Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paola Garrone 
Author-X-Name-First: Paola 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garrone 
Title: The Adoption Of Technological Innovations: Dynamic And Cumulative Effects In Telecommunications Networks 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the effects of the adoption of technological
 innovations on the efficiency of telecommunications (TLC) carriers.
 Firstly, since uncertainty and extra costs are likely to characterize the
 early phases of adoption, dynamic performances can be strikingly different
 from the steady state ones. Secondly, differences among carriers in
 technological history do matter; firms who cumulated a greater deal of
 specific innovations will be better at using the new technology. A cost
 model is formulated. The adoption of digital switching equipment is
 observed and a sample has been gathered for twelve european countries,
 over the period 1980-'89. As far as empirical findings are concerned,
 innovative carriers expose themselves to a transient cost increase, to be
 cumulated with any subsequent efficiency gain; a cost cycle is determined
 by the adoption of new equipment; cumulativeness is at work. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-16 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1995 
Keywords: Adoption, innovation, cumulative, dynamic, telecommunications, network J.E.L. codes: L96, 032, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599500000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599500000010 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harald Gruber 
Author-X-Name-First: Harald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gruber 
Title: Strategic Process And Product Innovation 
Abstract:
  The study analyzes the timing of process and product innovations. A
 dynamic product differentiation model illustrates strategic interaction in
 a duopoly. Firms use asymmetric equilibrium strategies for the adoption of
 innovations, i.e. innovations are adopted sequentially. The priority of
 process innovation over product innovation depends on the relative
 magnitude of the two innovations. Empirical evidence from the
 semiconductor industry illustrates asymmetric adoption patterns for
 innovations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 17-26 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1995 
Keywords: Product and process innovation, game theory, semiconductor industry J.E.L. classification: L19, 031, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599500000011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599500000011 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Espen Bratberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Espen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bratberg 
Author-Name: Alf Erling Risa 
Author-X-Name-First: Alf Erling 
Author-X-Name-Last: Risa 
Title: Technological Diffusion Through Profit Seeking And Epidemic Information Processes 
Abstract:
  Explanations of technological diffusion focus on information being spread
 by epidemic processes, on profit heterogeneity, or oligopolistic
 competition. The model in this paper integrates the epidemic and the
 heterogeneity-based approaches. Predictions are tested on Norwegian data
 concerning the diffusion of laboratory equipment in primary health care.
 The empirical analysis shows that both diffusion of information, and
 profitability considerations, are significant factors in explaining
 technological diffusion. The integrated model performs significantly
 better than any submodel. Our analysis also gives indications of the
 impact of public reimbursement policies on physician behavior. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 27-40 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1995 
Keywords: Technological diffusion, epidemic processes, physician behavior J.E.L. classification numbers: O33, I11, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599500000012 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599500000012 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashish Arora 
Author-X-Name-First: Ashish 
Author-X-Name-Last: Arora 
Title: Licensing Tacit Knowledge: Intellectual Property Rights And The Market For Know-How 
Abstract:
  Technology transfer involves more than just the permission to use
 knowledge covered by patents; the transfer of know-how is critical to the
 successful utilization of the transferred technology. However, know-how is
 typically difficult to codify, costly to transfer, and hence, difficult to
 contract upon. Using a principal-agent model I show that simple arms
 length contracts can accomplish the transfer know-how. The key to the
 success of arms length contracts is the complementarity between know-how
 and patents. The model explains why patents and know-how are bundled
 together in licensing contracts. It shows why licensing has limitations as
 a strategy for appropriating rents from innovation. The paper points to
 the key role that patent scope plays in determining the efficiency of
 know-how transfer and shows that broader patents can improve the
 efficiency of technology transfer, even when important components of the
 technology (know-how) are not protected by patents. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 41-60 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1995 
Keywords: Know-how, licensing, patents J.E.L. classification: 034, L14, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599500000013 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599500000013 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dimitri Mardas 
Author-X-Name-First: Dimitri 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mardas 
Title: Technological Innovation, Demand Structure, Intra-Industry Trade And Hierarchy Of Economies-A Three Dimensional Presentation 
Abstract:
  This paper aims to present an alternative version on countries'
 hierarchy, based on Posner's technological gap, on Linder's concept of
 demand structure and on intra-industry trade. These theoretical
 developments based in the same time on supply and demand can provide a
 more complete perspective on this matter. Three variables are used for
 this goal: i)the ratio of research and development (R&D) expenditure to
 production (ii) per capita income (iii)the index used by Grubel and Lloyd
 (1975) on intra-industry trade. The results, presented in terms of
 geometrical approach, concern the twelve Member-States of the European
 Communities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 61-66 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1995 
Keywords: Innovation, intra-industry trade, hierarchy J.E.L. codes: F14, O20, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599500000014 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599500000014 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Najib Harabi 
Author-X-Name-First: Najib 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harabi 
Title: Sources Of Technical Progress: Empirical Evidence From Swiss Industry 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the sources of
 technological opportunities. The analysis is based on a survey conducted
 among 358 Swiss R&D executives in 1988. The most important results can be
 summarized as follows: 1. Market organizations are perceived as the most
 important source of contributions to technical progress. The most
 important source is firms within the same industry; second is product
 users; and third, suppliers of materials and equipment used in
 manufacturing. 2. The contribution of non-market organizations seems
 relatively unimportant. University research, other government research
 institutions, state companies and agencies, professional and technical
 associations and individual inventors make small contributions. 3. Science
 also contributes to technical progress, even if only selectively.
 Education and training in physics, computer science, materials science,
 electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and applied chemistry are
 all considered relevant to technical progress in Switzerland. 4.
 Generally, university research is not considered as relevant to technical
 progress in the industries surveyed. In certain fields, such as computer
 science, materials science and electrical engineering, university research
 does, however, seem relevant to technical progress. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 67-76 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1995 
Keywords: Technological opportunities, sources of technical change, science, university research, Switzerland J.E.L. classification: O31, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599500000015 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599500000015 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bart Clarysse 
Author-X-Name-First: Bart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Clarysse 
Author-Name: Koenraad Debackere 
Author-X-Name-First: Koenraad 
Author-X-Name-Last: Debackere 
Author-Name: Roland Van Dierdonck 
Author-X-Name-First: Roland 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Dierdonck 
Title: Research Networks And Organisational Mobility In An Emerging Technological Field: The Case Of Plant Biotechnology 
Abstract:
  This paper builds on social network theory to understand technological
 development. Based on the empirical evidence of 367 research organisations
 in plant biotechnology over a nineteen-year period, we demonstrate how a
 structural analysis of the research network within the technological
 community is used to identify four collaboration-based strategic groups of
 research organisations. The emergence of these groups can be linked to
 technological breakthroughs in the field. Analyses of the four clusters
 point to the influence of research collaborations on stratification within
 an evolving technological domain. Finally, as archival data sources are
 used to detect incidences of collaborative research and to trace the
 evolution of R&D networks in an emerging field, we conclude with a
 discussion of the potential contribution of bibliometric data to
 understand the development of new technologies in their early,
 pre-commercial phases. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 77-96 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Networks, mobility, biotechnology J.E.L. Codes: 030, L20, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000001 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William Lehr 
Author-X-Name-First: William 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehr 
Title: Compatibility Standards And Industry Competition: Two Case Studies 
Abstract:
  Case histories of two data communication interfaces provide evidence of
 complex strategic behavior in the setting of voluntary compatibility
 standards. These cases show how subtle differences in the design of
 standards development organizations affect incentives to cooperate, giving
 rise to systematic venue preferences. Dominant firms prefer more
 bureaucratic procedures offering greater protection for the status quo.
 The two interfaces, FDDI (under development in X3) and DQDB (under
 development in the IEEE) shed light on competition between the computer
 and telecommunications industries and the evolution of our communications
 infrastructure. They demonstrate the importance of standards for intra-
 and inter-industry competition. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 97-112 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Voluntary compatibility standards and standardization, telecommunications, information technology and open systems, industrial organization, market structure and technical progress, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000002 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sumit Majumdar 
Author-X-Name-First: Sumit 
Author-X-Name-Last: Majumdar 
Title: Bandwagon Influences And Installed-Base Conversion In U.S. Telecommunications 
Abstract:
  The idea that firms are subject to bandwagon or imitation influences
 occupies a key position as an explanatory variable in the literature on
 technology adoption and diffusion. This study examines whether bandwagon
 influences help to explain differences in the patterns of conversion to a
 new technology, electronic switching, across firms in the U.S.
 telecommunications industry. The sample analyzed consists of 40 of the
 largest firms in the local operating sector of the industry, and
 firm-level data collected for the years 1973, 1978, 1981, 1984, and 1987
 are used to undertake the analysis. The results strongly support the
 bandwagon hypothesis as a key influence on firm's technology adoption or
 conversion decisions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 113-122 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Imitation, technology adoption, telecommunications J.E.L. Codes: 033, L96, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000003 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alfonso Gambardella 
Author-X-Name-First: Alfonso 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gambardella 
Author-Name: Walter Garcia-Fontes 
Author-X-Name-First: Walter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Fontes 
Title: Regional Linkages Through European Research Funding 
Abstract:
  We use cluster analysis to describe the regional linkages that arise
 through funding of research contract networks in the EU. We find five
 significantly different kinds of networks, that we label: 1) Technological
 development, 2) Basic research, 3) Quasi-elite, 4) Elite and 5) Southern.
 These networks are described in terms of three basic dimensions: quality,
 type of partners, and size combined with cost of the project. We find that
 the networks are homogeneously formed and that regions of similar
 technological capabilities are linked together. We then discuss related
 issues of European technology policy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 123-138 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Management of technological innovation, R&D, governmental policy J.E.L. Codes: 032, 038, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000004 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Mcwilliams 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mcwilliams 
Author-Name: David Zilbermanfr 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zilbermanfr 
Title: Time Of Technology Adoption And Learning By Using 
Abstract:
  Learning by using is introduced into an adoption model to explain why
 larger and more educated firms adopt earlier. Dynamic economies of scale
 arise in learning by using that speed up adoption. The empirical
 estimation of time of adoption using Tobit analysis integrates the
 concepts of adoption and diffusion, allowing the diffusion of the
 technology to be derived from the time of adoption analysis. In addition,
 by introducing heterogeneity among the adopters, Tobit analysis is shown
 to provide superior results to the traditional logit and probit analysis
 of the dichotomous adopt/not adopt variable. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 139-154 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Time of adoption, learning-by-using, tobit, diffusion J.E.L. Codes: 033, C24, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000005 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joe Tidd 
Author-X-Name-First: Joe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tidd 
Author-Name: Ciaran Driver 
Author-X-Name-First: Ciaran 
Author-X-Name-Last: Driver 
Author-Name: Peter Saunders 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saunders 
Title: Linking Technological, Market & Financial Indicators Of Innovation 
Abstract:
  This paper describes the results of a feasibility study to develop a
 national Innovation Scoreboard to measure and track the innovative
 performance of companies in the UK. It begins with a review of potential
 technological, market and financial indicators of innovation, and using
 data in the public domain, develops a trial Innovation Scoreboard based on
 40 firms from five different sectors. The preliminary findings suggest
 that product announcements made in the specialist press may be a viable
 indicator of innovation at the level of the firm. Specifically, the
 evidence suggests that product announcements represent a useful measure of
 innovative output, which combined with expenditure on research and
 development provide a measure of research efficiency. This measure of
 research efficiency is shown to be associated with higher market to book
 values. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 155-172 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Technology indicators, innovation indicators, financial indicators, product announcements J.E.L. Codes: 03, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000006 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernard Beaudreau 
Author-X-Name-First: Bernard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Beaudreau 
Title: R&D: To Compete or to Cooperate? 
Abstract:
  This paper takes issue with the current view of R&D and industry
 structure according to which cooperation in R&D effort is Pareto improving
 over competition. We argue that this literature fails to capture the
 essence of the Western experience, and secondly, that it fails to capture
 the essence of R&D itself, namely as constituting a highly uncertain,
 multidimensional heuristic activity. Using a more suitable model of R&D,
 we reexamine the competition versus cooperation debate. We derive
 conditions under which competition dominates cooperation and vice versa.
 We submit that our approach and results better describe the U.S. and
 Western experience, than does the game-theoretic approach. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 173-186 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: R&D, competition, cooperation J.E.L. Codes: L1, O3, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000007 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Llerena 
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick 
Author-X-Name-Last: Llerena 
Author-Name: Ehud Zuscovitch 
Author-X-Name-First: Ehud 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zuscovitch 
Title: Innovation, Diversity And Organization From An Evolutionary Perspective-Introduction And Overview 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 187-192 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000008 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jens Frøslev Christensen 
Author-X-Name-First: Jens Frøslev 
Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen 
Title: Innovative Assets And Inter-Asset Linkages—A Resource-Based Approach To Innovation 
Abstract:
  The paper proposes a framework for analyzing assets and inter-asset
 linkages associated with technological innovation. The framework is
 consistent with a Penrosian view of the firm and draws on recent
 contributions from both the more general resource-based perspective and
 the innovation and technology perspective of the firm. Three broad
 categories of firm assets are distinguished: tradeable resources,
 technical/functional capabilities and managerial competences. Assets for
 technological innovation are defined as resources, technical capabilities
 and managerial competences for developing new products and processes. A
 taxonomy of generic innovative assets is proposed that distinguishes four
 generic categories of innovative assets: Scientific research assets,
 process innovative assets, product innovative application assets and
 aesthetic design assets. Critical inter-asset linkages are analyzed in
 terms of inter-asset specificity. It is argued that high degrees of
 inter-asset specificity provide greater scope for innovation and make
 higher demands on the innovative assets and their coordination than low
 degrees of inter-asset specificity. It is moreover suggested that
 complementary assets not only play the role of assuring proper
 commercialization of given innovations; they may also play a critical role
 as a 'focusing device' for directing the innovative process. Finally, some
 implications for strategy in innovative firms are indicated. Thus, the
 proposed inter-asset framework may help to specify the notion of core
 competences and provide a more differentiated perspective on innovation
 strategy and first-mover advantages. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 193-210 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Innovative assets, inter-asset linkages, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000009 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Cantwell 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cantwell 
Author-Name: Birgitte Andersen 
Author-X-Name-First: Birgitte 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen 
Title: A Statistical Analysis of Corporate Technological Leadership Historically 
Abstract:
  This paper examines statistically the dispersion of corporate
 technological leadership in sectors of rapid development historically. The
 evidence provided is based on the US patenting of 284 of the largest
 American and European industrial firms since 1890. It is shown that the
 diffusion of innovation to followers that are 'catching up' in a sector of
 activity is associated with an especially rapid rate of overall
 development in that field; that is, the rate of catching up is positively
 related to the rate of advance. However, during such phases of fast growth
 leaders tend to preserve at least some elements of their leading position.
 It is only over longer historical periods that the actual composition of
 leadership in a sector tends to shift more significantly. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 211-234 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Technological leadership, diffusion, patents, history of technology, Schumpeter J.E.L. Classification: 030, 033, L11, C21, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000010 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Moshe Justman 
Author-X-Name-First: Moshe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Justman 
Title: Swarming Mechanics 
Abstract:
  This paper sets out some microfoundations for Schumpeter' s theory of
 innovation-driven business cycles. A model is developed to represent these
 cycles, which incorporates two of the three main elements of Schumpeter's
 analysis: innovation and profit-seeking. The third element emphasized by
 Schumpeter, the role of credit, is taken as an exogenous factor. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 235-244 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: business cycles, innovation, profit-seeking, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000011 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rohini Acharya 
Author-X-Name-First: Rohini 
Author-X-Name-Last: Acharya 
Author-Name: Thomas Ziesemer 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer 
Title: A Closed Economy Model of Horizontal and Vertical Product Differentiation: The Case of Innovation in Biotechnology 
Abstract:
  In endogenous growth theory models have either increasing or constant
 ranges of product variety. Developments in modem biotechnology however
 show cases of increasing, decreasing or constant ranges of product
 variants. We present a simple endogenous growth model allowing for all of
 these three cases in one model. Quality weights that are exponential in
 the index of goods are multiplied to the quantity of goods in a
 love-of-variety utility function. Consumers prefer not to buy goods which
 are too expensive relative to their quality. The presence or absence of
 cumulated knowledge determines whether licensing fees, endogenous fixed
 costs for and the number of producers and the quantities produced are
 falling or constant, thereby allowing more or less room for variety in
 household budgets. Whereas new goods always appear, old goods may be
 selected away or are even reselected. The case of pure love-of-variety and
 total creative destruction are limiting cases in this model and cases of
 decreasing variety or initially increasing and later decreasing variety
 are additions to the present literature. The highly non-linear dynamics of
 the model are presented in simulations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 245-264 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1996 
Keywords: Biotechnology, growth, innovation, product differentiation J.E.L. Codes: L65, O31, 41, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599600000012 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599600000012 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Morris Teubal 
Author-X-Name-First: Morris 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teubal 
Author-Name: Ehud Zuscovitch 
Author-X-Name-First: Ehud 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zuscovitch 
Title: Evolutionary Product Differentiation And Market Creation In Turbulent Economic Environments 
Abstract:
  The assumption of given consumer tastes and production, loses ground very
 rapidly in information-intensive economic systems, where the ability to
 design products and services combinations for increasingly specific needs
 and skills is a key variable to competition. This article presents a
 search-oriented conceptual framework and proposes a schematic
 representation of endogenous product differentiation. The evolution of
 users' and producers' discriminating capabilities is shown to govern their
 interaction leading to product definition. Patterns of sub-market creation
 or standardization provide a central building block to market creation
 analysis. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 265-286 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: Information-intensive production, search activities, discriminating capabilities, user-producer interaction, evolutionary product differentiation, market creation, J.E.L. Classification: O3, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000001 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:4:y:1997:i:4:p:265-286




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Langlois 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Langlois 
Author-Name: Pierre Garrouste 
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garrouste 
Title: Cognition, Redundancy, And Learning In Organizations 
Abstract:
  What exactly does it mean for something to be an 'organization'? How do
 we know when something is organized? What exactly is organizational
 learning? We attempt to attack some of these questions by turning to
 cybernetics and the mathematical theory of information In the work of
 Atlan and von Foerster we find provocative attempts to describe the
 processes of self-organization in terms of such variables as redundancy
 and information content. Using the running example of a monastery library
 we attempt to explicate these approaches and connect them to economic
 concerns. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 287-300 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: organization, information theory, learning models, J.E.L. classifications: D83, D20, L23, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000002 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:4:y:1997:i:4:p:287-300




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephane Lhuillery 
Author-X-Name-First: Stephane 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lhuillery 
Title: An Empirical Analysis of R&D Transactions: Surrogate Technological Networks and Firm Performance 
Abstract:
  This paper uses statistical data from the annual R&D survey of financial
 flows received or spent by the firm for R&D activities. To describe R&D
 networks, attention is focused on the construction of four synthetic
 proxies from empirical literature on social networks: variety of partners,
 intensity, regularity of links, and centrality in networks. On the bases
 of the two available innovation surveys, we explore, through a cross
 section study, the impact of these different variables on technological
 performance of firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 301-319 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: Statistical indicators, network structure, technological performances, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000003 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:4:y:1997:i:4:p:301-319




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geert Steurs 
Author-X-Name-First: Geert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Steurs 
Title: Strategic Rivalry With Spillovers Within Segmented Versus Integrated Markets 
Abstract:
  We consider a two-stage game with firms investing in R&D in the first
 stage while competing [a] la Cournot in the second stage. The firms are
 located in two countries, which are either segmented or integrated. R&D
 spillovers occur between firms located in the same country as well as
 between firms located in different countries. We first examine the
 consequences of market integration on the impact of national and
 international R&D spillovers on innovative efforts, effective R&D, profits
 and total welfare. Comparing the resulting equilibrium levels, we
 subsequently conclude that market integration always leads to higher R&D
 investments and output if international R&D spillovers are limited, while
 the welfare consequences are ambiguous. Finally, we also analyze the
 welfare maximization problem of a 'constrained social planner who can only
 decide on the level of R&D spillovers. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 321-337 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 4 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: R&D spillovers, Market Integration, Patent Policy JEL Codes: f15, 031, 034, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000004 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:4:y:1997:i:4:p:321-337




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Author-Name: Otto Toivanen 
Author-X-Name-First: Otto 
Author-X-Name-Last: Toivanen 
Title: The Diffusion Of Multiple Technologies: An Empirical Study 
Abstract:
  The simultaneous diffusion of several technologies is studied. We build a
 modcl that encompasses recent theoretical arguments on diffusion and
 cxtend these to the multipie technologies case. The model is estimated
 using a panel of data on UK manufacturing industries relating to the
 diffusion of five technologies: Computer Numerically Controlled machine
 tools, Numerically Controlled machine tools. coated carbide tools,
 computers and microprocessors. We find mixed evidence on a stock effect
 and some support for an epidemic effect but less than in earlier studies.
 We are unable to and empirical support for order effects or expectational
 variables. Our results show that technological and strategic
 interdependencies between individual technologies do afect thc diffusion
 path. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-17 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: diffusion, hilzard exitnation, multiple technologies JEL classification: L13, O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000005 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manuel Trajtenberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Trajtenberg 
Author-Name: Rebecca Henderson 
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Henderson 
Author-Name: Adam Jaffe 
Author-X-Name-First: Adam 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaffe 
Title: University Versus Corporate Patents: A Window On The Basicness Of Invention 
Abstract:
  This paper is an attempt to quantify key aspects of innovations,
 'basicness' and appropriability, and explore the linkages between them. We
 rely on detailed patent data. particularly on patent citations, thus
 awarding the proposed measures a very wide coverage. Relying on the prior
 that universities perform more basic research than corporations, we find
 that forward-looking measures of 'importance' and 'generality' capture
 aspects of the basicness of innovations. Similarly, measures of the degree
 of reliance on scientific sources. and of the closeness to the origins of
 innovational paths, appear to reflect the basicness of research. As
 measures of appropriability we use the fraction of citations coming from
 patents awarded to the sarne inventor, and in fact these measures are much
 higher for corporations than fbr universities. An examination of a small
 number of patents that are universally recognized as 'basic' provides
 further support for these measures. We find also evidence of the existence
 of 'technologl trajectories'. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 19-50 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: Patents, citations, innovation, basic research JEL Codes: O30 C81, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000006 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joanna Poyago-Theotoky 
Author-X-Name-First: Joanna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Poyago-Theotoky 
Title: Research Joint Ventures And Product Innovation: Some Welfare Aspects 
Abstract:
  This paper considers a model of horizontal and vertical product
 differentiation. Firms spending on R&D may improve the quality of their
 product. K&D cooperation in the fort11 of a RJV among a subset of
 innovating firms introduces the possibility of a much better product being
 produced relative to the case of non-cooperation in K&D. Given Bertrand
 competition in the product market the RJV sets a common price for the
 improved good. It is shown that. even under this extreme form of
 cooperation, there are clear instances where social welfare is enhanced
 relative to the non-cooperative outcome. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 51-73 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: Product innovation, horizontal and vertical differentiation, R&D cooperation, welfare comparison, J.E.L. Class. Nos.: 030, D43, L13, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000007 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonathan Seaton 
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Seaton 
Author-Name: Ian Walker 
Author-X-Name-First: Ian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Walker 
Title: Signalling, Disclosure And The Implications Of Financial Structure For Uk Corporate R&D 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates the impact of R&D disclosure and finance
 variables on the level of R&D expenditures. The question addressed is:
 what is the impact of changes in disclosure requirements on the
 relationship between R&D expenditure and the financing of firms? The
 question is motivated by the possible signalling role that elective
 disclosure may have had prior to changes in accounting practices to ensure
 R&D disclosure. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 75-90 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1997 
Keywords: R&D, credit market failure, disclosure J. E. L. Classification: G31. G32, G32, G33 of a sample of large UK quoted companies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000008 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rohini Acharya 
Author-X-Name-First: Rohini 
Author-X-Name-Last: Acharya 
Author-Name: Thomas Ziesemer 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer 
Title: A Closed Economy Model of Horizontal and Vertical Product Differentiation: The Case of Innovation in Biotechnology: a Correction 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 91-92 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1997 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000009 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:5:y:1997:i:1:p:91-92




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Foray 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foray 
Title: Book Review 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 93-97 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1997 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599700000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599700000010 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Browyn Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Browyn 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Francis Kramakz 
Author-X-Name-First: Francis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kramakz 
Title: Effects Of Technology And Innovation On Firm Performance, Employment, And Wages 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 99-108 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000001 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lutz Bellmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Lutz 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bellmann 
Author-Name: Tito Boeri 
Author-X-Name-First: Tito 
Author-X-Name-Last: Boeri 
Title: Internal And External Adjustment To New Technologies 
Abstract:
  Schumpeterian creative destruction occurs not only at the industry level,
 but also with each firm trying to maintain or improve its position in the
 technology race. Based on a rich data set on more than 4,000 German
 business units, this paper shows that the simultaneous occurrence of
 hiring and separations is more likely in firms with the most advanced
 technologies in use than in units more distant from the technological
 frontier. This positive relation between technological advance and
 creative destruction documented also by churning and 'excess job
 reallocation equations - holds particularly in recovery years, while it is
 weak during a recession. The explanation provided for this finding in the
 paper is that firms can also improve technologies by upgrading machinery
 and/or retraining workers, and these 'implementation' costs arc likely to
 be lower during economic downturns. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 325-343 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Creative destruction, labour turnover, implementation costs. JEL classification codes: 03, L21, 363, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000010 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Blanchflower 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Blanchflower 
Author-Name: Simon Burgess 
Author-X-Name-First: Simon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Burgess 
Title: New Technology And Jobs: Comparative Evidence From A Two Country Study 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 109-138 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000002 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:5:y:1998:i:2-4:p:109-138




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucy Chennells 
Author-X-Name-First: Lucy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chennells 
Author-Name: John Van Reenen 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Reenen 
Title: Establishment Level Earnings, Technology And The Growth Of Inequality: Evidence From Britain 
Abstract:
  It is often argued that technical change is responsible for the increase
 in wage inequality in Britain and the United States in the 1980s and
 1990s. In this paper we examine this argument using data from individuals
 and establishments. It is found that the presence of micro-electronic
 technologies in workplaces is associated with higher earnings, especially
 for skilled workers. Decompositions suggest that technical change could
 have been a cause of the increase in skills premium for highly skilled
 workers. Nevertheless, our view is that the correlation between wages and
 plant-level technology is mainly driven by the effect of high wages on the
 propensity to introduce new technologies rather than vice versa. This view
 is supported by simultaneous models of the wage-technology relationship. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 139-164 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Wages, technology, skill JEL Classification: J31, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000003 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Horst Entorf 
Author-X-Name-First: Horst 
Author-X-Name-Last: Entorf 
Author-Name: Francis Kramarz 
Author-X-Name-First: Francis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kramarz 
Title: The Impact Of New Technologies On Wages: Lessons From Matching Panels On Employees And On Their Firms 
Abstract:
  We study the impact on New Technologies (NT) on wages using a panel that
 matches data on individuals and on their firms. In his article on the same
 topic, Krueger (1993) did not give a definitive answer to the following
 question: if workers who use NT are better paid, is it because they are
 abler or because NT increases their productivity. We try to provide an
 answer to this question. Comparing cross-section estimates and individual
 fixed-effect estimates, we show that computer-based new technologies are
 used by abler workers. These workers learn and become more productive when
 they get more experienced with these NT. In terns of wage differentials,
 the introduction of computer-based NT contributes to a small increase. The
 use of firm-level data does not modify these conclusions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 165-198 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Wage, New Technologies, Computers JEL Classification: J31, 533, 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000004 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Hildreth 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hildreth 
Title: Rent-Sharing And Wages: Product Demand Or Technology Driven Premia? 
Abstract:
  There is a renewed interest in non-competitive wage determination.
 Studies have shown that firms share rents with workers. How such rents are
 appropriated by firms to share, or why firms may wish to do so, is still
 an area of debate. Using a unique data set, where workers are matched
 directly to their workplace, we use instrumental variable estimation to
 examine which shocks create rent-sharing and the size of the rent-sharing
 effects. The results find rentsharing is strongest for establishments
 investing in new process technology, and for employers who wish to share
 their successes with their employees. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 199-226 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: wage determination, product markets, new technology. JEL Classification: J3, 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000005 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:5:y:1998:i:2-4:p:199-226




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donald Siegel 
Author-X-Name-First: Donald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siegel 
Title: The Impact Of Technological Change On Employment: Evidence From A Firm-Level Survey Of Long Island Manufacturers 
Abstract:
  Recent studies of capital-skill complementarity suffer from several
 important empirical limitations and a theoretical framework that treats
 technological change as exogenous. This paper addresses some of these
 limitations using a new, detailed firm-level dataset on technology usage
 and labor composition. Based on two-stage estimation procedures, our
 results imply that technological change leads to a shift in labor
 composition and compensation in favor of white-collar workers. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 227-246 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: advanced manufacturing technologies, skill-biased technological change JEL Classification: J23, O32, O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000006 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jakob Klette 
Author-X-Name-First: Jakob 
Author-X-Name-Last: Klette 
Author-Name: Svein Erik Førre 
Author-X-Name-First: Svein Erik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Førre 
Title: Innovation And Job Creation In A Smallopen Economy-Evidence From Norwegian Manufacturing Plants 1982-92 
Abstract:
  It is often claimed that the opportunities to create new manufacturing
 jobs in open, high-cost economies such as Norway, are concentrated in
 activities which are technologically advanced and knowledge intensive.
 This paper examines the relationship between job creation and innovation,
 as measured by R&D investments, in Norwegian manufacturing. We compare job
 creation in plants belonging to R&D firms to job creation in plants
 belonging to firms without R&D. We also compare job creation in plants
 belonging to high and low tech industries. Our data set covers more than
 80 percent of manufacturing employment in Norway over the period 1982-92.
 The paper challenges the optimistic view about job creation in R&D
 intensive firms and high-tech industries. Some main findings are: (i) Net
 job creation is not higher in high-tech industries. (ii) There is no
 clear-cut positive relationship between net job creation and the
 R&D-intensity of the firm. (iii) There is less net job creation and less
 job-security in R&D-intensitefirms in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 247-272 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: R&D, innovation, job creation, job destruction JEL Classification: E32, J23, J63, O32, O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000007 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lia Pacelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Lia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pacelli 
Author-Name: Fabio Rapiti 
Author-X-Name-First: Fabio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rapiti 
Author-Name: Rlccardo Revelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Rlccardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Revelli 
Title: Employment And Mobility Of Workers In Industries With Different Intensity Of Innovation: Evidence On Italy From A Panel Of Workers And Firms 
Abstract:
  In this paper a panel of workers and firms is used to investigate
 employment composition and dynamics in industries which differ by
 innovation intensity. To define the latter industry-wide statistics were
 used (for a subset of 2,800 firms, individual data on R&D expenditures and
 investments in innovative processes were available from a survey on
 manufacturing). Firms and workers are observed over the period 1985-1991.
 The paper document an high rate of labour turnover. Annual separation
 rates are high in all size-classes, but they decline from 50% in small
 firms (less than 20 employees) to 13% in large ones (with more than 1,000
 employees). Separations are inversely related to an industry's innovative
 intensity (from 18% in the highly innovative industries to 31% in the
 traditional industries). A logit model, which controlled for the
 characteristics of workers and firms, showed that the probability of
 separation is higher among manual and young workers and decreases
 monotonically with the firm size. The probability of separation declines
 as job tenure and, perhaps more importantly, the individual's wage
 increases. After controlling for these factors, the evidence suggests that
 the highest probability of separation is in traditional industries, the
 lowest is in the more innovative industries. The result is strengthened
 when firm-level data on R&D and other innovative expenditures are used.
 Other things being equal, firms that invest in R&D have a more stable
 labour force, and firms that invest in non-innovative processes have a
 less stable labour force. We therefore find empirical evidence to support
 the hypothesis that more innovative firms cultivate more durable
 employer-employee relationships. The fraction of job-to-job moves (with no
 intervening period of unemployment) on total separations qualifies the
 turnover of workers. Controlling for firm size, the percentage of
 job-to-job moves increases fairly regularly with worker's skills and with
 the industry's innovative intensity. Thus the innovative intensity of he
 industry appears to have a positive effect on the share of job-to-job
 moves, while there is some evidence that it lowers the chances of
 separation. This result may be linked to the skills and specialisations of
 the workforce; it is certainly related to the higher demand for labour in
 the High Tech Sectors (where employment is growing) relative to the less
 innovative sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 273-300 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Labour turnover, labour mobility, italian labour market, innovative activity. J.E.L. Classification: J36, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000008 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Haim Regev 
Author-X-Name-First: Haim 
Author-X-Name-Last: Regev 
Title: Innovation, Skilled Labour, Technology And Performance In Israeli Industrial Firms 
Abstract:
  A technology index based on R&D, skilled labour and capital vintage was
 developed and used to characterise industrial firms by technology level,
 facilitating the analysis of relationships between technology and economic
 performance at the firm level. The results show that technology-intensive
 firms are important players in industrial performance, accounting for a
 disproportionate share of total production. Compared to other kinds of
 firms, technology intensive firms are larger, more productive, offer
 higher average salaries, generate a higher value added and a highcr profit
 per employee and capital. They also tend to operate in more highly
 concentrated industries and are more involved in external trade. While
 down-sized as a group, high-tech firms show net job creation during the
 11-year period surveyed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 301-324 
Issue: 2-4 
Volume: 5 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Technology, Innovation, High-tech, Israe Industry, Panel data JEL classification: 621, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000009 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:5:y:1998:i:2-4:p:301-324




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Y. Khatri 
Author-X-Name-First: Y. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Khatri 
Author-Name: C. Thirtle 
Author-X-Name-First: C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Thirtle 
Author-Name: R. Townsend 
Author-X-Name-First: R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Townsend 
Title: Testing The Induced Innovation Hypothesis: An Application to UK Agriculture, 1953-90 
Abstract:
  This paper exploits the properties of the third order approximation of
 the translog cosl function lo estimate the input demand elasticities and
 factor-saving biases of technological change for UK agriculture. Then,
 cointegration techniques are used to determine the time series properties
 of the variables, eslablish cointegration and test for causality. The
 tests show that the single bias, single relative price approach, applied
 to the cumulative biases in previous tests, is inappropriate. Maximum
 likelihood techniuues show that cointegrating vectors exist and that the
 input prices are negatively related to the biases, as required by the
 hypothesis. The prices are causally prior to the biases, but for crop
 inputs there is also reverse causality. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-28 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Induced Innovation, Cost Function, Coinlegration JEL Classification: 03, 031, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000011 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:6:y:1998:i:1:p:1-28




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dietmar Harhoff 
Author-X-Name-First: Dietmar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harhoff 
Title: R&D and Productivity in German Manufacturing Firms 
Abstract:
  This papcr uses a new firm panel data set to explore the relationship
 between R&D and productivity in German manufacturing firms for the period
 from 1979 to 1989. The results confirm the view that K&D is an important
 determinant of productivity growth. In the cross-section, the elasticity
 of sales with respect to R&D capital is on the order of 14 per cent. Using
 fixed-effects estimators yields R&D elasticities of about 8 per cent.
 Assuming different depreciation rates for R&D capital has virtually no
 effect on these results. Differencing estimates improve considerably when
 growth rates are computed over longer time periods, suggesting that the
 divergence between time-series and cross-sectional estimates is driven by
 random measurement errors. The paper also considers differences between
 high technology and other firms. Cross-section and panel elasticity
 estimates of the R&D effect diverge considerably for the two groups, while
 the corresponding rate of return estimators display far less variation.
 There is some evidence that the R&D elasticity increased during the early
 1980s, and that it fell sharply back to its 1979 value during the period
 from 1985 to 1989. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 29-50 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Research and development, productivity, innovation JEL Classification: 03, 04, 052, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000012 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000012 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wolfgang Becker 
Author-X-Name-First: Wolfgang 
Author-X-Name-Last: Becker 
Author-Name: Jurgen Peters 
Author-X-Name-First: Jurgen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Peters 
Title: R&D-Competition Between Vertical Corporate Networks: Market Structure and Strategic R&D-Spillovers 
Abstract:
  The strategic role of R&D-spillovers within vertical corporate networks
 (intra-group R&D-spillovers) is neglected in the innovation theory of
 Industrial Organization. In a two-industry model we formalize the effects
 of R&D-competition between two vertical corporate networks on
 supplier-market structures, technological opportunities and on the
 introduction time of new products. It can be shown that lower transaction
 costs of organizing vertical corporate networks increase the size of
 networks and reduce the concentration on supplier-markets. This raises the
 level of supplier's R&D-activities and lowers the time of development.
 Additionally, manufacturers have incentives to strategically generate
 R&D-spillovers within their networks. which improve the technological
 opportunities of suppliers and increase manufacturers probabilities to win
 the R&D-competition. This kind of R&D-spillovers can explain the often
 observed differences of firms' technological opportunities within a given
 supplier-market. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 51-72 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: R&D-Competition, Strategic R&D-Spillovers, Vertical Corporate Networks, Market Structure, Technological Opportunities JEL Classification: D23, L13,O31, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000013 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000013 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Franck Plouraboue 
Author-X-Name-First: Franck 
Author-X-Name-Last: Plouraboue 
Author-Name: Alexandre Steyer 
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre 
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyer 
Author-Name: Jean-Benoit Zimmermann 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Benoit 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zimmermann 
Title: Learing Induced Criticality In Consumers' Adoption Pattern: A Neural Network Approach 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to lay the foundations of 3 social influence
 based approach for the diffusion of an innovation or a technological
 standard. A model built on the principles of a neural network is proposed
 and a learning procedure is set up, making the network formation
 endogenous, the strength of connections among agents being determined by
 their shared histories, Referring to the concept of criticality developed
 by physicists, it shall be shown that learning, in a social structure, can
 lead the network to a critical state, called 'learning induced
 criticality, where some agents are able to exert a macroscopic influence
 over the network. The distribution of influence spheres' size follows a
 Pareto law. This approach shows an interesting similatry with that of the
 social coherence in sociology, whereby individuals within a social
 structure are led to share a close assessment of a given innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 73-90 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: diffusion, adoption, social influence, network externality, learning, criticality JEL Classification: A12, A14, DI1, D83, 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000014 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000014 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Swann 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Swann 
Title: Special Issue On Localized Technological Change 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 91-96 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000015 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000015 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Crlstlano Antonelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Crlstlano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli 
Title: The Dynamics Of Localized Technological Changes. The Interaction Between Factor Costs Inducement, Demand Pull And Schumpeterian Rivalry 
Abstract:
  Localized technological change is the endogenous outcome of the interplay
 between substitution costs. Switching costs and learning processes. New
 technologies are introduced when market pressures induce firms to change
 the levels of their inputs and their techniques. The dynamics ol localized
 technological change is the result us the interaction between three
 processes: it) the Schumpcterian competition process as analyzed by the
 replicator dynamics and failure inducement mechanisms. b) factor
 substitution stemming from changes in factors markets. and c)
 post-Keynesian demand pull pressures resulting from productivity growth.
 In such conditions out-of-equilibrium exchanges and localized
 technological changes drive a recursive process that is path-dependent in
 two senses, first it is highly sensitive to the initial conditions of the
 system. and second it is shaped by the interactions of agents. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 97-120 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Technological localized change, innovation, incentivcs and processes, market structure J.E.L. Classification: D21, D43, O31, O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000016 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000016 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Uwe Cantner 
Author-X-Name-First: Uwe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cantner 
Author-Name: Georg Westermann 
Author-X-Name-First: Georg 
Author-X-Name-Last: Westermann 
Title: Localized Technological Progress And Industry Structure: An Empirical Approach 
Abstract:
  Modem innovation theory holds that the choice of production technique and
 technical porgress are unseparable activities so that technological
 progress can be described as localized. Based on this conception one has
 to expect an intra-sectoral firm heterogeneity in the production
 techniques applied and the technical efficiency achieved which contrasts
 to the presumption of intra-sectoral homogeneity as suggested by
 neoclassical theory. For measuring intra-industry heterogeneity an
 empirical tool is required which does not rest on the assumption of
 homogeneity, i.e. on a common production function for all firms under
 consideration. The method which does not require this assumption, Data
 Envelopment Analysis, is non-parametric, allows for firm-specific
 production functions and helps to determine differences in both technical
 efficiency and production technique applied. This tool is introduced in
 its basic formulation, its main features are discussed on ihe basis of
 modern innovation theory, and an empirical analysis for the German
 machinery, electronics and chemical industry is presented. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 121-146 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: localized technological progress, data envelopment analysis, technological heterogeneity, industry structure J.E.L. Classification: 033, C14, L6, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000017 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000017 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul David 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: David 
Author-Name: Dominique Foray 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foray 
Author-Name: Jean-Michel Dalle 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Michel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dalle 
Title: Marshallian Externalities And The Emergence And Spatial Stability Of Technological Enclaves 
Abstract:
  Technological dualism often is found to be associated with the
 geographical clustering of firms that use the same techniques. To shed
 further light on these localization phenomena, we analyze the long-run
 dynamic behavior of a system in which firms' choices among alternative
 production methods (each of which requires a technique-specific input) are
 influenced by both firm-specific random shocks and Marshallian 'industrial
 neighborhood' effects. The latter are local factor market externalities
 that tend to lower the relative marginal costs d those inputs that are
 used most extensively in the immediate locale. The model developed here
 focuses on labor market externalities affecting the supply conditions for
 workers with technology-specific skills, and their effect on the choices
 made by producers at various sites whose choice of technique is subject to
 periodic revisions. A special structure familiar in the applied theory of
 Markov random fields, the stochastic Ising model. provides a reduced-form
 representation of this dynamic spatial system. The general properties of
 models of this type and their application in economics are considered.
 Discrete time numerical simulations of the behavior of an ensemble of
 firms (located at the nodes of a finite lattice formed on a
 two-dimensional (orus) shows that positive neighborhood externalities
 effects do not necessarily result in the uniquitous diffusion of one of
 the two available technologies. Instead. this system exhibits a spatially
 localized form of 'technological dualism," in which at least two
 technological enclaves emerge and undergo path-dependent evolution. The
 temporal durations of these spatial patterns in technology adoption are
 affected by parameters of the Ising model that can be given a
 straightforward economic interpretation 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 147-182 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: economic geography, industrial locslizalion, Marshallian extcrnalities, technology diffusion, path-dependence, Markov random field, stochastic king rnodel J.E.L. Clessification: C6, D2, LO.R3, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000018 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000018 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Utterback 
Author-X-Name-First: James 
Author-X-Name-Last: Utterback 
Author-Name: Allan Afuah 
Author-X-Name-First: Allan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Afuah 
Title: The Dynamic 'Diamond': A Technological Innovation Perspective 
Abstract:
  A firm's local environment can constitute a source of national or
 regional cornpetitive advantage. An important question, therefore, is how
 these environments come about and how they can be lost. In this paper, we
 argue that a local environment is a function of the process of
 technological evolution. It is a function of how certain initial and
 prevailing conditions, the type of innovation, and chance events,
 influence the processes of uncertainty resolution, capabilities building,
 and survivor selection that are characteristic of technological evolution.
 We also argue that a region can lose its advantage when a dominant design
 emerges or when a technological discontinuity obsoletes the localized
 technological capabilities of not only manufacturers, but also of their
 suppliers, customers and related industries. The environment is dynamic as
 firms and nations, in response to their performances, also influence it by
 changing their strategies or policies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 183-200 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Technological evolution, uncertainty resolution, dominant design, local environment J.E.L. Classification: 031, 032, 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000019 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000019 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robin Cowan 
Author-X-Name-First: Robin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cowan 
Author-Name: William Cowan 
Author-X-Name-First: William 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cowan 
Title: On Clustering in the Location of R&D: Statics and Dynamics 
Abstract:
  Empirical analyses of research and development find strong evidence that
 these activities tend to cluster geographically. Clusters are thought to
 emerge from the presence of localized positive externalities. This paper
 presents a model of this clustering behaviour. We find that phase changes
 in clustering exist both as the strength of local externalities changes
 and as the degree of heterogeneity among firms changes. The dynamics of
 the system are examined as it responds to shocks to the size of the market
 for R&D output, and the length scale of the spatially dependent
 externalities. Dynamic responses take place in two distinct stages: a
 rapid response to the change in market systems which takes place
 throughout the space, with litlle regard to externality effects; followed
 by a slow re-agglomeration process as producers change their spatial
 decisions to lower the costs of the new production level. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 201-230 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: R&D, agglomeration, spatial models, interdependence, externalities J.E.L. Classification: D21, 032, R1I. R12, R30, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000020 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000020 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: G. N. Von Tunzelmann 
Author-X-Name-First: G. N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Von Tunzelmann 
Title: Localized Technological Search And Multi-Technology Companies 
Abstract:
  Two major themes that have emerged from recent theoretical and empirical
 studies of technology at the firm level have been the tendencies on the
 one hand to localization of technological search and on the other hand to
 the spread of multi-technology companies, required to incorporate an
 ever-growing extent of advanced technologies. These trends appear
 contradictory. This paper analyses the contradictions through the use of
 patents data as an indicator of technological specialization. Two
 industries and some of their leading corporations are singled out for
 analysis - the electronics industry (especially in Europe). as an upstream
 'high-tech' industry. and the food-processing industry, a downstream
 sector that is now having to make use of a burgeoning range of
 technologies. The paper examines their major corporate changes in the
 light of the technological data, through the use of concentration indices.
 It shows that both industries are trying to reconcile the contradiction
 with greater specialization taking place in sub-units of the firms. though
 the effect is more muted in food-processing where demand factors
 predominate. The need to command multiple diverse technologies is being
 targeted by restructuring firms in terms of both external relationships
 and internal reorganizations, but the basic contradiction still remains
 and may bc insoluble. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 231-256 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Technology, cornplexily, concentration index, electronics, food-processing J.E.L. Classification: L6, 03, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000021 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000021 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Cantwell 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cantwell 
Author-Name: Pllar Barrera 
Author-X-Name-First: Pllar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Barrera 
Title: The Localisation Of Corporate Technological Trajectories In The Interwar Cartels: Cooperative Learning Versus An Exchange Of Knowledge 
Abstract:
  By itself, an exchange of knowledge between complementary activities is
 inadequate to bring the localised technological specialisation of firms
 closer together, but cooperative 1earning tends to like the technological
 profile of partner companies more closely cornplementary Interwar cartels
 in the electrical equipment industry were restricted to an exchange of
 knowledge at the corporate group level, but in chemicals they sometimes
 included cooperative Learning. US patent data for the interwar period arc
 used to construct a measure of the pattern of the localised technological
 trajectories of the largest US and European firms. Cartels had a limited
 impact on the overall level of research or the propensity to patent ar the
 corporate group level. hut cooperative learning made the technological
 trajectories of chemical firms more similar or closely complementry.
 Instend. electrical equipment firms became more localised in their
 learning, paths, by separating products while exchanging knowledge between
 activities that remained complementary. The findings are relevant to the
 study of current technological cooperation through inter-firm alliances. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 257-290 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: History of technology, cartels, alliances, innovation, corporate technological specialisation, J.E.L. Clnssification: 033, 034, 038, Ll I, L13, L63, L65, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000022 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000022 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Bartelsman 
Author-X-Name-First: Eric 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bartelsman 
Author-Name: George Van Leeuwen 
Author-X-Name-First: George 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Leeuwen 
Author-Name: Henry Nieuwenhuijsen 
Author-X-Name-First: Henry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nieuwenhuijsen 
Title: Adoption Of Advanced Manufacturing Technology And Firm Performance In The Netherlands 
Abstract:
  This paper presents characteristics of firms that employ advanced
 manufacturing technology (AMT), explores the pattern of adoption of such
 technology, and traces the effects of adoption on the evolution of
 employment and productivity. The study uses linked firm-level data on
 production, factor inputs and on advanced manufacturing technology. It is
 found that the percentage of firms that employ advanced technology
 increases with higher labor productivity, higher export-sales ratios, and
 especially larger firm sire. Corrected for interactions, however, only
 initial size and the initial capital-labor ratio aid in predicting
 adoption of AMT. Conditional on adoption of AMT it is seen that intensity
 of advanced technology inputs decrease with firm sire and with labar
 productivity. Finally, firms which employed AMT in 1992 show higher
 average growth rates of (toral factor) productivity and employment between
 1985 and 1991. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 291-312 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Productivity growth, Innovation, Technology adoption, Advanced manufacturing technology, firm evolution and dynamics JEL Classification: J23, O31, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000023 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000023 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nathalie Greenan 
Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenan 
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guellec 
Title: Firm Organization, Technology And Performance: An Empirical Study 
Abstract:
  The purpose of the study is to characterize different styles of work
 organization in French firms and their current changes and to link them to
 the use of specific technologies and to firms performance. The data which
 are used arc of two kinds: a labor force survey (1 470 blue collar) and a
 business survey (7 089 firms). We show that two main variables create
 differences among firms' organization devices: the intensity of
 communication within the workshop and the level of autonomy of workers
 (facing technological and hierarchical constraints). The use of advanced
 technologies and the skill of the labor force are positively linked to
 both organizational variables. Therefore. 'Communicating organization' and
 organizational innovation seem to aim at creating conditions for
 individual and collective learning on new technologies. They also enhance
 the ability of the firm to adapt to changing market conditions through
 technological innovation and inventory reduction, These views are
 supported by econometric estimation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 313-347 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Organization of Production, Learning, Technological Innovation, Empirical study JEL Classification: L23, 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000024 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000024 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Birgitte Andersen 
Author-X-Name-First: Birgitte 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen 
Title: Book Review 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 349-352 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 6 
Year: 1998 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000025 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000025 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:6:y:1998:i:4:p:349-352




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Mcguckin 
Author-X-Name-First: Robert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mcguckin 
Author-Name: Mary Streitwieser 
Author-X-Name-First: Mary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Streitwieser 
Author-Name: Mark Doms 
Author-X-Name-First: Mark 
Author-X-Name-Last: Doms 
Title: The Effect Of Technology Use On Productivity Growth 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the relationship between the use of advanced
 technologies and productivity and productivity growth rates. We use data
 from the 1993 and 1988 Survey of Manufacturing Technology (SMT) to examine
 the use of advanced (computer based) technologies at two different points
 in time. We also are able to combine the survey data with the Longitudinal
 Research Database (LRD) to examine the relationships between plant
 performance, plant characteristics, and the use of advanced technologies.
 In addition, a subset of these plants were surveyed in both years,
 enabling us to directly associate changes in technology use with changes
 in plant productivity performance. The main findings of the study are as
 follows. First, diffusion is not the same across the surveyed
 technologies. Second, the adoption process is not smooth: plants added and
 dropped technologies over the six-year interval 1988-93. In fact, the
 average plant showed a gross change of roughly four technologies in
 achieving an average net increase of less than one new technology. In this
 regard, technology appears to be an experience good: plants experiment
 with particular technologies before deciding to add additional units or
 drop the technology entirely. We find that establishments that use
 advanced technologies exhibit higher productivity. This relationship is
 observed in both 1988 and 1993 even after accounting for other important
 factors associated with productivity: size, age, capital intensity, labor
 skill mix, and other controls for plant characteristics such as industry
 and region. In addition, the relationship between productivity and
 advanced technology use is observed both in the extent of technologies
 used and the intensity of their use. Finally, while there is some evidence
 that the use of advanced technologies is positively related to improved
 productivity performance, the data suggest that the dominant explanation
 for the observed cross-section relationship is that good performers are
 more likely to use advanced technologies than poorly performing
 operations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-26 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: technology, productivity, JEL Classification: L1, L6, D92, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000026 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000026 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kazuyuki Motohashi 
Author-X-Name-First: Kazuyuki 
Author-X-Name-Last: Motohashi 
Title: Innovation Strategy And Business Performance Of Japanese Manufacturing Firms 
Abstract:
  This paper presents the first exploration of survey data of innovation
 strategy and performance of over 10,000 Japanese manufacturers. Although
 the importance of technological activities among various kinds of firms'
 strategic variables is generally agreed in Japan, empirical studies of
 them are very rare. In this paper, I start with basic facts of firms' R&D
 activities such as size and sectoral distribution of R&D expenditure and
 the number of patent holding, and investigate inter-industry heterogeneity
 of innovation strategies including technology licensing. The second part
 of this paper is for addressing issues on the relationship between these
 innovative strategies and the productivity level of firm. This evaluation
 is done by the following two steps, comparison between R&D performers and
 non performers, then regression of productivity on R&D among R&D
 performers. Small, but some positive associations between them are found,
 especially in high-tech industries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 27-52 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: R&D, patents, technology spillover, productivity, Japanese manufacturing firms, JEL Classification: 030, L60, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000027 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000027 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marie Lavoie 
Author-X-Name-First: Marie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lavoie 
Author-Name: Ross Finnie 
Author-X-Name-First: Ross 
Author-X-Name-Last: Finnie 
Title: The Early Careers Of Engineers And The Accumulation Of Skills In The Canadian Economy 
Abstract:
  Engineering knowledge has an important component (the tacit dimension)
 that is acquired, developed, and enhanced through practical experience, or
 — conversely — that is never obtained or is lost due to the
 lack of such on-the-job applications. In this paper, we investigate
 various dimensions of the accumulation of skills for recent engineering
 graduates in Canada. While there appears to be a general belief that
 recent graduates face an increasingly difficult labour market, we find
 little evidence that this has been the case for engineers and there does
 not appear to be any widespread non-use, under-use, or mismatch of skills
 - at least, not up to 1992, the last year covered by the data. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 53-59 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Accumulation of Technology, Management of Technology, School-to-Work Transition, Post-Secondary Graduates, Engineering Expertise, Job-Education Skill Match, JEL Classification: 120,121, J24, J44, J62. 03.032, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000028 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000028 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Andersson 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson 
Title: Internationalization Of Research And Development-Causes And Consequences For A Small Economy 
Abstract:
  Taking note of the importance of outward foreign direct investment for
 knowledge creation in small countries, the article analyses causes and
 consequences of the internationalization of R&D. Using firm-specific data
 on Swedish manufacturing and a selection bias corrected regression method,
 variation across firms in the share of foreign R&D is explained with needs
 to overcome transfer costs and with technical progress, while influence of
 intra-firm trade is refuted. Complementary examination of affiliate
 characteristics speaks against small countries losing their edge in
 knowledge creation and production. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 71-91 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Internationalisation of R&D, Technology diffusion, Vertical integration, JEL Classification: F2, L2, 03, F23, L22, 032, 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000029 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000029 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:7:y:1998:i:1:p:71-91




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bee Yan Aw 
Author-X-Name-First: Bee Yan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Aw 
Author-Name: Geeta Batra 
Author-X-Name-First: Geeta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Batra 
Title: Technology, Exports And Firm Efficiency In Taiwanese Manufacturing 
Abstract:
  Using firm-level data from the 1986 Census of Manufactures of Taiwan, we
 examine the links between technical efficiency and firm investments in
 technology and exports. Stochastic production frontier techniques are used
 to estimate the technical efficiency of firms by investments in technology
 as well as by export orientation. Our results indicate that accounting for
 firm investments in technology is critical in explaining the strong
 export-productivity link in the extant literature. For the group of large,
 high technology firms, the differences in the mean efficiencies between
 exporters and non-exporters are not significantly different than zero in
 all nine industries under study. However, for the large number of small
 firms that make no formal investments in technology. exporters are
 significantly closer to the production frontier than their counterparts
 that sell in the domestic market. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 93-113 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Technical efficiency, Exports, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000030 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000030 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:7:y:1998:i:2:p:93-113




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruno Crepon 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno 
Author-X-Name-Last: Crepon 
Author-Name: Emmanuel Duguet 
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Duguet 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Title: Research, Innovation And Productivity: An Econometric Analysis At The Firm Level 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the links between productivity, innovation and
 research at the firm level. We introduce three new features: (i) A
 structural model that explains productivity by innovation output, and
 innovation output by research investment: (ii) New data on French
 manufacturing firms, including the number of European patents and the
 percentage share of innovative sales, as well as firm-level demand pull
 and technology push indicators; (iii) Econometric methods which correct
 for selectivity and simultaneity biases and take into account the
 statistical features of the available data: only a small proportion of
 firms engage in research activities and/or apply for patents;
 productivity, innovation and research are endogenously determined;
 research investment and capital are truncated variables, patents are count
 data and innovative sales are interval data. We find that using the more
 widespread methods, and the more usual data and model specification, may
 lead to sensibly different estimates. We find in particular that
 simultaneity tends to interact with selectivity, and that both sources of
 biases must be taken into account together. However our main results are
 consistent with many of the stylized facts of the empirical literature.
 The probability of engaging in research (R&D) for a firm increases with
 its size (number of employees), its market share and diversification, and
 with the demand pull and technology push indicators. The research effort
 (R&D capital intensity) of a firm engaged in research increases with the
 same variables, except for size (its research capital being strictly
 proportional to size). The firm innovation output, as measured by patent
 numbers or innovative sales, rises with its research effort and with the
 demand pull and technology indicators, either directly or indirectly
 through their effects on research. Finally, firm productivity correlates
 positively with a higher innovation output, even when controlling for the
 skill composition of labor as well as for physical capital intensity. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 115-158 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Research, Innovation, Patent, Productivity, Demand conditions, Technological opportunities, System of limited dependent and qualitative variables, Asymptotic least squares JEL Classification: C31, C34, L60, O31, O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000031 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000031 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiangkang Yin 
Author-X-Name-First: Xiangkang 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yin 
Title: Technology Strategy And Product Diversity 
Abstract:
  This paper considers a three-stage game of a differentiated oligopoly:
 firms first make their entry decisions, then they choose production
 technologies and in the third stage of the game they decide product
 prices. The technology choice can be understood as selecting one from a
 pool of those recently available as well as developing a new technology
 through innovative activities. The resulting market equilibrium is then
 compared with the social optimum. The main conclusions are that a
 monopolistically competitive market will typically undersupply both
 product variety and production scale. R&D competition in a free entry
 differentiated oligopoly will lead to insufficient R&D investment at firm
 and industry levels. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 159-175 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Monopolistic competition, Technology choice, R&D competition, Differentiated goods JEL Classification: D43,L13, O31, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000032 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000032 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:7:y:1998:i:2:p:159-175




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Marini 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marini 
Author-Name: Andrea Pannone 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pannone 
Title: Network Production, Efficiency And Technological Options: Toward A New Dynamic Theory Of Telecommunications 
Abstract:
  In this work we propose a new model for the analysis of
 telecommunications (Tlc) networks production. This represents an extension
 of the fund-flow model by Georgescou-Roegen originally applied to the
 manufacture and agriculture sectors. The adopted framework enables us to
 describe the functioning of a Tlc network - and the technique underlying
 the different types of Tlc traffic - by means of a system of
 multi-production where the production time profile has been clearly
 defined. One of the most innovative elements of our analysis is the
 ability to analytically represent the qualitative features of
 technological options. It also signals new productive options connected to
 new Tlc services and the introduction of new network facilities. In this
 way we hope to both further a theoretical understanding of the
 technological dynamics of the Tlc sector, and provide guidance as to the
 strategic choices of the economic actors involved. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 177-201 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Network production, Fund-flow model, Technological options, Qualitative changes, Dynamic analysis JEL Classification: L96, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000033 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000033 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:7:y:1998:i:3:p:177-201




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kong-Rae Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: Kong-Rae 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Author-Name: Joong-Hae Suh 
Author-X-Name-First: Joong-Hae 
Author-X-Name-Last: Suh 
Title: Technology Gap Approach To A Dynamic Change In World Machine Tool Markets: A Panel Data Analysis 
Abstract:
  This paper applies the technology-gap trade theory to explaining radical
 changes in the competitive positions of countries in world machine tool
 markets over the last three decades. It develops the notion that the
 innovation gaps in machine tools among countries led to the intercountry
 differences in the competitive performance in the sector as well as in its
 user sectors. Since competitive advantage largely depends on a capability
 to improve, create and apply technology to market competition, a higher
 innovative performance in one country than another is closely related to a
 higher export performance. A higher innovative performance in machine
 tools is also associated with a higher competitive performance of the
 large areas of its user sectors, due to sectoral interdependences and
 externalities generated by machine tool innovations. The results of
 empirical investigation through a panel data analysis show that the
 international gaps in machine tool innovations appeared to have a positive
 significant relationship with the differences in the export performance of
 both the machine tool sector and its user sector across countries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 203-220 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Technology gap, Machine tools, Competitiveness, Innovativeness, Sectoral interdependence, Dynamic fixed effect, Panel data analysis, User sector, Cross-country analysis JEL Classification: L64, 033, C33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000034 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000034 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Author-Name: Myung-Joong Kwon 
Author-X-Name-First: Myung-Joong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon 
Title: Gross Investment And Technological Change 
Abstract:
  The impact of technological change upon gross investment has been
 relatively ignored. Building upon the foundations of the analysis of
 technological diffusion, an empirical model of gross investment is
 constructed that takes due account of technological change. This model is
 then tested upon a panel data set covering 185 UK firms over the period
 from 1984 to 1992. The results support the hypothesis that there are
 significant relationships of the expected signs between firm level gross
 investment, indicators of technological opportunity; the price of the
 capital goods that embody new technology, and firm and industry
 characteristics. There is also evidence of lagged adjustment effects in
 the investment process. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 221-243 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Investment, Technological change, Innovation JEL Classification: 033, E22, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000035 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000035 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:7:y:1998:i:3:p:221-243




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jean-Louis Caccomo 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Louis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Caccomo 
Title: Review Article System Of Innovation Approach 
Abstract:
  This article is based upon a review of the recent book edited by C.
 Edquist. This book presents different articles that have the development
 of the Systems of Innovation Approach as a common objective. This
 multidisciplinary approach proposes new foundations in order to build a
 global theory of technological change. In this perspective, the authors
 examine some conceptual problems shedding new light on the evolutionary
 theory. This convergence between the Systems of Innovation Approach and
 evolutionary concepts is organized around a complex conception of the
 innovation process. In this context, innovation is a cognitive, a
 multilevel i.e. local, national, sectorial, international -, a historical
 and multidimensional - i.e. technological, organizational and
 institutional - process. This conception gives a central place to public
 actors and institutions. The book helps clarify some important issues
 amongst evolutionary economists that show the strong difficulty inherent
 to the elaboration of a coherent evolutionary of economic change. The
 Systems of Innovation Approach articulates the different evolutionary
 approaches within a global framework. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 245-269 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: System, Innovation, Evolutionary theory, Equilibrium and evolution JEL Classifications: A12, B25, B31, D31, L2, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000036 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000036 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Calderini 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderini 
Author-Name: Stan Metcalfe 
Author-X-Name-First: Stan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Metcalfe 
Title: Compound Learning, Neural Nets And The Competitive Process 
Abstract:
  In this paper we try to assess the potential application of neural
 networks as a modelling tool for complex evolutionary processes. The
 concept that we wish to investigate is the one of compound learning, that
 is the fact that, in a complex environment, what and how much economic
 entities learn depends upon what has been learnt in other entities in an
 interactive fashion. Our application consists of a stylised environment in
 which two firms learn how to innovate their product and to sell it on a
 market which learns how to evaluate the product which is being supplied.
 We seek to demonstrate that what matters for competitive advantage is not
 the absolute value of learning capability but the differential learning
 capability between the competing firms and between the firms and the
 market. Another appealing way to see it is that the chance for one of the
 two firms to gain competitive advantage is not unlimited but is
 constrained by own learning capability and the learning capability of the
 market. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 271-302 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Learning, Competition, Neural networks, JEL Classification: L20, O30, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000037 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000037 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shoko Haneda 
Author-X-Name-First: Shoko 
Author-X-Name-Last: Haneda 
Author-Name: Hiroyuki Odagiri 
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki 
Author-X-Name-Last: Odagiri 
Title: Appropriation Of Returns From Technological Assets And The Values Of Patents And R&D In Japanese High-Tech Firms 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates the extent that technological assets contribute
 to the value of the firm, using the sample of 90 Japanese firms in
 pharmaceutical, chemical, and electrical equipment industries. We use the
 firm's R&D expenditures and the number of patents (in stock) as the
 measures of its technological assets and show that the relative usefulness
 of these two measures varies across industries. Particularly, Tobin's q is
 positively related to the technological assets most strongly in the
 pharmaceutical industry. It is also most sensitive in this industry to the
 level of patent stock, coinciding with the view that drug patents are more
 effective than other patents as a means of appropriating returns from
 innovation. The communications equipment industry is also characterized by
 its q's dependence on patent stock. In addition, this industry's q is
 particularly sensitive to the level of net R&D investment in the most
 recent year, presumably because of the rapid technological progress in
 this industry. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 303-321 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Patents, R&D stock, Tobin's q, JEL Classification: O32, O34, G12, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000038 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000038 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandro Sterlacchini 
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sterlacchini 
Title: Inputs And Outputs Of Innovative Activities In Italian Manufacturing 
Abstract:
  By using new and comprehensive indicators, this paper analyses across
 Italian manufacturing industries the relationship between innovation
 inputs and outputs. The regression analysis shows that the sales due to
 process innovations are significantly associated with the purchases of
 innovative capital goods while the sales of improved products and products
 that are new to the firm are particularly affected by expenditure on
 product R&D. The expenditures for design, engineering and pre-production
 developments are closely associated with the sales ascribed to products
 new to the Italian market and entirely new. However, the results of a
 canonical correlation analysis suggest that, to raise the sales of the
 most innovative products, the joint employment of innovation inputs is
 necessary. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 323-344 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Innovation inputs and Outputs, JEL Classification: O31, O32, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000039 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000039 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raffaele Paci 
Author-X-Name-First: Raffaele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Paci 
Author-Name: Stefano Usai 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Usai 
Title: Innovative Efforts, Technological Opportunity And Changes In Market Structure In Italian Manufacturing 
Abstract:
  Numerous attempts have been made to account for cross-industries
 differences in technological efforts; most of them have been accomplished
 along the lines of the structure-conduct-performance hypothesis. It is our
 purpose to reverse such an approach in the light of the latest theoretical
 and empirical contributions. We study the effects on the market structure
 of differences in firms' innovative effort within different technological
 environments, defined in terms both of the technological opportunity and
 of the appropriability of the innovations' returns. Results from a panel
 of Italian industrial sectors for the period 1978-1993 confirm previous
 evidence from other countries: technological efforts prove to have a
 negative impact on the level of concentration. Moreover, such a
 relationship may be modified depending on the technological conditions
 prevailing in each industry. The higher the potential knowledge available
 (better opportunity conditions), the lower the entry barriers and the more
 decentralising is the effect of technological activity. At the same time,
 the better the appropriability conditions, the more successfully
 innovative behaviour conveys greater quotas of the market, increasing its
 concentration. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 345-369 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 7 
Year: 1998 
Keywords: Market structure, Innovation, Technological opportunity, Italian manufacturing, JEL Classification: L11, O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599800000040 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599800000040 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebecca Henderson 
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Henderson 
Author-Name: Adam Jaffe 
Author-X-Name-First: Adam 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaffe 
Title: Special Issue On Geography And Innovation 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-4 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000001 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maryann Feldman 
Author-X-Name-First: Maryann 
Author-X-Name-Last: Feldman 
Title: The New Economics Of Innovation, Spillovers And Agglomeration: Areview Of Empirical Studies 
Abstract:
  This paper reviews recent empirical studies of location and innovation.
 The objective is to highlight the questions addressed, approaches adopted,
 and further issues that remain. The review is organized around the
 traditions of measuring geographically mediated spillovers and
 productivity studies that introduce a geographic dimension. The first part
 identilies four separate strains in thc empirical spillover literature:
 innovation production functions; the linkages between patent citations.
 defined as paper trails: the rnobility of skilled labor based on the
 notion that knowledge spillovers are transmitted through people; and,
 last, knowledge spillovers embodied in traded goods. The second part
 considers the composition of agglomeration economies, the attributes of
 knowlcdge, and the characteristics of firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 5-25 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Innovation, Geography, Spillovers, Location JEL Classification: 03, L2, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000002 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dietmar Harhoff 
Author-X-Name-First: Dietmar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harhoff 
Title: Firm Formation And Regional Spillovers - Evidence From Germany 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the effect of regional spillovers on the rate of firm
 formation in two major West German industries for the time period from
 1989 to 1993. 1 exploit regional variations in firm formation at the
 county level to identify the effects of historically given industry
 structure and employment structure on thc emergence of new firms. The
 results point to the existence of strong localization and urbanization
 effects. The emergence of high technology firms seems to be contingent on
 a heterogeneous historical industry structure, the existence of service
 providers, and in particular on a high employment share of scientists in
 universities and extra-university research laboratories. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 27-55 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Startup firm, Spillovers, Agglomerations JEL Classification: 030, 018, R30, R58, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000003 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zoltan Acs 
Author-X-Name-First: Zoltan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Acs 
Author-Name: Felix Fitzroy 
Author-X-Name-First: Felix 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzroy 
Author-Name: Ian Smith 
Author-X-Name-First: Ian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith 
Title: High Technology Employment, Wages And University R&D Spillovers: Evidence From Us Cities 
Abstract:
  Using 4 years of data from 36 American cities and 6 high technology
 groupings we present thc first estimates of University R&D spillover
 effects on ctnployrnent at this level of disag-gregation, while
 controlling for wages, prior innovations, state fixed efrccts, and saniple
 selectivity hias. We find robust evidence that lagged and disaggrcgated
 university R&D is a significant determinant of city high technology
 employment and some evidence for employment effects of innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 57-78 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: High technology, Employment, R&D spillovers, Externalities, Clusters JEL Classifications: 523, 544, 030, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000004 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maryellen Kelley 
Author-X-Name-First: Maryellen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelley 
Author-Name: Susan Helper 
Author-X-Name-First: Susan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Helper 
Title: Firm Size And Capabilities, Regional Agglomeration, And The Adoption Of New Technology 
Abstract:
  The literature on agglomeration economies suggests that, in addition to
 firm-specific attributes, the local geographic context conditions the
 expected profitability of technology adoption. All rheories of technology
 diffusion assumc that inter-firm learning is the outcome of contact with
 prior adopters. Yet, with few exceptions, thc attributes of location that
 maximize the opportunities for learning (and hence, reduce thc costs of
 technology adoption for all firms in the same locale) have been given only
 cursory treatment. In this paper, we develop and test a model in which
 both firm-specific capabilities and placc-specific cxtcrnal economies
 affect the firm's decision to adopt a new technology. Our data colile from
 two national surveys conducted in 1987 and 1991. Because we have
 information on two different time periods, we are able to specify firm and
 place-specific conditions that precede the technology adoption decision.
 We find that localization (as measured by regional clustering of
 enterprises in related industries) and urbanizalion (as mcasured by the
 diversity of industries, and by the concentration of degree granting
 engineering institutions) provide knowledge spillovers that facilitate the
 adoption of new tcchnology by local establishments. Moreover, the impact
 of urbanization econonlies is size-related: The impact of a diverse region
 on adoption is evcn greater for small enterprises than for large ones. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 79-103 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Agglomeration economies, Technology adoption, Knowledge spillovers, Small business, Regional economies, Survey research JEL Classification: 030, R11, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000005 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Jaffe 
Author-X-Name-First: Adam 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaffe 
Author-Name: Manuel Trajtenberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Trajtenberg 
Title: International Knowledge Flows: Evidence From Patent Citations 
Abstract:
  This paper explores the patterns of citations among patents taken out by
 inventors in the U.S., the U.K., Francc. Germany and Japan. We find (I)
 patents assigned to the same firm are more likely to cite each other, and
 come sooncr than other citations; (2) patents in the same patent class are
 approxinlatcly 100 titlles as likely to cite each other as ydtents froin
 different patent classes, but there is not a strong time pattern to this
 effect; (3) patents whose inventors reside in the same country are
 typically 30 to 80% more likely to cite each other than inventors from
 othcr countrics, and these citations come sooner; and (4) there are clear
 country-specific citation tendencies, e.g., Japanese citations typically
 come sooner than those of othcr countries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 105-136 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Patents, Citations, Spillovers JEL Classification: 031, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000006 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giorgio Harha Navaretti 
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgio Harha 
Author-X-Name-Last: Navaretti 
Author-Name: Carlo Cakraro 
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cakraro 
Title: From Learning To Partnership: Multinational R&D Cooperationin Developing Countries 
Abstract:
  This paper is a first attempt to analyse the determinants of inter-firm
 R&D agreements between advanced and developing countries, i.e. between
 firms with asymmetric endowments of knowledge. It shows that international
 dispersion of R&D activity by multinationals also concerns developing
 countries, particularly the NICs. Indeed, both our theory and empirical
 evidence show that R&D can be carried out via aml-length agreements, even
 between partners with asymmetric endowments of knowledge. The paper
 develops a thcorelical model which brings together some of the central
 assutnptions of the literature on R&ll cooperation and of the literature
 on hierarchical transfer of technology. A niultinational has the option
 between setting up a subsidi;uy and competing with a local firm in a
 duopoly, or implementing an agreement and share monopoly profits. The two
 firms, if they choose the agreement, may also cooperate it1 R&D. The model
 shows that. K&D coopcration increases both the profitability and the
 stability of the agreement. the latter as far as it affects the long term
 relationship of trust between the partners. The niodel also shows that R&D
 cooperation is more likely when asymmctries in R&D efficiency between the
 partners are not loo large. Spillovers have an ambiguous role. They must
 be largc enough to induce firms to form an arm-length agreement, but if
 they are too large they discourage R&D cooperation. The empirical analysis
 is based on a data set of international arm-length agreements. By testing
 a dichotomous choice model it supports some of the key theoretical results
 and assumptions: R&D ngreenlents are particularly likely to emerge when
 firms have a nun-hierarchical relationship, in knowledge intensive
 industries and when technological asymmetries between home and host
 countries are not too large. Indeed most R&D agreements are concentrated
 in the NlCs which have relatively advanced industrial bases and
 capabilities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 137-173 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Multinational firm, International business, Management of technological innovation and R&D, Firm organisation and Markct structurc JEL Classification: F23, 032, L22, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000007 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:1-2:p:137-173




