 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1975:i:2:p:59-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Susumu Sato Author-X-Name-First: Susumu Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Japan's Fiscal System: An International Comparison Abstract: The need for international comparative studies of national systems of public finance has increased immeasurably, especially since the establishment of international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund, following World War II, and because of the necessity for comparing, internationally, military expenditures, aid to developing nations, and tax burdens. Concomitantly the development of national economic accounting techniques for internationational comparative analyses seems to have significantly improved. However, such analyses are not necessarily securely grounded in theory. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-26 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 1975 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X04023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X04023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1975:i:2:p:3-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Taichiro Ogawa Author-X-Name-First: Taichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Ogawa Title: III. Social Overhead Capital Abstract: The late 1960s saw an increased desire in Japan to improve its social overhead capital. Industrialization and urbanization have made private cost diverge from social cost in the form of inadequate housing and pollution. While per capita income has risen in Japan, its living environment has not been improved at the same rate. Japan is poorer than other advanced countries in public housing, waste disposal facilities, public parks, health and medical services, social welfare facilities, educational and cultural facilities, and so on. These goods and services are what are now called public goods, and are essential for maintaining normal modern living. They may be regarded as public or social overhead capital, which serves primarily industrial activities like railroads, highways, harbors, airports, etc.; or consumption activities like housing, water services, sewage services, parks, parking lots, schools, hospitals, etc.; or environmental conservation activities. In what follows, we shall examine consumption or living-related social overhead capital, particularly water services, sewage services, and open space. We shall look at the current state of this type of capital, the mechanism that regulates its supply, and the reasons why its supply tends to lag behind demand. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 32-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050132 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050132 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:32-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Munemichi Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Munemichi Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: IV. Distribution of Income and Wealth Abstract: As economic growth has slowed down, there has been a general revival of interest in the problems of income distribution. While the economy grew rapidly, people were interested in making the economic pie as large as possible. Now that a certain income level has been achieved, they are showing growing interest in its distribution. Furthermore, the inflation rampant for the past two years has raised the question of distributional equity, as it has given rise to wider income disparities between those who took advantage of inflation and those who did not. One of the most pressing policy tasks for the government is to achieve distributional equity while keeping inflation under control. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 43-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:43-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sueo Sekiguchi Author-X-Name-First: Sueo Author-X-Name-Last: Sekiguchi Title: General Introduction Abstract: I had the honor of organizing a study group comprised of a few junior business economists at the Japan Economic Research Center in the fall of 1974. As its first task, the group decided to conduct a survey of the poverty still remaining in Japan in several selected areas of interest. While many people take poverty to be classical starvation or the economic plight of the lowest stratum of society, we depart from this traditional approach and concentrate on elements of poverty with which the average Japanese has been and will be confronted. The present volume reports our modest research efforts. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 4-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X05014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X05014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:4-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsutoshi Koyama Author-X-Name-First: Mitsutoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Koyama Title: II. Personal Consumption: Housing Abstract: Of the three basic needs of life — food, clothing, and shelter — the Japanese are most dissatisfied with shelter. A February 1975 public opinion survey by the Center for National Living reveals that 17.9 percent of respondents were dissatisfied with food conditions, 21.8 percent with clothing conditions, and 36.3 percent with housing conditions. People at all income levels hope for improvement in their housing. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 19-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050119 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050119 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:19-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sueo Sekiguchi Author-X-Name-First: Sueo Author-X-Name-Last: Sekiguchi Title: VI. Social Security: Nonmedical Services Abstract: My assignment in this last chapter is to discuss nonmedical social security in general. Generally speaking, the social security programs are provided basically to assist the so-called socially handicapped, that is, those who are handicapped in their ability to compete in the marketplace and are always at the threshold of poverty. Let us see who these socially handicapped are. Children and minors are weak until they become independent and participate in the labor force, and so are the aged after their retirement from the labor market. So, man is weak at both ends of his life. Children and minors, however, are as a rule supported by their parents, so that we don't need to consider them. In contrast, old people are on their own. Their livelihood after retirement is insecure, especially when social conditions are changing violently. Economic growth raises not only wages but also prices. This makes old people in retirement especially hard pressed. Assistance is provided for them under annuity programs. How are these programs working in Japan? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 70-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050170 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050170 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:70-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sueo Sekiguchi Author-X-Name-First: Sueo Author-X-Name-Last: Sekiguchi Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Poverty in Japan Abstract: This English version of Poverty in Japan is based mainly on a series of seminar reports delivered by individual chapter authors at the Japan Economic Research Center in August 1975 and published in the Japan Economic Research Center Bulletin, No. 256 (September 15, 1975), 35-59, and No. 257 (October 1, 1975), 40-45. In preparing the English version, the reports were edited, amended, and amplified by the editor of JES on the basis of the full study report, with the kind permission of Sueo Sekiguchi. Apart from the informational content, the work presented here should enable the reader to gauge the general working level of economic intelligence in the Japanese business community. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X05013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X05013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:3-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Teruaki Masumoto Author-X-Name-First: Teruaki Author-X-Name-Last: Masumoto Title: I. Personal Consumption: Nutritional Level Abstract: My assignment in the joint research project was to study poverty in Japan's dietary life. (1) In undertaking this work, I was strongly motivated to demonstrate how critically our daily life depends on Japan's self-sufficiency in food and energy, or, more particularly, on the issue of Japan's national economic security. It is my belief that these hot issues of today can be successfully discussed in terms of our own daily living. However, while these problems are very pressing and self-sufficiency and economic security have been discussed extensively, it is still undeniable, I must admit, that these problems are considered to belong to another world, to be alien to daily life. Under these circumstances, it seems useful to reexamine these controversial issues once more in terms of our own everyday life. It is important to reconsider what the oil shock and the soybean shock imply for our day-today living. To do this, it is necessary to get a full grasp of the actual situation with regard to consumption of and demand for food. In fact, to the best of my knowledge, the discussions of the food and energy problems have not fully dealt with the actual state of consumption and changes in consumer behavior on the demand side. My brief review of the literature convinces me of this. I therefore felt that an approach along this line —namely, examining our food consumption — would enable us to demonstrate the seriousness of the supply problem in terms of ordinary living. This is how I have tackled my assignment on poverty in the Japanese diet. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 7-18 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X05017 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X05017 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:7-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eiko Shinozuka Author-X-Name-First: Eiko Author-X-Name-Last: Shinozuka Title: V. Social Security: Medical Services Abstract: Our research on poverty in Japan placed primary interest in locating elements of poverty that persist in various parts of national life, shunning the classical approach to poverty. Likewise, my study of poverty in medical services is not concerned with medical services dispensed to families on welfare. I am primarily interested in showing the current state of medical services in Japan, indicating the relative positions of demanders and suppliers of medical services in the present medical system. This examination will be followed by a study of the influences of demand and supply on income through prices. Consequently, this report has two parts, the current state of medical services and income distribution. This report concentrates on fact-finding and contains no policy proposal. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 55-69 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X050155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X050155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:5:y:1976:i:1:p:55-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kuramitsu Muramatsu Author-X-Name-First: Kuramitsu Author-X-Name-Last: Muramatsu Title: The Effect of Wages on Employment in Japan Abstract: 1. Introduction: This article is intended to explore the extent of effect of wages on employment in Japan, based on a survey of the results of major studies of the employment function in Japan. The method of analysis that is followed is the one used by Hamermesh (1976) in his survey of American studies on the same subject. The actual method applied here is somewhat crude: we do not pay too much attention to theory and estimation method employed in these studies but instead concentrate on estimation results segregating wage coefficients and production coefficients in the employment function. This crude approach should suffice for our purpose of finding out the approximate size of the effect of wages on employment, rather than determining which estimating method is more desirable. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 29-57 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150329 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150329 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:3:p:29-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eiko Shinozuka Author-X-Name-First: Eiko Author-X-Name-Last: Shinozuka Title: Employment Adjustment in Japanese Manufacturing Abstract: 1. Introduction and summary: Firms determine employment in accordance with the planned production in each period. Here, employment refers to the product of the number of persons and work hours, namely, manhours. There is a time lag in changing employment in response to this required employment when employment is increased or decreased according to actual business conditions. "Employment adjustment" is the adjustment of employment upward or downward. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-28 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X15033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X15033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:3:p:3-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshikazu Miyazaki Author-X-Name-First: Yoshikazu Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazaki Title: Debtor America and Creditor Japan: Will There Be a Hegemony Change? Abstract: Rise and fall of hegemony nations: The year 1985 may be remembered by future historians as the year in which the United States tumbled into a debtor nation status, while Japan rose to be the largest creditor. In fact, Japan's overseas net assets (gross overseas assets minus gross overseas liabilities) reached $129.8 billion in 1985, while the U.S. monetary authority predicted that U.S. net foreign liabilities would rise to about $100 billion by the end of 1985. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 58-96 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 1987 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150358 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150358 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1987:i:3:p:58-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshihige Higuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihige Author-X-Name-Last: Higuchi Author-Name: Kazuo Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Title: General Concentration in Japan — Status and Trends Abstract: The Fair Trade Commission continues its studies on the conditions of economic concentration as basic reference materials for the enforcement of the Antitrust Law. These studies are broadly divided into two types; the first includes studies relating to concentration of capital in the top one hundred firms (1), and the second, studies relating to concentration of production in major industries. (2) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-61 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X02043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X02043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1974:i:4:p:3-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideo Nakanishi Author-X-Name-First: Hideo Author-X-Name-Last: Nakanishi Author-Name: Tsutomu Yamaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu Author-X-Name-Last: Yamaguchi Title: Pollution Abstract: Pollution is multilaterally a political, economic and social problem which is pressing our contemporary society for a solution. This is because "pollution," which is a "phenomenon, accompanied by human activities, that impedes the environments for human living and production," is a fundamental problem which may indeed threaten the existence of mankind. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 62-91 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020462 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020462 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1974:i:4:p:62-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , VOL. II (Fall 1973-Summer 1974) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 92-93 Issue: 4 Volume: 2 Year: 1974 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X020492 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X020492 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:2:y:1974:i:4:p:92-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Editor's Note On Japan's Labor Policy Abstract: In the 1970s, the Japanese economy began facing serious employment problems. On the side of labor demand, the deceleration of economic growth considerably weakened the strengths of employment demand. This was particularly marked in manufacturing industries, which actually reduced employment in recent years. It was fortunate that the service sector absorbed excess labor. On the side of labor supply, the Japanese population is extending life expectancy and is expected to become considerably older in the 1980s. Japanese workers can and must work longer, and the lifetime employment system at large firms, which terminates employment at age 55 or so, has become unrealistic. However, to raise the mandatory retirement age up to 60 and then to 65 would create a serious financial burden on employers, since workers with long continued service are paid higher wages and expect substantial lump-sum payments as retirement allowances. Hence, the seniority-related wage system must be altered. Further, with more older workers competing for a limited number of executive positions, more workers get frustrated by their failure in career promotion. Failing to be rewarded for their service, workers begin to lose their loyalty to their employers. This leads to serious morale problems, particularly because more people are now getting higher education. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-4 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1979:i:2:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Recommendations on Japan's Labor Policy Abstract: Through the 1940s, especially after World War II, the importance of full employment was acknowledged in advanced industrial nations and the full-employment policy was given its due by their policy makers. The achievement of full employment was envisioned as a mandate of national economic policy. It also meant a radical turnabout in the philosophy of economic policy, in that policy efforts to secure and stabilize employment for the working masses were placed in a position to lead national economic management, and thus, employment policy ceased to be subservient to general economic policy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 5-47 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08025 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08025 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1979:i:2:p:5-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Hazama Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Hazama Title: The Maturation of Society and Labor-Management Relations Abstract: Among many topics of discussion dealing with Japan's labor-management relations that have been taken up during the years from the Oil Shock in 1973 to the present, the following three received a great deal of attention, namely, (1) how the deceleration of economic growth would affect them; (2) how workers' participation in management would affect them; and (3) how aging and more-educated labor would affect them. The third topic has attracted the most attention in the last year or two. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-82 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 1979 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X080248 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X080248 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1979:i:2:p:48-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shichihei Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Shichihei Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Title: Japanese Traditions and Japanese Capitalism Abstract: The present is a truly mysterious time. For example, there is a word, capitalism, which can be affixed as a label to a certain concept and then used to define whatever that concept is. If that were the case, then capitalism in countries such as Japan and the United States would mean the same idea, and if capitalism was the same, then all of the analysis and research (including the resultant policies) which are applicable in the United States would all be applicable in Japan as well. But, are they really? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-66 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2203043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2203043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:3-4:p:3-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Tsuda Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuda Title: Japanese Banks in Deregulation and the Economic Bubble Abstract: The major trend of Japanese banking in the 1970s is represented by the shift of "rights," or attractive portions, of financial business from commercial banks to trust and long-term financial institutions and securities companies. The city banks, however, became more and more frustrated as their power to control declined. Very strict regulations governed the city banks which did not allow them to join in this shift of "rights" or to function as main banks. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 122-154 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220304122 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220304122 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:3-4:p:122-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masahiro Okuno-Fujiwara Author-X-Name-First: Masahiro Author-X-Name-Last: Okuno-Fujiwara Title: Forthcoming articles Abstract: This paper explains two points that are regarded as important when examining the Japanese economic system: First, that most of the systems and mechanisms which have been established with stability in a given society are not formed by necessity. Second, the kind of economic mechanism that emerges in a society is greatly dependent upon other mechanisms already in existence. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 155-158 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X220304155 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X220304155 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:3-4:p:155-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atsushi Kusano Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Kusano Title: Japan's Nontransparent Markets and the Large-Scale Retail Law Abstract: On Sunday afternoon the store was crowded with families shopping. It was just like being inside a warehouse. Video games and rows of bicycles, tricycles, and the like were piled about halfway up the tall walls. I pushed my shopping cart down the aisle and thought that these were all things that any youngster would want. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 67-98 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22030467 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22030467 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:3-4:p:67-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Tsuda Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuda Title: The Gala Face of Japanese Banks Abstract: The banks in Japan were gloriously and gorgeously active everywhere on the global market in the 1980s. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 99-121 Issue: 3-4 Volume: 22 Year: 1994 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X22030499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X22030499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:22:y:1994:i:3-4:p:99-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Mori Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Mori Title: The Behavior of General Trading Companies as Reflected in Lumber Prices Abstract: My own views on the issues involved are summarized in Kenchiku-yō Mokuzai no Ryūtsū — Kakaku Taisaku ni tsuite [On the Distribution and Price Policies of Lumbers for Construction Use] (a part of which is cited at the end of this chapter), issued on July 30, 1975, as a proposal to the Conference on Price Stabilization Policy, which I drafted as the principal investigator. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X09013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X09013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:1:p:3-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Itarō Irie Author-X-Name-First: Itarō Author-X-Name-Last: Irie Title: Japanese Multinationalization Abstract: It is not yet 20 years since the literature began to mushroom on the rapid expansion of multinational enterprises. There are therefore many different opinions even as to the definition of a multinational enterprise, and as yet no generally accepted theories. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 86-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090186 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090186 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:1:p:86-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadayuki Sato Author-X-Name-First: Sadayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Japanese Multinational Enterprises Abstract: The fact that Japan's balance of trade exhibited a surplus of $9,917 million in 1976, the highest in history, has not only caused worldwide repercussions against Japan's export drive but also is increasingly pressing Japanese businesses into multinationalizing themselves. It is true that trade surpluses can be eliminated by curbing exports and expanding imports, as well as by the yen revaluation, if necessary. However, these solutions are for the economy as a whole. At the level of individual firms, the story is different: it is more often than not that large firms generally opt for overseas production when they find their major export markets in jeopardy. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 68-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090168 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090168 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:1:p:68-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nagahide Shioda Author-X-Name-First: Nagahide Author-X-Name-Last: Shioda Title: Changes in the Yen Valuation and Japan's Distributive Mechanism Abstract: Protests are loud against the domestic market prices of imported goods, which have not come down in spite of the yen appreciation. While it is conceded that a number of factors affect the prices of imported goods, questions and complaints are raised as to why large changes in exchange rate between the yen and the dollar have not been reflected a little more quickly and strongly in the domestic market prices of imports. We may recall similar strong opinions that were expressed every time trade liberalization or tariff reductions took place. Today, however, because the pressure on Japan to expand imports from abroad is more intense than ever, the cry for a clarification of the relationship between the yen appreciation and import prices is also loud. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 45-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X090145 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X090145 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:9:y:1980:i:1:p:45-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideichiro Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Hideichiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: Is Japan's Economic Strength Fortuitous? Abstract: Of all the advanced countries, Japan is the most vulnerable to the impact of oil crises. This fact is clear from OECD data (1978) showing that 73.5% of Japan's total energy consumption is accounted for by oil, 99.8% of which is imported, with the Middle East supplying 78.5%. At the time of the first oil shock, Japan (1) was hit by a severe inflation, due partly to the excess liquidity that preceded it, (2) watched its trade balance slip into heavy deficits, and (3) underwent a drastic decline in economic growth, due to the deflation policy and the income transfer to the oil-producing countries, thus recording zero growth in 1974 — the lowest since the war. Furthermore, under the second oil shock, the trade balance again suffered, with a deficit of $13.9 billion on the current account and a deficit of $19.0 billion on the basic balance in 1979. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 48-74 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X110348 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X110348 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1983:i:3:p:48-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuzuru Hanayama Author-X-Name-First: Yuzuru Author-X-Name-Last: Hanayama Title: The Housing Land Shortage in Japan — A Myth Abstract: Land prices have risen noticeably in metropolitan areas, especially in the Tokyo Region [i.e., Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Kanagowa Prefectures]. This has usually been attributed to the concentration of population into a limited land space. For instance, the General Principles of Urban Policy (Interim Report) made public by the Urban Policy Research Council of the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) in 1968 offers the following description:The 27 million population in the Tokyo Region as of 1965 is expected to reach 37 million in 1985. If each household were to be provided with a house on a 165 m2 plot, the population would need a total of urban space (covering both private and public uses) as large as 3,900 km2, or over 60% of the lowland area in the Kanto District. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-47 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X11033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X11033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1983:i:3:p:3-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yotaro Kobayashi Author-X-Name-First: Yotaro Author-X-Name-Last: Kobayashi Title: Quality Control in Japan: The Case of Fuji Xerox Abstract: Thirty years ago Dr. W. Edwards Deming was invited to Japan to explain statistical quality control, a technique for which Japan had dire need. Hinshitsu Kanri is the Japanese translation of "quality control," but businessmen came to prefer the English acronym "QC." And now they all talk about TQC (Total Quality Control), readily acclaimed as a magic formula for success. But, though popularity tends to obscure the true nature of TQC, no magic is involved. For some, quite a number of elementary business administration techniques are glorified in TQC, while for others, TQC is highly sophisticated and therefore the domain of specialists. It is our view that TQC simply means to improve the effectiveness of whatever objectives the management has set for the company; it achives these objectives in the most efficient way possible. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 75-104 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 1983 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X110375 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X110375 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1983:i:3:p:75-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrike Schaede Author-X-Name-First: Ulrike Author-X-Name-Last: Schaede Title: Chapter 8. Industry Rules: From Deregulation to Self-Regulation Abstract: A major point of contention between Japan and its trading partners has long been the issue of market access and competition. For decades, foreign companies have complained about an "uneven" playing field and limited access to Japan's large, affluent market due to industrial policy, implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) and other ministries to uphold vast regulations and protect domestic producers. Foreign governments, in particular that of the United States, backed their domestic corporate interests by initiating a series of trade negotiations intended to increase market access, beginning with agriculture and then progressing to manufacturing, transportation, telecommunication, and the service and financial industries. 1 The Japanese government responded to these pressures with a process of seemingly never-ending "regulatory reforms." This chapter argues that the result of this extended process is a prime example of permeable insulation. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 35-58 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280635 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280635 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:6:p:35-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Ahmadjian Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmadjian Title: Chapter 9. Changing Japanese Corporate Governance Abstract: As it moved into the new millenium, Japan experienced a corporate governance crisis. Suddenly, the issue of corporate governance was transformed from an obscure concern of financial economists and legal experts into front-page news. The mass media blamed corporate misbehavior and economic doldrums on a lack of concern for shareholders, cozy cross-shareholding relationships between firms and banks, boards of directors that looked more like "old boys' clubs" than responsible monitors, and executive compensation packages that gave CEOs little incentive to improve the bottom line. Foreign institutional investors traveled to Japan to promote governance reforms. Some managers of large Japanese multinationals complained that existing governance practices hindered efforts to compete globally. Reforms in financial accounting regulations, sales of cross-held shares, increased foreign investment, and ongoing negotiations for a revision of the Japanese Commercial Code all transformed the political and economic institutions that had previously supported a distinctive Japanese system of corporate governance. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 59-84 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:6:p:59-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mark Elder Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Elder Title: Chapter 7. METI and Industrial Policy in Japan: Change and Continuity Abstract: This chapter takes up the question of how Japan's industrial policy evolved in the 1990s in response to a changing domestic and global environment. In particular, it focuses on the policy of the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), formerly the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). This chapter argues that there were elements of both continuity and change, and that these can be understood in terms of a strategy of permeable insulation similar to the other areas discussed in this book. On one hand, METI branched out in new directions in the direction of greater permeability. On the other hand, many "insulative" policies remained. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-34 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X28063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X28063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:6:p:3-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrike Schaede Author-X-Name-First: Ulrike Author-X-Name-Last: Schaede Author-Name: William Grime Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Grime Title: Chapter 10. Conclusions: Permeable Insulation and Japan's Managed Globalization Abstract: In the increasingly multilateral trade and policy environment of the twenty-first century, Japan faces several conflicting challenges. Internationally, Japan's trade prowess, increasing manufacturing presence around the world, and economic leadership in Asia have made the country an integral member of multilateral organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Japan is increasingly expected to uphold the norms of free trade and economic openness as articulated in a variety of international treaties, and to assume a geopolitical role commensurate with its global economic position. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 85-96 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:6:p:85-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to The Japanese Economy, Volume 28 (January/February 2000—November/December 2000) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 97-98 Issue: 6 Volume: 28 Year: 2000 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X280697 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X280697 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:28:y:2000:i:6:p:97-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Title: Chapter 8. Overseas Assignments, 1962-73 Abstract: As we saw in Chapter 2 [The Japanese Economy 27, no. 2: 33-44], the usual evolution of the globalization of businesses consists of six stages: (1) intermittent exports, (2) commitment to continuing exports, (3) direct sales through an overseas sales office or marketing subsidiary, (4) the licensing of a foreign firm to produce locally, (5) local production and sales, and (6) total global strategy. During the period 1962-73, most Japanese firms were at either stage two or three, and only a few were at stage four. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 37-55 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270337 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270337 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:37-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Shigeya Adachi Author-X-Name-First: Shigeya Author-X-Name-Last: Adachi Author-Name: Takuhiko Matsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Takuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Matsunaga Author-Name: Yukihiro Mitsunaga Author-X-Name-First: Yukihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mitsunaga Author-Name: Fumio Kosugi Author-X-Name-First: Fumio Author-X-Name-Last: Kosugi Author-Name: Hiroto Hidaka Author-X-Name-First: Hiroto Author-X-Name-Last: Hidaka Title: Chapter 10. Industry-Specific Environment, 1974-80 Abstract: Japan's steel industry, which recorded the largest-ever crude-steel production of 119 million metric tons in 1973, entered a slow-growth stage after the first oil crisis in October 1973. As a result of lower demand in both the domestic and overseas (export) markets, crude-steel production hovered around 100 million metric tons per year between 1975 and 1978 (Table 1). Afterward, production increased slightly, but growth in quantity was no longer expected, as steel was being replaced in production of capital goods by other materials that were becoming lighter, thinner, shorter, and smaller. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 71-92 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:71-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Atsuko Nagano Author-X-Name-First: Atsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Nagano Title: Chapter 6. Career Entry Abstract: In accordance with Edgar Schein's (1978) concept of "stages of career cycle," the career histories of our thirty-six alumni may be divided into three stages: early, middle, and late. The early career stage consists of exploration and trial substages. The mid-career stage consists of stabilization and mid-career crisis substages. The late career stage consists of maintenance and decline substages. These three stages roughly correspond to the four distinct periods in the development of the Japanese economy. As shown in Table 1, the mid-career stage covers two subperiods, 1974-80 and 1981-90. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-13 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X27033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X27033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:3-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomio Imanari Author-X-Name-First: Tomio Author-X-Name-Last: Imanari Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Atsuko Nagano Author-X-Name-First: Atsuko Author-X-Name-Last: Nagano Title: Chapter 7. Career Formulation Abstract: In Japan, getting a job did not mean getting hired to perform a specific service. It meant, rather, being hired by a company as a lifetime employee. Though students were thought to have potential, they were not perceived to have strong job skills. For this reason, training the new employees was believed necessary. Normal practice was for the Company Entrance Ceremony to be held on April 1, during which the company president would instruct new employees on internal and external financial conditions, the state of affairs of the industry, and the mental attitude they would need as new members of the company. Newspapers ran articles (complete with photographs) on the admonitory address given by presidents of the most prestigious companies. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 14-36 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270314 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270314 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:14-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Ohtsu Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Ohtsu Author-Name: Masafumi Kasai Author-X-Name-First: Masafumi Author-X-Name-Last: Kasai Author-Name: Yoshihiro Mizuno Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Mizuno Title: Chapter 9. General Environment, 1974-80 Abstract: During this period (1974-80) the basic framework of international politics remained the same as in the previous period. The cold war between the free-world nations and the Communist-bloc nations continued, although it seemed that both the Soviet Union and Communist China attempted to ease tensions with the United States, while the relationship between Russia and China continued to be strained. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 56-70 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 1999 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X270356 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X270356 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:27:y:1999:i:3:p:56-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuo Hatta Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuo Author-X-Name-Last: Hatta Author-Name: Takatoshi Tabuchi Author-X-Name-First: Takatoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Tabuchi Title: Unipolar Concentration in Tokyo: Causes and Measures Abstract: Unipolar concentration in Tokyo has significantly benefited the entire Japanese economy. At the same time, however, it has also produced negative effects, such as traffic congestion and widening inequality in the distribution of wealth due to rising land prices. In this paper, we consider how to augment the benefits of unipolar concentration while minimizing its negative impact. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 74-104 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230374 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230374 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:3:p:74-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Junichi Hirata Author-X-Name-First: Junichi Author-X-Name-Last: Hirata Title: Economic Changes and Macroeconomic Policy in Japan since 1955 Abstract: Various arguments have been developed concerning Japan's economic changes following World War II, which have stimulated widespread interest both inside and outside Japan, a reflection of Japan's high growth rate during that period and its expanding role in the world economy.1 In the present paper, we trace Japan's postwar economic development utilizing basic macroeconomic data to examine Japan's economic policy responses in this process. This examination is essential and fundamental in assessing Japan's economic development process, in considering future changes in the Japanese economy, and in examining the economic development of Asian NIES (newly industrializing countries), which are achieving economic development similar to the Japanese economy's high growth, in the light of the Japanese economy's process of change. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 36-73 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X230336 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X230336 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:3:p:36-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naoki Tanaka Author-X-Name-First: Naoki Author-X-Name-Last: Tanaka Title: The Japanese Economy after the "Bubble" Abstract: In reading this paper, keep in mind that it was written at the beginning of 1992. The recession which started in March 1991 has proved to be more stubborn than originally anticipated. As of this writing (December 1993), it has lasted for thirty-three months with no sign of recovery in sight. It may exceed the longest recession on record (thirty-six months from February 1980 to February 1983). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-35 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 1995 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X23033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X23033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:23:y:1995:i:3:p:3-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to Japanese Economic Studies, Vol. 24 (January/February 1996-November/December 1996) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 102-102 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X2406102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X2406102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:6:p:102-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Osamu Ito Author-X-Name-First: Osamu Author-X-Name-Last: Ito Title: Reform of Japan's Financial System Abstract: It is essential to touch on the question of Japan's financial system. For the reasons I will outline below, this is something that must not be omitted if there is to be a thorough discussion of the reform of our financial administration. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 56-101 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240656 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240656 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:6:p:56-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Takayuki Itami Author-X-Name-First: Takayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Itami Title: Top Management and Enterprise Adaptability Abstract: Will Japanese enterprises continue to maintain a trim competitive position in the world of the twenty-first century and to be adaptable enough to achieve healthy growth? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-28 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X24063 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X24063 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:6:p:3-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideshi Ito Author-X-Name-First: Hideshi Author-X-Name-Last: Ito Title: The Economics of the "Company Man" Abstract: The typical company employee working in a Japanese enterprise has been characterized by the term "company person." This means that he or she is a worker who depends on the ups and downs of the firm for the foundation of his or her own existence and gives priority to activities for the firm over the other aspects of his or her individual life. There have been many criticisms of the figure of the company person connected with such social problems as long hours of work, death from overwork, and the way a family should be. However, the various features of the enterprise system in Japan that have established the process that brought about the growth of Japanese enterprises following the Second World War have promoted the making of the company person. It is also probably true that the "company-person-type" worker has contributed to the growth of Japanese enterprises. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 29-55 Issue: 6 Volume: 24 Year: 1996 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X240629 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X240629 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:24:y:1996:i:6:p:29-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshio Higuchi Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Higuchi Title: Labor Turnover Behavior: Japan Versus the West Abstract: Compared to other countries, Japan's labor turnover rate is generally said to be extremely low. It is believed that after taking a job upon graduation, most individuals work in the same firm until retirement without ever changing jobs. People take this as a sign of Japan's established lifetime employment system, but to how many individuals does this actually apply? Only recently, statistical data regarding employment history have been compiled in Japan. According to one such survey, the "Basic Survey of Employment Structure," for the year 1987, the male population, aged fifty to fifty-four, that had been employed at or before the age of thirty and had never changed jobs, comprised 31 percent of those employed, whereas those in the age group of fifty-five to fifty-nine only comprised 21 percent. Even when we only considered the currently employed members of those groups, the proportions rise to just 43 percent and 33 percent, respectively. It is a matter of opinion whether these figures are high or low, but what happens when we compare them to statistics in other countries? Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 61-88 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210561 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210561 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:5:p:61-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken'ichi Imai Author-X-Name-First: Ken'ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: The Global Network of Japanese Firms Abstract: To begin, we would like to present an overview of the direction being taken by "the Japanese firm's globalization" as we move toward the twenty-first century by noting the background of the past history of multinational firms. During the 1960s, the multinational corporation issue appeared on the scene as the issue of the conflicting tension between corporations and the national government. This issue was the central topic of debate at the time, and the multinational corporation was frequently discussed by Japanese journalists. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-19 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X21053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X21053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:5:p:3-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken'ichi Yasumuro Author-X-Name-First: Ken'ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Yasumuro Title: The Globalization of Personnel Systems in Japanese Enterprises Abstract: One of the reasons why firms expand overseas is to take advantage of the low cost of management resources. When wages, the price of parts or raw materials, the price of natural resources or energy, and the rate of interest on loans are lower than in the home country, firms expand overseas in order to gain country-specific advantage (CSA). The competitive advantage of multinational corporations lies in the utilization (internalization) of the price differentials of factor costs in individual countries and their engaging in more efficient production than the domestic producers. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 21-60 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 1993 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X210521 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X210521 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:21:y:1993:i:5:p:21-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus Noland Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Noland Title: Competition Policy and Foreign Direct Investment Abstract: It is difficult to identify a country that does not restrict inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in some way. This is usually accomplished through official prohibitions, restrictions, or official approvals processes, in which the government intervenes directly to affect the level, composition, or form of foreign investment. However, the behavior and practices of private parties, sometimes facilitated by government policies not directly aimed at foreign investment, may also affect the level, composition, and form of FDI. Often this takes the form of privately supported but publicly sanctioned barriers to entry. In some cases these may affect domestic and foreign potential entrants equally, though in other cases, foreign firms may face greater impediments. There is yet another set of circumstances in which government policies and private behavior may affect foreign firms' decisions to service the host market via exports or via local production, again affecting the level, composition, and form of FDI. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 45-69 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250545 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250545 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:5:p:45-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazumichi Goka Author-X-Name-First: Kazumichi Author-X-Name-Last: Goka Title: Deregulation and Employment/Unemployment Problems Abstract: What follows starts with the clarification of the meaning of deregulation policy, in principle, with respect to employment and unemployment, following the introductory chapter's analysis of capitalism under which deregulation policies have been presented. Then, after surveying the elasticization of employment that began in the 1980s and the deregulation policy in the labor field. Finally, we critically examine the current deregulation promotion policy from the viewpoint of employment and unemployment issues, and indicate that the deregulation policy promoted by the Japanese government and the business world will not solve the current unemployment problem, but will increase the seriousness of the problem. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-44 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X25053 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X25053 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:5:p:3-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcus Noland Author-X-Name-First: Marcus Author-X-Name-Last: Noland Author-Name: Sherman Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Sherman Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Zhi Wang Author-X-Name-First: Zhi Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: The Continuing Asian Financial Crisis Abstract: The financial crisis that began in Thailand in July 1997 continues to reverberate throughout the global economy. And though it is conventional to begin analyzing the crisis with Thailand, in all likelihood future outcomes will hinge far more critically on developments in Japan and China than in the most affected Asian countries. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 70-95 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 1997 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X250570 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X250570 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:25:y:1997:i:5:p:70-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miki Kohara Author-X-Name-First: Miki Author-X-Name-Last: Kohara Title: Is the Full-Time Housewife a Symbol of a Wealthy Family? Abstract: Do wives with high-earning husbands tend to choose to be full-time housewives? Are the households in which both spouses earn high incomes increasing? This article answers these questions. It also shows what kinds of impacts such changes in household income composition are having on income inequality among all households, and discusses the effects of the tax system. The analysis shows, at least with regard to younger households, that (1) high husband incomes have only a weak effect on restraining their wives' employment, and (2) the number of households in which both spouses earn high incomes is increasing. These changes in household income composition have contributed about 5 percent of the growth in overall inequality among households. The existence of the spousal deduction constrains the employment of wives with high-earning husbands, but its effects on equalizing overall household incomes is declining. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 25-56 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:4:p:25-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuyasu Sakamoto Author-X-Name-First: Kazuyasu Author-X-Name-Last: Sakamoto Author-Name: Yukinobu Kitamura Author-X-Name-First: Yukinobu Author-X-Name-Last: Kitamura Title: Marriage Behavior from the Perspective of Intergenerational Relationships Abstract: This article examines the changes in marriage behavior, such as nonmarriage and marriage postponement, that lie at the heart of the aging population and low fertility problem. Using the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, we conducted a factor analysis on the trends toward marriage postponement and nonmarriage evident from the early 1990s to the early 2000s, when the ever-married rate fell significantly. The results revealed the following. First, among unmarried people living with their parents, the receipt of income from their parents lowers marriage probability. However, this was confirmed only for children of the economic bubble generation whose parents were of the prewar or wartime generation. This suggests that the image of singles depicted by the "parasite single hypothesis" was a temporary phenomenon. Second, among individuals in the generation that came of age after the collapse of the bubble economy, those who work long hours and those who did not have a good first job tend to have lower marriage probability. This is because poor economic conditions since the late 1990s caused the labor demand for young people to decline, and for more nonregular employment patterns to be adopted. Third, an examination of the influence of the father-to-potential-husband income ratio on marriage, a key component of the "transfer of dependency model," showed that regardless of the parents' generation, marriage probability was reduced only in cases where the parents' income is $5 million or more. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 76-122 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:4:p:76-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miho Iwasawa Author-X-Name-First: Miho Author-X-Name-Last: Iwasawa Author-Name: Fusami Mita Author-X-Name-First: Fusami Author-X-Name-Last: Mita Title: Boom and Bust in Marriages Between Coworkers and the Marriage Decline in Japan Abstract: In this article, we focus on how the trend in meeting opportunities between men and women, especially at work or through jobs, is related to the decline in marriage. Using data from the Japanese National Fertility Surveys conducted by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, we show the extent to which changes in the incidences of each type of meeting have contributed to the decline in the first marriage rate since the 1970s. The results indicate that the decrease can be attributed to the drop in the number of arranged marriages (including those resulting from introductions by relatives and superiors), which accounts for approximately 50 percent of the decrease, and to the drop in the number of marriages between coworkers or through meeting on the job, which accounts for nearly 40 percent of the decrease. In other words, the incidences of other types of love marriages, such as meeting "at school," "through friends and siblings," and "while in town or traveling" have hardly changed in the past forty years. The role of matchmaker, once played by the corporate community under the unique population, economic, and employment conditions of the 1960s and 1970s, has been shrinking without a corresponding rise elsewhere. Most unmarried corporate workers, both men and women, continue to work long hours as in the past, without sufficient new opportunities to meet partners arising to offset the decrease in opportunities at work. These findings reveal that the supply side of shrinking opportunities for partner choice, as well as the demand side of marriage (cost and benefit), are significant factors in the rising proportion of the never-married. They also suggest that the current phenomenon cannot be readily resolved without drastic changes in attitudes toward the work-life balance, on the part of both companies and individuals. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-24 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:4:p:3-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sigeto Tanak Author-X-Name-First: Sigeto Author-X-Name-Last: Tanak Title: Housekeepers' Capacity as a Supply of Labor Abstract: The distribution of housework time spent by "katei fujin" [housewives] is drawn from the National Time Use Survey (conducted by the NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute). The difference between their housework time and the standard working time is used to estimate how much labor can be supplied by homemakers. The findings show that the estimated amount of time homemakers could supply is too small to offset the labor shortage that is predicted to arise from demographic changes. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 57-75 Issue: 4 Volume: 34 Year: 2007 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X340403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X340403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:34:y:2007:i:4:p:57-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shujiro Urata Author-X-Name-First: Shujiro Author-X-Name-Last: Urata Title: Japan's Free Trade Agreement Strategy Abstract: After World War II, Japan promoted the liberalization of trade and direct investment and domestic structural reforms using the external pressure being exerted by the United States and international organizations, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result, the Japanese manufacturing industry became more competitive and achieved success in overseas markets through export expansion. After the collapse of the bubble in the early 1990s, however, the Japanese economy tumbled into a prolonged downturn, and even with the dawn of the twentieth century, has not firmly found its way back onto the path of economic growth.For Japan to overcome these circumstances and achieve its potential growth rate, efforts must be made to improve competitiveness while also expanding business opportunities in overseas markets. Trade and investment liberalization at the global level are effective means of achieving these goals, but trade and investment liberalization under the WTO is becoming more difficult as a result of an increase in the number of member nations and the conflicts that exist between them. Given the difficulties in achieving trade and investment liberalization at the global level, free trade agreements (FTAs) that liberalize trade between Japan and a specific partner country (or countries) offer a viable alternative. Given the proliferation of FTAs in recent years in the world economy, and in East Asia in particular, Japan's interest in FTAs primarily in the East Asian region has been growing in the early twenty-first century. Entering into an FTA with the countries of East Asia would make sense given the high economic growth being achieved by the East Asian countries and their geographical proximity.FTAs have the potential to be highly advantageous to Japan in several ways: by expanding export opportunities, promoting structural reform, and leading to closer ties with the countries of East Asia. However, there are both domestic and international obstacles preventing Japan's FTA promotion efforts. Domestically, there is strong FTA opposition from agriculture and other noncompetitive industries that expect to be harmed by such agreements. Internationally, problems still exist with countries like South Korea and China due to differences in interpretations of history. Several policies might be adopted to overcome these obstacles. For example, it might be effective to provide those who might become unemployed or be otherwise economically harmed by the adoption of an FTA with temporary income subsidies or support to help them improve their technical skills through education and training programs. To address the historical, political, and social problems that exist between Japan and the other countries of Asia, efforts could be made to introduce programs to expand interpersonal exchange based on the notion that deepening mutual understanding plays an important role in international relations. Promoting FTAs, which are going to be an important part of Japan's political future, is going to require leadership by politicians who adequately understand the advantages and disadvantages of FTAs, and a general public that supports them. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 46-77 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360203 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360203 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:2:p:46-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atsushi Ushiyama Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Ushiyama Title: Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Raising the Statutory Penalties for Copyright Crime on the Incidence of Crime Abstract: Motivated by the successive increases in the statutory penalties for copyright crime, this study presents an empirical analysis of the effects of the statutory penalty increases adopted in 2004 on the actual incidence of copyright crime,1 as compared with the incidence of robbery, using prefectural panel data from 2001 to 2006. The results show that while copyright crime was not reduced by the adoption of stricter statutory penalties in 2004, robbery was reduced. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 78-102 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360204 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360204 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:2:p:78-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuya Ogura Author-X-Name-First: Kazuya Author-X-Name-Last: Ogura Title: Long Working Hours in Japan Abstract: This article addresses the current status of long working hours in Japan and suggests topics for further research. First, an international comparison establishes Japan's position relative to other countries. While the number of people working long hours is high in Japan compared to other developed countries, it is high even when compared to underdeveloped countries. The article confirms that overtime hours are longer and the number of annual paid vacation days is low. It also indicates some topics for research on ways to alleviate excessively long working hours in Japan. The article touches upon overtime hours and the function of premium overtime pay, problems in measuring labor productivity, the impact of long working hours on the health of individuals, the effects of a performance-based system, a managerial/supervisorial issue, and consumer demand, indicating that problems in these areas need to be addressed in order to solve the problem of long working hours. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 23-45 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360202 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360202 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:2:p:23-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yu Hsing Author-X-Name-First: Yu Author-X-Name-Last: Hsing Title: Impacts of Changing Crude Oil Prices and Macroeconomic Conditions on Short-Term Output Fluctuations in Japan Abstract: Applying the monetary policy function (Romer 2000, 2006; Taylor 2001), this article reveals that a 10 percent rise in the real crude oil price is expected to reduce Japan's real gross domestic product (GDP) by 0.19 percent and that increased government spending as a percent of the GDP, a higher real stock price, real appreciation of the yen, a lower world real interest rate, and a lower expected inflation rate would raise real output for Japan. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 103-114 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360205 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360205 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:2:p:103-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shigeki Kunieda Author-X-Name-First: Shigeki Author-X-Name-Last: Kunieda Title: Working Hours and Taxation Abstract: This article introduces the debate surrounding Prescott's (2004) theory in which he attributes the differences in working hours among the major industrialized nations to respective disparities in the tax systems and public retirement programs. The validity of this argument for Japan is examined. Lacking a body of empirical research that tests assumptions regarding the elasticity of the aggregate labor supply in Japan, we cannot verify that this model applies to Japan. It is clear that in the case of Japan, the structure of incentives provided by various benefit programs has greater bearing than does the tax system. Furthermore, the model used in Prescott's paper considers only in general tax and public retirement programs, and is inappropriate in an analysis of working hours. The remedy for long working hours involves the issue of coordination, and it requires much more in-depth debate regarding the role that labor unions and government regulations do or should play. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-22 Issue: 2 Volume: 36 Year: 2009 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X360201 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X360201 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:36:y:2009:i:2:p:3-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: KENTARO TAMURA Author-X-Name-First: KENTARO Author-X-Name-Last: TAMURA Title: Challenges to Japanese Compliance with the Basel Capital Accord: Domestic Politics and International Banking Standards Abstract: Ever since Japan adopted the Basel capital adequacy standards, questions have been raised about the extent of its compliance. This article explains the political dynamics that have led to deviation from those standards in Japan. Scholars have posited various models of compliance--from mechanisms operating at the international level (for example, international institutions, the power of major countries, and market discipline) to domestic mechanisms such as the single-seat constituency system, which is presumed to create a political base supporting prudential regulation. By empirically examining the level of Japanese conformity with the Basel standards, however, this article demonstrates that mechanisms expected to foster compliance were not operating in the 1990s. Rather, amid the financial disorder created by the dysfunction of various domestic institutions, the postponement of efforts to resolve the nonperforming loan (NPL) problem not only hindered substantive compliance with the Basel Standards, but also led to further noncompliance by inviting the intervention of politicians, who tend to regard prudential regulation as a lesser priority, into the policymaking process for bank regulation. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 23-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045208 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045208 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:23-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SOICHIRO KOZUKA Author-X-Name-First: SOICHIRO Author-X-Name-Last: KOZUKA Title: Reform of Banking Regulation in Japan in the 1990s: Has the Market Become Competitive? Abstract: The Japanese financial system once followed such a meticulously detailed set of regulations that it was described as a "convoy system." As a result of both major and minor structural reform efforts undertaken in the 1990s, however, it is now characterized by a principle of competition rather than regulation. This is a result not only of the liberalization efforts that have been under way since the late 1980s but also of the regulatory developments that have been undertaken to ensure that the stability of the entire financial system will not be threatened by the bank failures that will inevitably result from competition. In spite of these regulatory reforms, however, the banking market does not seem to be sufficiently competitive from the borrower's perspective. This may be because the problem of information asymmetries inherent in lending hinders the full functioning of competition. Under these circumstances, it may be that transaction mechanisms need to be developed to solve the problem of asymmetric information. Covenant loans, which have recently grown in popularity, may be one such mechanism. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 50-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045209 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045209 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:50-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TORU NAKAZATO Author-X-Name-First: TORU Author-X-Name-Last: NAKAZATO Title: Why Did Japan's Fiscal Condition Deteriorate Markedly in the 1990s?: Changes in the Political Environment and Fiscal Policy Abstract: By focusing on the changes that were taking place in the political environment the 1990s, this article tries to explain why Japan's fiscal condition deteriorated markedly during this decade. The analysis demonstrates that a substantial portion of the actual budget deficit can be understood as an appropriate reaction (tax smoothing) to the shocks that hit the economy during this period. However, it also suggests that the deficit was excessively large in comparison with the optimal level for tax smoothing, and that the deficit may have expanded due to noneconomic factors. A series of studies on the relationship between budget deficits and the political environment has shown that a shift to a coalition government and the weakening of a regime's political base may contribute to an increase in the budget deficit. A regression analysis examining the impact of political factors on Japan's "excess" budget deficit show that the cabinet's approval rating and the share of seats in the Lower House of the Diet (parliament) held by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) are significantly and negatively correlated with that "excess" deficit. These results suggest that the large deficit in the 1990s was partly due to the shift to a coalition government and the weakening of the LDP's power base. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 6-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045210 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045210 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:6-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: GREGORY W. NOBLE Author-X-Name-First: GREGORY W. Author-X-Name-Last: NOBLE Title: Front Door, Back Door: The Reform of Postal Savings and Loans in Japan Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 107-123 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045211 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045211 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:107-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ITARU OKAMOTO Author-X-Name-First: ITARU Author-X-Name-Last: OKAMOTO Title: The Failure of the Japanese "Big Bang": Bureaucracy-Driven Reforms and Politician Intervention Abstract: The "financial big bang" of the late 1990s strove to fundamentally liberalize the Japanese financial system and create a free, fair, and global financial market. However, as is now evident from the stagnation of the stock market and the bad debt problems of Japanese banks, those reforms have not accomplished their desired ends. The question is: Why? This article attributes the failure of the big bang to the inability of the reforms to go beyond liberalizing the securities industry by challenging the government's protection of the banking sector, and to the government's haphazard intervention in the stock market. The article concludes that these are all problems of "financial gover-nance," that is, the reforms were "bottom-up," implemented at the initiative of the Securities Bureau of the Ministry of Finance (MOF), and politicians intervened in financial administration after the MOF was broken up. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 69-106 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045212 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045212 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:69-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 33 Year: 2005 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045213 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2005.11045213 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:33:y:2005:i:1:p:3-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohamed Aazim Author-X-Name-First: Mohamed Author-X-Name-Last: Aazim Author-Name: James Rhodes Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Rhodes Title: Monetary Policy Effectiveness and Yield Curve Dynamics Abstract: The question of how monetary policy translates across the yield curve is at the forefront of many recent policy debates. This debate takes on added intensity when the choice of policy regime is heterogeneous. Monetary policy targets the very short end of the yield curve, although real economic activity is largely influenced by medium- to long-term market interest rates. Given efficient market conditions, conventional wisdom asserts that changes to the monetary policy instrument (policy interest rate) lead to an immediate change in market interest rates and bond prices distributed over all maturities; yet evidence supporting this view remains elusive. Using the expectations hypothesis as a benchmark, an empirical analysis of daily yield rates for the Japanese money and government bond markets for the period 2000 to 2009 provides evidence for segmentation over the yield curve. The expectations hypothesis receives little support in either an interest rate targeting or quantitative targeting regime, but the policy impact is weaker in times of quantitative targeting; the observed concentration of impact suggests highly segmented market niches. The empirical findings invite attention of monetary policymakers to the financial system and its structural impediments, especially in an environment of economic uncertainty, low market confidence, and a binding interest rate floor. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 109-135 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380404 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380404 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:4:p:109-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Publisher's Note: Complete Digital Archives of Selected M.E. Sharpe Journals Are Now Available Free of Charge Exclusively to 2012 Institutional Subscribers Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 136-136 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380405 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380405 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:4:p:136-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Author Index to , Volume 38 (Spring 2011—Winter 2011-12) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 137-138 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2011.11045340 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2011.11045340 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:4:p:137-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akihiro Kawase Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Kawase Title: Gasoline Tax Rates from the Perspective of Optimal Taxation Theory Abstract: The question of how best to set desirable gasoline tax rates that take externalities into consideration is one that needs to be investigated. In this article, I use the framework of Parry and Small (2005) and the external cost parameters used in Kanemoto (2007) to explore desirable tax rates for Japan. Specifically, I assume a world in which the only taxes are the gasoline tax and labor income tax, and I calculate tax rates for gasoline and labor income that will maximize economic welfare at a certain level of tax revenue. The results of my analysis show that the first-best optimal gasoline tax rate is ¥118.3/liter(l) and that the second-best rate, when a labor income tax exists, is ¥142.4/l. These rates are approximately 2.2 to 2.6 times higher than the current rate of ¥53.8/l. Because of the substantial uncertainty of the parameters, such as the estimates of external costs, the estimated results must be interpreted as having substantial variance. However, the results also show that from the perspective of the burden of external costs, policies to abolish the provisional taxes, such as the petrol tax, and to lower the gasoline tax rates cannot be justified. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-27 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:4:p:3-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eiji Yamamura Author-X-Name-First: Eiji Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamura Title: The Influence of Government Size on Economic Growth and Life Satisfaction Abstract: This study uses Japanese prefecture-level data for the years 1979 and 1996 to examine how the relationship between government size and life satisfaction changes. The major findings are: (1) Government size has a detrimental effect on life satisfaction when government size impedes economic growth in the economic developing stage. However, this effect clearly decreases when government size is not associated with economic growth in the developed stage. (2) Particularized trust is positively associated with life satisfaction of females but not with that of males. Such a tendency becomes more remarkable in the developed stage. These results are unchanged when the endogeneity bias caused by local government size and proxies of trust are controlled for. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 28-64 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:4:p:28-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naomi Miyazato Author-X-Name-First: Naomi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazato Title: Estimating the Value of a Statistical Life Using Labor Market Data Abstract: In benefit analyses conducted on the reduction of risks related to life, there is a concept known as the value of a statistical life. To perform a cost-benefit analysis, information is needed on the costs involved in reducing risks and the benefits that can be derived by reducing those risks. The value of a statistical life is used for analyzing the benefits of risk reduction with regard to mortality. Value of a statistical life estimates valuable information when performing a cost-benefit analysis of policies regarding the environment, health care, and safety. In Japan, value of a statistical life estimates are largely studied using the stated preference method while few are conducted using the revealed preference method. In this study, the analysis is conducted using the latter, the revealed preference method. Specifically, I estimate the wage premium for job-related risk and the value of a statistical life using labor market data from the Employment Status Survey and the Industrial Accident Trends Survey. A simple compilation of the estimation results shows that the job-related mortality risk using data from companies with 100 or more employees has a statistically significant and positive effect on wages, confirming the presence of a positive wage premium. On the other hand, when using data from companies with a workforce size of 30-99 employees, no clear correlation is found between job-related mortality risk and wages. The value of a statistical life calculated using the estimation results from companies with a workforce size of 100 or more employees ranges from ¥820 million to ¥2.14 billion. These results are higher than those produced by overseas studies that have calculated the value of a statistical life based on labor market data. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 65-108 Issue: 4 Volume: 38 Year: 2011 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X380403 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X380403 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:38:y:2011:i:4:p:65-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shizuka Sekita Author-X-Name-First: Shizuka Author-X-Name-Last: Sekita Title: The Small Saving Tax Exemption and Japanese Household Asset Allocation Behavior Abstract: In this article, I estimate asset demand equations for Japanese households using age-group data from a government survey called the Family Saving Survey, and based on the estimation results, conduct a simulation analysis of the impact of the 1988 and 2006 revisions of the Small Saving Tax Exemption for interest income (the so-called Maruyu System) on household portfolios. In the estimation, I define marginal tax rates by age group, taking into account for the first time the amount of principal that is tax exempt and estimate asset demand equations by three-stage least squares to deal with the endogeneity of rates of return, which previous analyses of the revision of the Maruyu System and of household portfolios in Japan have not done. I find that both the 1988 and 2006 revisions of the Maruyu System promote a shift in household portfolios away from Maruyu assets and toward non-Maruyu assets, as expected. However, I also find that although the percentage changes in the case of the 1988 revision are quite considerable, those in the case of the 2006 revision are quite small. Thus, it appears that the 2006 revision hardly affected household portfolio behavior at all. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 79-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370103 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370103 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:1:p:79-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryo Akahane Author-X-Name-First: Ryo Author-X-Name-Last: Akahane Author-Name: Jiro Nakamura Author-X-Name-First: Jiro Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura Title: An Empirical Analysis of the Wage-Tenure Profile Using Firm-Level Panel Data in Japan Abstract: It is recognized, mainly from Japanese aggregate data, that the wage-tenure profile is affected by conditions in external labor markets, by productivity, and by population aging. We estimate the effects of these factors on the wage-tenure profile using matched employer-employee panel data at the firm level for the period since the bursting of the bubble economy in Japan. The results show that ceteris paribus, the steepness of the wagetenure profile is positively related to labor productivity, but negatively related to tightness of external labor markets and aging of employees. We also find that the wagetenure profile tended to flatten in firms that reduced employment. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 40-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370102 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370102 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:1:p:40-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsunori Todate Author-X-Name-First: Mitsunori Author-X-Name-Last: Todate Title: Economic Effect of Labor Unions Abstract: This article presents an overview of research from outside Japan involving the effect of labor unions on wages, employment separation rate, employment adjustment, and productivity. It also discusses the outcomes and problems of research from Japan. Recently, more data regarding the effect of labor unions on wages has become available for both males and females. With regard to the effect on separation rate, much research suggests that labor unions tend to hold separation rate down; however, it is not clear what working conditions are impacted or contribute to a lowered rate of separation. Although the fluctuation in employment among Japanese labor unions is fairly small, employment levels are reduced when companies experience periods of unprofitability. When it comes to research involving the impact of unions on productivity, the data available in Japan are insufficient for adequate study. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 111-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370104 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370104 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:1:p:111-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Atsuhiro Yamada Author-X-Name-First: Atsuhiro Author-X-Name-Last: Yamada Title: Labor Force Participation Rates of Older Workers in Japan Abstract: The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2006) analysis confirms a negative relationship across countries between the steepness of the age-wage profile and older workers' labor participation. However, Japan is exceptional in that it has a steep age-wage profile and, yet, its older workers' still have high labor force participation. This study examines why that is so. In Japan, mandatory retirement rules are prevalent but employers have discretion in substantially reducing the wages for postretirement-age workers. Among various findings, this study first confirms the presence of a negative relationship between steepness of the age-wage profile and the employment of older workers in Japan. The study also finds a negative relationship between unionization and employment rates among older workers, and between the extension of mandatory retirement ages and the employment of older workers. Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-39 Issue: 1 Volume: 37 Year: 2010 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X370101 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X370101 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:37:y:2010:i:1:p:3-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHUJIRO URATA Author-X-Name-First: SHUJIRO Author-X-Name-Last: URATA Title: The Emergence and Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements in East Asia Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 5-52 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045188 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045188 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:5-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: JENNIFER A. AMYX Author-X-Name-First: JENNIFER A. Author-X-Name-Last: AMYX Title: Political Dynamics of Regional Financial Cooperation in East Asia: A Comparative Perspective Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 98-112 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045189 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045189 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:98-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Japan's Agenda for Asian Regionalism: Industrial Harmonization, Not Free Trade Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 86-97 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045190 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045190 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:86-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: WALTER F. HATCH Author-X-Name-First: WALTER F. Author-X-Name-Last: HATCH Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 3-4 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045191 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045191 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: SHOICHI ITO Author-X-Name-First: SHOICHI Author-X-Name-Last: ITO Title: The Issues and Prospects of International Migration in East Asia Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 113-138 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045192 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045192 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:113-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: ZHAO HONG Author-X-Name-First: ZHAO Author-X-Name-Last: HONG Title: The Political Economy of Subregional Economic Cooperation in East Asia Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 53-63 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045193 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045193 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:53-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: TAKASHI TERADA Author-X-Name-First: TAKASHI Author-X-Name-Last: TERADA Title: Creating an East Asian Regionalism: The Institutionalization of ASEAN + 3 and China-Japan Directional Leadership Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economy Pages: 64-85 Issue: 2 Volume: 32 Year: 2004 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045194 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2004.11045194 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:32:y:2004:i:2:p:64-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saburō Shiroyama Author-X-Name-First: Saburō Author-X-Name-Last: Shiroyama Title: Made in Japan Abstract: Fujishita's hands trembled when he ripped open the telegram. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 1-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X18011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X18011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:1:p:1-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tamae Prindle Author-X-Name-First: Tamae Author-X-Name-Last: Prindle Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: iii-iv Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X1801iii File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X1801iii File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:1:p:iii-iv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Saburō Shiroyama Author-X-Name-First: Saburō Author-X-Name-Last: Shiroyama Title: In Los Angeles Abstract: Yukimura thought he had prepared himself for the worst, but the trip to the Los Angeles International Airport proved otherwise. Morito, the new branch manager, just in from Japan, berated Yukimura right there in the terminal. The Yukimura couple were quick to catch sight of the tall Morito stepping out of a customs gate in the JAL lobby and also very fast to duck their heads and bow. Morito, on his part, generously raised a hand and strode up to them. So far so good. But as soon as Morito had staged his formalistic handshake, he glanced all around the lobby and let the couple know of his dissatisfaction. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 61-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180161 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180161 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:1:p:61-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryō Takasugi Author-X-Name-First: Ryō Author-X-Name-Last: Takasugi Title: From Paris Abstract: Matsuoka sat relaxed, with his feet propped up on his desk and the soles of his shoes facing Komiya. "I just got a telex from our Tokyo Main Office. It says that the Queen is coming to Paris later next week. Luckily she'll only be here for three days this time. It won't be too bad. I hope you can handle it. She's supposed to go to London from here. She has two others with her." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 39-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X180139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X180139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:18:y:1989:i:1:p:39-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yutaka Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yutaka Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: Globalization of Business Finance Abstract: It is a well-acknowledged fact that deregulation and globalization have been major trends in the Japanese financial system in the 1980s, but the expression "financial globalization" can be used to contain at least the following five meanings or aspects: (1) increase in overseas transactions in overall financial dealings; (2) globalization from the point of view of residents; (3) globalization or deregulation from the point of view of nonresidents; (4) elevation to an international financing center; and (5) internationalization of the currency (namely, yen). Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 41-92 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170441 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170441 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1989:i:4:p:41-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshio Kurosaka Author-X-Name-First: Yoshio Author-X-Name-Last: Kurosaka Title: The Japanese Economy and the Labor Market Abstract: "… Time travels in divers paces with divers persons. I'll tell you who Time ambles withal, who Time trots withal, who Time gallops withal, and who he stands still withal" (Shakespeare, 1623). As the tempo of time differs among persons, the tempo of a nation's economic development varies among nations. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-40 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X17043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X17043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1989:i:4:p:3-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , Volume 17 (Fall 1988-Summer 1989) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 93-94 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 1989 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X170493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X170493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:17:y:1989:i:4:p:93-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiromitsu Ishi Author-X-Name-First: Hiromitsu Author-X-Name-Last: Ishi Title: The Stabilization of Tax Structures Abstract: Tax revenue changes in an automatic fashion over the course of the business cycle. In a cyclical downswing it falls percentage-wise more than income falls and thus moderates the drop in disposable income. Conversely, in an inflationary period, tax revenue increases more than income and checks the increase in disposable income. These phenomena take place under a fixed tax system and need no discretionary policy change. This is the well-known built-in stabilization effect of the tax system. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-27 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X04033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X04033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:3:p:3-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mari Nishino Author-X-Name-First: Mari Author-X-Name-Last: Nishino Title: Inequity In Distribution of The Corporate Tax Burden Abstract: A special characteristic of the corporate tax in Japan is the relatively low rate reached by repeated reductions (the effective rate in Japan is 45.0%; in the United States, 51.6%; in the FRG, 49.0%; and in France, 50%). Furthermore, the tax law itself and the Special Taxation Measures Law, with its full complexity, have been important in reducing the tax burden. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 28-67 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:3:p:28-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: The State of Economic Studies In Japan Abstract: To commemorate its twenty-fifth anniversary in 1975, the Federation of Japanese Economic Associations (Nihon Keizai Gakkai Rengo) published the three-volume, 1,500-page Keizaigaku no Doko (Survey of the State of Economic Studies in Japan) (Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shimpo Sha, November 1974-January 1975). While there were earlier surveys (1), this work excels in its comprehensiveness of coverage. It covers 21 fields in economics, management, and related disciplines, with 127 chapters written by 170 scholars on assignment from 29 member associations of the federation. They review significant studies published in the quarter century since the end of World War II up to 1972 or so. By my count, the Author Index lists about 3,500 scholars and the Bibliographies cite some 7,500 references. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 90-100 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040390 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040390 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:3:p:90-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keiichi Sakamoto Author-X-Name-First: Keiichi Author-X-Name-Last: Sakamoto Title: Can Japanese Agriculture Be Revived? Abstract: Agriculture is thought to be lower in productivity than industry. But from the standpoint of global resources, nonindustrial agriculture is actually higher in productivity than industry or industrial agriculture. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 68-89 Issue: 3 Volume: 4 Year: 1976 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X040368 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X040368 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:4:y:1976:i:3:p:68-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Banri Asanuma Author-X-Name-First: Banri Author-X-Name-Last: Asanuma Title: The Organization of Parts Purchases in the Japanese Automotive Industry Abstract: It is often claimed that the distinctive feature of Japanese industrial organization is the presence of horizontal and vertical firm groupings (business groups and keiretsu) and the prevalence of the "subcontractor relationship" between a firm and its suppliers. The following will examine the "subcontractor" typology, but as these three forms of organization tend partially to overlap in the real world, the study should also help to deepen our understanding of corporate groups. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 32-53 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130432 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130432 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:4:p:32-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Index to , Volume XIII (Fall 1984-Summer 1985) Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 79-80 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130479 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130479 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:4:p:79-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Banri Asanuma Author-X-Name-First: Banri Author-X-Name-Last: Asanuma Title: The Contractual Framework for Parts Supply in the Japanese Automotive Industry Abstract: It is reported that the General Motors Corporation has begun a major renovation of the main full-size-car plant of its Buick Division, Buick City, Flint, Michigan, in order to boost productivity, and that, as part of this plan, it is attempting to induce its parts manufacturers to concentrate the location of their supply base around this plant so that parts can be supplied via the "just-in-time" method.1 This report also informs us that GM invites the cooperation of Japanese parts makers and that, in January 1983, the Japan-GM Cooperative Association was formed, of which there are fifty-five corporate members as of June 1983. The report succinctly demonstrates that the parts procurement method and the approach of organizing parts makers that the Japanese automobile manufacturers have developed have become the object of learning by a representative car maker in the United States, and that the effort is being made to transplant them to the United States. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 54-78 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X130454 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X130454 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:4:p:54-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koichi Shimokawa Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Shimokawa Title: Japan's System: The Case of the Automobile Industry Abstract: The presence of the keiretsu or business system is frequently cited in explaining the high efficiency and environmental adaptability of Japanese firms. It is sometimes regarded as an extension of the so-called collectivistic management or as an organization, standing between firms and markets, that cleverly manipulates the organizational principle and the market principle. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-31 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X13043 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X13043 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:13:y:1985:i:4:p:3-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vladimir Pucik Author-X-Name-First: Vladimir Author-X-Name-Last: Pucik Title: Promotion Patterns in a Japanese Trading Company Abstract: Extract: This article describes promotion patterns and the resulting career timetables among managers in a large Japanese trading company. The observed patterns are contrasted with several propositions on promotions in Japanese organizations. Similarity with patterns reported in other countries is also discussed. A relatively early and irreversible "elite" identification is observed. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 37-55 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190237 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190237 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1990:i:2:p:37-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akio Tanosaki Author-X-Name-First: Akio Author-X-Name-Last: Tanosaki Title: Contemporary Cities and Industrial Change Abstract: In accordance with the United Nations' Demographic Yearbook (1985), there are 147 cities with populations of more than a million people, located in fifty-six countries of the world.1 Table 1 shows those countries having three or more cities with a population greater than a million, and the percentage of each nations's total population accounted for by its large cities. It is evident that, generally, the large cities of the advanced nations have reached the limits of their expansion, while the increase and concentration of the population in the large cities of developing countries and Southern Hemisphere countries continues. According to these statistics, the largest city in the world is Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a population of 10,100,000 persons, followed by Mexico City, Mexico, with a population of 9,200,000 persons. Particularly noticeable in Table 1 is the 47.5 percent of the total population of Australia, which is concentrated in its three largest cities. On the world scale, a total of 370,000,000 persons reside in cities with populations of a million or more—about 8 percent of the total world population. In modern warfare, large cities such as these are indefensible; they can be devastated in war, far more so than was shown in World War II. For this reason, in a world where urbanization has increased to this degree, large-scale warfare is unthinkable. This was the sentiment in 1985 when leaders of nineteen of the world's major cities adopted the "Tokyo Declaration," which declared their intention to associate and cooperate in order to promote the safety and welfare of their citizens by maintaining world peace.2 Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-36 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X19023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X19023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1990:i:2:p:3-36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuichi Sakamoto Author-X-Name-First: Kazuichi Author-X-Name-Last: Sakamoto Title: Enterprise Groups in Contemporary Japan Abstract: Today, the environment surrounding the Japanese businesses is becoming remarkably fluid. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 56-88 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 1990 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X190256 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X190256 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:19:y:1990:i:2:p:56-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Haruo Shimada Author-X-Name-First: Haruo Author-X-Name-Last: Shimada Author-Name: Atsushi Seike Author-X-Name-First: Atsushi Author-X-Name-Last: Seike Author-Name: Tomoko Furugori Author-X-Name-First: Tomoko Author-X-Name-Last: Furugori Author-Name: Yukio Sakai Author-X-Name-First: Yukio Author-X-Name-Last: Sakai Author-Name: Toyoaki Hosokawa Author-X-Name-First: Toyoaki Author-X-Name-Last: Hosokawa Title: The Japanese Labor Market Abstract: In what follows our intention is to survey the state of the labor market in Japan on the basis of statistical data and the findings of extant studies. We have chosen to focus on four of the many features of the Japanese labor market that are important for an understanding of macroeconomic change. These are (A) the nature of unemployment, (B) wage changes, (C) labor supply changes, and (D) employment adjustment. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-84 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 1982 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X11023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X11023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:11:y:1982:i:2:p:3-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sadanori Nagayama Author-X-Name-First: Sadanori Author-X-Name-Last: Nagayama Title: Is Japan's Unemployment Rate Too Low? Abstract: The Japanese unemployment rate attracted much attention in 1983: Although it began to show signs of settling down at the end of the year, the total unemployment rate averaged 2.6 percent for the year, a rise from 2.4 percent in 1982 and the highest in thirty years. On the other hand, rates of the Western European countries and the United States were far higher than that of Japan, although those rates also began to show signs of mitigation recently: The average unemployment rate in 1983 was 9.4 percent in the United States, 12.4 percent in the United Kingdom, and 9.1 percent in West Germany. The argument here concerns whether or not the unemployment rate in Japan is indeed comparable to rates in European countries and the United States, particularly to that of the latter, which supposedly compiles unemployment statistics using the same labor force survey method as is used in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 34-61 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140134 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140134 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:1:p:34-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koji Taira Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Taira Title: The Labor Force Survey and Unemployment: A Philosophical Note Abstract: The charge that the official unemployment rate of Japan is a misleading indicator of labor force underutilization has been heard ever since Japan's labor force survey began in July 1947 after a test period of several months (Magota and Honda 1974:46). When the general public felt that Japan was full of unemployed and underemployed workers, the labor force survey produced an incredible picture of "full employment." The official unemployment rate was only 0.7 percent in 1948 and 1.0 percent in 1949. The concepts were also strange to the ordinary Japanese. The modern labor force survey was generous in classifying as "employed" anyone who worked even an hour during the survey week, while in the popular feeling, working only an hour per week was more unemployed than employed. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X14013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X14013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:1:p:3-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenji Tominomori Author-X-Name-First: Kenji Author-X-Name-Last: Tominomori Title: Unemployment Rates of Japan and the United States Abstract: It is often said that numbers do not lie but liars use numbers. We may also safely say, however, that there are not too many people who intentionally misuse numbers. Rather, it may be that in many cases people who use numbers mislead themselves because they do not sufficiently examine the reality these numbers attempt to describe. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 62-73 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:1:p:62-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akira Ono Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Ono Title: On Recent Studies of Unemployment in Japan Abstract: The introduction of UV analysis and labor flow analysis is perhaps the most prominent feature of the recent discussion of unemployment in Japan. The former, which is considered to be an effective tool for estimating so-called frictional unemployment, is frequently used for judging the current employment situation. It is well known that the unemployment rate in Japan is not as high as in European and North American countries; however, opinions vary as to how to evaluate this low Japanese rate. Some maintain that the actual situation is close to full employment, interpreting the rising unemployment rate as nothing more than a longitudinal increase in frictional unemployment. Those who oppose this view regard the worsening of the employment situation in Japan as a matter that cannot be neglected. For example, the Labor White Paper of 1983 states that "the recent rise in unemployment is largely due to the decrease in labor demand that has accompanied the economic slowdown" (p. 30). Thus, different conclusions have followed, even though the same UV analysis is used. One objective of this paper is to find the source of this difference, which I believe should be traced to the premises of UV analysis. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 74-100 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 1985 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X140174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X140174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:14:y:1985:i:1:p:74-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ken'ichi Miyazawa Author-X-Name-First: Ken'ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Miyazawa Title: Modern Civil Law and the Contemporary Economic Mechanism, as Viewed in Japan Abstract: The legal system, together with other noneconomic systems, has traditionally been treated as "given" in the mainstream of orthodox economics. Its logical structure is built upon this methodological basis. By considering institutional systems as given external conditions and placing these outside of economic analysis, economic logics have been purified and elaborated so much that economics has been elevated to the status of an exact science. In this respect, it should be noted first of all that, despite the significance of popular criticisms against its methodology and its limitations, orthodox economics has yielded notable achievements. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 5-27 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08035 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08035 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:3:p:5-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Koichi Hamada Author-X-Name-First: Koichi Author-X-Name-Last: Hamada Title: The Law and Economics of Traffic Accidents in Japan Abstract: Automobile accidents have kept on increasing year after year in postwar Japan as motorization has continued to progress. Though the annual totals of deaths and injuries reached a peak in 1970 and then started to decline (see Table 1), the National Police Agency reported 7.6 deaths per 100,000 of population and 516 injuries in automobile accidents during 1975. (It may be noted that the number of deaths tends to be underestimated by by the police.) Compared to other countries, Japan's automobile death rate per 100,000 of population is not particularly high. The number of deaths per 10,000 cars in Japan exceeded the numbers in other countries in 1970 but came closer to the latter in 1973 (see Table 2). Of automobile accidents by type, deaths of pedestrians and cyclists comprise 48 per cent of all deaths, in contrast to only 19 percent in the United States (see Table 3). (1) Needless to say, the distressing increase of traffic accidents is raising numerous social problems. (2) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 67-94 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X080367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X080367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:3:p:67-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: K. S. Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: S. Title: Editor's Note Abstract: Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-4 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X08033 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X08033 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:3:p:3-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yoshito Yamamoto Author-X-Name-First: Yoshito Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamoto Title: Employment Adjustments from the Perspective of Labor Law and Labor-Management Relations Abstract: The expression "employment adjustments" is frequently used not only in labor-management negotiations but also in the mass media. It is not a legal term and it has been used loosely in many contexts. Normally, however, it means reductions in the workforce via lay-offs, detailing to subsidiary firms, and temporary reassignments of workers. In addition, it includes hiring freezes and lowering of the mandatory retirement age. In short, what is implied by "employment adjustment" is the saving of labor power with the objective of saving labor cost. It exerts fundamental impacts on the working and living conditions of workers, thereby playing a crucially important role in labor-management relations. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 28-66 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 1980 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X080328 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X080328 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:8:y:1980:i:3:p:28-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shin'ichi Ichimura Author-X-Name-First: Shin'ichi Author-X-Name-Last: Ichimura Title: Japanese Firms in Asia Abstract: This book reports findings of a research project conducted by ten social scientists over a three-year period, on a grant given by the Ministry of Education to the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, for a large project entitled "Cultural Friction in Asia." A questionnaire was prepared by the research team on "tensions and frictions involved in the overseas advance of Japanese firms to Southeast Asia." Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 31-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:1:p:31-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kazuo Sato Author-X-Name-First: Kazuo Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Editor's Introduction Abstract: The ever more conspicuous success of Japanese business has put Japanese-style management into the limelight. Outside observers searching for the secret of Japan's high productivity growth and product quality have quite naturally turned their attention to the country's distinctive management system. Undoubtedly this interest is fueled by a hope that Japanese management techniques can be emulated by foreign businesses and help them to improve their own sagging performance. This is quite a big change from the time when Japanese practices were invariably presumed to be inferior to the way things are done in the West. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-10 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X10013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X10013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:1:p:3-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hideo Ishida Author-X-Name-First: Hideo Author-X-Name-Last: Ishida Title: Human Resources Management in Overseas Japanese Firms Abstract: In recent years the interest from various foreign countries in the operations and labor-management relations of Japanese business firms seems to have been growing. The improvement of productivity, quality of goods, and international competitive strength of Japanese enterprise, which showed no decline even after the Oil Crisis, has attracted much notice abroad, and Japanese business management — above all the management of human resources — as the key factor supporting those improvements has come to be the focus of considerable attention. The recent rise in interest on the part of American industry in Japanese small-group activity is one example of this.(1) Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 53-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X100153 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X100153 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:1:p:53-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitsuhiko Yamada Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuhiko Author-X-Name-Last: Yamada Title: The Uniqueness of Japanese-style Management Abstract: Direct investment overseas is not only the transfer of capital, technology, and management, but also the transfer of culture — that is, of a way of thinking, of behavior patterns, and of values. Japanese companies practice a very unique system or mode of thinking as compared with the management systems found in foreign countries. It is taken rather for granted in Japan and is not something of which Japanese people are particularly self-conscious as long as they stay in Japan. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 1-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 1981 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X10011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X10011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:10:y:1981:i:1:p:1-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroshi Takeuchi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Takeuchi Title: The Balance Sheet of the Yakuza Business Abstract: Among economic activities, the highest rates of return are earned by unlawful trades. Many illegal trades pertain to goods and services, such as narcotics and prostitution, whose production and sales are legally prohibited. The demand for them is so entrenched that their prices are boosted to such a level that high rates of return result on their production and sales. Therein lies the main income source of the Yakuzas. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 49-65 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150249 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150249 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1986:i:2:p:49-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ishii Junzo Author-X-Name-First: Ishii Author-X-Name-Last: Junzo Title: Competitive Strategy of Japanese Business Abstract: Based on a survey we conducted with sales departments of major manufacturing companies in Japan, this paper will discuss what exactly an excellent competitive strategy is in relation to the "competitive domain." Our task is to answer such questions as: Is there a single best strategy? If so, what is it? If not, how and when must the strategy be changed as circumstances vary? To begin, let us introduce our survey-based analytical approach. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 3-48 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X15023 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X15023 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1986:i:2:p:3-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatsuya Yasukōchi Author-X-Name-First: Tatsuya Author-X-Name-Last: Yasukōchi Title: The Underground Economy in Japan Abstract: The underground economy and underground money have become popular terms in newspapers and magazines. This interest has resulted from the suspension of the Green Card system† before the law that had been adopted in the spring of 1980 was implemented due to the tenacious opposition of political and financial sectors. It is the undeniable truth that the real reason for the opposition was the intent to correct that aspect of the law that ignored the existence of underground money, which feared the tax collection agency. Journal: Japanese Economic Studies Pages: 66-89 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 1986 X-DOI: 10.2753/JES1097-203X150266 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.2753/JES1097-203X150266 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:15:y:1986:i:2:p:66-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Nishibe Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Nishibe Title: Good money drives out bad: Introduction to the featured section on “The evolution of diverse e-money: Digital-community currencies and cryptocurrencies” Abstract: This article introduces the special issue featuring “The evolution of diverse e-money: digital-community currencies and cryptocurrencies,” and argue on diversity and evolution of modern money, including community currencies and cryptocurrencies. How such new “currencies” survive through users’ choice in money and what the criteria of such decision are highly critical issues. We contrast the meanings of Gresham’s law “Bad money drives out good,” and Hayek’s principle of choice in money “Good money drives out bad” and show that there are necessary conditions for either Gresham’s law or the principle of choice in money to hold. For the principle of “choice in currency” to function well, both (1) different denominations for the distinction of money in quality, and (2) the non-fixed exchange rates are necessary. Since cryptocurrencies met these conditions, the principle of choice in money began to work. Cryptocurrencies took the test of users’ choice in money in the search for good money but failed to pass the criteria of stability of currency value. Then, digital-community currencies that involve local and community contexts are the next candidates for good money. We observe that two DCCs in Japan, Sarubobo Coin and Kisarazu Coin are currently challenging toward the realization of good money. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1768868 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1768868 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:1:p:1-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rolf F. H. Schroeder Author-X-Name-First: Rolf F. H. Author-X-Name-Last: Schroeder Title: Beyond the veil of money: Boundaries as constitutive elements of complementary currencies Abstract: This article sheds new light on the development of complementary currencies. Based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, the study questions conventional interpretations of these social innovations. The article challenges the view that money is the only feature that complementary currencies have in common. The author argues that in addition to the ways in which connectivity takes place, a characteristic feature of these systems is that they operate within boundaries. Territoriality, limits to convertibility and other features distinguish them from other unofficial currencies such as Bitcoin. Short case studies illustrate that these boundaries are interdependent. This theoretical framework offers a tool for the analysis of complementary currencies and a perspective on the creation of new types of such systems. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 17-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762499 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762499 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:1:p:17-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Louis-Maxime Joly Author-X-Name-First: Louis-Maxime Author-X-Name-Last: Joly Title: Federalism and cooperation for community currencies: Some ideas on the need for intercommunity clearing systems Abstract: This paper reflects on the necessity of financially connecting community currencies (CCs) outside the standard monetary system by devising a way to clear transactions between them. Knowing that attempts of social reorganization through local currencies have been constrained by ideas and the rules of the game in the “normal” economic world, the creation of federal clearing systems between communities could help circumvent those constraints. Connecting communities multilaterally could alleviate issues linked to access to resources, liquidity and also push back debt accumulation for both independent CCs and CCs linked to national currencies. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 42-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1765182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1765182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:1:p:42-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan J. Duque Author-X-Name-First: Juan J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duque Title: State involvement in cryptocurrencies. A potential world money? Abstract: This article is about the role that states play in the research and development of cryptocurrencies and their underlying technology. Some states, for instance China, are about to launch their own state-backed cryptocurrency perhaps due to the potential of this new type of digital money to become world money. To support this argument, Marxist monetary theory is deployed to show that cryptocurrencies could be conceived as potential digital commodity money, a new and incorporeal type of commodity money with intrinsic value but without use value. Lacking a natural form, it could potentially have only a “formal” use value: direct exchangeability with all other commodities. If states manage to actualise this potential by issuing their own cryptocurrencies and making them legal tender money, cryptocurrencies could function as international means of payments and means of hoarding perhaps more efficiently than credit money. In the case of China, this means that this new digital money would have a chance of competing with the US dollar as international reserve currency. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 65-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1763185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1763185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:1:p:65-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Itoh Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Title: Marx’s theory of value for socialism Abstract: Possibilities of socialism are coming back globally through multiple crises in capitalist market economies. This paper reexamines how Marx’s theory of value can be utilized as a theoretical foundation for socialism in our age. Especially Marx’s original theory of forms and substance of value enables us to conceive various models of market socialism as well as democratic planned economy. Functions of socialist forms of money (s-money) and prices (s-prices) are further to be reconsidered, including a critical review of these forms in the Soviet model. Marx’s theory of complex labor needs also to be reexamined anew as a theoretical basis of sounder socialism. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 83-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762095 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1762095 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:1:p:83-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radhika Desai Author-X-Name-First: Radhika Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Title: Introduction: International economic governance in a multipolar world Abstract: The articles in this special issue are placed in the context of the crisis of multilateralism and of the post-war Bretton Woods arrangements that was already in train before the pandemic, with its economic, political and international reverberations, accelerated, widened and deepened it. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 95-101 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1841567 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1841567 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:2-3:p:95-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radhika Desai Author-X-Name-First: Radhika Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Title: The US vs China: Economic models in the pandemic stress test Abstract: This paper makes two interrelated arguments. First, at the root of the contrasting performance of the US and China amid the pandemic are the contrasting ways in which the two societies have come to organize their economies, particularly their money and credit systems. These differences are not widely recognized, let alone analyzed. Secondly, these contrasts emerge from the longer history of antagonisms in the geopolitical economy of world capitalism and its dialectic of uneven and combined development. This dialectic between and dominant nations and those contesting their domination have typically featured contrasting monetary and financial systems. The original dominant country, Britain inherited a creditor-oriented financial system providing short-term credit that preyed upon, rather than expanded, the productive economy. Britain fostered this system and projected it abroad through the gold-sterling standard through which it exercised a financial dominance long after its industrial dominance. The US, which sought to emulate such financial dominance, also reverted to the UK's archaic financial model. By contrast, countries interested in challenging the domination of powerful countries, with their need for stronger productive economies and growth, have had financial systems that have subserved productive expansion with longterm ‘patient’ credit, considered the interest of debtors–usually productive investors–as well as creditors, and usually managed or controlled international capital flows. The predatory system of the originally dominant country, Britain, should have declined after the outbreak of the First World War in the face of the strength of countries with production-oriented systems. However, a complex twist of history gave it a second life as the post 1970s US financial system. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 102-126 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1839912 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1839912 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:2-3:p:102-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Efe Can Gürcan Author-X-Name-First: Efe Can Author-X-Name-Last: Gürcan Title: The construction of “post-hegemonic multipolarity” in Eurasia: A comparative perspective Abstract: The 2000s witnessed tectonic changes in the pattern of international relations. Central to these changes is the crisis of global governance and the multipolarization of world politics. Against this backdrop, Eurasian regionalism led by China and Russia is rising as a major force in geopolitical multipolarization. Recent research in international relations attests to growing interest in Eurasian regionalism, with case studies focusing on individual regional mechanisms. Almost entirely absent, however, is comparative research as to how alternative initiatives may promote Eurasian cooperation in a post-hegemonic direction. My research seeks to advance both our empirical and theoretical knowledge of this emerging area. How do geopolitical and economic realignments shape Eurasian cooperation and conflicts in a post-hegemonic direction? What are the historical and institutional settings that are helping Eurasian countries to implement a post-hegemonic agenda of regional cooperation? Using incorporated comparison, this article focuses on the cases of the SCO, the CSTO, the EAEU, and the AIIB; these are regarded as the most coherent and inclusive alternative governance initiatives in the Eurasian region. I argue that post-hegemonic multipolarity in Eurasia finds its strongest expression in regional governance focused on security and economic cooperation at the expense of US global hegemony. These governance mechanisms arise from several competing but complementary initiatives led by China and Russia. A striking characteristic of these mechanisms is that their institutional design reflects a nontraditional security approach, combining conventional security governance with efforts at market and financial and academic integration, business community building, and youth mobilization. The post-hegemonic character of Eurasian regionalism mainly lies in how it provides competing, but coalescing and coexisting schemes for regional governance, which redress Sino-Russian competition into a peaceful framework and do not call for a frontal attack on the US. Their prospects are threatened by Russia and China’s current economic challenges. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 127-151 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1839911 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1839911 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:2-3:p:127-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomoo Marukawa Author-X-Name-First: Tomoo Author-X-Name-Last: Marukawa Title: Export restrictions in the Japan-China-U.S. Trilateral relationship Abstract: The U.S., in its current offensive against Chinese high-technology industries, is employing export restriction measures developed during the Cold War as weapons for Western economic warfare against the Communist bloc. This study reviews how the export control regime was created, as well as how Japan and China became involved in economic warfare. Based on the hypothesis that the scope of export restrictions is determined by the perception of the target countries’ threat, foreign pressure, and foreign availability, this study explores factors that influence the scope of restriction in the case of Sino-Japanese trade. The author found that export restrictions justified by security concerns were often used to pursue industrial policy goals. In most circumstances, such restrictions turned out to be ineffective in achieving aims and were painful to implement. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 152-175 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1836498 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1836498 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:2-3:p:152-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yasuhito Moriahra Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhito Author-X-Name-Last: Moriahra Title: Vertical dis-integration and vertical re-integration: Limits to the modern production system Abstract: This paper attempts to sketch the characteristics of mass production activities in the modern IT/electronics industry while avoiding simplification. In the second section “Revisiting the post-Fordism controversy”, we clarify that the general perception of the characteristics of American industry/corporate organization in the 1990s, particularly in the IT/electronics industry, was a series of discussions known as Wintelism. Next, the third section “The limits of Wintelism” discusses how the limits of this industry/corporate organization were revealed in the 2000s and thereafter, focusing on the characteristics particular to a model which is apt to promote accumulation of excess production capacity. It is also important to consider changing trends in product design, namely, the spread of “integrated products.” Then, in the fourth section “Addressing the limitations of Wintelism,” we examine how Apple, a leading brand from the developed world, and an EMS company from an emerging economy (Foxconn) that is a leader in today's mass production activities have tried to break through this limitation. What becomes clear is a phenomenon that could be called the rehabilitation of vertical integration or vertical reintegration. However, the mass production activities typified by Foxconn lack, at least at present, harmonization between industrial upgrading and “social upgrading,” labor-management cooperation, or a mechanism for “coordination.” This is one challenge for modern mass production activities. We touch upon this in the conclusion. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 176-199 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1836972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1836972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:2-3:p:176-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaoming Huang Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoming Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Structuring of transborder flows of national industrial Capital: Japan in the 1970s and 1980s, and China in the 2000s and 2010s Abstract: This study employs a broad, “Northian” framework of institutional analysis to investigate the effects of institutions of different national jurisdictions on the structuring of transborder outflows of Japanese industrial capital in the 1970s and 1980s and Chinese industrial capital in the 2000s and 2010s. While general theories, such as the stage theory of industrial development, can explain the growth of national industrial capital in the source country, this study focuses on the effects of institutions on the surge and the regional and sectoral destinations of Japanese and Chinese industrial capital outflows. These institutions are laws, policies and guidelines of the state; rules and normal practices in corporate organization and financing, and mechanisms of state-industry relations in the source country; laws, regulations, policy and practices of the host country in regulating and managing inflow foreign industrial capital; and intergovernmental arrangements for transborder industrial capital flow and operation. The study finds these three sets of institutions formed an effective transborder institutional environment that influenced national industrial capital to invest in certain countries and industrial sectors. The distinct institutional forms of organizing transborder industrial production in Japan’s case then and China’s case now are different from the multilateral institutional approach that dominated East Asia from the 1990s. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 200-226 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1814159 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1814159 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:2-3:p:200-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Author-Name: Bob Rowthorn Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Rowthorn Title: Debating modern monetary theory Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 227-229 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1865821 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1865821 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:4:p:227-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Rowthorn Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Rowthorn Title: Is government debt net wealth? Abstract: MMT claims that government borrowing makes the private sector wealthier, thereby stimulating expenditure. Robert Barro famously denied this on the grounds that government borrowing leads eventually to higher tax rates. Rational agents will put funds aside to pay these future taxes and will not perceive themselves as wealthier. They will restrain their expenditure following a fiscal stimulus. Using a model inspired by Wynne Godley and Marc Lavoie, this article examines the conditions under which MMT is correct. The decisive factor is the amount of slack in the economy. The greater the amount of slack, the closer MMT is to reality. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 230-239 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1846131 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1846131 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:4:p:230-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: William Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: William Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Title: The Job Guarantee and the Phillips Curve Abstract: Many of the major debates in macroeconomics are conducted within the Phillips Curve framework. The debate has moved over time from the policy menu tradeoff between inflation and unemployment to the natural rate world, where unemployment is considered voluntary and there is no discretionary role for aggregate demand management. Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) takes a different approach and identifies two buffer stock approaches to maintaining price stability in a fiat monetary system: (a) unemployment buffer stocks; (b) employment buffer stocks (Job Guarantee). We show that the former is very costly in terms of foregone output and income. Conversely, the Job Guarantee flattens the conventional Phillips Curve by allowing a nation to maintain (loose) full employment with price stability. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 240-260 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1864746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1864746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:4:p:240-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Randall Wray Author-X-Name-First: L. Randall Author-X-Name-Last: Wray Author-Name: Yeva Nersisyan Author-X-Name-First: Yeva Author-X-Name-Last: Nersisyan Title: Does the national debt matter? Abstract: In this paper, we use the Modern Money Theory framework to analyze whether government debt (and deficits) in a country with its own sovereign currency presents a problem. We argue that permanent deficits and even a rising debt ratio are normal, especially in developed nations with current account deficits. In contrast to the conventional approach, which views deficits and debt as policy variables, we demonstrate that they are ex post outcomes which depend on economic performance. Further, in nations with sovereign currency, it is hard to imagine a scenario in which a rising deficit and the debt ratio would trigger an attack by bond vigilantes, lead to government insolvency, or generate high inflation or high interest rates. The claim that debt beyond a certain threshold impairs growth is also suspect since the observed empirical correlations are likely due to lower growth creating higher deficits. Lastly, we argue that deficit and debt ratios have no bearing on a nation’s fiscal policy space, which depends on the real resources it can mobilize. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 261-286 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1867586 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1867586 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:4:p:261-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Kregel Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Kregel Title: External debt matters: What are the limits to monetary sovereignty? Abstract: Proponents of Modern Monetary Theory frequently use the slogan that a nation State that issues its own currency possesses monetary sovereignty. The problem with this definition is that most countries issue their own currency. There are a few such as Ecuador and El Salvador that use the US dollar, or the members of the Eurozone that use a currency, the Euro, that is not issued by a member State, but these are exceptions. For the rest, sovereignty appears to be limited. To assess constraints on sovereignty initially assume a closed economy and abstract from private activity, or assume a socialist economy. Relaxing these initial assumptions will produce the conclusion that private sector activity reduces clarity, but does not impinge on sovereignty. However, the external constraint faced by most open economies does limit monetary sovereignty, irrespective of the exchange rate regime adopted. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 287-299 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1860678 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1860678 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:4:p:287-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Author-Name: Nicolás Aguila Author-X-Name-First: Nicolás Author-X-Name-Last: Aguila Title: Modern monetary theory on money, sovereignty, and policy: A marxist critique with reference to the Eurozone and Greece Abstract: This article compares and contrasts Modern Monetary Theory and Marxist monetary theory focusing on the relationship of money to commodities, the role of state power in monetary processes, and the significance of global hierarchy for world money. Money is a social relation, as MMT claims, but for Marxist theory capitalist money is specifically a relation of class, both domestically and internationally. The room for state policy is correspondingly constrained, not least because the international monetary system is hierarchical. These issues are placed in historical context by analyzing a politically important plan for Eurozone exit during the Greek crisis of the 2010s. It is shown that regaining monetary sovereignty was a demanding technical problem but also, and more fundamentally, a class issue embedded in relations of international subordination. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 300-326 Issue: 4 Volume: 46 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1855593 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2020.1855593 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:46:y:2020:i:4:p:300-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alicia Girón Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Author-X-Name-Last: Girón Title: Development, gender, and asymmetries between Mexico and Japan Abstract: The gender gaps in Mexico and Japan can be fruitfully compared even though the economic development of these two countries is at very different levels. The purpose of this paper is to compare gender equity between a developed and an underdeveloped country through a comparative and descriptive analysis using gender and macroeconomic indexes. The World Economic Forum points out that Mexico was ranked 75th and Japan 80th out of 153 countries on the Global Gender Gap Index in 2006, but by 2020 Mexico reached 25th place, and Japan had fallen to the 121st. In this paper, indicators and statistics will function as an aid in understanding gender gaps, macroeconomic differences, and the development of women in Mexico and Japan. The time reference for this study includes the periods before and after the Great International Financial Crisis (GFC), a watershed in global economic development until 2020. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 64-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1878905 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1878905 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:1:p:64-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kumiko Ida Author-X-Name-First: Kumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Ida Title: Impact of Marxist feminism on Japanese women’s movement: Focusing on the domestic labor debates Abstract: The term Marxist feminism was introduced from the West and appeared in Japan after the 1980s. The representative theorist was Ueno Chizuko, who greatly contributed to the development of feminist theories in Japan, including Marxist feminism. It should be noted that this argument was not new in Japan, and in the 1970s, when the domestic labour theories began to be discussed in Western countries, there existed in Japan the original discussions by Takenaka Emiko, Iijima Aiko and others, which go back to the issue of socialist women, such as Yamakawa Kikue, before the Second World War. Of particular note was the 1960 housewife debate by Isono Fujiko and Mizuta Tamae, which had already pioneered Marxist feminism and most of the theorists in the 1970s succeeded the argument of the 1960s. Since the 1990s, the perspective of considering housework and childcare as labour has been reflected in social support for child and elderly care enacting the related laws. The change was accompanied by the women’s labour movement and women’s human rights issues such as the elimination of violence against women. It can be said that the recognition that ‘housework is labour’, formed by the domestic labour debate, as a whole, contributed to shake the patriarchal concept of labour and empowered the emergence of various movements concerning women that had been overlooked before. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 27-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1874827 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1874827 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:1:p:27-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sumika Yamane Author-X-Name-First: Sumika Author-X-Name-Last: Yamane Title: Gender equality, paid and unpaid care and domestic work: Disadvantages of state-supported marketization of care and domestic work Abstract: Gender inequality, caused by the unequal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work between genders, has been a major feminist issue for a long time. This article demonstrates that so-called gender equality policies, which aim to reduce the burden of women’s unpaid care and domestic work through the state-supported marketization of these services, create a vulnerable group of under-paid care and domestic workers. Such policies widen income gap between women who can purchase these services and those who cannot. I will propose feminist initiatives for gender equality that address these problems Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 44-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1874826 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1874826 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:1:p:44-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Diane Rosemary Elson Author-X-Name-First: Diane Rosemary Author-X-Name-Last: Elson Title: Introduction to Special Issue on feminism and gender research in Japan Abstract: The articles in this Special Issue illuminate important dimensions of gender inequality in Japan; their relation to neoliberal policies; their implications for social reproduction; and the ways in which Japanese scholars are debating and analyzing these issues. They show that gender gaps are generally larger in Japan than in other OECD countries, and that fertility is well below replacement rate. They call for investment in democratized, decentralized and egalitarian systems of care. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-8 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1884572 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1884572 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:1:p:1-8 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Itoh Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Title: The reproductive crisis in neoliberal capitalism: Commenting on D. Elson’s recent paper Abstract: In the first section, this paper comments favorably on Elson’s recent paper applying the “gender lens” to rising economic inequalities under neoliberal capitalism. Although increased participation of women in the labor market reduced economic inequalities within and between households to some extent, it widened the income gap between capital and labor. I note and comment on similar trends in the Japanese economy. In the second section, this paper examines how to reread Piketty as “patrimonialism without patriarchy” in light of Elson’s critique. In the third section, the widening economic and gender inequalities are located as an important link in the vicious circle of reproductive crisis of our societies, with suggestions for a sounder theoretical foundation and possible strategies for dealing with such crisis for the future. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 82-94 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1875847 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1875847 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:1:p:82-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chizuko Ueno Author-X-Name-First: Chizuko Author-X-Name-Last: Ueno Title: Why do Japanese women suffer from the low status?: The impact of neo-liberalist reform on gender Abstract: The global ranking of Japan’s Gender Gap Index is 121st among 153 countries in 2020, disproportionally low compared with Japan’s GDP ranked at the third. This paper explores the structural background and the historical path-dependency why Japanese women are confined at the low status. The so-called Japanese style management, once considered as a success model, is responsible for this gender inequality, which strongly sticks to the male breadwinner model. The paper also explains who pays the cost of gender discrimination, and its historical outcome in the international community in the comparative context. With the lack of outsourcing alternatives of women’s care burden, namely, neither socialization of care service in the public sector at the cost of high tax burden, nor commodification of care service in the market at the cost of cheap migrant labor, gender serves as a functional equivalent with class and race in other societies, which accordingly keep Japanese women at the bottom of labor market. In addition, the paper proves the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women, particularly on single mothers, where the existing gap is widened and accelerated at the time of crisis. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 9-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 3 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1892496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1892496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:1:p:9-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kang-Kook Lee Author-X-Name-First: Kang-Kook Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Md Abu Bakkar Siddique Author-X-Name-First: Md Abu Bakkar Author-X-Name-Last: Siddique Title: Financialization and income inequality: An empirical analysis Abstract: This study investigates the effect of financialization and financial rent on income inequality across countries, including advanced and emerging markets and developing countries, in the 1998–2017 period. Employing a new measurement and dynamic panel estimation, we find that financialization measured by financial rent increases income inequality. We also find that the more monopolized banking sector is associated with higher income inequality. It suggests that market concentration in the banking sector creates ample opportunities for banks to generate excess profit and income, which leads to higher top income concentration and overall inequality. Commonly used variables for financialization such as bank income, the stock trading value, stock market capitalization, and the banking sector asset compared to the economy are also harmful to inequality. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 121-145 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1945465 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1945465 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:121-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tosihiro Oka Author-X-Name-First: Tosihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Oka Title: Interpretation of Chapter 17 of The General Theory and reconciliation between the endogenous money supply and the liquidity preference theory Abstract: The arguments that totally denied Chapter 17 of Keynes’ General Theory (GT) and the arguments that found the core of Keynesian revolution in Chapter 17 are shown to have a common interpretation that the chapter describes the arbitrage equilibrating process through asset price adjustments, where demand and supply prices are identified with spot and future prices, with the definition of own-rate of interest as the money-rate of interest minus contango. It is shown that such an interpretation inevitably renders Keynes’ reasoning self-contradictory, and that if one intends to establish reconciliation between endogenous money supply and the liquidity preference theory, Chapter 17 should be interpreted as what Keynes presented, which means the chapter is in conformity with the previous chapters and with Keynes’ articles written after the GT. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 261-280 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1984253 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1984253 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:261-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Naoki Yoshihara Author-X-Name-First: Naoki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshihara Title: On the labor theory of value as the basis for the analysis of economic inequality in the capitalist economy Abstract: In this paper, we review the labor theory of value as the basis for the analysis of economic inequality in a capitalist economy. According to the standard Marxian view, the system of labor values of individual commodities can serve as the center of gravity for long-term price fluctuations in a precapitalist economy with simple commodity-production, where no exploitative social relation emerges, while in a modern capitalist economy, the labor value system is replaced by prices of production associated with an equal positive rate of profits as the center of gravity, in which exploitative relation between the capitalist and the working classes is a generic and persistent feature of economic inequality. Some of the literature such as Michio Morishima criticized this view by showing that the labor values of individual commodities are no longer well-defined if a capitalist economy has joint production. Given these arguments, this paper firstly shows that the system of individual labor values can be still well-defined in a capitalist economy with joint production whenever the set of available production techniques is all-productive. Secondly, this paper shows that it is generally impossible to verify that labor-value pricing serves as the center of gravity for price fluctuations in precapitalist economies characterized by the full development of simple commodity-production. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 190-212 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1952081 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1952081 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:190-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alan Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: Introduction to the special issue of Japanese Political Economy on international income inequality Abstract: This paper introduces the special edition on International Inequality. It contextualizes the papers against the background of the “new inequality literature”. This contains two broad strands: critics of the International Financial Institutions who focus on inequality between nations and those like Piketty who focus on with inequality within nations. These concerns have wider consequences, notably for scholars of the “Great Divergence” between the global South and North that followed the advent of capitalism; it is also theoretically damaging for neoclassical economics, whose standard models of Growth and Trade predict that the world market should reverse this Divergence. It identifies a number of lacunae in this literature. First, the literature does not address the relation between the two sources of inequality, though it is clear that the former has significant effects on the latter. Second, the literature does little to address the causes of inequality in general, confining itself to amassing a volume of empirical data. The contributions in this volume are dedicated to making good these absences. The introduction concludes with an analysis of the roots of the theoretical difficulties involved and calls for a concerted scholarly effort to construct superior alternatives. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 95-120 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1972816 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1972816 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:95-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pascal Mickael Petit Author-X-Name-First: Pascal Mickael Author-X-Name-Last: Petit Title: Income inequality: Past, present and future in a political economy perspective Abstract: In order to interpret the levels and evolution of income distribution, we need to take into account the variety of capitalism modes considered and their respective capacity to maintain an effective social contract. This makes it possible to assess the importance of the social crises that these countries are going through as well as their capacity to respond to the new challenges posed by environmental degradation. The question is all the more difficult because this response must be coordinated on a global scale and implies a profound questioning of the management of globalization over the past three decades. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 146-162 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1978298 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1978298 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:146-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenji Hashimoto Author-X-Name-First: Kenji Author-X-Name-Last: Hashimoto Title: Transformation of the class structure in contemporary Japan Abstract: Japan had experienced a rapid increase in economic disparity since the early 1980s. This article attempts to quantitatively clarify the structure of economic disparity and its social consequences in contemporary Japan from the perspective of Marxian class theory. Based on the analysis of government statistics and questionnaire survey data, the following facts were revealed. First, the class categories based on Marxian class theory had strong explanatory power for income and social consciousness. Second, in Japanese society, there is an exploitation relationship in which the three classes located in the capitalist mode of production exploit the old middle class located in simple commodity production. Within the capitalist mode of production, the capitalist class and the new middle class are the exploiting classes and the working class is the exploited class, however the central targets of exploitation are the underclass and female workers. Thirdly, the underclass is fundamentally different from the other classes in terms of income, life course, consciousness and living conditions. From the above, we can conclude that Japanese society today is a new class society that includes the underclass as an important element at the bottom of class structure. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 163-189 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1943685 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1943685 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:163-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rangarirai Gavin Muchetu Author-X-Name-First: Rangarirai Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Muchetu Title: “We do not want to survive; we want to thrive.”: Japanese agricultural cooperative’s seven decades of overcoming degeneration Abstract: Along its development trajectory, a cooperative reaches a stage when market circumstances force it to restructure into a corporate entity. While neoclassical theory regards this as an advancement, political economy theory views it as ‘degeneration’ because the cooperative has become what it initially sought to defy. Several strands of literature show how some cooperatives either disbanded because they could not restructure into corporations or survived by changing into private share-owned firms. However, there have been minimal theoretical explanations for those cooperatives that have managed to overcome degeneration. This paper analyzes the Japanese Agricultural Cooperative (JA) and argues that a more robust, assertive, and organized national association enabled it to resist degeneration. Data was collected through a case study of JA Green Omi (Shiga prefecture) using a mixed methodology approach. The results indicate that the stability of the cooperative’s capital structure, the nature of self-reform, and internal contradictions were as strong as only allowed by the stability of the national cooperative association. Thus, to overcome degeneration, developing cooperatives must bolster the interplay between local and national associations in addition to intra-cooperative tinkering and restructuring. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 213-237 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1973902 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1973902 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:213-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: U. Furkan Yuksel Author-X-Name-First: U. Furkan Author-X-Name-Last: Yuksel Title: Preferences for redistribution in Japan Abstract: This paper studies the individual-level determinants of preference for government redistribution in Japan using the Japanese General Social Survey dataset. I argue that country-specific characteristics might create differences in redistribution preferences and find that contrary to the findings in the literature that focus on western countries, being female decreases the demand for redistribution in Japan. Similarly, being affiliated with a religion increases the demand for redistribution instead of decreasing it. Other determinants of redistribution preferences such as income, education and political preferences have a similar effect in Japan compared with western countries. I also test the effect of happiness on redistribution preferences and find that happiness decreases the demand for redistribution. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 238-260 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.1981139 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.1981139 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:2-3:p:238-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Myles Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Myles Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Title: Wolfgang Streeck in Tokyo: Japan’s secular stagnation as a delayed crisis of democratic capitalism Abstract: Since the 1990s Japan has experienced a prolonged period of crisis. Much work has thus far focused on understanding Japan’s crisis on its own terms. Yet we must also consider Japan’s situation within the wider context of global capitalism, examining how the crisis in Japan may be related to, or even integrated within, similar crisis tendencies both within other Northern countries and at the level of the capitalist world system. This article thus asks how our understanding of Japan’s crisis can be enriched by situating it within a wider analysis of crisis and transformation across the Global North. It contends that a common thread of sporadic and yet chronic economic crisis emanating from unresolved contradictions that emerged in the wake of the crisis of Keynesianism in the 1970s can be seen to link Japan’s long-term crisis with similar dynamics in the US and Europe. In developing this argument, the article engages closely with Wolfgang Streeck's 2017 book Buying Time, using a careful reading of Streeck’s argument about the delayed crisis of democratic capitalism that has afflicted countries across the Global North since the 1970s to deepen our understanding of contemporary Japan’s secular stagnation. Following Streeck, it argues that many of the same factors that have driven this “delayed crisis” in the US and elsewhere are also found in Japan. At the same time, Japan’s crisis has been sharpened by global political economic challenges, including the decline of American hegemony and the rise of China, as well as the contradiction between conditions necessary for capital accumulation and stable social reproduction. The article seeks not only to show how Streeck’s argument can help us understand Japan’s crisis in relation to similar crises across the Global North, but also to explore how the Japanese case may point to limitations in Streeck’s argument. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 325-345 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.2014339 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.2014339 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:p:325-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Hugh Whittaker Author-X-Name-First: D. Hugh Author-X-Name-Last: Whittaker Title: Beyond secular stagnation: A digital and green economy? Abstract: This paper looks at ‘Japan’s secular stagnation and beyond’ from the perspective of institutional and ideational change and coherence (or complementarity). The coherence of Japan’s postwar productionist model began to fray in the 1980s, and was lost at both macro and micro levels in the 1990s, contributing to secular stagnation. The paper steers a nuanced path between the view that this stemmed from Japan doggedly maintaining its postwar model, and conversely, from abandoning it. Since the mid 2010s, Japan has embarked on digital and green transformations under the banners of Society 5.0, DX, ESG/SDGs, green growth and sustainable capitalism. These are bringing about institutional and ideational change, but if a new coherence is to be attained, an internal contradiction must be acknowledged and addressed. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 365-386 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.2012806 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.2012806 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:p:365-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Galbraith Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Galbraith Title: Secular stagnation: real problems and statistical illusions Abstract: This paper reviews statistical conundrums associated with technological and structural change in view of recent debates over secular stagnation, and suggests a pragmatic approach to economic policy, geared toward living standards and security, in an era of irreversible globalization and a dominant role for services in employment. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 346-364 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.2007778 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.2007778 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:p:346-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Makoto Itoh Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Title: Japanese capitalism in multiple crises Abstract: Japanese capitalism represents a typical case of a decay in advanced countries under neoliberalism. It has formed a vicious circle among multiple socio-economic crises. Japan’s secular stagnation is composed from such complex crises in a viscious circle. I have concerned its historical significance as an important aspect of the third world great depression after the first great depression in 1873–1896, and the second one in the 1930s, since my analysis in The World Economic Crisis and Japanese Capitlism (1990). Let us examine the historical origin of these crises, their structural relations, and identify their core, fundamental issues. It will be also shown how three different types of natural disasters including the recent pandemic additionally deepen socio-economic crises, thereby endangering the metabolic reproduction of human lives and nature. How can we overcome such an age of deep crises? More than ever, it is indispensable to reconsider the historical significance and task of transforming neoliberal capitalism in the world and in Japan. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 303-324 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.2012700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.2012700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:p:303-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Radhika Desai Author-X-Name-First: Radhika Author-X-Name-Last: Desai Title: Introduction: Japan’s secular stagnation and the American mirror Abstract: This introduction frames the contributions that follow in a reflection on how the Japanese experience has been assimilated in US debates on economic policy, on the larger historical significance of the current slowdown of all advanced economies and how it relates to Hansen’s original concerns about secular stagnation. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 281-302 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2043167 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2043167 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:p:281-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Title: Review article: Reflections on compressed development: Time and timing in economic and social development Abstract: Hugh Whittaker, Timothy Sturgeon, Toshie Okita, and Tiambiao Zhu propose a new way to approach comparative international development. They distinguish their theory from earlier development theories and develop a two-level historical analysis of the capitalist economy focusing on time and timing. Timing refers to the differences in historical periods in which development takes place. Time refers to the pace of development in the empirical analysis of individual capitalist economies using models created in concrete historical settings. “Time” is accelerated such that sequential processes experienced earlier have given way to simultaneous processes. In their empirical analysis they pay special attention to the relation between Economic and Social Development. They find that the Fordist development model in the embedded liberalism era had a virtuous loop between economic and social development. This virtuous loop disappeared in the subsequent neoliberal era to which the compressed development model applies where economic change is taking place both at a much faster rate and in an international context that allows states far less control. The two-level historical analysis shows that the problem with stagist development models is that they generalise past development in a particular historical era as a general tendency. It also shows that institutions are shaped by the context in which they emerge, and they may subsequently prove difficult to change, even if the environment changes. In the last few years, the Japanese Political Economy has covered similar topics in its special issues. The present issue provides a good opportunity to review and compare my and their approaches and achievement. I found the concept of capitalist world systems complement their theory. Many of the difficulties in the compressed development era relate to the approaching second interregnum. Solving the difficulty in the compressed development era requires the creation of a new stable world system. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 387-402 Issue: 4 Volume: 47 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2021.2016127 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2021.2016127 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:47:y:2021:i:4:p:387-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Víctor Manuel Isidro Luna Author-X-Name-First: Víctor Manuel Author-X-Name-Last: Isidro Luna Title: World inequality, Latin America catching up, and the asymmetries in power Abstract: Despite the increase of material wealth through time, the majority of countries throughout the world have been unable to catch up consistently with the core countries. This article shows that between-country inequality has surged, and that wealthy countries can perform better than poor countries in achieving growth in the long term. Also, it demonstrates that Latin America countries have not caught up to the leading countries, and that between the rich and Latin countries there remains “an unbridgeable gulf,” using Harrod and Hirch’s words. Finally, using real and financial variables, this article shows that some Latin American countries have been subjected to exclusion and exploitation and cannot apply the same developmental policies as the richest countries. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 27-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2056058 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2056058 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:1:p:27-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minoru Hayashida Author-X-Name-First: Minoru Author-X-Name-Last: Hayashida Author-Name: Ryoichi Namba Author-X-Name-First: Ryoichi Author-X-Name-Last: Namba Author-Name: Hiroyuki Ono Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki Author-X-Name-Last: Ono Author-Name: Masaya Yasuoka Author-X-Name-First: Masaya Author-X-Name-Last: Yasuoka Title: Consumption tax and productive government expenditure in DSGE model Abstract: Our article presents a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to derive effects of a consumption tax rate increase. In the DSGE model, money and inflation are examined to elucidate the transitional path of policy. Results of a consumption tax rate increase are intuitive: GDP declines because of lower aggregate consumption. With a consumption tax rate increase, we consider the productive government expenditure model. In the standard DSGE model, the production function comprises inputs of capital stock and labor. Policy can change the capital stock and labor inputs to alter the production level. However, the production level can be changed by other policies. For instance, increased public investment in infrastructure by government can change the production level. After setting the DSGE model with productive government expenditure, we attempt derivation of a result. We consider the case in which additional productive government expenditure is financed by a consumption tax. In this case, compared with the case of a consumption tax increase without productive government expenditure, GDP increases even if the consumption tax rate is raised. An increase in productive government expenditure increases marginal labor productivity, thereby raising the wage rate. Consequently, by virtue of a raised wage rate, consumption can increase even if the consumption tax negatively affects aggregate consumption. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 67-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2040367 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2040367 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:1:p:67-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Title: Four years of the renewed Japanese Political Economy Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2062116 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2062116 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:1:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tomoo Marukawa Author-X-Name-First: Tomoo Author-X-Name-Last: Marukawa Title: The demand for and supply of elderly care in Japan Abstract: Japan is the most aged society in the world. Population aging is one of the greatest challenges the Japanese economy will face during the first half of the 21st century. Because of the aging population, an increasing number of people are unable to live without the support and care of others. In 2000, to manage the challenges brought by the rapid growth in the elderly population, the Japanese government introduced the long-term care insurance system. Before then, the task of caring for the elderly was mainly carried out by their families and hospitals. The introduction of long-term care insurance enabled the development of the care industry. Even with the development of professional care services, however, the burden of caring for the elderly on their families has been increasing. Some caregivers gave up working, and many others shortening their working hours. The present study estimates that, in 2019, the Japanese economy lost 2 percent of its working hours from workers leaving or reducing their workload to provide care for a family member. Given the increasing number of elderly people in Japan, it is highly likely that the Japanese people will need to sacrifice even more working hours for caregiving in the future. The present study forecasts that 3.9 percent of total working hours will be lost for providing care in 2065. The loss of working hours can be avoided or reduced through further development of the long-term care insurance system and care industry. However, the development needs the support of the general public through higher premiums and more government subsidies. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 8-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2039070 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2039070 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:1:p:8-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Phil Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Title: A modern monetary theory advocate’s response to ‘modern monetary theory on money, sovereignty, and policy: A marxist critique with reference to the Eurozone and Greece’ by Costas Lapavitsas and Nicolás Aguila (2020) Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a robust defence of Modern Monetary Theory’s (MMT’s) approach to money. It is argued here that, when compared to the commodity variant of the Marxist theory of money, the insights of MMT provide a superior basis from which to develop economic knowledge. In contrast to Lapavitsas and Aguila, the paper provides arguments in support of MMT’s approach which is both theoretically sound and provides satisfying explanations which are in accord with the evidence. This article also highlights the significant mischaracterisation of MMT’s approach in Lapavitsas and Aguila and shows how the authors’ failure to present an accurate picture of the MMT argument results in their critique missing the mark. Effectively, their criticism applies only to an MMT of their own creation. When Lapavitsas and Aguila turn their attention to Greece, they fail to appreciate the value of the insights provided by MMT and their lack of a detailed understanding of monetary operations in the Eurosystem leads them to make several notable errors. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 49-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2051720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2051720 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:1:p:49-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2154227_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Fumie Ohashi Author-X-Name-First: Fumie Author-X-Name-Last: Ohashi Title: Social reproduction process in colonial Hong Kong: The shifting gender relations of the intra-east Asian economy Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shift of gender relations behind the reconfiguration of the social reproduction in colonial Hong Kong. To achieve this, the focus is on the cross-border transfer of labor, goods, services, and information in Hong Kong and neighboring areas of East Asia. Firstly, up to the 1950s, Hong Kong’s reproductive sphere attracted the spinster women who had worked for silk filatures in Canton before Japan’s invasion. While these women took care of the everyday needs of the colonial masters and other upper-class families, they formed trans-local and trans-generational sisterhoods in order to sustain their own lives financially and physically. By the 1960s, new waves of Chinese migrant women gradually replaced the spinsters, although they soon turned to the manufacturing sector for better working conditions. Meanwhile, consumerism was encouraging Hong Kong families to introduce home appliances, typically made in Japan. The installment payment system enabled people to realize their aspirations for modernity, which in turn resulted in the reallocation of women’s labor in the reproductive sphere. By critically tracing such historical trajectories, we can understand that colonial Hong Kong’s industrialization and its subsequent economic growth was conditioned in the gendered process of the social reproduction. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 129-148 Issue: 2-4 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2154227 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2154227 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:2-4:p:129-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2142612_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Makoto Itoh Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Itoh Title: G. A. Epstein’s critique of MMT re-estimated Abstract: This is a review article on G. Epstein’s new book What’s Wrong with Modern Money Theory?: A Policy Critique (2019). The first section reviews the main contributions of this book in clarifying the characteristic contents of Modern Money Theory (MMT), and their worrying limitations if applied generally in the world. The second section demonstrates that the Japanese economy in the past decades in fact cannot be a model case to support the applicability of MMT, though it is often cited as a favorable model case for MMT by MMT theorists like R. Wray. We have to wonder and rethink why mere expansive fiscal state policy in cooperation with the central bank could not successfully work for so long, especially from the view of the majority of working people. The third section argues how Marxian political economy can coordinate with such post-Keynesian research fields on monetary policy as MMT. The necessity of a more concrete level of analyses of contemporary capitalism, based on principles of the political economy like in Marx’s Capital and stages theory of capitalist development, is methodologically underlined. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 170-177 Issue: 2-4 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2142612 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2142612 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:2-4:p:170-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2154228_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Fumi Iwashima Author-X-Name-First: Fumi Author-X-Name-Last: Iwashima Title: Making and unmaking of housework in Rural Japan Abstract: This paper highlights the process where the notion of "housework" was established under the developing market economy in the 1950s and 1960s rural Japan. Analyzing time-use surveys conducted by rural women, this paper asks which tasks rural women designated as housework in their daily work and life, and how housework was experienced to Japanese rural families. Especially in the 1950s, neither the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry or women’s club members had a clear understanding of what housework entailed. The daily activities that are considered housework differed in each survey. The time-use surveys revealed that farmers’ attitude toward housework shifted from considering it as the junior wife’s chores, which should be done in her spare time, to shareable housework, which were worth doing in the working time during work hours to support labor reproduction. Although gendered labor division was conserved, categorizing women’s housework validated junior wives’ work in a rural Japanese context. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 107-128 Issue: 2-4 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2154228 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2154228 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:2-4:p:107-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2142613_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Title: The return of inflation and the weakness of the side of production Abstract: The acceleration of inflation in the early 2020s following the pandemic shock poses significant risks for financialised capitalism. This article argues that the root causes of inflation do not lie with excessive money creation, as is claimed by Monetarists. By drawing on Keynes’s discussion of war finance, it shows that the causes are to be found primarily in the boost to aggregate demand delivered by core countries of the world economy, while aggregate supply has been persistently weak. Analyzing the weakness of the production side requires recourse to Marxist political economy, especially the role of poor profitability. In this light, a fundamental reason for supply side weakness is the attenuation of the “internal” mechanism of capitalist accumulation in core countries as productivity growth and investment have been feeble since at least the crisis of 2007–2009. The policy options to confront rising inflation are correspondingly difficult. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 149-169 Issue: 2-4 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2142613 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2142613 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:2-4:p:149-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2091602_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Yoshie Hori Author-X-Name-First: Yoshie Author-X-Name-Last: Hori Title: Filipina women’s resilience and survival strategies in the global economy: Focusing on Japan–Philippines relations since the 1970s Abstract: This article considers two cases of the interaction of Filipina women with Japan. The first section explains foreign direct investment has brought young Filipina women to work for wages in export processing zones. Despite the long working hours, their wages were suppressed to the minimum wage level, which did not allow them to be economically independent. So, they actively participated in illegal union activities to improve their working conditions. Japanese civil society as an international solidarity movement also supported their resistance. This was one of the triggers that made Japan reluctant to invest in the Philippines, but it also led to an increase in Filipina women’s migrants. The second section discusses Japan’s acceptance of Filipina women not as formal workers but as entertainers or “rural brides” to make up for the lack of wives among rural men. Japan tried to use Filipina women for its own convenience. Working abroad has various risks. Even if married officially, divorce and DV are not uncommon due to differences in values and language barriers with Japanese husbands. These Filipina women responded to various difficulties by forming Philippine networks in Japan, which collaborate with Japanese NGOs and people. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 90-106 Issue: 2-4 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2091602 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2091602 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:2-4:p:90-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2154456_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Author-Name: Yoshie Hori Author-X-Name-First: Yoshie Author-X-Name-Last: Hori Title: Introduction: Feminism in Asia and money and finance Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 87-89 Issue: 2-4 Volume: 48 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2022.2154456 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2022.2154456 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:48:y:2022:i:2-4:p:87-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2212935_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Hiroshi Nishi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi Author-X-Name-Last: Nishi Title: Revisiting Baumol’s growth disease in Japan Abstract: This study analyzes the cause of secular stagnation in Japan after the economic bubble and its association with industrial structural change, specifically Baumol’s growth disease (BGD). Our analysis updates Nishi and focuses on the period between 1995 and 2018 using the latest version of the JIP (Japan Industrial Productivity) database. Then, we ask “Is Japan suffering from BGD?” Our approach includes decomposition of the aggregate labor productivity growth rate, fixed-share growth rate (FSGR) measurement, and a transition probability matrix. The decomposition reveals that the within-sector effect (WSE) is the main source of aggregate labor productivity. The reallocation growth effect (RGE), which measures BGD, was negative for both the short- and long-run averages of the post-1995 period. This period is different from the previous one, as the WSE declined significantly, and the considerable decline in the WSE can be seen as a major factor in Japan’s stagnation over the past 30 years. During this stagnation, BGD silently undermined the Japanese economy, albeit as a secondary effect. Furthermore, our FSGR and transition probability matrix show that persists and is infectious in Japan. Sectors that undergo BGD tend to persist in this state, and even when one sector is in a non-BGD state, it is more likely to develop BGD. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 64-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2212935 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2212935 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:64-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2212008_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Thomas Palley Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Palley Title: Keynes’ denial of conflict: Why The General Theory is a misleading guide to capitalism and stagnation Abstract: Keynes’ General Theory was a huge step forward relative to classical economics, but it was also a step backward in its denial of the conflictual nature of capitalism. There is need to understand Keynes’ technical contributions regarding the workings of monetary economies, but also need to understand the flaws within his thinking and the consequences thereof. Keynes made a fundamental contribution elucidating the mechanism of effective demand, and he also has claim to be the preeminent monetary theorist. However, his critique of classical economics was technocratic and focused on the interest rate mechanism. Reflecting his own liberal political economic disposition, he denied the conflictual nature of capitalism. That is the “original sin” in Keynesian economics, and it has far-reaching implications. It explains why establishment Keynesian economics struggles to explain the current tendency to stagnation. Even more importantly, it has kept economics locked into a false conception of capitalism that undermines the case for Social Democracy. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 7-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2212008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2212008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:7-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2215014_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Title: Introduction to the special issue on secular stagnation as a new great depression Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2215014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2215014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2209889_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Minqi Li Author-X-Name-First: Minqi Author-X-Name-Last: Li Title: Secular stagnation and fiscal crisis in the United States and China Abstract: One of the consequences of the secular decline of economic growth has been the developing fiscal crisis in the leading capitalist economies. This paper projects possible developments of fiscal crisis in the United States and China, two largest economies in the world. Using projections of future economic growth and plausible assumptions about government primary deficits and real interest rates, future trajectories of government debt to GDP ratio can be established. Under the “reference case” scenario, the US government debt to GDP ratio is projected to rise to 222 percent implying government deficit to GDP ratio of 12–16 percent. China’s government debt to GDP ratio is projected to reach 139 percent by 2050 under the “reference case” scenario and likely to stay on unsustainable trajectories after 2050. Failure to resolve fiscal crisis in the leading capitalist countries could be one of the symptoms indicating that the existing social system is approaching its historical limit. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 35-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2209889 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2209889 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:35-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2214594_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Alan Freeman Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman Title: The 60-year downward trend of economic growth in the industrialized countries of the world Abstract: This report, using data from a range of authoritative sources, studies the long-term postwar economic growth of the industrialised North and shows that this has fallen continuously, with only brief and limited interruptions, since at least the early 1960s. The trend is extremely strong and includes all major Northern economies without exception. It is confirmed by both Purchasing-Power-Parity (PPP) and a range of standard real GDP measures, by a variety of weightings of the growth rates, and a variety of aggregations of different countries. The Newly-Industrialised Countries (NICS), after early high growth rates, joined the general trend of other industrialised countrieds after the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997. It is thus an extremely well-confirmed historical trend. Recent data show no evidence of any post-COVID reversal. These results sheds new light on the current difficulties of the world economy and have many implications. They conflict with any idea that Secular Stagnation as it is increasingly referred to even in mainstream literature, originates in some recent upset such as the 2008 crash, or in the incidence of, or problems created by, a putative new régime of accumulation such as neoliberalism or financialisation. In fact, the roots of the present crisis lie in a long historical process which set in very shortly into the ‘Golden Age’ of postwar expansion. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 86-108 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2214594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2214594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:86-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2184387_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Efe Can Gürcan Author-X-Name-First: Efe Can Author-X-Name-Last: Gürcan Author-Name: Can Donduran Author-X-Name-First: Can Author-X-Name-Last: Donduran Title: The economic and institutional dynamics of China’s growing financial influence: a “structural power” perspective Abstract: What are the economic and institutional dynamics behind China’s growing aspirations to expand its financial influence? Drawing on Susan Strange’s notion of “structural power”, this article examines China’s quest for superiority within the financial realm since the early 2000s. Our findings suggest that China’s financial rise is mainly driven by its efforts at increasing its “international monetary power” and developing its ability to control international credit and investment flows within a new normative and institutional framework. The main contribution of this article lies in conceptualizing China’s growing financial influence based on a comprehensive set of indicators to develop Strange’s theory. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 109-135 Issue: 1 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2184387 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2184387 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:109-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2269995_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Makoto Maruyama Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Maruyama Title: Living system as the core of material circulation between nature and humans Abstract: Due to the critical study of Kohei Saito on Marx’s notes written after 1868, the image of Marx as ecologist is focused on today. According to Saito, Marx tried to rewrite Capital from the ecological viewpoint. Prior to Saito, however, a heterodox Marxian political economist Yoshiro Tamanoi has referred to the existence of Marx’s notes during 1970s, even when the contents of the notes had not been disclosed. Tamanoi emphasized that Marx had shifted his major interest from the logic of capital to traditional communities which had conducted the material circulation between nature and humans. According to Tamanoi, Marx studied various types of non-western communities, such as Russian Mir, in order to find out the solution to retrieve the material circulation destroyed by the capitalist mode of production. In this paper, the light is shed on the concept of living system, i.e., the concept which, Tamanoi believed, must be placed at the center of the material circulation between nature and humans. Living system is a system which takes in the heat and matter in the state of low entropy and gets rid of those in the state of high entropy in order to sustain life. According to Tamanoi, late Marx’s study on communities could be extended to the search for the socioecological system which keeps its entropy in terms of heat and matter as low as possible in order to sustain the metabolic movement of the system. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 253-273 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2269995 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2269995 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:253-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2271955_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Robert Pollin Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Pollin Title: Introduction to special issue of the Japanese Political Economy: The political economy of climate change Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 137-140 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2271955 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2271955 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:137-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2259948_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: A. Erinç Yeldan Author-X-Name-First: A. Erinç Author-X-Name-Last: Yeldan Title: Turkey: Challenges and strategies toward de-carbonization and sustainable development under the age of finance Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present the key challenges and structural constraints as well as potential strategies toward de-carbonization and the green transformation in Turkey, and to argue that the current mode of global finance in many ways conspires to constrain Turkey’s quest for a sustainable and green industrial policy. I consider Turkey’s conundrum against the backdrop of its speculation-led growth patterns and ongoing fossil fuel-based production cycle and highlight the tradeoffs and dilemmas of the pursuit for green abatement policies, given the logic of financialization. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 183-211 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2259948 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2259948 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:183-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2262531_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Robert Pollin Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Pollin Title: The political economy of saving the planet Abstract: This paper advances a broad program to move the global economy onto a viable climate stabilization path—a trajectory that is consistent with the CO2 emissions reduction targets established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The overarching project is straightforward: to achieve the IPCC emissions reduction targets, and to accomplish this in a way that also expands decent job opportunities and raises mass living standards for working people and the poor throughout the world. This overarching aim is captured within the idea of a Global Green New Deal. As I use the term, the Global Green New Deal, includes four major features: phasing out global fossil fuel consumption by 2050; clean energy investments, averaging about 2.5 percent of global GDP per year, including both public and private investments; just transition support for workers and communities that are currently dependent on the fossil fuel industry; and phasing out deforestation and industrial agriculture, to be replaced with afforestation and sustainable agricultural practices. This paper focuses on the first three issues, related to the operations of the global energy system. The main topics covered are: Fossil Fuel Phase-out; Clean Energy Investment Program; Job Creation, Job Losses and Just Transition; Providing Cheap and Accessible Financing; and Ensuring Global Fairness. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 141-168 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2262531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2262531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:141-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2270576_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Rohit Azad Author-X-Name-First: Rohit Author-X-Name-Last: Azad Author-Name: Shouvik Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Shouvik Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Title: Z-factor of the climate crisis Abstract: The world faces twin problems of climate crisis and injustice. Countries in the global North have far exceeded their fair share in the global carbon budget, while countries in the South are well below their fair share. A simple solution would be for the North to absorb its excess emissions through net-negative emissions, which we call Z-factor. However, given the current technology, this is not possible. If the South bears the burden of adjustment by absorbing the excess emissions, it will perpetuate injustice. But if the South gets a right to burn its fair share, it would undermine the fight against the climate crisis. We argue that addressing these two issues is not mutually exclusive. If the North funds both the green path of declining emissions and the carbon removal process in the South while achieving decarbonization at the earliest, we can reach global net zero (GNZ) ahead of the current nationally determined commitments (NDCs). Nations that have exceeded their fair share will pay for their own and surplus nations’ (mostly in the South) decarbonization based on both current stock and prospective flows of overshoots. Deficit countries (in terms of carbon budget) cannot move into surplus, but high flows in the surplus camp may flip to the deficit side. After this flip, they too must start paying for their deficits, ensuring justice in a dynamic sense. There should be a base price for the accumulated Z-factor deficit nations pay, but it can be staggered over the decarbonization period. Future overshoot emissions should have a gradually increasing price to force decarbonization and limit the climate crisis. To make this work, we need an international carbon fund (ICF) to act as an arbiter and have the final say. Leaving this job to the markets is too risky. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 274-294 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2270576 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2270576 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:274-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2252483_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Michael Ash Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ash Author-Name: James K. Boyce Author-X-Name-First: James K. Author-X-Name-Last: Boyce Author-Name: Richard Puchalsky Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Puchalsky Title: Greenhouse Suppliers 100: A ranking of corporate producers of greenhouse gas precursors in the USA Abstract: This paper presents the first comprehensive database of corporate suppliers of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas supply stocks in the U.S. economy. The database is a publicly available resource that adds value to existing information sources in two ways. First, we combine several high-quality public data sources, including the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP), which reports on most products that would result in GHG emissions if those products were released, combusted, or oxidized, with the notable exception of coal, and data on coal from the US Energy Information Administration and the US Mine Safety and Health Administration. In this paper, we discuss the importance of coal as a GHG source and describe its exclusion from coverage by the GHGRP. Second, we aggregate facility-level data (on individual mines, wellheads, refineries, pipelines, and import facilities) to the corporate level, with the corporate final parent as the unit of analysis. While the data collection of the EPA focuses on individual facilities as the reporting units, the analysis of corporate ownership shifts attention to control and responsibility. Here we use these data to explore the corporate concentration of GHG activity, and we compare the degree of concentration between GHG supply and emissions, and between the facility level and the corporate level. Finally, we discuss current and potential applications and possible extensions, such as the development of environmental-justice metrics for fossil-fuel suppliers. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 212-230 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2252483 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2252483 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:212-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2258185_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Toshikazu Yamakawa Author-X-Name-First: Toshikazu Author-X-Name-Last: Yamakawa Title: Assessing the environmental and climate crisis in the Japanese context: Shigeto Tsuru revisited Abstract: This paper examines the political economy of the environment in the era of climate crises. The guiding thread is Japanese political economy of the environment pioneer Shigeto Tsuru’s methodology. Specifically, the guiding threads are “the distinction and unification of the real-physical and value-institutional aspects” and “the socialization of flow.” The paper will consider contemporary features of environmental problems and the climate crisis in conjunction with examining the development of Japan’s political economy of the environment. Tsuru’s theory to Kenichi Miyamoto’s intermediate system theory and environmental damage theory will be explored alongside Japan’s decarbonization policy and problems of “carbon captive structure of political economy.” Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 169-182 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2258185 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2258185 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:169-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2258162_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nozomu Kawabata Author-X-Name-First: Nozomu Author-X-Name-Last: Kawabata Title: Evaluating the technology path of Japanese steelmakers in green steel competition Abstract: This study examines the technological pathway adopted by Japanese steelmakers competing for environmentally friendly or green steel production. The pathway is identified by analyzing documents from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Japanese government, public institutes, business federations, and steelmakers. The findings suggest that Japanese integrated steelmakers using blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) technologies have lagged in technological development and capital investment for green steel. Motivated to maintain the value of fixed capital and reputation as high-grade steel producers, they have persistently adhered to high CO2-emitting BF-BOF technology. Consequently, these firms have slowly transitioned to the lower CO2-emitting electric arc furnace (EAF) method and have been sluggish in developing the direct hydrogen reduction process that promises zero-emission production. However, the Paris Agreement and the Japanese government’s carbon neutrality declaration have pressured these companies to reassess this stance. This case illustrates that theories on the political economy of the environment and the conservative approach of large corporations toward new technologies continue to hold relevance in the era of emerging green technologies. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 231-252 Issue: 2-3 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2258162 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2258162 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:2-3:p:231-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2224968_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Mauricio Bugarin Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Bugarin Title: Will democracy support switching from targeting to universalism? Abstract: This paper takes advantage of Ide, Furuichi, and Miyazaki’s policy proposal to present a theoretic framework for analyzing the likelihood that a democratic society will support moving social policies from targeting to universal access. The main finding is that the proposed transition to universalism will likely increase Japan’s already substantial fiscal deficit and that it will appease social cleavages only if the psychological feeling of equal treatment is large enough to compensate the poor citizen’s utility loss. However, if the equal-treatment feeling is not high enough, then both the poor and the middle class will be dissatisfied with the transition proposal, which will not gather social support. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 372-394 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2224968 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2224968 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:4:p:372-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2292371_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Title: Introduction: Is secular stagnation in Japan and the world the beginning of a new great depression? Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 295-307 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2292371 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2292371 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:4:p:295-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2273879_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Tanweer Akram Author-X-Name-First: Tanweer Author-X-Name-Last: Akram Author-Name: Khawaja Mamun Author-X-Name-First: Khawaja Author-X-Name-Last: Mamun Title: An inquiry concerning Japanese yen swap yields Abstract: This paper econometrically models Japanese yen (JPY)–denominated interest rate swap yields. It examines whether the short-term interest rate exerts an influence on the long-term JPY swap yield after controlling for several key macroeconomic variables, such as core inflation, the growth of industrial production, the percentage change in the equity price index, and the percentage change in the exchange rate. It also tests whether there are structural breaks in the dynamics of Japanese swap yields and related variables. The estimated econometric models show that the short-term interest rate exerts an important influence on the long-term swap yield in some periods but not in other periods in which core inflation exerts a marked influence on the swap yield. The findings from the econometric models reveal that a discernible relationship between the call rate and the swap yield of different maturity tenors clearly held prior to April 2014 but did not in the subsequent period. These findings highlight the limits and scope of John Maynard Keynes’s contention that the central bank’s policy rate commands a decisive influence over the long-term market rate through the short-term interest rate. The policy implications of the estimated models’ results are discussed. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 346-371 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2273879 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2273879 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:4:p:346-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2249954_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Prabhat Patnaik Author-X-Name-First: Prabhat Author-X-Name-Last: Patnaik Title: The crisis of neo-liberal capitalism Abstract: Neo-liberal capitalism brings about a de-segmentation of the world economy whereby wages in the “north” remain subdued by being linked to the massive labor reserves of the “south”, even while these reserves themselves swell despite relocation of activities from the “north” to the “south”. At the same time labor productivity rises everywhere; the net result is a rise in the share of surplus in total output in the world as a whole, which creates an ex ante tendency towards over-production. This tendency, kept in check for a while by asset-price bubbles in the U.S., has now manifested itself in the form of a secular stagnation of the world economy which cannot be overcome within the neo-liberal regime itself and which is now producing a world-wide tendency towards fascism. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 308-323 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2249954 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2249954 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:4:p:308-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2289883_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Matteo Giordano Author-X-Name-First: Matteo Author-X-Name-Last: Giordano Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Title: Persistent institutional malfunctioning in the Eurozone Abstract: Institutional change in the Eurozone is driven by the need to ensure the immediate survival of the euro rather than confronting the structural weaknesses of the common currency. The failure to deal with underlying weaknesses is demonstrated by the policy of “selective support”, whereby markets and instruments considered vital for the survival of the euro are often adopted under pressure. This type of support is most prominently demonstrated by the TARGET2 clearing system within the Eurosystem of central banks. The system allows the euro to survive but also facilitates the rise of intra-EMU imbalances, as is reflected in divergent claims and liabilities of member states, leading Germany to accumulate intra-EMU claims on others. Instability thus becomes entrenched in the Union, while Germany maintains a hegemonic position. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 324-345 Issue: 4 Volume: 49 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2289883 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2289883 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:49:y:2023:i:4:p:324-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2342516_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Thomas Palley Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Palley Title: Keynes’ denial of conflict: A reply to Professor Heise’s critique Abstract: This note responds to Arne Heise’s critque of my article on Keynes’s denial of conflict in The General Theory. Heise’s response fails to show Keynes addressed conflict and makes several meritless criticisms regarding my treatment of Keynes and Keynesianism. It also fails to recognize the purpose of my article which was to show conflict is an essential part of capitalism; conflict is absent in Keynes’ magnum opus; conflict is absent in Neo- and New Keynesianism; though Kalecki introduced conflict in Keynesianism, much more remains to be done about recognizing its implications; and calling for revival of the economics of Keynes in bad times keeps policy locked in the orbit of stimulus and blocks recognition of need for policies addressing the economic consequences of conflict. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 63-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2024.2342516 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2024.2342516 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:63-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2350129_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Nobuharu Yokokawa Author-X-Name-First: Nobuharu Author-X-Name-Last: Yokokawa Author-Name: Costas Lapavitsas Author-X-Name-First: Costas Author-X-Name-Last: Lapavitsas Title: Editorial introduction Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2024.2350129 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2024.2350129 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2309594_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Charis Vlados Author-X-Name-First: Charis Author-X-Name-Last: Vlados Author-Name: Dimos Chatzinikolaou Author-X-Name-First: Dimos Author-X-Name-Last: Chatzinikolaou Title: Russo-Ukrainian War and the emerging new globalization: a critical review of relevant research Abstract: The emerging new global socioeconomic system is marked by a complex tapestry of multifaceted challenges, significantly reshaping the past global architecture. In the context of international political economy, the current era might be more accurately described as “new globalization.” This field has recently begun to integrate the effects of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which erupted in February 2022, into its analytical framework. This military showdown exemplifies the complex and interrelated political, economic, and technological challenges inherent in the emerging new globalization. This paper delves into the potential ramifications of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the unfolding trajectory of new globalization, utilizing the analytical approach of the “Evolutionary Structural Triptych” (EST). This critical review of pertinent literature suggests that the war may increase the likelihood of diminished returns during the current phase of the emerging new globalization. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 91-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2024.2309594 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2024.2309594 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:91-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2333370_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Arne Heise Author-X-Name-First: Arne Author-X-Name-Last: Heise Title: Keynes and the drunkard under the lamp post: Making sense of Palley Abstract: In a recent article, Tom Palley begins his critique of Keynesian economics with the wellknown story of a drunkard who, when searching for his lost keys, looks not in the darkness of the nearby lawn where he misplaced them, but instead under the light cone of a lamp post because, when asked, he replies that’s where the light is. This story serves as a metaphor for the field of economics attempting to understand the workings of the capitalist economy solely through the lens of Keynesian economics. However, this endeavor is ultimately futile as comprehending capitalism requires a different analytical approach: acknowledging social conflict as an essential component of capitalism’s nature better addressed by Kaleckian macroeconomics. We attempt to illustrate that Palley is accurate in emphasizing the paradigmatic differences and even incommensurabilities between Keynes’ monetary production paradigm and the Marxian-Kaleckian social conflict paradigm. This suggests that any classification under the umbrella term “post-Keynesianism” is misleading. However, Palley is mistaken in his assertion that this distinction aligns Keynes’ economics with neoclassical (mainstream) economics, as the acceptance or rejection of social conflict is not the only fault line in terms of ontology. There are other ontological divisions that can exist. Or, to use our metaphor, the lamp post can be moved to different areas of the lawn, indicating different ontological perspectives. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 47-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2024.2333370 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2024.2333370 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:47-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2296906_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Kei Ehara Author-X-Name-First: Kei Author-X-Name-Last: Ehara Author-Name: Akihito Imai Author-X-Name-First: Akihito Author-X-Name-Last: Imai Title: The Japanese history of Marxian value-form analysis: Focusing on the Unoist approach Abstract: This paper reviews the history of Unoist value-form analysis and explore how it is currently being redeveloped in the Japanese studies. It was more than 70 years ago that Kozo Uno, who was the most influential Japanese Marxian economist, published his value theory: some of the arguments are naturally outdated now. It was not only Uno’s opponents but also Uno’s followers who criticise Uno’s notions and try to shape the better understanding of today’s capitalism. In Section 1, we shall first give a brief overview of Uno’s theory of value and consider why it could be accepted as the foundation of Marxian economics in Japan. Uno’s drastic reformulation could not help encountering oppositions. The most important debate was the one between Uno and Samezo Kuruma. Though the Kuruma-Uno debate is not easy to understand, it is a good reference point to grasp how important it has been for Japanese Marxists to establish the value-form analysis as a subject of economics. Section 2 will focus on the development of Unoist valueform analysis. We see rising trends of reinvestigating it among Japanese Marxist scholars against the background of the changes in modern capitalism. Michiaki Obata launched a radical critique of Uno’s methodology and has led the developments in the 21st century. We shall pick out some of the recent arguments and evaluate its progress. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 5-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2023.2296906 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2023.2296906 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:5-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2341642_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Tsuyoshi Yuki Author-X-Name-First: Tsuyoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Yuki Title: Unoist contributions to the triangular debate on money theory in Japan Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to summarize the triangular debate on money theory, or money reform, in contemporary Japan and to show the unique contribution of neo-Unoists to the debate. The debates on money theory in the socioeconomic context of Japan are chiefly between Reflationists (who hold to a kind of monetarist policy), Modern Money Theorists (MMT), and Marxists (neo-Unoists). As the policy arguments put forward by each school depend on their theoretical frameworks, the validity of their respective policies is closely related to the validity of the theoretical frameworks that support them. To unravel the Japanese debate on money theory, this paper sets the Marxian money theory, updated by neo-Unoists, as the analytical framework to examine the validity of each school’s theoretical claims, while acknowledging the presence of monetarism and MMT, and the internal debate within the Japanese Marxian school. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 25-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2024.2341642 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2024.2341642 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:25-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: MJES_A_2321436_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Nor-Eddine Oumansour Author-X-Name-First: Nor-Eddine Author-X-Name-Last: Oumansour Author-Name: Zainab Azghour Author-X-Name-First: Zainab Author-X-Name-Last: Azghour Title: Exchange rate misalignment and trade fluctuations in Morocco: Empirical evidence Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between the exchange rate and the return of foreign trade, by analyzing the impact of its misalignment on Morocco’s trade balance in comparison to its main partner (EU), during the period 1980–2021. After identifying the fundamentals retained, we estimated the error correction model in order to capture the long-term dynamics and deduce the periods of distortions of the dirham using the Behavioral equilibrium exchange rate approach. The results clearly show the periods of misalignment, and their absorption requires a long period and leads us to the problem of its persistence and its causes. The conclusion drawn confirms that even with a depreciation, the long-term effect of the exchange rate in stimulating economic growth through the exports channel does not have the expected effects of a positive impact on the volume of trade. Journal: The Japanese Political Economy Pages: 66-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 50 Year: 2024 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2024.2321436 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/2329194X.2024.2321436 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:mes:jpneco:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:66-90