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dllek Cetindamar Kakaomerlioglu 
Author-X-Name-First: Dllek Cetindamar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kakaomerlioglu 
Author-Name: Bo Carlsson 
Author-X-Name-First: Bo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carlsson 
Title: Manufacturing In Decline? A Matter Of Definition 
Abstract:
  This paper offers a new approach to the definition of manufacturing
 activities, placing them in a broader framework to capture the dynamics of
 manufacturing in the economy. After discussing why in many cases it may bc
 appropriate to consider producer services and tnanttfacturing industries
 together, the paper analyzes the development of manufacturing and producer
 service industries in the United States. We examine the factors leading to
 the growth of producer services, concluding that unbundling, the shift of
 some activities (such as legal, accounting, and data processing services)
 from manufacturing to producer services industries, is an important
 explanation for this growth. Finally, we discuss the relationship between
 manufacturing and producer services. Our analysis, based on a broader
 definition of manufacturing, shows that over the last two decades the U.S.
 manufacturing base has declined only slightly rather than radically as
 suggested in many studies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 175-196 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Manufacturing, Producer services, U. S. economy JEL Classification: L0, L6, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000008 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:3:p:175-196




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annika Rickne 
Author-X-Name-First: Annika 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rickne 
Author-Name: Staffan Jacobsson 
Author-X-Name-First: Staffan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobsson 
Title: New Technology-Based Firms In Sweden - A Study Of Their Direct Impact On Industrial Renewal 
Abstract:
  The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the ways in which new
 tcchnology-bascd firms (NTBFs), started after 1975, have contributed to
 the process of industrial renewal in Sweden. For this purpose, we have
 developed a novel way of operationalizing the concept of NTBFs and of
 identifying the population of such companies in Sweden. The method relies
 heavily on unique data on the educational background of the firm's staff.
 We found that NTBFs constitute a relatively small but growing phenomenon
 in Sweden. Although small in magnitude, the firms have contributed to
 industrial renewal by increasing the knowledge-intensity and science base
 of Swedish industry and industry-related services. They have also
 contributed somewhat to the redirection of the knowledge base in Sweden in
 favour of skills which are central to the innovation process in growth
 sectors, primarily computer science skills. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 197-223 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: New technology-based firms, Industrial renewal, Growth sectors, Sweden JEL Classification: L00, O30, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000009 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:3:p:197-223




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edoardo Gaffeo 
Author-X-Name-First: Edoardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaffeo 
Title: Competition-Led Endogenous Growth With Localized Technological Change 
Abstract:
  This paper presents an imperfect competition framework where growth is
 described as successful R&D investments in decreasing production-cost
 technologies. Innovation and imitation processes are modelled as
 activities requiring different amounts of investment, whose outcome is
 uncertaint both as regards the time it takes to occur and the amount of
 effective increase in productivity it allows. Furthermore, technological
 change is governed by localized spillovers, so that it can be analytically
 treated using the machinery of Markovian random fields. Preliminary
 results obtained through simulation exercises and a 'Mean Field'
 approximation allow us to evaluate how alternative assumptions on the
 nature of localization of technological change affect the market structure
 and the rate of growth of the average productivity of an imperfectly
 competitive economy. Hence, it is possible to provide some 'micro'
 insights to the growing macroeconomic literature dealing with local
 interaction among producers. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 225-251 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Heterogeneity, Schumpeterian hypothesis, Localized technological change, Local interaction JEL Classification: C60, L22, O33, O40, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000010 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:3:p:225-251




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederico Rocha 
Author-X-Name-First: Frederico 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha 
Title: Inter-Firm Technological Cooperation: Effects Of Absorptive Capacity, Firm-Size And Specialization 
Abstract:
  This paper aims to add evidence on the role played by firms'
 technological competencies in the determination of their intensity of
 cooperation with other firms. Using a database composed by patents jointly
 filcd by two or more firms in the European Patent Office, the paper
 confronts the hypotheses of complementary or substitutive character of
 technological cooperation in relation to intra-mural R&D. The results
 suggest that more technologically and productive specialized firms are
 more likely to cooperate and find no support for the hypothesis that
 greater level of R&D expenditure will induce greater reliance on
 technological cooperation. It is also suggested that firms cooperate with
 partners that hold cotilplenientary competencies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 253-271 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Technological cooperation, Technological strategies, Competence building JEL Classification: L22, O32, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000011 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:3:p:253-271




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heli Koski 
Author-X-Name-First: Heli 
Author-X-Name-Last: Koski 
Title: The Installed Base Effect: Some Empirical Evidence From The Microcomputer Market 
Abstract:
  The penetration rate US network technologies is not only determined by
 the indigenous qualities of these technologies, but also by the adoption
 behaviour of other actors using the same network technology. This paper
 provides empirical evidence for the importance of network externalities
 and suggests that the econonmic consequences of network externalities - as
 they affect the diffusion speed of network technologies at an aggregate
 level - may be considerable.When the market offers incompatible network
 technologies, the relative share of previous adopters of the technologies
 plays a critical role in determining the diffusion speed of network
 technologies. This paper provides empirical evidence from the European
 microcomputer market between 1985 and 1994 which supports this hypothesis.
 Our analysis suggests that the diffusion speed of microcomputers at an
 aggregate level has varied with the relative order of magnitude of the
 network size of the two incompatible operating systems: a higher variation
 between the number of users of different microcomputers sold is positively
 relaled to a higher diffusion speed of microcomputers in general. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 273-310 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Network externalities, Installed base of users, Timing of adoption, Compatibility JEL Classification: O33, O52, L63, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000012 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000012 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Keld Laursen 
Author-X-Name-First: Keld 
Author-X-Name-Last: Laursen 
Author-Name: Ina Drejer 
Author-X-Name-First: Ina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Drejer 
Title: Do Inter-Sectoral Linkages Matter for International Export Specialisation? 
Abstract:
  This paper basically adopts a 'technology gap' approach for explaining
 international export specialisation. Within this broad label there has
 been one tradition which has applied cumulativeness in technological
 change as an explanation, while another tradition has emphasised the role
 of inter-sectoral linkages (the so-called home market effect) in this
 context. However,given that the sources of innovation (inducement
 mechanisms) differ between firms according to principal sector of
 activity, different variables should not be expected to be of equal
 importance across industrial sectors. Thus, using the Pavitt taxonomy as a
 starting point, the paper statistically investigates the importance of
 variables reflecting different inducement mechanisms, across 9 OECD
 countries. The paper concludes that the two types of technological
 activities, namely technological activities in the 'own' sector, and
 inter-sectoral linkages are both important in thc determination of
 national export specialisation patterns. However, the importance differs
 according to the mode of innovation in each type of sector. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 311-330 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: International export specialisation, Patent data, Input-output analysis, Inter-sectoral linkages JEL Classification: C33, F14, O31, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000013 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000013 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:4:p:311-330




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanna Vertova 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vertova 
Title: Stability In National Patterns Of Technological Specialisation:Some Historical Evidence From Patent Data 
Abstract:
  The paper examines the evolution of technological specialisation in a
 group of selected countries over the period between 1890 and 1990.
 Technological specialisation of each country is measured by the RTA
 (Revealed Technological Advantage) index, based on patent statistics, in
 four different historical periods. Following an evolutionary approach, the
 hypothesis of cumulativeness and of incremental change are tested with a
 linear cross-section regression model. The results from regressions and
 statistical tests enable some conclusions to be drawn.Path-dependence and
 cuniulativeness in countries' profiles of technological specialisation
 occurs over a 25-year period. Over longer periods, the size of countries
 and their ability to either specialise in some niches or broaden out the
 specialisation across more sectors matters.Diversifying incremental change
 has found to be a consistent and strong phenomenon among countries, due to
 countries' natural tendency to move into related technological fields. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 331-354 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Technological specialisation, Patents, Evolutionary theory, Advanced countries, Cumulativeness, Incremental change JEL Classification: O33, O57, C12, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000014 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000014 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:4:p:331-354




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shuji Takahashi 
Author-X-Name-First: Shuji 
Author-X-Name-Last: Takahashi 
Title: R&D Capability and Market Structure 
Abstract:
  In this theoretical article, we examine the effect of competition on a
 firm's investment in 'R&D capability'. We extend the horizons of the
 discussion on 'R&D capability' to market structure by using a simple
 two-firm patent race model in which the firms can invest in both final
 technology used in the market and R&D capability for increasing R&D
 efficiency during a R&D race. Duopolists have a smaller incentive to make
 capability investment than monopolists and tend to invest in final
 technology. This myopic behavior may reduce both welfare and the speed of
 innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 355-365 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 8 
Year: 1999 
Keywords: Patent, Market structure, Learning, Innovation process JEL Classification: O31, O34, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599900000015 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599900000015 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:8:y:1999:i:4:p:355-365




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ada Leiponen 
Author-X-Name-First: Ada 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leiponen 
Title: Competencies, Innovation And Profitability Of Firms 
Abstract:
  This empirical study investigates the impact of competencies on firms'
 economic perfomance. A panel dataset of Finnish manufacturing firms is
 used to assess the effects of education and innovation on profitability.
 The differences between innovators and non-innovators, and between
 product- and process-innovators are also examined, to illuminate the
 interactions between innovation and skills. The results indicate that
 educational measures of competence are significantly associated with
 profitability. First, interactions between different levels and fields of
 education have the most important effects. For example, the positive
 effect of research skills is conditioned by a sufficient share of
 employees with general skills acquired in higher education. Second,
 profitability of innovating firms is determined differently from that of
 non-innovating firms, in particular, educational competencies are more
 important for innovators. Finally, the determinants of profitability. of
 product innovators differ from those of process innovators, i.e.,
 different competencies complement different types of innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-24 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: education, competencies, innovation, profitability, JEL classifications: 031, I21, L60, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000001 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Stolpe 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stolpe 
Title: Protection Against Software Piracy: A Study Of Technology Adoption For The Enforcement Of Intellectual Property Rights 
Abstract:
  Although software piracy is often described as a threat to innovation,
 only a minority of publishers has chosen to adopt hardware keys, the most
 secure technology protecting intellectual property in software. A survey
 of German software publishers reveals that they demand different levels of
 costly security, depending on product characteristics and markets served.
 Industry-specific business applications are more likely to be protected by
 hardware keys than other software. So is software whose usage involves
 network effects creating a channel for the distribution of illegal copies
 as well as positive externalities among users. Another factor is the
 export of software to countries where protection strategies relying on
 registration requirements and legal action are difficult to implement.
 These findings have policy implications. Since public protection incurs
 costs of its own, initiatives to strengthen intellectual property rights
 in software and their official enforcement should take empirical evidence
 about private willingness to pay for protection into account. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 25-52 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Intellectual property rights, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000002 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:1:p:25-52




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alejandro Gaviria 
Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaviria 
Title: Are Technological Innovations Contagious? Evidence From Sport Records 
Abstract:
  In this paper we use world cycling records to study the pattern of
 technological development of the track bicycle. We find that there is a
 strong evidence of 'contagious' effects among cycling records which in
 turn provides indirect evidence of 'contagious' effects among
 technological innovations. Interestingly, the 'contagiousness' of records
 is not a salient characteristic of track and field competitions where,
 arguably, technology plays a smaller role. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 53-70 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Technological change, cycling records, dynamics of innovation, JEL Codes: L83, 031 and 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000003 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward Malecki 
Author-X-Name-First: Edward 
Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki 
Title: Knowledge, Competence, And Regional Development 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 71-79 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000004 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: C.-H. Sophie Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: C.-H. Sophie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Author-Name: Anttesh Barua 
Author-X-Name-First: Anttesh 
Author-X-Name-Last: Barua 
Author-Name: Andrew Whinston 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew 
Author-X-Name-Last: Whinston 
Title: The Complementarity Of Mass Customization And Electronic Commerce 
Abstract:
  In this technology-intensive business world, it is important to note that
 technology does not work alone; it only works when all other supporting
 elements work in concert. Two 'things', or business strategies, are
 complementary when the marginal contribution of one increases with the
 value of the other, and vice versa This paper models two business
 strategies, electronic commerce and mass customization, in a profit
 maximization model and shows that these two strategies as complementary
 under certain assumptions. In doing so, this paper sheds light on why many
 mass customization attempts failed and why electronic commerce does not
 bring in as high a return as expected. This paper includes three
 sub-models and shows the optimal price movements under each scenario. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 81-110 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: complementarity, electronic commerce, mass customization, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000005 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:2:p:81-110




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Isabel Busom 
Author-X-Name-First: Isabel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Busom 
Title: An Empirical Evaluation of The Effects of R&D Subsidies 
Abstract:
  R&D subsidies are a common tool of technology policy, but little is known
 about the effects they have on the behavior of firms. This paper presents
 evidence on the effects that R&D subsidies have on the R&D effort of
 recipients, and on the probability that a firm will participate in a
 program granting R&D subsidies. The empirical model consists of a system
 of equations: a participation equation; and an R&D effort equation.
 Endogeneity of public funding is controlled for. Estimates are obtained
 with a cross-section sample of Spanish firms. The main findings are that:
 1) small firms are more likely to obtain a subsidy than large firms,
 probably reflecting one of the public agency's goals; 2) overall, public
 funding induces more private effort, but for some firms (30% of
 participants) full crowding out effects cannot be ruled out, and 3) firm
 size remains related to effort, whether or not a firm gets public funding. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 111-148 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Technology policy, R&D, subsidies, policy evaluation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000006 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:2:p:111-148




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Amendola 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Amendola 
Author-Name: J. -L. Gaffard 
Author-X-Name-First: J. -L. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaffard 
Author-Name: P. Musso 
Author-X-Name-First: P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Musso 
Title: Competition, Innovation And Increasing Returns 
Abstract:
  When firms enjoy increasing returns in presence of a high rate of
 innovation, competition may obtain due to the continuous changes in demand
 and cost conditions even when there is no differentiation and the products
 of competing firms are essentially homogeneous. In this paper we intend to
 provide theoretical structure to this conjecture, and to confirm it by
 carrying out a simulation analysis in the case of two firms competing on
 the market. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 149-181 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: competition, co-ordination, innovation, increasing returns, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000007 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:2:p:149-181




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rinaldo Evangelista 
Author-X-Name-First: Rinaldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelista 
Title: Sectoral Patterns Of Technological Change In Services 
Abstract:
  This article provides a comprehensive picture of the characteristics of
 innovation in services, using the results of the 1993-95 Italian
 innovation survey in services. Technological change does play a role in
 services: around one third of service firms have introduced a
 technological innovation in the period 1993-95. Process innovation,
 innovative investment and the acquisition and internal development of
 software represent the most important channels through which service firms
 innovate. R&D activities represent an important innovation source only for
 a small number of science and technology-based service industries. The
 sectoral analysis highlights the variety of innovative patterns, which
 should discourage any simple generalization about innovation in services.
 Accordingly, a sectoral taxonomy is proposed in which service industries
 are clustered according to the overall innovative performance of firms,
 the nature of the innovation activities carried out, the different
 knowledge bases underlying the innovation processes, and the different
 patterns of interaction through which service firms innovate. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 183-222 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000008 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:3:p:183-222




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Munisamy Gopinath 
Author-X-Name-First: Munisamy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gopinath 
Author-Name: Terry Roe 
Author-X-Name-First: Terry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Roe 
Title: R&D Spillovers: Evidence from U.S. Food Processing, Farm Machinery and Agricultural Sectors 
Abstract:
  This paper computes private and social rates of return to R&D capital in
 the three vertically linked sectors, primary agriculture, food processing,
 and the farm machinery in the United States. Using a cost function
 approach, the private rates of return to R&D ranged from an average of
 21.5% per annum for farm machinery to 87.5% for agriculture. The social
 rates of return to R&D in food processing and farm machinery are larger
 than the private rates due to spillovers. We find that spillovers from
 public agricultural R&D mitigates the market's failure in farm machinery
 to fully appropriate the returns to its R&D capital. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 223-244 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Intersectoral Spillovers, R&D capital, Rates of Return, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000009 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:3:p:223-244




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Brousseau 
Author-X-Name-First: Eric 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brousseau 
Title: What Institutions To Organize Electronic Commerce?: Private Institutions And The Organization Of Markets 
Abstract:
  This paper is based upon an analysis of various experiences of electronic
 commerce. It analyzes the role of private institutions in the organization
 of systems of transactions. Private institutions take place between public
 institutions (that are insufficiently specialized) and inter-individual
 governance structures (that do not benefit from scale and cognitive
 economies). These private institutions are very diverse and the paper
 points out the various types of services provided by diverse institutions
 depending on their constitutional mode. While various possible
 institutional frameworks have very different features in terms of
 coordination, there is no most efficient institutional environment.
 Moreover, the emergence process of these institutional framework strongly
 influences their ability to survive. Very different institutional
 frameworks can therefore organize electronic trade quite differently in
 the various industries 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 245-274 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: (Private) Institutions, Standardization, (Market) Intermediaries, Hybrid Fonns, Transaction Costs, Path Dependency, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000010 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:3:p:245-274




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nathalie Greenana 
Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenana 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Title: Computers And Productivity In France: Some Evidence 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we make a first attempt to explore the relationship
 between computer use and productivity in French manufacturing and services
 industries. We match information on computer utilization in the work place
 collected at the employee level in the years 1987,1991 and 1993, with
 information on firm productivity, capital intensity and average wage
 available at the firm level. Being based on the answers of very few
 interviewed employees (only one for 75% of the firms in our samples), our
 measure of firm computer use is subject to important sampling errors, and
 hence our estimates of computer impacts are largely affected by random
 errors in variables downward biases. Nonetheless we find coherent and
 persuasive evidence that the computer impacts on productivity are indeed
 positive and that the returns to the firm should at least be in the same
 range as the returns to the other types of capital. We also show that the
 sampling errors in measurement biases can be assessed, and we make the
 general point that econometric studies of the firm can be effectively and
 substantially enriched by using information collected from workers, even
 if very few of them are surveyed per firm. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 275-315 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000011 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:3:p:275-315




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeroen Hinloopen 
Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hinloopen 
Title: Subsidizing Cooperative And Noncooperative R&D: An Equivalence Result? 
Abstract:
  We show for a widely-used class of models for strategic R&D that
 optimally subsidizing cooperative R&D or noncooperative R&D leads to the
 same level of private R&D investments. We then highlight the limitations
 of the framework that are responsible for this finding and conclude that
 policy recommendations based on the type of model used here should be
 treated as highly tentative. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 317-329 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: R&D subsidies, cooperative R&D, differentiated oligopoly, JEL Classification L43; O32, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000012 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000012 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:4:p:317-329




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magnus Holmen 
Author-X-Name-First: Magnus 
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmen 
Author-Name: Staffan Jacobsson 
Author-X-Name-First: Staffan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobsson 
Title: A Method for Identifying Actors in a Knowledge Based Cluster 
Abstract:
  The objective of the paper is to develop a method through which we can
 identify the actors (industrial, institutional and individual) who are
 active in technology development in the same or similar knowledge fields.
 The paper is, thus, aimed to make a methodological contribution to the
 literature, which has emerged on the systemic nature of innovation. The
 method involves broadening out from a starting point in a specific patent
 class, which corresponds as closely as possibly to the technological area
 of interest, to a set of related patent classes by using
 co-classifications and citations. After close scrutiny of both patent
 classes and patents, the actors in the new classes, as well as in the
 original class, are then identified. We try out the method on radio wave
 antennas for communication technology in Sweden. We find a range of firms
 and other actors in a whole set of industries, which bear little relation
 to one another in an input-output sense. Although we cannot ascertain the
 extent of linkages or relations between these actors, our hypothesis is
 that they constitute a cluster around radio wave antenna technology in
 Sweden. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 331-352 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Inter-industry relations, knowledge spillovers and overlaps, patents, interdependence, J.E.L. Classification O32; O33; R10, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000013 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000013 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:4:p:331-352




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenneth Brown 
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown 
Author-Name: Shane Greenstein 
Author-X-Name-First: Shane 
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenstein 
Title: Identifying The Demand For Features: An Application To Mainframe Computers 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the mainframe computer market from 1985-1991 and
 attempts to identify the types of buyers that demand particular computer
 features, such as speed and memory. To identify these buyers, demand for
 computer characteristics is estimated using a demand model based on Rosen
 (1974). Through these demand estimates we are able to show that the advent
 of on-line transactions processing was pushing the demand for computer
 speed and memory to some extent. However, beyond this specialized
 application, only a few industries seemed to be demanding the newest
 technology, while the majority of buyers continued to buy small mainframes
 throughout the sample period. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 353-384 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000014 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000014 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:4:p:353-384




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maurizio Baussola 
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Baussola 
Title: The Causality Between R&D And Investment 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between R&D
 expenditure and investment in machinery and equipment in order to test for
 causality. New growth theory emphasises the role of R&D in creating
 blueprints needed to produce new capital goods implicitly assuming
 causality running from R&D to investment. Other recent studies using firm
 level data have investigated the relationship between innovative activity
 and investment in fixed capital. In this paper we use aggregate data from
 the US economy on R&D expenditure in the industrial sector and aggregate
 investment in machinery and equipment. Standard Granger causality tests,
 together with the Hsiao version, are then performed, showing that
 causality runs from R&D to investment. In addition we perform a
 cointegration analysis allowing a test of possible long-run feedbacks.
 This dynamic representation shows that any feedback between investment and
 R&D is only significant in the long run. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 385-399 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Investment, R&D, Granger Causality, Cointegration, JEL classification: O30; O40; C22, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000015 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000015 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:4:p:385-399




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rafael Moner-Colonques 
Author-X-Name-First: Rafael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moner-Colonques 
Author-Name: Jose Jorge Sempere-Monerris 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose Jorge 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sempere-Monerris 
Title: Cooperation In R&D With Spillovers And Delegation Of Sales 
Abstract:
  Cooperation in several phases of the innovation process is viewed by
 antitrust authorities with suspicion. They face the dilemma between
 providing the right incentives for the appro-priability of returns to R&D
 and the risks of diminishing product market competition. The current
 legislation in the European Union and the United States gives special
 treatment to cooperation in R&D and the joint exploitation of results
 (extended cooperation). We study several collusive regimes for a class of
 examples in which vertical relations are explicitly introduced. Regarding
 antitrust policy implications we fmd that: a) there is an ana-lytical
 justification to a 'rule of reason' treatment for extended cooperation in
 research joint ventures and, b) individual exemptions, though restrictive
 of competition, might be welfare improving. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 401-420 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: R&D joint ventures, vertical relations, antitrust J.E.L Classification L49; 031, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000016 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000016 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:5:p:401-420




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa De Propris 
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Propris 
Title: Innovation And Inter-Firm Co-Operation: The Case Of The West Midlands 
Abstract:
  Drawing upon the innovative milieux and industrial districts literature,
 the paper provides substantial empirical evidence that firms have a
 greater chance of being innovative if they co-operate with other firms
 over innovation, albeit undertaking no investment in RLD. This is an
 important result especially for small firms. In particular, the paper
 focuses on inter-firm cwperation along the supply chain, using a swey of
 firms in the West Midlands to investi-gate co-operation over innovation
 between suppliers and buyers. A probit model is used to test the link
 between innovation performance and four innovation inputs: R&D
 expenditure, R&D personnel, networking with suppliers and networking with
 client firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 421-446 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: innovation, small firms, industrial district, innovative milieux, networking JEL Classification 031; R12, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000017 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000017 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:5:p:421-446




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ilsoon Shin 
Author-X-Name-First: Ilsoon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Shin 
Title: Use Of Information Network And Organizational Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence In Korea 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the relationship between the use of various
 information networks and organizational productivity in Korean firms. To
 this end, first. the current firm-level usage panems of information
 networks are explained in the following network categories: (1) LAN (Local
 Area Network). (2) inter- and intra-firm networks, (3) various types of
 inter-firm networks, and (4) the Internet and intranet, Second, by
 deriving TFP (Total Factor Roductivity) from the baseline production
 function, which augments lT stock into otherwise standard one, the impact
 of various information networks is investigated. The results show that
 LAN, the Intemet and intranet have significant impacts on fm-level TFP,
 while inter-firm network does not. Also, the productivity of firm using
 the Internet is 8.5 percent higher than the firms using only LAN, and the
 productivity of firms using intranet is 43.6 percent higher than the firms
 using just the Internet. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 447-646 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Information Networks, Total Factor Productivity JEL Classificarion D21; D24; 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000018 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000018 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:5:p:447-646




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ulrich Kaiser 
Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaiser 
Title: New Technologies And The Demand For Heterogeneous Labor: Firm-Level Evidence For The German Business-Related Service Sector 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates the impact of modern information and
 communication technologies on the demand for heterogeneous labor. It
 starts with an interrelated factor demand system. The 'desired' level of
 employment which is needed in such models, is derived from a Generalized
 Leontief cost function with quasi-fixed factors. Firm-level,
 cross-sectional data taken from an innovation survey in the service sector
 are used in the empirical analysis. The model is estimated by a trivariate
 ordered probit model. Evidence in favor of skill-biased technological
 change in the fast-growing German business-related services sector is
 found. 'Ibe paper suggests a new method of calculating skill-specific and
 firm-specific labor cost from information on total labor cost and the
 share of each skill group in total employment only. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 465-486 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: interrelated factor demands, Generalized Leontief cost function, heterogeneous labor demand, business-related services, labor cost decomposition, aivariate ordad probit model, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000019 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000019 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:5:p:465-486




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Lissoni 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lissoni 
Title: Technological Expectations And The Diffusion Of 'Intermediate' Technologies 
Abstract:
  The concept of 'technological expectations' has established itself as a
 key one in the smdy of innovation adoption. The article suggests that it
 may help explaining not just the adopters' timing decisions, but also
 their decisions regarding the kind of innovation they adopt. Innova tions
 that set the technological frontier face the competitive diffusion of some
 'intemdiate' technologies. These may be either old technologies or
 'midrange' ones. which purposefully lag behind the frontier, in order to
 impose lower adoption costs to their users. Taking into account midrange
 innovations casts new light on the supply side of the diffu sion process.
 in terms of technological variety and selection effects. Drawing examples
 from the electronic colour pre-press industry, we highlight the equipment
 suppliers' anxious quest for the successful midrange innovation, able to
 hit the right txade-off between proximity to the frontier and adoption
 costs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 487-516 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: technological expectations, innovation adoption, midrange technologies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000020 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000020 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:6:p:487-516




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marghertta Russo 
Author-X-Name-First: Marghertta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Russo 
Author-Name: T. P. Hughes 
Author-X-Name-First: T. P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes 
Title: Complementary Innovations And Generative Relationships: An Ethnographic Study 
Abstract:
  The paper presents an in-depth investigation on a promising innovation,
 kervit, in the histolical context of the booming ceramic industrial
 district of SassuoloScandiano (Emilia-Romagna region in Italy). The kervit
 was introduced and patented by a brilliant inventor operating within, and
 then leading, one of the first cdc companies of the booming district The
 innovation had strong technological advantages aqd good market
 potentialities, but in the middle of the 1960s, right in the stage of
 sharp growth of the ceramic district, it was unable to exploit its market
 success, nor was the inventor's company able to survive. The joint use of
 the ebographic mathod and the notion of generative relationships, put
 forward by Lane and Maxfield (1997), marks an original contribution in the
 analysis both of the emergence of learning processes within a local
 productive system and of the role of dynamic complemwtarities in fostering
 the innovation dynamics. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 517-558 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: dynamic complementaities, innovation dynamics, generative relationships, local production systems, patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000021 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000021 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:6:p:517-558




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Orwell Armstrong 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Orwell 
Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong 
Author-Name: Michael Goetz 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz 
Author-Name: Karen Leppel 
Author-X-Name-First: Karen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leppel 
Title: Technological Change Bias In The U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utility Industry Following Potential Deregulation 
Abstract:
  This paper estimates regulated and poientially deregulated costs of
 production for a multiproduct electric utility industry. The empirical
 evidence suggests technological regression with respect to costs in both
 regulated and deregulated environments. Analysis of factor cost shares
 indicates that technological change in a deregulated environment is
 expected to be less apital saving than technological change in the
 regulated environment. In addition, this study finds that overall
 diseconomies of scale may be nduced over time and to a greater extentunder
 deregulation than under regulation. Also, cost complementarities may be
 enhancedover time, but to a lesser extent under deregulation. Hence.
 tendencies toward natural monop oly may be increased or decreased by
 deregulation, and advancing deregulation may or may not be an appropriate
 policy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 559-572 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 9 
Year: 2000 
Keywords: Technological Change, Deregulation, Electric Utilities, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590000000022 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590000000022 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:9:y:2000:i:6:p:559-572




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Suma Athreye 
Author-X-Name-First: Suma 
Author-X-Name-Last: Athreye 
Title: Competition, Rivalry And Innovative Behaviour 
Abstract:
  This paper is an empirical study of the importance of competition and
 rivalry in explaining innovative behaviour by software firms. The paper
 distinguishes between two notions of competition. One in which rivalry
 occurs due the possession of greater market power, and the other in which
 rivalry occurs due to diffennces in the abilities of firms. In addition
 the paper also decomposes changes in the extent of innovation due to the
 activities of firms that are innovators and due to changes in the
 probability of innovating. Competition always influences the extent of
 innovation by changing the propensity of firms to innovate. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-21 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Determinants of innovation, Competition and innovation, Software industry, Tobit models, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000001 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Georg Westermanna 
Author-X-Name-First: Georg 
Author-X-Name-Last: Westermanna 
Author-Name: Holger Schaeferb 
Author-X-Name-First: Holger 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schaeferb 
Title: Localised Technological Progress And Intra-Sectoral Structures Of Employment 
Abstract:
  In this paper we put forward a model that explains a firm's employment
 growth with the degree of technological efficiency and labour costs. To
 measure efficiency, we use a non-parametric linear programming method.
 DEA. The results of empirical analysis of 450 firms in 12 manufacturing
 sectors confirm that innovative firms experience stronger employment
 growth. Because the demand growth effect of technological leadership
 outweighs the factor saving effect, firms which m technological leaders
 are in most cases the creators of jobs. Technologically backward firms, on
 the other hand, have few options to compensate their demand loss probably
 caused by deteriorating competitiveness. Consequently, their employment
 growth is relatively weak. The employment growth additionally depends on
 the type of factor combination, i.e. the technological trajectory chosen
 by an individual firm. The trajectory's effects vary significantly across
 industries. The effect of labour costs is generally negative. However,
 technologically leading industries are. less sensitive to increases in
 labour costs than nature industries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 23-44 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Technological Progress, Employment, Data Envelopment Analysis, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000002 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Åstebro 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Åstebro 
Author-Name: Yigal Gerchak 
Author-X-Name-First: Yigal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gerchak 
Title: Profitable Advice: the Value of Information Provided by Canada's Inventor's Assistance Program 
Abstract:
  Inventors who are considering whether and how to commercialize their
 inventions. can often avail themselves to evaluations and advice provided
 by government supported programs initiated to encourage innovation. In
 Canada. such a service is provided by the Canadian Innovation Centre.
 through its Inventor's Assistance Program. In its twenty years of
 operations the IAP has evaluated 11,000 inventions. The fee charged for an
 invention evaluation was Cdn. $262 in 1995, and these fees covered about
 half the program's expenses. We compute the expected value of the
 information the IAP's evaluation provides under different assumptions and
 scenarios. Under plausible conditions, the value of the information to the
 inventor is found to be higher than both the fee and the social cost of
 the program. The implications of some inventors not following the advice
 given to them by the IAP are briefly explored. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 45-72 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: value of information, inventors, social benefit, inventor's assistance program, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000003 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:10:y:2001:i:1:p:45-72




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erik Bohlin 
Author-X-Name-First: Erik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bohlin 
Author-Name: Eric Brousseau 
Author-X-Name-First: Eric 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brousseau 
Author-Name: Staffan HulteN 
Author-X-Name-First: Staffan 
Author-X-Name-Last: HulteN 
Title: Editorial 
Abstract:
  This paper presents an overview of issues for future research. as
 identified by the papers appearing in the Special Issue on Innovation in
 Telecommunications. To this end. we elaborate upon the emergence of a new
 innovation regime in telecommunications, discuss the performance and
 sustainability of this new innovation regime, and reflect upon
 institutional choices for the regime and accompanying policy options.
 Further research on innovation in telecommunications is advocated, taking
 up a broad range of issues, including long-term industrial evolution and
 sustainability concerns in a wide sense. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 73-87 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: innovation, telecommunications, sustainability, innovation regime, New Economy, J.E.L Classifiation: 032; 033; 038; L86; L96, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000004 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Ishaq Nadiri 
Author-X-Name-First: M. Ishaq 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadiri 
Author-Name: Banani Nandi 
Author-X-Name-First: Banani 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nandi 
Title: Benefits Of Communications Infrastructure Capital In U.S. Economy 
Abstract:
  In this paper we empirically estimate the contribution of the
 communications infrastructure to the growth of output and productivity at
 the dis-aggregate industry and at the aggregate economy levels. The
 estimated value of the marginal benefits or the shadow price of the
 communications infrastructure capital is positive in each of 34 industries
 representing the major industrial sectors of the U.S. economy. This effect
 captures network externality benefits and can be interpreted as a
 willingness to pay by each industry for communications infrastructure
 capital services over and above their direct payments for communications
 services. These results suggest that an increase in communications
 infrastructure capital services reduces cost in all the industries and as
 a consequence that of the entire economy. The relatively high value of
 estimated total marginal benefits for the aggregate economy indicates a
 high social rate of return to the investments in communications
 infrastructure. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 89-107 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: communications, infrastructure, network externality, marginal benefits, productivity, JEL Code D2; D24; LOO; L86; L96; 047, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000005 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:10:y:2001:i:2-3:p:89-107




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Fransman 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fransman 
Title: Analysing The Evolution Of Industry: The Relevance Of The Telecommunications Industry 
Abstract:
  This paper analyses the fundamental forces involved in the evolution of
 the telecommunications industry. It is suggested that there are five major
 forces that together drive the evolution of this industry: specialisation,
 competition, financial markets. endogenous consumer demand and permeable
 industry boundaries. An important research task is to further elaborate on
 the boundaries of not only the industry but of the industrial system taken
 as a whole. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 109-140 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: product life cycle, industrial evolution, telecommunications, specialist suppliers, industry boundaries, appreciative theorising, J.E.L Index: 032; 033; L86; L96, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000006 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:10:y:2001:i:2-3:p:109-140




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donald Hicks 
Author-X-Name-First: Donald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hicks 
Title: Innovation Dynamics And Endogenous Adjustment In The Telecommunications Industry 
Abstract:
  Patterned innovation dynamics - investment-mix shifts and
 inter-organizational alliances -are examined for their roles in
 facilitating accelelating technical advance in the telecom industry since
 the mid-1970s. While internal investment shifts favoring R&D and declining
 rates of capital recovery were ubiquitous across the period, this was
 especially so for telecom equipment suppliers. Comparative analyses
 suggest that such innovation investment strategies have been of less
 benefit to telecom firms than to producers in nearly any other major
 manufacturing sector. Trends in organizational innovation in the form of
 alliance fonnation are also reported. The challenges these innovation
 dynamics pose for neoclassical models are discussed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 141-168 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Telecommunications industry, R&D investment, Capital investment, Innovation, Strategic alliances, Endogenous growth, JEL Classification: 030-33; LI0; L20; L63, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000007 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: P. M. Rao 
Author-X-Name-First: P. M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rao 
Title: Structural Change And Innovation In U.S. Telecommunications 
Abstract:
  This paper reexamines broadly. from the standpoint of innovation, the
 arguments for vertical integration in the U.S. telecommunications industry
 in light of structural change since the breakup of the Bell System. While
 basic and applied research became the casualty of the 1984 breakup and the
 1995 AT&T split, there is no evidence that the pace of innovative activity
 and productivity has slowed. Evidence from R&D and patent data suggests
 some acceleration of innovative activity. However. the service segment of
 the industry ceased to be the center of technological innovation. The
 source of future innovation seems to lie in the telecommunications and
 Internet equipment firms and independent software firms. The emergence of
 the competitive stand-alone software industry, combined with a trend
 towards open operating systems and customer demand for greater
 flexibility, and growing substitution of technology alliances for in-house
 R&D appear to have undermined the case for vertical integration in the
 telecommunications industry. From the standpoint of business strategy, the
 question of whether a firm like AT&T, notwithstanding its huge investments
 in cable facilities, can develop distinctive and sustainable capabilities
 through horizontal expansion and ubiquity and one-stopshopping marketing
 alone remains open. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 169-198 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Telecommunications, R&D, Software, AT&T, JEL Classification L96, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000008 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maureen Mckelvey 
Author-X-Name-First: Maureen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mckelvey 
Title: The Economic Dynamics Of Software: Three Competing Business Models Exemplified Through Microsoft, Netscape And Linux 
Abstract:
  This article proposes three ideal business models to analyze innovation
 in knowledge-intensive goods and services. The three models are 1)
 Firm-based control. 2) Hybrid, and 3) Network-based. Each is defined in
 relation to the two sides of innovation, e.g. creation of novelty and of
 economic value. Defining the models this way leads to a discussion of the
 advantages and disadvantages of each model for organizing the development
 of different types of software and for appropriating economic benefits.
 Each business model is .also exemplified through the economic history of
 one example. The examples are, respectively. Microsoft, Netscape and
 Linux. The concluding section relates software development to the broader
 forms of economic dynamics in knowledge-intensive sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 199-236 
Issue: 2-3 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Innovation, Evolutionary Economics, Micmsoft, Netscape, Linux, Software, IEL CIassification L86; 031; 032; 033, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000009 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:10:y:2001:i:2-3:p:199-236




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Corinne Autant-Bernard 
Author-X-Name-First: Corinne 
Author-X-Name-Last: Autant-Bernard 
Title: The Geography Of Knowledge Spillovers And Technological Proximity 
Abstract:
  This paper tests the presence of technological spillovers for the French
 case and studies why they occur. Based on a knowledge production function,
 spillovers are introduced as an external stock of knowledge. Two
 dimensions are improved: A geographical and a technological effect. The
 results indicate that technological externalities occur. Spillovers are
 conditional to technological proximity and, to a lesser extent, to
 geographical distance. However, externalities are not as generalized as
 they could be. They do not stem from the whole stock of external
 knowledge. They flow only through human capital. People thus appear as an
 essential channel for the diffusion of knowledge. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 237-254 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: geography of innovation, externalities, knowledge spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000010 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Felicia Fai 
Author-X-Name-First: Felicia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fai 
Author-Name: Nicholas Von Tunzelmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Von Tunzelmann 
Title: Scale And Scope In Technology: Large Firms 1930/1990 
Abstract:
  We examine historical empirical patterns of change in corporate.
 technological scale and scope. Much literature on scale and scope by
 business and economic historians has conflated product markets and
 technology together. However, given the technologically complex
 environment of the late twentieth century, the relationship between scale
 and scope in production and products is not simple, and conflated
 discussions may be naive. Consequently we have two aims. Firstly, we wish
 to see if technological scale and scope follow the historical pattern of
 broader notions of scale and scope. Secondly, given increasing
 technological complexity, we consider whether the nature of corporate
 technological scope has changed over time. Using data drawn from the
 University of Reading's patents database, we examine the technological
 activities in 32 of the world's historically largest patenting firms over
 the period 1930 to 1990. Shin-sham analyses based on panel-data
 regressions examine the different influences on technologicascope over
 time. A technological trend closely resembling that of broader notions of
 scale to scope is observable in most of the sectors. although it does not
 proceed uniformly. We also find, that whilst increases in corporate
 technological scope through diversification are not particularly linked to
 technological relatedness in recent times, they are periodically
 influenced by the rise of pervasive, fast-growing new technologies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 255-288 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Scale, scope, diversification, technology, patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000011 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Falk 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Falk 
Author-Name: Katja Seim 
Author-X-Name-First: Katja 
Author-X-Name-Last: Seim 
Title: The Impact Of Information Technology On High-Skilled Labor In Services: Evidence From Firm-Level Panel Data 
Abstract:
  This paper analyses the link between the high-skilled employment share
 and the level of investment in information technology (IT) in the service
 production process. The analysis is based on an unbalanced panel data set
 for 933 West German firms over the period 1994-1996. To account for firms
 which do not employ high-skilled labor. proxied by university graduates.
 fixed and random effects Tobit models are applied. We investigate whether
 the impoflance of IT varies across subsectors by allowing coefficients to
 differ across the main service sector industries. The empirical evidence
 indicates that firms with a higher IT investment to output ratio employ a
 laier fraction of high-skilled workers. However the size of the IT effect
 on skill intensity is rather small. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 289-323 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: demand for high-skilled labor, information technology, service sector, panel data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000012 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000012 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola De Liso 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Liso 
Author-Name: Carmine Lubritto 
Author-X-Name-First: Carmine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lubritto 
Author-Name: Giovanni Filatrella 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Filatrella 
Title: Increasing Returns, Learning-By-Doing And Neural Networks 
Abstract:
  In this paper we draw an analogy between the process of learning-bydoing
 and the learning process which develops in a neural network context. The
 bridging tool we refer to is a dynamic production function whose only
 variable input is labour. By concentrating on the 'neural network
 production function' we show that the learning process can lead to
 increasing returns. The simulations show that when learning is
 characterized by an upper limit. returns are increasing for some time,
 while in the long run they go back to the level where they are constant. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 325-337 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: increasing returns, learning-bydoing, learning function, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000013 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000013 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Schreyer 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schreyer 
Title: Information And Communication Technology And The Measurement Of Volume Output And Final Demand - A Five-Country Study 
Abstract:
  Information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone
 rapid technical change. Where quality improvements occur, they should be
 reflected in official price and quantity indices, otherwise there is a
 tendency to over-estimate price movements and under-estimate volume
 changes of ICT products. Statistical offices deal with this issue but the
 degree and nature of quality-adjustment of price indices of ICT products
 varies considerably between OECD countries. The present study simulates
 measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final
 consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports) and
 productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products
 are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on a large selection of
 empirical studies to identify differences between quality-adjusted and
 unadjusted price changes and uses detailed information from input-output
 tables to assess their weights in final demand. Effects on GDP and its
 components are quantified for five selected OECD countries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 339-376 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Productivity, National Income, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000014 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000014 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Spyros Arvanitis 
Author-X-Name-First: Spyros 
Author-X-Name-Last: Arvanitis 
Author-Name: Heinz Hollenstein 
Author-X-Name-First: Heinz 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hollenstein 
Title: The Determinants Of The Adoption Of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 
Abstract:
  The paper investigates empirically the decision of firms to adopt
 'Advanced Manufacturing Technologies' (AMT) based on a comprehensive
 specification of a 'rank model' of technology adoption using firm-level
 data for Swiss manufacturing. The explanatory variables include numerous
 dimensions of (anticipated) benefits from and costs of technology adoption
 allowing for uncertainty as well as for information and adjustment costs.
 Moreover, the effect of complementarities between various functional
 groups of AMT (design, fabrication, communication, etc.) as well as of
 learning from the use of previous technology vintages within such
 functional groups is analyzed, Finally, the size-dependence of the
 adoption decision is studied in detail. The model yields a quite robust
 pattern of explanation across estimates with different adoption variables
 (time period of introduction of AMT, intensity of use of AMT, etc.) with
 plausible differences of the results based on the alternative adoption
 measures used. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 377-414 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Technology adoption, Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT), 'rank model' of technology adoption, technological complementarities, learning from technology use, size-dependency of adoption decisions, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000015 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000015 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniele Archibugi 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Archibugi 
Title: Pavitt'S Taxonomy Sixteen Years On: A Review Article 
Abstract:
  Pavitt's taxonomy of innovating firms, published sixteen years ago, has
 become a classic paper in the field of technological change. This article
 discusses some of its characteristics and proposes some minor and not so
 minor extensions and revisions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 415-425 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000016 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000016 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fr&eacute D&eacute 
Author-X-Name-First: Fr&eacute 
Author-X-Name-Last: D&eacute 
Author-Name: Ric Deroian 
Author-X-Name-First: Ric 
Author-X-Name-Last: Deroian 
Title: Morphogenesis Of Social Networks And Coexistence Of Technologies 
Abstract:
  The aim of the article is to relate the formation of influence networks
 to the coexistence of technologies in the long run. In the spirit of
 Plouraboue et al. (1998), we postulate that potential adopters of a
 technology are situated in a social network. In our model, initial
 relations are partly negative and all the expected utilities are revised
 in parallel. In the case of an exogenous network, opinions can fluctuate
 endlessly. When agents reallocate their relationships, this reinforces
 trust in agents whose opinion is close to theirs. As a result of this
 process, the network stabilizes in the long run, generating diversity in
 expected utilities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 427-448 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Innovation, Influence, Social Network, Morphogenesis, Reversed Hopf Bifurcation, Innovation, Influence, Social Network, Morphogenrsis, Reversed Hopf Bifurcation J.E.L. classification: A12, A14, D11, D83, O33, Innovation, Influence, Social Network, Morphogenesis, Reversed Hopf Bifurcation J.E.L classification A12; A14; D11; D83; O33, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000017 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000017 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louise Keely 
Author-X-Name-First: Louise 
Author-X-Name-Last: Keely 
Title: Using Patents In Growth Models 
Abstract:
  This paper argues that macroeconomic models of endogenous growth driven
 by technological change could be much improved by drawing lessons from the
 microeconomic literature of intellectual property design. Growth models
 use overly simplistic and sometimes incorrect assumptions regarding the
 intellectual property regime. Microeconomic theory and empirical work are
 reviewed to demonstrate that determining optimal intellectual property
 design is complex and has important implications for firm behavior and
 performance. Considering the question of intellectual property design in a
 dynamic general equilibrium model should yield important insights about
 how intellectual property impacts growth and welfare. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 449-492 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: Intellectual Property, Technological Change, Growth JEL Classification: 034; 040, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000018 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000018 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Madden 
Author-X-Name-First: Gary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Madden 
Author-Name: Scott Savage 
Author-X-Name-First: Scott 
Author-X-Name-Last: Savage 
Title: Productivity Growth And Market Structure In Telecommunications 
Abstract:
  This study examines sources of telecommunications sector productivity
 growth. Total factor productivity (TFP) growth is calculated using the
 Malmquist productivity index for a sample of 74 countries for the period
 1991 through 1995. An econometric model is estimated which relates TFP
 growth to output growth, network digitisation, telecommunications
 development, output-mix, the business cycle and market structure. Model
 estimates suggest that higher digitisation rates dampen TFP growth in the
 short run, and cross-subsidisation of services creates inefficiency.
 However, developing countries can increase TFP growth through catch up,
 and increased privatisation and competition are conducive to productivity
 growth. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 493-512 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: competition, privatisation, technical progress, telecommunications productivity JEL Classification: L10; L96; O30, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000019 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000019 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Teitel 
Author-X-Name-First: Simon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitel 
Title: Technological Competence And Firm Economic Performance In Zimbabwe's Manufacturing Industry 
Abstract:
  Using data obtained from firm interviews, the paper attempts to relate,
 statistically, economic performance with technology. The firms interviewed
 belong to four industries: food and beverages (ISIC 31), textiles and
 clothing (ISIC 32), wood and furniture (ISIC 33), and metalworking (ISIC
 34). An aggregate, synthetic, technology variable was built using data on
 three components: transfer of technology channels, manpower technical
 skills, and technological efforts. The transfer channels component
 comprised three sub-components: number of licensing contracts, number of
 technical assistance agreements, and number of expatriate technical
 personnel. The skills component also included three sub-components: number
 of engineers, number of scientists, and number of middle level technical
 personnel employed. The technical efforts component was formed by the
 addition of two normalized sub-components: R&D expenditures and number of
 uses made of technical support services. All these variables were measured
 at the individual firm level. The paper explores first the relationship
 between technology (as defined above) and two potential explanatory
 variables: size of firm and foreign ownership. In a second statistical
 exercise, the technology variable is incorporated, with traditional
 factors of production, in a production function. In the last statistical
 exercise, firm performance indicators were related to technology. Based on
 the availability of reliable data, the two performance indicators selected
 were: output per worker and whether the firm exported part of its output
 or not. The possible incidence of sectoral (industry) effects was also
 taken into account. It could be concluded that the sample data used shows
 a statistically significant, though not very strong, effect of the
 technology variable on both, output and output per worker, and a somewhat
 stronger association with whether Zimbabwe's manufacturing firms export or
 not. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 513-526 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 10 
Year: 2001 
Keywords: technology, manufacturing industry, Zimbabwe JEL codes: 014; 030; 055; L60, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590100000020 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590100000020 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paola Garrone 
Author-X-Name-First: Paola 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garrone 
Author-Name: Sergio Mariotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mariotti 
Author-Name: Francesca Sgobbi 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sgobbi 
Title: Technological Innovation in Telecommunications: An Empirical Analysis of Specialisation Paths 
Abstract:
  Are advanced countries bound to follow a specialisation path in their
 innovation activities? This paper contributes to the issue by analysing
 the dynamic of innovation activities in telecommunications (TLCs) at the
 country level. Our claim is that countries are more likely to innovate in
 a product class if they have invented the dominant design in that class,
 or in classes that are similar for technological principles or engineering
 competencies. The research hypothesis has been empirically tested for the
 innovation activities of four European countries between 1978 and 1995.
 Data are drawn from the patents granted by the US Patents and Trademarks
 Office in the devices and systems for public TLCs networks. Based on
 cross-tabulation and VAR econometric models, we conclude that, in TLCs,
 advanced countries are unlikely to join technological trajectories started
 abroad; in particular, we have shown that innovation paths are
 engineering-specific, though they may cross the boundaries between basic
 technological principles. In addition, for our sample countries,
 preliminary evidence has been yielded that the TLCs innovation activities
 are independent of the demand dynamics. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-23 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Innovation, Telecommunications, Technological Specialisation, Engineering, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210895 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210895 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Isely 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Isely 
Author-Name: Gerald Simons 
Author-X-Name-First: Gerald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Simons 
Title: Global Influences on U.S. Auto Innovation 
Abstract:
  There is a growing interest in the role that patents in one country have
 on product innovation in other countries. This paper contributes to the
 existing literature by using a firm fixed-effects model to investigate the
 connection between industry innovation (specifically that of the U.S.
 automobile industry) and a variety of micro and macroeconomic factors.
 Knowledge spillovers between countries are modeled using data from the
 Patent and Trademark Office, Census Bureau, and COMPUSTAT. The results
 indicate that German innovations affect U.S. firms differently from
 Japanese innovations: Japanese patents have a larger negative influence on
 U.S. auto manufacturers' patenting behavior. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 25-34 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Technology Spillovers, Patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210891 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210891 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ester Martinez-Ros 
Author-X-Name-First: Ester 
Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez-Ros 
Author-Name: Jose Labeaga 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose 
Author-X-Name-Last: Labeaga 
Title: The Relationship Between Firm Size and Innovation Activity: A Double Decision Approach 
Abstract:
  The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between
 firm size and innovation activity using Spanish data at firm level
 corresponding to the manufacturing sector for the period 1990-93. This
 exercise is different to previous applications because we allow for
 different size effects in the decision to innovate and the innovation
 count equation, in the context of a double-hurdle approach. Several tests
 confirm the hurdle negbin model. We find that firm size is a relevant
 factor, although size effects are different in both decisions. A robust
 result from the different specifications estimated is the rejection of the
 Gilbert and Newbery hypotheses. We find out that the behaviour of firm
 size is neither linear in the decision nor in thc count equation. We also
 provide additional, and sometimes different, evidence to previous Spanish
 studies on R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 35-50 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Product Innovation, Process Innovation, Count Data, Negbin Hurdle Model, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210894 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210894 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luigi Filippini 
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Filippini 
Title: Cost Reduction, Licensing and Incentive to Innovate: A Note 
Abstract:
  In this Note we consider an economy composed by two firms; a leader and a
 follower, that invest in R&D for process innovations. Competition to
 innovate is usually modelled as a two stage game. In the first stage of
 the game both firms simultaneously reduces their production costs. In the
 second stage the firms compete la Stackelberg and it is possible to prove
 that the profits of one of the two firms (and total profits) might
 decrease in a range of parameters. Then we consider the possibility of
 technology transfer from the leader that has the most productive
 technology to the follower under licensing by means of a fixed fee and of
 a royalty. It is possible to prove that under licensing total profits will
 increase in some range of parameters above mentioned in comparison to the
 pre-innovation case. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 51-59 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Duopoly, Process Innovation, Licensing, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210893 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210893 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:1:p:51-59




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eduardo Pol 
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pol 
Author-Name: Peter Carroll 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll 
Author-Name: Paul Robertson 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson 
Title: A New Typology for Economic Sectors with a view to Policy Implications 
Abstract:
  This paper is an attempt to tease out a typology of economic sectors
 based on a systems approach to innovation and economic growth that may be
 useful for policy analysis. The typology explored here revolves around
 novel products rather than ethereal knowledge-producing entities. This
 insight goes back to Allyn Young (1928) and Joseph Schumpeter (1934) who
 argued that the introduction of new goods was the engine of economic
 growth. More precisely, our typology of sectors focuses on novel products
 which are efficiency-enhancing within and between sectors through the
 market mechanism. The scheme revolves around the relationship between
 'Enabling' and 'Recipient' sectors (which gives the typology its name:
 ER), and offers a lens for viewing and interpreting a substantive part of
 the mechanics of modern economic growth. The last part of the paper
 briefly discusses a few immediate policy implications, although it has the
 potential for greater use and value in this regard. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 61-76 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Innovation, Economic Growth, Enabling Linkages Approach, Knowledge-based Economies, Novel Products, Efficiency-enhancing Innovations, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210892 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210892 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:1:p:61-76




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charbel Macdissi 
Author-X-Name-First: Charbel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Macdissi 
Author-Name: Syoum Negassi 
Author-X-Name-First: Syoum 
Author-X-Name-Last: Negassi 
Title: International R&D Spillovers: An Empirical Study 
Abstract:
  The existence of R&D spillovers or externalities i.e. the effects of
 firms' research activities on others firms activities was theoretically
 established by Arrow 1962a, but few empirical studies have addressed their
 effects on firm's economic performance ( i.e. productivity growth) and
 technological performance. In an open economy, firms' economic and
 technological performance depends on the position of these firms in their
 national and international technological environment. The main focus of
 this paper is on identifying the different channels through which
 international technology spillovers occurs between firms. Our statistical
 and econometric analysis determine that spillovers drive the productivity
 growth rates of individual firms. Thus, using a pooling method based on
 segmentation of bunched (or grouped by industry) individuals rather than
 those of usual individuals panel models, this empirical study shows that
 the international spillovers account for a substantial fraction of the
 variation in firm productivity growth. The estimated coefficients obtained
 for the classical variables (R&D and Human capital) are comparable to
 those obtained in the literature. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 77-91 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: International Spillovers, Externalities, Economic Performance, Productivity Growth, Innovation Output, Random Coefficient Method, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210897 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210897 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:2:p:77-91




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Najib Harabi 
Author-X-Name-First: Najib 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harabi 
Title: The Impact of Vertical R&D Cooperation on Firm Innovation: An Empirical Investigation 
Abstract:
  The recent surge of interfirm cooperative agreements can be seen to
 express a way for firms to respond to and organize market failure,
 especially in technology markets. The incentives for firms to internalize
 activities are to avoid the disadvantages, or capitalize on the
 advantages, of imperfections or disequilibria in external mechanisms of
 resource allocation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate
 empirically, on the basis of data from German firms, the impact of
 vertical R&D cooperation on innovation in firms. The analysis is based on
 a survey conducted by the "Center for European Economic Research" (Zentrum
 fur Europaische Wirtschafts-forschung, ZEW) in Mannheim among 370
 companies, mainly in the manufacturing sector. The results of the
 econometric analysis suggest a statistically significant impact of
 vertical R&D cooperation on the intensity of R&D activity in German firms.
 Informal modes of R&D cooperation (informal exchange of technological
 knowledge) seem to be more important for their innovative behavior than
 formal ones (joint ventures, joint development teams etc.). Since the
 relationship between vertical R&D cooperation and the intensity of R&D
 activity in innovating firms has been tested in a broader theoretical and
 empirical framework, the empirical results also confirm the significance
 of other key determinants of innovative activity, such as "technological
 opportunities", "appro-priability conditions" and "market demand". 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 93-108 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: R&D-cooperation, Innovation, Vertical Relations, Germany, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210900 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210900 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:2:p:93-108




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alfred Kleinknecht 
Author-X-Name-First: Alfred 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kleinknecht 
Author-Name: Kees Van Montfort 
Author-X-Name-First: Kees 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Montfort 
Author-Name: Erik Brouwer 
Author-X-Name-First: Erik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brouwer 
Title: The Non-Trivial Choice between Innovation Indicators 
Abstract:
  We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of five alternative innovation
 indicators: R&D, patent applications, total innovation expenditure and
 shares in sales taken by imitative and by innovative products as they were
 measured in the 1992 Community Innovation Survey (CIS) in the Netherlands.
 We conclude that the two most commonly used indicators (R&D and patent
 applications) have more (and more severe) weaknesses than is often
 assumed. Moreover, our factor analysis suggests that there is little
 correlation between the various indicators. This underlines the empirical
 relevance of various sources of bias of innovation indicators as discussed
 in this paper. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 109-121 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: R&D, Innovative Output, Total Innovation Expenditure, Patents, Factor Analysis, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210899 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210899 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:2:p:109-121




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maurice Cassier 
Author-X-Name-First: Maurice 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cassier 
Author-Name: Dominique Foray 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foray 
Title: Public Knowledge, Private Property and the Economics of High-tech Consortia 
Abstract:
  The management of knowledge in research consortia raises new
 appropriability issues, such as copying with the tension between
 individual protection and data sharing which is required in any process of
 collective invention. Based on case studies carried out in the field of
 biotechnology, the paper discusses these issues and develop some policy
 implications. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 123-132 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210898 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210898 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:2:p:123-132




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guellec 
Author-Name: Bruno Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Van Pottelsberghe 
Author-X-Name-Last: de la Potterie 
Title: The Value of Patents and Patenting Strategies: Countries and Technology Areas Patterns 
Abstract:
  This paper explores the determinants of the probability for a patent
 application to result in a grant (as opposed to being rejected by the
 patent office or withdrawn by the patentee). A grant is interpreted as
 signaling the value of the invention. Guellec and van Pottelsberghe (2000)
 studied the common determinants for OECD countries and technological
 fields. This paper extends their analysis by exploring determinants
 specific to countries and technological fields. Technological diversity,
 cross-border ownership of inventions, domestic and international research
 co-operation, the number of applicants, the combination of designated
 states for protection, the patenting procedure, the technological category
 and the geographical origin of an invention are all characteristics that
 significantly affect the probability of a patent application to be
 granted. Overall there is little heterogeneity across countries, and no
 heterogeneity across technology fields. Only Japan displays significant
 differences with other countries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 133-148 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Patents, Invention Value, Intellectual Property Rights, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210896 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210896 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:2:p:133-148




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Beatrice Dumont 
Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dumont 
Author-Name: Peter Holmes 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes 
Title: The Scope Of Intellectual Property Rights and their Interface with Competition Law and Policy: Divergent Paths to the Same Goal? 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we look at the interface between competition law and
 policy and intellectual property rights (IPRs) and we draw attention to a
 number of specific issues which have arisen in recent years and some of
 the conflicting costs and benefits of IPRs for competition (mainly in the
 context of sequential innovation) and economic efficiency. We show that if
 competition policy and IPRs are complementary means of promoting
 innovation, technical progress and economic growth to the benefit of
 consumers, these common goals, however, are pursued by different
 instruments Thus, a balance between these two different instruments,
 apparently in conflict, has to be found. In particular, we consider the
 extent to which competition law should impinge on the use of rights once
 granted and we examine whether and to what extent competition policies
 should consider the question of incentives for innovation is a key aspect
 of evaluating the competitive effects of IPRs licences. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 149-162 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Antitrust Policy, Innovation, Intellectual Property Rights, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210901 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210901 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:2:p:149-162




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Johnson 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson 
Title: "Learning-by-Licensing": R&D and Technology Licensing in Brazilian Invention 
Abstract:
  This paper models the decision of a firm to engage in innovative activity
 and to protect the results of that activity. Using a unique firm-level
 dataset collected for this purpose, estimation indicates that the
 interactions between current R&D and past licensing are prime contributors
 to innovative success. A firm's experience with technology licenses not
 only adds to the productivity of current R&D, but also affects whether a
 firm applies for full patent or utility model protection. Firm size,
 employee training and knowledge spillovers also have an impact on the
 inventive process. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 163-177 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Licensing, R&D, Patent, Brazil, Absorptive Capacity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210904 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210904 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:3:p:163-177




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gamal Atallah 
Author-X-Name-First: Gamal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Atallah 
Title: Vertical R&D Spillovers, Cooperation, Market Structure, and Innovation 
Abstract:
  This paper studies vertical R&D spillovers between upstream and
 downstream firms. The model incorporates two vertically related
 industries, with horizontal spillovers within each industry and vertical
 spillovers between the two industries. Four types of R&D cooperation are
 studied: no cooperation, horizontal cooperation, vertical cooperation, and
 simultaneous horizontal and vertical cooperation. Vertical spillovers
 always increase R&D and welfare, while horizontal spillovers may increase
 or decrease them. The comparison of cooperative settings in terms of R&D
 shows that no setting uniformly dominates the others. Which type of
 cooperation yields more R&D depends on horizontal and vertical spillovers,
 and market structure. The ranking of cooperative structures hinges on the
 signs and magnitudes of three "competitive externalities" (vertical,
 horizontal, and diagonal) which capture the effect of the R&D of a firm on
 the profits of other firms. One of the basic results of the strategic
 investment literature is that cooperation between competitors decreases
 R&D when horizontal spillovers are low; the model shows that this result
 does not necessarily hold when vertical spillovers are sufficiently high,
 and/or when horizontal cooperation is combined with vertical cooperation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 179-209 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Vertical R&D Spillovers, Market Structure, Innovation, Vertical R&D Cooperation, R&D Policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210903 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210903 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:3:p:179-209




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: John Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Title: Explaining Observed Licensing Agreements: Toward a Broader Understanding of Technology Flows 
Abstract:
  A lack of quantitative information on cross-firm licensing agreements
 constrains policy makers in their overall understanding of the innovation
 process and the innovative environment of firms. This paper develops a
 methodology for understanding the patterns of technology flows that result
 through licensing agreements from readily available patent data. In
 addition, hypotheses about firms that share technology through licensing
 are tested; in particular, we find that diversified firms have a higher
 probability of licensing their technology. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 211-231 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Innovation And Invention: O31, Intellectual Property Rights: O34, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210905 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210905 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:3:p:211-231




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Bagella 
Author-X-Name-First: Michele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bagella 
Author-Name: Leonardo Becchetti 
Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Becchetti 
Title: The "geographical agglomeration-private R&D expenditure" effect: Empirical evidence on Italian data 
Abstract:
  Recent theoretical contributions show that geographical proximity, by
 increasing the payoff from free-riding on knowledge accumulation, may
 reduce the relative profitability of individual R&D activity vis-a-vis
 imitation and other alternative forms of technological innovation which
 exploit more efficiently the presence of geographical spillovers. As a
 consequence, these models predict that aggregate R&D effort is likely to
 be lower for firms agglomerated in "industrial districts" than for
 isolated firms. In this paper we provide partial support to this
 theoretical hypothesis by showing that geographical agglomeration reduces
 private R&D expenditures and has a negative impact on the decision to
 invest in R&D. We also find that a marginal increase in agglomeration
 within the industrial district has the effect of increasing the quality of
 innovation but not of individual R&D expenditures. These findings seem to
 confirm that innovation in industrial districts is influenced more by
 agglomeration externalities than by higher individual R&D effort,
 emphasising once again the importance of technological spillovers as
 channels of knowledge accumulation and diffusion in these areas. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 233-247 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Localisation Externalities, Innovation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210902 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210902 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:3:p:233-247




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. P. Francois 
Author-X-Name-First: J. P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Francois 
Author-Name: F. Favre 
Author-X-Name-First: F. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Favre 
Author-Name: S. Negassi 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Negassi 
Title: Competence and Organization: Two Drivers of Innovation 
Abstract:
  This paper demonstrates the effects of organizational factors and
 computerization changes on innovation. Indeed, the innovation capacity
 depends more on a company's organization than on its size. The econometric
 results show that, when the organizational structure is integrated into a
 Schumpeter's model with flexibility, reactivity, risk-taking, internal
 communication and the establishing of a strategy, the significance of the
 company size decreases by half. Our work underlines the importance of the
 level of self-sufficiency and the recognition of a researcher's status. In
 addition, it demonstrates that the mass of knowledge needed is constantly
 increasing because of constant technological progress, making it
 indispensable for a company to open up towards the outside world, more
 particularly through cooperation. Recourse to R&D cooperation provides
 access to information and to new abilities that can improve the
 technological capabilities of a firm. It underlines that the condition
 needed to be able to benefit from the competence of a partner is to have,
 first of all, agreement to share a stock of complementary and common
 knowledge, a condition that will boost the performance of partner
 companies. Connection to the Internet has a greater effect upon innovation
 capacities than does the simple networking of microcomputers, and can lead
 to reorganizing work within companies, with the possibility of more
 intense information sharing. The company would subsequently organize task
 sharing internally, and as regards the outside world, not on hierarchical
 bases, but on those of shared interest in a given goal. The greater speed
 in information transmission would permit an increase in the speed of
 change in the environment and thereby, a shortening of the deadlines for
 defining and marketing innovations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 249-270 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Innovation, Organization, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590210906 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590210906 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Bartzokas 
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bartzokas 
Author-Name: Morris Teubal 
Author-X-Name-First: Morris 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teubal 
Title: The Political Economy Of Innovation Policy Implementation In Developing Countries 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 271-274 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000001 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000001 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:271-274




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Larry Westphal 
Author-X-Name-First: Larry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Westphal 
Title: Technology Strategies For Economic Development In A Fast Changing Global Economy 
Abstract:
  East Asian development experience provides the basis for understanding
 which are the essential elements of effective technology strategy and
 policy, those that are required for the efficacious development of
 countries that have not yet embarked on a path of sustained modernization.
 Globalization has had a profound impact on development, enabling countries
 that could exploit its propelling forces to pursue a potent strategy of
 export-led economic and technological development. The policies needed to
 sustain this strategy are those required to foster institutions that
 permit effective commerce among economic agents, those necessary to
 generate the rapid accumulation of human and physical capital, and those
 essential to ensure that resources are allocated in accord with the
 economy's dynamic comparative advantage. Of crucial importance among the
 latter are effectively implemented policies of selective intervention
 designed to develop infant industries and to foster their fast-paced
 achievement of international competitiveness through rapid attainment of
 the requisite technological capabilities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 275-320 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Export-led development, Externalities, Globalization, Industrial policy, Technology policy, Technology transfer JEL Classification: O14, O38, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000002 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:275-320




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Lipsey 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lipsey 
Title: Some Implications Of Endogenous Technological Change For Technology Policies In Developing Countries 
Abstract:
  Part I contrasts the general types of policy advice that follow from
 three different approaches to understanding economic growth and
 technological change. Neoclassical theory gives policy advice that is
 assumed to be relevant for all countries at all times: remove sources of
 'market failures'. Romer's branch of new macro growth theory stresses the
 nature of knowledge, non-rivalrous and partly appropriable.
 Structuralist-evolutionary theory is micro based and stresses the
 uncertainty that is associated with technological advance. Both of the
 latter approaches conclude that the neoclassical optimal allocation of
 resources is unachievable and hence the policy advice of removing
 impediments to achieving that optimum is not well grounded. As a result,
 policy advice for enhancing technological change must rely on a mixture of
 theory, empirical analysis and policy judgement. Part II deals with the
 large amount of context-specific policy advice that follows from
 structuralist-evolutionary theories. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 321-351 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Structuralist, evolutionary, infant industries, technology transfer, monopolistic competition, technology policies, JEL Classification: JH11, O38, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000003 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000003 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:321-351




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Norman Clark 
Author-X-Name-First: Norman 
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark 
Title: Innovation Systems, Institutional Change And The New Knowledge Market: Implications For Third World Agricultural Development 
Abstract:
  This paper uses a simplified version of classical information theory to
 improve understanding of the dynamic potential of innovation systems in
 developing countries with a special focus on issues of agricultural
 poverty. Using examples drawn from emergent knowledge markets in
 industrialised countries, the paper suggests that such an analytical
 approach focuses attention directly on the types of institutional reforms
 necessary to improve the effectiveness of Third World agricultural R&D.
 Contrast is made with more conventional approaches that take institutional
 structures as given and focus more on factors such as price regimes,
 policy weaknesses and political will. The paper argues that so great now
 are the problems in this area (particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa) that
 there is a clear need for institutional reform to accompany relevant
 technological changes. In the absence of such reform innovative (and hence
 economic) potential is likely to be compromised. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 353-368 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Institutional, Innovation, Agriculture, Development, Knowledge, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000004 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000004 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ha-Joon Chang 
Author-X-Name-First: Ha-Joon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang 
Author-Name: Ali Cheema 
Author-X-Name-First: Ali 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cheema 
Author-Name: L. Mises 
Author-X-Name-First: L. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mises 
Title: Conditions For Successful Technology Policy In Developing Countries—Learning Rents, State Structures, And Institutions 
Abstract:
  The paper develops an analysis of the economic, political, and
 institutional conditions for successful design and implementation of
 technology policy in developing countries. After a brief introduction
 (Section I), we discuss contending economic theories of technological
 change and technology policy (Section 2). It is concluded that, despite
 many pro-market arguments, market imperfections inherent in the process of
 technological change make the creation of learning and innovation rents by
 the state potentially very beneficial, especially in developing countries.
 The next section (Section 3) analyses the political and institutional
 factors that determine how effectively such rents can be created and
 managed. After an assessment of technology policy record in developing
 countries (Section 4) we discuss how the scope of such policy is affected
 by the recent changes in domestic and international policy contexts such
 as domestic deregulation and the emergence of a 'liberal' world order
 represented by the WTO (Section 5). The paper ends with a brief conclusion
 (Section 6). 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 369-398 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Industrial Policy, Technological Development, State Autonomy, Institutions, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000005 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000005 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:369-398




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rakesh Basant 
Author-X-Name-First: Rakesh 
Author-X-Name-Last: Basant 
Author-Name: Pankaj Chandra 
Author-X-Name-First: Pankaj 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra 
Title: Building Technological Capabilities In A Liberalising Developing Economy: Firm Strategies And Public Policy 
Abstract:
  As a consequence of economic reforms, the Indian manufacturing sector
 faces a variety of technology related challenges. It not only has to
 quickly develop world-class manufacturing capabilities, but also gear up
 to develop new products and processes. In this paper we analyse the
 technology strategies of six Indian firms in different product groups
 which are trying to build competitive manufacturing and technology
 capabilities. The linkages between corporate, technology, and
 manufacturing strategies are explored and the role of complementary assets
 is studied in order to identify patterns through which these firms are
 building capabilities of various kinds. Specifically, we evaluate the
 extent to which firms use supply chains to develop product and process
 technologies. Some links between public policy and firm level
 technological capabilities are also explored to identify a few key
 priorities in the current context 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 399-421 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Asia, India, Public Policy, Industrial/technology Policy, Research and Development, Strategy, Technology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000006 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000006 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:399-421




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jorge Katz 
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge 
Author-X-Name-Last: Katz 
Title: Efficiency And Equity Aspects Of The 
Abstract:
  The joint impact of long term structural features, on the one hand, and
 of recent market-oriented reforms in the macroeconomic incentive regime,
 on the other, are inducing major changes in social and production
 organization throughout the Latin American region. The new economic model
 is quite different in structure and performance from the one Latin
 American countries exhibited during the Import Substitution
 Industrialization (ISI) period. Non tradable activities such as
 telecommunications, energy or transport services, natural resource
 processing industries producing low value added industrial 'commodities'
 and assembly industries ('maquiladoras'), producing computers, TV and
 Video sets and garments for the US market, together with the vehicle
 industry, which has managed to receive preferential treatment from the
 part of the various governments in the region, have performed much better
 than average, both in terms of labor productivity growth as well as in
 terms of 'catching up' with the international productivity frontier.
 Contrary to the above, unskilled labor, and engineering and knowledge
 intensive industries, have performed worse than average and are 'falling
 behind' international standards. Domestic subsidiaries of multinational
 corporations and large local conglomerates are gaining ground within GDP,
 while SMEs and public enterprises have been losing it. The paper examines
 some of the macro-to- micro relations underlying the above mentioned
 process of structural transformation and the interdependency between
 economic, technological and institutional forces inducing it. It argues
 that 'main stream' economics fails adequately to capture the role played
 by such interdependencies and offers a policy advice which can not deal
 with the new efficiency and equity problems resulting from recent
 structural changes. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 423-439 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Productivity growth, Technological gaps, Path dependency, Structural reforms, Latin America, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000007 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:423-439




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joachim Ahrens 
Author-X-Name-First: Joachim 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahrens 
Title: Governance And The Implementation Of Technology Policy In Less Developed Countries 
Abstract:
  This study discusses key issues of technology policy in less developed
 countries from a governance perspective. In particular, it analyzes
 critical problems of policy implementation and looks for general
 principles which may be suitable as guideposts in making the state more
 effective regardless of the particularities of its technology policy. The
 main argument is that governments need to assume a market-enhancing role
 and must enhance the state's capabilities and capacities for implementing
 public policies. Crafting public institutions which ensure accountability,
 transparency, and predictability of policy making and involve the private
 sector in political decision-making processes is critical for successful
 policy implementation. Besides institutional arrangements which help
 governments to credibly precommit to policies, the quality and
 institutional design of the public administration and the public-private
 interface are crucial ingredients of an effective governance structure. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 441-476 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Technology Policy, Governance, Public-Private Partnership, Institution Building, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000008 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:11:y:2002:i:4-5:p:441-476




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Bartzokas 
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bartzokas 
Author-Name: Morris Teubal 
Author-X-Name-First: Morris 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teubal 
Title: A Framework for Policy Oriented Innovation Studies in Industrialising Countries 
Abstract:
  This paper argues that there is increasing need for the integration of
 policy considerations in the formulation of research questions and in the
 development of analytical work in policy oriented innovation studies.
 Despite the fact that Evolutionary and Innovation Studies theories have
 offered new ways of incorporating policy, little explicitness in this
 regard has yet been achieved and there is a risk that academic research
 following the new perspectives will be of little relevance for policy.
 Rather than a 'linear process' starting with empirical research aimed at
 linking competitiveness and economic performance to technological
 capabilities (in a comparative perspective and aimed at identifying 'best
 practice') followed by very abstract and un-grounded 'policy implications'
 - a new type of link between positive and normative economics in the field
 is required. Our approach suggests a new structure for policy-oriented and
 policy-relevant research, i.e. the integration of research on
 technological change and industrial transformation with research on policy
 and the development of a conceptual framework for the design and
 implementation of innovation policies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 477-496 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Innovation Policy, Industrialising Countries, Technology Policy, Industrial Policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590200000009 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590200000009 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rakesh Basant 
Author-X-Name-First: Rakesh 
Author-X-Name-Last: Basant 
Author-Name: Pankaj Chandra 
Author-X-Name-First: Pankaj 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandra 
Title: Building technological capabilities in a liberalising developing economy: Firm strategies and public policy 
Abstract:
  As a consequence of economic reforms, the Indian manufacturing sector
 faces a variety of technology related challenges. It not only has to
 quickly develop world-class manufacturing capabilities, but also gear up
 to develop new products and processes. In this paper we analyse the
 technology strategies of six Indian firms in different product groups
 which are trying to build competitive manufacturing and technology
 capabilities. The linkages between corporate, technology, and
 manufacturing strategies are explored and the role of complementary assets
 is studied in order to identify patterns through which these firms are
 building capabilities of various kinds. Specifically, we evaluate the
 extent to which firms use supply chains to develop product and process
 technologies. Some links between public policy and firm level
 technological capabilities are also explored to identify a few key
 priorities in the current context 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-23 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Asia, India, Public Policy, Industrial/Technology Policy, Research And Development, Strategy, Technology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590214342 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590214342 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dieter Ernst 
Author-X-Name-First: Dieter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ernst 
Title: Global production networks and the changing geography of innovation systems. Implications for developing countries 
Abstract:
  The paper addresses disruptive changes that globalization imposes on the
 geography of innovation systems, and identifies potential benefits that
 developing countries could reap from international linkages. The analysis
 is centered on three propositions. First, developing countries need to
 blend diverse international and domestic sources of knowledge to
 compensate for initially weak national production and innovation systems.
 Second, a greater variety of international knowledge linkages is possible,
 as globalization reduces the spatial stickiness of innovation. Third,
 globalization has culminated in an important organizational innovation:
 the spread of global production networks (GPN) combines concentrated
 dispersion with systemic integration, creating new opportunities for
 international knowledge diffusion. We argue that GPN provide firms and
 industrial districts in developing countries with new opportunities for
 reverse knowledge outsourcing. We explore resultant challenges that define
 the need for public policy response, define the new agenda for industrial
 upgrading, and discuss what types of policies and support institutions may
 help to reap the benefits from network participation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 497-523 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Globalization, Development And Diffusion Of Technology, Growth Of The Firm And Networks, Innovation And Knowledge, Industrial Dynamics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590214341 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590214341 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petri Rouvinen 
Author-X-Name-First: Petri 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rouvinen 
Title: The existence of R&D spillovers: A cost function estimation with random coefficients 
Abstract:
  This is a study of the effects of R&D spillovers on the cost and
 production structures of Finnish manufacturing firms. Confidential data on
 firms is used to estimate a translog cost function system with random
 coefficients. Although the results suggest that intra-industry spillovers
 are present in Finnish manufacturing, the findings regarding
 inter-industry spillovers are inconclusive. The variable cost reduction
 associated with spillovers is positive, but relatively low. Spillovers
 reduce the demand for labor but increase the demand for materials.
 Spillovers also reduce the willingness to pay for capital inputs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 525-541 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: R&D Spillovers, Externalities, Cost Function, Panel Data, Finnish Manufacturing, Random Coefficients, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590214339 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590214339 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adela Luque 
Author-X-Name-First: Adela 
Author-X-Name-Last: Luque 
Title: An option-value approach to technology adoption in U.S. manufacturing: Evidence from microdata 
Abstract:
  Numerous empirical studies have examined the role of firm and industry
 heterogeneity in the decision to adopt new technologies using a Net
 Present Value framework. However, as suggested by the recently developed
 option-value theory, these studies may have overlooked the role of
 investment reversibility and uncertainty as important determinants of
 technology adoption. Using the option-value investment model as my
 underlying theoretical framework, I examine how these two factors affect
 the decision to adopt three advanced manufacturing technologies. My
 results are consistent with the option-value model's prediction that
 plants operating in industries facing higher investment reversibility and
 lower degrees of demand and technological uncertainty are more likely to
 adopt advanced manufacturing technologies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 543-568 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Technological Change And Innovation, Technology Adoption, Industries Studies: Manufacturing, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590214337 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590214337 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Faria 
Author-X-Name-First: Ana 
Author-X-Name-Last: Faria 
Author-Name: Paul Fenn 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fenn 
Author-Name: Alistair Bruce 
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce 
Title: Determinants of adoption of flexible production technologies: Evidence from portuguese manufacturing industry 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates the main determinants of adoption of flexible
 production technologies (FPTs), using a cross-section of Portuguese
 manufacturing firms. In order to investigate the determinants of adoption
 by Portuguese firms we estimate a probit model of technology adoption,
 where rank, location, industry and demand uncertainty effects are
 considered. The main findings are that: (i) plant heterogeneity is
 important in understanding differences in the likelihood of adoption; (ii)
 spillover effects resulting from geographical proximity foster adoption;
 (iii) differences in technological regimes across industries also play a
 role in the diffusion process; and (iv) demand uncertainty increases the
 likelihood of adoption of FPTs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 569-580 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
Keywords: Technology Adoption, Uncertainty, Probit Model, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590214338 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590214338 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Vivarelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vivarelli 
Title: Book review 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 581-584 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 11 
Year: 2002 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590214340 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590214340 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul David 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: David 
Author-Name: Edward Steinmueller 
Author-X-Name-First: Edward 
Author-X-Name-Last: Steinmueller 
Title: Introduction 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-3 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303122 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303122 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Finholt 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Finholt 
Title: Collaboratories as a new form of scientific organization 
Abstract:
  Science is an inherently collaborative enterprise and this trend has
 accelerated over the past few decades. In particular, the Internet creates
 new possibilities for the organization of joint scientific work,
 specifically among geographically separated collaborators. A notable
 instance of Internet-mediated science is the collaboratory, or a
 laboratory without walls, where scientists are connected to each other, to
 instruments, and to data independent of time and location. This paper
 explores past and current collaboratory efforts to identify both
 characteristics that define a collaboratory and factors of collaboratory
 use that predict scientific success and failure. The paper concludes with
 an assessment of directions for future collaboratory development. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 5-25 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Collaboratory, Scientific Collaboration, Internet, Science, Network, Distributed Work, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303119 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303119 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Olson 
Author-X-Name-First: Gary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Olson 
Author-Name: Judith Olson 
Author-X-Name-First: Judith 
Author-X-Name-Last: Olson 
Title: Mitigating the effects of distance on collaborative intellectual work 
Abstract:
  This paper reviews systematic research on collaborative work involving
 synchronous, or same-time, interactions, which comprise a major challenge
 for projects in which a distance of 30 metres or more separates
 participants. It identifies the specific advantages of close proximity, or
 'radical co-location', in which participants share a common room or
 workspace. Reference to these advantages is used to assess the
 shortcomings of co-operative work support techniques including software
 and video conferencing. A variety of contexts in which distant
 collaboration is undertaken are examined in order to identify instances of
 success, as well as a range of specific problems related to cultural and
 time zone differences and the limitations of available of information and
 communication technologies for interpersonal communication. Prospects for
 future technologies to transcend these limitations are discussed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 27-42 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Computer Supported Co-operative Work, Scientific Research Collaboration, Collaboratories, Tele-work, Communication Technology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303117 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303117 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexandre Caldas 
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre 
Author-X-Name-Last: Caldas 
Title: Are newsgroups extending "invisible colleges" into the digital infrastructure of science? 
Abstract:
  This paper contributes to the debate on the influence of electronic
 communication on the informal exchange of information among scientists and
 practitioners. The research is focused on an empirical analysis of three
 specialised Newsgroups in "speech technology" (comp.speech,
 comp.speech.research and comp.speech.users), over the period 1992-2000.
 Looking at these discussion forums as electronic systems of social
 interaction, it is appropriate to ask whether they are extending the
 traditional social networks of "invisible colleges" into the digital age?
 This paper concludes that this is indeed occurring. First, to a
 significant extent these electronic environments support international and
 inter-sectoral remote collaboration. Secondly, these forums support the
 creation of key properties of "invisible colleges", persistent interaction
 among peers and a "division of labour" in the accumulation of expertise.
 Both of these properties are supported by a longitudinal network analysis
 of the forums. Further opportunities for inquiry are discussed in the
 concluding section. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 43-60 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Scientific Communities, Invisible Colleges, Scientific Communication, Newsgroups, Electronic Communication, Webmetrics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303123 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303123 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: I. M. Garskova 
Author-X-Name-First: I. M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garskova 
Author-Name: C. S. Leonard 
Author-X-Name-First: C. S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leonard 
Title: A virtual community in transition, a Russian social science and humanities network 
Abstract:
  This article is about evolving patterns of participation in an
 electronically-supported network organised in 1999 in Russia for research
 scholars in the social sciences and humanities (the Russian Social Science
 and Humanities Network, RSSH.Net). The service provides search, databases,
 discussion and information services for a world-wide academic community
 interested in Russian studies. Its users are located in Russia, the FSU,
 Central and Eastern European countries and in the US, EU, Japan and China.
 The analysis draws on data from the log of the Web service, describing
 senders and their messages by monthly data for 28 months, 1999-2002. The
 results show stable participation, predominantly by Russian users, among
 whom messaging activity is highly concentrated as well as localised in the
 Moscow region's subscribers. The usage of the RSSH.Net for messaging is
 somewhat lower, but still roughly within the same range as that found in
 comparable networks based in the US. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 61-76 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Networks, Newsgroups, Science Communities, Ict, Transition, Russia, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303120 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303120 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:1:p:61-76




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Foray 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foray 
Author-Name: Edward Steinmueller 
Author-X-Name-First: Edward 
Author-X-Name-Last: Steinmueller 
Title: On the economics of R&D and technological collaborations: Insights and results from the project colline 
Abstract:
  Research collaborations involve co-production and exchange of knowledge
 across organisational boundaries. They involve governance of intellectual
 property rights and partners' use of collectively produced knowledge. The
 principal findings arise from case studies of consortia governance in
 biotechnology and software and substantial variety in arrangements is
 identified. This variety may be explained by the appropriability of
 knowledge in particular research domains as well as by the nature of the
 knowledge generated. Consequences of governance rules are explored for
 European research consortia and for collective standards making
 activities. The analysis indicates several policy conclusions: government
 policy has an important role in overcoming market failures in consortia
 formation; adoption of any uniform intellectual property rights model for
 consortia would be likely to reduce research productivity; policies aimed
 at stimulating consortia formation must take account of the nature of
 knowledge that is to be exchanged. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 77-91 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Research, Collaborations, Intellectual Property Rights, Joint Ventures, Strategic Alliances, Science, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303118 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303118 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:1:p:77-91




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul David 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: David 
Author-Name: Louise Keely 
Author-X-Name-First: Louise 
Author-X-Name-Last: Keely 
Title: The endogenous formation of scientific research coalitions 
Abstract:
  The paper develops a formal model of coalition-building ("network"
 formation) among research units that seek competitive funding from a
 supra-regional program, while also drawing support from their respective
 regional funding agencies. This analysis is motivated by the absence of
 frameworks of analysis applicable to problems of design of public R&D
 funding arrangements in the European Union, and in other regional systems
 were independent programs of "federal and state" support for research
 co-exists. The model assumes a fixed finite population of research units
 and an associated distribution of reputed quality, or scientific
 reputation, which may be modified as a consequence of research results.
 Non-cooperative games of coalition formation developed by Bloch (1995),
 and Ray and Vohra (1999), provides a useful single-period framework for
 this part of the analysis. Collaborations are formed in the expectation of
 attracting incremental research funding, given the selection criteria of
 the agency that offers funding for "networks". Invitations to join
 proposals for networks are initiated and acted upon following a specific
 ordering procedure. This gives rise to a repeated non-cooperative game of
 coalition (or collaboration) formation, in which the distribution of
 payoffs within the collaboration is governed by a fixed rule. Following
 Keely (2002), this type of game is applied to a multi-period setting in
 which a distribution of coalitions is tracked, along with the levels of
 funding received. The latter are determined according to a rule comparing
 the distribution of reputations within proposed collaborations, and the
 effects upon the distribution of reputations in the entire population are
 analysed. Alternative possible external funding rules are evaluated with
 the help of a numerical example, to determine how their impacts upon
 collaboration formation, and the resulting evolution of the reputation
 distribution (as that will be affected by the allocation of funding). 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 93-116 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Research Collaborations, Networks, Coalition Formation Games, R&D Funding, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303121 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303121 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Guangzhou Hu 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert Guangzhou 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu 
Title: R&D organization, monitoring intensity, and innovation performance in chinese industry 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the relationship between organizational design and
 technological innovation in Chinese industry. In a principal-agent model,
 monitoring intensity is an endogenously determined input to innovation
 production. A recursive system of an innovation production function and a
 monitoring intensity equation, where the latent monitoring intensity is
 indicated by the existence of an R&D organization, is estimated with a
 nonlinear two-stage estimator for a sample of large- and medium-sized
 Chinese state-owned enterprises. It is the first knowledge production
 function estimate for China's enterprises. I find that R&D organization
 affects innovation performance positively and significantly. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 117-144 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: R&D Organization, Knowledge Production, Weighted Nls, Chinese Industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303124 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303124 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:2:p:117-144




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeroen Hinloopen 
Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hinloopen 
Title: Innovation performance across Europe 
Abstract:
  The innovation performance of firms is primarily determined by their own
 innovative activities and the interaction with their innovation-related
 environment. This environment typically differs among countries. We assess
 empirically these differences on firms' innovation performance. To that
 end we first estimate the relationship between an aggregate innovation
 input measure and an aggregate innovation output measure, thereby
 explicitly controlling for structural differences between countries. We
 then consider the extent to which firms located in a particular country
 perform better or worse than this estimated benchmark performance. The
 analysis is based on a panel dataset that we have constructed from
 Eurostat's first and second Community Innovation Survey. In order to
 control for possible data contamination we employ an outlier-robust
 estimator. It appears that among the fourteen countries considered Italy,
 Germany and Ireland offer an environment that facilitates most the
 transformation of innovation-related inputs into commercial outputs while
 the environment in Denmark is the least facilitating. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 145-161 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Innovation Performance, Community Innovation Survey, Panel Data, General M-estimator, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303125 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303125 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:2:p:145-161




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anders Sørensen 
Author-X-Name-First: Anders 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sørensen 
Author-Name: Hans Christian Kongsted 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans Christian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kongsted 
Author-Name: Mats Marcusson 
Author-X-Name-First: Mats 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marcusson 
Title: R&D, public innovation policy, and productivity: The case of danish manufacturing 
Abstract:
  The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between
 private R&D, public innovation support transferred to the private sector,
 and productivity in Danish manufacturing. Two main conclusions are
 established. First, public innovation support has a positive and
 significant effect on private R&D expenditures with an estimated
 elasticity of 0.062. Second, the indirect effect on productivity from
 public innovation support is reflected in a positive point estimate which
 is found to be robust to different specifications of R&D capital. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 163-178 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Growth, Research And Development, Innovation Support, Productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303126 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303126 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:2:p:163-178




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hiroshi Ohashi 
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ohashi 
Title: Econometric analysis of price index for home video cassette recorders in the U.S., 1978-1987 
Abstract:
  This paper conducts an empirical analysis on the U.S. VCR market using a
 hedonic approach. The paper finds that quality-adjusted price indices
 decline at 11-12% per year, with a large annual drop of about 18% from
 1982-85. Estimation and data analysis reveal interesting aspects of the
 evolution of quality and price in the VCR market. As a result of the
 exclusion of the VCR category until 1986, the paper estimates a bias of
 2.4% per year in the CPI electronics subindex. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 179-197 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Home Video Cassette Recorders, Price Index, Hedonics, Cpi, New Products, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590303127 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590303127 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:2:p:179-197




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Chwelos 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chwelos 
Title: Approaches to performance measurement in hedonic analysis: Price indexes for laptop computers in the 1990's 
Abstract:
  This paper estimates price indexes for laptop personal computers using
 hedonic methods and data taken from PC Magazine technical reviews. We use
 benchmark test results to construct a measure of system performance that
 encapsulates factors that have previously gone unmeasured, such as the
 interactions between hardware components. The resulting hedonic function
 is parsimonious yet has good explanatory power. A second approach to
 performance measurement is developed using a set of technical proxies that
 are shown to closely approximate the benchmark test scores, and are thus
 nearly perfectly equivalent in terms of resulting price index estimates.
 While not as parsimonious as a single performance measure, these proxies
 have the advantage of not requiring direct performance testing, and could
 thus be applied to larger data sets. Laptops were found to have declined
 in quality-adjusted price at an average rate of 40% per year for the
 period 1990-1998. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 199-224 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Hedonics, Price Indexes, Personal Computers, Computer Performance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290013609 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290013609 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:3:p:199-224




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guellec 
Author-Name: Bruno Van Pottelsberghe De La Potterie 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Van Pottelsberghe 
Author-X-Name-Last: De La Potterie 
Title: The impact of public R&D expenditure on business R&D* 
Abstract:
  This paper attempts to quantify the aggregate net effect of government
 funding on business R&D in 17 OECD Member countries over the past two
 decades. Grants, procurement, tax incentives and direct performance of
 research (in public laboratories or universities) are the major policy
 tools in the field. The major results of the study are the following:
 Direct government funding of R&D performed by firms has a positive effect
 on business financed R&D (except if the funding is targeted towards
 defence activities). Tax incentives have an immediate and positive effect
 on business-financed R&D; Direct funding as well as tax incentives are
 more effective when they are stable over time: firms do not invest in
 additional R&D if they are uncertain of the durability of the government
 support; Direct government funding and R&D tax incentives are substitutes:
 increased intensity of one reduces the effect of the other on business
 R&D; The stimulating effect of government funding varies with respect to
 its generosity: it increases up to a certain threshold (about 10% of
 business R&D) and then decreases beyond; Defence research performed in
 public laboratories and universities crowds out private R&D; Civilian
 public research is neutral for business R&D. * We thank the participants
 to various seminars, including the OECD Committee for Scientific and
 Technology Policy and the NBER 2000 Summer Institute on Productivity for
 helpful comments and suggestions. All opinions expressed in this article
 are those of the authors and do not reflect necessarily the views of the
 OECD or Universite Libre de Bruxelles. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 225-243 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Technology Policy, Tax Credit, R&D, Panel Data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290004555 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290004555 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:3:p:225-243




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas Pyka 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pyka 
Author-Name: Paul Windrum 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Windrum 
Title: The self-organisation of strategic alliances 
Abstract:
  The paper examines factors influencing the formation of horizontal
 inter-firm strategic alliances in dynamic product markets characterised by
 rapid rates of technological change and a high degree of market
 uncertainty. A novel self-organisation approach to strategic alliances is
 developed which is contrasted with transaction cost and competence
 approaches. The self-organisation approach is operationalised by a
 simulation model, the results of which highlight the importance of
 micro-macro feedbacks between individuals' decision-making and emergent
 institutional environments. Industries with similar initial
 characteristics can evolve into very different institutional regimes
 because firms' decisions to cooperate within an alliance or to compete
 individually are interdependent, expected payoffs depending on the
 sequence of prior decisions. The findings raise a serious question mark
 against structuralist approaches to the study of strategic alliances. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 245-268 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Strategic Alliances, Innovation Networks, Self-organisation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290025561 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290025561 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:3:p:245-268




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Luisa Mancusi 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Luisa 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mancusi 
Title: Geographical concentration and the dynamics of countries' specialization in technologies 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the empirical dynamics of countries' technological
 specialization in six technology fields using distribution dynamics. In
 all technology fields innovation activities are performed by relatively
 few countries and the degree of concentration is fairly stable in time.
 Intra-distribution dynamics is characterized by persistence of within
 field countries' specialization levels around or below the mean, while
 high specialization levels revert towards lower values. This strengthens
 the case for absorptive capacity. Electronics show some distinctive
 properties: they have the highest degree of geographical concentration and
 numerous small countries among those specialized; they also are the least
 mobile technology field. In a Schumpeterian perspective, this is in line
 with "creative accumulation". 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 269-291 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Distribution Dynamics, General Markov Chains, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Technological Change, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000000817 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000000817 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Fung 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fung 
Author-Name: William Chow† 
Author-X-Name-First: William 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chow† 
Title: Identification of technological structures using patent statistics 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the use of patent statistics in identifying four
 aspects of technological structure, namely, the potential knowledge pool,
 cumulativeness, inter-firm homogeneity in technology levels, and the scope
 of innovations. The firms are sampled from the chemical (CHEM), the
 computer (COM) and the electrical and electronic (EE) industries
 worldwide. Using the proxies defined, we find that (i) the contributions
 of intra-industry spillover are low, at 12%, 10%, and 9% for the three
 industries respectively; (ii) they can internalize 15%, 19% and 13% of
 their previous research efforts respectively; and (iii) a positive
 relationship between knowledge spillover and technology overlap, and
 between scope of innovation and number of patents being cited in future. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 293-313 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Innovation, Technological Structure, Patent Citation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000000826 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000000826 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Bailey 
Author-X-Name-First: A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey 
Author-Name: K. Balcombe 
Author-X-Name-First: K. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Balcombe 
Author-Name: J. Morrison 
Author-X-Name-First: J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison 
Author-Name: C. Thirtle 
Author-X-Name-First: C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Thirtle 
Title: A comparison of proxy variable and stochastic latent variable approaches to the measurement of bias in technological change in south african agriculture* 
Abstract:
  Technical change is inherently unobservable and has conventionally been
 represented by proxy variables, from simple time trends to more
 sophisticated knowledge stock variables. This paper follows Lambert and
 Shonkwiler (1995) in modelling technical change as a stochastic
 unobservable variable and tests this formulation against the alternative
 of using R&D and patent indices. This is done by fitting a system of share
 equations, derived from the dual profit function, to production data for
 South African agriculture. Each equation includes both unobserved
 technical change components and technical proxy variables. Variable
 deletion tests show that conventional proxy variables fail to explain the
 biases of technological change, while cointegration tests show that
 technical change is both stochastic and biased. The latent variables
 provide estimates of biases that are consistent with past studies and the
 historical record and can be explained by policy change in South Africa
 following WWII. The demonstration of high rates of return to R&D is not
 sufficient to justify R&D activity when biased technological change
 exacerbates input use and welfare distortions within and without the
 sector. * We thank the University of Pretoria for funding the study and
 the referees and delegates for many useful comments. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 315-324 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Biased Technological Change, Latent Variables, Induced Innovation, Distortions, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290018424 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290018424 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Beaudry 
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Beaudry 
Author-Name: Stefano Breschi 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Breschi 
Title: Are firms in clusters really more innovative? 
Abstract:
  This paper examines empirically whether firms located in strong
 industrial clusters are more innovative than firms located outside these
 regions. The study performs a firm-level analysis for two countries: Italy
 and the United Kingdom. European patent data for the period 1990-98 are
 used as indicator of firms' innovative activity, and are related to
 employment in the region where the firms are located, and other
 cluster-specific and firm-specific variables. The main result of the paper
 is that clustering alone is not conducive to higher innovative
 performance. Whereas location in a cluster densely populated by other
 innovative firms positively affects the likelihood of innovating, quite
 strong disadvantages seem to arise from the presence of non-innovative
 firms in a firm's own industrial sector. Regarding the impact of other
 industrial sectors, preliminary results seem to indicate, in the case of
 Italy, that a strong presence of firms in other related industries spurs
 innovative performance. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 325-342 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Clusters, Innovation, Knowledge, Agglomeration Economies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290020197 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290020197 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Werner Bonte 
Author-X-Name-First: Werner 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonte 
Title: R&D and productivity: Internal vs. external R&D - evidence from west german manufacturing industries 
Abstract:
  The paper explores the productivity effects of investment in external
 (contract) vs. internal (in-house) R&D in a sample of West-German
 Manufacturing Industries. The results provide strong evidence of a
 positive relationship between productivity and the share of external R&D
 in total R&D. This result is robust to alternative econometric
 specifications. Thus, findings suggest that the decision between internal
 and external R&D does matter. Moreover, results imply a nonlinear
 relationship between productivity and the share of external R&D for
 higher-technology industries, hinting at decreasing productivity effects
 of an increasing share of external in total R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 343-360 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: External R&D, Productivity, Innovation Process, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290018415 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290018415 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:4:p:343-360




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joshua Gans 
Author-X-Name-First: Joshua 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gans 
Author-Name: Scott Stern 
Author-X-Name-First: Scott 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stern 
Title: When does funding research by smaller firms bear fruit?: Evidence from the SBIR program* 
Abstract:
  This paper evaluates whether the relative concentration of funding for
 small, research-oriented firms in a small number of high-technology
 industries is related to differences across industries in the
 appropriability level facing small firms. We exploit a novel test based on
 the relationship between industry-level private venture financing and the
 performance of government-subsidized R&D projects. If industries differ in
 their appropriability level, then private funding and subsidized project
 performance should be positively correlated. Our principal finding is that
 subsidized project performance is higher in industrial segments with
 higher rates of private venture capital investment. Industrial sectors
 therefore seem to differ in the degree of appropriability and this
 variation helps explain why venture capital is concentrated. * The latest
 version of this paper is available at
 http://www.mbs.edu/home//jgans/research.htm 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 361-384 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Innovation, Appropriability, Subsidy, Capital Constraints, Technological Opportunity, Venture Capital, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000014092 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000014092 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chang-Yang Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Yang 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Title: A simple theory and evidence on the determinants of firm R&D 
Abstract:
  This paper derives a simple, but informative, model of firm R&D to figure
 out key factors that determine firm R&D effort. The model suggests a
 demand-pull, technology-push theory of R&D by showing that a firm's
 profit-maximizing R&D expenditure is determined jointly by both
 demand-side factors and technology-side factors. The former includes
 demand size (firm sales) and consumer preference over quality and price
 and the latter includes R&D cost structure or the production-cost effect
 of product R&D and firm-specific technological competence. In addition,
 the model shows that other things being equal, the stock of exogenous
 technological knowledge, including the firm's previously accumulated
 technological knowledge, relevant to current R&D which is negatively
 related with current R&D effort. An empirical analysis of firm R&D
 intensities and technological capabilities of more than 1600 firms in nine
 industries across six countries provides supportive evidence for the
 theory. Further, the theory implies that R&D intensity or the R&D-to-sales
 ratio is independent of firm size unless firm size affects technological
 competence and that given consumer preference and R&D cost structure
 facing all firms in the same industry, the distribution of firm-specific
 technological competence among firms determines the distribution of firm
 R&D intensities within the industry. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 385-395 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: R&D Determinants, Consumer Preference, Technological Competence, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000003418 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000003418 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony Fu-Lai Yu 
Author-X-Name-First: Tony Fu-Lai 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu 
Title: Innovation and coordination: A schutzian perspective 
Abstract:
  This paper discusses the nature of innovation, the innovation process and
 its associated coordination problems in the subjectivist perspective. It
 argues that innovation, when viewed in the first person perspective, is
 not a homogeneous concept. Instead, the degree of newness of an innovation
 is determined subjectively by adopters. The stages of the innovation
 process described in the management literature are re-interpreted in light
 of Schutz' phenomenology. Innovation creates coordination problems.
 Schumpeterian innovation disrupts plans of market participants and
 threatens people's sense of reality. The stocks of knowledge of market
 participants are no longer able to solve new problems brought about by
 pioneering entrepreneurs. Knowledge taken for granted becomes problematic.
 As a result, coordination fails. In attempting to remove uncertainty
 arising from radical innovation, human agents create knowledge surrogates
 and project acts in the future perfect tense. Through a process of
 typification, successful actions are crystallised into firm routines and
 institutions that once again help to serve for coordination. The arguments
 developed in this paper throw new light on three aspects of business
 strategies, namely, management of innovation, vertical integration and
 advertising. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 397-412 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Innovation, Coordination, Phenomenology, Entrepreneurship, Subjectivist Interpretation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590290028496 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590290028496 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hengzhong Liu 
Author-X-Name-First: Hengzhong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu 
Author-Name: Fotios Siokis 
Author-X-Name-First: Fotios 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siokis 
Title: Market share determination in marketing service industries - A demand side approach 
Abstract:
  A marketing service industry provides its business clients with its
 services such as advertising media or inbound telecommunication ( i.e.
 toll free 800 calls) to increase their sales. By extending Dorfman and
 Steiner (1954) to the world where firms obtain costly marketing services
 from outside specialized providers, this paper studies the market shares
 of providers of a marketing service from the perspective of their clients.
 It derives that at the optimal point for a representative client, a
 provider's market share equals the ratio of the profits contributed by its
 service to the total profits contributed by the services of all providers
 in the market. Under certain conditions, a provider's market share is just
 a function of quality-price ratios. This result should facilitate choosing
 a marketing service from alternative providers and analyzing market shares
 in marketing-service industries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 413-423 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Market Share, Specialized Providers, Telecommunications, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000012733 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000012733 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Asher Blass 
Author-X-Name-First: Asher 
Author-X-Name-Last: Blass 
Author-Name: Oved Yosha 
Author-X-Name-First: Oved 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yosha 
Title: Financing R&D in mature companies: An empirical analysis 
Abstract:
  We study financing patterns of publicly traded R&D-intensive
 manufacturing firms in Israel. We further characterize R&D-intensive firms
 by size, physical capital intensity, and whether they issued stocks in the
 United States, asking whether these features are associated with
 particular financing patterns. To address these issues, we present, for
 the first time, adjusted flow of funds charts that treat R&D expenses as a
 capital outlay (rather than an operating cost that reduces profits, as
 standard accounting principles prescribe). We also address the question of
 how R&D inputs should be measured - using R&D expenses or R&D personnel.
 We construct both expenditure- and personnel-based R&D measures for each
 firm in our sample, and investigate to what extent these measures are
 mutually consistent. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 425-447 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Cash Flow, Equity, Financing, Flow Of Funds, Government Grants And Subsidies, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000029249 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000029249 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Werner Smolny 
Author-X-Name-First: Werner 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smolny 
Title: Determinants of innovation behaviour and investment estimates for west-german manufacturing firms 
Abstract:
  In this paper, the determinants of innovation behaviour and investment
 are explored with a large micro-data panel from West-German manufacturing
 firms. The estimates are discussed within a microeconomic model with
 monopolistic competition, demand uncertainty and a delayed adjustment of
 capacities and the production technology. The estimates reveal positive
 firm-size effects which hint towards scale economies associated with
 innovations. Market power promotes innovations but not investment, and
 exporters innovate more but exhibit less investment expenditures. Finally,
 excess demand promotes innovations. This indicates a complementarity of
 innovations and investment and hints towards permanent productivity
 effects of temporary demand shocks. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 449-463 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Endogenous Innovations And Investment, Market Structure, Business Cycle, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000029230 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000029230 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Inigo Herguera 
Author-X-Name-First: Inigo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Herguera 
Author-Name: Stefan Lutz 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lutz 
Title: The effect of subsidies to product innovation on international competition 
Abstract:
  Models of vertical product differentiation allow for the analysis of
 international trade in the presence of country asymmetries in terms of
 product qualities, technology, costs, market size, and income. In the
 presence of such asymmetries, national industries will either be market
 leaders or be lagging behind in the international market place in terms of
 their product qualities. The resulting asymmetry in profits creates
 powerful incentives for lagging industries as well as their national
 governments to reverse this situation to their advantage, i.e. to induce
 "leapfrogging" in terms of product qualities. This paper presents an
 analysis of subsidies to investment in product quality as a facilitating
 device for leapfrogging. Investment in product quality is interpreted as
 innovation investment or expense, which includes but is not limited to R&D
 investment. Its result is a better, different product, i.e. product
 innovation. It is found that subsidies to quality investment can induce
 leapfrogging and thereby increase domestic profits, consumer surplus and
 welfare. In the case of leapfrogging, the domestic firm will enjoy profit
 increases that are larger than the necessary subsidy costs. The strategic
 aspect of the subsidy policy lies in its function as a facilitating device
 for a radical change of the initial market structure, where the domestic
 firm gains an international leadership position. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 465-480 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Vertical Product Differentiation, Leapfrogging, Country Asymmetries, Subsidies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859031000078461 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859031000078461 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Davide Castellani 
Author-X-Name-First: Davide 
Author-X-Name-Last: Castellani 
Author-Name: Antonello Zanfei 
Author-X-Name-First: Antonello 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zanfei 
Title: Technology gaps, absorptive capacity and the impact of inward investments on productivity of European firms * 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 555-576 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
X-DOI: 10.1080/714933761 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714933761 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paroma Sanyal 
Author-X-Name-First: Paroma 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanyal 
Title: Understanding patents: The role Of R&D funding sources and the patent office 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 507-529 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
X-DOI: 10.1080/714933760 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714933760 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:6:p:507-529




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Tether 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tether 
Title: The sources and aims of innovation in services: Variety between and within sectors 
Abstract:
  Services dominate economic activity, but remain under-researched by
 analysts of innovation and technological change. The early 'one size fits
 all' theories of innovation in services have in recent years given way to
 an appreciation that services are diverse, not least in their innovation
 activities. This paper draws on recent empirical evidence from large-scale
 surveys undertaken in 13 western European countries, to investigate the
 extent and the sources of innovation in five services sectors. The
 analysis includes the extent to which services innovate, and amongst
 innovators the extent to which they engage in R&D and collaborative
 arrangements for innovation. The analysis supports the recent literature
 which emphasises significant differences between sectors in their pattern
 of innovation behaviour, but also highlights significant intra-sectoral
 differences in innovation behaviour. This intra-sectoral variation
 deserves much fuller investigation in the future. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 481-505 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Services, Innovation, Technological Change, Europe, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859022000029221 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859022000029221 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gamal Atallah 
Author-X-Name-First: Gamal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Atallah 
Title: Information sharing and the stability of cooperation in research joint ventures* 
Abstract:
  The model studies information sharing and the stability of cooperation in
 cost reducing Research Joint Ventures (RJVs). In a three-stage
 game-theoretic framework, firms decide on participation in a RJV,
 information sharing along with R&D expenditures, and output. An important
 feature of the model is that voluntary information sharing between
 cooperating firms increases information leakage from the RJV to outsiders.
 It is found that RJVs representing a larger portion of firms in the
 industry are more likely to share information. It is also found that when
 sharing information is costless, firms generally don't choose intermediate
 levels of information sharing: they share all the information or none at
 all. The size of the RJV is found to depend on three effects: a
 coordination effect, an information sharing effect, and a competition
 effect. Depending on the relative magnitudes of these effects, the size of
 the RJV may increase or decrease with spillovers. In response to an
 increase in leakages, RJV members reduce their R&D spending. In addition,
 they either increase the RJV size while maintaining information sharing
 unchanged (when leakages are low), or they reduce both information sharing
 and RJV size (when leakages are high). 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 531-554 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 12 
Year: 2003 
Keywords: Endogenous R&D Spillovers, Information Sharing, R&D Cooperation, Research Joint Ventures, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859032000061134 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859032000061134 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:12:y:2003:i:6:p:531-554




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Tracey 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tracey 
Author-Name: Gordon Clark 
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark 
Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith 
Author-X-Name-First: Helen Lawton 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith 
Title: Cognition, learning and European regional growth: an agent-centred perspective on the “new” economy 
Abstract:
  Quintessentially a US phenomenon, the information and knowledge economy
 (IKE) combines regional clusters of innovation with new and sophisticated
 forms of intellectual and finance capital. For those European economies
 struggling to adjust to global competition, the IKE is seen as the
 panacea. It is regarded as a proven recipe for all places and sectors,
 with the potential to remedy structural weaknesses that have become ever
 more apparent in a world subject to globalisation, increased international
 competition, and technological change. We suggest an agent-centred
 perspective for understanding economic systems and behaviour that stresses
 the significance of cognition and learning for innovation while making the
 connection between organizations and their environments. We argue that the
 IKE, as represented by regions such as Silicon Valley and Route 128/495
 Boston, is complex and multi-faceted and cannot be transposed easily
 between cultures. Finally, we draw together the implications of our
 approach for European regional development. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-18 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Information and knowledge economy, Cognition, Learning, Innovation, European regional development, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000156002 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000156002 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Johnson 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson 
Author-Name: William Masters 
Author-X-Name-First: William 
Author-X-Name-Last: Masters 
Title: Complementarity and sequencing of innovations: new varieties and mechanized processing for cassava in West Africa 
Abstract:
  Complementarity among inter-related innovations may help explain the
 location and timing of productivity growth, and may be particularly
 important in the transformation of semi-subsistence agrarian economies. We
 study the case of cassava in West Africa, where both mechanized processors
 and new varieties are more widespread in Nigeria than in neighboring
 countries. One explanation involves complementarity: mechanization may
 have induced new variety adoption, or vice-versa. We test the magnitude
 and significance of these linkages using a system of equations approach.
 Controlling for other factors, we find that new variety adoption
 consistently increases the likelihood of subsequent mechanization by an
 average of 75 percent. Mechanization is less consistently associated with
 subsequent new variety adoption. Historically, mechanization came first -
 but the later development of new varieties made mechanization much more
 profitable, and the two then spread together. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 19-31 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technology adoption, Inter-related technologies, Nigeria, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000156011 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000156011 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:1:p:19-31




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gil Avnimelech 
Author-X-Name-First: Gil 
Author-X-Name-Last: Avnimelech 
Author-Name: Morris Teubal 
Author-X-Name-First: Morris 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teubal 
Title: Venture capital start-up co-evolution and the emergence & development of Israel's new high tech cluster 
Abstract:
  This paper provides an account of the emergence and development of a
 Venture Capital Industry in Israel, and the role it played in the recent
 successful growth of Israel's high tech cluster. The paper focuses on
 Israel's Venture Capital Industry, its emergence and operation during the
 90s, in which period the number of VC Funds increased from 2 to over 100.
 The context is the transformation of Israel's high tech industry from the
 Defense-dominated Electronics industry of the 70s/80s to the 'Silicon
 Valley' model of the 90s characterized by large numbers of SU companies.
 During this period the share of high tech in manufacturing industry; and
 ICT's share in the Business Sector increased considerably attaining one of
 the highest levels worldwide. Given the importance of Venture Capital an
 analysis of the waves of new SU companies should be done jointly with an
 analysis of the emergence and development of Venture Capital (and
 vice-versa). The approach adopted is Evolutionary & Systemic rather than a
 focus on 'the operation' of a mature Venture Capital industry, which has
 been more frequent in the VC literature. We focus on the Dynamics of
 Venture Capital particularly of the emergence and of subsequent
 development of the industry. We link these with core Evolutionary concepts
 such as variation, selection and reproduction (Nelson 1995). The paper
 discusses the co-evolutionary and dynamic process involving the business
 sector, technology policies, venture-capitalists, individuals & Startup
 companies, and foreign linkages. We attempt to show that VC emergence is
 part & parcel of the reconfiguration of a pre-existing Electronics
 Industry one involving large amounts of SU and new and powerful links with
 global capital markets. The main conclusions and policy lessons of the
 paper are that specific technology policies targeted to the Venture
 Capital sector can be effective only to the extent that favorable
 background conditions exist or are created. The main groups of factors,
 events or sub-processes influencing the emergence process which started in
 1993, and subsequent development, are: (1) favorable background
 conditions; (2) features of the immediate pre-emergence period (1989-92);
 (3) Targeted Policies which directly triggered VC Emergence (1993-98); (4)
 Strong VC-SU co-evolution; (5) Global Capital Market Links. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 33-60 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Venture capital, Start-up, High-tech cluster, Emergence, Evolutionary, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000156020 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000156020 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:1:p:33-60




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donald Alexander 
Author-X-Name-First: Donald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander 
Author-Name: Jon Neill 
Author-X-Name-First: Jon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Neill 
Title: Technical progress and real wage stagnation: theory and evidence from the U.S. steel industry 
Abstract:
  Over the past twenty years real wages have stagnated despite substantial
 technical progress. This runs contrary to the widespread belief that
 technological change increases real wages. This paper presents a
 theoretical model showing that technical progress could reduce wages. This
 hypothesis is then tested using data from the U.S. steel industry. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 61-75 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technical progress, Wages, Stagnation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000156039 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000156039 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:1:p:61-75




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michel Quere 
Author-X-Name-First: Michel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Quere 
Title: National systems of innovation and national systems of corporate governance: a missing link? 
Abstract:
  This contribution is an elaboration of an intellectual curiosity that is
 a parallel but separate development of the literature on national systems
 of innovation and national systems of corporate governance. Even though
 the former has been in a process of structuration for more than a decade,
 the latter never refers to it. The purpose of the paper is to identify the
 commonalities and the differences of both concepts and to address the
 conditions by which national systems of corporate governance can benefit
 from the knowledge accumulated by national systems of innovation. More
 precisely, the difficulties faced by national systems of innovation are
 centrally discussed in order to establish the conditions from which the
 literature on corporate governance can benefit. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 77-90 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation systems, Corporate governance, National systems of innovation, National systems of corporate governance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000156048 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000156048 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:1:p:77-90




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Margaret Smith 
Author-X-Name-First: Margaret 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith 
Title: A model of the linked adoption of complementary technologies 
Abstract:
  This paper presents a dynamic feedback model of the technology diffusion
 process in which each firm's technology adoption decisions maximize the
 net present value of its anticipated cash flow, taking into account the
 direct cost savings, the number of linked firms expected to adopt
 complementary technologies, and anticipated changes in adoption costs. The
 adoption of complementary technologies need not be simultaneous, but
 linked technologies can induce a rapid industrial regime shift without
 explicit coordination or planning. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 91-99 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technology diffusion, Complementary technologies, Innovation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000156057 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000156057 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:1:p:91-99




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Co 
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Co 
Author-Name: Mark Wohar 
Author-X-Name-First: Mark 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wohar 
Title: Technological convergence among US regions and states 
Abstract:
  This paper employs unit root tests that allow for two endogenously
 determined structural breaks to study whether or not invention activities
 are converging across US regions/states. Using US patent data from 1929 to
 1997, we find technological β-convergence in six of the nine Census
 regions, in 11 of the 14 leading states and in 28 of the 34 lagging
 states. Stochastic convergence, on the other hand, is found in three
 regions, in four leading states and in 17 lagging states. Carlino and
 Mills (1993) point out that both β- and stochastic convergence are
 necessary conditions for convergence. Putting these results together, we
 find convergence (both β- and stochastic) in invention activities in
 three regions, in three leading states and in 16 lagging states. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 101-126 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Patent, US regions and states, β-Convergence, Stochastic convergence, Unit root test, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628107 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628107 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:2:p:101-126




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eduardo Pol 
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pol 
Author-Name: Peter Carroll 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll 
Title: Reviving and assessing the Kuznets law on innovation 
Abstract:
  In the earlier years of the twentieth century economists were beginning
 to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the economic change.
 Joseph Alois Schumpeter, for example, argued that the first key step in
 understanding economic change is to think carefully about innovation. When
 Kuznets began his work in economics in the mid 1920s economics had begun
 to develop the quantitative and mathematical dimensions that now
 characterise the discipline. In particular, Kuznets discovered what he
 argued was a second key step in understanding economic change, namely: the
 analysis of sectors where innovation actually takes place. He was a
 quintessential empiricist and adept at finding empirical regularities. It
 is the contention of this paper that Kuznets' early empirical work on
 sectoral growth enables us to formulate an empirical law on innovation.
 The paper is organised around a number of questions: What is the Kuznets
 law on innovation? Has this law been ignored? What is the relationship
 between the Kuznets law on innovation and the law of diminishing returns
 to innovative effort? What are the intrinsic limitations regarding the
 applicability of the Kuznets' law? The last part of the paper provides a
 summary and notes some limitations of the law. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 127-140 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation, Economic laws, Retardation of growth, Diminishing returns to R&D effort, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628116 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628116 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kaoru Hosono 
Author-X-Name-First: Kaoru 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hosono 
Author-Name: Masayo Tomiyama 
Author-X-Name-First: Masayo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tomiyama 
Author-Name: Tsutomu Miyagawa 
Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu 
Author-X-Name-Last: Miyagawa 
Title: Corporate governance and research and development: Evidence from Japan 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates the effects of the ownership structure on the R&D
 intensity. Using the Japanese machine-manufacturing firm data from 1987
 till 1998, we first found that the effects of R&D on stock market
 valuation and TFP growth were significantly positive in the latter half of
 the 1990s. Next, analyzing the determinants of the R&D intensity in 1998,
 we found that the shareholding ratios of large shareholders and the
 leverage ratios were positively correlated with R&D intensity, while the
 proportion of bank loans to total debt was negatively correlated with it.
 These results are consistent with the hypotheses that stress the
 disciplinary roles of large shareholders and debt. It is also consistent
 with a bank's holdup hypothesis. Finally, comparing the results of 1998
 with those of 1989, we found that the positive roles of keiretsu
 affiliation and cross-shareholdings disappeared during the last decade. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 141-164 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: R&D, Corporate governance, Ownership structure, Japan, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628125 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628125 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:2:p:141-164




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernard Guilhon 
Author-X-Name-First: Bernard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guilhon 
Title: Markets for knowledge: problems, scope, and economic implications 
Abstract:
  This article aims at developing an analytical framework in order to
 highlight the significance of the markets for knowledge. The empirical
 evidence provides the basis for analysing diverse governance mechanisms in
 high tech sectors. Increasing specialisation of knowledge production is
 pointed out from biotechnology and semiconductor industry. Next, the
 running of the markets for knowledge leads to appreciate the role of KIBSF
 in traditional services and new-technology based services. Finally, the
 behaviours of knowledge producers is linked to various tradeoffs they
 encounter. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 165-181 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Markets for knowledge, Quasi-markets, Governance mechanisms, Knowledge transfer, Codification, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628134 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628134 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:2:p:165-181




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher Palmberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher 
Author-X-Name-Last: Palmberg 
Title: The sources of innovations - looking beyond technological opportunities 
Abstract:
  The concept 'technological opportunity' has been coined to capture the
 vitality of the underlying sciences and technologies as the sources of
 technical progress that firms draw upon during innovation. Nonetheless,
 less attention has been paid to the fact that the commercialisation of
 technical progress through innovations also depends on the ability to
 assimilate a range of other sources of innovations, related less to the
 sciences and technologies and more to characteristics of the market and
 broader environment in which firms innovate. This paper focuses on the
 sectoral diversity in such sources, and on the ways in which they are
 assimilated and turned into commercialised innovations. The paper
 contributes to the extant literature by drawing on a unique survey data on
 Finnish innovations. The results both confirm and also challenge, and
 further elaborate on certain 'stylised facts' on the relationships between
 technological opportunities and the sources of innovation across sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 183-197 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technological opportunities, Innovations, Object-approach, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628143 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628143 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:2:p:183-197




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Cozzarin 
Author-X-Name-First: Brian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzarin 
Title: Innovation quality and manufacturing firms' performance in Canada 
Abstract:
  The overall objective of this paper was to determine the impact of
 producing a world-first innovation, a Canada-first innovation and a
 first-to-the firm innovation on firms' economic performance (employment,
 labour productivity, market share and total value added). The study used
 unique data from Statistics Canada's 1999 Survey of Innovation that was
 linked to the 1997 Annual Survey of Manufactures. Three hypotheses were
 tested: that innovative firms (firm-first, Canada-first, world-first)
 should have higher performance (in terms of the performance measures that
 are defined in the next section) than non-innovative firms; that the
 dichotomous innovation variables should be statistically different from
 zero in the multivariate analysis; that the estimated coefficients in the
 performance regressions should be greater for world-first innovations
 compared to firm-first innovations. In the regressions world-first
 innovators had higher employment and market share offering support for the
 first hypothesis, while the results for labour productivity and total
 value added were not statistically significant. With regard to hypothesis
 two, the multivariate results were somewhat mixed since the world-first
 innovator was significant in two performance equations. Hypothesis three
 was confirmed since in all cases the ordering on coefficient size for the
 performance variables was world, Canada, and firm (with world being the
 largest and firm being the smallest). 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 199-216 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: World-first innovations, Firm performance, Canadian manufacturing industries, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628378 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628378 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:3:p:199-216




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Tourigny 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tourigny 
Author-Name: Can Le 
Author-X-Name-First: Can 
Author-X-Name-Last: Le 
Title: Impediments to innovation faced by Canadian manufacturing firms 
Abstract:
  Using the findings of the 1999 Survey of Innovation in the Canadian
 manufacturing sector, we analyse the impediments, i.e. the problems and
 obstacles, that firms in the sector face when they innovate. In
 particular, we assess the factors which inhibit innovation, especially
 with regard to by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). First we try to
 establish the relationship between the impediments to innovation and
 various firm characteristics. Then we assess whether these impediments
 actually prevent firms from innovating or whether firms are able to
 overcome them. We find that the perception of impediments to innovation
 vary according to firm characteristics. For example, large firms are more
 likely to report the high cost of developing innovation and organizational
 rigidities as impediments than small firms. However, they seem to have
 less difficulty with regard to financing innovation projects compared to
 SMEs. Our results also show that firms seem to be able to overcome most of
 the obstacles to innovation. Therefore, the impediments featured in
 innovation survey(s) should not be interpreted as impenetrable barriers
 that prevent innovation. The sole exception is organizational rigidities.
 Firms facing organizational rigidities are less likely to become
 innovative, whether they are small, medium, or large. From our results, we
 conclude that small firms do not face particular impediments which prevent
 them from becoming innovative. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 217-250 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation, Impediments, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628387 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628387 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:3:p:217-250




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Massini 
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Massini 
Title: The diffusion of mobile telephony in Italy and the UK: an empirical investigation 
Abstract:
  Since its appearance mobile telephony has shown a remarkably fast
 diffusion pattern in most advanced countries. This paper investigates
 technological and economic factors that have influenced the diffusion
 process of cellular phones, in particular the diffusion speed and the
 upper limit. The epidemic model widely used in diffusion studies is
 summarised and discussed highlighting the evolutionary disequilibrium
 nature of diffusion processes. Moreover, the econometric specification of
 some of the models distinguishes between long-run relationships and
 short-run adjustments to a continuously evolving pattern. We find that the
 new digital technology, which coincides with increased competition in both
 Italy and the UK, has made the process faster and increased the saturation
 level in Italy, but not in the UK; in Italy only the decreasing price of
 the handset has affected the diffusion process, whereas we find that, in
 addition to that, decreasing tariffs and increasing consumption
 expenditures have been significant in shaping the diffusion process of
 mobile telephony in the UK. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 251-277 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technological innovations diffusion, Disequilibrium models, Mobile telephony, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628396 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628396 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:3:p:251-277




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Canepa 
Author-X-Name-First: A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Canepa 
Author-Name: P. Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Title: Comparative international diffusion: Patterns, determinants and policies 
Abstract:
  Using data derived from a number of stand alone surveys in different
 countries, this paper explores international differences in the paths of
 diffusion of new manufacturing technologies. It is observed that diffusion
 paths are technology specific and that no one country either in Europe or
 North America can be said to exhibit faster, earlier or more extensive
 diffusion for all technologies than other countries. Using results in the
 public domain it is also argued that the main driving forces behind
 diffusion patterns are those generally classified as epidemic and rank
 effects. Building upon this, the rationale for policy intervention in the
 diffusion process is discussed and the effectiveness of different policy
 instruments considered. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 279-298 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Diffusion, Innovation, International, Technology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001628404 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001628404 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:3:p:279-298




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenneth Carlaw 
Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carlaw 
Author-Name: Stephen Kosempel 
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kosempel 
Title: The sources of total factor productivity growth: Evidence from Canadian data 
Abstract:
  A dynamic general equilibrium model is constructed and used to identify
 sources of total factor productivity growth in Canada and to quantify
 their importance. The model also provides procedures for constructing
 measures of technological progress. We find that periods of low
 productivity growth correspond to periods of high growth in
 investment-specific technology (IST) or high rates of technology
 embodiment. For example, the growth rate of IST was relatively high
 between 1974 and 1996. The higher growth rate of IST during this period
 should have increased the rate of productivity growth by an estimated 0.29
 percentage points, ceteris paribus. Yet, productivity growth slowed. Why? 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 299-309 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Investment-specific technological change, Total factor productivity, Economic growth, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001629007 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001629007 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:4:p:299-309




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luca Lambertini 
Author-X-Name-First: Luca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambertini 
Author-Name: Francesca Lotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lotti 
Author-Name: Enrico Santarelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico 
Author-X-Name-Last: Santarelli 
Title: Infra-industry spillovers and R&D cooperation: Theory and evidence 
Abstract:
  We analyse both the theoretical and the empirical side of the issue of
 R&D spillovers. Each firm's R&D costs are increasing in the amount of
 information transmitted to other firms, and we account for the possibility
 that firms control spillovers. We consider both Cournot-Nash and
 Cournot-Stackelberg behavior. The empirical analysis suggests that (i)
 firms' control on spillovers is relatively low; (ii) the cost-saving
 effect associated to joint ventures or R&D cartels is confirmed for
 industries where firms rely mainly upon own R&D as a source of innovation;
 (iii) R&D cooperation may increase information sharing, thereby enhancing
 spillovers. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 311-328 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Spillovers, Joint venture, R&D cartel, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001629016 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001629016 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:4:p:311-328




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mariacristina Piva 
Author-X-Name-First: Mariacristina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Piva 
Author-Name: Marco Vivarelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vivarelli 
Title: The determinants of the skill bias in Italy: R&D, organisation or globalisation? 
Abstract:
  In this study three possible determinants of the increase in the ratio
 between skilled and unskilled workers are tested together: R&D,
 organisational change, and foreign direct investment. After analysing the
 literature, these hypotheses are jointly tested using a SUR estimate. The
 results - regarding a panel of 488 Italian manufacturing firms over the
 period 1989-1997 - suggest the statistical significance of the impact of
 organisational change, while they tend to exclude a direct relation
 between R&D spending and skill upgrading. With reference to FDIs, the
 nature of the data and the results do not permit the exclusion of their
 possible influence. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 329-347 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: R&D, Organisation, Skills, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001629025 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001629025 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:4:p:329-347




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Samuel Kortum 
Author-X-Name-First: Samuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kortum 
Title: An R&D Roundtable 
Abstract:
  This manuscript reports on the proceedings of an R&D Roundtable that took
 place at the National Bureau of Economic Research in the summer of 1999.
 Zvi Griliches envisioned the Roundtable as a chance to discuss the agenda
 for economic research on R&D over the next 20 years. Daron Acemoglu,
 Philippe Aghion, Samuel Kortum, Jacques Mairesse, and Mark Schankerman led
 the discussion. The Roundtable acquired a certain poignancy as it took
 place just four months before Zvi died. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 349-363 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: R&D, Innovation, Growth, Technology, Patent, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001629034 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001629034 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:4:p:349-363




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arthur Diamond 
Author-X-Name-First: Arthur 
Author-X-Name-Last: Diamond 
Title: Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth 
Abstract:
  Zvi Griliches's contributions to the economics of technology and growth
 are identified. Included is a discussion of his contributions on: the
 determinants of differences in speed of adoption of innovations; the use
 of patents to measure technology; the private and social returns to R&D;
 and spillover effects from R&D. Griliches's own evaluation of his research
 contribution is compared to the evaluation of others in the field, using
 as evidence citation counts of his works collected from the online Web of
 Science. Griliches's most important contribution is his 1957 Econometrica
 hybrid corn paper that is a foundation of the economics of technological
 innovation. Remarkably, the trend in annual citations to the paper has
 continued to increase for over 40 years. Finally, we summarize Griliches's
 most recent views on the practice of economics and on the most important
 unanswered questions in the economics of technology and growth. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 365-397 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technology, R&D, Growth, Productivity, Patents, Griliches, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001629043 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001629043 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:4:p:365-397




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lee Davis 
Author-X-Name-First: Lee 
Author-X-Name-Last: Davis 
Title: Intellectual property rights, strategy and policy 
Abstract:
  This introductory essay to the special edition explores the changing role
 of intellectual property rights (IPRs), and the implications of these
 changes for firm strategy and industrial policy. Four recent, interrelated
 trends are important in this regard: (1) the growing prominence of
 intangible assets as sources of competitive advantage, (2) the
 globalization of business activities, (3) advances in digital technologies
 of replicability and transferability, and (4) changes in the legal
 framework governing the strength and scope of IPRs. We focus, in
 particular, on the impact of these trends on the importance and
 effectiveness of patents. We argue that while patents have become more
 valuable to firms, to fulfill a variety of strategic goals, they seem to
 have become less effective in actually motivating R&D. This distorts the
 'bargain' implied by the patent system, increasing the social costs of
 patenting while decreasing the social benefits. To help restore this
 balance, various reforms may be implemented, including the use of
 alternative incentive systems. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 399-415 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Intellectual property rights, Patents, Innovation, Strategy, R&D incentives, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000188683 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000188683 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:5:p:399-415




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Birgitte Andersen 
Author-X-Name-First: Birgitte 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen 
Title: If 'intellectual property rights' is the answer, what is the question? Revisiting the patent controversies 
Abstract:
  A typology on the rationales for intellectual property rights (IPRs),
 primarily in relation to patents, is developed. The focus is on natural
 rights and moral rationales, economic incentive rationales, increased
 competition and 'market protection of entrepreneurial talent' rationales,
 and the economic rationales of organising science, technology and
 creativity. Whilst reviewing the controversies surrounding IPR
 legislation, the importance of this typology is justified. It will provide
 a good conceptual underpinning and analytical framework for achieving a
 finer empirical understanding of the social and economic effects of IPRs,
 and this understanding is urgently needed when designing policy fostering
 the knowledge-driven techno-economic paradigm in the twenty-first century. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 417-442 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Intellectual property rights (IPRs), Patents, Rationales, Typology, Policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000188692 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000188692 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:5:p:417-442




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stuart Graham 
Author-X-Name-First: Stuart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Graham 
Author-Name: David Mowrey 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mowrey 
Title: Submarines in software? continuations in US software patenting in the 1980s and 1990s 
Abstract:
  This article examines the role of 'continuations' (procedural revisions
 of patent applications) in software patents and overall patenting in the
 United States during 1987-1999. The research represents the first effort
 of which we are aware to analyze data on continuations in software or any
 other patent class, providing information on the effects of 1995 changes
 in the US patent law intended to curb 'submarine patenting'. The analysis
 of all US patents shows that the use of continuations grew steadily during
 1987-1995, with particularly rapid growth in software patenting. Sharp
 reversals in these growth rates after 1995 suggest that changes in the US
 patent law were effective. Prior to the 1995 changes in the patent law,
 continuation applications were used more intensively by large
 packaged-software firms than by other patentees, and both software and
 non-software patents subject to continuation tend to experience longer
 examination delays and to be more valuable. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 443-456 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Patents, Software, Patent continuations, Submarine patents, Intellectual property strategy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000188700 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000188700 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:5:p:443-456




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Markus Reitzig 
Author-X-Name-First: Markus 
Author-X-Name-Last: Reitzig 
Title: The private values of 'thickets' and 'fences': towards an updated picture of the use of patents across industries 
Abstract:
  On the basis of a novel data set of 612 European patents and related
 inventions from five different industries, it is shown that multiple
 patents per invention are filed in both discrete and complex technologies.
 Multivariate analysis of the data suggests that in selected discrete
 technologies, patent 'fences' may serve to exclude competitors whereas in
 complex technologies, 'thickets' represent exchange forums for
 complementary technology. The results expand on traditional views of
 profitable patent exploitation across industries and elaborate on the most
 recent findings by Cohen et al. (Cohen, W.M., Nelson, R.R. and Walsh, J.P.
 (2000) Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions
 and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or not). Cambridge, MA: NBER.)
 The analysis suggests that different legislative issues arise from
 multiple patenting per innovation in complex and discrete technologies
 depending on the degree of technological complementarity. The results have
 unexpected policy implications in that they illustrate how patentees could
 eliminate competition in the form of substitute technologies through
 fencing. They have wide managerial implications regarding the valuation of
 patent portfolios and the design of corporate IP strategies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 457-476 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Patent thicket, Patent fence, Invention value, Patent use, Patenting strategies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000188719 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000188719 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:5:p:457-476




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elad Harison 
Author-X-Name-First: Elad 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harison 
Author-Name: Robin Cowan 
Author-X-Name-First: Robin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cowan 
Title: On substitution of intellectual property and free disclosure: an analysis of R&D strategies in software technologies 
Abstract:
  Major firms have joined the open-source movement and have chosen to apply
 that development methodology in their projects. Our model examines the
 links between openness and innovation in software technologies by
 revealing how disclosure affects the technical quality of computer
 applications and the profits of myopic and far-sighted firms. The model
 analyzes the degree of disclosure that should be implemented to optimize
 profits in various market scenarios. Further, we reveal how social welfare
 of users (in terms of technical quality of the products that they
 implement) relates to profit-maximization decisions of the firm. If
 revenue is unresponsive to openness or slowly responds to it, the firm
 would prefer to leave the source code proprietary. Otherwise, if the
 market conditions change and the effective revenue increases rapidly
 enough with openness, the optimal strategy changes from entirely
 proprietary to some open-source development. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 477-487 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Intellectual property, Software, Open source, Disclosure, Technical quality, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000253581 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000253581 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:5:p:477-487




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Brousseau 
Author-X-Name-First: Eric 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brousseau 
Title: Property rights on the internet: is a specific institutional framework needed? 
Abstract:
  Digital technologies allow the implementation of more decentralized
 Property Rights (PR) systems as compared to those traditionally set-up by
 public authorities at the national level. The self-implementation of
 exclusive rights of use over information and the design of self-regulation
 by virtual communities enable agents to set-up and manage PR according to
 their local constraints and individual preferences. However, a
 decentralized system has weaknesses. It can result in conflicts and
 defaults of enforcement that might discourage investments. It can also
 induce inefficient capture of public goods and favor the development of
 monopolies. Implementing a last resort authority in charge of limiting and
 preventing these inefficiencies might result in a more efficient use of
 resources. Based on the principle of subsidiarity, it should supervise the
 behaviors of individuals and communities to prevent boundless capture of
 public wealth by individual interests, to solve conflicts among claims for
 exclusive rights of use and among local regulations, and to guarantee
 enforcement when exclusive rights of use are legitimate. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 489-507 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Digital economics, Network regulation, Intellectual property rights, Self-regulation, Global governance, Federalism, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000188737 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000188737 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:5:p:489-507




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony Buxton 
Author-X-Name-First: Tony 
Author-X-Name-Last: Buxton 
Author-Name: Gerry Kennally 
Author-X-Name-First: Gerry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kennally 
Title: Comparison of excess social rates of return to product and process R&D 
Abstract:
  This paper reports results for a well established production function
 that includes research and development (R&D). By assuming zero
 depreciation, it can be used to provide estimates of excess social rates
 of return to R&D. The estimates distinguish spending on product and
 process innovations for three US manufacturing industries. The results
 suggest that, while excess social rates of return are found to be negative
 for product R&D, they are positive for process in each of the industries.
 They therefore suggest some scope for public R&D subsidies or tax benefits
 to process R&D but not to product R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 509-521 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Competitiveness, Product and process R&D, Technical change, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590310001627884 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590310001627884 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:6:p:509-521




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Hussler 
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hussler 
Title: Culture and knowledge spillovers in Europe: New perspectives for innovation and convergence policies? 
Abstract:
  Using European patent citations, we examine the geography of knowledge
 flows within Europe. We aim at analysing whether technologies flow more
 rapidly among countries that share similar economic, geographic,
 technological or cultural characteristics. The specificity of our approach
 consists in integrating indicators of culture and cultural similarity. The
 empirical results suggest that cultural distance has only a mitigated and
 moderate impact in comparison with other proximities. On the contrary,
 cultural belonging is shown to influence the geography of knowledge flows
 and innovation. More precisely, if some populations develop thanks to
 external knowledge exploitation, others rather explore internal new ideas
 and knowledge. In such a differentiated context (we find three types of
 culture), the efficiency of innovative policy seems to be culturally
 dependent. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 523-541 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Culture, Knowledge spillovers, Proximity, Europe, Innovation policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000234302 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000234302 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:6:p:523-541




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jinyoung Kim 
Author-X-Name-First: Jinyoung 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim 
Author-Name: Gerald Marschke 
Author-X-Name-First: Gerald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marschke 
Title: Accounting for the recent surge in U.S. patenting: changes in R&D expenditures, patent yields, and the high tech sector 
Abstract:
  We decompose the recent patent increase into components representing (1)
 an increase in resources made available to research and development, (2)
 an across-the-board rise in the patent yield of an R&D dollar, and (3)
 changes in the patent yield in individual industries. Two high tech
 fields, computer hardware and pharmaceuticals, account for 22 percent of
 the patent increase. While these two industries had the fastest R&D growth
 among the industries we study, the pharmaceutical industry experienced a
 decline in its patent yield, limiting its patent growth. We show that
 increased R&D spending accounts for 70 percent of the patent increase. We
 discuss our results in the context of alternative hypotheses of the patent
 surge. We also compare our results to the anecdotal evidence of firm R&D
 performance at the industry level. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 543-558 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Patents, Innovation, Technology and Research productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859032000124693 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859032000124693 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:6:p:543-558




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anthony Arundel 
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony 
Author-X-Name-Last: Arundel 
Author-Name: Aldo Geuna 
Author-X-Name-First: Aldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Geuna 
Title: Proximity and the use of public science by innovative European firms 
Abstract:
  We use the results of the policies, appropriation and competitiveness in
 Europe (PACE) 1993 survey of Europe's largest firms to explore the effect
 of proximity on knowledge flows from affiliated firms, suppliers,
 customers, joint ventures, competitors and public research organisations
 to innovative firms. The focus is on the last. First, we find that public
 science is among the most important sources of technical knowledge for the
 innovative activities of Europe's largest industrial firms. Then, after
 comparing the PACE results with the Community Innovation Survey II (1997)
 and the Carnegie Mellon Survey (1994), we use the unique information from
 the PACE survey on the geographic location of knowledge sources and the
 methods used to access them to develop an econometric analysis of
 proximity and location. The importance of proximity for sourcing knowledge
 from public research increases with the quality and output of domestic
 public research organisations and the importance given to public science
 by the respondents. It declines with an increase in the firm's R&D
 expenditure, activity in the North American market and the importance to
 the firm of codified basic research results. Surprisingly, firms that find
 informal contacts to be an important method for acquiring public research
 results are more likely to find proximity less important, even though
 proximity allows firms to access tacit knowledge. This effect is primarily
 limited to European countries, suggesting the development of a 'European
 Research Area'. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 559-580 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Public research, Knowledge flows, Proximity, Innovation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859092000234311 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859092000234311 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:6:p:559-580




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Avi Goldfarb 
Author-X-Name-First: Avi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldfarb 
Title: Concentration in advertising-supported online markets: an empirical approach 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the causes of market concentration in
 advertising-supported online markets such as sports, news, and email. In
 particular, it is the first paper to explore the relationship between
 concentration and product differentiation, economies of scale, market
 size, advertising, content costs, and multi-market ownership in online
 markets. As expected, differentiated large markets with low content costs
 and little multi-market ownership are less concentrated. Furthermore, I
 show that advertising-supported online markets have much in common with
 the magazine industry. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 581-594 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Internet, Concentration, Market structure, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590310001627893 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590310001627893 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:6:p:581-594




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Doms 
Author-X-Name-First: Mark 
Author-X-Name-Last: Doms 
Author-Name: Ron Jarmin 
Author-X-Name-First: Ron 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jarmin 
Author-Name: Shawn Klimek 
Author-X-Name-First: Shawn 
Author-X-Name-Last: Klimek 
Title: Information technology investment and firm performance in US retail trade 
Abstract:
  We examine the relationship between investments in information technology
 (IT) and retail firm performance. We use untapped firm and establishment
 micro data from the Censuses of Retail Trade and the Assets and
 Expenditures Survey. We show that large firms account for most retail IT
 investment, employment, and establishment growth. We find evidence of a
 significant relationship between IT investment intensity and productivity
 growth. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 595-613 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Information technology, Retail, Productivity, Establishment growth, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000201911 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000201911 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:7:p:595-613




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hsin-Ting Huang 
Author-X-Name-First: Hsin-Ting 
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang 
Author-Name: Marcela Miozzo 
Author-X-Name-First: Marcela 
Author-X-Name-Last: Miozzo 
Title: Patterns of technological specialisation in Latin American and East Asian countries: an analysis of patents and trade flows 
Abstract:
  This article provides an extensive analysis of the technological
 specialisation of three Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and
 Mexico) and two East Asian countries (South Korea and Taiwan).
 Technological specialisation is measured both with respect to patents and
 trade flows. This article provides different measures of technological
 specialisation: Ricardian and Smithian specialisation indexes and the
 contribution to trade balance. These indicators provide a new picture of
 the evolution of the patterns of technological specialisation. Latin
 American countries show a divergent technological specialisation from East
 Asian countries, since the 1970s. In particular, Latin American countries
 display weaknesses in computers and communications and electrical and
 electronic sectors and their specialisation in fast growing technological
 classes is declining, in contrast to East Asian countries. While East
 Asian countries have shifted to specialised supplier or science-based
 sectors, Latin American countries have increased their trade
 specialisation in supplier-dominated or scale-intensive sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 615-653 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Technological specialisation, Revealed technological advantage, Contribution to trade balance, Innovation, Latin America, East Asia, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000201920 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000201920 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:7:p:615-653




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony Buxton 
Author-X-Name-First: Tony 
Author-X-Name-Last: Buxton 
Author-Name: Gerry Kennally 
Author-X-Name-First: Gerry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kennally 
Title: Economic policy, the new economy and the social rate of return to R&D in UK manufacturing 
Abstract:
  This article focuses on the question of whether public policy changes
 and/or the new economy have influenced the social returns to R&D
 expenditure in UK manufacturing over the three decades up to the end of
 the millennium. The basic methodology is reasonably straightforward, to
 estimate a production function in which, in addition to labour and fixed
 capital, R&D appears separately in a form that directly enables estimates
 of the social return to investment in knowledge and how it has changed
 over time. The results suggest that neither changes in government R&D
 policy nor the new economy have raised social returns to R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 655-670 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: R&D public policy, New economy, Social return to R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000205160 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000205160 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:7:p:655-670




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wulong Gu 
Author-X-Name-First: Wulong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gu 
Author-Name: Jianmin Tang 
Author-X-Name-First: Jianmin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tang 
Title: Link between innovation and productivity in Canadian manufacturing industries 
Abstract:
  Empirical studies commonly use research and development (R&D) to measure
 innovation and often find, especially in Canada, no strong link between
 productivity and innovation. In this article, we model innovation as an
 unobservable latent variable that underlies four indicators: R&D, patents,
 technology adoption, and skills. We find that these indicators are
 reasonably good measures of innovation for aggregate manufacturing.
 However, except for skills, the reliability of the indicators for
 innovation differs among individual industries. Our innovation indexes,
 based on the latent variable model, show that most manufacturing
 industries became more innovative over the 1980-1997 period. The pace of
 innovation in the electrical and electronic products industry accelerated
 during the 1990s. In addition, we show that the new measure of innovation
 has a positive and statistically significant impact on productivity. It
 takes from 1 to 3 years, depending on the industry, for innovation to
 generate an impact on productivity. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 671-686 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation, Productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043890410001686806 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043890410001686806 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:7:p:671-686




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sumiko Asai 
Author-X-Name-First: Sumiko 
Author-X-Name-Last: Asai 
Title: Factor analysis of demand growth for information technology input in Japan 
Abstract:
  The purpose of this article is to decompose demand changes for factor
 input and explore the factor that information technology (IT) capital
 stock has largely increased in Japan. The Allen partial elasticities of
 substitution are calculated and the variations in factor input demand are
 broken down into two effects—price effect and output effect, using
 industry-level data. From an estimation of the total cost function, the
 following conclusions are presented. While IT capital stock and ordinary
 capital stock are complementary, IT serves as a substitute for labor. The
 factors influencing the high growth rate in IT capital stock are the
 decrease in the prices of IT and ordinary capital services, and the
 increase in the labor price, in addition to the output effect. On the
 other hand, labor demand declines due to both the downward rigidity of
 wages and the decrease in prices of two kinds of capital services. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 687-694 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Information technology, Capital stock, Elasticities of substitution, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001686798 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001686798 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:8:p:687-694




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco Fatas-Villafranca 
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fatas-Villafranca 
Author-Name: Dulce Saura-Bacaicoa 
Author-X-Name-First: Dulce 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saura-Bacaicoa 
Title: Understanding the demand-side of economic change: a contribution to formal evolutionary theorizing 
Abstract:
  An outstanding fact of capitalist change in the last few centuries is the
 ongoing emergence of new consumption alternatives which accompany income
 and productivity growth in expanding economies. Far from satiating
 consumers, exponential economic growth seems to stimulate human desires by
 providing novelty and variety embodied in a persuasive flow of unsettling
 goods. Although this is a well-known fact characteristic of capitalist
 change, little attention has been paid by modern growth theorists to the
 understanding of demand-side phenomena related to the increasing
 significance of consumption activities in our societies. Against this
 background, in this article, we show that as soon as we start drawing the
 demand-side contour of economic change, new phenomena appear which enrich
 our understanding of economic growth and structural change. By using
 'replicator dynamics' systems, consumption dynamics are formally linked to
 the ongoing generation of innovations in capitalist economies. Certain
 emergent properties concerning economic growth and structural change and
 several policy implications follow. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 695-716 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation, Evolutionary economics, Consumption, Economic growth, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001686789 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001686789 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:8:p:695-716




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christine Halmenschlager 
Author-X-Name-First: Christine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Halmenschlager 
Title: R&D-cooperating laggards versus a technological leader 
Abstract:
  We consider a modification of the standard two-stage model wherein two
 high-cost firms conduct cost-reducing R&D, in a setting with spillovers,
 and then Cournot compete against a low-cost firm that engages in no R&D.
 Two R&D cooperation scenarios are presented: the R&D cartel and the joint
 lab. The lagging firms choose a higher R&D level in a cartel, and a
 fortiori in a joint lab, as compared to R&D competition, and consumer
 surplus is higher, if and only if the spillover rate is larger than 1/3.
 The comparisons between firms' profits and social welfare under the three
 R&D scenarios are also characterized. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 717-732 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: R&D cooperation, Spillovers, Asymmetric firms, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043890410001686815 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043890410001686815 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:8:p:717-732




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Webster 
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth 
Author-X-Name-Last: Webster 
Title: Firms' decisions to innovate and innovation routines  
Abstract:
  This article investigates the forces that lead some firms to engage in
 more innovative activities than others using a survey of 360 large
 Australian firms. Many earlier studies on the determinants of innovation
 followed the Schumpeterian tradition, and focused on size and market
 structure as possible causes of innovativeness; however, with the event of
 new qualitative measures of industry knowledge and managerial styles,
 these factors have been found to be less important. The results of the
 present study show that external factors and generic routines common to
 all industries, such as the extent of learning, knowledge spillovers,
 appropriability and managerial approach are more important than industry
 specific forces. Locally-owned companies were also found to be more
 innovative, other things considered. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 733-745 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation, Survey, Appropriability, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590410001686824 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590410001686824 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zaur Rzakhanov 
Author-X-Name-First: Zaur 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rzakhanov 
Title: Innovation, product development and market value: evidence from the biotechnology industryinnovation in biotechnology industry 
Abstract:
  The subject of the paper is financial valuation of firm's knowledge
 assets and returns to innovation in the biotechnology industry, where such
 assets appear to play key role in the commercial success of a product. The
 biotechnology industry is extremely research-intensive, and successful R&D
 drives profitability. Further, the pharmaceutical product development
 advances in a number of well-defined stages that allow relatively precise
 measurement of product development outcomes. The study reports recent
 biotechnology R&D statistics, and provides estimates of private returns to
 innovation and product development activity in the biotechnology industry.
 The conclusions indicate that the financial market recognizes the value of
 drugs in product development stage, as it expects the innovative knowledge
 embodied in drug development projects to become marketable products in the
 future. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 747-760 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 13 
Year: 2004 
Keywords: Innovation, Product development, Biotechnology, Financial market valuation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000226211 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000226211 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:13:y:2004:i:8:p:747-760




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Virginia Acha 
Author-X-Name-First: Virginia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Acha 
Author-Name: Lucia Cusmano 
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cusmano 
Title: Governance and co-ordination of distributed innovation processes: patterns of R&D co-operation in the upstream petroleum industry 
Abstract:
  Increasingly the firm meets limits to its reach over the breadth of
 technologies and capabilities that are needed to innovate. Empirical study
 has shown that innovation processes are distributed across a variety of
 actors. The distribution of innovation processes across actors calls for
 specific forms of governance which extend across the boundaries of the
 firm, such as loosely coupled innovative networks. Technological and
 market drivers determine the location of agents within such networks,
 reflecting their needs and capabilities to co-ordinate systemic knowledge
 and power dependencies. The paper discusses the theoretical perspectives
 on the technological and market dimensions involved in the co-ordination
 of distributed innovative activities, proposing an interpretative
 framework for the investigation of R&D collaborations. Exploring these
 topics through the lens of the upstream petroleum industry, we investigate
 the relationship between competitive domains, technological profiles and
 positioning of actors within R&D networks, arguing that technological and
 market power contribute differently to the evolution of co-ordinating
 (nexus) functions over time. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-21 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Collaborative R&D, Distributed innovation processes, R&D networks, Oil and gas, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000228651 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000228651 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Bonaccorsi 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonaccorsi 
Author-Name: Paola Giuri 
Author-X-Name-First: Paola 
Author-X-Name-Last: Giuri 
Author-Name: Francesca Pierotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pierotti 
Title: Technological frontiers and competition in multi-technology sectors 
Abstract:
  This article aims to investigate some conceptual and methodological
 issues on the measurement of technological change in multi-technology
 product sectors. It develops a methodological contribution by building a
 measure of the technological frontier and of firms' technological
 positioning based on multiple technical characteristics by using data
 envelopment analysis techniques. The methodology is applied to the study
 of the technological evolution and competition in the commercial jet
 aero-engine industry from 1958 to 1997. The empirical analysis shows that:
 the overall evolution is characterised by technological discontinuities,
 followed by incremental developments; there is convergence on the
 technological frontier by all competitors; at the same time, there is
 persistence of less efficient products over time. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 23-42 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Technology, Technological discontinuity, Frontier, Data envelopment analysis, Aircraft engine, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000228660 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000228660 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elena Cefis 
Author-X-Name-First: Elena 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cefis 
Author-Name: Matteo Ciccarelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Matteo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ciccarelli 
Title: Profit differentials and innovation 
Abstract:
  The article aims to investigate empirically the effects of innovative
 activities on corporate profitability, using a panel of 267 UK
 manufacturing firms, over the period 1988-1992. Using the Bayesian
 approach to, explicitly, consider heterogeneity among firms, we find: (i)
 a positive and well-determined effect of innovation on profits that
 smoothly decreases as time passes by; (ii) a difference in profitability
 between innovators and non-innovators, greater when the comparison is
 between persistent innovators and non-innovators; and (iii) a long-run
 persistence in profit differentials. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 43-61 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Innovation, Profitability, Firms differentials, Bayesian estimation, Panel data models, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000232160 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000232160 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Franco Malerba 
Author-X-Name-First: Franco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Malerba 
Title: Sectoral systems of innovation: a framework for linking innovation to the knowledge base, structure and dynamics of sectors 
Abstract:
  This paper proposes a framework for examining factors that affect
 innovation in sectors: sectoral systems. Sectoral systems are based on
 three building blocks: knowledge and technologies, actors and networks,
 and institutions. In the first part of this paper, the concept and the
 definition of a sectoral systems of innovation are presented. In the
 second part of the paper, the role of knowledge, actors and networks, and
 institutions in five major sectoral systems is examined. Then the main
 focus moves to the analysis of the dynamics and transformation of sectoral
 systems. Finally, some general conclusions and directions for future
 research end the paper. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 63-82 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Innovation, Sectors, Networks, Institutions, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000228688 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000228688 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Orietta Marsili 
Author-X-Name-First: Orietta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marsili 
Author-Name: Ammon Salter 
Author-X-Name-First: Ammon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Salter 
Title: 'Inequality' of innovation: skewed distributions and the returns to innovation in Dutch manufacturing 
Abstract:
  It is a commonly held view that returns to innovation are highly skewed,
 that is, not all firms innovate, and the returns received from innovation
 for the firms that are successful innovators are highly concentrated in
 the hands of the few. Using data from two community innovation surveys for
 the Netherlands, this article investigates the properties of the
 distribution of the returns to innovation for different types of
 innovation. It finds that the returns to innovation are indeed highly
 skewed, but the distribution of the returns is shaped by the degree of
 novelty of the innovation - the more novel the innovation, the greater the
 concentration of the returns. The article also explores the distribution
 of the returns across different sectoral contexts, finding that
 low-technology sectors are characterised by higher performance diversity
 among innovators than high-technology sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 83-102 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Innovation performance, Pareto law, Skewed distributions, Persistence, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000228642 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000228642 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Saviotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saviotti 
Author-Name: Marie-Angele de Looze 
Author-X-Name-First: Marie-Angele 
Author-X-Name-Last: de Looze 
Author-Name: M. A. Maupertuis 
Author-X-Name-First: M. A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maupertuis 
Title: Knowledge dynamics, firm strategy, mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology based sectors 
Abstract:
  In this article, a method to map the knowledge base (KB) of firms is
 developed and applied to the study of strategic changes, mergers and
 acquisitions. The empirical data are related to three firms, Hoechst,
 Rhone-Poulenc and Aventis, which resulted from the merger of the first
 two. Our study shows how the KB of both Hoechst and Rhone-Poulenc changed
 gradually reflecting their strategic reorientation away from chemistry and
 towards the life sciences. While the previous transition produced a
 segmented KB with the chemistry and biology subsets largely separated, the
 merger led a more closely integrated KB. The KB of some Aventis
 subsidiaries have been studied as well. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 103-124 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Knowledge base, Lexicographic analysis, Patents, Mergers, Strategy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000228679 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000228679 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jackie Krafft 
Author-X-Name-First: Jackie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Krafft 
Author-Name: Jacques-Laurent Ravix 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques-Laurent 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ravix 
Title: The governance of innovative firms: An evolutionary perspective 
Abstract:
  Corporate governance has been in the recent years one of the most debated
 issues in conventional economic approaches. Agency theory combined with
 financial indicators has particularly contributed to the development of
 shareholder value as a key concept in companies' governance both at a
 theoretical and empirical level. We argue that an evolutionary perspective
 can be developed on the governance of innovative firms since (1)
 conventional economic approaches only consider a restricted part of this
 complex issue, and (2) this restricted vision applied in practice has
 driven the economic system into major coordination problems and
 turbulences. On the basis of empirical investigations into the
 telecommunications industry, and guided by a simple model of evolutionary
 game, we propose new principles of corporate governance centered upon
 managerial entrepreneurship and its role on innovation and industry
 dynamics. The outcome is a set of rules of conduct for the manager and the
 shareholder. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 125-147 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Corporate governance, Innovation, Coordination of investments, Industry dynamics, Evolution, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000226248 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000226248 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniela Di Cagno 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela Di 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cagno 
Author-Name: Valentina Meliciani 
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Meliciani 
Title: Do inter-sectoral flows of services matter for productivity growth? an input/output analysis of OECD countries 
Abstract:
  This article investigates the impact of technology-intensive services
 sectors on direct and indirect labour coefficients in a sample of OECD
 countries. We find that both domestic and imported services contribute to
 increase productivity. We also find that different service industries
 (transport, communication, financial, and business services) have a
 different impact on technological change in non-service sectors classified
 according to the Pavitt taxonomy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 149-171 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Services, Input-output, Technology, Labour productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000226239 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000226239 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:3:p:149-171




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jon Neill 
Author-X-Name-First: Jon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Neill 
Title: Production with an assembly line process 
Abstract:
  This article offers a stylization of the assembly line production
 process. The model that emerges from this exercise serves to further
 explicate the role of management in allocating resources, and the effect
 of technical progress on resource allocation and market structure. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 173-187 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Assembly line, Resource allocation, Technical progress, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000226220 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000226220 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:3:p:173-187




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vanessa Oltra 
Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa 
Author-X-Name-Last: Oltra 
Author-Name: Maider Saint Jean 
Author-X-Name-First: Maider Saint 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jean 
Title: The dynamics of environmental innovations: three stylised trajectories of clean technology 
Abstract:
  In this article, we explore the dynamics of environmental innovations
 developed by firms to comply with environmental regulations. Our analysis
 is based on a micro-simulation model of industrial dynamics. The question
 arises: how do firms competing in the same industry deal with
 environmental issues without altering their productive efficiency or the
 performance of the product? We focus on clean technology which seeks to
 combine environmental and productive dimensions by way of innovation
 offsets. Our simulations show that an innovative strategy based on a good
 balance between environmental and productive dimensions takes more time to
 develop and needs to address a 'competence destroying effect'. Finally, we
 study favourable conditions for the development of this type of clean
 technology and draw some policy implications. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 189-212 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Environmental innovation, Clean technology, Innovation offsets, Industrial dynamics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000226202 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000226202 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:3:p:189-212




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carter Bloch 
Author-X-Name-First: Carter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bloch 
Title: R&D investment and internal finance: the cash flow effect 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates the cash flow effect on R&D investments for firms
 in Denmark. Evidence is found that internal funds are important in
 explaining R&D investments, indicating that R&D investment decisions are
 affected by credit market imperfections. Cash flow sensitivities are
 larger both for smaller firms and for firms with low debt relative to
 assets. Furthermore, this effect is also present after controlling for
 cash flow's potential role as a predictor of future profitability. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 213-223 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: R&D, Cash flow, Internal finance, Financial constraints, Credit market imperfections, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000312710 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000312710 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:3:p:213-223




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Spyros Arvanitis 
Author-X-Name-First: Spyros 
Author-X-Name-Last: Arvanitis 
Title: Computerization, workplace organization, skilled labour and firm productivity: Evidence for the Swiss business sector 
Abstract:
  The present study explores empirically the hypothesis that information
 and communication technologies, new organizational practices and human
 capital are important determinants of firm efficiency and performance,
 further that the combined use of these three factors leads to a mutual
 strengthening of their impact on firm performance. The analytical
 framework is that of a production function at firm level. The new
 contribution of this study to the empirical literature is that it is the
 first empirical study of this type for the Swiss business sector, using a
 rich data set at firm level for the year 1999 which were collected by
 means of a postal survey, and giving particular attention to the
 complementarity issue (several approaches) and to the endogenization of
 the technology and organization variables. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 225-249 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Information technology, Workplace organization, Productivity, Complementarities, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000226257 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000226257 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:4:p:225-249




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paolo Pini 
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pini 
Author-Name: Grazia Santangelo 
Author-X-Name-First: Grazia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Santangelo 
Title: Innovation types and labour organisational practices: A comparison of foreign and domestic firms in the Reggio Emilia industrial districts 
Abstract:
  In his Theory of Economic Development, Schumpeter introduced the
 distinction between different innovation types. Since then, a variety of
 studies have addressed this topic. However, despite of the recognised
 significance of more de-verticalised organisational forms in shaping and
 directing firms' innovative performance, no attempt has been made, as far
 as our knowledge is concerned, to investigate whether these practices are
 linked to the introduction of specific innovation types. The aim of the
 study is to fill this gap by investigating the impact of de-verticalised
 forms of labour organisational practices, different modes of organising
 research and development activity and the nature of employees' competences
 on the likelihood of introducing different types of innovations,
 controlling for firm's size and sectoral specificities. The results
 obtained on a sample of 199 firms located in Reggio Emilia province in
 Italy confirm that innovation development is a heterogeneous activity. The
 empirical evidence gathered also shows that foreign and domestic firms do
 not differ, to some extent, in the introduction of different kinds of
 innovations. However, being foreign or domestic is a discriminating factor
 in the introduction of innovations stimulating labour organisational
 developments. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 251-276 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Product, Process and quality innovations, Horizontal information structure, R&D organisational modes, Employees' competences, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269089 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269089 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:4:p:251-276




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Hempell 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hempell 
Title: Does experience matter? innovations and the productivity of information and communication technologies in German services 
Abstract:
  In this paper, it is argued that investments in information and
 communication technologies (ICT) are closely linked to complementary
 innovations and are most productive in firms with experience from earlier
 innovations. In the empirical analysis based on firm-level panel data
 covering the period 1994-1999, system GMM estimates for an extended
 production function framework reveal significant productivity effects of
 ICT in the German service sector. Moreover, there is strong support for
 the hypothesis that experience gained from past process innovations makes
 ICT capital more productive but does not affect the productivity of other
 capital goods. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 277-303 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Productivity, Information and communication technologies, Innovation, Services, Panel data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269106 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269106 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:4:p:277-303




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miguel Gonzalez-Maestre 
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Maestre 
Author-Name: Diego Penarrubia 
Author-X-Name-First: Diego 
Author-X-Name-Last: Penarrubia 
Title: Cooperation versus competition in product innovation 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes the optimal antitrust policy in the context of a
 patent race. In a simplified model, we identify the conditions under which
 allowing cooperation yields greater welfare than imposing competition. In
 view of our results, we discuss, critically, the current European policy
 towards R&D cooperation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 305-318 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Competition, Product innovation, Antitrust policy, Joint ventures, Knowledge externalities, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269070 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269070 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:4:p:305-318




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcel Corstjens 
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Corstjens 
Author-Name: Edouard Demeire 
Author-X-Name-First: Edouard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Demeire 
Author-Name: Ira Horowitz 
Author-X-Name-First: Ira 
Author-X-Name-Last: Horowitz 
Title: New-product success in the pharmaceutical industry: how many bites at the cherry? 
Abstract:
  Using quarterly data for 56 new ethical-drug products launched between
 1989 and 1996, we estimate the coefficients of a regression equation that
 has cumulative future sales beyond the forecast period as its dependent
 variable and third-quarter sales, post-launch product improvements and
 promotional activities, pre-launch product quality and speed to market,
 and market growth as the independent variables. We find the future success
 of a new product to be detectable as early as the third quarter after
 launch, and that while post-launch promotional activities can contribute
 to that success, if the product has not shown signs of life by the third
 quarter it is unlikely to do so afterwards. The implication is that being
 first to the market can contribute to the success of a new drug, as can
 having the highest-quality drug, though neither being first nor being best
 is necessary. Rather, a new drug can be both the first and the best in its
 product category, but if strong signs of success do not appear within nine
 months after launch, the drug is likely to be fighting a losing uphill
 battle thereafter, even in a growing market. Or, at least in
 pharmaceuticals, you get only one bite at the cherry. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 319-331 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Product life cycle, Diffusion process, New-product launch, Pharmaceuticals, Early-success signals, Jump-start hypothesis, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000312729 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000312729 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:4:p:319-331




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: C. Gay 
Author-X-Name-First: C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gay 
Author-Name: C. Le Bas 
Author-X-Name-First: C. Le 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bas 
Title: Uses without too many abuses of patent citations or the simple economics of patent citations as a measure of value and flows of knowledge 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 333-338 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000307310 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000307310 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:5:p:333-338




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: C. Gay 
Author-X-Name-First: C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gay 
Author-Name: C. Le Bas 
Author-X-Name-First: C. Le 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bas 
Author-Name: P. Patel 
Author-X-Name-First: P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Patel 
Author-Name: K. Touach 
Author-X-Name-First: K. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Touach 
Title: The determinants of patent citations: an empirical analysis of French and British patents in the US 
Abstract:
  The aim of the article is to investigate the determinants of patent
 citations which are reasonably good proxy for the technological value of
 an invention. The analysis is based on patents granted by the US Patent
 and Trademark Office (USPTO) to French and British inventors from 1969 to
 1998. Our aim is to explain the frequency of citations rather than why a
 patent may or may not be cited. This is achieved by examining some of the
 characteristics associated with highly cited patents. The models we
 estimate predict that a patent that is frequently cited, and therefore a
 technologically important patent, is a patent that it is quickly cited and
 more frequently cited by patent from other technological fields. When the
 patent is cited by patents from other technological fields this tends to
 indicate that the cited patent is broader. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 339-350 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Patent citations, Technological value, Empirical models, Technological fields, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1040859042000307329 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1040859042000307329 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:5:p:339-350




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Per Botolf Maurseth 
Author-X-Name-First: Per Botolf 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maurseth 
Title: Lovely but dangerous: The impact of patent citations on patent renewal 
Abstract:
  What is the impact of patent citations on patent renewal behaviour?
 Patent citations are commonly used as an indicator of technology
 spillovers. For cited patents, therefore, patent citations have a
 potentially ambiguous impact. On the one hand, patent citations may
 indicate a scientific breakthrough, a high value of the cited patent and
 therefore a long survival period. On the other hand, patent citations may
 indicate competing innovations that render the cited patent obsolete. By
 discriminating patents by technology field, it is demonstrated that
 patents that receive citations across technology fields survive longer
 than other patents. Patents that receive citations within the same
 technology field lapse earlier. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 351-374 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Technology spillovers, Patent data, Patent renewal data, Patent citations, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000307338 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000307338 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:5:p:351-374




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emmanuel Duguet 
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Duguet 
Author-Name: Megan MacGarvie 
Author-X-Name-First: Megan 
Author-X-Name-Last: MacGarvie 
Title: How well do patent citations measure flows of technology? Evidence from French innovation surveys 
Abstract:
  Patent citation data are used in a growing body of economics and business
 research on technological diffusion. Until now, there exists little
 evidence on whether patent citations are a good measure of knowledge
 flows. Our paper assesses the legitimacy of using European patent
 citations as a measure of technology flows. It uses information from the
 Community Innovation Survey collected by the French Service des
 Statistiques Industrielles (SESSI), which contain firms' responses to
 questions about their innovative activity. We show that patent citations
 are indeed related to firms' statements about their acquisition and
 dispersion of new technology, but that the strength and statistical
 significance of this relationship varies across geographical regions and
 across channels of knowledge diffusion. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 375-393 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Patent, Citation, Community Innovation Survey, Innovation, Spillovers, Count data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000307347 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000307347 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:5:p:375-393




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Brusoni 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brusoni 
Author-Name: Paola Criscuolo 
Author-X-Name-First: Paola 
Author-X-Name-Last: Criscuolo 
Author-Name: Aldo Geuna 
Author-X-Name-First: Aldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Geuna 
Title: The knowledge bases of the world's largest pharmaceutical groups: what do patent citations to non-patent literature reveal? 
Abstract:
  This article examines the knowledge bases of the world's largest
 pharmaceutical groups by sales. It builds upon the concepts of knowledge
 specialisation and knowledge integration as the relevant dimensions along
 which knowledge bases can be mapped. The former is studied developing
 indicators of breadth. Breadth is measured by analysing the evolution of
 specialisation by scientific field over time. It hints at the widening
 range of bodies of scientific and technological knowledge relevant to
 firms' innovative activities. Knowledge integration is studied developing
 indicators of depth. Depth is measured by analysing the evolution of
 integration across different typologies of research. It hints at the
 complex, non-linear interdependencies that link the scientific and
 technological domains. We develop the analysis on the strength of an
 original database of 33,127 European Patent Office patents and 41,931
 citations to 'non-patent document' (of which 19,494 were identified as
 scientific articles included in the ISI databases) of the 30 largest
 pharmaceuticals groups during the period 1990-1997. The groups studied
 seem to have incrementally increased the breadth of their knowledge bases,
 moving towards the fields proper to the new biopharmaceutical research
 trajectory. At the same time, some of the groups studied exhibit
 remarkable depth in knowledge integration in particular fields such as
 biotechnology, biochemical research and neurosciences. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 395-415 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Knowledge bases, Breadth, Depth, Integration, Patent citations, Scientific publications, Pharmaceuticals, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000307356 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000307356 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:5:p:395-415




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paola Criscuolo 
Author-X-Name-First: Paola 
Author-X-Name-Last: Criscuolo 
Author-Name: Rajneesh Narula 
Author-X-Name-First: Rajneesh 
Author-X-Name-Last: Narula 
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen 
Author-X-Name-First: Bart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Verspagen 
Title: Role of home and host country innovation systems in r&d internationalisation: a patent citation analysis 
Abstract:
  This paper has three novelties. First, we argue that any given R&D
 facility's capacity to exploit and/or augment technological competences is
 a function not just of its own resources, but the efficiency with which it
 can utilise complementary resources associated with the relevant local
 innovation system. Just as asset-augmenting activities require proximity
 to the economic units (and thus the innovation system) from which they
 seek to learn, asset-exploiting activities draw from the parent's
 technological resources as well as from the other assets of the home
 location's innovation system. Furthermore, we argue that most firms tend
 to undertake both asset exploiting and augmenting activities
 simultaneously. Second, we use patent citation data from the European
 Patent Office to quantify the relative asset augmenting vs. exploiting
 character of foreign-located R&D. Third, we do so for European MNEs
 located in the US, as well as US MNEs located in Europe. Our results
 indicate that both EU (US) affiliates in the US (EU) rely extensively on
 home region knowledge sources, although they appear to exploit the host
 country knowledge base as well. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 417-433 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Internationalisation, R&D, Innovation systems, Multinational enterprises, Patent citation analysis, Knowledge flows, Spillovers, Asset-augmentation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000315285 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000315285 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:5:p:417-433




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leonardo Becchetti 
Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Becchetti 
Author-Name: Fabrizio Adriani 
Author-X-Name-First: Fabrizio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Adriani 
Title: Does the digital divide matter? The role of information and communication technology in cross-country level and growth estimates 
Abstract:
  The bulk of information and communication technology is made of
 weightless, implementable, and infinitely reproducible knowledge products
 (such as software and databases). These products are transferred by
 telephone lines, accessed through internet hosts, and processed through
 personal computers. In this work, the coefficient of the labour augmenting
 factor in the aggregate production function has been estimated using
 proxies of variables crucially affecting the diffusion of (non-rival and
 almost non-excludable) knowledge products. This specification provides
 interesting answers to some of the open issues in the existing growth
 literature. The most recent information, though available for a limited
 period, shows that telephone lines, personal computers, mobile phones, and
 internet hosts significantly affect levels and growth of income per worker
 across countries. The result is robust to changes in sample composition,
 econometric specification, and estimation approach. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 435-453 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Cross-country growth, ICT, Mankiw Romer Weil, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000304043 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000304043 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:6:p:435-453




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zouhaier M'Chirgui 
Author-X-Name-First: Zouhaier 
Author-X-Name-Last: M'Chirgui 
Title: The economics of the smart card industry: Towards coopetitive strategies 
Abstract:
  This article uses an explorative case study of the smart card industry
 where 'coopetition' is to be found. We show that the nature of interaction
 between smart card actors, dealing with industry and market conditions
 that create a very complex competitive landscape, constitutes a mix of
 competition and cooperation. Here, we assume that the paradoxical aspect
 of competition and cooperation [Quinn, R.E. and Cameron, K.S. (1988)
 Paradox and Transformation. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger] can be juxtaposed in
 order to understand the strategic phenomena characterizing actors'
 interactions. Actors cooperate in some activities and compete on other
 ones. Such strategic behaviour is called coopetitive strategy, which is
 increasingly adopted by high-tech industry players. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 455-477 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Smart card, Coopetition, Competition, Cooperation, Strategy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000304070 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000304070 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:6:p:455-477




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Kafouros 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kafouros 
Title: R&D and productivity growth: Evidence from the UK 
Abstract:
  Although the econometric evaluation of R&D has attracted wide interest in
 many countries, it has not attracted much in the UK. The main objective of
 this paper is to fill this void, i.e., to estimate the impact of R&D on
 productivity growth of the UK manufacturing sector. However, there are
 some additional objectives. Firstly, we estimate the impact of R&D on
 productivity growth of large and small firms and we discuss a number of
 theoretical arguments regarding the role of firm size. Secondly, given
 that the technological infrastructure influences the innovative capacity
 of a firm, we compare the impact of R&D on productivity growth of
 high-tech firms with the corresponding impact on productivity growth of
 low-tech firms. Thirdly, we investigate whether the contribution of R&D to
 productivity growth has changed over time. Based on firm-level data (78
 firms, 1989-2002), we find that the contribution of R&D is approximately
 0.04. Although the R&D-elasticity of large firms (0.044) is higher than
 the corresponding elasticity of small firms (0.035), the difference is
 small. In contrast, the R&D-elasticity is considerably high for high-tech
 sectors (0.11), but statistically insignificant for low-tech sectors.
 Finally, the investigation of the elasticity of R&D over time revealed an
 interesting discontinuity showing that although until 1995 the
 R&D-elasticity was approximately zero, after 1995 it increased
 dramatically to 0.09. We investigate the potential causes of such
 non-linearity and we suggest a number of possible explanations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 479-497 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Innovation, Internet, Research and development, Productivity growth, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269098 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269098 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:6:p:479-497




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Mazzoleni 
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzoleni 
Title: University patents, R&D competition, and social welfare 
Abstract:
  Although university patenting has increased dramatically over the past
 three decades, debates persist regarding the broad economic implications
 of the phenomenon. This article examines the social welfare implications
 of university patenting in a model of R&D competition in which firms
 develop innovations on the basis of the disclosure of a university
 invention. When such disclosure does not preempt the patenting of
 downstream innovations, university patenting enhances social welfare only
 if a regime of open access to university inventions is characterized by
 excessive aggregate R&D from the viewpoint of social welfare. When the
 university invention disclosure preempts patenting on firms' innovations,
 the nature of the open access equilibrium in the R&D market depends on the
 threat of imitation ex post. Only when the threat of imitation is
 sufficiently strong firms will not invest in downstream R&D in the open
 access regime. In this case, university patenting promotes R&D investment
 and increases social welfare. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 499-515 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: University patents, R&D competition, Licensing, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269124 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269124 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:6:p:499-515




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emilie-Pauline Gallie 
Author-X-Name-First: Emilie-Pauline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallie 
Author-Name: Renelle Guichard 
Author-X-Name-First: Renelle 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guichard 
Title: Do collaboratories mean the end of face-to-face interactions? An evidence from the ISEE project 
Abstract:
  Scientific collaboration encompasses two main issues: knowledge sharing
 and trust. Geographical distance has an impact on both. Our purpose is to
 test the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT)
 sophistication on remote collaboration: do collaboratories mean the end of
 face-to-face interactions? We first analyse the importance of geographical
 proximity with regard to knowledge transfer and trust. For both, we
 address the main problems set by geographical distance and the answers
 provided by ICT. These technologies come in a rich variety in a
 'collaboratory'. They can be classified according to two criteria: their
 degree of synchronisation and the 'quality' of the communication cues. It
 turns out that the diversity of technical solutions can lead to firm
 solutions or palliatives to overcoming the barriers of geographical
 proximity. A case study in the field of space physics allows us to test
 our hypotheses. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 517-532 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Collaboratory, ICT classification, Knowledge transfer, Trust, Geographical proximity, Space physics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000304052 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000304052 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:6:p:517-532




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fabrice Gilles 
Author-X-Name-First: Fabrice 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gilles 
Author-Name: Yannick L'Horty 
Author-X-Name-First: Yannick 
Author-X-Name-Last: L'Horty 
Title: Is there still a productivity paradox? two methods for a transatlantic comparison 
Abstract:
  Economic activity accelerated in the United States, in the second part of
 the cycle, after 1995, within an environment of decreasing inflation.
 France has followed a qualitatively similar path since 1997, also clearly
 suggesting the effects of a positive supply shock. The spread of new
 information and communication technologies (NICT) partly explains these
 singular events. On one hand, a calculation of contributions to output
 growth suggests that they would explain about half of the increase in
 activity in the United States and one-fifth in France. On the other hand,
 a trend/cycle decomposition reveals that the structural acceleration in
 output and productivity gains in the United States are very much
 restricted to industries producing NICT and there is a rather small break
 in productivity gains. In France, where differences between sectors are
 not so clear-cut, the diffusion of NICT has been accompanied by a slowdown
 in trends in productivity gains. In both cases, there is little room left
 for the effects of the diffusion of technical progress associated with
 NICT. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 533-551 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: New economy, Growth, Productivity paradox, Trend/cycle decomposition, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269061 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269061 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:7:p:533-551




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jai-Joon Hur 
Author-X-Name-First: Jai-Joon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hur 
Author-Name: Hwan-Joo Seo 
Author-X-Name-First: Hwan-Joo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Seo 
Author-Name: Young Soo Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: Young Soo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Title: Information and communication technology diffusion and skill upgrading in Korean industries 
Abstract:
  We examine the relationship between the directly observable indicator of
 new technology, information and communication technology (ICT) investment
 intensity, and skill upgrading by analyzing changes in employment and wage
 structure of 25 Korean industrial sectors over the 1993-1999 period. The
 estimation results indicate the following implications. First, although
 ICT expenditure and investment have increased sharply since 1993, it
 appears that ICT investment has begun to be complementarily combined with
 skilled labor only since 1996. Second, our results support the 'limited
 substitution hypothesis'. ICT has substituted low-skilled non-production
 workers, whereas the increased demand for high-skilled workers is driven
 by ICT diffusion in the second sub-period. This asymmetric trend between
 high-skilled and low-skilled non-production workers in Korea reveals
 significant differences in comparison with the experiences of other OECD
 countries. Third, the existence of substitutability between ICT diffusion
 and low-skilled non-production workers in Korea may cast doubt on the
 appropriateness of the non-production workers' category, a category
 regarded as a proxy variable of high-skilled workers in most previous
 studies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 553-571 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Information and communication technology, Skilled workers, Skill-biased technological change, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000304061 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000304061 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:7:p:553-571




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ulrich Kaiser 
Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaiser 
Title: A Microeconometric note on product innovation and product innovation advertising 
Abstract:
  This paper seeks to explain why more than half of the German service
 sector firms that introduce a product innovations do not advertise their
 new or markedly improved product. One part of the explanation is that they
 do not need to advertise because they are closely related to their
 customers anyway, and another part of the explanation is that product
 innovation and product innovation advertising are strategic substitutes. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 573-582 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Strategic substitutes, Product innovation, Product innovation advertising, Service sector, Bivariate probit model with selectivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000269115 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000269115 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:7:p:573-582




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kenta Nakamura 
Author-X-Name-First: Kenta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura 
Author-Name: Hiroyuki Odagiri 
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki 
Author-X-Name-Last: Odagiri 
Title: R&D boundaries of the firm: An estimation of the double-hurdle model on commissioned R&D, joint R&D, and licensing in Japan 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the firm's decisions on in-house R&D and its
 procurement from outside through commissioned R&D, joint R&D, and
 technology acquisitions (i.e., licensing-in). Using the data about 14,000
 manufacturing firms in Japan, we estimate a modified double-hurdle model
 in which the first hurdle determines whether the firm should perform any
 R&D at all and the second hurdle determines whether (and how much) it
 should perform each mode of procured R&D. The results generally support
 the two major theories—the transaction cost theory and the
 capability theory. The estimated positive effects of firm size, in-house
 R&D intensity, diversification, and vertical integration support the
 hypothesis that capability is needed for procured R&D, while the estimated
 positive effect of the index of appropriability by patents supports the
 hypothesis that this appropriability reduces transaction costs. In
 addition, we found that information flow from scientific sources and that
 from transaction-based sources affect the three modes of procured R&D
 differently. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 583-615 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Firm boundaries, Joint R&D, Licensing, Transaction cost, Capability, Double-hurdle model, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859052000344697 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859052000344697 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:7:p:583-615




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Linus Dahlander 
Author-X-Name-First: Linus 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dahlander 
Author-Name: Maureen Mckelvey 
Author-X-Name-First: Maureen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mckelvey 
Title: Who is not developing open source software? non-users, users, and developers 
Abstract:
  The development of knowledge requires investment, which may be made in
 terms of financial resources or time. Open source software (OSS) has
 challenged much of the traditional reasoning by suggesting that
 individuals behave altruistically and contribute to a public good, despite
 the opportunity to free-ride. The lion's share of the existing literature
 on OSS examines communities, that is, those individuals whom are already
 part of the OSS community. In contrast, this paper starts from users with
 the requisite skill to use and develop OSS. This group of skilled
 individuals could potentially invest into the development of OSS
 knowledge, but they may or may not do so in actuality. This paper,
 therefore, explores three issues, which have not been extensively explored
 in the literature, namely, (1) how frequently a group of skilled people
 use OSS, (2) reasons for differences among users and non-users in terms of
 use and attitudes, and (3) how frequently, and why, some users contribute
 to OSS projects (and thereby become developers). In doing so, we consider
 the opportunity costs of use and development of OSS, which has been
 largely neglected in the literature. We find that the individuals have a
 rather pragmatic attitude to firms and that many are active in both firms
 and OSS community, which raises many questions for future research about
 the role and influence of firms on the development and diffusion of OSS. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 617-635 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Opportunity cost, Motivation, Diffusion, Knowledge development, Public goods, Open source software, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859052000344705 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859052000344705 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:7:p:617-635




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ciro Biderman 
Author-X-Name-First: Ciro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Biderman 
Author-Name: Karen Polenske 
Author-X-Name-First: Karen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Polenske 
Author-Name: Nicolas Rockler 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rockler 
Title: Demand and cost impacts of the 2 mm technology program in the US motor-vehicle market 
Abstract:
  We assess the impact on demand and producers' costs of a new technology
 implemented in the US auto industry, the 2 mm program. This is a
 fascinating case partially because of the unique collaboration among
 public agencies and a consortium of manufacturers and universities. Using
 a type of hedonic price model for demand, we show that the new technology
 was responsible for a short-lived increase in demand for vehicles produced
 by US automakers at increased producers' costs. Firms that refused to
 participate in the consortium attained smaller net gains implementing the
 technology independently. Overall, our approach differs from that of
 previous analysts in that we (1) separate demand from supply, (2) employ a
 comprehensive vehicle database, spanning 1981-1998 data, including data on
 virtually all vehicle models sold in the USA, as well as data on plants'
 and producers' technology characteristics, and (3) rely on sales and
 production data rather than plant data. Also, we quantify the cost of not
 participating in the consortium. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 637-655 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Automobiles, Hedonics, Research consortia, Body-in-white technology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500117537 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500117537 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:7:p:637-655




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Cincera 
Author-X-Name-First: Michele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cincera 
Title: Firms' productivity growth and R&D spillovers: An analysis of alternative technological proximity measures 
Abstract:
  This paper aim at assessing the impact of R&D spillovers on firms'
 economic performance as measured by productivity growth. The construction
 of R&D spillovers is based on Jaffe's methodology (1988, 1996) which
 associates econometrics and data analysis. The main objective of the paper
 is to extend Jaffe's methodology by examining alternative methods for
 measuring R&D spillovers and to test their impacts in terms of the
 robustness of results. In particular, the method used to classify firms
 into technological clusters as well as the metrics implemented to
 appreciate firms' technological proximities which enter the construction
 of spillovers are further investigated. In addition to R&D spillovers,
 firms' own R&D capital, labour and physical capital are estimated by means
 of a Cobb-Douglas production function. The data set consists of a
 representative sample of 625 worldwide R&D intensive firms over the period
 1987-1994. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 657-682 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: R&D spillovers, Productivity growth, Panel data, Clustering methods, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500056768 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500056768 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:8:p:657-682




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maureen Mckelvey 
Author-X-Name-First: Maureen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mckelvey 
Title: Tensions in co-evolutionary processes: Three Swedish seed organizations in the 20th century 
Abstract:
  This paper addresses the issue of which societal actors have the
 capability and willingness to finance and organize search processes, in
 order to introduce commercial innovations, over a longer time period. The
 long-term development of agriculture depends upon innovations within a
 variety of technologies, markets, organizational forms as well in the
 seeds themselves. This involves points of tensions between continuity and
 change as well as co-evolutionary processes organized around the
 innovation processes. This article explores the tensions between
 continuity and change, by focusing on three dimensions, namely: (1)
 regional location versus global interactions; (2) static specialization
 versus experimentation in knowledge and products; and (3) relative success
 versus failure. The historical development of three Swedish agricultural
 seed organizations, Hilleshog, Svalof and Weibulls, during the 20th
 century, provides an empirical probe within which to address the more
 fundamental theoretical problems. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 683-696 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Innovation systems, Agricultural seeds, Hilleshog, Svalof, Weibulls, Regions, Globalization, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/03088830500062715 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03088830500062715 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:8:p:683-696




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco Caballero-sanz 
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Caballero-sanz 
Author-Name: Rafael Moner-colonques 
Author-X-Name-First: Rafael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moner-colonques 
Author-Name: Jose Sempere-monerris 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sempere-monerris 
Title: Licensing policies for a new product 
Abstract:
  This paper studies licensing policies for the owner of a new product and
 addresses their welfare impact in the assessment of market failures. We
 show that the best licensing policy for the patent holder is fixed fee
 licensing with an exclusive territory clause. Consumers are also better
 off with fixed fees but do not prefer the exclusive territory clause.
 Social welfare is higher under exclusive territories when fixed costs are
 not too large. As for efficiency, the number of licences in the private
 market equilibrium falls short of the socially optimal solution. Our
 analysis discloses that (i) any policy measures aimed at enhancing the
 diffusion of technology, in terms of the number of licences, would be
 welcomed and, (ii) the permissive treatment received by licensing
 agreements with exclusive territories is justified. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 697-713 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Licensing, Exclusive territories, Market failure, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/09512740500063915 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512740500063915 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:8:p:697-713




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mitsuru Sunada 
Author-X-Name-First: Mitsuru 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sunada 
Title: Welfare effects of quality change and new products in the Japanese mobile telecommunications market: 1995-2001 
Abstract:
  This paper presents a simple framework based on a discrete choice model
 to assess the welfare effects of quality change and new products. Such a
 framework is shown to be useful where the hedonic approach is
 impracticable. This framework is applied to the Japanese mobile
 telecommunications market during the period 1995-2001. The estimated
 qualities for mobile telecommunications services in Japan are shown to
 have improved rapidly during this period, indicating the importance of
 quality change in the welfare gains of consumers relative to price change,
 and the need to adjust quality change in the construction of price
 indexes. However, it is also proven, at least in the earliest stages, that
 the effect of new services on consumer welfare was limited. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 715-733 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Quality change, Discrete choice model, Cost of living index, Telecommunications, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500063921 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500063921 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:8:p:715-733




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ming-yuan Chen 
Author-X-Name-First: Ming-yuan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen 
Title: Technology adoption in response to changes in market conditions: Evidence from the US petroleum refining industry 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes the determinants of the levels and rates of
 technology adoption for petroleum refineries that survived the period
 1980-1989, during which the conditions of product demand and crude oil
 supply changed significantly. Regression models are specified to
 investigate the growth of technology-related capacity, the growth of
 technology complexity, and the rates of adoption estimated from a diffuse
 model of technology use. Both levels and rates of adoption are
 hypothesized to be affected by refinery size, regulatory status, elements
 of local markets, and geographical factors. Empirical results generally
 suggest that compared with the supply-side factors of crude oil sources
 and regulatory subsidies, refinery size and demand-side factors, such as
 total consumption, consumption growth and fluctuation, and changes of the
 consumption mix, are responsible for the most part of the determination of
 technology adoption for refineries surviving the 1980s. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 735-756 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 14 
Year: 2005 
Keywords: Technology adoption, Petroleum refining industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500117487 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500117487 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:14:y:2005:i:8:p:735-756




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Audretsch 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch 
Author-Name: Albert Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Title: Empirical evidence on knowledge flows from research collaborations: Introduction to the special issue 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-3 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000332169 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000332169 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:1:p:1-3




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Adams 
Author-X-Name-First: James 
Author-X-Name-Last: Adams 
Title: Learning, internal research, and spillovers 
Abstract:
  This paper presents new evidence on the practice of industrial Research
 and Development (R&D), especially its allocation between learning and
 internal research, and the role of outside knowledge in reshaping this
 allocation. The evidence describes the sources of outside knowledge,
 portrays the flow of that knowledge into firms, and interprets the
 channels by which outside knowledge influences R&D. In this way, the paper
 illustrates R&D's value in dealing with disequilibria. The empirical work
 is based on a sample of 220 R&D laboratories owned by 115 firms in the US
 chemical, machinery, electrical equipment, and motor vehicle industries.
 The findings are consistent with the view that universities and firms
 generate technological opportunities in R&D laboratories. In addition to
 partnerships that define rather strict channels of opportunity, the paper
 uncovers broader effects of R&D spillovers. The results also suggest that
 academic spillovers drive learning about universities and that industrial
 spillovers drive learning about industries. Thus, externally derived
 opportunities reshape the rate and direction of R&D. Overall the findings
 paint an image of practitioners of industrial R&D reaching aggressively
 for opportunities rather than waiting for opportunities to come to them. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 5-36 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Industrial Research and Development, Academic research, Learning, Internal research, Spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000332178 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000332178 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giuseppe Medda 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Medda 
Author-Name: Claudio Piga 
Author-X-Name-First: Claudio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Piga 
Author-Name: Donald Siegel 
Author-X-Name-First: Donald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siegel 
Title: Assessing the returns to collaborative research: Firm-level evidence from Italy 
Abstract:
  We use firm-level data from Italian manufacturing firms to assess the
 relationship between various types of R&D and total factor productivity
 growth, including collaborative research with other firms and
 universities. A novel twist to our empirical analysis is that we estimate
 a sample selection model, which allows us to treat the decision to conduct
 R&D as endogenous. We find strong evidence of positive returns to
 collaborative research with other companies, whereas collaborative
 research with universities does not appear to enhance productivity. This
 result implies that firms may conduct R&D with universities when
 appropriability conditions are weak and the outcomes of such research
 projects do not yield direct strategic benefits. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 37-50 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: R&D, Collaborative research, Total factor productivity, Sample selection bias, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000332213 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000332213 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:1:p:37-50




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Craig Boardman 
Author-X-Name-First: Craig 
Author-X-Name-Last: Boardman 
Author-Name: Barry Bozeman 
Author-X-Name-First: Barry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bozeman 
Title: Implementing a 'bottom-up,' multi-sector research collaboration: The case of the Texas air quality study 
Abstract:
  The vast majority of research collaboration among firms is informal.
 Unfortunately, little research has focused on informal,
 multi-institutional research collaboration, partly because by their very
 nature these collaborations are difficult to study systematically. In this
 study, we employ case study methodology to examine a large-scale research
 collaboration, the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study, which could be labeled
 'multi-sector, multi-institution' and 'informal.' We develop the case
 based on a contingency model of research collaboration effectiveness, our
 chief objective being to assess the impact of various characteristics of
 the collaboration on the project's outcomes. We find the case to align
 with the terms of the model, thereby distilling some implications for a
 theory of research collaboration effectiveness, at least within the domain
 of large-scale, multi-institutional, multi-sector research collaborations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 51-69 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Research collaboration, Research effectiveness, Interorganizational relations, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000332196 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000332196 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:1:p:51-69




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Audretsch 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch 
Author-Name: Erik Lehmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Erik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehmann 
Title: Do locational spillovers pay? empirical evidence from German IPO data 
Abstract:
  This study examines the impact that locational spillovers have on firm
 performance. On the basis of a uniquely created data set consisting of
 high-technology start-ups publicly listed in Germany, this paper tests the
 proposition of locational spillovers positively affecting firm
 performance, as measured by abnormally high profits on the stock market.
 The results provide evidence that geographic proximity and university
 spillovers are complementary determinants of firm performance. Although
 neither geographic proximity nor academic research spillovers alone can
 explain firm performance, a combination of both factors results in
 significant higher stock market performance. The results also show that
 academic spillovers are heterogeneous in their impact, depending on the
 type. In particular, spillovers from social sciences have a different
 impact on firm performance than do spillovers from natural sciences. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 71-81 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: University spillover, Firm performance, University-firm collaboration, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000332187 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000332187 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:1:p:71-81




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: John Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Title: An economic evaluation of the Baldrige National Quality Program 
Abstract:
  All federal programs are accountable for their use of public funds. This
 paper presents conservative estimates of the net social benefits
 associated with the Baldrige National Quality Award Program, established
 within the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1987. On the
 basis of survey data from members of the American Society for Quality, we
 estimate cost savings benefits to members, extrapolate those benefits to
 the economy as a whole, and compare the benefits to the social costs
 associated with the Program. Our estimation method implies that the ratio
 of economy-wide benefits to social costs probably exceeds 207:1,
 supporting the hypothesis that the public investments in quality-standards
 infrastructure are worthwhile. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 83-100 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Evaluation methods, Public program evaluation, Social benefits and costs, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/1043859042000332204 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1043859042000332204 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:1:p:83-100




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrik Gustavsson Tingvall 
Author-X-Name-First: Patrik Gustavsson 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tingvall 
Author-Name: Andreas Poldahl 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Poldahl 
Title: Is there really an inverted U-shaped relation between competition and R&D? 
Abstract:
  We test whether predictions of the Aghion et al. (Aghion, P., Bloom, N.,
 Blundell, R., Griffith, R. and Howitt, P. (2004) Competition and
 Innovation: An Inverted U Relationship. NBER Working Paper series, No.
 9269.) model are supported by firm-level data. In particular, we analyze
 if there is an inverted U-shaped relation between competition and R&D.
 Results show that the inverted U-shaped relation is supported by the
 Herfindahl index but not by the price cost margin. Using the Herfindahl
 index, results suggest that breaking up monopolies increases R&D, whereas
 further increases in competition most likely lead to reduced R&D.
 Comparing different estimators, we find that time series-based estimators
 typically result in less clear-cut results, probably driven by a lack of
 time series variation in measures of competition. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 101-118 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: R&D, Competition, Firm size, Spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500129755 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500129755 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:2:p:101-118




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vincent Wenxiong Yao 
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent Wenxiong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yao 
Title: Intra-industry spillovers and innovation: An econometric analysis at the firm level 
Abstract:
  This paper studies spillover effects of innovation at the firm level and
 the comparability of generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators with
 maximum likelihood estimators of the earlier studies. Two sources of
 spillovers are identified, i.e. intra-industry R&D expenditure and
 intra-industry innovation output. This paper estimates a negative R&D
 spillover effect and a positive output spillover effect. Because of the
 substitution effect of intra-industry R&D spillovers, the elasticity of
 patent with respect to firm's own R&D expenditure is greater than those
 estimated in the earlier studies. With GMM, individual effects are
 incorporated into the models either by developing proxies for them or
 attempting to eliminate them. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 119-135 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Spillovers, Innovation, General methods of moments, R&D expenditure, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500131108 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500131108 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:2:p:119-135




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Koen Frenken 
Author-X-Name-First: Koen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Frenken 
Title: Technological innovation and complexity theory 
Abstract:
  Complexity theory has become influential in recent models in social
 science. In the context of innovations and new technologies, most
 applications have focused on technology adoption and technology diffusion,
 whereas the topic of the innovation process has received less attention.
 This paper discusses three families of complexity models of technological
 innovation: fitness landscape models, network models and percolation
 models. The models are capable of analysing complex interaction structures
 (between components of technologies, between agents engaged in collective
 invention) while avoiding 'over-parameterisation'. The paper ends with
 discussing the methodological challenges and critiques regarding the
 application of complexity theory that remain. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 137-155 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, Complexity, Fitness landscape, NK-model, Percolation, Complex networks, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500141453 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500141453 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:2:p:137-155




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Knut Blind 
Author-X-Name-First: Knut 
Author-X-Name-Last: Blind 
Title: Explanatory factors for participation in formal standardisation processes: Empirical evidence at firm level 
Abstract:
  In contrast to the long tradition of empirical research into the
 innovation activities and R&D collaboration of companies, the issue of
 standardisation has been analysed mostly in theoretical approaches. This
 paper presents an empirical analysis of the participation of German
 companies in formal standards development organisations. It becomes clear
 that company size has a significant positive effect on the probability of
 a participation in standardisation. We focus further on two aspects, on
 R&D as input and export intensity as performance indicator, in order to
 explain the likelihood to join formal standardisation processes. Both the
 R&D intensity and the export activities exhibit an inverse U relationship.
 Obviously, even participating in standardisation processes requires a
 certain absorptive capacity, but R&D and export intensive companies expect
 more disadvantages, like unintended knowledge spill-overs, from joining
 formal standardisation processes and, therefore, stay away. In addition,
 export activities increase the likelihood to join formal standardisation
 processes up to a certain level, although companies with very high export
 shares expect less benefit from joining formal standardisation processes.
 Finally, some policy conclusions are derived. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 157-170 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Standards, R&D, Export, Policy implications, Microeconometric model, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500143970 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500143970 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:2:p:157-170




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Teitel 
Author-X-Name-First: Simon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teitel 
Title: On semi-industrialized countries and the acquisition of advanced technological capabilities 
Abstract:
  The last decades have witnessed a breaking down of the hitherto
 quasi-monopoly in industrial and technological development held by highly
 industrialized countries. Man-made changes in comparative advantage due to
 rapid accumulation of human capital, development of technical institutions
 and public policies in support of enterprise development and innovation,
 have led to the emergence of advanced technical capabilities in a number
 of semi-industrialized countries. Study of selected instances of their
 technological achievement shows that they cannot be adequately interpreted
 as necessarily requiring the working of a well-integrated national
 innovation system. They seem to be instead path, or process, dependent and
 determined by the circumstantial convergence of requisite skills,
 appropriate institutions and supportive public policies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 171-194 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Industrialization, Technology, Semi-industrialized countries, Innovations, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/03057070500203228 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057070500203228 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:2:p:171-194




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrik Gustavsson Tingvall 
Author-X-Name-First: Patrik Gustavsson 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tingvall 
Author-Name: Andreas Poldahl 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Poldahl 
Title: Is there really an inverted U-shaped relation between competition and R&D? 
Abstract:
  We test whether predictions of the Aghion et al. (Aghion, P., Bloom, N.,
 Blundell, R., Griffith, R. and Howitt, P. (2004) Competition and
 Innovation: An Inverted U Relationship. NBER Working Paper series, No.
 9269.) model are supported by firm-level data. In particular, we analyze
 if there is an inverted U-shaped relation between competition and R&D.
 Results show that the inverted U-shaped relation is supported by the
 Herfindahl index but not by the price cost margin. Using the Herfindahl
 index, results suggest that breaking up monopolies increases R&D, whereas
 further increases in competition most likely lead to reduced R&D.
 Comparing different estimators, we find that time series-based estimators
 typically result in less clear-cut results, probably driven by a lack of
 time series variation in measures of competition. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 101-118 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: R&D, Competition, Firm size, Spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500129755 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500129755 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:3:p:101-118




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Mantovani 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mantovani 
Title: Complementarity between product and process innovation in a monopoly setting 
Abstract:
  In this article we study complementarity between market-enhancing product
 innovation and cost-reducing process innovation in a monopoly setting.
 First, we consider the possibility for a firm to alternatively invest only
 along one of the two directions and compare the incentives of process vs.
 product innovation. Then, we allow the firm to invest simultaneously in
 both activities, showing that both investment levels and profit are higher
 than in the case of individual investment. Thus, product and process
 innovations are complementary, and the firm always prefers the
 simultaneous adoption of both activities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 219-234 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Complementarity, Product innovation, Process innovation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500197315 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500197315 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:3:p:219-234




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Demoussis 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Demoussis 
Author-Name: Nicholas Giannakopoulos 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Giannakopoulos 
Title: Facets of the digital divide in Europe: Determination and extent of internet use 
Abstract:
  The primary objective of this article is to identify, given Internet
 accessibility, the factors that shape the decisions of individuals for
 personal Internet usage and its extent. Cross-sectional data from the
 European Social Survey database were utilized and an ordered probit model
 with selectivity was employed. The hypothesized link between the decision
 to use the Internet and the extent of usage was confirmed by the data.
 Household income, cost of access, demographics, media use, regional
 characteristics and general skill acquisition by individuals appear to
 correlate with Internet use and the extent of usage. In addition, a
 non-linear decomposition analysis was applied in order to identify the
 causes of the observed south/north divide. The results indicate that the
 observed differences in the probability of Internet use constitute a
 structural problem. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 235-246 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Internet use, Self-selection, Non-linear decomposition, North-South Europe, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500216016 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500216016 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rinaldo Evangelista 
Author-X-Name-First: Rinaldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelista 
Author-Name: Valeria Mastrostefano 
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mastrostefano 
Title: Firm size, sectors and countries as sources of variety in innovation 
Abstract:
  This paper aims at providing a comprehensive empirical appraisal of the
 nature, extent and sources of variety in innovation in industry across
 Europe. The results presented in the empirical section of this paper are
 based on a unique database (SIEPI) containing data drawn by the second
 Community Innovation Survey (CIS2) for 10 countries, 22 manufacturing
 sectors and three firm-size classes. This database has allowed us to look
 beyond the sectoral aggregate statistics provided by Eurostat and explore
 in detail the differences in innovation processes both within and across
 European countries and manufacturing industries. Further, the SIEPI
 database has been used to identify the determinants of the variety in
 innovation across Europe. In particular, the analysis focuses on the
 relative importance of sector-specific, context-specific and firm-size
 factors in driving firms' innovative behaviours and performances. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 247-270 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Technological change, Innovation, Manufacturing industries, Europe, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500160990 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500160990 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:3:p:247-270




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jo Voola 
Author-X-Name-First: Jo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Voola 
Title: Technological change and industry structure: A case study of the petroleum industry 
Abstract:
  This paper is a case study of the impact of an exogenous improvement of a
 process technology on the structure of the petroleum industry. The paper
 examines the role of three-dimensional seismology in bringing about the
 1990s oil industry consolidation. This proposition is examined in the
 context of evolutionary economics and in a non-cooperative game theory,
 concluding with a reference to Steindl's theory of industry dynamics. The
 significance of this contribution lies chiefly in highlighting the fact
 that exogenous technological change can, under appropriate conditions,
 play a significant role in industry dynamics. This reference to the
 exogenous change in technology is a departure from the traditional
 consideration of endogenity of industry structure in relation to
 technological development and, therefore, a novelty. Secondly, the
 documentation of 3D seismology as a significant process technology of the
 petroleum industry is significant. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 271-288 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Process technology, Seismology, Industry dynamics, Mergers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500149597 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500149597 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Cozzarin 
Author-X-Name-First: Brian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzarin 
Author-Name: Jennifer Percival 
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer 
Author-X-Name-Last: Percival 
Title: Complementarities between organisational strategies and innovation 
Abstract:
  The purpose of this paper is to determine whether organizational
 strategies in various manufacturing industries are complementary with
 innovation. In particular, our interest is to discover which
 organizational strategies are complementary with major innovations
 (world-first and Canada-first). Knowledge of complementarity should pave
 the way for creating sustainable competitive advantage because the use of
 a complex strategy may be difficult to imitate. In other words,
 competitive advantage increases as the complexity of the strategy
 increases (i.e. because the number of strategy combinations follows a
 power law), which acts as a barrier to potential imitators (Rivkin, J.W.
 (2000) Imitation of Complex Strategies. Management Science, 46(6),
 824-844.). Because of the static nature of our results (productivity and
 profit are for 1997), their interpretation can only be tentative. Thus,
 our research is really a first step along the road to understanding the
 (potential) importance of complementarities among firm strategies. Caveats
 aside, managers may want to compare their own firm's emphasis on
 particular strategies against what is empirically determined to be
 complementary with innovation and high-performance within their industry.
 The frequency of complementary pairs that involve innovation range from 40
 to 50% depending on whether we are talking about profit, productivity, or
 strategies. This result is important—as it means that innovation
 outcomes are statistically significant for both increased productivity and
 increased profit. Furthermore, innovation was found to be complementary
 with many organizational strategies. The complementary strategies across
 industries were quite different, but this was expected to occur. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 195-217 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, Strategy, Complementarity, Supermodular, Submodular, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500222691 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500222691 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bronwyn Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Title: Empirical studies of innovation in the knowledge-driven economy 
Abstract:
  This introduction to a special issue of EINT surveys a collection of ten
 papers that study various aspects of innovation and knowledge management
 and their impact on performance at the firm level for a number of
 countries. These studies have been conducted using data drawn from
 innovation surveys combined with data from a number of other sources. The
 issue illustrates the value of these surveys in improving our
 understanding of innovation in firms and raises a number of questions for
 future work in this area. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 289-299 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, Knowledge management, Knowledge economy, Firm performance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512760 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512760 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:289-299




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francis Munier 
Author-X-Name-First: Francis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Munier 
Title: Firm size, technological intensity of sector and relational competencies to innovate: Evidence from French industrial innovating firms 
Abstract:
  This article stresses the importance of competencies, specifically
 relational competencies, in the innovation process. Innovation output is
 not only produced by R&D but also often supported by networks and
 interfirm relations that differ according to the size of the firm. We
 perform an empirical analysis of the relationship between French
 industrial firms' relational competencies and their sizes. Our results
 show that the size and the technological intensity of their sector are
 strongly correlated with relational competencies. We give also some
 statistical results concerning the relationship between tacit and codified
 procedures and external versus internal sources of the competencies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 493-505 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Relational competencies, Size of the firm, Sector, Innovation, Tacit versus codified, External versus internal, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500513024 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500513024 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anker Lund Vinding 
Author-X-Name-First: Anker Lund 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vinding 
Title: Absorptive capacity and innovative performance: A human capital approach 
Abstract:
  This study investigates the importance of human capital on the firms'
 absorptive capacity, in relation to firms' innovative performance. The
 estimation of an ordered probit model including 1544 firms from the
 manufacturing and service industry in Denmark shows that the share of
 highly educated employees, application of human resource management
 practices within the firm and development of a closer relationship with
 both vertically related actors and knowledge institutions are not only
 positively correlated with the ability to innovate but also negatively
 correlated with the degree of innovative imitation. Finally, work
 experience among managers, heads of departments and employees at the
 managerial level is negatively associated with the ability to innovate for
 science-based and ICT-intensive firms, thus indicating the importance of
 updating the skills of the employees in these high-tech sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 507-517 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Cooperation, Education, Human resource management practices, Work experience, Innovative performance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500513057 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500513057 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:507-517




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose Miguel Benavente 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose Miguel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Benavente 
Title: The role of research and innovation in promoting productivity in chile 
Abstract:
  This paper continues the empirical research line started by Crepon et al.
 (Crepon, B., Duguet, E. and Mairesse, J. (1998) Research, Innovation, and
 Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level. Economics of
 Innovation and New Technology, 7(2), 115-158.) about the impact of
 research and development on innovation and innovation on productivity of
 firms. In this paper, we estimate a structural model using asymptotic
 least squares, which corrects for selectivity and simultaneity biases
 taking into consideration the particular characteristics of the available
 data. We find that most of the Schumpeterian hypotheses are confirmed:
 research and innovative activities are related with firm size and market
 power. However, in the case of Chile, firms' productivity is not affected
 by innovative results, nor by research expenditures in the short run. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 301-315 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: R&D, Innovation, Productivity, Asymptotic least squares, Structural estimation and censored data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512794 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512794 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hans Loof 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans 
Author-X-Name-Last: Loof 
Author-Name: Almas Heshmati 
Author-X-Name-First: Almas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Heshmati 
Title: On the relationship between innovation and performance: A sensitivity analysis 
Abstract:
  We examine sensitivity of the estimated relationship between innovation
 and firm performance. In doing so, we rely on a knowledge production
 function approach and carry out comparisons in a number of ways. The
 sensitivity analysis is based on the comparison of a basic econometric
 model estimated assuming different error structure and using the same data
 source, an identical model but different data sources, different
 classifications of firms performance, different classifications of
 innovation and the two main different subpopulations of the business
 sector. The analyses are performed in both level and growth-rate
 dimensions. New findings are reported and previous results are confirmed
 as well. The study gives indications of what factors cause variations in
 the estimated effects of interest and the direction of changes. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 317-344 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Knowledge capital, Productivity, Innovation, Manufacturing, Services, Knowledge intensity, Community innovation survey, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512810 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512810 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Jefferson 
Author-X-Name-First: Gary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jefferson 
Author-Name: Bai Huamao 
Author-X-Name-First: Bai 
Author-X-Name-Last: Huamao 
Author-Name: Guan Xiaojing 
Author-X-Name-First: Guan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiaojing 
Author-Name: Yu Xiaoyun 
Author-X-Name-First: Yu 
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiaoyun 
Title: R&D Performance in Chinese industry 
Abstract:
  This research, which investigates a set of fundamental relationships in
 the R&D literature, is based on an unusually rich set of panel data
 covering the population of China's large and medium-size manufacturing
 enterprises. Using a recursive three-equation system, we investigate the
 determinants of firm-level R&D intensity, the process of knowledge
 production, and the impact of innovation on firm performance. Several
 results stand out. Overall, the statistical relationships within the model
 are surprisingly robust, including the contributions of R&D expenditure to
 new product (NP) innovation, productivity, and profitability. The roles of
 firm size, market concentration, and profitability in driving R&D effort
 parallel to those found in the US literature. We find that new product
 (NP) innovation accounts for approximately 12% of the total returns to
 R&D. Also, returns to industrial R&D in China appear to be at least three
 to four times the returns to fixed production assets. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 345-366 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, R&D, Chinese industry, Productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512851 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512851 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:345-366




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: George Van Leeuwen 
Author-X-Name-First: George 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Leeuwen 
Author-Name: Luuk Klomp 
Author-X-Name-First: Luuk 
Author-X-Name-Last: Klomp 
Title: On the contribution of innovation to multi-factor productivity growth 
Abstract:
  We embed the innovation production function in a model that analyzes the
 impact of innovation output on manufacturing multi-factor productivity
 (MFP) growth. We combine a market share model with a gross output
 production function. This revenue approach enables a 'demand-shift'
 interpretation of the contribution of innovation to MFP growth. We apply
 different sets of instrumental variables and different estimation methods
 to estimate simultaneously the returns from innovation investment to
 innovation output, the contribution of innovation output to productivity
 growth and the feedback link running from a firm's overall sales
 performance to its innovation endeavor. We draw our empirical results from
 the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS-2) for the Netherlands. The
 estimation results from our model show that the impact of innovation
 differs between measures of firm performance, and that, in our data, the
 revenue function approach yields more sensible results for the
 contribution of innovation to MFP growth than the value-added production
 function framework. Furthermore, the results show that the estimation of
 return on innovation investment benefits from the inclusion of more
 information on the technological environment of the firm. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 367-390 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, Research, Technological opportunities, Simultaneous-equation models, Economic performance, Productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512927 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512927 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:367-390




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre Mohnen 
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohnen 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Author-Name: Marcel Dagenais 
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dagenais 
Title: Innovativity: A comparison across seven European countries 
Abstract:
  This paper proposes a framework to account for innovation similar to the
 usual accounting framework in production analysis and a measure of
 innovativity comparable to that of total factor productivity. This
 innovation accounting framework is illustrated using micro-aggregated firm
 data from the first Community Innovation Surveys (CIS1) for seven European
 countries: Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway,
 and Italy for the year 1992. On the basis of estimation of a generalized
 Tobit model and measuring innovation as the share of total sales due to
 improved or new products, it compares the propensity to innovate, and the
 innovation intensity conditional and unconditional on being innovative,
 across the seven countries and low- and high-tech manufacturing sectors.
 Even with relatively few explanatory variables, our innovation framework
 already accounts for sizeable differences in country innovation intensity.
 It also shows that differences in innovativity across countries can be
 nonetheless very large. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 391-413 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, R&D, Comparative, Self-selection, Europe, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512950 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512950 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:391-413




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emmanuel Duguet 
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Duguet 
Title: Innovation height, spillovers and tfp growth at the firm level: Evidence from French manufacturing 
Abstract:
  The author examines the contribution of incremental and radical
 innovations to total factor productivity (TFP) growth at the firm level.
 The first part of our analysis is dedicated to the determinants of
 innovation and reveals two different innovation regimes. On the one hand,
 radical innovations rely strongly on firm-level spillovers, including
 property rights, and formal internal research, whereas on the other hand,
 incremental innovations rely mostly on the adoption of equipment goods
 accompanied by informal research. It is found that radical innovations are
 the only significant contributors to TFP growth, so that innovation height
 matters. Evidences show that TFP growth is better represented by an upward
 shift of the production function than by a continuous innovation measure.
 Overall, the growth gains found are comparable to the ones of the previous
 studies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 415-442 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Growth, Innovation, Total factor productivity, Solow residual, Spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512968 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512968 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:415-442




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aija Leiponen 
Author-X-Name-First: Aija 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leiponen 
Title: Organization of knowledge exchange: An empirical study of knowledge-intensive business service relationships 
Abstract:
  This article empirically examines, the structure of relationships between
 business service firms and their clients, in particular, the allocation of
 control rights to the intellectual assets created in joint projects.
 Business service firms are a distinctive case because their 'product' is
 essentially knowledge, and in many cases this knowledge is partly tacit
 and collectively generated and applied. It is proposed that allocation of
 the rights to intellectual assets in service relationships has a bearing
 on the creation and deployment of knowledge. Therefore, from the
 perspective of a service firm, contractual arrangements need to be aligned
 with the nature of its knowledge base. Knowledge base is characterized
 here by the firm's service strategy and by its learning strategy.
 Estimation results using a survey dataset of 167 business service firms
 provide support for the conjecture. Service firms that provide expert
 skills or learn incrementally are less likely to retain control rights to
 their intellectual output. A possible interpretation is that control
 rights are less valuable to knowledge service providers, whose activities
 are based on tacit and non-replicable knowledge resources, than to firms
 with organizationally controlled and replicable resources. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 443-464 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Knowledge, Intellectual property rights, Incomplete contracts, Supply relationships, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500512976 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500512976 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:443-464




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephane Lhuillery 
Author-X-Name-First: Stephane 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lhuillery 
Title: Voluntary technological disclosure as an efficient knowledge management device: An empirical study 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates three questions related to endogenous information
 and knowledge disclosure by firms: Which industry sectors are more apt to
 disclose information and knowledge? Why is such knowledge released? Is
 knowledge disclosure an efficient strategy? An empirical analysis on four
 French data sets that focus on appropriation, the practices of innovation,
 and the related payoffs suggests answers to these questions. A firm with
 high R&D intensity, from a high-tech sector, participating in R&D
 partnerships is found to be more likely to engage in disclosure. Firms in
 the sample were found to 'leak' their knowledge to public laboratories to
 a greater degree than to other private sector firms. Leakage also was
 found to be associated with improved innovation performance. This research
 helps broaden the literature on knowledge management practices to include
 not only the pursuit of formal intellectual property rights such as
 patents but also less formal inter-organizational knowledge transmission
 mechanisms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 465-491 
Issue: 4-5 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, Endogenous spillovers, Cooperation, Appropriation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500513008 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500513008 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:4-5:p:465-491




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Yuan 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan 
Title: A better copyright system? comparing welfare of indefinitely renewable copyright versus fixed-length copyright 
Abstract:
  This study models and simulates fixed-length copyright (FLC) and
 indefinitely renewable copyright (IRC) and compares their social welfare.
 Evidence is found suggesting that IRC has lower maximal social welfare
 than FLC does. This difference can be explained by the way copyright
 duration is determined. Copyright duration represents the balance between
 encouraging creation and reducing restrictions on the consumption of
 information products. Under FLC, copyright duration is chosen directly by
 legislation; under IRC, it is induced indirectly through a copyright fee.
 However, the imposition of a copyright fee distorts the behavior of
 creators and thus decreases social welfare. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 519-542 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Indefinitely renewable copyright, Copyright length, Markets of information products, Social welfare, Simulation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500284493 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500284493 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:6:p:519-542




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Calderini 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderini 
Author-Name: Andrea Giannaccari 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Giannaccari 
Title: Standardisation in the ICT sector: The (complex) interface between antitrust and intellectual property 
Abstract:
  This article investigates the issue of standardisation in the ICT sector,
 analysing the most relevant aspects concerning intellectual property
 rights and anticompetitive strategies that can arise in standard setting
 organisations. The strategic dimension of this activity is also
 scrutinised, highlighting the different approaches followed by the United
 States and by the European Union. In this respect, after underlining the
 benefits of processes not lead by public structures, the article describes
 the fundamental role of internal regulations, which are necessary both for
 the purpose of having a sound process, and also reducing the risk of
 collusion and other anticompetitive conducts among members. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 543-567 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Standardisation, R&D, Innovation, Antitrust, Intellectual property, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500268256 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500268256 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:6:p:543-567




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lars Wiethaus 
Author-X-Name-First: Lars 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wiethaus 
Title: Cooperation or competition in R&D when innovation and absorption are costly 
Abstract:
  This article analyzes cost-reducing R&D investments by firms that behave
 non-cooperatively or cooperatively. Firms face a trade-off between
 allocating their R&D investments to innovate or to imitate (absorb). We
 find that the non-cooperative behavior not only induces more imitation
 (absorption) but also, for the most part, more innovation investments.
 Only the cooperative behavior, however, ensures that R&D investments are
 allocated efficiently to innovation and to imitation (absorption) in the
 sense that any given amount of industry-wide cost reduction is obtained
 for the minimum overall R&D costs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 569-589 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Absorptive capacity, Cooperation, Spillovers, Innovation, Imitation, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500268272 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500268272 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:6:p:569-589




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Norio Tokumaru 
Author-X-Name-First: Norio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tokumaru 
Title: The organizational evolution of innovative activity in the US semiconductor industry: Technological specialization and diversification 
Abstract:
  This article analyzes the organizational evolution of innovative activity
 in the contemporary high-tech industry. It has been argued that by showing
 illuminating examples and proposing theoretical explanations, the
 innovation process has been fragmented and distributed among several
 organizations. In other words, 'division of innovative labor' emerges.
 However, one of the problems of this argument lies in its lack of
 systematic empirical analysis. Using the United States Patent and
 Trademark Office patent database, this article analyzes the organization
 of innovative activity in the US semiconductor industry. It is shown that
 'technological specialization' has not occurred in this industry as a
 whole. In addition, it is also shown that there are two distinct modes of
 development of technology, namely, 'specialized development of technology'
 and 'diversified development of technology', in which the share of the
 latter has been steadily increasing. These results imply that contrary to
 the earlier conventional arguments, division of labor is not a common
 phenomenon in the production of technological knowledge. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 591-603 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Division of innovative labor, 'Systemicness' of technology, Patent, Semiconductor industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500222709 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500222709 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:6:p:591-603




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mika Maliranta 
Author-X-Name-First: Mika 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maliranta 
Author-Name: Petri Rouvinen 
Author-X-Name-First: Petri 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rouvinen 
Title: Informational mobility and productivity: Finnish evidence 
Abstract:
  The labor productivity effects of portability and connectivity of
 information and communication technology (ICT) are studied with Finnish
 firm-level data. It is found that a computer with only processing and
 storage capabilities boosts labor productivity by 9% (corresponding to 5%
 output elasticity), portability by 32%, wireline connectivity by 14%, and
 wireless connectivity by 6%. The findings are in line with previous
 literature and comparisons to ICT costs suggest that firms equate marginal
 costs and returns. Although increasing ICT penetration can no longer be a
 major source of productivity growth in developed economies, the relatively
 new characteristics studied can. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 605-616 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Productivity, Information and communication technology, Local area network, Mobility, Portability, Wireless, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500418935 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500418935 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:6:p:605-616




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabetta Magnani 
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabetta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Magnani 
Title: Technological diffusion, the diffusion of skill and the growth of outsourcing in US manufacturing 
Abstract:
  What drives the observed rapid growth of outsourcing in US manufacturing?
 This article approaches this question by asking whether technological
 diffusion driven by R&D spillovers is in part responsible for the growth
 of atypical work arrangements in the USA. Relying on data of technological
 diffusion since the early 1970s, this study provides some evidence that
 technological factors may have contributed to the spread of outsourcing.
 When sample composition effects are accounted for, technological
 innovation reduces outsourcing in high-tech industries. Furthermore, this
 study highlights the importance of distinguishing between 'rent' and 'pure
 knowledge' spillovers. Rent spillovers are positively correlated with
 outsourcing, whereas pure knowledge spillovers usually decrease the
 incentive to outsource. Support to the technological diffusion hypothesis
 is also found, particularly in a sample of high-tech industries after
 1980, in which rapid diffusion of IT technologies is notoriously
 witnessed. Alternative hypotheses are better applied to low-tech
 industries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 617-647 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Outsourcing, Technological diffusion, Firm-specific human capital, Market-mediated employment arrangements, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600665120 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600665120 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:7:p:617-647




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Thompson 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson 
Author-Name: Steve Thompson 
Author-X-Name-First: Steve 
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson 
Title: Pricing in a market without apparent horizontal differentiation: Evidence from web hosting services 
Abstract:
  This article explores pricing in a product lacking the conventional
 attributes of horizontal differentiation—physical location, design,
 color, etc.—and whose vertical characteristics are precisely
 specified and capable of rapid imitation. Web hosting exhibits low entry
 barriers, high turnover and low concentration. We use an electronically
 collected database covering over 17,500 US and UK product offerings, and
 find that after controlling for quality reputation and e-visibility
 characteristics exert a strong positive impact on price. This result from
 a heterogeneous B2B market, without horizontal differentiation,
 complements homogeneous B2C research elsewhere in suggesting that price
 disparities persist, even in ultra-competitive e-markets. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 649-663 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Horizontal differentiation, Web hosting, Hedonic pricing, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500418968 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500418968 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:7:p:649-663




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yoshihito Yasaki 
Author-X-Name-First: Yoshihito 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yasaki 
Author-Name: Akira Goto 
Author-X-Name-First: Akira 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goto 
Title: Contribution-proportional remuneration rule for employee inventions and its effects on effort and investment incentives 
Abstract:
  The practice of the Japanese court in case of a dispute between the
 employer and employee regarding the amount of remuneration for an employee
 invention has been to order that the additional profit from the invention
 be divided proportionally to their respective input contributions. We show
 that, if the employer's investment and employee's effort are weakly
 complementary, this rule causes the share effect (excessive incentives on
 the part of each party to expend investment or effort in order to increase
 his/her share of the surplus) to dominate the probability effect
 (insufficient incentives arising from the fact that each party obtains
 only part of the increase in the expected surplus), and thus leads to
 excessive investment and effort relative to the joint-payoff-maximising
 levels. If the court cannot capture the employer's investment as fully as
 the employee's effort, the employer's investment may be too low compared
 to the joint-payoff-maximising level. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 665-678 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Employee inventions, Remuneration, Contribution-proportional rule, Effort and investment incentives, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500418976 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500418976 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:7:p:665-678




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Catherine Beaudry 
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Beaudry 
Title: Enterprise in orbit: The supply of communication satellites 
Abstract:
  This study develops a general understanding of the evolution of the
 Western World commercial communication sate-llite supply industry. Initial
 information classifies this industry as an oligopoly with the vendors as
 price setters. Over three generations, the technical attributes of
 communication satellites are advancing. Taking the hedonic regression
 approach, the customer's willingness to pay for characteristics is
 calculated. Exploring the relationship between price and complexity, it is
 demonstrated that in the short run, the oligopoly structure of this
 industry is accompanied by a simple form of cost plus price setting,
 whereas in the long run, the engineering satellite pricing 'rule of thumb'
 applies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 679-700 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Hedonic prices, Technical change, Mark-up pricing, Oligopoly, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500475000 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500475000 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:7:p:679-700




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pekka Saaskilahti 
Author-X-Name-First: Pekka 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saaskilahti 
Title: STRATEGIC R&D AND NETWORK COMPATIBILITY 
Abstract:
  We analyse the effects of network externalities in strategic R&D
 competition. We present a model of two firms competing with R&D
 investments and prices in a differentiated consumer market. Buyers form
 firm-specific networks which can be compatible. A high degree of
 compatibility and large spillovers moderate price competition due to weak
 strategic value of firm-specific networks and R&D investments,
 respectively. Asymmetry in product qualities brings out network effects
 that cancel out in conventional symmetric settings. The lower quality firm
 increases R&D and decreases its price as spillovers or network
 compatibility is increased. This happens when R&D and firm-specific
 network size have high strategic value. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 711-733 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: R&D, Spillovers, Networks, Compatibility, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500510657 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500510657 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:8:p:711-733




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katrin Hussinger 
Author-X-Name-First: Katrin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hussinger 
Title: IS SILENCE GOLDEN? PATENTS VERSUS SECRECY AT THE FIRM LEVEL 
Abstract:
  In the 1990s, patenting schemes changed in many respects: Upcoming new
 technologies accelerated the shift from price competition towards
 competition based on technical inventions, a worldwide surge in patenting
 took place, and the 'patent thicket' arose as a consequence of strategic
 patenting. This study analyzes the importance of patenting versus secrecy
 as an effective alternative to protect intellectual property (IP) in the
 inventions' market phase. The sales figure with new products is introduced
 as a new measure of the importance of IP protection tools among product
 innovating firms. Focusing on German manufacturing in 2000, it turns out
 that patents are an effective means to protect IP in the market, whereas
 secrecy seems to be rather important for inventions that are not yet
 commercialized. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 735-752 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Innovation, Appropriation, Patents, Secrecy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500510467 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500510467 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:8:p:735-752




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Popp 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Popp 
Title: THEY DON'T INVENT THEM LIKE THEY USED TO: AN EXAMINATION OF ENERGY PATENT CITATIONS OVER TIME 
Abstract:
  This article uses patent citation data to study flows of knowledge across
 time and across institutions in the field of energy research. Popp [2002,
 Induced Innovation and Energy Prices. American Economic Review, 92(1),
 160-180.] finds that the level of energy-saving research and development
 (R&D) depends not only on energy prices, but also on the quality of the
 accumulated knowledge available to inventors. Patent citations are used to
 represent this quality. This article explores the pattern of citations in
 these fields more carefully. Evidence for diminishing returns to research
 inputs, both across time and within a given year is found. To check
 whether government R&D can help alleviate potential diminishing returns,
 special attention is paid to citations to government patents. The
 government patents filed in or after 1981 are more likely to be cited.
 More importantly, descendants of these government patents are 30% more
 likely to be cited by subsequent patents. Earlier government research was
 more applied in nature and is not cited more frequently. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 753-776 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Patents, Citations, Research and development, Energy, Diminishing returns, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500510459 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500510459 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:8:p:753-776




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandro Mendonca 
Author-X-Name-First: Sandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mendonca 
Title: THE REVOLUTION WITHIN: ICT AND THE SHIFTING KNOWLEDGE BASE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPANIES 
Abstract:
  This empirical article analyses the importance of information and
 communications technologies (ICT) in the technological diversification
 trend among the world's largest manufacturing firms during the 1980s and
 1990s. The objective of the research is twofold: first, to emphasise the
 emerging differences among technologies when companies from different
 industries patent outside their traditional technological capabilities;
 secondly, to investigate whether the tendency among large companies from
 all industries to patent in ICT is distinctive when compared with the
 tendency to patent in other technologies. We find that technological
 diversification in large companies has clearly occurred in ICTs. Non-ICT
 specialist industries increasingly develop, rather than just utilise, the
 cluster of ICT-related technologies. We conclude that the development of
 corporate capabilities in the key technologies of the emerging ICT
 paradigm is more widespread than previously emphasised in the literature.
 One implication of this observation is that technological diversification
 and the information revolution may be related phenomena. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 777-799 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 15 
Year: 2006 
Keywords: Technological diversification, Large firms, ICT, Patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590500510442 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590500510442 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:15:y:2006:i:8:p:777-799




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeffrey Funk 
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey 
Author-X-Name-Last: Funk 
Title: TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE WITHIN HIERARCHIES: THE CASE OF THE MUSIC INDUSTRY 
Abstract:
  This article uses the music industry to demonstrate a model of
 technological change that explains the sources and timing of technological
 discontinuities and dominant designs. The process by which firms translate
 customer needs into products can be represented in terms of an interaction
 between customer choice and product design hierarchies. Technological
 improvements at lower levels in the product design hierarchy can change
 the design tradeoffs and thus affect movements up and down the
 hierarchies. Movements up the hierarchies lead to the emergence of new
 product classes (i.e., technological discontinuity) whereas movements down
 the hierarchies may result in the emergence of a dominant design in a
 specific product class. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-16 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Technological discontinuities, Dominant designs, Hierarchies, Products, Customers, Music industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661582 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661582 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:1:p:1-16




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Cameron 
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cameron 
Author-Name: Christopher Wallace 
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wallace 
Title: TECHNOLOGY SHOPS: EFFICIENT PRICING IN BUSINESS-UNIVERSITY COLLABORATIONS 
Abstract:
  Recently, business-university collaborations have become the subject of
 much interest. It is important to distinguish between 'blue-sky' research
 and more directly commercially applicable research. This paper provides a
 framework in which to think about the latter. A simple screening model is
 proposed to study the ways in which a university might sell its research
 to the private sector. It demonstrates that 'technology shops', where
 firms pay a fixed fee to join and a relatively low marginal cost for each
 piece of research, would increase the amount of research commercially
 developed and would be beneficial to all parties. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 17-30 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Business-university collaboration, Screening, Technology shops, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661632 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661632 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:1:p:17-30




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandy Campart 
Author-X-Name-First: Sandy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Campart 
Author-Name: Etienne Pfister 
Author-X-Name-First: Etienne 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister 
Title: TECHNOLOGY, COOPERATION AND STOCK MARKET VALUE: AN EVENT STUDY OF NEW PARTNERSHIP ANNOUNCEMENTS IN THE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES 
Abstract:
  We use the event study methodology to investigate the share price
 responses to the formation of 281 partnerships in the
 biotechnology/pharmaceutical industry over the years 1995-2000. The
 average stock price response is positive, more so than in previous
 empirical works, which could be interpreted as evidence that interfirm
 collaboration is particularly valuable in high-technology industries.
 Research and development (R&D) partnerships also generate higher abnormal
 returns (relative to production or marketing agreements). On average,
 smaller firms in the partnership seem to appropriate a very significant
 share of the cooperative surplus, especially when they receive large
 technology payments or when the partnership is concluded in the R&D stage.
 On the other hand, partnership announcements of more profitable firms tend
 to be associated with higher abnormal returns. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 31-49 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Interfirm cooperation, Event study, Pharmaceutical industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661764 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661764 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:1:p:31-49




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julie DeCourcy 
Author-X-Name-First: Julie 
Author-X-Name-Last: DeCourcy 
Title: RESEARCH JOINT VENTURES AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS: EVIDENCE FROM THE NATIONAL COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ACT 
Abstract:
  In the USA, firms engaged in cooperative research and development (R&D)
 are accorded more lenient antitrust treatment by the National Cooperative
 Research Act (NCRA). An objective of the NCRA was to give American firms a
 competitive advantage over foreign firms. This article addresses whether
 the NCRA has had that effect. Analysis of panel data containing
 information on industry trade balance and cooperative R&D reveals that the
 trade balance in industries with participants in cooperative R&D is
 approximately $620 million higher than the trade balance in industries
 without participants in cooperative R&D. This suggests the possibility of
 improved competitiveness. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 51-65 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Cooperative R&D, Trade balance, Competitiveness, NCRA, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661822 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661822 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:1:p:51-65




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aldo Geuna 
Author-X-Name-First: Aldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Geuna 
Author-Name: David Mowery 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mowery 
Title: PUBLISHING AND PATENTING IN US AND EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 67-70 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982780 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982780 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:2:p:67-70




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paula Stephan 
Author-X-Name-First: Paula 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stephan 
Author-Name: Shiferaw Gurmu 
Author-X-Name-First: Shiferaw 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurmu 
Author-Name: Albert Sumell 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sumell 
Author-Name: Grant Black 
Author-X-Name-First: Grant 
Author-X-Name-Last: Black 
Title: WHO'S PATENTING IN THE UNIVERSITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE SURVEY OF DOCTORATE RECIPIENTS 
Abstract:
  We use the Survey of Doctorate Recipients to examine the question of who
 in US universities is patenting. Because standard methods of estimation
 are not directly applicable, we use a zero-inflated negative binomial
 model to estimate the patent equation, using instruments for the number of
 articles to avoid problems of endogeneity. We also estimate the patent
 model using the generalized method of moments estimation of count data
 models with endogenous regressors. We find work context and field to be
 important predictors of the number of patent applications. We also find
 patents to be positively and significantly related to the number of
 publications. This finding is robust to the choice of instruments and
 method of estimation. The cross-sectional nature of the data preclude an
 examination of whether a trade-off exists between publishing and
 patenting, holding individual characteristics constant over time. But the
 strong cross-sectional correlation that we find does not suggest that
 commercialization has come at the expense of placing knowledge in the
 public domain. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 71-99 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Academic research productivity, Patenting, Publishing, Technology transfer, Count data models, Bayh-Dole Act, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982806 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982806 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:2:p:71-99




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Breschi 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Breschi 
Author-Name: F. Lissoni 
Author-X-Name-First: F. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lissoni 
Author-Name: F. Montobbio 
Author-X-Name-First: F. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Montobbio 
Title: THE SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY OF ACADEMIC INVENTORS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM ITALIAN DATA 
Abstract:
  We investigate the scientific productivity of Italian academic inventors,
 namely academic researchers designated as inventors on patent applications
 to the European Patent Office, 1978-1999. We use a novel longitudinal data
 set comprising 299 academic inventors, and we match them with an equal
 number of non-patenting researchers. We enquire whether a trade-off
 between publishing and patenting, or a trade-off between basic and applied
 research exists, on the basis of the number and quality of publications.
 We find no trace of such a trade-off, and find instead a strong and
 positive relationship between patenting and publishing, even in basic
 science. Our results suggest, however, that it is not patenting per se
 that boosts scientific productivity, but the advantage derived from solid
 links with industry, as the strongest correlation between publishing and
 patenting activity is found when patents are owned by business partners,
 rather than individual scientists or their universities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 101-118 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Scientific productivity, Academic inventors, University patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982830 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982830 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:2:p:101-118




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas Carayol 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carayol 
Title: ACADEMIC INCENTIVES, RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND PATENTING AT A LARGE FRENCH UNIVERSITY 
Abstract:
  This article presents an empirical study on the patenting activities of
 the faculty members of the University Louis Pasteur, a major French
 research university. Our findings suggest that publishing and patenting
 are positively related whereas academic status and patenting are not, and
 that university researchers are more likely to patent later in their
 careers. With regard to research organization, we find positive effects of
 the laboratory's size, of the amount of contractual funds collected by the
 lab and of the share these funds received from private sources. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 119-138 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Economics of science, Academic Patenting, Laboratory, University, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982855 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982855 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:2:p:119-138




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eleftherios Sapsalis 
Author-X-Name-First: Eleftherios 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sapsalis 
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno van Pottelsberghe 
Author-X-Name-Last: de la Potterie 
Title: THE INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE VALUE OF ACADEMIC PATENTS 
Abstract:
  This paper puts forward new potential determinants of patent value which
 are related to the identification of institutional sources of knowledge
 and the geographic scope of patenting strategy. The impact of these new
 indicators is evaluated through an empirical analysis that aims to explain
 the number of forward citations received by 208 patent families applied
 for by six Belgian universities. The new indicators provide a more
 in-depth understanding of the way non-patent citations, backward patent
 citations, co-assignees and the geographical scope for protection
 determine patent value. The policy implications induced by these results
 are the positive impact of collaboration between public research
 organisations and the need to focus on academic researchers with a high
 scientific profile in terms of publications in order to crystallize their
 tacit knowledge into high value academic patents. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 139-157 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Patent value, Patent indicators, knowledge sources, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982939 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982939 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:2:p:139-157




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bronwyn Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Author-Name: Laure Turner 
Author-X-Name-First: Laure 
Author-X-Name-Last: Turner 
Title: IDENTIFYING AGE, COHORT, AND PERIOD EFFECTS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY: DISCUSSION AND ILLUSTRATION USING SIMULATED AND ACTUAL DATA ON FRENCH PHYSICISTS 
Abstract:
  The identification of age, cohort (vintage), and period (year) effects in
 a panel of individuals or other units is an old problem in the social
 sciences, but one that has not been much studied in the context of
 measuring researcher productivity. In the context of a semi-parametric
 model of productivity, where these effects are assumed to enter in an
 additive manner, we present the conditions necessary to identify and test
 for the presence of the three effects. In particular, we show that failure
 to specify, precisely, the conditions under which such a model is
 identified can lead to misleading conclusions about the productivity-age
 relationship. We illustrate our methods using data on the publications
 1986-1997 by 465 French condensed-matter physicists who were born between
 1936 and 1960. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 159-177 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Scientific productivity, Age, Identification, Panel data, Bibliometrics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600983010 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600983010 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:2:p:159-177




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sotiris Papaioannou 
Author-X-Name-First: Sotiris 
Author-X-Name-Last: Papaioannou 
Author-Name: Sophia Dimelis 
Author-X-Name-First: Sophia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dimelis 
Title: Information Technology as a Factor of Economic Development: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries 
Abstract:
  This article explores the role of information and communication
 technologies (ICT) and of its individual components as factors of economic
 development. An augmented production function is employed to estimate the
 total ICT effect on labor productivity growth as well as the impact
 exerted by its components (hardware, software, and communications). The
 empirical analysis is based on a sample of 42 developed and developing
 countries, covering the 1993-2001 period. A positive and significant ICT
 growth effect is estimated in both country samples, with the highest
 impact observed in developed ones. This effect stems entirely from the
 hardware and communication components. Estimates concerning the individual
 components of ICT slightly differentiate between developed and developing
 countries, with respect to their statistical significance. The results are
 robust to possible endogeneity biases. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 179-194 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Productivity, Growth, Information technology, Economic growth, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661889 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661889 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:3:p:179-194




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H. Piekkola 
Author-X-Name-First: H. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Piekkola 
Title: Public Funding of R&D and Growth: Firm-Level Evidence from Finland 
Abstract:
  This study considers employment and productivity growth generated by the
 public funding of R&D using linked employer-employee data in Finland.
 Public subsidies, instrumented by available public R&D funding in the
 industry/region, have a positive effect on productivity growth in small
 and medium-sized firms and in firms close to the top of their field in
 productivity. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 195-210 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: R&D, Public expenditures, Endogenous growth, Linked employer-employee data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661897 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661897 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:3:p:195-210




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H. R. Seddighi 
Author-X-Name-First: H. R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Seddighi 
Author-Name: P. J. Huntley 
Author-X-Name-First: P. J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Huntley 
Title: R&D Activities In a Peripheral Region: an Empirical Study with Special Reference to the North East Region of the UK 
Abstract:
  This study examines the incidence of research and development (R&D)
 activities, type of R&D undertaken and the incidence of R&D co-operation
 among manufacturing firms located in a key urban area of the North East
 England, a peripheral region of the UK. We have found that over 62% of
 manufacturing firms in this urban growth area to be R&D active, suggesting
 that R&D active firms tend to be concentrated in urban area s in a
 peripheral region, as it is the case in the leading regions. However, the
 incidence of R&D co-operation was found to be relatively low among R&D
 active firms. It is also found that the key determinants of undertaking
 R&D to be the existence of a core competence/product and exporting
 activities. These findings might be of interest to policy makers promoting
 economic growth via firm's R&D activities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 211-225 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Research and development, Firm characteristics, North East England, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661913 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661913 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:3:p:211-225




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arijit Mukherjee 
Author-X-Name-First: Arijit 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherjee 
Author-Name: Achintya Ray 
Author-X-Name-First: Achintya 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ray 
Title: Patents, imitation and welfare 
Abstract:
  We consider the effects of product and process patents on profits and
 welfare. In a duopoly model, we show that if the cost of imitation is not
 very large, prisoner's dilemma occurs under process patent, thus creating
 lower profit of each firm under process patent than under product patent.
 Welfare is higher under process (product) patent for very small (not very
 small) cost of imitation. Although the possibility of cross-licensing
 never makes lower welfare under process patent for all costs of imitation,
 welfare is never lower under product patent under infinitely repeated
 game. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 227-236 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Cross-licensing, Prisoner's dilemma, Process patent, Product patent, Repeated game, Welfare, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661855 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661855 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:3:p:227-236




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yonghong Wu 
Author-X-Name-First: Yonghong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu 
Author-Name: D. Popp 
Author-X-Name-First: D. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Popp 
Author-Name: S. Bretschneider 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bretschneider 
Title: THE EFFECTS OF INNOVATION POLICIES ON BUSINESS R&D: A CROSS-NATIONAL EMPIRICAL STUDY 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the effect of three major national innovation
 policies (patent protection, research and development (R&D) tax
 incentives, and government funding of business R&D) on business R&D
 spending. Unlike previous work, we also consider the effect of openness to
 international trade. We use data from nine OECD countries (Australia,
 Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, UK, and USA) in 1985-1995.
 Our results show that all three innovation policies play a significant
 role in stimulating business R&D. Enforcement of patent right matters most
 to business R&D spending. In addition, R&D performed by the government has
 a positive effect on business R&D, whereas R&D by the higher education
 sector has a negative impact on business R&D. We also find modest
 empirical support to the positive role of openess to international trade
 in business R&D investment. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 237-253 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Innovation policy, R&D, Tax incentive, Patent policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600661939 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600661939 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:4:p:237-253




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H.-J. Engelbrecht 
Author-X-Name-First: H.-J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Engelbrecht 
Author-Name: V. Xayavong 
Author-X-Name-First: V. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Xayavong 
Title: THE ELUSIVE CONTRIBUTION OF ICT TO PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN NEW ZEALAND: EVIDENCE FROM AN EXTENDED INDUSTRY-LEVEL GROWTH ACCOUNTING MODEL 
Abstract:
  This paper explores the impacts of Information and Communication
 Technologies (ICT) on economic growth in New Zealand. Using an extended
 industry-level growth accounting model to analyse the proximate sources of
 growth in per capita output, we focus on differences in total factor
 productivity (TFP) growth and its sub-components, as well as other major
 components of labour productivity (LP) growth, that emerge between 'more
 ICT intensive' and 'less ICT intensive' industries. Employing,
 alternatively, gross output and net output data, we find great differences
 and distinct patterns in the growth contributions of the two types of
 industries. However, the quest to find evidence of positive ICT impacts is
 still somewhat elusive. Although TFP growth of more ICT intensive
 industries has steadily increased in importance over time, 'pure' or
 within-industry productivity effects are smaller than structural change
 effect, and LP growth has only accelerated in recent years. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 255-275 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Growth accounting, ICT intensive industries, Labour productivity growth, Total factor productivity growth, New Zealand, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600692918 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600692918 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:4:p:255-275




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bhavani Shankar 
Author-X-Name-First: Bhavani 
Author-X-Name-Last: Shankar 
Author-Name: Richard Bennett 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett 
Author-Name: Steve Morse 
Author-X-Name-First: Steve 
Author-X-Name-Last: Morse 
Title: OUTPUT RISK ASPECTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROP TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTH AFRICA 
Abstract:
  Technology involving genetic modification of crops has the potential to
 make a contribution to rural poverty reduction in many developing
 countries. Thus far, insecticide-producing 'Bt' varieties of cotton have
 been the main GM crops under cultivation in developing nations. Several
 studies have evaluated the farm-level performance of Bt varieties in
 comparison to conventional ones by estimating production technology, and
 have mostly found Bt technology to be very successful in raising output
 and/or reducing insecticide input. However, the production risk properties
 of this technology have not been studied, although they are likely to be
 important to risk-averse smallholders. This study investigates the output
 risk aspects of Bt technology using a three-year farm-level dataset on
 smallholder cotton production in Makhathini flats, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South
 Africa. Stochastic dominance and stochastic production function estimation
 methods are used to examine the risk properties of the two technologies.
 Results indicate that Bt technology increases output risk by being most
 effective when crop growth conditions are good, but being less effective
 when conditions are less favourable. However, in spite of its risk
 increasing effect, the mean output performance of Bt cotton is good enough
 to make it preferable to conventional technology even for risk-averse
 smallholders. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 277-291 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Genetically modified crops, GM technology, Bt cotton, Risk and uncertainty, Stochastic dominance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600692926 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600692926 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:4:p:277-291




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yoo-Jin Han 
Author-X-Name-First: Yoo-Jin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Han 
Author-Name: Won-Young Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: Won-Young 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Title: THE EFFECTS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF KOREAN FIRMS ON THE PATENT PRODUCTION FUNCTION 
Abstract:
  In this study, we estimate the input-output relationship between R&D
 investment and the number of patents granted to Korean firms by the US
 Patent and Trademark Office and the Korean Intellectual Property Office.
 Using pooled panel data and time-series data, we also examine the
 influence of the characteristics of the firms, viz. their
 export-orientation, the degree of foreign ownership and
 Chaebol-affiliation on the input-output relationship. It was found that
 the elasticities of US and Korean patents for R&D investment are 1.56 and
 1.38, respectively. It was also shown that, in general, export-oriented
 firms, firms with higher foreign ownership and non-Chaebol firms have
 higher patent producing capability. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 293-301 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Patents, Patent production function, Firm characteristics, Export-orientation, Foreign ownership, Chaebol-affiliation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600740949 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600740949 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:4:p:293-301




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Foray 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foray 
Author-Name: Richard Murnane 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Murnane 
Author-Name: Richard Nelson 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson 
Title: Randomized Trials of Education and Medical Practices: Strengths and Limitations 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 303-306 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982194 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982194 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:303-306




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard J. Murnane 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Murnane 
Author-Name: Richard R. Nelson 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson 
Title: Improving the Performance of the Education Sector: The Valuable, Challenging, and Limited Role of Random Assignment Evaluations 
Abstract:
  In an attempt to improve the quality of educational research, the US
 Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences has provided
 funding for 65 randomized controlled trials of educational interventions.
 We argue that this research methodology is more effective in providing
 guidance to extremely troubled schools about how to make some progress
 than guidance to schools trying to move from making some progress to
 becoming high-performance organizations. We also argue that the
 conventional view of medical research—discoveries made in
 specialized laboratories that are then tested using randomized control
 trials—is an inaccurate description of the sources of advances in
 medical practice. Moreover, this conventional view of the sources of
 advances in medical practice leads to incorrect inferences about how to
 improve educational research. We illustrate this argument using evidence
 from the history of medical research on the treatment of cystic fibrosis. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 307-322 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Education, Medicine, Randomized controlled trials, Research and development, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982236 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982236 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:307-322




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carole J. Torgerson 
Author-X-Name-First: Carole J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Torgerson 
Author-Name: David J. Torgerson 
Author-X-Name-First: David J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Torgerson 
Title: The need for Pragmatic Experimentation in Educational Research 
Abstract:
  The randomised controlled trial (RCT) is the best method for evaluating
 changes in educational practice. Nevertheless, it has been criticised
 because its results often have poor ecological validity. This valid
 criticism can be addressed by designing the RCT so that it mimics normal
 teaching practice as closely as possible, while retaining the benefits of
 random allocation. In this article, we discuss the issues of designing a
 pragmatic RCT. We also present an example of such a trial in
 computer-assisted learning in literacy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 323-330 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Educational research, Randomised controlled trial, Pragmatic experimentation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982327 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982327 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:323-330




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas D. Cook 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas D. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cook 
Title: Randomized Experiments in Education: Assessing the Objections to Doing Them 
Abstract:
  This article analyzes a variety of reasons that are offered within the
 community of educational researchers to explain why so few randomized
 controlled trials (RCTs) have been undertaken. The article suggests
 strategies for dealing with most of these objections. However, some of
 these objections are serious enough, and the remedies sufficiently
 incomplete, that it is difficult to call RCTs the 'gold standard' of
 causal inference in the educational sector. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 331-355 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Random assignment, Educational research, Causal inference, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982335 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982335 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:331-355




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael C. Christensen 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen 
Author-Name: Alan Moskowitz 
Author-X-Name-First: Alan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moskowitz 
Author-Name: Ardesheer Talati 
Author-X-Name-First: Ardesheer 
Author-X-Name-Last: Talati 
Author-Name: Richard R. Nelson 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson 
Author-Name: Nathan Rosenberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Nathan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg 
Author-Name: Annetine C. Gelijns 
Author-X-Name-First: Annetine C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gelijns 
Title: On the Role of Randomized Clinical Trials in Medicine 
Abstract:
  The placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT)
 holds unique advantages for evaluating medical technologies, and figures
 prominently in clinical drug investigations. However, medicine, like other
 social sectors, has experienced a movement toward evidence-based practice
 and policy decision-making that involves the evaluation of complex
 non-pharmacological interventions that frequently challenge the use of the
 RCT. Even with pharmaceuticals used in clinical practice, the application
 of RCTs has its limitations and challenges. This paper argues that both
 the modality of therapy (drugs, devices, and procedures) and the stage of
 technological evolution are important determinants of an optimal
 evaluative design. The practicality of conducting an RCT is inversely
 proportional to the complexity of the healthcare intervention. Iterative
 modifications of medical devices, provider-specific practices, and an
 evolving clinical knowledge-base are just some of the problems plaguing
 technology assessments. Lessons learned on the role of randomized versus
 observational study designs may prove valuable for other social sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 357-370 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Randomized clinical trial, Education, Drugs, Devices, Clinical practice, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982426 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982426 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:357-370




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louise Forsetlund 
Author-X-Name-First: Louise 
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsetlund 
Author-Name: Iain Chalmers 
Author-X-Name-First: Iain 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chalmers 
Author-Name: Arild Bjørndal 
Author-X-Name-First: Arild 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bjørndal 
Title: When Was Random Allocation First Used To Generate Comparison Groups In Experiments To Assess The Effects Of Social Interventions? 
Abstract:
  Random allocation is an important feature of experiments designed to
 assess the effects of interventions: it ensures that, in respect of
 measured and unmeasured factors of prognostic importance, the comparison
 groups generated will differ only by chance. It has been asserted that
 random allocation in experiments to assess the effects of social and
 educational interventions was introduced at least as early as the first
 quarter of the 20th century. However, because the term 'experiment' and
 words with the root 'random-' have not been adequately defined and kept
 apart in these accounts, there is still confusion regarding the studies
 that have been cited as examples on early randomisation. We examined these
 putative examples and found that they were not randomised trials. It seems
 that matching on prognostic variables was the predominant method used to
 generate comparison groups in social and education intervention studies.
 The earliest description of a random allocation procedure in a social or
 educational intervention study that we were able to identify, was
 published in 1928. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 371-384 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Randomised controlled trials/history, Social sciences/history, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982467 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982467 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:371-384




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas D. Cook 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas D. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cook 
Author-Name: Dominique Foray 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foray 
Title: Building the Capacity to Experiment in Schools: A Case Study of the Institute of Educational Sciences in the US Department of Education 
Abstract:
  This article is about building new research capacities to foster a
 fundamental shift in research methods. It examines in detail the new R&D
 policy of the US Department of Education, which is designed to
 dramatically increase the number of experiments conducted in schools
 despite limitations in the supply of seasoned experimenters. The article
 reviews the various policy mechanisms that are being used both to
 implement this new pro-experimental policy and to increase the supply of
 experimenters. It also very briefly discusses some of the potential
 positive and negative effects of pursuing such an R&D policy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 385-402 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Randomized clinical trials, Research policy, R&D policy, Supply of and demand for experiments, R&D methods shift, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600982475 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600982475 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:5:p:385-402




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank R. Lichtenberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Frank R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lichtenberg 
Title: IMPORTATION AND INNOVATION 
Abstract:
  Importation of drugs into the US may soon become legal. Since prices of
 drugs are lower in most other countries than they are in the US,
 importation would result in a decline in US drug prices. The purpose of
 this paper is to assess the consequences of importation for new drug
 development. First, the author presents a simple theoretical model of drug
 development which suggests that the elasticity of innovation with respect
 to the expected price of drugs should be at least as great as the
 elasticity of innovation with respect to expected market size (disease
 incidence). Then, the cross-sectional relationship between pharmaceutical
 innovation and market size among a set of diseases (different types of
 cancer) exhibiting substantial exogenous variation in expected market size
 is examined. Two different measures of pharmaceutical innovation are
 analysed: the number of distinct chemotherapy regimens for treating a
 cancer site and the number of articles published in scientific journals
 pertaining to drug therapy for that cancer site. Both analyses indicate
 that the amount of pharmaceutical innovation increases with disease
 incidence. The elasticity of the number of chemotherapy regimens with
 respect to the number of cases is 0.53. The elasticity of MEDLINE drug
 cites with respect to cancer incidence throughout the world is 0.60. In
 the long run, a 10% decline in drug prices would therefore be likely to
 cause at least a 5-6% decline in pharmaceutical innovation. Evidence
 suggests that pharmaceutical industry employment would also decline (by at
 least 3.5-4%) in response to an exogenous 10% decline in drug prices. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 403-417 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, Importation, Innovation, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Employment, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601002307 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601002307 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:6:p:403-417




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: G. Rothwell 
Author-X-Name-First: G. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rothwell 
Title: MANAGING ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM DEPLOYMENT: AN OPTIMAL ALLOCATION BETWEEN R&D AND PROTOTYPE FUNDING 
Abstract:
  The research and development manager allocates R&D funds to maximize the
 expected discounted net value of the R&D programme. Because public R&D
 managers do not have the same market discipline (or rewards) as private
 R&D managers, public R&D managers require a methodology for maximizing the
 expected net benefits. The US National Research Council of the National
 Academies in Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and
 Development at DOE (Phase One): A First Look Forward (2005) proposed a
 cost-benefit methodology to evaluate US Department of Energy's Research,
 Development, and Demonstration (RD&D) programmes. This paper specifies and
 extends this methodology, e.g., by adding cost targets into each stage of
 the RD&D process. Expected benefits are modelled as a function of funding
 levels, stage durations, stage transition probabilities, and target costs.
 With this method, the paper determines an optimal allocation of
 pre-prototype R&D funding, given a total funding constraint for an
 advanced energy system. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 419-432 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Decision analysis, Research and development, R&D management, RD&D, RDD&D, Technology development, Innovation, Energy policy, Advanced energy systems, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601153894 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601153894 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lourens Broersma 
Author-X-Name-First: Lourens 
Author-X-Name-Last: Broersma 
Author-Name: Bart Van Ark 
Author-X-Name-First: Bart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Ark 
Title: ICT, BUSINESS SERVICES AND LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH 
Abstract:
  This paper focuses on the diffusion of knowledge intensive business
 services (KIBS) in relation to information and communication
 technology-based innovations and their effect on productivity growth.
 Intermediate purchases of KIBS by any other industry determine the extent
 of KIBS diffusion. This diffusion is seen as part of the broader process
 of organisational innovations. We find a significant positive relation
 between this measure of KIBS diffusion and the intensity of information
 technology (IT). Not only do use of IT and KIBS both contribute positively
 to labour productivity growth, we also find that the combination of these
 two inputs adds further to productivity growth for the aggregate economy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 433-449 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Innovation, IT use, KIBS, Productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600914429 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600914429 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:6:p:433-449




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maggie X. Chen 
Author-X-Name-First: Maggie X. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen 
Author-Name: Murat Iyigun 
Author-X-Name-First: Murat 
Author-X-Name-Last: Iyigun 
Author-Name: Keith E. Maskus 
Author-X-Name-First: Keith E. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maskus 
Title: GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSING AND THE INTENSITY OF AGGREGATE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 
Abstract:
  We develop a theoretical model in which the sophistication of
 technologies improves over time due to research and development (R&D)
 undertaken by software developers in two sectors. In the commercial
 sector, R&D intensity is driven by economic incentives, whereas in the
 sector using the General Public License (GPL), it is driven by the
 preference-based labor supply of individuals. A higher amount of GPL labor
 allocation generates equilibrium effects that adversely affect commercial
 software development. When the degree of imitation in the GPL sector is
 relatively higher than in the commercial sector, or the commercial sector
 has increasing returns of a limited degree, the R&D intensity in the
 commercial sector would decline by more than any increases in R&D
 intensity in the GPL sector. Thus, aggregate R&D intensity in the long run
 would be reduced. Numerical simulation indicates that this outcome
 pertains under realistic parameter ranges. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 451-466 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: General Public Licensing, Proprietary software, Innovation intensity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600914452 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600914452 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:6:p:451-466




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jarle Hildrum 
Author-X-Name-First: Jarle 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hildrum 
Title: WHEN IS FREQUENT FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT NECESSARY IN INNOVATION? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO DISTRIBUTED PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 
Abstract:
  This paper combines the concept of technological modularity from the
 product-development literature with the concept of brokers from literature
 about communities of practice to explain why some innovation project teams
 require frequent face-to-face interactions to efficiently co-create new
 technologies, whereas others do not. The explanation is explored through a
 comparative case-study analysis of two distributed product-development
 projects in the European software and telecommunications industries. These
 case-study projects traversed several geographical sites in Norway,
 Germany, Greece, England and the Netherlands as well various communities
 of practice related to a number of distinct technological specialisations.
 The method involved participative observations and 40 in-depth interviews
 with key project members, managers and consultants. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 467-484 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: International innovation projects, Face-to-face interactions, ICT, Communities of practice, Technological modularity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600914494 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600914494 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Pianta 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pianta 
Author-Name: Andrea Vaona 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vaona 
Title: Innovation and Productivity in European Industries 
Abstract:
  The labour productivity impact of innovation is investigated in this
 paper combining neo-Schumpeterian insights on the variety of innovation
 with the importance of industrial structures and firm size; two models are
 proposed for explaining productivity and export success in European
 manufacturing industries and firm-size classes. The empirical estimates
 are based on data from the European innovation survey (CIS 2), covering
 Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK, broken down by 22
 sectors and for large, medium, and small firms. The econometric results,
 obtained adopting cross-sectional estimation methodologies able to account
 for unobserved industrial characteristics, show that productivity in
 Europe relies on product and process innovation, with the support of the
 efficiency gains provided by grouped business structures. Conversely, in
 Italy the introduction of new machinery linked to innovation appears as
 the key mechanism supporting domestic productivity. When export success is
 considered, all countries have to rely on an innovation-based model of
 competitiveness. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 485-499 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Innovation, Productivity, Export performance, Industries, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600914569 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600914569 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:7:p:485-499




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jianmin Tang 
Author-X-Name-First: Jianmin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tang 
Author-Name: Can Le 
Author-X-Name-First: Can 
Author-X-Name-Last: Le 
Title: Multidimensional Innovation and Productivity 
Abstract:
  Innovation is a complex process and has multiple dimensions. In assessing
 the linkage between innovation and productivity, most of studies, due to
 data limitations, use only one single indicator to measure innovation.
 This paper argues that this practice may systematically bias against
 certain groups of companies or industries since they often engage in
 different innovation activities to achieve their different business
 objectives. To better measure innovation, this paper develops an
 innovation index, a linear combination of multiple innovation indicators
 based on a latent variable model. The proposition is supported by evidence
 from a rich micro dataset for Canadian manufacturing firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 501-516 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Innovation, Productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600914585 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600914585 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ajay Agrawal 
Author-X-Name-First: Ajay 
Author-X-Name-Last: Agrawal 
Author-Name: Lorenzo Garlappi 
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garlappi 
Title: Public Sector Science And The Strategy Of The Commons 
Abstract:
  We model the conditions under which incumbent firms may purposefully
 create an intellectual property (IP) commons such that no firm has the
 incentive to invest in new product development, despite the potential
 profitability of a public sector invention. The strategy of spoiling
 incentives to innovate by eliminating exclusive IP rights—the
 strategy of the commons—is motivated by a fear of cannibalization
 and supported by a credible threat. We show how the degree of potential
 cannibalization is related to this market failure and characterize the
 subgame perfect equilibrium in which the strategy of the commons is
 played. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 517-539 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Entry deterrence, Intellectual property, University research, Welfare loss, Cannibalization, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600914627 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600914627 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:7:p:517-539




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meindert Flikkema 
Author-X-Name-First: Meindert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Flikkema 
Author-Name: Paul Jansen 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jansen 
Author-Name: Lidewey Van Der Sluis 
Author-X-Name-First: Lidewey 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Der Sluis 
Title: Identifying Neo-Schumpeterian Innovation in Service Firms: A Conceptual Essay with a Novel Classification 
Abstract:
  The identification of innovation in service firms is problematic since
 there is no consensus of opinion on its conceptualization. Recent papers
 suggest both distinctive features of innovation in services and
 distinctive types of service innovation. This article reviews and
 evaluates these findings from a Schumpeterian perspective. The evaluation
 justifies conceptualizing service innovation as a specific case of service
 development with a reference to Schumpeter, but not as strict as proposed
 by Drejer (2004) [Drejer, I. (2004) Identifying Innovation in Surveys of
 Services: A Schumpeterian Perspective. Research Policy, 33, 551-562].
 Despite the simultaneity of production and consumption in services, this
 article claims that the distinction between product innovation and process
 innovation should be preferred to other ways of classifying innovation in
 service firms. Finally, changes in the denomination of services are
 advanced as a key to the identification of development and innovation in
 service firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 541-558 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Services, Innovation, Technology, Schumpeter, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600918602 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600918602 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:7:p:541-558




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gamal Atallah 
Author-X-Name-First: Gamal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Atallah 
Title: Research Joint Ventures with Asymmetric Spillovers and Symmetric Contributions 
Abstract:
  The paper proposes a new type of R&D cooperation between firms endowed
 with asymmetric spillovers, which we call symmetric Research Joint Venture
 (RJV) cartelization, based on reciprocity in information exchange. In this
 setting, firms coordinate their R&D expenditures and also share
 information, but such that the asymmetric spillover rates are increased
 through cooperation by equal amounts. It is found that this type of
 cooperation reduces R&D investment by the low spillover firm when its
 spillover is sufficiently low and the spillover of its competitor is
 sufficiently high. But it always increases the R&D of the high spillover
 firm, as well as total R&D (and hence effective cost reduction and
 welfare). A firm prefers no cooperation to symmetric RJV cartelization if
 its spillover rate is very high and the spillover rate of its competitor
 is intermediate. The profitability of symmetric RJV cartelization relative
 to other modes of cooperation is analyzed. It is found that symmetric RJV
 cartelization constitutes an equilibrium for a very wide range of
 spillovers, namely, when asymmetries between spillovers are not too large.
 As these asymmetries increase, the equilibrium goes from symmetric RJV
 cartelization, to RJV cartelization, to R&D competition, to R&D
 cartelization. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 559-586 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: R&D cooperation, Asymmetric R&D spillovers, Research Joint Ventures, Information sharing, Reciprocity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600919519 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600919519 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:7:p:559-586




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Waterman 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Waterman 
Title: THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON THE QUALITY AND VARIETY OF INFORMATION PRODUCTS 
Abstract:
  Anecdotal evidence suggests that producers of information products (TV
 programs, movies, computer software) may respond to potentially
 cost-saving technological change by increasing, rather than reducing,
 their total production investments in the 'first copy' of each product,
 possibly at the expense of product variety. Comparative statics show that
 under reasonable assumptions about consumer demand and production
 technology, competitive firms in a monopolistically competitive industry
 are in fact induced to increase first-copy investments as a result of
 either what we define as 'quality-enhancing' or 'cost-reducing' types of
 technological advance, whereas product variety either falls or stays the
 same. Results suggest that contrary to often held expectations,
 potentially cost-saving technological advances in information industries
 may result in greater market concentration. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 587-594 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Information products, Product variety, Product quality, Technological change, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600925144 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600925144 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:8:p:587-594




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Schettino 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schettino 
Title: US PATENT CITATIONS DATA AND INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the US interindustry
 knowledge spillover using the NBER patents data file (1963-1999). Reputing
 the patent backward citations as a good proxy of the patent's knowledge
 spillover, we proceed by building a time series to each US manufacturing
 industry patent citations and their lags. Then, we generate the time
 series of the external and the internal knowledge flow indices, showing
 that traditional sectors are more technology-dependent from the others
 than the new one. Here, in the spirit of Pavitt [Pavitt, Research Policy
 13, 343-73, 1984]. We derive a new taxonomy of innovation focusing on the
 ideas instead of the goods production in order to obtain the innovation
 linkage and trajectories. Once we determined that each sector's most cited
 patents are typically belong to the 'new' sectors, we evaluate the high-
 and low-tech sectors innovation effect on the whole economy innovation
 process. Confirming that the high-tech sectors, and its R&D expenditures,
 are the most important, we conclude that it is the giant's shoulders,
 substance of the whole economy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 595-633 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Patents, Knowledge spillover, Endogenous growth, Innovation taxonomy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600925201 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600925201 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Emilie-Pauline Gallie 
Author-X-Name-First: Emilie-Pauline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallie 
Author-Name: Diego Legros 
Author-X-Name-First: Diego 
Author-X-Name-Last: Legros 
Title: HOW DO SPATIAL SPILLOVERS DIFFUSE IN SCIENCE-INDUSTRY INTERACTIONS? THE CASE OF FRENCH BIOTECH SECTOR 
Abstract:
  The objective of this article is to study the interactions that exist
 between public research and private research in the French biotechnology
 sector. These interactions are observable at a double level. On the one
 hand, public research can influence private research, and conversely.
 Researchers of these two spheres develop important relations of
 cooperation. We then seek to identify these mutual influences and to
 measure their spatial dimension. Using asymptotic least squares method, we
 show that spillovers can diffuse through cooperation in upstream and
 downstream phases of the innovation process. On the other hand, spillovers
 resulting from public or private research, when measured by an external
 stock of knowledge, would be located, in so far as they exist. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 635-652 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Spillovers, Spatial dimension, Cooperation, Biotechnologies, Asymptotic least squares, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600931928 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600931928 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:8:p:635-652




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandro Muscio 
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Muscio 
Title: THE IMPACT OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY ON SMEs' COLLABORATION 
Abstract:
  Absorptive capacity plays a key role in determining firms' capability to
 access and make use of external knowledge. However, little evidence has
 been provided about this important determinant of knowledge acquisition in
 the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This article
 investigates the importance of absorptive capacity created and accumulated
 in R&D efforts and in qualified human resources, on SMEs' capabilities to
 collaborate with other firms, with universities and with technology
 transfer centres. The empirical evidence is based on a survey of
 interviews with 276 manufacturing SMEs located in the Lombardy region
 (Italy). Probit model estimations demonstrate that even in SMEs absorptive
 capacity has a relevant impact on the ability of firms to establish
 collaborations with external organisations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 653-668 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Absorptive capacity, Collaboration, SMEs, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600983994 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600983994 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:8:p:653-668




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giuliana Battisti 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuliana 
Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti 
Author-Name: Heinz Hollenstein 
Author-X-Name-First: Heinz 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hollenstein 
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Author-Name: Martin Woerter 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Woerter 
Title: INTER AND INTRA FIRM DIFFUSION OF ICT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (UK) AND SWITZERLAND (CH) AN INTERNATIONALLY COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON FIRM-LEVEL DATA 
Abstract:
  This paper attempts to at least partially redress a paucity of current
 literature on the joint analysis of inter and intra firm diffusion of
 innovations within as well as across countries. In particular, by using
 two data sets derived from independent country-specific surveys, it
 undertakes an international comparison of inter and intra firm diffusion
 of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use in the UK and
 Switzerland. This allows one to address many of the problems that have
 prevented general conclusions on the drivers of inter and intra firm ICT
 adoption decisions. An encompassing model is proposed which gives quite
 satisfactory results for both countries. It is found that inter and intra
 firm ICT adoption decisions are driven by different factors, confirming
 the findings of Battisti and Stoneman [Battisti, G. and Stoneman, P.
 (2003) Inter and Intra Firm Effects in the Diffusion of New process
 Technology. Research Policy, 32, 1641-1655; Battisti, G. and Stoneman, P.
 (2005) The Intra Firm Diffusion of New Process Technologies. International
 Journal of Industrial organisation 23, 1-22.] and Hollenstein and Woerter
 [Hollenstein, H. and Woerter, M. (2004) The Decision to Adopt
 Internet-based E-commerce. An Empirical Analysis Based on Swiss Firm-level
 Data. KOF Working paper NG 89, Zurich.] that 'first use' and
 'intensification of use' represent independent choices. The study also
 suggests that significant differences exist between the UK and
 Switzerland, probably as a result of their differing diffusion stages. In
 addition the importance of new organisational and managerial practices as
 drivers of diffusion stressed by recent theoretical and empirical work is
 supported for both countries. Overall the findings suggest that
 comparative research is a promising way to identify robust relationships
 and should be explored further. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 669-687 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 16 
Year: 2007 
Keywords: Technological diffusion, ICT and e-business activities, International comparison, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600984026 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600984026 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:16:y:2007:i:8:p:669-687




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michel Quere 
Author-X-Name-First: Michel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Quere 
Title: INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 
Abstract:
  This special issue aims at promoting the economics of knowledge
 governance as a meaningful research field. It especially helps to the
 understanding of current performance of economic systems. Some guidelines
 are suggested in order to delineate the economics of knowledge governance. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-3 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701231335 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701231335 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: G. Avnimelech 
Author-X-Name-First: G. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Avnimelech 
Author-Name: M. Teubal 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teubal 
Title: FROM DIRECT SUPPORT OF BUSINESS SECTOR R&D/INNOVATION TO TARGETING VENTURE CAPITAL/PRIVATE EQUITY: A CATCHING-UP INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE 
Abstract:
  The paper presents a generic, three-phase innovation and technology
 policy (ITP) model which, in a number of contexts, could lead to the
 successful rise of venture capital (VC) or related equity-based support
 and finance systems for innovative SMEs both in high- and non-high-tech
 sectors. There has been increasing recognition that such systems could
 facilitate country attempts at latching into the ICT revolution,
 catching-up and deepening of R&D/Innovation; and for facilitating the
 transition to a knowledge/learning economy. Whereas the model is inspired
 by the successful Israeli experience during the 1969-2000 period, the
 other examples referred to in the paper suggest that it is adaptable to
 other contexts as well. A critical analytical point is whether, in the
 wake of direct government support of business sector (BS) R&D/Innovation
 (Phase 1), conditions will emerge for the successful emergence of VC or
 related industries in Phase 3 (and, whenever necessary, for the successful
 policy targeting of such industries). These are termed Phase 2 conditions;
 and the paper refers to three Phase 2 profiles: the Israeli profile; the
 Chilean profile; and a third 'strategic' profile, which seems to have been
 adopted by Korea. The analysis strongly suggests that a multiphase ITP
 model could be an important analytical tool both for policy analysis and
 for policy making. Over and beyond its emphasis on the dynamic links
 between direct Government support of BS R&D/innovation and subsequent
 policies directed to VC, the paper also shows that policy could be subject
 to increasing rather than to decreasing returns. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 153-172 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Venture capital, Knowledge-based entrepreneurship, Innovation and technology policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279417 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279417 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:153-172




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudine Gay 
Author-X-Name-First: Claudine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gay 
Author-Name: William Latham 
Author-X-Name-First: William 
Author-X-Name-Last: Latham 
Author-Name: Christian Le Bas 
Author-X-Name-First: Christian Le 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bas 
Title: COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE, PROLIFIC INVENTORS AND THE VALUE OF INVENTIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF FRENCH, GERMAN AND BRITISH PATENTS IN THE US, 1975-1999 
Abstract:
  The objective of this paper is to test two related hypotheses: The first
 is that the involvement of both prolific and foreign inventors in the
 production of knowledge has a direct, positive impact on the collective
 dimension of this knowledge production as measured by the size of the
 inventive team. The second is that the involvement of both prolific and
 foreign inventors has a direct, positive impact on the value of the new
 knowledge produced. We use detailed information from nearly 300,000
 patents granted by the US Patent Office to French, German, and British
 inventors over the period from 1975 to 1999. From the data available from
 each patent regarding citations of prior patents and the numbers and
 identities of the inventors listed in the patent application, we are able
 to construct measures of collective knowledge, the presence of prolific
 and foreign inventors, and the imputed value of patents. In a novel
 approach in this literature, we estimate negative binomial multiple
 regression models for determining both the size of the collective
 dimension and the value of the patents. After controlling for the effects
 of years, technological fields, and patenting country, we find a strong
 support for the hypothesis that both prolific and foreign inventors tend
 to be parts of larger teams of inventors and for the hypothesis that
 prolific and foreign inventors tend to produce inventions having more
 value. In the conclusion, we draw some implications from these results for
 knowledge governance. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 5-22 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Patent value, Prolific inventors, Collective knowledge, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279193 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279193 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:5-22




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: C. Antonelli 
Author-X-Name-First: C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli 
Author-Name: M. Calderini 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Calderini 
Title: THE GOVERNANCE OF KNOWLEDGE COMPOSITENESS AND TECHNOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN EUROPE 
Abstract:
  Knowledge compositeness measures the variety of scientific disciplines
 that it is necessary to command in order to generate new technological
 knowledge. The paper investigates the relations between the knowledge
 compositeness of the flow of patents delivered to the main European
 automobile companies and the evolution of their technological and product
 market shares. Compositeness confirms to be an important characteristic of
 private knowledge: its governance exerts strong and positive effects on
 the technological and competitive advantage of firms. Knowledge
 compositeness has strong effects on the mechanisms of knowledge governance
 and management of technology. Appropriate measures of knowledge
 compositeness make it possible to qualify the quantitative measures of the
 technological competence of firms based upon patents counts. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 23-41 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Knowledge compositeness, Competitive advantage, European automobile industry, Patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279243 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279243 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: V. Acha 
Author-X-Name-First: V. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Acha 
Author-Name: S. Brusoni 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brusoni 
Title: THE CHANGING GOVERNANCE OF KNOWLEDGE IN AVIONICS 
Abstract:
  Taking in hand the two sides (i.e. cognitive and risk-bearing) of
 authority in design and production in complex tasks, this paper aims to
 give a first look at shifts in the locus of authority in the aviation
 electronics—or avionics—industry. Relying on patent and
 joint ventures data, we attempt to trace the evolution of problem-solving
 'authority' over the evolution of the industry, using an empirical
 approach which can then be used to explore similar trends in other
 industries. We find that while it is still too early to say whether we are
 observing a wholesale shift of 'authority' from aircraft makers to
 avionics producers, it is clear that the leading avionics producers are
 challenging their clients in taking the role of systems integrators. We
 can speculate that we may be observing the beginning of a 'market for
 technology'. At the very least, we are observing an increasing
 distribution of both problem-solving authority and risk in this industry. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 43-57 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Avionics, Innovation, Knowledge, Modularity, Governance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279284 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279284 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:43-57




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Vale 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vale 
Author-Name: Josue Caldeira 
Author-X-Name-First: Josue 
Author-X-Name-Last: Caldeira 
Title: FASHION AND THE GOVERNANCE OF KNOWLEDGE IN A TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF THE FOOTWEAR SECTORAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF PORTUGAL 
Abstract:
  The paper deals with the footwear industry as a sectoral innovation
 system. It particularly focuses on the incidental role of fashion in
 restructuring and innovation within the footwear production. The
 importance taken by fashion leads towards a more complicated reading of
 the recent changes of this industry, regarding its organization,
 innovation processes, and its mode of technological knowledge governance.
 More especially, within the traditional footwear industry, low levels of
 knowledge appropriability were combined with low cumulativeness in firms
 with low-innovative activity. However, as fashion was incorporated in the
 footwear industry, technological knowledge governance evolves towards
 higher cumulativeness at least at the industry level. This contribution
 discusses in detail the pervasiveness of fashion onto the footwear
 industry. It especially shows how the numerous agents involved in the
 fashion knowledge production and their geographical concentration allow
 for increasing returns when they align well with knowledge cumulativeness
 at the industry level. It also reveals that the renewed knowledge base of
 fashion exhibits a higher degree of tacitness and typically develops along
 an external localized knowledge base. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 61-78 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Fashion industry, Footwear manufacturing, Sectoral innovation system, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279318 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279318 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:61-78




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. Krafft 
Author-X-Name-First: J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Krafft 
Author-Name: J. -L. Ravix 
Author-X-Name-First: J. -L. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ravix 
Title: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND THE GOVERNANCE OF KNOWLEDGE: RETHINKING THE RELATIONSHIP IN TERMS OF CORPORATE COHERENCE 
Abstract:
  Corporate governance and the governance of knowledge were for a long time
 distinct fields of analysis. Reasons for this incompatibility are linked
 to the restricted vision of corporate governance supported by shareholder
 value which essentially refers to information rather than knowledge. In
 this paper, we argue that other visions of corporate governance exist
 which are also closer to knowledge dynamics and knowledge governance
 problems. We elaborate thus on the possible reconciliation between
 corporate governance and the governance of knowledge. We sustain that each
 key actor (the manager and the investor) embodies a piece of diversified
 and localized knowledge related to his/her specific domain and field of
 experience, and these different modules of knowledge have to be recombined
 by an appropriate mode of corporate governance that stimulates corporate
 development. In this perspective, the reconciliation really appears
 essential since managers, by defining and selecting innovative processes,
 and investors, by determining the money that is invested to sustain these
 processes, both take part in the creation and governance of new knowledge
 by the firm. We show that this reconciliation can be based on the notion
 of corporate coherence of the cognitive firm that allows replacing the
 conventional conflicting vision of corporate governance by a new vision
 based on cooperation between managers and investors that collectively
 contribute to corporate development and coherence. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 79-95 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Corporate governance, Corporate coherence, Corporate finance, Corporate development, Governance of knowledge, Knowledge dynamics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279359 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279359 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:79-95




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Bozkaya 
Author-X-Name-First: A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bozkaya 
Author-Name: B. Van Pottelsberghe De La Potterie 
Author-X-Name-First: B. Van Pottelsberghe 
Author-X-Name-Last: De La Potterie 
Title: WHO FUNDS TECHNOLOGY-BASED SMALL FIRMS? EVIDENCE FROM BELGIUM 
Abstract:
  Using an original survey sample of 103 unquoted Belgian technology-based
 small firms (TBSFs), we examine the capital structure of start-up
 companies during their consecutive development stages. We find that
 internal funds, either alone as personal savings or in combination with
 family and friends, to be the primary source of financing. Personal funds
 of the founders are used to finance the start of 82% of TBSFs. Commercial
 bank and government funds are the most important sources of external
 finance for TBSFs subsequent to start-up. Most founders agreed that
 business angels and venture capitalists play a greater role at later
 stages. However, once granted, more substantial amounts of funding come
 from venture capitalists. There is also evidence that suggests a change in
 the mix of internal and external sources of finance. Finally, our findings
 based on founders' scores in raising external funds suggest a call for
 urgent policy action to improve access to and availability of early-stage
 entrepreneurial finance in Belgium. We discuss our findings in light of
 the capital structure of small firms relating to TBSFs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 97-122 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Venture capital, Technology-based firms, Ownership structure, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279466 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279466 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:97-122




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Fransman 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fransman 
Title: DISAGGREGATING FIRMS IN ANALYSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIP: BASED ON AN ANALYTICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDY FROM SCOTLAND 
Abstract:
  It has been acknowledged that universities are key institutions in
 national and regional systems of innovation. This recognition has led to a
 rich stream of literature analysing the university-industry relationship.
 However, relatively little attention has been devoted to disaggregating
 the 'industry' side of this relationship and examining the costs and
 benefits to the disaggregated parties involved. In the present article,
 which draws on an analytical and empirical study from Scotland, it is
 suggested that it makes sense to distinguish between three kinds of firms
 in analysing the university-industry relationship: large national and
 international R&D-intensive firms, university spin-out firms, and
 established small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that have had
 little interaction with universities. The different costs and benefits
 facing these firms in their interactions with universities are analysed.
 It is concluded that the established SMEs confront relatively high costs
 in relating to universities. Finally, the policy implications are
 explored. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 123-136 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Science-industry relationship, Academic entrepreneurs, High-tech SMEs, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279490 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279490 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:123-136




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Quere 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Quere 
Title: KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION: PROMOTING A SYSTEM APPROACH OF INNOVATION PROCESSES 
Abstract:
  This contribution intends to clarify for the current discussion about
 knowledge and its importance within economic systems. It relies on the
 complementary character of the economics of knowledge of Marshall and
 Hayek. One of them is useful to discuss opportunities and limits of the
 so-called resource-based theory of the firm in order to deal with the
 relationship between the governance of knowledge and firms' innovative
 behaviours; the other is useful to insist on the importance of knowledge
 channelled by and within market dynamics. As a consequence, their
 combination allows one to pave better grounds to current knowledge
 economic importance by exploring in-depth characteristics of knowledge,
 expressing the need to deal with the governance of technological
 knowledge, and promoting the localized and distributed characters of
 firms' innovative behaviours. This finally leads to promote an
 innovation-system approach based on that localized character of innovative
 behaviours of firms in order to depict proper use made by firms in matters
 of knowledge generation, use, dissemination, and trade. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 137-152 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Knowledge governance, Innovation systems, Industry dynamics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701231343 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701231343 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:1-2:p:137-152




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefan Wagner 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner 
Title: BUSINESS METHOD PATENTS IN EUROPE AND THEIR STRATEGIC USE—EVIDENCE FROM FRANKING DEVICE MANUFACTURERS 
Abstract:
  There has been a wide-spread misconception based on the imprecise wording
 of Art. 52 of the European Patent Convention that the protection of
 business methods by patents is prohibited in Europe. This article
 investigates the legal framework set by patent laws with respect to the
 patentability of business methods, contrasting the situation in lege in
 Europe and the situation in the US. It is shown that in praxi business
 methods have never been excluded from patentability in Europe. In the
 empirical part of the article, 1901 European patent applications relating
 to business methods are identified and major patent indicators are
 computed. Further, a case study from the franking device industry which is
 characterized by strong competition for intellectual property rights is
 conducted. It contains evidence for the strategic use of business method
 patents leading to opposition rates against granted patents of 44%. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 173-194 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Business method patents, Patent opposition, EPO, Franking device manufacturers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590600984042 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590600984042 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marc Escrihuela-Villar 
Author-X-Name-First: Marc 
Author-X-Name-Last: Escrihuela-Villar 
Title: INNOVATION AND MARKET CONCENTRATION WITH ASYMMETRIC FIRMS 
Abstract:
  This paper considers a theoretical model of n asymmetric firms that
 reduce their initial unit costs by spending on R&D activities. In
 accordance with the Schumpeterian hypotheses, more efficient (bigger)
 firms spend more on R&D and this leads to a more concentrated market
 structure. This calls for an industrial policy. A double channel of
 intervention with measures directed towards production together with
 others towards innovation is considered. We show that a corrective tax to
 curtail strategic incentives to over-invest in R&D, together with a
 production subsidy, reduce market concentration. When the policy is firm
 specific, the government taxes the more efficient firms less, basically
 because the policy could be used as an instrument to divert production to
 the more efficient firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 195-207 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: R&D, Asymmetries, Market concentration, Optimal industrial policy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601002356 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601002356 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:3:p:195-207




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Spyros Arvanitis 
Author-X-Name-First: Spyros 
Author-X-Name-Last: Arvanitis 
Title: EXPLAINING INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN SERVICE INDUSTRIES: MICRO DATA EVIDENCE FOR SWITZERLAND 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we analysed empirically the innovative behaviour of firms
 in the Swiss service sector building on the wide consent in economic
 literature that demand prospects, type and intensity of competition,
 market structure, factors governing the production of knowledge
 (appropriability, technological opportunities), financing conditions as
 well as firm size are the main determinants of a firm's innovative
 activity. For the empirical work, we used firm data from nine service
 industries collected by the Swiss Innovation Survey 1999. We obtained a
 pattern of explanation of the innovative activity which looked quite
 plausible across the different types of innovation measures used
 (input-oriented and output-oriented innovation variables); it was also
 consistent to that found earlier for manufacturing. In general, the
 empirical model captured rather the characteristics of the basic decision
 to innovate rather than those of the decision to choose some level of
 innovative activity. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 209-225 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Innovation, Services, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601004220 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601004220 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eero Lehto 
Author-X-Name-First: Eero 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehto 
Title: ON THE IMPACTS OF R&D SUPPORT AND ON SPECIALIZATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE 
Abstract:
  This study considers situations in which specialized innovators and
 incumbent manufacturers trade on innovations. Manufacturers also invest in
 their own R&D, and only if they are unsuccessful do they go to the outside
 market for innovations. We then consider the impacts of public R&D support
 and show that the desired direct effect on R&D investments or on the
 number of new innovators easily crowds out in the form of indirect market
 repercussions. We also show that an industry's natural growth does not
 induce manufacturers to specialize in either purely in-house or in purely
 out-house provision of new knowledge. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 227-240 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Trading innovations, R&D support, Specialization in the provision of new knowledge, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601153852 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601153852 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:3:p:227-240




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julio Sanchez-Choliz 
Author-X-Name-First: Julio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Choliz 
Author-Name: Francisco Fatas-Villafranca 
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fatas-Villafranca 
Author-Name: Gloria Jarne 
Author-X-Name-First: Gloria 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jarne 
Author-Name: Isabel Perez-Grasa 
Author-X-Name-First: Isabel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Perez-Grasa 
Title: ENDOGENOUS CYCLICAL GROWTH WITH A SIGMOIDAL DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS 
Abstract:
  The model we propose in this paper is an extension of the one described
 in Freeman et al. [Freeman, S., Hong, D. and Peled, D. (1999) Endogenous
 Cycles and Growth with Indivisible Technological Developments. Review of
 Economics Dynamics, 2, 403-432]. In our model, we incorporate the process
 of diffusion of major innovations and analyze macroeconomic effects on
 consumption, capital and aggregate output. Following Bresnahan and
 Trajtenberg [Bresnahan, T. and Trajtenberg, M. (1995) General Purpose
 Technologies: Engines of Growth?. Journal of Econometrics, 65, 83-108.],
 Helpman [Helpman, E. (ed.) (1998) General Purpose Technologies and
 Economic Growth. MIT Press] and Lipsey et al. [Lipsey, R.G., Carlaw, K.
 and Bekar, C. (2005) Economic Transformations: General Purpose
 Technologies and Long Term Economic Growth. Oxford University Press.] we
 assimilate major innovations with the emergence of certain GPTs, and we
 suggest that the diffusion process for these technologies, at a large
 scale, might follow an S-shaped pattern. The proposed model presents
 optimum stationary solutions which are cyclical and have a wave dynamic
 within each cycle. The cycles are characterized by certain co-movements in
 consumption, R&D investment, capital accumulation and output.
 Consideration of the innovation diffusion process highlights new aspects
 of endogenous cycles and long-run growth. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 241-268 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Endogenous growth, Diffusion of innovations, S-shaped dynamics, Cycles, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601153910 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601153910 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:3:p:241-268




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carter Bloch 
Author-X-Name-First: Carter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bloch 
Title: THE MARKET VALUATION OF KNOWLEDGE ASSETS 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the market valuation of R&D in Denmark for 1989-2001,
 adding to the limited number of studies of countries outside of the US or
 the UK. In terms of financial systems or ownership structure, Denmark can
 be seen as an intermediate case between Anglo-Saxon models in the US and
 the UK and large continental European countries such as France, Germany
 and Italy. In order to facilitate international comparison, the analysis
 follows Hall and Oriani (2006), and it is found that the relative shadow
 value of R&D for Denmark is larger than comparable values for France,
 Germany, Italy and the US, and similar to those for the UK. Though, while
 relative shadow values are high overall, shadow values are substantially
 lower for firms with high R&D intensity. The role of ownership structure
 is also examined and it is found, in contrast to comparable results for
 France and Italy, that R&D is actually valued more highly in Danish firms
 with a single large shareholder. It is argued that this difference may be
 due to greater investor protection in Denmark. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 269-284 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Market valuation, R&D, Knowledge capital, Intangible assets, Ownership structure, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590601177133 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590601177133 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:3:p:269-284




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petr Hanel 
Author-X-Name-First: Petr 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanel 
Title: THE USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND INNOVATION BY MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN CANADA 
Abstract:
  The objective of the paper is to determine how the utilisation of
 intellectual property rights (IPRs) by Canadian manufacturing firms is
 related to their characteristics, activities, competitive strategies and
 industry sector in which they operate. The principal source of information
 used in this endeavour is the Statistics Canada Survey of Innovation 1999.
 The paper starts with an overview of other studies that looked at the use
 of intellectual property rights in Canada. Follows a conceptual framework
 presenting variables likely to explain the use specific IPRs by Canadian
 manufacturing firms. The use of IPRs is to a great extent correlated with
 basic economic characteristics of firms, their activities and industry
 environment. A series of estimated logit regressions predict the
 probability that a firm will use a specific IPR instrument. Also estimated
 is the contribution of the use of IPRs to the probability that a firm
 innovates. The decision of a firm to use IPRs is often not independent of
 the decision to innovate. To eliminate the potential endogeneity bias I
 estimate a two-stage logit model. A comparison of the single- and
 two-stage logit models shows that the nexus from the protection of
 intellectual property (patents) to innovation may be weaker than indicated
 by the single equation model. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 285-309 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Intellectual property rights, Innovation and invention, Manufacturing, Canada, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701581481 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701581481 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:4:p:285-309




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Piergiuseppe Morone 
Author-X-Name-First: Piergiuseppe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Morone 
Author-Name: Giuseppina Testa 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Testa 
Title: FIRMS GROWTH, SIZE AND INNOVATION AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ITALIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR 
Abstract:
  This article aims at understanding the determinants of Italian small- and
 medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) turnover growth having in mind the fact
 that the Italian economic system relies substantially on small firms which
 have traditionally managed to stay competitive by adopting strategies such
 as the creation of well-integrated social and institutional clusters or
 specialising in the production of quality goods (the so called Made in
 Italy). However, the growing pressure coming from the Far East has
 rendered this production system vulnerable, challenging its international
 competitiveness. Building on a conceptual model, we found that, on
 average, young firms are more likely to experience positive growth;
 moreover, turnover growth is positively associated with firms' size,
 process innovation, product innovation and organisational changes. In
 contrast, marketing innovation does not considerably affect Italian SMEs
 growth. When restricting our focus to a sub-sample of innovative firms, we
 found that those firms investing directly in innovating activities are
 almost 30% points more likely to experience positive growth, which is
 significantly affected also by workers and managers' re-qualification.
 Finally, among innovative firms, process innovation and organisational
 changes are, by far, the most influential innovating strategies. The model
 was tested using a unique database which collects data for the year 2004,
 over a sample of 2600 SMEs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 311-329 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: JEL Classification, L1, O31, C24, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701231160 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701231160 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:4:p:311-329




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Hempell 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hempell 
Author-Name: Thomas Zwick 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zwick 
Title: NEW TECHNOLOGY, WORK ORGANISATION, AND INNOVATION 
Abstract:
  While a positive link between information and communication technology
 (ICT) and firm performance is well documented, the exact channel remains
 unclear. We propose an innovative link: ICT fosters product and process
 innovations by facilitating employee participation and outsourcing.
 Employee participation is enhanced by horizontal employee communication
 and ICT training, whereas outsourcing is spurred by easier communication
 between firms and costs savings. Our results from a large and
 representative data set of firms in Germany show that ICT use is
 associated with an increase in both types of flexibility, accordingly. The
 implications for innovation activities differ, however, employee
 participation is strongly positively associated with product and process
 innovations. In contrast, outsourcing allows firms to 'buy' innovations in
 the short run, but reduces innovative capacity in the long run. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 331-354 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Information and communication technology, Flexibility, Innovations, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279649 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279649 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:4:p:331-354




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Andersson 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson 
Author-Name: Olof Ejermo 
Author-X-Name-First: Olof 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ejermo 
Title: TECHNOLOGY SPECIALIZATION AND THE MAGNITUDE AND QUALITY OF EXPORTS 
Abstract:
  This paper examines how technology specialization, measured by
 citation-weighed patents, affects trade flows. The paper analyzes the
 relationship between (i) technology specialization and export
 specialization across regions and (ii) the technology specialization of
 origin and destination and the quality of export flows. We find that the
 export specialization of regions corresponds to their technology
 specialization. Regions with higher technology specialization export
 products of higher quality, as indicated by higher prices. Moreover,
 export flows to destination countries with a high technology
 specialization consist of products of higher quality in the specific
 technology. The results are consistent with knowledge and technology being
 important for export performance and with regions with higher
 specialization in a technology being better equipped to produce
 high-quality products. They are also consistent with destinations of
 higher technology specialization, having a more pronounced demand for
 products of higher quality in the same technology. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 355-375 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Exports, Technology, Knowledge, Specialization, Quality, Patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701279714 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701279714 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:4:p:355-375




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elad Harison 
Author-X-Name-First: Elad 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harison 
Title: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY: A NEW FRAME-OF-ANALYSIS 
Abstract:
  The debate on software intellectual property rights (IPRs) has not only
 highlighted fundamental issues regarding the scheme of protection that
 software enjoys, it has also pointed out major gaps in the representation
 of computer programs as economic goods. In this respect, various
 interpretations of software propose a limited outlook by referring only to
 particular aspects of computer programs. The paper discusses the economic
 nature of software and computational processes and how they should be
 properly represented as commodities by focusing on software IPR
 legislation in the US. It elaborates the similarities and differences
 between software applications and machines on the basis of historical
 evidence from the evolution of information technologies and computer
 science. Further, we discuss whether computer programs should enjoy IPR
 protection (like their physical equivalents) and which legal regime would
 induce the maximal degree of societal benefits, while satisfying private
 and public interests. The paper also elaborates the essential issues of
 the distinction between ideas and expressions and the ways they are
 treated as intellectual property. It highlights major aspects in the
 debate over protection of software applications by both patents and
 copyrights and analyses the economic impact of the joint regime. By
 highlighting the dissimilarities in the economic nature and market
 behaviour of ideas and expressions we point out the difficulties in
 drawing parallels between software and physical equivalents. Finally, we
 provide alternative ways to establish coherent juridical basis and legal
 policy of software IPRs that aim at stimulating innovation and developing
 the technological landscape in information technologies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 377-400 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Intellectual property rights, Patents, Copyrights, Software, Computational machines, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701281280 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701281280 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:4:p:377-400




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luca Lambertini 
Author-X-Name-First: Luca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambertini 
Author-Name: Gianpaolo Rossini 
Author-X-Name-First: Gianpaolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossini 
Title: IS VERTICAL DISINTEGRATION PREFERABLE TO INTEGRATION WHEN THERE IS PROCESS R&D? 
Abstract:
  Vertical integration (VI) may show social superiority over vertical
 disintegration (VD) if there is an opportunity of internalizing most of
 the externalities affecting vertical arm's length relationships. When
 enterprises carry out process innovating R&D (PIRD), VI turns out to be
 quite often privately and socially superior to VD. However, there are
 circumstances where VI does not provide the same incentive to carry out
 PIRD. VD pushes further PIRD displaying instances of private superiority
 and even some spells of social desirability. If PIRD costs are asymmetric
 along the vertical chain of production, fresh advantages of VD may appear.
 In this sense, the paper may supply an additional interpretation of the
 recent wave of domestic and cross-border VD. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 401-416 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Vertical integration, Vertical disintegration, Process innovation, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701325590 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701325590 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:401-416




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Vandekerckhove 
Author-X-Name-First: Jan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vandekerckhove 
Author-Name: Raymond De Bondt 
Author-X-Name-First: Raymond 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Bondt 
Title: ASYMMETRIC SPILLOVERS AND INVESTMENTS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERS AND FOLLOWERS 
Abstract:
  The focus of this paper is on the incentives of firms to invest in
 research and development (R&D) when sequential moves are taken into
 account. Leading firms move before followers in investment and in output
 choices in a four stage game setting. Leaders may compete or cooperate in
 R&D with other leaders, given that followers compete. Followers may
 compete or cooperate in R&D with other followers given that leaders
 compete. There may be spillovers between leaders and between followers and
 also between these two groups of players. Due to the complexity of the
 model, results are obtained by numerical simulations. The impact of
 symmetric spillovers is similar but not identical to the tendencies in two
 stage models with simultaneous R&D moves. A relatively wide set of
 circumstances is identified where followers tend to invest more than
 leaders. Critical spillover values are identified that drive the effects
 of cooperation in R&D as is the case in simpler settings. Situations are
 detailed, where consumer surplus and static welfare are best served by
 cooperation of followers rather than cooperation of leaders. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 417-433 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Cost-reducing R&D, Sequential game, Cooperation, Asymmetric spillovers, Asymmetric spillovers, <i>JEL Classification</i>, D72, D43, L13, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701356041 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701356041 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:417-433




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Kirbach 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kirbach 
Author-Name: C. Schmiedeberg 
Author-X-Name-First: C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schmiedeberg 
Title: INNOVATION AND EXPORT PERFORMANCE: ADJUSTMENT AND REMAINING DIFFERENCES IN EAST AND WEST GERMAN MANUFACTURING 
Abstract:
  The economic situation in Germany 16 years after reunification is marked
 by the fading out of the adjustment process between East and West. This
 paper refers to this context analyzing the export behavior comparing firms
 in West and East Germany. Our estimates confirm a strong relationship
 between innovations and export performance as well as structural
 differences between East and West German firms. East German firms are less
 likely to export than firms in the West. Besides, West German medium
 technology firms are comparable in their export behavior to high tech
 firms while East German firms are more similar to the low technology
 sector. Labor productivity turns out to be more important in East Germany.
 We interpret these findings as a specialization of West German firms
 towards technologically-driven high-quality markets, whereas East German
 companies are faced with higher sunk costs and seem to operate more often
 in less dynamic, price-sensitive markets. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 435-457 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Export, Innovation, Manufacturing firms, Microeconometrics, <i>JEL classfication</i>, F14, O31, C51, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701357189 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701357189 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:435-457




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. A. Camacho 
Author-X-Name-First: J. A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Camacho 
Author-Name: M. Rodriguez 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodriguez 
Title: PATTERNS OF INNOVATION IN THE SERVICE SECTOR: SOME INSIGHTS FROM THE SPANISH INNOVATION SURVEY 
Abstract:
  Although the attention of innovation studies has traditionally been
 focused on manufacturing, the differential features of innovation
 activities carried out by services are gaining more and more relevance in
 innovation research. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly analyse the
 data from the Spanish Innovation Survey 2000, the first large-scale
 innovation survey that included service activities in Spain, in order to
 identify the main patterns of innovation in Spanish services. The results
 of our investigations confirm that a high degree of heterogeneity, in
 relation to innovation patterns, exists among service firms and among
 service industries as well. Nevertheless, important similarities are found
 between pioneer classifications, such as the theoretical taxonomy of
 service industries by Soete and Miozzo (1989) or the classification of
 service firms elaborated by Hollenstein (2003), and the taxonomy we
 obtained by applying multivariate analysis. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 459-471 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Services, Innovation, Taxonomy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701362874 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701362874 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:459-471




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Adams 
Author-X-Name-First: James 
Author-X-Name-Last: Adams 
Author-Name: J. Roger Clemmons 
Author-X-Name-First: J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Roger Clemmons 
Title: SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE 
Abstract:
  This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy
 during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of
 the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article
 differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than
 technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of
 basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic
 research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within
 software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering
 are common throughout all industries - biology and medicine are almost
 confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as
 restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research
 flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within
 industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers
 indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers
 significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition,
 within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and
 between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific
 fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because
 large firms implicitly span a range of industries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 473-495 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Knowledge, Interindustry flows, Science, Citations, Papers, R&D, Spillovers, Universities, Firms, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701407216 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701407216 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:473-495




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew Rafferty 
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rafferty 
Author-Name: Mark Funk 
Author-X-Name-First: Mark 
Author-X-Name-Last: Funk 
Title: ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF THE BUSINESS CYCLE ON FIRM-FINANCED R&D 
Abstract:
  Business cycles might affect the ability of firms to finance R&D, since
 firms rely on cash flow to finance most R&D activities. However, business
 cycles also influence the incentive to perform R&D. The opportunity cost
 of funds devoted to R&D falls during recessions, since the return on
 production will likely be lower than during an expansion. During
 recessions, this provides firms with an incentive to redistribute an
 existing pool of funds away from production and towards R&D projects. The
 changes in the size and distribution of the pool may also be asymmetric
 across the business cycle. For example, cash-flow constraints are more
 likely to bind during recessions than expansions. This paper finds strong
 evidence for the cash-flow effect, but not the opportunity-cost effect.
 This means that R&D is pro-cyclical, but smoothing out the business cycle
 will actually lead to reduced R&D, since the duration of expansions
 exceeds the duration of recessions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 497-510 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Business cycle, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701407232 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701407232 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:497-510




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas Koch 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Koch 
Author-Name: Harald Strotmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Harald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Strotmann 
Title: ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND INNOVATION IN THE KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE BUSINESS SERVICE SECTOR 
Abstract:
  Innovative activity is performed to a considerable extent in the service
 sector, namely within the so-called knowledge intensive business services
 (KIBS). Particularly emphasizing the role of absorptive capacity, we
 analyze possible determinants of incremental and radical firm innovation
 using firm micro data from the KIBS Foundation Survey. The results show
 that access to knowledge through networking and cooperation is of utmost
 importance for innovative activity in the KIBS sector. Access to knowledge
 from universities and research institutions is particularly important for
 radical innovation, notwithstanding the degree of formality of
 cooperation. In contrast, access to knowledge from clients or suppliers
 only has a significant impact on the probability to innovate if the
 cooperation with these partners is based on formal cooperation via joint
 projects or formal cooperation contracts. Furthermore, we find empirical
 evidence for a positive correlation between KIBS firms and clients from
 the manufacturing sector: these stimulate in particular incremental, but
 also radical innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 511-531 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Innovation, Absorptive capacity, Knowledge intensive business services, Networking Technological opportunities, Germany, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701222987 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701222987 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Borje Johansson 
Author-X-Name-First: Borje 
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson 
Author-Name: Hans Loof 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans 
Author-X-Name-Last: Loof 
Title: INNOVATION ACTIVITIES EXPLAINED BY FIRM ATTRIBUTES AND LOCATION 
Abstract:
  In this paper, innovation activities of a firm are observed as its R&D
 spending and participation in three categories of innovation systems. The
 various factors that can influence a firm's innovation efforts are divided
 into, (i) firm location reflecting the regional milieu and (ii) firm
 attributes such as corporate structure, nature of the knowledge
 production, type of industry and a set of specific firm characteristics.
 The study is based on information about 2094 individual firms, which may
 be non-affiliated or belong to a group (multi-firm enterprise). The
 empirical analysis applies a novel data set to examine the influence of
 location versus a vector of firm attributes. Among innovative firms, the
 location of a firm does not influence neither the R&D intensity nor the
 frequency of interaction in horizontal and vertical innovation systems,
 when controlling the skill composition, physical capital intensity,
 industry, firm size and market extension. The paper contributes to the
 literature by observing that innovative firms have similar characteristics
 irrespective of where they are located, although the share of innovative
 firms differs between regions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 533-552 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Functional regions, Innovation systems, Corporate structure, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701407349 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701407349 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederique Savignac 
Author-X-Name-First: Frederique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Savignac 
Title: IMPACT OF FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS ON INNOVATION: WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM A DIRECT MEASURE? 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the impact of financial constraints on innovation for
 established firms. We make use of a direct measure of the existence of
 financial constraints obtained thanks to a specific survey addressed to
 French established firms. This is a distinctive feature of this paper as
 most of previous studies had to rely on proxies (like the cash-flow
 sensitivity), which may be subject to interpretation problems. The
 probability to have innovative activities and the probability to face
 financial constraints are simultaneously estimated by a recursive
 bivariate probit model. Accounting for the endogeneity of the financial
 constraint variable, we find that financial constraints significantly
 reduce the likelihood that firms have innovative activities. The
 probability to encounter financial constraints is explained by firms' ex
 ante financing structure and economic performances. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 553-569 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Innovation, Financing constraints, Recursive bivariate probit, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701538432 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701538432 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kevin James Bowman 
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin 
Author-X-Name-Last: James Bowman 
Title: ENDOGENOUS HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND THE INTERACTION OF FRONTIER AND ADOPTIVE KNOWLEDGE ON GROWTH AND WAGE INEQUALITY 
Abstract:
  A three-sector, overlapping-generations growth model endogenizes the
 opportunity cost of human capital formation and the relative skill
 requirements of invention, innovation, and adoption of general-purpose
 technologies. As a result, the relative wage of skilled workers is a
 function of the endogenous ratio of total-to-adoptive knowledge (where the
 difference in knowledge stocks is frontier knowledge). Comparative statics
 are examined for the model's seven parameters. Simulations (representing a
 transition with phases to a more complex level of economic development)
 are presented for simultaneous exogenous shocks capable of matching (i)
 observed inverse movements of the relative wage and the detrended relative
 supply in the USA, (ii) the sharp slowing and recovering US multifactor
 productivity growth data since the 1970s, and (iii) a reconciliation of
 data used to support or deny skill-biased technological change as a major
 force driving up the relative wage since 1980. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 571-592 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Endogenous growth, Wage inequality, Skill-biased technological change, Productivity slowdown, Innovation, Diffusion, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701552045 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701552045 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:6:p:571-592




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola De Liso 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Liso 
Author-Name: Giovanni Filatrella 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Filatrella 
Title: ON TECHNOLOGY COMPETITION: A FORMAL ANALYSIS OF THE 'SAILING-SHIP EFFECT' 
Abstract:
  One of the key features of our economies consists of the coexistence of
 different technologies supplying similar products and services. We often
 observe that an old technology is improved when a new one appears; behind
 this process of improvement often lies an intentional research activity.
 There thus begins a competition between the two technologies whose
 performances are improved via R&D. We focus our attention on this
 competition process and supply a formal model, based on the optimization
 of R&D expenditure of both technologies, which can describe the dynamics
 of the delayed overtaking of the new technology over the old one. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 593-610 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Technological competition, Technological change, Sailing-ship effect, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701560360 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701560360 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:6:p:593-610




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: Stan Metcalfe 
Author-X-Name-First: Stan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Metcalfe 
Title: TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE: INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 611-614 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785421 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785421 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:611-614




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philip Auerswald 
Author-X-Name-First: Philip 
Author-X-Name-Last: Auerswald 
Author-Name: Rajendra Kulkarni 
Author-X-Name-First: Rajendra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kulkarni 
Title: PLACING INNOVATION: AN APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING EMERGENT TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITY 
Abstract:
  Identifying the elements of physical and organizational infrastructure
 most important for technological innovation is challenging for at least
 two reasons: measuring technological innovation is difficult; and
 establishing causality is difficult. In this paper, we partially address
 these paired challenges by (1) describing a new approach for measuring
 innovation, and (2) employing that approach to compare established
 technology regions with emerging ones, and to describe how technologies
 migrate as they develop. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 731-748 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Infrastructure, Innovation, Geography, GIS, Patent citations, Technology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785793 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785793 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barry Bozeman 
Author-X-Name-First: Barry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bozeman 
Author-Name: John Hardin 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hardin 
Author-Name: Albert Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Title: BARRIERS TO THE DIFFUSION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 
Abstract:
  This paper provides the first empirical information about barriers
 related to the diffusion of nanotechnology, a general purpose technology.
 Our analysis is based on the findings from a state-wide survey of
 companies in North Carolina, USA. We find that the primary barrier is lack
 of access to early-stage capital, and the extent of this barrier is
 greater when the company contributes to the value chain for nanotechnology
 through R&D as opposed to through products or services. Another barrier is
 lack of access to university equipment and facilities, a problem greater
 in companies involved in nanotechnology research. From a policy
 perspective, our analysis suggests that state governments could act as
 venture capitalists to overcome market failure in the capital market, and
 that states could provide incentives to universities through
 public/private centers of excellence for sharing capital equipment and
 facilities with nanotechnology companies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 749-761 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Innovation and University Partnerships, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785819 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785819 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:749-761




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory Tassey 
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tassey 
Title: MODELING AND MEASURING THE ECONOMIC ROLES OF TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE 
Abstract:
  Designing and managing an economy's technology infrastructure requires
 both accurate economic models and data to drive them. Previous models
 treat technology as a homogeneous entity, thereby precluding assessing
 investment barriers affecting infrastructure elements. The model presented
 overcomes this deficiency by disaggregating the knowledge production
 function into key elements of the typical industrial technology based on
 the distinctly different investment incentives associated with each
 element. Without such a model, the economist's ability to assess important
 market failures associated with investment in the major technology
 elements, including those with infrastructure (public-good)
 characteristics, is compromised. Unfortunately, even with the correct
 knowledge production function, the required data are difficult to collect.
 This forces government agencies, which fund a majority of technology
 infrastructure research, to use second-best approaches for economic
 analyses. The second half of this paper therefore presents an analytical
 framework that can be driven by more accessible data and provide
 reasonable impact assessments until better data become available. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 615-629 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Technology infrastructure, Technological change, Innovation, Knowledge creation, Knowledge production function, R&D productivity, R&D policy, Program impact assessment, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785439 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785439 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. D. Adams 
Author-X-Name-First: J. D. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Adams 
Author-Name: M. Marcu 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marcu 
Author-Name: A. J. Wang 
Author-X-Name-First: A. J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang 
Title: Public Technology Infrastructure, R&D Sourcing, and Research Joint Ventures 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we define public technology infrastructure to mean public
 resources that bring new R&D into existence. Examples are public research
 that yields knowledge spillovers and government contracts that broker new
 research. Using this definition we explore the effect of public
 infrastructure on cooperative R&D, especially R&D sourcing and research
 joint ventures (RJVs). Our findings strongly suggest that public
 infrastructure promotes cooperative R&D. We begin by studying the role of
 federal laboratories in R&D sourcing by private laboratories, finding that
 sourcing increases as a result. Then we examine patents arising from RJVs
 sponsored by the Advanced Technology Program (ATP). We find that R&D
 subsidies as well as difficulty and novelty increase patents produced by
 the RJVs. Contractual oversight by ATP has no direct effect but an
 indirect effect appears to exist, since firms value ATP oversight more
 highly for more difficult and novel projects, and these produce more
 patents. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 631-648 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: R&D, Sourcing, Research joint ventures, Knowledge, Spillovers, Contracts, Incentives, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785561 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785561 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan O'Connor 
Author-X-Name-First: Alan 
Author-X-Name-Last: O'Connor 
Author-Name: Brent Rowe 
Author-X-Name-First: Brent 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe 
Title: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP TO DEVELOP TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC RETURNS OF DNA DIAGNOSTICS 
Abstract:
  This paper presents a quantitative case analysis of one US Advanced
 Technology Program (ATP) public-private partnership that advanced the
 technology infrastructure of molecular diagnostics, resulting in
 substantial downstream economic and public health benefits. Biotechnology
 R&D is generally characterized by technologies requiring substantial
 investments in time, money, and effort to develop and sustain concepts
 through long incubation times. Public sponsorship of a partnership between
 two companies who would have not otherwise collaborated, Affymetrix and
 Molecular Dynamics, accelerated the development of DNA microarrays and DNA
 sequencing technologies and induced innovation at competitor firms. Public
 sponsorship of private-company research accelerated the completion of the
 Human Genome Project and improved both the quality and rapidity with which
 the biotechnology industry and medical science acquire genetic
 information. Counterfactual scenarios were used to quantify net public
 benefits by estimating the hypothetical costs of achieving the same
 outcomes as using the processes and technologies the ATP-cofunded
 innovations superseded. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 649-661 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Technology infrastructure, Biotechnology, Case study, Induced innovation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785579 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785579 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:649-661




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lorenzo Cassi 
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cassi 
Author-Name: Nicoletta Corrocher 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicoletta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Corrocher 
Author-Name: Franco Malerba 
Author-X-Name-First: Franco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Malerba 
Author-Name: Nicholas Vonortas 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vonortas 
Title: RESEARCH NETWORKS AS INFRASTRUCTURE FOR KNOWLEDGE DIFFUSION IN EUROPEAN REGIONS 
Abstract:
  This paper concentrates on the role of research network infrastructure in
 fostering the dissemination of innovation-related knowledge. It examines
 the structure of collaborative networks and of knowledge transfer between
 research, innovation and deployment activities in the field of information
 and communication technology for the European Union as a whole and for
 several European regions. Research networks complement diffusion networks
 by providing additional links and by increasing the number of the
 organisations involved in sharing and exchanging knowledge. Two types of
 actors are key players in these networks: hubs and gatekeepers. Hubs
 maintain the bulk of ties in the networks also helping the smaller and
 more isolated members remain connected. Gatekeepers bridge research and
 diffusion networks. Such organisations naturally offer greater policy
 leverage in establishing a European knowledge infrastructure. Moreover,
 strengthened inter-network connectivity among research and diffusion
 activities (deployment) would raise the effectiveness of European research
 in terms of accelerating innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 663-676 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: R&D networks, European framework programmes, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785603 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785603 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:663-676




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Leech 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leech 
Author-Name: John Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Title: INTELLIGENT MACHINE TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH 
Abstract:
  This paper provides preliminary estimates of the productivity impact of
 intelligent machine technology (IMT) and the rate of return to IMT
 research and development (R&D) over the next two decades. The paper adapts
 economists' traditional productivity growth model to enable the use of
 industrial experts' forecasts of a few key parameters of the model to form
 the estimates of productivity growth and rate of return. Respondents -
 from a sample of firms operating in IMT development and applications in
 the automotive, aerospace, and capital construction industries -
 anticipate that IMT will generate substantial productivity growth over the
 next two decades, and the estimated social rates of return to IMT R&D are
 substantial. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 677-687 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Intelligent machine technology, Productivity growth, Research and development, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785637 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785637 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:677-687




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Layson 
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Layson 
Author-Name: Dennis Leyden 
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leyden 
Author-Name: John Neufeld 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Neufeld 
Title: TO ADMIT OR NOT TO ADMIT: THE QUESTION OF RESEARCH PARK SIZE 
Abstract:
  A theoretical model is used to explore the determinants of the optimum
 size of a private research park and the effect of university affiliation
 on that optimum size. Parks are assumed to operate as cooperatives where
 costs are equally shared among the member firms, and optimality occurs
 when the firms' average net benefits are maximized. To achieve this,
 existing members of a park will limit the park's size, denying entry to
 firms who wish to join and are willing to share the costs. University
 affiliation may either increase or decrease the optimum size of a park. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 689-697 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Research park, Research park size, University affiliation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785652 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785652 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:689-697




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Davide Consoli 
Author-X-Name-First: Davide 
Author-X-Name-Last: Consoli 
Author-Name: Pier Paolo Patrucco 
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Patrucco 
Title: INNOVATION PLATFORMS AND THE GOVERNANCE OF KNOWLEDGE: EVIDENCE FROM ITALY AND THE UK 
Abstract:
  Innovation is a collective process that entails the coordination of
 distributed knowledge across diverse organizations. Technology
 infrastructures provide innovation systems with governance mechanisms to
 create and sustain complementarities across otherwise dispersed
 competences. The paper presents innovation platforms as a specific case of
 technology infrastructure. Operating strategically at the interface
 between the public and the private sectors, platforms enable capacity- and
 capability-building for individuals, teams and organizations. Illustrative
 evidence on innovation platforms in the United Kingdom and Italy confirms
 the importance of institutional responsiveness to stimulate variety and
 ensure coordination in the context of collective innovation processes. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 699-716 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Technology infrastructure, Innovation platforms, Knowledge governance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785694 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785694 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:699-716




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donald Siegel 
Author-X-Name-First: Donald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siegel 
Author-Name: Mike Wright 
Author-X-Name-First: Mike 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright 
Author-Name: Wendy Chapple 
Author-X-Name-First: Wendy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapple 
Author-Name: Andy Lockett 
Author-X-Name-First: Andy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lockett 
Title: ASSESSING THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE US AND UK: A STOCHASTIC DISTANCE FUNCTION APPROACH 
Abstract:
  University technology transfer offices (henceforth, TTOs) play a critical
 role in the diffusion of innovation and the development of new technology
 infrastructure. Studies of the relative efficiency of TTOs have been based
 on licensing output measures and data from a single country. In contrast,
 we present the first cross-country comparison of the relative performance
 of TTOs, based on stochastic multiple output distance functions. The
 additional dimension of output considered is the university's propensity
 to generate start-up companies, based on technologies developed at these
 institutions. We find that US universities are more efficient than UK
 universities and that the production process is characterized by either
 decreasing or constant returns to scale. Universities with a medical
 school and an incubator are closer to the frontier. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 717-729 
Issue: 7-8 
Volume: 17 
Year: 2008 
Keywords: Technology transfer office, Technology licensing, University spin-offs (USO) patents, Stochastic distance functions, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785769 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785769 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:17:y:2008:i:7-8:p:717-729




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Brander 
Author-X-Name-First: James 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brander 
Author-Name: Jean-Etienne De Bettignies 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Etienne 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Bettignies 
Title: Venture capital investment: the role of predator-prey dynamics with learning by doing 
Abstract:
  This paper suggests that endogenous dynamics of the 'predator-prey' type
 can provide a contributing explanation for both high-venture capital
 concentration by industry and 'boom and bust' industry-level investment
 dynamics. We propose a model based on the idea that venture capitalists
 favor industries where they have significant experience and industries
 with a large pool of good investment opportunities. However, investment
 'uses up' opportunities and therefore tends to deplete the pool of
 unexploited opportunities. The resulting industry-level interactive
 dynamics naturally give rise to venture capital investment cycles similar
 to observed patterns. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-19 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: venture capital, dynamics, predator-prey, concentration, learning, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701530066 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701530066 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:1:p:1-19




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen Fisher-Vanden 
Author-X-Name-First: Karen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fisher-Vanden 
Author-Name: Rebecca Terry 
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Terry 
Title: Is technology acquisition enough to improve China's product quality? Evidence from firm-level panel data 
Abstract:
  As developing countries open themselves up to trade, many industrial
 firms in these countries are finding it difficult to compete
 internationally due to poor product quality and low product variety.
 Although China has been the largest producer of crude steel since 1996,
 China's steel firms have produced an overabundance of low-quality steel
 while domestic purchasers of steel have increasingly demanded higher
 quality steel products. Many have argued that for Chinese steel firms to
 improve product quality they must adopt more advanced technologies.
 Employing firm-level panel data of steel firms in China, we
 econometrically test the relative importance of two possible sets of
 factors affecting a firm's ability to utilize technology to improve
 product quality: technology acquisition factors and technology absorptive
 capacity factors. We find that technology complements such as in-house R&D
 and foreign knowledge must be combined with technology for Chinese firms
 to improve product quality. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 21-38 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: technological change, product quality, China, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701560402 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701560402 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Ozman 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozman 
Title: Inter-firm networks and innovation: a survey of literature 
Abstract:
  This survey covers the recent literature on inter-firm networks as far as
 they have implications for innovation and technological change. The
 studies are classified according to the direction of causality in network
 studies. In the literature, some studies focus on the effect of networks,
 while others on the origins and formation of networks. These are
 represented as a circular flow diagram of network research. Circular
 diagram includes three themes of analysis as: (1) origins of networks, (2)
 firm performance, (3) network structure, and shows the relationship
 between these themes as observed in network research. The aim of this
 survey is to guide researchers working on inter-firm networks about the
 theoretical and empirical results obtained up to now in the field and to
 highlight those areas which need further work. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 39-67 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: innovation, networks, survey, inter-firm networks, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701660095 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701660095 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:1:p:39-67




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ralf Seifert 
Author-X-Name-First: Ralf 
Author-X-Name-Last: Seifert 
Author-Name: Arnaud Vare 
Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vare 
Title: Adoption of network technologies in the presence of converters 
Abstract:
  In many high-tech industries, the emergence of new digital technologies
 allows companies to develop converters to overcome technology
 incompatibility. In this paper, we analyze the effects of converter
 introduction on the adoption process of competing, incompatible
 technologies in the presence of network externalities. Converter
 introduction may accelerate, extend or reverse the technology lock-in
 process. We determine which conversion options are profitable for weak as
 well as for dominant incumbents, depending on the timing of converter
 introduction and the degrees of conversion. We find that the optimal
 strategy for weak incumbents is to introduce full one-way converters
 early. For dominant incumbents, the optimal conversion option is to
 provide two-way converters with partial compatibility for the users of the
 competing network at a later introduction time. We illustrate our
 analytical results with numerical examples. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 69-91 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: compatibility, consumer choice, converter, network externality, standards war, technology adoption, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701663701 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701663701 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:1:p:69-91




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Thompson 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson 
Title: Price competition in the presence of rapid innovation and imitation: the case of digital cameras 
Abstract:
  High-tech rivalry typically involves sellers introducing a sequence of
 models each offering greater capacity/functionality. Given heterogeneous
 consumers this both creates and erodes any quality/novelty premium as
 innovation segments the market and imitation then populates the segments
 so created. We present a hedonic price analysis using a unique US digital
 camera database. This confirms the intensity of the quality-adjusted price
 fall and the dominance of vertical differentiation and identifies a
 premium for frontier models. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 93-106 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: imitative entry, innovative entry, hedonic pricing, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701672165 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701672165 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:1:p:93-106




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jens Kruger 
Author-X-Name-First: Jens 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kruger 
Author-Name: Kristina von Rhein 
Author-X-Name-First: Kristina 
Author-X-Name-Last: von Rhein 
Title: Knowledge, profitability and exit of German car manufacturing firms 
Abstract:
  In this paper, the profitability of German car manufacturing firms is
 related to different indicators for the knowledge incorporated in the
 firms since the birth of the industry in 1886. The analysis is performed
 with an ordered probit model, where information about the mode of exit of
 the firms is exploited to construct a latent variable for profitability.
 Knowledge is represented by the number of patents, learning-by-doing and
 entrepreneurial experience before entry. The results show that knowledge
 is significantly positively related to firm profitability and that each of
 the three knowledge forms exerts an independent effect. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 107-122 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: firm profitability, exit modes, knowledge, ordered choice, automobile industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802449786 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802449786 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:2:p:107-122




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H. Bulut 
Author-X-Name-First: H. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bulut 
Author-Name: G. Moschini 
Author-X-Name-First: G. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moschini 
Title: US universities' net returns from patenting and licensing: a quantile regression analysis 
Abstract:
  Consistent with the rights and incentives provided by the Bayh-Dole Act
 of 1980, US universities have increased their involvement in patenting and
 licensing activities through their own technology transfer offices. Only a
 few US universities are obtaining large returns, however, whereas others
 are continuing with these activities despite negligible or negative
 returns. We assess the US universities' potential to generate returns from
 licensing activities by modeling and estimating quantiles of the
 distribution of net licensing returns conditional on some of their
 structural characteristics. We find limited prospects for public
 universities without a medical school everywhere in their distribution.
 Other groups of universities (private, and public with a medical school)
 can expect better but still fairly modest returns. These findings call
 into question the appropriateness of the revenue-generating motive for the
 aggressive rate of patenting and licensing by US universities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 123-137 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: bayh-dole act, quantile regression, returns to innovation, skewed distributions, technology transfer, university patents, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701709025 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701709025 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:2:p:123-137




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Alexandre Patricio Martins da Silva 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario Alexandre Patricio Martins 
Author-X-Name-Last: da Silva 
Title: A model of the learning process with local knowledge externalities illustrated with an integrated graphical framework 
Abstract:
  We present a unified graphical framework accounting for the nature and
 impact of spillover effects. The dynamics of the learning process with a
 specific spillover transfer mechanism can be illustrated by referring to
 this four-quadrant picture. In particular, a whole cycle of technological
 learning is explained with the help of such a graphical representation of
 the basic learning process in the presence of knowledge spillovers. We
 hypothesize two different functional specifications of spillover exchanges
 among firms within a local innovation system. Each conceivable shape for
 the knowledge transfer relationship among firms expresses a possible mode
 and intensity of information processing arising from technology
 spillovers. A general proposition regarding the relative efficiency of the
 two alternative formal models with spillover effects is derived. The basic
 models with spillover effects are then extended in several relevant
 directions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 139-160 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: learning, knowledge, technology spillovers, knowledge externalities, local innovation systems, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701717259 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701717259 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:2:p:139-160




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Camilla Lenzi 
Author-X-Name-First: Camilla 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lenzi 
Title: Patterns and determinants of skilled workers' mobility: evidence from a survey of Italian inventors 
Abstract:
  Skilled workers' mobility is considered to be one of the most influential
 channels of knowledge transmission. This has increased the interest of
 researchers and policy makers because of its implications for innovation
 diffusion and, consequently, economic welfare. However, little is still
 known about the determinants of this phenomenon. This paper explores the
 mobility patterns for a group of Italian inventors in the pharmaceutical
 sector. It addresses methodological issues related to measures of
 inventors' mobility through patent statistics and examines the
 determinants of their mobility choices. The empirical results indicate
 that career paths of inventors are rarely reflected in their patenting
 activity and that using patent statistics frequently underestimates the
 intensity of the mobility phenomenon. The results also show a positive
 association between productivity and mobility. In particular, the
 econometric analysis points out that inventor's personal characteristics,
 inventive productivity, and geographical location matter for mobility
 choices. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 161-179 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: mobility, inventor, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701737935 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701737935 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:2:p:161-179




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Magri 
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Magri 
Title: The financing of small innovative firms: the Italian case 
Abstract:
  Small firms encounter difficulties in collecting external finance due to
 greater information problems. For small innovative firms, whose activity
 is more difficult to evaluate, the cost of external finance could be even
 higher. This paper aims to shed light on special features in financial
 structures of small innovative firms, compared with firms of similar size
 that do not innovate. The evidence shows that small innovators rely less
 on financial debts and more on internal financial resources; no important
 differences appear for large firms. This is consistent with the view that
 information problems mainly affect small firms. Another finding is that
 small innovative firms show a lower investment sensitivity to cash flow
 than small non-innovative firms: it is likely that the high incidence of
 internal financial resources allows them more flexibility in deciding
 their investments. No difference in investment sensitivity to cash flow,
 by innovative attitude, is found for large firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 181-204 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: corporate finance, innovative firms, investment dynamics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701738016 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701738016 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:2:p:181-204




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: J. M. Plehn-Dujowich 
Author-X-Name-First: J. M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Plehn-Dujowich 
Title: Firm size and types of innovation 
Abstract:
  We propose a general theory of innovation that illustrates the relative
 benefits of performing process versus product R&D when firm size is
 endogenous. A firm's size, scope, and R&D portfolio are shown to reflect
 the same underlying characteristic of the firm, namely manufacturing
 efficiency. We demonstrate that efficient firms become larger, have
 greater scope, and perform more of both process and product R&D. In light
 of decreasing returns to R&D, this implies small firms obtain more product
 innovations per dollar of R&D than large firms, which is consistent with
 evidence we present that small firms are more innovative than large firms
 as they obtain more patent counts and citations per dollar of R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 205-223 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: firm size distribution, technological change, R&D portfolio, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590701785850 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590701785850 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:3:p:205-223




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Can Erutku 
Author-X-Name-First: Can 
Author-X-Name-Last: Erutku 
Author-Name: Yves Richelle 
Author-X-Name-First: Yves 
Author-X-Name-Last: Richelle 
Title: Licensing a technological headstart 
Abstract:
  We examine how investment possibilities by licensees and nonlicensees
 affect the two-part licensing contracts offered by an innovator not
 participating in a homogeneous good oligopolistic market. By undertaking
 some investments after the decision to accept or reject the licensing
 contract, licensees and nonlicensees can decrease their marginal
 production cost. However, the innovation provides a technological
 headstart in the continuing process of marginal cost improvement. We find
 that the two-part equilibrium contracts can be of three types: (i) a fixed
 fee contract such that all firms become licensees; (ii) a fixed fee
 contract such that the number of licensees is smaller than the number of
 firms in the market; and, (iii) a contract that specifies a positive
 royalty rate and a fixed fee such that all firms become licensees. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 225-242 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: licensing, headstart, investment, contracts, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590801912222 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590801912222 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:3:p:225-242




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Abramovsky 
Author-X-Name-First: Laura 
Author-X-Name-Last: Abramovsky 
Author-Name: Elisabeth Kremp 
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kremp 
Author-Name: Alberto Lopez 
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez 
Author-Name: Tobias Schmidt 
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt 
Author-Name: Helen Simpson 
Author-X-Name-First: Helen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Simpson 
Title: Understanding co-operative innovative activity: evidence from four European countries 
Abstract:
  We investigate co-operative innovative activity in four major European
 countries, France, Germany, Spain and the UK, using internationally
 comparable firm-level data for manufacturing and service sectors. We
 examine the roles of knowledge flows, cost- and risk-sharing and public
 financial support in firms' decisions to collaborate. Our results suggest
 that firms which place greater value on external information flows are
 more likely to co-operate with the research base than with other firms and
 that firms facing appropriability problems are more likely to co-operate
 with the research base and with upstream and downstream firms than with
 direct competitors. We find evidence for Spain to suggest that firms
 collaborate to overcome risks and financial constraints. We also find that
 receipt of public support is positively related to undertaking
 collaborative innovation. In line with the focus of policy, this
 relationship is strongest for co-operation with the research base. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 243-265 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: co-operative innovation, spillovers, joint ventures, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590801940934 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590801940934 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:3:p:243-265




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ben Kriechel 
Author-X-Name-First: Ben 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kriechel 
Author-Name: Thomas Ziesemer 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer 
Title: The environmental Porter hypothesis: theory, evidence, and a model of timing of adoption 
Abstract:
  The Porter hypothesis postulates that the costs of compliance with
 environmental standards may be offset by adoption of innovations they
 trigger. We model this hypothesis using a game of timing of technology
 adoption. We will show that times of adoption will be earlier if the
 non-adoption tax is higher. The environmental tax will turn the preemption
 game with low profits into a game with credible precommitment generating
 higher profits (pro-Porter). If there is a precommitment game without
 environmental taxes, the introduction of a tax will lead to lower profits
 (anti-Porter). An evaluation of the empirical literature indicates that
 the Porter hypothesis will hold even for profit-maximizing firms under
 multiple market imperfections such as imperfect competition,
 X-inefficiency, and agency costs. These are more likely to be present in
 sectors with large firms. In many case studies that we have evaluated,
 though, we detected an element of explicit or implicit subsidies for
 environmentally friendly behaviour, which is in line with Pigovian
 policies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 267-294 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: environmental policy, strategic trade theory, technology adoption, Porter hypothesis, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590801943235 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590801943235 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:3:p:267-294




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pier Paolo Patrucco 
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Patrucco 
Title: Collective knowledge production costs and the dynamics of technological systems 
Abstract:
  Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good only when
 its production requires the absorption and integration of external
 knowledge. Such external knowledge is the outcome of R&D investments that
 cannot be fully appropriated by firms and generate spillovers. The
 exploitation of such knowledge spillovers requires specific investments in
 knowledge communication and absorption, which brings about specific costs.
 These costs are affected by the structural and dynamic characteristics of
 technological systems in terms of the knowledge base, the variety of
 actors and the communication infrastructures and processes. This paper
 analyzes the costs of collective knowledge production and their
 implications for the way in which the firm chooses the mix of internal and
 external knowledge. This choice in turn shapes the evolution of
 technological systems. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 295-310 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: knowledge diffusion, knowledge externalities, innovation systems, technological change, technological communication, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590801969040 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590801969040 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:3:p:295-310




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Fontana 
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fontana 
Author-Name: Alessandro Nuvolari 
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nuvolari 
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen 
Author-X-Name-First: Bart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Verspagen 
Title: Mapping technological trajectories as patent citation networks. An application to data communication standards 
Abstract:
  We use patent citation networks to study the dynamics of technical change
 in Ethernet, a standard for data communication. We first consider the
 evolution of the broad technological system of local area networks (LANs)
 and we identify the most significant inventions within the specific
 subfield of Ethernet. Then we analyse the structure of connectivity of
 patent citation networks to reconstruct the main technological
 trajectories in this subfield. Our results suggest that these
 technological trajectories are characterized by the presence of a number
 of interconnected technological environments which cluster following an
 engineering logic. These clusters include the most significant patents
 related to 'milestones inventions' in the evolution of the LAN technology.
 Thus, our analysis of the structure of connectivity in patent citation
 networks seems appropriate to capture both the cumulativeness associated
 to the development of a specific technology and the significant
 discontinuities that punctuate the trajectory, as well as the
 technological interrelatedness characterising large technical systems. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 311-336 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: technical systems, technological trajectories, patents, network analysis, data communications, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590801969073 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590801969073 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:4:p:311-336




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saibal Ghosh 
Author-X-Name-First: Saibal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghosh 
Title: R&D in Indian manufacturing enterprises: what shapes it? 
Abstract:
  The article examines the factors influencing research and development
 (R&D) in manufacturing entities. Using data on a large sample of companies
 for the period 1995-2007, the finding indicates that large companies have
 a higher probability of pursuing R&D, although with lower intensity. In
 terms of magnitudes, a 10% increase in firm size raises R&D intensity by
 roughly 0.6%. Both the intensity and the probability of undertaking R&D
 initially declines for older firms. Outward orientation, and especially
 foreign currency earnings, has a significant bearing on R&D efforts. R&D
 efforts are also found to vary significantly across firm ownership. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 337-352 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: R&D intensity, leverage ratio, Tobit model, India, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590801984981 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590801984981 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:4:p:337-352




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chang-Yang Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Yang 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Author-Name: Jaesun Noh 
Author-X-Name-First: Jaesun 
Author-X-Name-Last: Noh 
Title: The relationship between R&D concentration and industry R&D intensity: a simple model and some evidence 
Abstract:
  This study aims to demonstrate that the concentration (or distribution)
 of firm R&D intensities within an industry is closely related to the
 overall R&D intensity of the industry. Unlike the well-studied
 relationship between sales concentration, or market structure, and
 industry R&D intensity, the relationship between the concentration of R&D
 in an industry and its overall R&D intensity has not been explored before.
 We present a simple model of industry R&D intensity, in which R&D
 concentration, R&D appropriability, and industry-wide technological
 opportunities jointly determine industry R&D intensity. In particular, we
 show that, all else being equal, the more skewed the distribution of firm
 R&D intensities, the higher the level of industry R&D intensity. We use a
 six-year panel dataset on the R&D intensities, R&D appropriability, and
 technological opportunities of four-digit SIC Korean manufacturing
 industries during the period 1991-1996. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 353-368 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: skew distribution, R&D concentration, R&D appropriability, technological opportunity, industry R&D intensity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802159088 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802159088 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:4:p:353-368




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rene Belderbos 
Author-X-Name-First: Rene 
Author-X-Name-Last: Belderbos 
Author-Name: Kyoji Fukao 
Author-X-Name-First: Kyoji 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fukao 
Author-Name: Tomoko Iwasa 
Author-X-Name-First: Tomoko 
Author-X-Name-Last: Iwasa 
Title: Foreign and domestic R&D investment 
Abstract:
  A considerable share of R&D investment is due to multinational firms that
 simultaneously operate R&D bases at home and abroad. We develop a simple
 model of foreign and domestic R&D investment and test the model's
 predictions on a sample of 146 Japanese multinational firms' R&D
 investments in Japan and the United States in 1996. The empirical results
 confirm that the foreign to domestic R&D ratio depends on relative
 technological opportunities and relative demand conditions, with foreign
 research expenditures responding to technological opportunity and foreign
 development expenditures responding to demand. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 369-380 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: R&D, multinational firms, foreign direct investment, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802172404 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802172404 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:4:p:369-380




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: Christopher Ruhm 
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruhm 
Title: Bringing science to market: commercializing from NIH SBIR awards 
Abstract:
  We offer empirical information on the correlates of commercialization
 activity for research projects funded through the US National Institutes
 of Health's (NIH's) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) award
 program. Based on this analysis we suggest possible recommendations for
 improving this aspect of the performance of NIH's SBIR program.
 Specifically, we estimate a model of the probability of commercialization
 as a function of the project's ability to attract additional developmental
 funding, along with other control variables. We find that additional
 developmental funding from non-SBIR federal sources and from own internal
 sources are important predictors of commercialization success, relatively
 more so than additional developmental funding from venture capitalists. We
 also find, among other things, that university involvement in the
 underlying research increases the probability of commercialization. Thus,
 these factors should be considered by NIH when making awards, if increased
 commercialization is an objective. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 381-402 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: small business innovation research program, technology commercialization, R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802208166 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802208166 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:4:p:381-402




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joan Costa-Font 
Author-X-Name-First: Joan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa-Font 
Author-Name: Christophe Courbage 
Author-X-Name-First: Christophe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Courbage 
Author-Name: Andrea Mina 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mina 
Title: Innovation and health: pathways to new technologies 
Abstract:
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 403-406 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547092 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547092 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:403-406




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank Lichtenberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Frank 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lichtenberg 
Title: The effect of new cancer drug approvals on the life expectancy of American cancer patients, 1978-2004 
Abstract:
  This study attempts to determine the extent to which new cancer drugs
 introduced during the last 40 years have prolonged the lives of Americans
 diagnosed with cancer. We use a difference-in-differences approach: we
 analyze the correlation across cancer sites (breast, prostate, lung, etc.)
 between changes in the hazard rate of people previously diagnosed with
 that cancer and changes in the number of drugs that have been introduced
 to treat that cancer, controlling for variables likely to reflect changes
 in diagnostic techniques: cancer stage distribution, age at diagnosis,
 number of people diagnosed (incidence), and use of surgery and radiation.
 The rate of introduction of new cancer drugs varied considerably across
 cancer sites and over time. Data on cancer-site-specific drug
 introductions are constructed using the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
 Thesaurus and the Drugs@FDA database. Data on all other variables were
 obtained from the NCI's surveillance, epidemiology, and end results 9
 Registries Database, an authoritative source of information on cancer
 incidence and survival in the USA. We find that the effect of the lagged
 stock of drugs on the hazard rate of cancer patients is negative and
 highly significant. This signifies that cancer sites with larger increases
 in the lagged stock of approved drugs had larger reductions in the hazard
 rate, ceteris paribus. The impact of the stock of Food and Drug
 Administration (FDA) approvals on the hazard rate tends to increase
 steadily for a number of years, peak about 8-12 years after launch, and
 then decline. This finding is consistent with evidence about the product
 life cycle of cancer drugs: utilization tends to increase steadily after
 FDA approval, peak about 6-10 years after launch, and then decline. The
 cancer stage, the age at diagnosis, and incidence variables have the
 expected effects on the hazard rate. New cancer drugs introduced during
 the period 1968-1994 are estimated to have increased the life expectancy
 of cancer patients by almost 1 year (0.94 years). Although the health of
 cancer patients is less than perfect, the increase in quality-adjusted
 life-years is not necessarily less than the increase in life expectancy.
 Since the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with cancer is about 40%, the
 1978-2004 increase in the lagged stock of cancer drugs is estimated to
 have increased the life expectancy of the entire US population by 0.38
 years. This represents about 8.8% of the overall increase in US life
 expectancy at birth. Estimated cost per life-year gained does not exceed
 $6908, which is far below recent estimates of the value of a statistical
 life-year. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 407-428 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: innovation, cancer, pharmaceutical treatments, econometric methods, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547142 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547142 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:407-428




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joan Costa-Font 
Author-X-Name-First: Joan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa-Font 
Author-Name: Elias Mossialos 
Author-X-Name-First: Elias 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mossialos 
Author-Name: Caroline Rudisill 
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rudisill 
Title: When is the Internet a valued communication device for health information in Europe? 
Abstract:
  The proliferation of new information and communication technologies such
 as the Internet has arguably changed the way individuals update the
 information they use to prevent illness and monitor their health. Compared
 with other information sources, Internet use reduces information access
 costs but comes with trade-offs in terms of quality and credibility of
 information sources. Limited evidence has been gathered on the behavioural
 consequences of new technologies such as the Internet on individuals'
 demand for healthcare information. This paper empirically examines the
 determinants of Internet use to acquire health-related information and the
 value attached to this information by drawing upon representative data
 from European Union member states in a 2002 Eurobarometer survey.
 Credibility and experience appear to influence use of the Internet for
 health information. Namely, we find that trust in direct physician advice
 inhibits the use of the Internet for health information purposes while
 frequency of Internet use makes the Internet appear a more valuable source
 of information. Controls for respondent characteristics indicate that
 young, well-educated males living in an urban environment are more likely
 to frequently use the web for health information. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 429-445 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: demand for information, information costs, rational learning, trust, knowledge updating, health information, Internet, ICT, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547159 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547159 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:429-445




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Mina 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mina 
Title: The emergence of new knowledge, market evolution and the dynamics of micro-innovation systems 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we develop a problem-driven approach to innovation systems
 to account for the emergence of new knowledge and the long-term evolution
 of markets. We show that (1) science, technology and markets co-evolve
 along coherent trajectories of long-term change, which can be efficiently
 mapped by longitudinal network analysis of bibliometric data that are
 consistent with market-level data, (2) the inception of these trajectories
 corresponds to phases of close interaction within small entrepreneurial
 networks of multi-skilled practitioners that grow through the division of
 innovative labour and associated incremental change in specific and
 problem-centred micro-innovation systems, (3) as trajectories grow and
 develop, changes in knowledge alter structure and composition of final
 product markets and the likelihood of opportunities for new entrants
 increases with the distance between the knowledge bases of firms. As the
 knowledge that is necessary to solve new technical problems grows and as
 these are transformed by their very solutions, new ties are created and
 old ties decay in an open-ended co-evolutionary process of change in
 knowledge and industry organisation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 447-466 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: technology emergence, innovation systems, entrepreneurial networks, health technologies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547167 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547167 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:447-466




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura Magazzini 
Author-X-Name-First: Laura 
Author-X-Name-Last: Magazzini 
Author-Name: Fabio Pammolli 
Author-X-Name-First: Fabio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pammolli 
Author-Name: Massimo Riccaboni 
Author-X-Name-First: Massimo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Riccaboni 
Author-Name: Maria Alessandra Rossi 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Alessandra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi 
Title: Patent disclosure and R&D competition in pharmaceuticals 
Abstract:
  The prominent role played by patents within the pharmaceutical domain is
 unquestionable. In this paper, we focus on a relatively neglected
 implication of patents: the effect of patent-induced information
 disclosure on the dynamics of R&D and market competition. The study builds
 upon the combination of two large datasets, linking the information about
 patents to firm-level data on R&D projects and their outcome. Two case
 studies in the fields of anti-inflammatory compounds and cancer research
 complement our analysis. We argue that patent disclosure induces R&D
 competition and shapes firms' technological trajectories. In fact, we show
 that under conditions of uncertainty, patent disclosure can contribute to
 generate knowledge spillovers, promoting multiple parallel research
 efforts on plausible targets and stimulating private investment and
 competition. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 467-486 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: patent disclosure, innovation, R&D competition, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547183 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547183 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:467-486




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rosella Levaggi 
Author-X-Name-First: Rosella 
Author-X-Name-Last: Levaggi 
Author-Name: Michele Moretto 
Author-X-Name-First: Michele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moretto 
Author-Name: Vincenzo Rebba 
Author-X-Name-First: Vincenzo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rebba 
Title: Investment decisions in hospital technology when physicians are devoted workers 
Abstract:
  This paper analyses the decision to invest in a new technology (as a way
 to increase quality) by a hospital using a real option framework. The
 environment is characterised by uncertainty on costs and returns of such
 investment and by the assumption that physicians are 'devoted workers'. We
 model the behaviour of three main actors: an agency purchasing hospital
 care (purchaser), a hospital (provider) and a representative hospital
 physician. The purchaser rewards the hospital at a fixed price for each
 patient treated and sets a quality-contingent long-term contract with the
 hospital according to a purchasing rule. First, we show that the presence
 of devoted physicians allows the hospital to reduce its investment while
 increasing the level of quality of care provided. We then analyse how the
 purchaser may influence the timing of the hospital's investment and the
 quality of care through strategic setting of the purchasing rule
 parameters. In particular, we show that if the purchaser aims at
 maximising overall quality of hospital care when physicians are devoted
 workers, it is not optimal to set a purchasing rule that cancels out the
 value of the option to defer the hospital's investment. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 487-512 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: Hospital technology, devoted worker, quality, irreversible investment, real options, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547209 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547209 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:487-512




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erik Gronqvist 
Author-X-Name-First: Erik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gronqvist 
Author-Name: Douglas Lundin 
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lundin 
Title: Incentives for clinical trials 
Abstract:
  It is often argued that drug companies do not wish to carry out
 post-approval head-to-head clinical trials, since their drugs may be
 revealed as being no better than existing drugs. However, we show that
 standard models for vertical differentiation predicts that pharmaceutical
 companies would in fact benefit from carrying out voluntary post-approval
 clinical trials: the elimination of quality uncertainty increases expected
 product differentiation, thereby raising prices for both high-quality and
 low-quality drugs. It is, however, to the disadvantage of consumers that
 trials are carried out. By extending the analysis to the case when prices
 cannot be raised, once the drug has been introduced on the market, we
 incorporate a prevalent feature of US and European markets. When prices
 cannot be raised, the entrant drug firm producing the new drug, no longer
 has incentives to carry out post-approval clinical trials. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 513-531 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: quality uncertainty, symmetric information, pharmaceutical market, clinical trial, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802547225 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802547225 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:5:p:513-531




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas Panagopoulos 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Panagopoulos 
Title: Revisiting the link between knowledge spillovers and growth: an intellectual property perspective 
Abstract:
  Patents act as an incentive to innovate. However, as this paper argues,
 patents can discourage some innovators from innovating, reducing knowledge
 spillovers. The combined result of the above suggests a concave
 relationship between patent protection and output growth. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 533-546 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: intellectual property, patent races, growth, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802231531 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802231531 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:6:p:533-546




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marie Coris 
Author-X-Name-First: Marie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Coris 
Title: Free software on the market-side: the failure-story of free software services companies in France 
Abstract:
  Considering the French case of Free Software Services Companies (FSSCs),
 this paper analyses free software's market-oriented aspects. We try to
 answer a fundamental question for free software: does the software
 industry have room for an alternative economic model based on the
 communities' ethic? Analysing FSSCs' competition with traditional IT
 Services Companies (ITSCs) and regarding the integration of free software
 in the ITSCs' product offer, we show how the software sector's structures
 could explain both FSSCs' and ITSCs' recent changes. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 547-564 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: free software, organisational production, software industry, communities, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802231556 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802231556 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:18:y:2009:i:6:p:547-564




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose Castro Caldas 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose Castro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Caldas 
Author-Name: Manuel Mira Godinho 
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel Mira 
Author-X-Name-Last: Godinho 
Author-Name: Ricardo Paes Mamede 
Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo Paes 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mamede 
Title: Simulating the prospects of technological catching up 
Abstract:
  Local increasing returns associated with static and dynamic scale
 effects, knowledge spillovers, polarization effects and the distance that
 separates different regions are among the most important driving forces
 behind the dynamics of economic and technological convergence. This paper
 puts forward a computational simulation model that seeks to integrate
 these factors. The modelling exercise was designed in order to achieve a
 better understanding of the relationship between the aspects underlying
 the specific trajectories of regional technological accumulation and the
 aggregate convergence/divergence patterns stemming from these
 trajectories. In particular, the role of history and geography in the
 dynamics of technological convergence is emphasized. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 565-586 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: technological convergence, knowledge spillovers, polarization effects, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802233651 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802233651 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Qiangbing Chen 
Author-X-Name-First: Qiangbing 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen 
Author-Name: Zafer Ozdemir 
Author-X-Name-First: Zafer 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozdemir 
Author-Name: Yali Liu 
Author-X-Name-First: Yali 
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu 
Title: The diffusion of internet-based distance education technology among US associate colleges 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes the diffusion of internet-based distance education
 technology (NETDE) among the US associate colleges. The study finds that
 an institution with experience in using an earlier generation distance
 education technology is more likely to adopt NETDE than an institution
 without such an experience. The finding supports the view of Cohen and
 Levinthal (1990) that an organization's 'absorptive capability' plays a
 significant role in its innovative activities. Institution size also
 facilitates the adoption of NETDE. We relate this size effect to market
 power because the size effect is partly caused by customer switching costs
 present in the NETDE market. Finally, we find that, among public
 institutions, the presence of close competitors motivates an institution
 to adopt NETDE earlier. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 587-605 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: innovation adoption, internet-based distance education, distance learning, organizational knowledge, switching cost, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903000066 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903000066 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Foster 
Author-X-Name-First: John 
Author-X-Name-Last: Foster 
Author-Name: Stan Metcalfe 
Author-X-Name-First: Stan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Metcalfe 
Title: Evolution and economic complexity: an overview 
Abstract:
  The articles in this special issue are based upon a selection of papers
 presented at the 'Brisbane Club' section of the 2007 STOREP Conference. We
 provide introductory reviews of these articles and briefly assess their
 contributions to the advancement of our understanding of economic
 evolution, and the associated process of innovation. In particular, we
 discuss why it is necessary to adopt a complex systems perspective, which
 deals explicitly with the creation and transmission of new knowledge, as
 the analytical foundation of evolutionary economic modelling. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 607-610 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: agent-based modelling, complexity, complex system, evolutionary economics, innovation, knowledge, networks, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564477 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564477 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristiano Antonelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli 
Title: The economics of innovation: from the classical legacies to the economics of complexity 
Abstract:
  During the last 40 years, economics of innovation has emerged as a
 distinct area of enquiry at the crossing of the economics of growth,
 industrial organization, regional economics and the theory of the firm,
 becoming a well-identified area of competence in economics specializing
 not only in the analysis of the effects of the introduction of new
 technologies, but also, and mainly in understanding technological change
 as an endogenous process. As the result of the interpretation, elaboration
 and evolution of different fields of analysis in economic theory,
 innovation is viewed as a complex, path-dependent process characterized by
 the interdependence and interaction of a variety of heterogeneous agents,
 able to learn and react creatively with subjective and procedural
 rationality. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 611-646 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: knowledge, innovation, technological change, diffusion, path dependence, complexity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564543 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564543 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ulrich Witt 
Author-X-Name-First: Ulrich 
Author-X-Name-Last: Witt 
Author-Name: Christian Zellner 
Author-X-Name-First: Christian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zellner 
Title: How firm organizations adapt to secure a sustained knowledge transfer 
Abstract:
  To produce an effect, knowledge needs to be first acquired and expressed
 by a human agent. This trivial fact is a constraint on knowledge
 commercialization. The highly systemic nature of the decentralized
 production of knowledge is another constraint. This paper analyses the
 nature of the two constraints and their interplay from an individualistic
 perspective, focusing particularly on the often-neglected entrepreneurial
 aspects of the transfer of knowledge. It shows how the constraints are
 overcome by organizational adaptations inside firms and how, by these
 adaptations, a sustained knowledge transfer into the commercial sphere of
 the innovation system is secured. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 647-661 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: knowledge, knowledge transfer, entrepreneurship, knowledge acquisition, innovation systems, start-ups, R&D careers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564584 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564584 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jason Potts 
Author-X-Name-First: Jason 
Author-X-Name-Last: Potts 
Title: Why creative industries matter to economic evolution 
Abstract:
  This paper proposes that the 'creative industries (CIs)' play an
 important yet widely unexamined function in economic evolution through
 their role in the innovation process. This occurs in terms of the
 facilitation of demand for novelty, the provision and development of
 social technologies for producer-consumer interactions, and the adoption
 and embedding of new technologies as institutions. The incorporation of
 CIs into the Schumpeterian model of economic evolution thus fills a
 notable gap in the social technologies of the origination, adoption and
 retention of innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 663-673 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: creative industries, economic evolution, innovation system, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564592 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564592 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Cimoli 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cimoli 
Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile 
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile 
Title: Sources of learning paths and technological capabilities: an introductory roadmap of development processes 
Abstract:
  This paper aims at building bridges between evolutionary microeconomics
 and the structuralist theory of economic development, trying to combine
 both approaches in a systematic way. It is suggested that reducing the
 technology gap requires persistent supply side efforts for adapting and
 improving the use of capital equipment and the sequential development of
 various forms of tacit and incremental learning, associated with the
 transfer and acquisition of foreign technology. In addition, the expansion
 of employment along with labour productivity is related to the
 diversification of the economy, the expansion of high-tech activities and
 exports and the consequent dynamism of domestic and international demand.
 The paper argues that technological and industrial policies should take
 into consideration both dimensions of the development process. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 675-694 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: innovation, technological learning, technology gap, technological and industrial policies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564600 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564600 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Ormerod 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ormerod 
Author-Name: Bridget Rosewell 
Author-X-Name-First: Bridget 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosewell 
Title: Innovation, diffusion and agglomeration 
Abstract:
  Traditional accounts of innovation have tended to neglect the need for
 change to take place at particular times and in particular places. This
 paper considers how to move towards a description of innovative processes
 that take time and place into account. In particular, it looks at the role
 that cities might play in enabling innovative diffusion. This considers a
 role for cities that goes beyond the new economic geography, which has
 described a role for cities in a static maximising framework to look at
 dynamic impacts. We know that innovation happens particularly in cities
 and that productivity, which is associated with innovation, is higher in
 cities. We present a modelling framework that characterises the city as an
 evolving network and identifies the scope for innovation to diffuse across
 these networks at any point in time. It shows that diffusion is possible
 even when shocks reduce the number of connections that agents have. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 695-706 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: innovation, agglomeration, cities, network analysis, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564659 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564659 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pietro Terna 
Author-X-Name-First: Pietro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Terna 
Title: The epidemic of innovation - playing around with an agent-based model 
Abstract:
  The artificial units of an agent-based model can be played around to
 diffuse innovation and new ideas or act to conserve the status quo,
 escaping from the advances in technology or organizational methods or new
 ideas and proposals, exactly as the agents in an epidemic situation can
 act to diffuse or to avoid the contagion. The emerging structure is
 obviously a function of the density of the agents, but its behavior can
 vary in a dramatic way if a few agents are able to evolve some form of
 intelligent behavior. In our case, intelligent behavior is developed
 allowing the agents to plan actions using artificial neural networks or,
 as an alternative, reinforcement learning techniques. The proposed
 structure of the neural networks is self-developed via a trial and error
 process: the reinforcement learning model is built upon the Swarm-like
 agent protocol in Python (SLAPP) tool, a recent implementation of the
 standard Swarm function library for an agent-based simulation
 (www.swarm.org), written using Python (www.python.org), a powerful and
 simple language: the result is also very useful from a didactic
 perspective. A more powerful tool, the cross targets (CTs) algorithm, is
 also introduced as a key interpretation and as a perspective methodology;
 at present, CTs are running only in Swarm; a SLAPP version is under
 development. A control implementation of the reinforcement learning model
 has also been developed and placed on-line as an applet, using NetLogo
 (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/). 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 707-728 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: artificial neural networks, reinforcement learning, innovation, agent-based simulation, Swarm protocol, NetLogo, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802564808 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802564808 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valeria Mastrostefano 
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mastrostefano 
Author-Name: Mario Pianta 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pianta 
Title: Technology and jobs 
Abstract:
  The article investigates the employment effects of technology. A set of
 models is developed where changes in industry-level employment are
 explained by changes in demand, wages, by the diffusion of innovation and
 its market impact. The empirical test uses data from two EU innovation
 surveys - CIS (Community Innovation Survey) 2 (1994-1996) and CIS 3
 (1998-2000) - on 10 industrial sectors and 10 European countries. The
 results of the models show the importance to discriminate between
 different strategies for innovation, between high- and low-innovation
 industries, and between short-term labour market effects and the long-term
 impact of structural change. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 729-741 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: innovation, employment, industries, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802469552 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802469552 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brent Goldfarb 
Author-X-Name-First: Brent 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldfarb 
Author-Name: Gerald Marschke 
Author-X-Name-First: Gerald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marschke 
Author-Name: Amy Smith 
Author-X-Name-First: Amy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith 
Title: Scholarship and inventive activity in the university: complements or substitutes? 
Abstract:
  Universities are engaging in more licensing and patenting activities than
 ever before, and the amount of research funded by industry is increasing.
 Academics' commercialization activities may inhibit traditional academic
 scholarship. If the output of such scholarship is an important input into
 technological innovation and economic growth, then such an inhibition
 would be cause for concern. We introduce new instruments and techniques
 and demonstrate them using a novel panel dataset of academic electrical
 engineers from Stanford University. We find no evidence that engaging in
 inventive activity reduces the quantity of scientific output and some
 evidence that it increases its quality. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 743-756 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: science, innovation, university, commercialization, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802479148 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802479148 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hyukjoon Kim 
Author-X-Name-First: Hyukjoon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim 
Author-Name: Hyojeong Lim 
Author-X-Name-First: Hyojeong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lim 
Author-Name: Yongtae Park 
Author-X-Name-First: Yongtae 
Author-X-Name-Last: Park 
Title: How should firms carry out technological diversification to improve their performance? An analysis of patenting of Korean firms 
Abstract:
  This research aims to analyze how a firm's technological diversification
 strategies influence its financial performances, in terms of
 'technological diversification' in broad technology sectors and
 'technological concentration' on its own core technology, especially in
 the case of Korean large firms. The data used in the analysis were panel
 data encompassing the years between 1990 and 2006, which linked Korean
 firms' patent information registered in the United States Patent and
 Trademark Office to the financial data of those firms collected from Korea
 Investors Service, Inc. (Kis-Value). For the estimation of the panel data,
 a fixed effect model, which considers the individual firms' own effect on
 the financial performance, was used. Tobin's q was used as a dependent
 variable representing firm performance, while 'broad technology diversity'
 and 'core technology diversity' were used as the focal explanatory
 variables. The results show that a firm seeking to have more technological
 assets should invest in a broad technological diversification strategy in
 its search for new business opportunities; it should likewise concentrate
 on the core technology in order to maintain its financial performance. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 757-770 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: patent, technological diversification, technological concentration, fixed effect model, Tobin's q, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590902793315 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590902793315 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mahmood Haji-Rahimi 
Author-X-Name-First: Mahmood 
Author-X-Name-Last: Haji-Rahimi 
Author-Name: Hamed Ghaderzadeh 
Author-X-Name-First: Hamed 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghaderzadeh 
Title: An analysis of the sources of technical change in the agricultural sector of Iran 
Abstract:
  A differential structural equation system including latent variables was
 applied for analyzing the sources of technical change in the agricultural
 sector of Iran, 1971-2005. The findings indicated that international
 knowledge spillover, human capital, and internal research and development
 expenditures have a significant role in technical progress in the
 agricultural sector of Iran. The findings showed that international
 knowledge spillover has been a more effective factor on the technical
 progress related to internal R&D. The technical progress was found out to
 be Hicks-neutral. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 771-776 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 18 
Year: 2009 
Keywords: technical change, latent variable, Iranian agriculture, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903384502 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903384502 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rene van Bavel 
Author-X-Name-First: Rene 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Bavel 
Author-Name: Carlos Montalvo 
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Montalvo 
Author-Name: Nick von Tunzelmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Nick 
Author-X-Name-Last: von Tunzelmann 
Title: Towards a better understanding of the role and dynamics of corporate R&D 
Abstract:
  New analytical approaches and empirical evidence continue to shed light
 on the issue of corporate R&D. The papers in this special issue, which
 were originally presented at the conference Role and Dynamics of Corporate
 R&D (Seville, 8-9 October 2007), offer a sample of such approaches and
 evidence. They cover a number of issues ranging from the effects of
 mergers and acquisition in technology sourcing to the internationalisation
 of R&D collaboration in Europe. Other papers presented at the conference
 hinted at future directions of research, such as a 'cost and benefits'
 view of R&D investments and the role of R&D in boosting 'absorptive
 capacity'. However, further research is still needed into issues such as
 the quality of R&D, the importance of exogenous drivers, the precise
 nature of 'spillovers' and the impact of government policies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-5 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: R&D policy, corporate R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016294 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016294 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giuliana Battisti 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuliana 
Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti 
Author-Name: Amid-George Mourani 
Author-X-Name-First: Amid-George 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mourani 
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Title: Causality and a firm-level innovation scoreboard 
Abstract:
  In this article, we construct an innovation scoreboard based on a
 conceptually acceptable endogenous indicator which is shown to be the
 output caused by the innovation generating process. A balanced panel of
 data on 552 UK firms over the period 1994-2005 is used to test for
 causality using general methods of moments (GMM) estimation and other
 techniques. With innovation defined as the successful exploitation of new
 ideas, it is proposed that exploitation be measured by total factor
 productivity; success be measured by the return on capital employed and
 their multiple be taken as the indicator of innovation. Results for the
 sample firms are presented and discussed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 7-26 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, scoreboards, exploitation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016344 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016344 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elena Cefis 
Author-X-Name-First: Elena 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cefis 
Title: The impact of M&A on technology sourcing strategies 
Abstract:
  The paper investigates the effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on
 corporate research and development (R&D) strategies using Community
 Innovation Survey data on the Dutch manufacturing sector. The focus of the
 research is whether M&A affect corporate innovation strategies, favouring
 in-house R&D and innovation expenses versus external technological
 sourcing. The results show that M&A activities have a positive and
 significant impact on innovation investments by firms, and particularly on
 R&D intensity and total expenditure on innovation. M&A affect corporate
 innovation strategies, favouring in-house R&D versus external
 technological sourcing. Firm post-merger behaviour favours the
 consolidation of the knowledge, competences and capabilities that have
 been acquired by merging with or by buying another firm, confirming that
 the reasons for a merger or acquisition are most often related to firms'
 innovative performance. Following involvement in M&A, firms tend primarily
 to focus on full integration of their resource bases in order to enable
 them to produce and sell innovative products that are new to the market. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 27-51 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: technology sourcing, innovation, M&A, Heckman two-stage, bitobit, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016385 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016385 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Myriam Abdelmoula 
Author-X-Name-First: Myriam 
Author-X-Name-Last: Abdelmoula 
Author-Name: Jean Michel Etienne 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean Michel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Etienne 
Title: Determination of R&D investment in French firms: a two-part hierarchical model with correlated random effects 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of Research and
 development (R&D) investment in French firms. For analysis of covariate
 effects on R&D expenditures, a two-part model that combines a probit
 regression on the decision to perform R&D and a linear regression on
 log-positive expenditures is estimated. This two-part hierarchical model
 with a correlated random effect's structure accounts for both the skewed
 nature of firms' R&D expenditures data in French regions and the fact that
 firms' expenditures are correlated within the regions. In this study, we
 propose to identify which factors have affected French R&D investment in
 French manufacturing sectors in 2005. Estimations are based on a sample of
 3308 French firms within 19 regions of France. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 53-70 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: R&D expenditures, French firms, French regions, MCMC, two-part hierarchical model, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016435 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016435 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernhard Dachs 
Author-X-Name-First: Bernhard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dachs 
Author-Name: Andreas Pyka 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pyka 
Title: What drives the internationalisation of innovation? Evidence from European patent data 
Abstract:
  This paper analyses the current internationalisation of innovation
 activities and identifies the main drivers for the countries of the
 European Union (EU). We employ patent applications at the European Patent
 Office covering the period 2000-2005. Our results show that the
 internationalisation of innovation is mainly due to an intensified
 co-operation between EU member states, as well as stronger ties between
 Europe and the USA. Innovative activity of EU enterprises is hardly
 globalised in the sense of being equally distributed around the world.
 Multivariate analysis reveals that cross-border patents between two
 countries increase with absolute market size of the host country, with
 rising levels of research and development in the home and host country and
 with a stronger protection of intellectual property rights in the host
 country. Distance between home and host country is negatively related to
 the number of cross-border patents. A common language between two
 countries and joint membership in the EU are also factors that
 considerably spur overseas innovation activity. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 71-86 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: internationalisation of innovation, patents, gravity model, research and development, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016476 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016476 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ascension Barajas 
Author-X-Name-First: Ascension 
Author-X-Name-Last: Barajas 
Author-Name: Elena Huergo 
Author-X-Name-First: Elena 
Author-X-Name-Last: Huergo 
Title: International R&D cooperation within the EU Framework Programme: empirical evidence for Spanish firms 
Abstract:
  This work aims to explain which factors determine the participation of
 Spanish companies in R&D consortia within the EU's Framework Programme
 (FP), considering that the probability that a firm takes part must be
 regarded as the result of a two-phase process. First, the firm decides
 whether to apply for an FP cooperation project or not and secondly, the
 project is approved or rejected. The empirical results confirm that the
 probability of application depends on some firm-specific variables such as
 its commercial presence in foreign markets, its absorptive capacity
 regarding incoming spillovers and its prior experience in FP proposals.
 With regard to the proposal award, variables related to coordination
 capability (leader capacity, geographical distance among partners and
 prior experience in R&D cooperation) are valuable determinants. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 87-111 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: international R&D cooperation, Framework Programme, coordination capability, Spanish firms, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016492 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016492 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Guerzoni 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerzoni 
Title: The impact of market size and users' sophistication on innovation: the patterns of demand 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is an investigation on the role of demand upon
 innovation. Despite the decades-long debate on demand and innovation,
 theory still lacks an analytical formulation. This paper proposes a model
 where demand is conceived as a peculiar blend of two conditions, market
 size, and users' sophistication. These conditions drive firms' incentives
 to innovate. As the main outcome, the paper explores the underlying
 mechanisms of demand-pull theories and proposes a theoretical taxonomy of
 industries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 113-126 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, demand, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903016526 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903016526 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:1:p:113-126




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Coad 
Author-X-Name-First: Alex 
Author-X-Name-Last: Coad 
Author-Name: Rekha Rao 
Author-X-Name-First: Rekha 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rao 
Title: Firm growth and R&D expenditure 
Abstract:
  We apply a panel vector autoregression model to a firm-level longitudinal
 database to observe the co-evolution of sales growth, employment growth,
 profits growth and the growth of research and development (R&D)
 expenditure. Contrary to expectations, profit growth seems to have little
 detectable association with subsequent R&D investment. Instead, firms
 appear to increase their total R&D expenditure following growth in sales
 and employment. In a sense, firms behave 'as if' they aim for a roughly
 constant ratio of R&D to employment (or sales). We observe heterogeneous
 effects for growing or shrinking firms, however, suggesting that firms are
 less willing to reduce their R&D levels following a negative growth shock
 than they are willing to increase R&D after a positive shock. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 127-145 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: firm growth, panel VAR, R&D expenditure, industrial dynamics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802472531 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802472531 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:2:p:127-145




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexandra Zaby 
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaby 
Title: Losing the lead: the patenting decision in the light of the disclosure requirement 
Abstract:
  Empirical findings state that the disclosure requirement might be a
 reason for firms to rely on secrecy rather than patents to protect their
 inventions. We choose a dynamic framework in which we can explicitly
 analyze the patenting decision reflecting the tradeoff between a positive
 protective effect and a negative effect due to the required disclosure of
 the protected invention. In spite of a patent, the inventor's rival may
 still enter the market with a non-infringing product. Measuring the
 technological lead of the inventor by a time advantage he has compared
 with his rival, we show that if his headstart exceeds a critical
 threshold, he will not patent and rather rely on secrecy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 147-164 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: patenting decision, secrecy, disclosure requirement, patent height, vertical product differentiation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802492836 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802492836 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:2:p:147-164




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Haibin Wu 
Author-X-Name-First: Haibin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu 
Title: Distance to frontier, intellectual property rights, and economic growth 
Abstract:
  This article examines the effects of intellectual property rights (IPR)
 protection on growth and convergence. Firms in a country undertake both
 innovation and imitation to improve their productivity. IPR protection
 reduces the cost of innovation, but makes imitation more costly. Countries
 at early stages of growth adopt a strategy of high effort on imitation,
 and switch to the strategy of high effort on innovation at some point. A
 higher degree of IPR protection makes the switch to the strategy of high
 effort on innovation earlier. There are two possible growth traps. A
 middle-income trap arises when a country fails to switch to high effort on
 innovation due to a low degree of IPR protection. Whereas a poverty trap
 may exist at the early stage of development, when there is no enough
 effort on imitation due to a strict IPR protection. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 165-183 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, imitation, intellectual property rights, convergence, traps, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802551227 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802551227 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:2:p:165-183




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lutz Schneider 
Author-X-Name-First: Lutz 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider 
Author-Name: Jutta Gunther 
Author-X-Name-First: Jutta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gunther 
Author-Name: Bianca Brandenburg 
Author-X-Name-First: Bianca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brandenburg 
Title: Innovation and skills from a sectoral perspective: a linked employer-employee analysis 
Abstract:
  Science and engineering skills as well as management and leadership
 skills are often referred to as sources of innovative activities within
 companies. Broken down into sectoral innovation patterns, this article
 examines the role of formal education, actual occupation and work
 experience in the innovation performance in manufacturing firms within a
 probit model. It uses unique micro data for Germany (LIAB) that contain
 information about corporate innovation activities and the qualification of
 employees in terms of formal education, actual professional status and
 work experience. We find clear differences in the human capital endowment
 between sectors according to the Pavitt classification. Sectors with a
 high share of highly skilled employees engage in above average product
 innovation (specialised suppliers and science-based industries). However,
 according to our estimation results, across as well as within these
 sectors a large share of highly skilled employees does not substantially
 increase the probability of a firm being innovative. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 185-202 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, human capital, qualification, sectoral innovation system, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590902872887 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590902872887 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:2:p:185-202




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hugo Erken 
Author-X-Name-First: Hugo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Erken 
Author-Name: Marcel Kleijn 
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kleijn 
Title: Location factors of international R&D activities: an econometric approach 
Abstract:
  Research and development (R&D) is important for economic growth. Many
 countries therefore attempt to raise the investments in R&D. Increasingly
 important in this context are foreign direct investments in R&D, which on
 average constitute 24% of total business R&D investments in the EU15
 (between 1995 and 2004). This paper focuses on the question: 'Which
 location factors are decisive for the attractiveness of foreign R&D
 investments?' The answer to this question is crucial in order to attract
 new foreign investments in R&D and to keep home-base R&D activities in a
 country or to expand them. Based on econometric analysis, we show in this
 paper that, besides the impact of human capital and value added of foreign
 affiliates, a country's stock of private R&D capital is an important
 location factor for international R&D activities. The interpretation of
 this result is twofold. First of all, it indicates that firms locate their
 R&D abroad to reap the benefits of knowledge-spillover effects. Secondly,
 we argue that the stock of private R&D capital embodies a so-called
 'place-to-be effect'. This effect can be regarded as a signalling effect
 to firms: if the private R&D capital stock in a country is relatively
 large, framework conditions for research are in place and the innovative
 climate is likely to be excellent. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 203-232 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: internationalization of R&D, R&D location factors, R&D investment climate, foreign direct investment, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802469578 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802469578 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:3:p:203-232




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agusti Segarra-Blasco 
Author-X-Name-First: Agusti 
Author-X-Name-Last: Segarra-Blasco 
Title: Innovation and productivity in manufacturing and service firms in Catalonia: a regional approach 
Abstract:
  This article analyses the determinants of research and development (R&D)
 and the role of innovation on labour productivity in Catalan firms. Our
 empirical analysis found a considerable heterogeneity in firm performances
 between the manufacturing and service industries and between low- and
 high-tech industries. The frontiers that separate manufacturing and
 service industries are increasingly blurred. In Catalonia high-tech
 knowledge-intensive services (KIS) play a strategic role in promoting
 innovation in both manufacturing and service industries, and driving
 growth throughout the regional economy. Empirical results show new firms
 created during the period 2002-2004 that have a greater R&D intensity than
 incumbent firms (54.1% in high-tech manufacturing industries and 68.8% in
 high-tech KIS). Small and young firms in the high-tech KIS sector are very
 prone to carrying out R&D and they invest more in innovation projects. R&D
 expenditures, output innovation, investment in physical capital, market
 share and export have positive effects on labour productivity in both the
 manufacturing and service sectors. Firm size, on the other hand, has a
 positive effect on productivity in manufacturing industries but not in
 services. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 233-258 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, R&D, productivity, knowledge-intensive services, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802469594 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802469594 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:3:p:233-258




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexia Gaudeul 
Author-X-Name-First: Alexia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaudeul 
Title: Software marketing on the Internet: the use of samples and repositories 
Abstract:
  This paper examines one of the most important marketing strategies by
 software producers on the Internet. That is whether to offer free samples
 and, if so, whether to list the samples on shareware repositories. I show
 that firms with higher value products have a greater incentive to offer
 free samples but are more reluctant to do so if they are well known, and
 even when they do are less likely to be listed on shareware repositories.
 I then proceed to use four types of Probit-based models to corroborate the
 findings from the theoretical model. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 259-281 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: shareware, software, Internet, brand, search, sample, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802472572 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802472572 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:3:p:259-281




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sumit Majumdar 
Author-X-Name-First: Sumit 
Author-X-Name-Last: Majumdar 
Title: Fiber in the backbone! The impact of broadband adoption on firm growth in network markets 
Abstract:
  This article examined the relationship between the adoption of
 technology, via the deployment of broadband, on revenue growth, which is
 an important measure of financial performance, of the deploying firms
 using panel data for all of the major local exchange carriers in the US
 telecommunications industry from 1988 to 2001. The sector is an important
 network market context where the implications of deployment have
 substantial salience. The results show a positive relationship between
 broadband deployment and carriers' revenue growth. This result implies
 that encouraging the adoption and deployment of broadband technologies in
 addition to the benefits of the consumers and firms at the receiving end
 of the new technology create the potential for better financial
 performance for the deploying firms. These results also imply that steps
 that can be taken to provide incentives that will hasten the further
 deployment of broadband will result in gains in financial performance
 within the sector. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 283-293 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: broadband, revenue growth, technology adoption, dynamic panel data analysis, telecommunications sector, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903522366 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903522366 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:3:p:283-293




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dieter Ernst 
Author-X-Name-First: Dieter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ernst 
Title: Upgrading through innovation in a small network economy: insights from Taiwan's IT industry 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes the recent experience of Taiwan's information
 technology (IT) industry to explore the challenges and opportunities faced
 by a small economy that is deeply integrated into global networks of
 production and innovation. I introduce a conceptual framework to examine
 how specialization, learning ('absorptive capacity') and innovation
 enhance the potential for industrial upgrading. Finding the right balance
 between firm-level and industry-level upgrading and between domestic and
 international elements is a moving target and requires permanent
 adjustments to changes in markets and technology. Three findings
 distinguish this paper from prior work. First, absorptive capacity is
 critical for Taiwan's attempts to upgrade its IT industry through
 innovation. Second, Taiwanese firms now must increase R&D to avoid
 diminishing returns of network integration. Third, integration into
 diverse networks of production and innovation may well provide new
 lower-cost opportunities for 'industrial upgrading through innovation'.
 'Technology diversification', which combines incremental and architectural
 innovations, can serve as a complementary and arguably less costly option
 to 'technology leadership' strategies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 295-324 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: globalization, internationalization of R&D, global innovation networks, global production networks, learning, innovation, innovation policies, industrial upgrading, Taiwan, IT industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802469560 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802469560 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:4:p:295-324




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Grebel 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Grebel 
Author-Name: Tom Wilfer 
Author-X-Name-First: Tom 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilfer 
Title: Innovative cardiological technologies: a model of technology adoption, diffusion and competition 
Abstract:
  Technology diffusion of medical innovations is a complex evolutionary
 process. The specificities on the demand as well as on the supply side
 have a crucial impact on their diffusion paths. This paper aims to
 investigate the diffusion process of two competing innovative technologies
 in the health care sector. The case of percutaneous aortic valve
 replacement in heart medicine serves as an example. A simple model
 illustrates the decision-making process of adopters and suppliers that
 shape the evolution of a new market. Thereby, network externalities and
 individual learning bias the market outcome such as increasing returns to
 adoption and may lead to technological 'lock-ins'. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 325-347 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: technological change, adoption decisions, diffusion processes, competing technologies, network externalities, medical equipment, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802482019 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590802482019 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:4:p:325-347




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aimilia Protogerou 
Author-X-Name-First: Aimilia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Protogerou 
Author-Name: Yannis Caloghirou 
Author-X-Name-First: Yannis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Caloghirou 
Author-Name: Evangelos Siokas 
Author-X-Name-First: Evangelos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siokas 
Title: Policy-driven collaborative research networks in Europe 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the nature and structure of particular types of
 networks, i.e. policy-driven collaborative research networks. More
 specifically, it analyses the emerging networks formed under the fourth,
 fifth, and sixth EU Framework Programmes in the area of Information
 Society Technologies. This considerable time-span of roughly 12 years
 allows for comprehensive monitoring of these networks' evolution. Four
 sets of results with significant policy implications arise: (a) the
 networks analysed display characteristics of complex networks such as
 small-world property and scale-free distributions, (b) the networks
 examined are structured around a core of organizations, mainly
 universities and research institutes which have assumed a very influential
 role over time, (c) the introduction of new instruments in FP6 has
 considerably increased interconnectivity compared with the previous FPs,
 thus contributing to the implementation of the European Research Area
 initiative. In addition, another set of targeted instruments for upgrading
 the strategic position - within the networks - of promising peripheral
 actors should be designed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 349-372 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: European Framework Programmes, research joint ventures, R&D networks, information society technologies, social network analysis, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590902833665 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590902833665 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:4:p:349-372




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Anton 
Author-X-Name-First: James 
Author-X-Name-Last: Anton 
Author-Name: Gary Biglaiser 
Author-X-Name-First: Gary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Biglaiser 
Title: Compatibility, interoperability, and market power in upgrade markets 
Abstract:
  We examine the market power of a seller who repeatedly offers upgraded
 versions of a product. In the case of pure monopoly, the seller also
 controls compatibility across versions. In the case of an entrant who
 offers an upgrade, the incumbent seller also controls subsequent
 interoperability across versions. We argue that control of compatibility
 and interoperability does not allow an incumbent seller to charge a price
 premium relative to when such control is absent and, consequently, neither
 is a necessary source of market power. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 373-385 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: upgrade markets, compatibility, standards, interoperability, innovation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003603163 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438591003603163 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:4:p:373-385




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andries de Grip 
Author-X-Name-First: Andries 
Author-X-Name-Last: de Grip 
Author-Name: Bronwyn Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Wendy Smits 
Author-X-Name-First: Wendy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smits 
Title: Empirical studies of employment and performance of scientists and engineers 
Abstract:
  Policy makers in both the USA and Europe are aware of the necessity to
 stimulate the employment as well as the performance of scientists and
 engineers. This issue includes a selection of papers on both topics,
 bringing together labour economists as well as economists who do research
 on innovation and R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 387-391 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: labour market scientists and engineers, employment and performance, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903432855 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903432855 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:5:p:387-391




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Freeman 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Freeman 
Title: Globalization of scientific and engineering talent: international mobility of students, workers, and ideas and the world economy 
Abstract:
  This paper documents the five main ways in which globalization of
 scientific and engineering has proceeded: (1) expansion of mass higher
 education worldwide; (2) growth in number of international students; (3)
 immigration of scientists and engineers; (4) non-immigration trips:
 academic visitors, conferences; (5) greater international co-authorship
 and co-patenting. It is argued that by accelerating the rate of
 technological change and speeding the adoption of best practices around
 the world, these developments should benefit advanced and developing
 countries but that they threaten the comparative advantage of advanced
 countries in high-tech sectors and the edge that their citizens have in
 access to the highest quality university education and jobs; and risk
 creating greater divisions between modern and traditional sectors in
 developing countries. How economies around the world take advantage of the
 benefits and minimize the costs of globalization of knowledge will be a
 major determinant of economic progress. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 393-406 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: migration, international mobility of knowledge, scientists and engineers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903432871 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903432871 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:5:p:393-406




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andries de Grip 
Author-X-Name-First: Andries 
Author-X-Name-Last: de Grip 
Author-Name: Didier Fouarge 
Author-X-Name-First: Didier 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fouarge 
Author-Name: Jan Sauermann 
Author-X-Name-First: Jan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sauermann 
Title: What affects international migration of European science and engineering graduates? 
Abstract:
  Using a data set of science and engineering graduates from 12 European
 countries, we analyse the determinants of labour migration after
 graduation. We find that not only wage gains are driving the migration
 decision, but also differences in labour market opportunities, past
 migration experience and international student exchange are strong
 predictors of future migration. Contrary to our expectations, job
 characteristics such as the utilisation of skills in the job and
 involvement in innovation hardly affect the migration decision. When
 analysing country choice, countries such as the USA, Canada and Australia
 appear to attract migrants due to their larger R&D intensity. Moreover,
 graduates with higher grades are more likely to migrate to these
 countries. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 407-421 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: migration, university graduates, scientists and engineers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903434828 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903434828 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:5:p:407-421




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnaud Dupuy 
Author-X-Name-First: Arnaud 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dupuy 
Author-Name: Wendy Smits 
Author-X-Name-First: Wendy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smits 
Title: How large is the compensating wage differential for R&D workers? 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to measure the extent to which lower wages in
 R&D functions reflect a preference effect. In contrast to the bulk of the
 literature on compensating wage differentials that compares wage levels of
 jobs with different attributes, we constructed measures of willingness to
 accept (WTA) and pay (WTP) for R&D jobs using the Contingent Valuation
 technique. Earnings regressions using OLS show an R&D wage penalty of
 about 3.5%. However, hedonic OLS regressions of WTA and WTP give
 significant relative preference parameters for R&D jobs that range from
 0.19 to 0.22. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 423-436 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: R&D workers, compensating wage differentials, hedonic prices, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903434836 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903434836 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:5:p:423-436




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Liliane Bonnal 
Author-X-Name-First: Liliane 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonnal 
Author-Name: Jean-Francois Giret 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Francois 
Author-X-Name-Last: Giret 
Title: Determinants of access to academic careers in France 
Abstract:
  The recruitment of young PhD graduates in the academic sector is
 associated with great uncertainty regarding their potential teaching and
 research productivity. Thus, in order to recruit the best PhD graduates
 for permanent positions, employers (universities or research institutions
 in France) select according to signals sent by the applicants in their
 curriculum vitae: publications, post-doc position, host research
 institution, etc. In our paper, we analyse the factors affecting the
 access duration to a permanent job in three academic fields in France,
 using a sample of PhDs graduated in 2001. A discrete-time model,
 controlling for post-doc participation, is used to analyse the main
 factors influencing access duration. Our main results indicate that
 post-doc appointments have a positive influence on the access duration to
 a permanent job in chemistry and life sciences and, to a lesser extent, in
 mathematics, physics and in the applied sciences, which is coherent with
 the idea that potential employers use this information as a proxy for
 research and teaching abilities. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 437-458 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: PhD, academic sector, labour market entrance, post-doc, tenure, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903434851 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903434851 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:19:y:2010:i:5:p:437-458




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geoff Mason 
Author-X-Name-First: Geoff 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason 
Author-Name: Hiroatsu Nohara 
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroatsu 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nohara 
Title: How well-rewarded is inter-firm mobility in the labour market for scientists and engineers? New evidence from the UK and France 
Abstract:
  As firms have come under increasing competitive pressure to acquire and
 make effective use of knowledge that has been generated beyond their own
 boundaries, they are making increasing use of external recruitment of
 experienced scientists and engineers (SEs) who bring with them skills and
 knowledge gained in the process of working for other firms. This paper
 explores the impact of these developments on the returns to inter-firm
 mobility for individual SEs in the UK and France and finds that average
 returns to prior experience now match the returns to tenure over a large
 portion of scientists' and engineers' careers in both countries. The paper
 discusses some possible reasons for the similarity of labour market
 outcomes in the two countries, which is rather surprising given the much
 greater mobility of SEs in the UK compared with France. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 459-480 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: professional labour markets, job mobility, wage differentials, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903432897 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903432897 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Winkler 
Author-X-Name-First: Anne 
Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler 
Author-Name: Sharon Levin 
Author-X-Name-First: Sharon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Levin 
Author-Name: Paula Stephan 
Author-X-Name-First: Paula 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stephan 
Title: The diffusion of IT in higher education: publishing productivity of academic life scientists 
Abstract:
  This study investigates how the diffusion of Internet access and other
 advancements in IT across a broad group of institutions of higher
 education has affected the publishing productivity of life scientists.
 Several IT indicators are considered: (1) the adoption of BITNET; (2) the
 registration of domain names (DNS); (3) the availability of the electronic
 journal database, JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/), and (4) the availability
 of electronic library resources. Data on life scientists are from the
 1983, 1995, 2001 and 2003 Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR).
 Educational institutions are classified into tiers depending upon research
 intensity. Three hypotheses are tested: (1) IT enhances the careers of
 faculty; (2) IT improves the careers of faculty at lower-tiered relative
 to higher-tiered institutions; and (3) IT increases women's publication
 rates relative to those of men. The results provide some support for the
 first two hypotheses but no support for the third hypothesis. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 481-503 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: diffusion, technology, life sciences, professional labour markets, gender, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903434844 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903434844 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk Czarnitzki 
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk 
Author-X-Name-Last: Czarnitzki 
Author-Name: Andrew Toole 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew 
Author-X-Name-Last: Toole 
Title: Is there a trade-off between academic research and faculty entrepreneurship? Evidence from US NIH supported biomedical researchers 
Abstract:
  Is there a trade-off of scholarly research productivity when faculty
 members found or join for-profit firms? This paper offers an empirical
 examination of this question for a subpopulation of biomedical academic
 scientists who received research funding from the US National Institutes
 of Health (NIH). In this study, we are able to distinguish between
 permanent versus temporary employment transitions by entrepreneurial
 faculty members and examine how their journal article publication rates
 change using individual-level panel data. We find that the biomedical
 scientists who eventually choose to found or join a for-profit firm were
 more productive during their careers in academe than a randomly selected
 control group of their NIH peers. When they pursue entrepreneurship in the
 private sector, however, their scholarly productivity falls. Those
 entrepreneurial faculty members who return to academe are not as
 productive as they were before their entrepreneurial experience in terms
 of journal publications. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 505-520 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: academic entrepreneurship, SBIR, NIH, biomedical research, life scientist productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903432848 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903432848 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tsutomu Harada 
Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harada 
Title: Path-dependent economic growth with technological trajectory 
Abstract:
  This paper develops an integrated model of neoclassical and endogenous
 growth, which accounts for both income inequalities across countries and
 the convergence hypothesis, while all the growth stylized facts are
 satisfied. The model in this paper assumes that an economy industrializes
 in two stages. In the first stage, the economy starts industrialization
 through factor accumulation (the Solow stage); and after sufficient factor
 accumulation, it switches to the second stage of endogenous growth through
 innovation (the AK stage). Therefore, it becomes crucial to determine when
 switching from the Solow to the AK stages is implemented. We model this
 switching problem as a two-stage optimal control and show that the growth
 rate declines during the Solow stage, while in the AK stage it becomes
 constant. In addition, we draw several policy implications. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 521-538 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: path dependency, convergence hypothesis, Solow stage, AK stage, two-stage optimal control, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903166412 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903166412 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vey Wang 
Author-X-Name-First: Vey 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang 
Author-Name: Chung-Hui Lai 
Author-X-Name-First: Chung-Hui 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lai 
Author-Name: Lung-Sheng Lee 
Author-X-Name-First: Lung-Sheng 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee 
Author-Name: Shih-Wen Hu 
Author-X-Name-First: Shih-Wen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu 
Title: Franchise fee, contract bargaining, and economic growth 
Abstract:
  This paper combines the industrial organization (IO) theory and the
 R&D-based endogenous growth theory in a model of a successive imperfect
 competitive economy. The current study assumes that firms between upstream
 and downstream industries bargain over both the price of intermediate
 goods and the franchise fee. Findings show that the intermediate goods
 firm with a R&D sector charges the price equal to the marginal cost.
 Economic rent may also be partly transferred into the franchise fee
 determined by the relative bargaining power. In particular, the
 traditional double marginalization result, such as in Spengler (1950),
 does not take place here due to the above-mentioned bargaining scheme.
 Finally, this work shows that final goods firms in vertically linked
 industries play an important role in an economic growth model. The more
 bargaining power the final goods firms have (or the more returns to
 specialization upstream firms have, or the less substitution elasticity
 the final goods have), the more the economy grows. However, the consumer
 preference for diversity seemingly does not affect economic growth rate. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 539-552 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: franchise fee, contract bargaining, endogenous growth, successively imperfect competition, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903343433 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903343433 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerald Simons 
Author-X-Name-First: Gerald 
Author-X-Name-Last: Simons 
Author-Name: Paul Isely 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Isely 
Title: The effect of offshoring on knowledge flows in the US automobile industry 
Abstract:
  In the growing literature on offshoring, little attention has been given
 to the impact on product innovation. In this paper we empirically
 investigate the connection between industry innovation and offshoring in
 manufacturing. Specifically, our focus is on how information flows to the
 US economy have been affected by the increase in manufacturing offshoring
 in the US automobile industry. We measure these knowledge spillovers using
 different aspects of patent data, namely foreign citations and inventor
 country of origin. Our results indicate that offshoring has resulted in
 increased knowledge spillovers to the USA, and that the quantity of such
 spillovers varies by country, with a positive spillover effect from
 offshoring to Mexico, China, South Korea and Taiwan, but little or no
 spillover effect from offshoring to Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy
 and the UK. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 553-568 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: offshoring, innovation, patents, automobile, spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003688792 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438591003688792 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nigel Wadeson 
Author-X-Name-First: Nigel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wadeson 
Title: Directed search with real options 
Abstract:
  While search is normally modelled by economists purely in terms of
 decisions over making observations, this paper models it as a process in
 which information is gained through feedback from innovatory product
 launches. The information gained can then be used to decide whether to
 exercise real options. In the model the initial decisions involve a
 product design and the scale of production capacity. There are then real
 options to change these factors based on what is learned. The case of
 launching product variants in parallel is also considered. Under 'true'
 uncertainty, the model can be seen in terms of heuristic decision-making
 based on subjective beliefs with limited foresight. Search costs, the
 values of the real options, beliefs, and the cost of capital are all shown
 to be significant in determining the search path. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 569-582 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: search, real option, innovation, feedback, learning, strategy, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.486527 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2010.486527 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anneli Kaasa 
Author-X-Name-First: Anneli 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaasa 
Author-Name: Maaja Vadi 
Author-X-Name-First: Maaja 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vadi 
Title: How does culture contribute to innovation? Evidence from European countries 
Abstract:
  Culture is deemed to be a crucial basis for innovation in various
 respects. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationships between
 different cultural dimensions introduced by G. Hofstede (2001, Culture's
 consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, insititutions, and
 organizations across nations, 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage) and the
 capability of initiating innovation measured by the number of patent
 applications using the sample of European countries at the regional level.
 As a novel approach, instead of using Hofstede's original index scores,
 the measures for the cultural dimensions are based on the European Social
 Survey. We have learned that to be successful in patenting, a region
 should have power distance, uncertainty avoidance, family-related
 collectivism (as opposed to friend-related and organisation-related
 collectivism), and lower than average masculinity. In addition, the
 negative relationships between these cultural dimensions and patenting are
 stronger when there is a higher patenting intensity. However, culture
 alone does not serve as a guarantee for a high level of patenting
 intensity. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 583-604 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, culture, Hofstede, Europe, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590902987222 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590902987222 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Doloreux 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux 
Author-Name: Richard Shearmur 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Shearmur 
Title: Exploring and comparing innovation patterns across different knowledge intensive business services 
Abstract:
  Using data from a survey of 769 firms, this paper provides empirical
 evidence of the nature of innovation and its determinants within knowledge
 intensive business services (KIBS). The aim of the paper is to analyse how
 KIBS innovate and whether they innovate differently in three Canadian
 knowledge intensive business industries: Computer System Designs and
 Related Services; Management, Scientific and Technical Consulting
 Services; and, Architectural, Engineering and Related Services. There are
 clear differences in the innovation profiles of the three sectors, which
 suggest that KIBS cannot be analysed as an undifferentiated group of
 establishments. However, there are also important within-sector
 differences that call for further investigation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 605-625 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: KIBS, Computer System Designs and Related Services, Management, Scientific and Technical Consulting Services, Architectural, Engineering and Related Services, innovation, system of innovation, Quebec, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903128966 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903128966 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gustavo Crespi 
Author-X-Name-First: Gustavo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi 
Author-Name: Aldo Geuna 
Author-X-Name-First: Aldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Geuna 
Author-Name: Onder Nomaler 
Author-X-Name-First: Onder 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nomaler 
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen 
Author-X-Name-First: Bart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Verspagen 
Title: University IPRs and knowledge transfer: is university ownership more efficient? 
Abstract:
  This paper addresses an issue that has been largely ignored so far in the
 empirical literature on the role of patents in university-industry
 knowledge transfer: does it matter who owns the patents on university
 research? We observe that especially in Europe, many patents in which
 university researchers are listed as inventors are not owned by the
 university. From a literature review, we conclude that private ownership
 of university patents may reduce the efficiency of the knowledge transfer
 process. This hypothesis is put to an empirical test, using data on
 patents in six European countries. Specifically, we assess whether
 university-owned patents (in Europe) are more often applied, and/or more
 economically valuable, than university-invented (but not-owned) patents.
 Our results indicate that, after correcting for observable patent
 characteristics, there are only very small differences between
 university-owned and university-invented patents in terms of their rate of
 commercialization or economic value. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 627-648 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: university patenting, public-private technology transfer, European universities, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903354984 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903354984 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Derek Clark 
Author-X-Name-First: Derek 
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark 
Author-Name: Anita Michalsen 
Author-X-Name-First: Anita 
Author-X-Name-Last: Michalsen 
Title: Managerial incentives for technology transfer 
Abstract:
  This paper studies how a separation of ownership and management affects a
 firm's incentives to transfer knowledge about technology voluntarily and
 without payment to a rival in a Cournot duopoly. We consider a three-stage
 strategic delegation game, where two technologies are available; one with
 increasing returns to scale and the other with constant returns to scale.
 While the former is known to both firms, only the more advanced firm
 initially has access to the latter type of technology. This firm is
 assumed to be managerial, not only with respect to product market
 decisions, but also regarding the choice of whether or not to transfer
 technology to the rival firm. We consider the scope for, and limitations
 of, the use of strategic management and compare the results with those
 from traditional models that do not involve technology transfer and models
 that involve technology transfer, and no strategic management. The
 resulting technology choices are examined for their welfare implications,
 and finally we consider the transfer of technology when both firms are
 managerial. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 649-668 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: technology transfer, managerial incentives, technology adoption, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903128974 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903128974 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sebastien Lechevalier 
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastien 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lechevalier 
Author-Name: Yukio Ikeda 
Author-X-Name-First: Yukio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ikeda 
Author-Name: Junichi Nishimura 
Author-X-Name-First: Junichi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nishimura 
Title: The effect of participation in government consortia on the R&D productivity of firms: a case study of robot technology in Japan 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the effect of participation in government-sponsored
 R&D consortia on the R&D productivity of firms in the case of robot
 technology in Japan. We attempt to provide a new empirical analysis and
 discussions on the issue of government project evaluation by investigating
 the impact of the evolution of government programs, and to compare
 government-sponsored R&D consortia with collaborative R&D among firms.
 Using indicators of the quality of patents, which enables us to provide an
 estimation of quality-adjusted research productivity, we find that
 participation in government programs has a positive impact on the research
 productivity of participating firms. Moreover, the impact of participation
 became much higher after the design of government programs in this field
 changed in the late 1990s. Also, we find that participation in
 government-sponsored consortia has a greater impact on research
 productivity than participation in collaborative R&D among firms. This may
 support government involvement in R&D as a coordinator of R&D
 collaboration. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 669-692 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: industrial policy, robot technology, Japanese innovation system, collaborative R&D, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590902872903 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590902872903 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: George Blazenko 
Author-X-Name-First: George 
Author-X-Name-Last: Blazenko 
Author-Name: Andrey Pavlov 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrey 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pavlov 
Title: Value maximizing hurdle rates for R&D investment 
Abstract:
  We show that the value maximizing hurdle rate for research and
 development (R&D) investments among private firms operating in a market
 setting is less than for conventional investments despite the fact that
 R&D has development risk. Because development risk arises only during R&D,
 entrepreneurs control this risk by deferring or pursuing R&D depending
 upon profitability. This risk management moderates downside loss and
 encourages upside gain which increases the value attraction of R&D and
 decreases the value maximizing hurdle rate below that of conventional
 investment. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 693-717 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: R&D, hurdle rates, real options, Tobin's q, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903003631 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903003631 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Analia Erbes 
Author-X-Name-First: Analia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Erbes 
Author-Name: Veronica Robert 
Author-X-Name-First: Veronica 
Author-X-Name-Last: Robert 
Author-Name: Gabriel Yoguel 
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yoguel 
Title: Capacities, innovation and feedbacks in production networks in Argentina 
Abstract:
  This paper is based on an application of the complex systems approach to
 economics with the objective of exploring the micro- and meso-mechanisms
 of development. Under this approach, innovation can be seen as an emergent
 property that depends on micro interaction and on specificities of macro
 structure. This study emphasizes that the micro interactions can be
 described by the feedback mechanisms between the absorption and
 connectivity capacities of firms, and the macro structure by processes of
 creative destruction, knowledge appropriation and structural change. The
 paper presents empirical evidence on the feedback loops between absorption
 and connectivity capacities in production networks in Argentina and their
 impact on innovation results. This paper concludes that the restrictions
 on absorption capacity and mainly on connectivity capacity in several
 production networks in Argentina condition the development of positive
 feedbacks between the two capacities, and hence the scope of the
 innovation path. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 719-741 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: complexity, feedbacks, absorption and connectivity capacities, production networks, structural change, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903040807 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903040807 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Bonifati 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonifati 
Title: 'More is different', exaptation and uncertainty: three foundational concepts for a complexity theory of innovation 
Abstract:
  Increasingly, economists concur that innovation processes are far from
 equilibrium phenomena. Indeed, these processes are characterized by
 complex qualitative changes in the relations between producers, sellers
 and users, from which new products and new markets emerge. In order to
 understand such processes, many economists have begun to draw on ideas and
 methods from 'the sciences of complex systems' literature. In this paper,
 I examine in detail three concepts from this literature, and I show how,
 taken together, these concepts provide a foundation for a complexity
 theory of innovation. I briefly characterize these concepts as follows:
 (1) The 'more is different' principle. The need to reach new potential
 consumers in the face of increased production capacity induces qualitative
 changes in artifact functionality, agent interaction patterns, and the
 relations between production and consumption. (2) Exaptation. New patterns
 of interaction among agents around the use of new kinds of artifacts lead
 to the emergence of new functionality, which in turn induces new kinds of
 relationships among production, technology, and consumption. (3)
 Ontological uncertainty. New artifacts, new patterns of interaction around
 their production and use, and new attributions of functionality generate
 perpetual novelty in innovation contexts, which makes prediction
 impossible: not only because agents are unable to decide which among some
 set of well-defined consequences will happen as a result of actions they
 contemplate taking, but also because some of the very subjects, objects,
 and criteria of value with which these consequences of their possible
 actions would have to be expressed simply do not exist at the historical
 moment in which agents must act. The paper argues that a theory of
 innovation capable of providing deep insight into the way in which
 innovation processes unfold in historical time must begin by embedding
 these three concepts in its foundation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 743-760 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 19 
Year: 2010 
Keywords: innovation, complexity, quantitative and qualitative changes, exaptation, ontological uncertainty, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.511455 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2010.511455 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Seongwuk Moon 
Author-X-Name-First: Seongwuk 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moon 
Title: How does the management of research impact the disclosure of knowledge? Evidence from scientific publications and patenting behavior 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the effect of control rights over whether to publish
 or patent research results. University researchers have substantial
 discretion over disclosure, while management in non-academic organizations
 often direct researchers to patent their findings. Thus, the effect of
 control rights can be identified by using the shift from basic to
 commercializable knowledge because management has a larger incentive to
 protect the commercializable knowledge. The effect, however, may be
 confounded by the heterogeneity of research paths and the organizational
 factors other than the allocation of decision rights. To overcome these
 issues, this paper exploits multiple discoveries associated with a single
 human gene as a research path and a discovery of a gene's linkage to a
 disease that may spark commercially oriented research on that gene. To
 isolate the effect of decision rights, multiple types of non-academic
 organizations are also used. Building on this variation of knowledge along
 research paths, the differences-in-differences estimate shows that
 non-academic research organizations become less likely to publish and more
 likely to patent than universities in the advance of commercializable
 knowledge. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-32 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: control rights, academic and non-academic research, disclosure of scientific knowledge, publication and patent, multiple discoveries on a gene, basic and applied research, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590902750893 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590902750893 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas van Zeebroeck 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Zeebroeck 
Title: The puzzle of patent value indicators 
Abstract:
  Given the growing size of patent databases and portfolios, scholars and
 practitioners alike need metrics to help them in weighting patent counts
 or in ranking patents to focus on the most important ones. The main
 objective of this paper is to help them in this task with a practical and
 replicable approach. The discriminating criterion chosen is the potential
 market for the patented invention and the approach uses five different
 patent features (forward citations, grant decisions, families, renewals,
 and oppositions) that (1) have been found positively correlated with the
 value of patents in the literature, (2) can be extracted from patent
 databases, and (3) could inform on the existence of a potential market for
 the invention. The paper therefore discusses the main methodological
 issues in measuring and interpreting these metrics over a large
 international dataset and proposes one approach to extract from the
 different measures a consistent score that can be used to weight or rank
 patents. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 33-62 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: patent value, families, renewals, oppositions, citations, grant rate, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903038256 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903038256 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrik Gustavsson Tingvall 
Author-X-Name-First: Patrik Gustavsson 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tingvall 
Author-Name: Patrik Karpaty 
Author-X-Name-First: Patrik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Karpaty 
Title: Service-sector competition, innovation and R&D 
Abstract:
  The central prediction of the Aghion, Bloom, Blundell and Howitt model is
 an inverted U-shaped relationship between innovation and competition. The
 model is built on the assumption of a product market and has not yet been
 tested on the service sector. Using detailed firm-level data on Swedish
 service-sector firms, we find evidence of an inverse U-shaped relationship
 for exporting service-sector firms. A further breakdown of innovation
 expenditures shows that the inverse U-shaped pattern holds for intramural
 R&D and training, but not for extramural R&D. Finally, the results
 indicate that as competition increases, small firms tend to seek strategic
 alliances with competitors, whereas large firms tend to reduce
 collaboration with competitors. The behavior of large firms can partly be
 due to their superior capacity to handle innovation projects internally,
 which will become more important if increased competition results in
 higher pay-offs to innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 63-88 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: R&D, innovation, competition, service sector, CIS data, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903073675 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903073675 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:1:p:63-88




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shoji Haruna 
Author-X-Name-First: Shoji 
Author-X-Name-Last: Haruna 
Author-Name: Rajeev Goel 
Author-X-Name-First: Rajeev 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel 
Title: R&D, free entry, and social inefficiency 
Abstract:
  We employ a three-stage game model with cost-reducing research and
 development (R&D) that is subject to spillovers to consider the problem of
 excess entry under free-entry equilibrium relative to the social optimum.
 Firms choose to enter or exit a market in the first stage, choose R&D in
 the second stage and output in the final stage. Results show that there is
 socially inefficient or excessive entry in equilibrium. However, we
 uniquely demonstrate that research spillovers hold the key to whether
 established results regarding socially inefficient entry hold.
 Specifically, excessive entry occurs as long as research spillovers are
 relatively small, but this is not necessarily the case with large
 spillovers. Some policy implications are discussed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 89-101 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: R&D, entry, social inefficiency, oligopoly, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.533534 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2010.533534 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:1:p:89-101




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiaobo Wu 
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaobo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu 
Author-Name: Yanbin Jiang 
Author-X-Name-First: Yanbin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang 
Title: A study on the effect of different levels of research capability on invention performance 
Abstract:
  This paper aims to search the threshold point during the technology
 accumulation process and investigate the interaction mechanism for human
 capital and technology acquisition. Related data of patent application and
 invention patent granted suggests that there is a significant paradigm
 shift between the two sides of the threshold point, which means that
 factors contributing to invention have shifted from external to internal.
 Further, some simple implications are made based on the moderate effect.
 Firstly, technology acquisition has been attached with great importance to
 the improvement of invention performance. Secondly, technology acquisition
 also plays a substitutive role in building up internal technology
 capability when internal technology is low, but it will change to be a
 complementary resource for local technology build-up when local technology
 is high enough. So building up internal technology capability seems
 critical. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 103-126 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: research capability, invention, threshold effect, substitutive, complementary, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903343458 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903343458 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:2:p:103-126




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Lera-Lopez 
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lera-Lopez 
Author-Name: Margarita Billon 
Author-X-Name-First: Margarita 
Author-X-Name-Last: Billon 
Author-Name: Maria Gil 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gil 
Title: Determinants of Internet use in Spain 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes the impact of a variety of socio-economic,
 demographic and regional factors to explain Internet use and the frequency
 of use by individuals in Spain. We have employed binomial and ordered
 probit models with a Heckman's two-stage estimation procedure. This allows
 us to distinguish between different variables and explain both use and the
 intensity of use, respectively. Internet use is mainly associated with
 education, age, occupation, employment in service sector, nationality,
 urban areas and regional GDP per capita. In contrast, frequency of
 Internet usage is positively related to broadband connection, education,
 Internet skills, the ways through which Internet skills are acquired,
 gender, and population size. Knowledge of differences in the determinants
 of Internet use and its extent of use may help to specify the most
 suitable policies for each case. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 127-152 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: Internet, digital divide, Spain, Moulton, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903378017 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903378017 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:2:p:127-152




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Yuan 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yuan 
Title: Incentives to lead, follow, or compete: comparative national choices of international copyright 
Abstract:
  I study the desirability and incentives for countries to lead or follow
 in international copyright policy making by analyzing a lead-follow model
 of international copyright and comparing it with a competitive model. The
 analyses suggest that the lead-follow model is globally preferable except
 when the information products have short economic life in the leading
 country. In this exceptional case, the incentives of individual countries
 are compatible with global welfare as they also prefer the globally
 preferable competitive model. However, in the cases where the lead-follow
 model is globally preferable, individual countries do not always have the
 incentive to lead or follow. For example, a small country may prefer
 competition over leading or following, as competition may allow it to
 free-ride on the copyright protection provided by the larger country. This
 suggests that 'extraordinary' incentive is sometimes needed to induce
 individual countries to adopt the lead-follow model of international
 copyright when it is globally desirable. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 153-181 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: international copyright policy, leading, following versus competitive policy making, national and global welfare analyses, simulation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903378025 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903378025 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christos Antonopoulos 
Author-X-Name-First: Christos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonopoulos 
Author-Name: Plutarchos Sakellaris 
Author-X-Name-First: Plutarchos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sakellaris 
Title: Estimating computer depreciation using online auction data 
Abstract:
  Personal computer prices decline rapidly with age. The price of a
 four-year-old used computer is almost one tenth of the price of a new one.
 This paper provides new evidence on why prices of personal computers
 decline so rapidly as they age, using online auction data from eBay. An
 innovative feature of the dataset is that it contains actual transaction
 prices for both desktops and notebooks, as well as exact age in days. By
 using a sample of used Dell computers, we examine the causes of this rapid
 decline. We find that age is not important due to minimal physical
 deterioration. Prices decline because used computers have inferior
 technical characteristics compared to new ones. In addition, a computer
 loses about 20-25 percentage points of its value the instant that it is
 sold. Finally, some auction characteristics are significant. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 183-204 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: personal computer, hedonic function, physical deterioration, technical characteristics, auction characteristics, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903385095 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903385095 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:2:p:183-204




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Marco 
Author-X-Name-First: Alan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marco 
Author-Name: Gordon Rausser 
Author-X-Name-First: Gordon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rausser 
Title: Complementarities and spillovers in mergers: an empirical investigation using patent data 
Abstract:
  We investigate the merger behavior of firms in the plant biotechnology
 sector using firm-level patent data for public and private firms in the
 1980s and 1990s. Conditional logit estimation is used to estimate the
 probability that the firms will match in mergers and spinoffs. We
 calculate several patent portfolio-based measures of complementarity and
 spillovers between firms, and find that both are important to defining a
 good match of acquirer and target. However, complementarities provide the
 more robust explanation. The mergers and spinoffs observed in plant
 biotechnology may have been designed to overcome the anti-commons problem
 of mutually blocking technology, an extreme form of complementarity. Our
 results highlight the need to integrate patent and competition policy. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 207-231 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: mergers, acquisitions, patents, plant biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, complementarities, spillovers, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903509827 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903509827 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sumit Majumdar 
Author-X-Name-First: Sumit 
Author-X-Name-Last: Majumdar 
Title: Retentions, relations and innovation: the financing of R&D in India 
Abstract:
  Based on data for a panel of several thousand Indian firms covering a
 period of 15 years, between 1991-1992 and 2005-2006, this article has
 examined the impact of financial retentions and debt types on the levels
 of R&D undertaken by firms. Retentions by firms clearly influence firms'
 R&D spending levels. The results show that the important relational debt
 types, such as bank borrowing, corporate borrowings and deferred payments,
 have a positive and significant impact in influencing levels of R&D
 undertaken by firms in India. The economic impact of such debt in
 impacting R&D spending levels is also substantial. For Indian firms, where
 relational borrowings, especially from banks, have been very substantial,
 such borrowings have influenced their capability-building activities.
 Conversely, debt that is of the transactional variety has no material
 impact on firms' R&D spending levels. These results hold consistently
 across specifications and data stratification. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 233-257 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: financing, leverage, Indian industry, intangible assets, liberalization, R&D, relational debt, retentions, transactional debt, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903516335 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903516335 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Abhra Roy 
Author-X-Name-First: Abhra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Roy 
Author-Name: Aniruddha Bagchi 
Author-X-Name-First: Aniruddha 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bagchi 
Title: Optimal patent policy with endogenous cross-border acquisitions 
Abstract:
  The issue of optimal patent protection is of great importance since the
 inclusion of the trade related aspects of intellectual property rights
 accord into the purview of the World Trade Organization. Hitherto, the
 literature has focused on the optimal patent regimes from the perspective
 of developed and/or developing nations assuming that firms in different
 countries operate independently. We investigate the interaction between
 optimal patent regimes and cross-border mergers in a North-South
 framework. In this scenario, we show that forming cross-border mergers
 increase welfare and reduce the optimal patent length in both regions by
 reducing competition in the Southern market. As a result, world welfare
 under mergers Pareto-dominate both the world welfare obtained without
 mergers and with patent harmonization. Thus, cross-border mergers
 constitute an effective way of increasing world welfare. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 259-282 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: patent protection, innovation, mergers, WTO, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590903526201 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438590903526201 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:3:p:259-282




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas van Zeebroeck 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Zeebroeck 
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 
Title: The vulnerability of patent value determinants 
Abstract:
  This paper presents a critical survey of the literature on the
 determinants of patent value. The contributions to the literature are
 essentially two-fold. First, significant inconsistencies across existing
 studies are underlined. Second, a sensitivity analysis shows strong
 dependencies of several 'classical' results on two main empirical
 dimensions, namely the choice of the dependent variables (indicator of
 patent value) and the sampling methodology. The new indicators of filing
 strategies put forward by van Zeebroeck and van Pottelsberghe de la
 Potterie (this journal) turn out to be the most robust and stable
 determinants. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 283-308 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: patent systems, patent quality, patent value, filing strategies, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003668638 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438591003668638 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Estelle Dhont-Peltrault 
Author-X-Name-First: Estelle 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dhont-Peltrault 
Author-Name: Etienne Pfister 
Author-X-Name-First: Etienne 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister 
Title: R&D cooperation versus R&D subcontracting: empirical evidence from French survey data 
Abstract:
  This paper uses a survey of French firms active in R&D to identify the
 determinants of the trade-off between R&D subcontracting and R&D
 cooperation. We observe that R&D subcontracting is more likely than R&D
 cooperation when the partner is chosen on objective criteria, such as
 prices, quality certificates and geographic proximity. Subcontracting
 relationships also involve less uncertainty, are less likely to lead to
 patent deposits and less frequently involve public research institutions.
 These results are coherent with the hypothesis that R&D subcontracting
 mainly concerns standardized R&D processes. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 309-341 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: R&D cooperation, R&D subcontracting, organizational choices, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003669743 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438591003669743 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Schiffauerova 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schiffauerova 
Author-Name: Catherine Beaudry 
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Beaudry 
Title: Star scientists and their positions in the Canadian biotechnology network 
Abstract:
  This paper identifies the prominent inventors (star scientists) in the
 Canadian biotechnology co-inventorship network by taking into
 consideration either only patent quantity or both patent quantity and
 quality. The paper studies the positions of these stars in the network
 structure and results show that inventors with a higher number of patents
 assume more central positions in the network: they have more
 collaborators, enjoy better access to information and also have greater
 control over knowledge flows in the network. Nevertheless, their network
 positions do not have higher levels of local cliquishness, suggesting that
 a clustered local neighbourhood may not have any positive impact on a
 scientist's innovative productivity. We also find that the majority of the
 stars play a knowledge gatekeeping role - nurturing clusters with
 knowledge originating outside. Finally, we examine and discuss the network
 dynamics and the role of these stars in the information transmission
 efficiency. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 343-366 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: star scientists, innovation, patents, network structure, network dynamics, biotechnology, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003696886 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438591003696886 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Harris 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harris 
Author-Name: Mary Trainor 
Author-X-Name-First: Mary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Trainor 
Title: A matching analysis of why some firms in peripheral regions undertake R&D whereas others do not 
Abstract:
  Many studies have established the importance of investment in R&D to
 facilitate innovation and consequently improve firm productivity. Firms
 decide whether or not to undertake R&D depending on a range of factors
 such as market orientation, business objectives, competitive advantages
 and absorptive capacity. This paper studies the factors that influence
 this decision in peripheral locations; and for firms that do not undertake
 R&D, we analyse the reasons for not doing so. The research is based on
 data from a survey of some 250 matched firms operating in Northern
 Ireland, about half undertaking R&D and half not. Northern Ireland is an
 interesting case study because it exhibits a low level of investment in
 R&D despite the public subsidies and policy initiatives that have existed
 over the last 30 years. For firms that undertake R&D, our results mostly
 confirm the findings of others while for firms that do not undertake R&D
 the results point to a capabilities-gap rather than a resource-gap as the
 fundamental problem. Policy conclusions are drawn as to what might be done
 to boost both the amount of R&D undertaken and the number of firms engaged
 in R&D in peripheral regions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 367-385 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: attitudes to R&D, modelling R&D, matched firms sample, Northern Ireland, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.494098 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2010.494098 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: P. Guerrieri 
Author-X-Name-First: P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrieri 
Author-Name: M. Luciani 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Luciani 
Author-Name: V. Meliciani 
Author-X-Name-First: V. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Meliciani 
Title: The determinants of investment in information and communication technologies 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we assess the determinants of information and
 communication technology (ICT) investment at the macro-level, for a panel
 of 10 advanced countries, in the period 1992-2005. We investigate the idea
 that, since ICTs are general purpose technologies, the decision to invest
 in these technologies is strongly affected by the general business
 environment in which the investment takes place. The empirical results are
 consistent with this idea: facilitating factors such as changes in market
 regulation, amount of human capital, expenditure on R&D, and the share of
 the dynamic services sector in the economy, positively influence
 investment in ICT. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 387-403 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: information and communication technologies, general purpose technologies, structural change, human capital, regulation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.526313 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2010.526313 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristiano Antonelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli 
Author-Name: Giuseppe Scellato 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scellato 
Title: Out-of-equilibrium profit and innovation 
Abstract:
  Innovation is the result of intentional decision-making that takes place
 in out-of-equilibrium conditions. Profitability is a reliable indicator of
 equilibrium conditions, far better than competition, as it integrates the
 effects of out-of-equilibrium conditions in both product and factor
 markets. The farther the profitability from the average, the deeper the
 out-of-equilibrium conditions. The farther away the firm from equilibrium,
 the stronger the likelihood for innovation to take place. The hypothesis
 of a U-shaped relationship between levels of profitability and innovative
 activity, as measured by the rates of increase in total factor
 productivity (TFP), is articulated and tested. The evidence from a large
 sample of 7000 Italian manufacturing firms in the years 1996-2005 confirms
 the presence of a quadratic, convex relationship between profitability and
 the growth rates of TFP. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 405-421 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: endogenous technological change, out-of-equilibrium, profitability, innovation, total factor productivity, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562350 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.562350 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Corsino 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Corsino 
Author-Name: Giuseppe Espa 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Espa 
Author-Name: Rocco Micciolo 
Author-X-Name-First: Rocco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Micciolo 
Title: R&D, firm size and incremental product innovation 
Abstract:
  This article addresses an issue that is debated in the economics of
 innovation literature, namely the existence of increasing returns to R&D
 expenditures and firm size, in product innovation. It explores further how
 the firm's structural characteristics and contextual factors affect the
 sustained introduction of new components over a relatively long time
 period. Taking advantage of an original and unique database comprising
 information on new product announcements by leading semiconductor
 producers, we show that: (i) decreasing returns to size and R&D
 expenditures characterize the innovation production function of the
 sampled firms; (ii) producers operating a larger product portfolio exhibit
 a higher propensity to introduce new products than their specialized
 competitors; (iii) aging has positive bearings on the firm's ability to
 innovate. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 423-443 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: R&D, firm size, product innovation, semiconductor industry, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562354 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.562354 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jackie Krafft 
Author-X-Name-First: Jackie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Krafft 
Author-Name: Francesco Quatraro 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Quatraro 
Author-Name: Pier Paolo Saviotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saviotti 
Title: The knowledge-base evolution in biotechnology: a social network analysis 
Abstract:
  This paper applies the methodological tools typical of social network
 analysis (SNA) within an evolutionary framework, to investigate the
 knowledge-base (KB) dynamics of the biotechnology sector. Knowledge is
 here considered a collective good represented as a co-relational and a
 retrieval-interpretative structure. The internal structure of knowledge is
 described as a network, the nodes of which are small units within traces
 of knowledge, such as patent documents, connected by links determined by
 their joint utilization. We used measures referring to the network (like
 density) and to its nodes (like degree, closeness and betweenness
 centrality) to provide a synthetic description of the structure of the KB
 and of its evolution over time. Eventually, we compared such measures with
 more established properties of the KB calculated on the basis of
 co-occurrences of technological classes within patent documents. Empirical
 results show the existence of interesting and meaningful relationships
 across the different measures, providing support for the use of SNA to
 study the evolution of the KBs of industrial sectors and their lifecycles. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 445-475 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: knowledge base, social network analysis, variety, coherence, industry lifecycles, exploration/exploitation, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562355 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.562355 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pier Paolo Patrucco 
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Patrucco 
Title: Changing network structure in the organization of knowledge: the innovation platform in the evidence of the automobile system in Turin 
Abstract:
  This paper borrows from complexity theory insights into the
 transformation of network structure in order to explain the changes in how
 economic actors and their organizations acquire and coordinate innovative
 and productive capabilities. Through the illustrative evidence of
 organizational change that had occurred in the automobile industry in the
 area of Turin over the last 40 years, this paper describes how
 transformations in the structure of interactions between firms are steered
 by the modification in the pattern of specialization and differentiation
 in the capabilities and technological skills of economic actors. The
 automobile system in Turin is characterized by the emergence of a
 distributed innovation platform, which is seen as a major innovation in
 the organization of innovation and technological knowledge in the system. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 477-493 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: complex systems, networks, organizational change, platforms, technological knowledge, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562356 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.562356 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agnieszka Gehringer 
Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gehringer 
Title: Pecuniary knowledge externalities and innovation: intersectoral linkages and their effects beyond technological spillovers 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to discuss and to provide evidence for the
 existence of pecuniary knowledge externalities, considered here as the
 main cause of positive disequilibrium experience by downstream producers.
 The last effect, confirmed by the empirical analysis performed here,
 enriches the postulates of the model of growth through creative
 destruction due to P. Aghion and P. Howitt (1992, A model of growth
 through creative destruction, Econometrica 60, no. 2: 322-52), where only
 upstream producers generate innovations and downstream producers remain
 very much passive in front of the new technological knowledge generated
 externally. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 495-515 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: pecuniary knowledge externalities, endogenous growth, creative destruction, input-output, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562357 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.562357 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:5:p:495-515




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Vinciguerra 
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vinciguerra 
Author-Name: Koen Frenken 
Author-X-Name-First: Koen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Frenken 
Author-Name: Jarno Hoekman 
Author-X-Name-First: Jarno 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoekman 
Author-Name: Frank van Oort 
Author-X-Name-First: Frank 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Oort 
Title: European infrastructure networks and regional innovation in science-based technologies 
Abstract:
  We analyse the innovative activity of European regions in the fields of
 biotechnology and semiconductor technology. We explain regional patenting
 levels from publication levels within each region and nearby regions to
 account for local knowledge spillovers. We extend this approach by
 including connectivity measures for each region in order to indicate their
 position in the pan-European networks of Internet backbone providers,
 airline routes and global banks. We hypothesise that a region's position
 in all these networks contributes to its innovation capability as these
 networks provide high-quality and relative cheap access to digital
 information (Internet), fellow researchers (airlines) and financial
 resources (banks). The results show that connectivity indeed supports a
 region's patenting level in science-based technologies. In particular, we
 found that connectivity through the Internet backbone and through global
 banks enhance innovative activity, while airline connectivity does not. A
 second conclusion holds that while local knowledge spillovers are found to
 be very strong for patenting in biotechnology, this effect is found to be
 absent in semiconductor patenting. This result indicates that the
 importance of geographical proximity in generating knowledge spillovers is
 highly technology-specific. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 517-537 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Keywords: global cities, world cities, infrastructure networks, knowledge spillovers, NUTS3, 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562358 
File-URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10438599.2011.562358 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:5:p:517-537




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolas van Zeebroeck 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Zeebroeck 
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie 
Title: Filing strategies and patent value 
Abstract:
  This article contributes to the literature on the determinants of patent
 value in two ways. First, it introduces a new potential class of value
 determinants in the form of filing strategies (including filing routes,
 drafting styles and divisional filings). Second, it provides empirical
 evidence based on a unique dataset of about 250,000 EPO patents that these
 strategies are consistently and positively associated with patent value,
 indicated by six different measures based on citations, families, renewals
 and oppositions. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 539-561 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 2 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003668646 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438591003668646 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:6:p:539-561




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola De Liso 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Liso 
Author-Name: Giovanni Filatrella 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Filatrella 
Title: On delayed technological shifts 
Abstract:
  When a new technology capable of superseding an existing one appears, we
 sometimes observe the so-called sailing-ship effect, which consists of the
 old technology's improvements in response to the emergence of the new one.
 This helps explain why the old technology does not disappear quickly.
 However, some more aspects contribute to slowing down the process of
 substitution of the new for the old technology, such as users&#x2019;
 reluctance to switch to the new one, the degree of diffusion of the old
 technology, and other forces. In this work, we provide a formal model
 which takes into account both the technical improvements of the old
 technology as well as the other forces, where the latter are synthesised
 in what we define as a <italic>memory effect</italic>. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 563-580 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.533536 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.533536 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:6:p:563-580




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ayoub Yousefi 
Author-X-Name-First: Ayoub 
Author-X-Name-Last: Yousefi 
Title: The impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: evidence from developed and developing countries 
Abstract:
  This study examines whether, and to what extent, information and
 communication technology (ICT) has helped to improve economic growth. We
 adopt the traditional growth model as a framework to estimate
 contributions of labor, ICT, and non-ICT capital to economic growth in
 developed and developing countries. The estimates of the growth model by
 using time-series cross-country data of a total of 62 countries for the
 period of 2000--2006 reveal that economic growth effect of ICT differs
 across different income groups of countries. The paper concludes that ICT
 plays a major role in the growth of high and upper-middle income groups,
 but fails to contribute to the growth of the lower-middle income group
 countries. Such findings suggest that the level of investment in ICT is
 not the cause of slow growth in lower-middle developing countries as
 previously thought. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 581-596 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.544470 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.544470 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:6:p:581-596




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luigi Aldieri 
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldieri 
Title: Technological and geographical proximity effects on knowledge spillovers: evidence from the US patent citations 
Abstract:
  The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pattern of knowledge
 flows as indicated by the patent citations in three areas: USA, Japan and
 Europe. In each economic area, we use information from United States
 Patent and Trademarks Office data to assess empirically the impact of the
 technological and geographical proximities for 530 international firms. In
 particular, the contribution to the existing literature is twofold: first,
 we use an international sample in such a way that we may compare the
 empirical results among different economic markets; second, we extend the
 analysis of the determinants of knowledge spillovers, taking into account
 the time dimension of the effects of the proximities. In order to compute
 the technological proximity, we follow the methodology developed by A.B.
 Jaffe (1986. Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence
 from firms&#x2019; patents, profits and market value. <italic>American
 Economic Review</italic> 76, no. 5: 984--1001), where a technological
 vector is based on the distribution of patents of each firm across
 technology classes. As far as the geographic proximity is concerned, we
 use the latitude and the longitude coordinates of the city in which each
 firm is situated to obtain the distance, in miles, between the firms. The
 empirical results, in line with results from previous studies, indicate
 that there is a statistically significant relationship between the
 knowledge flows, proxied by the patent citations, and the proximities, but
 the effects are rather differentiated according to the proximity type. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 597-607 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.554632 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.554632 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:6:p:597-607




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Woerter 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Woerter 
Title: Driving forces for research and development strategies: an empirical analysis based on firm-level panel data 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates empirically different ways to organize research
 and development (R&D) within Swiss firms. Based on a longitudinal data set
 comprising three cross-sections (1999, 2002, and 2005) of the Swiss
 Innovation Survey, four different types of R&D strategies could have been
 separated; firms combine in-house R&D with R&D co-operations (coop) or
 in-house R&D with external R&D (buy), or they conduct in-house R&D,
 external R&D, and R&D co-operations (mixed), or they exclusively rely on
 in-house R&D (make). It is the aim of this paper to understand what drive
 firms to go for different strategies. Based on econometric estimations
 controlling for correlations between the dependent variables and
 endogeneity among the independent variables, it was found that concepts
 related to the absorptive capacity, incoming spillovers, and
 appropriability, the importance of different knowledge sources, the
 competitive environment, costs, and skill aspects as well as technological
 uncertainty are essential factors to determine a firm's decision to choose
 a specific way to organize R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 611-636 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438591003743738 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438591003743738 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:7:p:611-636




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fulvio Castellacci 
Author-X-Name-First: Fulvio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Castellacci 
Title: How does competition affect the relationship between innovation and productivity? Estimation of a CDM model for Norway 
Abstract:
  The paper investigates the effects of industry-level competition on
 firm-level innovation and productivity. We propose a refined version of
 the CDM (Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse) model that analyses the impacts of
 competition on four interrelated stages of the innovation process: the
 choice of a firm to engage in innovation, its R&D intensity, its
 innovation output and labour productivity. We test the model on a
 firm-level panel data set based on the last three waves of the innovation
 survey for Norway (CIS3, CIS4 and CIS5). The econometric results provide
 empirical support for the refined version of the CDM model. They show that
 enterprises in oligopolistic sectors have, on average, a greater
 propensity to engage in innovative activities and tend to invest a greater
 amount of resources in R&D. On the other hand, firms in competitive
 industries are characterized by a stronger impact of innovation input on
 their technological and economic performance. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 637-658 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 8 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.516535 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.516535 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:7:p:637-658




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petra Hellegers 
Author-X-Name-First: Petra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hellegers 
Author-Name: Di Zeng 
Author-X-Name-First: Di 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng 
Author-Name: David Zilberman 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zilberman 
Title: Technology adoption and the impact on average productivity 
Abstract:
  In this paper, a framework is developed to analyze how the specifications
 of new technologies and the heterogeneity of micro-units of production
 affect the input use, the adoption pattern, and the productivity of
 inputs. It shows that asset-productivity-enhancing (APE) technologies tend
 to be adopted by micro-units with high-quality assets, while
 variable-input, efficiency-enhancing (VIEE) technologies tend to be
 adopted by micro-units with low-quality assets. In both cases, the
 variable input productivity increases, but the average productivity of the
 fixed asset may decline in the case of the VIEE technology. The
 distribution of asset quality and the new technology specifications will
 therefore determine the impacts of production technology innovations on
 aggregate behavior and consequently the change in average productivity of
 the fixed asset. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 659-680 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.523269 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.523269 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:7:p:659-680




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elsa Martin 
Author-X-Name-First: Elsa 
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin 
Author-Name: Hubert Stahn 
Author-X-Name-First: Hubert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stahn 
Title: Should we reallocate patent fees to the universities? 
Abstract:
  In knowledge economies, patent agencies are often viewed as a relevant
 instrument of an efficient innovation policy. This paper brings a new
 support to that idea. We claim that these agencies should play an
 increasing role in the regulation of the relation between private R&D labs
 and public fundamental research units especially concerning the question
 of the appropriation of free usable research results. Since these two
 institutions work with opposite institutional arrangements (see P.S.
 Dasgupta and P.A. David. 1987. Information disclosure and the economics of
 science and technology. In <italic>Arrow and the accent of modern economic
 theory</italic>, ed. G.R. Feiwel, 519--42. New York: State University of
 New York Press), we essentially argue that there is, on the one hand, an
 over-appropriation of these results while, on the other hand, there is
 also an under-provision of free usable results issued from more
 fundamental research. We show how a public patent office can restore
 efficiency. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 681-700 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.526310 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.526310 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:7:p:681-700




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Birgitte Andersen 
Author-X-Name-First: Birgitte 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersen 
Author-Name: Federica Rossi 
Author-X-Name-First: Federica 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi 
Title: Intellectual property governance and knowledge creation in UK universities 
Abstract:
  The public discourse advocating increased patenting of academic
 discoveries, which has led to the approval of legislative measures (such
 as the Bayh--Dole Act, which is now adopted world-wide in various forms)
 is based on a set of theoretical arguments, mainly related to knowledge
 transfer and financial reward. Using an original survey of 46 universities
 (about 27%) in the UK, we investigate whether some of these arguments are
 supported by evidence. We focus on the extent to which patents, as opposed
 to other forms of intellectual property (IP) protection mechanisms,
 enhance knowledge circulation, and especially contribute to
 universities&#x2019; own knowledge creation processes. We also investigate
 whether universities consider the markets for ideas and creative
 expressions to function efficiently. We find that universities use all
 forms of IP intensively in order to transfer their knowledge to the
 industry or the government. However, they mainly rely on non-proprietary
 IP (open-source and no-patent strategies) when aiming to enhance their own
 knowledge-creation processes. Also, universities do not find that markets
 for patents or copyrights function more smoothly than non-proprietary IP
 marketplaces. The results challenge the orthodox theories on the
 rationales for patents and other proprietary IP rights. Thus, we question
 the assumptions and arguments underpinning the implementation of patents
 on academic research outcomes via political reforms since the 1980s. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 701-725 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.526311 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.526311 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:8:p:701-725




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agust� Segarra 
Author-X-Name-First: Agust� 
Author-X-Name-Last: Segarra 
Author-Name: Mercedes Teruel 
Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teruel 
Title: Productivity and R&D sources: evidence for Catalan firms 
Abstract:
  This paper draws on a sample of innovative Catalan firms to identify how
 two main sources of innovation -- internal R&D and external R&D
 acquisition -- affect productivity in the manufacturing and service
 industries. The sample comprises 1612 innovative firms from the fourth
 European Community Innovation Survey (CIS-4) during the period 2002--2004.
 We compare empirical results when applying the usual OLS and quantile
 regression techniques controlling with a non-parametric sample selection.
 Our results indicate the different patterns that are attributable to the
 two sources of innovation as we move up from lower to higher conditional
 quantiles. First, the marginal effect of internal R&D on productivity
 decreased as we moved up to higher productivity levels. Second, the
 marginal effect of external R&D acquisition increased as we moved up to
 higher productivity levels. Finally, empirical results show significant
 complementarities between internal and external R&D, which are higher for
 knowledge-intensive service sectors. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 727-748 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.529318 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.529318 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:8:p:727-748




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H.   Phoebe Chan 
Author-X-Name-First: H.   Phoebe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chan 
Title: Do firms with larger patent portfolios create more new plant varieties in the US agricultural biotechnology industry? 
Abstract:
  This article is an empirical analysis of the relationship between patent
 ownership and variety innovation for US agricultural biotechnology firms
 in the years 1976--1999. Counts of new varieties include corn, soybean, or
 wheat varieties protected by either patents or plant variety protection
 certificates, while patent portfolio size is defined as the count of a
 firm's gene and method patents. Negative binomial regression results
 indicate that firms with larger patent portfolios did not exhibit scale
 economies in variety creation nor did firms with wider technological
 diversity in their patent portfolios create significantly greater numbers
 of new varieties. However, firms experienced positive spillover effects
 from rival firms&#x2019; patent ownership, and patent ownership increases
 this effect. Sample firms that have merged in the past do not produce
 significantly greater numbers of new varieties after considering an
 increase in portfolio size and did not experience greater economies of
 scale in creating new varieties compared with firms that experienced no
 past mergers. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 749-775 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.531915 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.531915 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:8:p:749-775




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra   M. Leitner 
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra   M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leitner 
Author-Name: Robert Stehrer 
Author-X-Name-First: Robert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stehrer 
Title: Shapes and determinants of returns to innovation 
Abstract:
  Innovations, as highly risky, costly and uncertain activities, are
 extremely selective, giving rise to only a small group of lucky winners
 with substantial returns. This paper builds on the observation that
 returns to both firm and market novelties (MNs) are significantly
 right-skewed and, with regard to effective R&D policies, establishes which
 theoretical distribution best resembles the observed distributions. It
 reveals that due to the systematic deviation of the returns from the
 Pareto power law, hedging against risk by allocating resources to large
 pools of innovators is a promising R&D policy approach. Moreover, the
 analysis also sheds light on the factors determining the differential
 shapes of the distributions of the returns to both firm and MNs. It
 highlights that both types of innovations considered are subject to very
 different selection mechanisms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 777-795 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 20 
Year: 2011 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.552334 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.552334 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:8:p:777-795




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominique Guellec 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guellec 
Author-Name: Catalina Martinez 
Author-X-Name-First: Catalina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez 
Author-Name: Pluvia Zuniga 
Author-X-Name-First: Pluvia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zuniga 
Title: Pre-emptive patenting: securing market exclusion and freedom of operation 
Abstract:
  We investigate statistically the characteristics, functioning and
 incidence of pre-emptive patenting, defined as patent filings whose main
 effect is to hamper the grant of other patents. Patent applications can be
 used defensively to prevent the grant of exclusive rights over markets and
 technologies, in order to ensure freedom of operation or keep competitors
 out of a given technological field. Combining data from examination
 outcomes and prior art at the European Patent Office, we develop a
 methodology to identify pre-emptive patent applications. We find evidence
 of pre-emption associated with patent applications cited as compromising
 patentability while not being deemed relevant to the state of the art. We
 also find that, among them, those which are withdrawn have the strongest
 pre-emptive power. The coincidence of low inventiveness and high
 pre-emptive impact supports the idea that some of these patents may be
 strategically designed by their applicants to block patenting by others. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-29 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.536378 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.536378 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:1:p:1-29




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yoshifumi Nakata 
Author-X-Name-First: Yoshifumi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nakata 
Author-Name: Xingyuan Zhang 
Author-X-Name-First: Xingyuan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang 
Title: A survival analysis of patent examination requests by Japanese electrical and electronic manufacturers 
Abstract:
  Our research on patent filing in Japan identified major determinants of
 the time between application filing and the lodging of an examination
 request, and considered the influence of two factors on requests: patent
 value indices, as well as patent filing and innovation strategies. Our
 sample covered patent applications of 214 listed Japanese electrical and
 electronics manufacturers during 1988--2001. The empirical results show
 that, in the early 1990s, large firms and those with high R&D intensity
 and patent propensity tended to delay requests; in the late 1990s, their
 requests accelerated, with those for applications likely to be granted
 being lodged earlier. Meanwhile, such patent value indices as degree of
 originality, number of self-citations and external citations had a
 positive correlation to early examination requests for most periods
 covered in the sample; joint application and generality showed mixed
 effects; and such time-varying factors as competitive filings produced
 diverse results. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 31-54 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.537897 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2010.537897 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:1:p:31-54




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose-Luis Hervas-Oliver 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose-Luis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hervas-Oliver 
Author-Name: Jos� Albors-Garrigos 
Author-X-Name-First: Jos� 
Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigos 
Author-Name: Juan-Jose Baixauli 
Author-X-Name-First: Juan-Jose 
Author-X-Name-Last: Baixauli 
Title: Beyond R&D activities: the determinants of firms&#x2019; absorptive capacity explaining the access to scientific institutes in low--medium-tech contexts 
Abstract:
  A firm's search strategy is to use innovation inputs from external
 sources such as suppliers, clients, competitors, universities and research
 transfer offices (RTOs) to complement their in-house knowledge. Thus, a
 firm needs to be capable of identifying and valuing the potential value of
 certain external knowledge, i.e. absorptive capacity. Most of the studies
 regarding search patterns are reduced mostly to medium--high- and
 high-tech industries in which only the level of investment in R&D
 activities as determinant of a firm's search strategy is considered. In
 addition, when the flows of external knowledge arise from firm--university
 interactions, the evidence is still inconclusive, specifically for SMEs
 and low--medium-tech environments. Therefore, the objective of this paper
 is to explore the pattern of a firm's search strategy through its
 absorptive capacity to acquire external flows of knowledge from
 universities and RTOs. The paper draws especially on the role of non-R&D
 innovation activities in low--medium-tech sectors. Seven hundred and forty
 three innovative firms from the Spanish Ministry of Industry are analysed.
 Results suggest that human resources and other non-R&D activities are the
 core drivers explaining the cooperation agreements to access external
 knowledge from universities and RTOs. Surprisingly, R&D expenditures do
 not contribute to the explanation. This paper presents important
 implications for policy-makers beyond the classic R&D policies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 55-81 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.555113 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.555113 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:1:p:55-81




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lorenzo Zirulia 
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zirulia 
Title: The role of spillovers in R&D network formation 
Abstract:
  The aim of this paper is to analyze the formation of R&D networks in a
 setting where spillovers between partners may be imperfect, due to
 knowledge tacitness, and partner-specific, depending on firms&#x2019;
 technological specializations. We find that firms have strong incentives
 to use the network to gain a competitive advantage and create (<italic>ex
 post</italic>) asymmetries. In the three firms case, in which one firm has
 unique technological capabilities, this firm gains a prominent position in
 the network, by forming an exclusive alliance and forcing into a weak
 position the firm outside the network. From a normative point of view, we
 find that the spillover rates do matter in determining the network that is
 optimal from the social point of view, and this network structure can be
 denser than the stable networks. In this case, the optimal policy would
 consist in <italic>active</italic> support to R&D cooperation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 83-105 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.557558 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.557558 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:1:p:83-105




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Brasini 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brasini 
Author-Name: M. Freo 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Freo 
Title: The impact of information and communication technologies: an insight at micro-level on one Italian region 
Abstract:
  It has been debated as to whether European countries and Italy itself
 have yet shared in the US productivity growth driven by the information
 and communication technology (ICT) revolution. This paper investigates the
 extent of ICT diffusion in manufacturing firms from an Italian region and
 its effect on performance at a micro-level from 2002 to 2008. It
 contributes to previous findings from three perspectives. First, it
 investigates the causal link between ICT adoption and productivity;
 second, it considers the distributional effect of ICT by measuring its
 impact on firms with different levels of efficiency and productivity; and
 third, it takes into account the important distinction between productive
 ICT embedded in machinery and capital equipment and integrating ICT
 acquired as licenses or know-how as external disembodied technology, with
 the basic purpose being to identify the channels through which ICT may
 work for different types of firms. The main findings are that (i) a wide
 dissemination of ICT is not exploited to its full potential; (ii) the ICT
 adoption has produced higher growth in technical efficiency for adopter
 firms than for the non-adopter firms, but slower growth in productivity,
 so supporting the productive paradox at the firm level; and (iii)
 different types of ICTs have had opposite impact among adopter firms --
 the adoption of ICTs as productive embodied technologies has accelerated
 the performance growth of firms with lower growth rates, while the
 adoption of ICTs of organisational type has increased their delay in
 efficiency and productivity with respect to the firms with higher growth
 rates. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 107-123 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.558175 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.558175 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:2:p:107-123




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria   Luisa Petit 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria   Luisa 
Author-X-Name-Last: Petit 
Author-Name: Francesca Sanna-Randaccio 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanna-Randaccio 
Author-Name: Roberta Sestini 
Author-X-Name-First: Roberta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sestini 
Title: R&D and foreign direct investment with asymmetric spillovers 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes how firms&#x2019; R&D investment decisions are
 affected by asymmetries in knowledge transmission, considering different
 sources of asymmetry such as unequal know-how management capabilities and
 spillovers localization within an international oligopoly. We show that a
 better ability to manage knowledge flows incentivizes the firm to invest
 more in R&D. By introducing geographically bounded spillovers, we also
 find that one-way foreign direct investment (FDI) stimulates the
 multinational enterprise to raise its own R&D and that an FDI equilibrium
 is more likely to occur. Finally, spillovers localization leading to
 two-way FDI is welfare improving when compared with non-localized
 spillovers. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 125-150 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.561994 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.561994 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:2:p:125-150




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: L&#xE1;szl&#xF3; Halpern 
Author-X-Name-First: L&#xE1;szl&#xF3; 
Author-X-Name-Last: Halpern 
Author-Name: Bal&#xE1;zs Murak&#xF6;zy 
Author-X-Name-First: Bal&#xE1;zs 
Author-X-Name-Last: Murak&#xF6;zy 
Title: Innovation, productivity and exports: the case of Hungary 
Abstract:
  This paper estimates the relationship between innovation and firm
 performance by using Community Innovation Survey data for Hungary. It
 exploits the possibility of linking the innovation data to ownership and
 disaggregated trade data. Innovative firms are more productive, more
 likely to trade and export more products to more countries. We also test
 for differences in innovative behaviour in high- and low-tech industries,
 and study whether domestic and foreign firms differ in this respect. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 151-173 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.561995 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.561995 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:2:p:151-173




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roger Svensson 
Author-X-Name-First: Roger 
Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson 
Title: Commercialization, renewal, and quality of patents 
Abstract:
  One of the major reasons why inventors are awarded patents by governments
 is they encourage R&D investments and commercialization of inventions. If
 the patent holder commercializes his/her invention, he/she has stronger
 incentives to retain the patent. The purpose here is to empirically
 analyze the relationship between commercialization and the renewal of
 patents. At the same time, I take into account defensive patent strategies
 (e.g. deterring competitors from utilizing the patent) and pointedly ask
 if there are any third factors (quality of the patent) that affect the
 commercialization and renewal decisions. Using a detailed database of
 Swedish patents, I utilize a survival model to estimate how
 commercialization influences the patent renewal decision. Basic results
 show not only that commercialization and defensive strategies increase the
 probability a patent will be renewed, but also that quality influences
 commercialization and renewal decisions. When controlling for the
 endogenous commercialization decision, there is still a strong positive
 relationship between commercialization and renewal of patents. Thus, given
 the quality of the patent, if the owner decides to commercialize the
 patent on the margin, this leads to longer survival of the patent. With
 regard to commercialization modes, there is some evidence that licensed
 patents and patents commercialized in original and new firms -- but not
 acquired patents -- survive longer than non-commercialized patents.
 Looking more closely at the contracts of acquired and licensed patents,
 contracts with both variable and fixed fees -- but not contracts with
 either variable or fixed fees -- survive longer than non-commercialized
 patents. However, the analysis about modes and contract terms does not
 take into account the endogeneity problem. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 175-201 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 2 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.561996 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.561996 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:2:p:175-201




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rebeca Jim&#xe9;nez-Rodr&#xe9;guez 
Author-X-Name-First: Rebeca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Jim&#xe9;nez-Rodr&#xe9;guez 
Title: Evaluating the effects of investment in information and communication technology 
Abstract:
  Most of the studies on the consequences of information and communication
 technology (ICT) have been focused on US aggregate data. In contrast to
 these studies, this paper empirically assesses the industrial effect of
 ICT investment on three key variables -- real output, employment, and
 labour productivity -- in some European Union-15 (EU-15) countries and the
 USA using panel-vector autoregression models. An increase in ICT
 investment is positive for the economies of these countries, giving rise
 to larger growth in real output, employment, and labour productivity at
 the industrial level. The pattern of responses to changes in ICT
 investment is quantitatively diverse across most of the EU-15 countries
 studied and in the two types of industries considered (i.e. ICT-intensive
 and less intensive industries). Moreover, the positive impact on labour
 productivity in ICT-intensive industries is larger after the mid-1990s,
 with the USA being the most positively affected country. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 203-221 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 2 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.561998 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.561998 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:2:p:203-221




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Engelst&#xE4;tter 
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Engelst&#xE4;tter 
Title: It is not all about performance gains -- enterprise software and innovations 
Abstract:
  This paper analyzes the relationship between the three enterprise
 software systems (enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain
 management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM)) and
 firms&#x2019; innovative performance for process as well as product
 innovations. Using German firm-level data and a two-part model, the
 results reveal that SCM systems foster the firms&#x2019; likelihood of
 becoming a potential process innovator. In addition, ERP systems increase
 the number of process innovations a firm realizes. Concerning product
 innovation performance CRM systems increase the firms&#x2019; likelihood
 to acquire product innovations, whereas the number of expected product
 innovations is increased if firms use an SCM system. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 223-245 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 2 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.562359 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.562359 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:3:p:223-245




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajeev   K. Goel 
Author-X-Name-First: Rajeev   K. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel 
Author-Name: Christoph Grimpe 
Author-X-Name-First: Christoph 
Author-X-Name-Last: Grimpe 
Title: Are all academic entrepreneurs created alike? Evidence from Germany 
Abstract:
  Using data from a large survey of German researchers in public science
 and based on a formal structure, this paper examines determinants of
 academic entrepreneurship. The key contribution is to discern factors
 driving research-driven entrepreneurship versus overall academic
 entrepreneurship. The extant literature has almost exclusively focused on
 the latter and implicitly assumed academic entrepreneurs to commercialize
 their research. Results show that, despite some plausible similarities in
 the determinants, there are significant differences. In particular, while
 both entrepreneurship categories benefit from greater patent applications,
 more time spent on consulting by the researcher and from participation in
 European conferences, research leaders and engineering science disciplines
 are more likely to lead to research-driven entrepreneurs. However, the
 positive influences of university employment (compared with being employed
 at a public research organization) on overall academic entrepreneurship
 fail to show up in research-driven entrepreneurship. One implication is
 that universities may be unduly patting themselves on the back -- they
 might yield more entrepreneurs, but not necessarily research-driven
 entrepreneurs. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 247-266 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.576506 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.576506 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:3:p:247-266




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deborah Strumsky 
Author-X-Name-First: Deborah 
Author-X-Name-Last: Strumsky 
Author-Name: Jos&#xe9; Lobo 
Author-X-Name-First: Jos&#xe9; 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lobo 
Author-Name: Sander van der Leeuw 
Author-X-Name-First: Sander 
Author-X-Name-Last: van der Leeuw 
Title: Using patent technology codes to study technological change 
Abstract:
  Much work on technological change agrees that the recombination of new
 and existing technological capabilities is one of the principal sources of
 technological novelty. Patented inventions can be seen as bundles of
 distinct technologies brought together to accomplish a specific outcome --
 and this is how the US Patent Office defines inventions. The technologies
 constituting inventions are identified by the US Patent Office through an
 elaborate system of technology codes. A combinatorial perspective on
 invention, emblematic of approaches to technological change informed by
 evolutionary economics and complexity science, is inherent in the use of
 technology codes to summarize what is technologically novel about a
 patented invention. The technology codes represent a set of consistent
 definitions of technologies and their components spanning 220 years of
 inventive activity, and are an underutilized data resource for identifying
 distinct technological capabilities, defining technology spaces, marking
 the arrival of technological novelty, measuring technological complexity,
 and empirically grounding the study of technological change. The present
 discussion provides an introduction to the use of patent technology codes
 as well as some basic empirics. Our results highlight the highly
 discriminating nature of the codes and their usefulness in characterizing
 the type of processes by which technological capabilities generate
 novelty. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 267-286 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.578709 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.578709 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:3:p:267-286




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robin Kleer 
Author-X-Name-First: Robin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kleer 
Title: The effect of mergers on the incentive to invest in cost-reducing innovations 
Abstract:
  Both mergers and innovation are central elements of a firm's competitive
 strategy. However, model-theoretical analysis of the merger-innovation
 link is sparse. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of mergers
 on innovative activities and product market competition in the context of
 incremental process innovations. Inefficiencies due to organizational
 problems of mergers are accounted for. We show that optimal investment
 strategies depend on the resulting market structure and differ
 significantly from insider to outsider. In our linear model mergers turn
 out to increase social surplus. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 287-322 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.580109 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.580109 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:3:p:287-322




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jean Gabszewicz 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gabszewicz 
Author-Name: Ornella Tarola 
Author-X-Name-First: Ornella 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tarola 
Title: Product innovation and firms&#x2019; ownership 
Abstract:
  This paper explores (i) the incentives for an incumbent firm to acquire
 an entrant willing to sell a product innovation rather than openly
 competing with this entrant, and (ii) in case of acquisition, the
 incentives to sell simultaneously both the existing products and the new
 one rather than specializing on a single variant. We prove that, in some
 circumstances, an incumbent firm can find it profitable to make an
 acquisition proposal to the entrant. Nevertheless, in this acquisition
 scenario, a product proliferation strategy is never observed at
 equilibrium. Furthermore, while being available for sale, sometimes the
 innovation simply remains unexploited. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 323-343 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.579478 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.579478 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:4:p:323-343




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tom Broekel 
Author-X-Name-First: Tom 
Author-X-Name-Last: Broekel 
Author-Name: Holger Graf 
Author-X-Name-First: Holger 
Author-X-Name-Last: Graf 
Title: Public research intensity and the structure of German R&D networks: a comparison of 10 technologies 
Abstract:
  A rich literature has emerged that analyzes the emergence of
 inter-organizational networks. However, little is still known about how
 and why the (global) structures of such networks differ between
 technologies. Based on a rich database covering subsidized R&D cooperation
 in Germany, we compare cooperation networks of 10 distinct technologies. A
 particular focus is hereby on the existence of systematic differences
 between networks that are dominated by firms and those that primarily
 connect public research organizations. Among others, we find that the
 first tend to be larger and less dense with big firms being the most
 central organizations. In comparison, networks dominated by public actors
 are stronger centralized and involve more isolates. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 345-372 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.582704 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.582704 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:4:p:345-372




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A.   Laura Baraldi 
Author-X-Name-First: A.   Laura 
Author-X-Name-Last: Baraldi 
Title: The size of the critical mass as a function of the strength of network externalities: a mobile telephone estimation 
Abstract:
  The amount of financial incentives required to stimulate network growth
 depends on the size of the <italic>critical mass</italic> which, in its
 turn, depends on the intensity with which network externalities play their
 role in the diffusion process. The measurement of the strength of network
 effects and all that can enforce or depress them is fundamental for
 forecasting the diffusion of new goods. Looking at the mobile telephone
 network for the OECD countries surveyed between 1989 and 2006, we propose
 a new methodology which allows us to estimate the size of the critical
 mass through the estimation of the parameters which determines the
 concavity degree of the inverse demand curve for mobiles. We found that
 socio-demographic variables, as well as variables which proxy the
 efficiency of fixed-line operators or the availability and cost of
 alternative services, affect the strength of network effects and,
 therefore, the critical mass size. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 373-396 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.595920 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.595920 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:4:p:373-396




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gilbert Cette 
Author-X-Name-First: Gilbert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cette 
Author-Name: Jimmy Lopez 
Author-X-Name-First: Jimmy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez 
Title: ICT demand behaviour: an international comparison 
Abstract:
  This study aims to provide some empirical explanations for the gaps in
 information and communication technologies (ICT) diffusion between
 industrialized countries and especially between European countries and the
 USA. National macro-economic panel data are mobilized for 11 OECD
 countries over the 1981--2005 period. The analysis is based on factor
 demand estimates. It provides some original results: (i) the impact on ICT
 diffusion is positive for the level of education and negative for market
 rigidities, and both increased over time (in absolute terms) until
 mid-1990s; (ii) in each country, the price-elasticity of demand for ICT
 decreased (in absolute terms) over time, from 2 at the beginning of the
 1980s to 1 in the middle of the 2000s. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 397-410 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.595921 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.595921 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:4:p:397-410




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tsuyoshi Nakamura 
Author-X-Name-First: Tsuyoshi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nakamura 
Author-Name: Hiroshi Ohashi 
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroshi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ohashi 
Title: Effects of re-invention on industry growth and productivity: evidence from steel refining technology in Japan, 1957--1968 
Abstract:
  This paper examines the economic impact of re-invention -- the degree to
 which an innovation is modified by user -- on industry growth and
 productivity. The paper focuses on two re-inventions made by a Japanese
 steel company; these inventions improved the productive efficiency of
 Austrian-made refining technology, namely basic oxygen furnace (BOF).
 Results obtained from the plant-level production function estimation
 indicate that re-inventions account for approximately 30% of the total
 factor productivity of the BOF, substantially promoting the dissemination
 of the BOF technology. Our simulation analysis indeed reveals that
 re-inventions contributed to steel output growth by about 14%. This paper
 also documents that innovating companies played the role of a &#x2018;lead
 user&#x2019; in developing and disseminating their re-invented
 technologies. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 411-426 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.602538 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.602538 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:4:p:411-426




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David   B. Audretsch 
Author-X-Name-First: David   B. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch 
Author-Name: Albert   N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert   N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: I&#xF1;aki Pe&#xF1;a 
Author-X-Name-First: I&#xF1;aki 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pe&#xF1;a 
Title: Academic entrepreneurship and economic competitiveness: introduction to the special issue 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 427-428 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656522 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656522 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:5-6:p:427-428




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mike Wright 
Author-X-Name-First: Mike 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright 
Author-Name: Simon Mosey 
Author-X-Name-First: Simon 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mosey 
Author-Name: Hannah Noke 
Author-X-Name-First: Hannah 
Author-X-Name-Last: Noke 
Title: Academic entrepreneurship and economic competitiveness: rethinking the role of the entrepreneur 
Abstract:
  There has been an increase in research activity focused on the
 contribution of university spin-offs to economic competitiveness, yet the
 majority of the studies have considered the economic performance of
 universities or spin-offs in isolation. Such studies have cast some doubt
 on the extent to which spin-offs have generated expected performance
 benefits in terms of economic impact and have critiqued the role and
 capabilities of technology transfer offices in adding value to spin-off
 ventures. With a few exceptions, studies of academic entrepreneurship have
 tended to omit consideration of the role of the entrepreneur, and thereby
 neglected any economic contribution outside of spin-off venture creation.
 We propose that to better understand the economic impact of academic
 entrepreneurship, there is a need to explicitly recognize the academic
 entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial behavior across different
 contexts. First, we suggest that academic entrepreneurship can occur in a
 wider range of contexts than previously examined, necessitating a
 consideration of the mobility of academic entrepreneurs back and forth
 between academic and commercial settings. Second, there is a need to
 better understand the microfoundations, that is, the behavioral and
 cognitive processes associated with academic entrepreneurs, as they create
 and develop enterprises within academe or industry. Third, there is a need
 to examine the heterogeneity of all universities involved in academic
 entrepreneurship, specifically looking outside the atypical group of
 leading research universities and considering the significant variance in
 entrepreneurial culture between schools within specific universities.
 Fourth, we propose that the nature of policy toward knowledge transfer and
 academic entrepreneurship needs to be sensitive to the individual and the
 context. We argue that policy can have unintended consequences upon the
 entrepreneurial behavior of individuals due to the significant moderating
 effect of the entrepreneurial legacy of different contexts. Implications
 for policy and further research are discussed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 429-444 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656528 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656528 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:5-6:p:429-444




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Reinhilde Veugelers 
Author-X-Name-First: Reinhilde 
Author-X-Name-Last: Veugelers 
Author-Name: Julie Callaert 
Author-X-Name-First: Julie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Callaert 
Author-Name: Xiaoyan Song 
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoyan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Song 
Author-Name: Bart Van Looy 
Author-X-Name-First: Bart 
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Looy 
Title: The participation of universities in technology development: do creation and use coincide? An empirical investigation on the level of national innovation systems 
Abstract:
  Relying on patent information, we map the presence and impact of
 universities in technological landscapes across several major countries
 and fields. The creation of academic technology is examined by analysing
 patents applied for by universities. The &#x2018;use&#x2019; of
 academically owned technologies is assessed through citations from
 industrially owned patents towards university patents. Considering
 simultaneously the creation and use of academic technology allows one to
 assess to what extent the creation of academic technology coincides with
 its subsequent &#x2018;use&#x2019; including the role played by geographic
 proximity in this respect. Our findings reveal a dominance of American
 universities in terms of creating academic technology, particularly in
 terms of highly cited academic patents. US firms dominate in terms of
 citing academic technologies. They limit themselves not to American
 universities. European and Asian countries vary considerably in terms of
 creation and use of academic technology and display a more outspoken
 &#x2018;home bias&#x2019;. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 445-472 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656527 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656527 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:5-6:p:445-472




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Squicciarini 
Author-X-Name-First: Mariagrazia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Squicciarini 
Author-Name: Valentine Millot 
Author-X-Name-First: Valentine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Millot 
Author-Name: H&#xe9;l&#xE8;ne Dernis 
Author-X-Name-First: H&#xe9;l&#xE8;ne 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dernis 
Title: Universities&#x2019; trademark patterns and possible determinants 
Abstract:
  Academic institutions may register trademarks (TMs) to protect and
 exploit key intangible assets (e.g. reputation), to better market current
 and prospective initiatives, and to better appropriate the output of
 innovative activities. TM registration by academic institutions -- so far
 overlooked by the literature addressing the third function of universities
 -- is investigated here. The analysis relies on a novel panel data set
 containing information about US universities, their main characteristics,
 and their TM and patent activities over the period 1997--2007. Our
 contribution is exploratory in nature and descriptive in aim and uncovers
 a number of relationships worth being investigated further, among them are
 the persistence of Intellectual Property Rights activities by academic
 institutions and the existence of positive and significant relationships
 between TM registration and universities&#x2019; characteristics such as
 being private institutions, the number of students enrolled and the share
 of graduate students, the share of federal funds received, and the
 presence of medical schools. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 473-504 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656526 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656526 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Massimo   G. Colombo 
Author-X-Name-First: Massimo   G. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Colombo 
Author-Name: Evila Piva 
Author-X-Name-First: Evila 
Author-X-Name-Last: Piva 
Author-Name: Francesco Rentocchini 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rentocchini 
Title: The effects of incubation on academic and non-academic high-tech start-ups: evidence from Italy 
Abstract:
  This study aims at empirically investigating whether technology
 incubators help academic high-tech start-ups to establish collaborations
 with other organizations, thus increasing the competitiveness of these
 firms. In doing so, we take into account the specificities of academic
 high-tech start-ups with respect to their non-academic counterparts. We
 compare the effects of incubation on academic and non-academic high-tech
 start-ups through econometric estimates using a large sample of Italian
 firms. Our findings suggest that incubated academic high-tech start-ups do
 not enjoy any advantages in establishing collaborations with respect to
 their non-incubated peers. Conversely, technology incubators do help
 non-academic high-tech start-ups in establishing collaborations with
 public research organizations. We thus come to the interesting conclusion
 that the effects of incubation are moderated by the genetic
 characteristics of incubated firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 505-527 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656524 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656524 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David   B. Audretsch 
Author-X-Name-First: David   B. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch 
Author-Name: Dennis   P. Leyden 
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis   P. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leyden 
Author-Name: Albert   N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert   N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Title: Universities as research partners in publicly supported entrepreneurial firms 
Abstract:
  Partnerships between universities and industrial firms can play a key
 role in enhancing competitiveness because they provide a conduit for the
 spillover of knowledge from the academic organization where knowledge is
 created to the firm where it is transformed into innovative activity. We
 set forth in this paper a model of industry/university participation, and
 we test the model empirically, using research project data on
 entrepreneurial firms that were funded through the US Department of
 Energy's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We find that
 larger firms are more likely to be involved in a research partnership with
 a university, in general, as are firms with founders who have an academic
 background. We find the latter result holds across disaggregated types of
 university partnerships, as well. We find no empirical evidence that the
 size of the SBIR award influences the likelihood of a research
 partnership. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 529-545 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 12 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656523 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656523 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcel H&#xFC;lsbeck 
Author-X-Name-First: Marcel 
Author-X-Name-Last: H&#xFC;lsbeck 
Author-Name: Erik   E. Lehmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Erik   E. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehmann 
Title: Academic entrepreneurship and board formation in science-based firms 
Abstract:
  This study investigates the demand and supply of academics as board
 members in science-based companies. Providing academics as board members
 is one activity within the broad range of academic entrepreneurship
 activities of universities helping science-based firms to develop
 absorptive capacity and utilize knowledge spillovers from local
 universities and focal firms. Based on a hand-collected sample of all
 entrepreneurial and high-tech initial public offerings in Germany from
 1997 until 2007, this study finds compelling evidence that the board
 representation of academics is shaped by firm characteristics such as
 specific investments in knowledge, the academic entrepreneurship
 orientation of the local university and regional competitiveness. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 547-565 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.656525 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.656525 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elaine   F. Frey 
Author-X-Name-First: Elaine   F. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Frey 
Title: Technology diffusion and environmental regulation: the adoption of natural gas-fired combined cycle generating units 
Abstract:
  Even though environmental policy can affect the path of technology
 diffusion, the economics literature contains limited empirical evidence of
 this relationship. This paper provides insight into the technology
 adoption decisions of electric generating firms. Specifically, the
 diffusion of combined cycle (CC) generating units is examined. This
 technology is &#x2018;environmentally friendly&#x2019; in that, it is
 cleaner and more efficient than alternative generating units. The
 empirical model explores the decision to adopt a CC generating unit and
 the extent to which the technology is adopted in response to environmental
 regulations imposed on producers. Zero-inflated models are used to
 evaluate adoption decisions at the plant-level as well as the firm-level.
 This research shows that environmental regulation has a significant effect
 on technology choice and the extent of adoption in this industry. Findings
 suggest that the stringency of regulations that control the building of
 new generating units is particularly influential for established power
 plants. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 567-587 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.604919 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.604919 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:7:p:567-587




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paloma Lopez-Garcia 
Author-X-Name-First: Paloma 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez-Garcia 
Author-Name: Jose   Manuel Montero 
Author-X-Name-First: Jose   Manuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Montero 
Title: Spillovers and absorptive capacity in the decision to innovate of Spanish firms: the role of human capital 
Abstract:
  This paper investigates whether the existence of knowledge spillovers and
 the capacity of firms to assimilate them, which we relate with R&D
 intensity and some human resource management practices, are associated
 with the decision to innovate of Spanish firms. In order to do this, we
 employ data from the &#x2018;Central de Balances&#x2019; database, which
 covers both manufacturing and services firms during the period 2003--2007,
 and use an estimator proposed by Wooldridge [2005. Simple solutions to the
 initial conditions problem in dynamic nonlinear panel data models with
 unobserved heterogeneity. <italic>Journal of Applied Econometrics</italic>
 20, no. 1: 39--54] for dynamic random effects discrete choice models. The
 empirical exercise provides evidence on the positive link between
 spillovers and the innovative behaviour of companies, not just for the
 knowledge generated in the same industry, but also for that generated in
 the same region or by the public sector. Moreover, this link is stronger
 for those firms with a higher capacity to absorb those spillovers. This
 ability not only works through firms&#x2019; R&D capabilities, but also
 through factors such as the quality of the labour force, the share of
 temporary employment and the amount of resources spent in training. In
 addition to these factors, we find that innovation performance exhibits a
 high degree of inertia. Further, some other observed firm characteristics,
 such as size, sales growth, export behaviour, sector capital intensity or
 financial structure variables, are also found to be relevant determinants
 of the likelihood of innovation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 589-612 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.606170 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.606170 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:7:p:589-612




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M&#xE1;rio   Alexandre Patr&#xed;cio Martins Da Silva 
Author-X-Name-First: M&#xE1;rio   Alexandre Patr&#xed;cio Martins 
Author-X-Name-Last: Da Silva 
Title: A model of innovation and learning with involuntary spillovers and absorptive capacity 
Abstract:
  We develop a model of innovation and learning that incorporates
 explicitly the need for a firm to conduct its own research and development
 (R&D) in order to realize involuntary spillovers from other firms&#x2019;
 R&D activity and the development of absorptive capacity of research firms
 over time. The conclusions of the model follow directly from the
 functional forms that are used to describe the generation and absorption
 of technological knowledge. The first proposition formally characterizes
 the steady-state rate of growth of technology for the model. The analysis
 also shows how some of the key features of two distinct, pure modes of
 organization of the production of new knowledge, the R&D model and the new
 localized knowledge model, are implied by our model by simply drastically
 changing the relative magnitude of two exogenous parameters: the ease of
 learning and the pace of knowledge advance. The second proposition
 formally characterizes the connections implied by the model between
 involuntary spillovers and absorptive capacity. Analysis of the long-term
 interactions between involuntary spillovers of knowledge and absorptive
 capacity provides the essential insights into an understanding of the
 elements of a self-sustained process of endogenous growth. The third and
 last formal proposition of this paper accommodates firm-level arguments
 and the crucial role of a firm's absorptive capacity in taking advantage
 of its location in clusters, as implied by the theoretical model. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 613-630 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.606644 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.606644 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:7:p:613-630




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Amendola 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Amendola 
Author-Name: Francesco Vona 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vona 
Title: Coordinating the accumulation of physical and human capital in different institutional settings 
Abstract:
  This paper presents an out-of-equilibrium model to explain differences in
 the capacity to absorb new skill-biased technologies. The usual mainstream
 viewpoint focusing only on the role of labour markets will be re-examined
 in a context characterized by a sequential structure of both the processes
 of production and the skill formation, whose interaction brings about
 coordination failures harming the viability of the innovation process. Our
 out-of-equilibrium approach allows us to consider the more general
 interplay between stylized labour and product market characteristics, on
 the one hand, and educational policies, on the other hand. The robust
 results of the simulations show that educational policies appear to be
 important in restoring the required coordination both in rigid and in
 flexible systems, but for different reasons. In the former case,
 educational policies financed by taxation allow the system to escape a
 low-productivity final equilibrium. In the latter case, they contrast the
 financial constraint associated with a large decrease in the unskilled
 wage. Altogether, a moderate degree of rigidity seems to be the most
 appropriate institutional environment to reach the targets of viability
 and of a full exploitation of the technological potential. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 631-653 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.633831 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.633831 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert   N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert   N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: John   T. Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: John   T. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Title: Employment growth from public support of innovation in small firms 
Abstract:
  Herein, we investigate the impacts of the US publicly funded Small
 Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program's funding on the overall
 employment growth of SBIR award-recipient firms. This paper is motivated
 by the US Congress&#x2019; continued emphasis on employment growth during
 its deliberations on the reauthorization of the SBIR program. We set forth
 a model of employment growth; the model offers a framework through which
 we can compare a firm's actual level of employment after receipt of an
 SBIR award and completion of the research project to the level of
 employment predicted by the firm's characteristics prior to the award.
 Using data collected by the National Research Council within the National
 Academies, we estimate our model, and we conclude that, on average, the
 overall employment effects associated with the SBIR program are large
 absolutely and relative to dollars of funding, but these effects are, in
 general, not statistically significant. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 655-678 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.638190 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.638190 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:7:p:655-678




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mila Beyer 
Author-X-Name-First: Mila 
Author-X-Name-Last: Beyer 
Author-Name: Dirk Czarnitzki 
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk 
Author-X-Name-Last: Czarnitzki 
Author-Name: Kornelius Kraft 
Author-X-Name-First: Kornelius 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraft 
Title: Managerial ownership, entrenchment and innovation 
Abstract:
  Agency theory suggests that managers might under-invest into R&D for
 reasons of risk tied to project failure, such as reduced remuneration and
 job loss. However, managers have also an incentive to over-invest into
 innovation for reasons of growth, implying higher remuneration, power and
 prestige. Using a sample of 1406 Belgian firms, we find, first, that
 managers holding no company shares under-invest into R&D compared with
 100% owners giving rise to the risk argument. Second, we find an inverse
 u-shaped relationship between the degree of managerial ownership and R&D.
 This indicates that managers become entrenched, i.e. powerful enough to
 pursue their own interests. When entrenched, managers do not fear
 detrimental effects of risky innovation projects on their career and tend
 to over-invest into innovation for reasons of growth. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 679-699 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.639978 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.639978 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:7:p:679-699




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Filipe Silva 
Author-X-Name-First: Filipe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Silva 
Author-Name: Carlos Carreira 
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carreira 
Title: Do financial constraints threat the innovation process? Evidence from Portuguese firms 
Abstract:
  This paper broadly addresses the financing problems of the innovation
 process, by analysing the extent to which financial constraints hinder
 firms&#x2019; investment in R&D and innovation, as well as investigating
 the role of public financial support in alleviating such constraints. In
 order to overcome the problems associated with measuring financial
 constraints, we make use of both indirect and direct measures of
 constraints. Our findings suggest that while financial constraints have a
 perverse effect upon R&D investment and innovation, there is no evidence
 that subsidies mitigate such constraints. Accordingly, we raise a number
 of questions regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of subsidies in
 alleviating firms&#x2019; financial constraints. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 701-736 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.639979 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.639979 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anita Michalsen 
Author-X-Name-First: Anita 
Author-X-Name-Last: Michalsen 
Title: R&D policy in a vertically related industry 
Abstract:
  In this paper, we analyze the effectiveness of public policy aimed to
 stimulate business-performed R&D in a vertically related market. We
 examine the role of an R&D active upstream supplier in a four-stage R&D
 model, where we incorporate public funding. The considered policy
 instrument is direct funding of firms&#x2019; R&D efforts. We calculate
 the optimal policies and show that they have a positive impact on
 firms&#x2019; R&D investments. From a welfare point of view, it is optimal
 to differentiate the subsidy rates between the upstream and the downstream
 markets. Competition in the product market leads to a higher subsidy rate
 to the upstream supplier than to the downstream firms. When concentration
 is high in the downstream market, the optimal solution is an R&D subsidy
 for these firms, otherwise the optimal solution is an R&D tax for the
 downstream firms. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 737-751 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.639980 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.639980 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luigi Marengo 
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marengo 
Author-Name: Corrado Pasquali 
Author-X-Name-First: Corrado 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pasquali 
Author-Name: Marco Valente 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Valente 
Author-Name: Giovanni Dosi 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dosi 
Title: Appropriability, patents, and rates of innovation in complex products industries 
Abstract:
  The economic theory of intellectual property rights is based on a rather
 narrow view of both competition and technological knowledge. We suggest
 some ways of enriching this framework with a more empirically grounded
 view of both and, by means of a simulation model, we analyse the impact of
 different property right regimes on the dynamics of a complex product
 industry, that is an industry where products are complex multi-component
 objects and competition takes place mainly through differentiation and
 component innovation. We show that, as the complexity of the product
 spaces increases, stronger patent regimes yield lower rates of innovation,
 lower product quality, and lower consumers&#x2019; welfare. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 753-773 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2011.644666 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2011.644666 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:8:p:753-773




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anton Bondarev 
Author-X-Name-First: Anton 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bondarev 
Title: The long-run dynamics of product and process innovations for a multi-product monopolist 
Abstract:
  This paper introduces the dynamical framework which combines product and
 process innovations. The model contributes to the theoretical literature
 on innovations in two ways. First, it permits for the simultaneous
 dynamics of both types of innovations which is rarely considered in the
 literature. Second, the products being generated by the innovations are
 heterogeneous in their investment characteristics. This allows for the
 formation of the dynamic interdependency between both types of
 innovations. As a result, the steady-state levels of process innovations
 for each product are different and influence the dynamics of product
 innovations in turn. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 775-799 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.670543 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.670543 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:8:p:775-799




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Giuliodori 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Giuliodori 
Author-Name: Rodolfo Stucchi 
Author-X-Name-First: Rodolfo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stucchi 
Title: Innovation and job creation in a dual labor market: evidence from Spain 
Abstract:
  This paper studies the effect of product and process innovations on job
 creation in the Spanish manufacturing sector over the period 1991--2005.
 We use a change in the employment protection legislation (EPL) in 1997 to
 study the effect of innovations on permanent and temporary workers before
 and after that change. We find that (i) product and process innovation
 created jobs, (ii) before the change in the EPL in 1997 innovations did
 not affect the number of permanent workers and all the increase in
 employment was explained by the increase in the number of temporary
 workers, (iii) after the change in the EPL, innovations increased both the
 number of temporary and permanent employees, and (iv) while the increase
 in temporary workers takes place after one year of the innovations, the
 increase in permanent workers occurs mainly two years after the
 innovations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 801-813 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.670696 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.670696 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:21:y:2012:i:8:p:801-813




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mayra Rebolledo 
Author-X-Name-First: Mayra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rebolledo 
Author-Name: Joel Sandon&#xed;s 
Author-X-Name-First: Joel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandon&#xed;s 
Title: The effectiveness of R&D subsidies 
Abstract:
  In this paper, the effectiveness of R&D subsidies is analyzed in an
 oligopolistic model that we apply to the cases of international R&D
 competition and cooperation. We find that the existence of asymmetric
 information among firms on whether a rival (or partner) is being
 subsidized or not may play a key role in explaining whether subsidies are
 effective or not in increasing R&D investments. In particular, it is shown
 that if the existence of the subsidy is made public (e.g. because strict
 information release regulation about R&D subsidies is enforced) and
 depending on the strategic relationship between the firms&#x2019; R&D
 efforts, an R&D subsidy could even hurt the subsidized firm. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 815-825 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.671997 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.671997 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Grazia Cecere 
Author-X-Name-First: Grazia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cecere 
Title: Economics of soft innovation: a review article 
Abstract:
  This article identifies and articulates the foundations of the
 theoretical approach of the new book &#x2018;<italic>Soft innovation:
 Economics, product aesthetics and the creative industries</italic>&#x2019;
 by Professor Paul Stoneman. This book is likely to open a new research
 area within the economics of innovation. The source of economic growth and
 prosperity is technological change and the economics of innovation to date
 has mainly focused on technological approaches to innovation. However, the
 development of the technological base of product and process can explain
 only a part of economic growth as soft innovation represents a relevant
 additional source of economic development that has received little
 attention so far. The source of a unified economic approach for soft
 innovation relies on Lancaster's theory of consumer behaviour coupled with
 the variety approach, innovation in services and the economics of
 knowledge. It appears as though industry structures favouring the
 successive emergence of new variants are characterised by soft
 innovations. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 827-835 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.683944 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.683944 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefan Brehm 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Brehm 
Author-Name: Nannan Lundin 
Author-X-Name-First: Nannan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lundin 
Title: University--industry linkages and absorptive capacity: an empirical analysis of China's manufacturing industry 
Abstract:
  We analyze the contribution of universities to innovative performance in
 China's manufacturing sector. Our empirical analysis is based on a matched
 data set comprising about 20,000 large- and medium-sized companies
 aggregated at the three-digit industry level and information on university
 knowledge output for 31 provinces between 1998 and 2004. We show that
 universities&#x2019; impact on commercial innovation varies with the type
 of activity performed and is contingent on the manufacturing sector's
 investment in absorptive capacity. In addition, our results confirm
 organizational theory stating that there is a complementary relationship
 between capabilities to acquire and assimilate external knowledge on the
 one hand and the capacity to transform and exploit this knowledge on the
 other. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 837-852 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 21 
Year: 2012 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.687503 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.687503 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Bonifati 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bonifati 
Title: Exaptation and emerging degeneracy in innovation processes 
Abstract:
  In socio-economic innovation processes, exaptations emerge from processes
 through which an initial attribution of new functionalities to existing
 artifacts or organizations leads to new artifacts and eventually to new
 markets. In this paper, I argue that exaptation may generate degeneracy,
 defined as the property according to which structurally different elements
 provide overlapping functionalities. I propose a theoretical framework to
 analyze exaptation--degeneracy processes and use two case studies to show
 that exaptation can generate new artifacts providing functionalities
 similar to those provided by existing structurally different ones. This
 paper is intended to provide a contribution to an exaptation--degeneracy
 perspective in innovation theory. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-21 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.689674 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.689674 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xueda Song 
Author-X-Name-First: Xueda 
Author-X-Name-Last: Song 
Title: The effects of technological change on schooling and training human capital 
Abstract:
  This study investigates the differential effects of technological change
 on general human capital acquired through schooling and
 technology-specific human capital acquired through training based on a
 life-cycle human capital investment model. Using data from the National
 Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 (1987--2003), I find that for both
 high-ability and low-ability individuals, the net effect of technological
 change on training human capital is obsolescence, whereas that on
 schooling human capital is an increase in productivity in spite of the
 obsolescence. This finding is consistent with the view that individuals
 with more schooling may enjoy an advantage under rapid technological
 change over those with less schooling. I also find that technological
 change exerts differential impacts on individuals with different ability
 levels, which provides support for the skill-biased technical change
 theory. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 23-45 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.698844 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.698844 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-Alexandre Balland 
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Alexandre 
Author-X-Name-Last: Balland 
Author-Name: Rapha&#xEB;l Suire 
Author-X-Name-First: Rapha&#xEB;l 
Author-X-Name-Last: Suire 
Author-Name: Jerome Vicente 
Author-X-Name-First: Jerome 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vicente 
Title: Structural and geographical patterns of knowledge networks in emerging technological standards: evidence from the European GNSS industry 
Abstract:
  The concentration and dispersion of innovative activities in space have
 been largely explained and evidenced by the nature of knowledge and the
 geographical extent of knowledge spillovers. One of the empirical
 challenges is to go beyond this by understanding how the geography of
 innovation is shaped by particular structural properties of knowledge
 networks. This paper contributes to this challenge, focusing on the
 particular case of global navigation satellite systems at the European
 level. We exploit a database of R&D collaborative projects based on the
 fifth and sixth European Union Framework Programs, and apply social
 network analysis in economic geography. We study the properties both of
 the network of organizations and the network of collaborative projects. We
 show that the nature of the knowledge involved in relationships influences
 the geographical and structural organizations of the technological field.
 The observed coexistence of a relational core/periphery structure with a
 geographical cluster/pipeline one is discussed in the light of the
 industrial and geographical dynamics of technological standards. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 47-72 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.699773 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.699773 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robin Kleer 
Author-X-Name-First: Robin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kleer 
Author-Name: Marcus Wagner 
Author-X-Name-First: Marcus 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner 
Title: Acquisition through innovation tournaments in high-tech industries: a comparative perspective 
Abstract:
  Acquisition of innovative firms is a widely observed phenomenon in
 high-tech industries. On the basis of distinct advantages of large and
 small firms, in this paper, we build a tournament model with possible
 acquisition activity of large firms to derive hypotheses on
 interdependencies between acquisition frequency and post-acquisition
 success rates. We find empirical support for our hypotheses that (1)
 acquisitions increase overall innovation output and (2) that the number of
 acquisitions is higher in industries with larger heterogeneity between
 established firms and young start-ups. However, our third hypothesis
 derived from the formal model that innovation success following from
 acquisitions varies across industries is only partially confirmed. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 73-97 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.703487 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.703487 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gary Madden 
Author-X-Name-First: Gary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Madden 
Author-Name: Md.   Shah Azam 
Author-X-Name-First: Md.   Shah 
Author-X-Name-Last: Azam 
Author-Name: T.   Randolph Beard 
Author-X-Name-First: T.   Randolph 
Author-X-Name-Last: Beard 
Title: Small firm performance in online markets 
Abstract:
  Firms which enter the online marketplace do so for a variety of reasons.
 The effects of the <italic>motive</italic> for entry on the ultimate
 success of entry, for both online and &#x2018;blended&#x2019; firms, are
 largely unknown. This study utilises a unique data set of small Australian
 firms and examines the relationship between the strategic motivation for
 entry and the actual results of entry. Utilising a trivariate probit model
 with exogenous &#x2018;reason for entry&#x2019; dummy variables, estimates
 of aftermarket business performance are obtained. The study finds that the
 entry goal materially affects subsequent performance: firms entering to
 expand their market size ordinarily succeed, but those entering to reduce
 costs are often disappointed. Blended firms enjoy no strong advantages
 over pure online entrants. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 99-111 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.706062 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.706062 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amitrajeet   A. Batabyal 
Author-X-Name-First: Amitrajeet   A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Batabyal 
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp 
Title: Human capital use, innovation, patent protection, and economic growth in multiple regions 
Abstract:
  We provide the first theoretical analysis of the effects of human capital
 use, innovative activity, and patent protection, on economic growth in a
 model with many regions. In each region, consumers have constant relative
 risk-aversion preferences, there is no human capital growth, and there are
 three kinds of manufacturing activities involving the production of
 blueprints for inputs (machines), the inputs themselves, and a single
 final consumption good. Our analysis generates four results. For any given
 region, we first describe the balanced growth path (BGP) equilibrium and
 show that the BGP growth rate depends negatively on the rate at which
 patents expire. Second, we characterize the transitional dynamics in our
 model. Third, we determine the value of the patent expiry rate that
 maximizes the equilibrium growth rate of a region. Finally, we show that a
 policy of offering perpetual patent protection does not necessarily
 maximize social welfare in a region. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 113-126 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.715823 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.715823 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:2:p:113-126




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manel Antelo 
Author-X-Name-First: Manel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antelo 
Title: Duration and payment of licensing contracts for users to reveal what they know 
Abstract:
  Non-producing patent holders usually have to license their innovations to
 users capable of marketing them and usually ignore their market value.
 This article is aimed at analysing the dynamics of licensing contracts for
 an innovation that is owned by an independent patentee and is applied in
 the production of a good. Both contract duration (which may be the length
 of the patent or less) and per-license payment (which may be based on the
 licensees&#x2019; expected profits or an amount per unit of output they
 produce, but not both) are examined in Cournot competition when licensees
 enjoy privileged information on their own innovation-related production
 costs (i.e. the value of innovation for each one). The patent holder
 prefers to issue the licenses for less than the length of the patent
 rather than issuing them for the whole patent length. Besides, a series of
 period-by-period payments based on the licensees&#x2019; expected profits
 in each period is preferred over any payment collected from applying an
 amount to each unit produced by licensees. This is primarily because a
 series of annual payments based on licensees&#x2019; expected profits in
 each period induces them to report their type honestly through period-1
 output at the least cost for the patent holder. Either a series of annual
 payments or a single initial payment (both based on licensees&#x2019;
 expected profits) also yield greater welfare than any other contractual
 scheme. However, the preferred outcome for the patentee -- a series of
 payments based on licensees&#x2019; expected profits in each period -- is
 socially efficient only when licensee-production costs disparity is large
 enough and the pre-license probability of having productively good
 applicants for the innovation is high enough. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 127-151 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.718669 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.718669 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:2:p:127-151




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stein   E. &#xD8;stbye 
Author-X-Name-First: Stein   E. 
Author-X-Name-Last: &#xD8;stbye 
Author-Name: Matthew   R. Roelofs 
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew   R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Roelofs 
Title: The competition--innovation debate: is R&D cooperation the answer? 
Abstract:
  Firms&#x2019; investment in research and development (R&D) depends on
 both product market competition and R&D cooperation. In this paper, we use
 a simple duopoly model of product innovation to show that firms should
 choose to enter into different cooperative R&D arrangements depending on
 competition. Equilibrium behavior implies different
 competition--innovation relationships conditional on the nature of the
 cooperative arrangements that firms join. Therefore, variation in the set
 of feasible modes of cooperation may explain why different
 competition--innovation relationships are observed in empirical studies
 based on field data. Experimental evidence confirms the presence of
 similar incentives for cooperating despite some deviations from predicted
 values of R&D. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 153-176 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.724908 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.724908 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Cincera 
Author-X-Name-First: Michele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cincera 
Author-Name: Reinhilde Veugelers 
Author-X-Name-First: Reinhilde 
Author-X-Name-Last: Veugelers 
Title: Young leading innovators and the EU's R&D intensity gap 
Abstract:
  Europe's innovation gap relative to the USA is often attributed to its
 industrial structure in which new firms do not play a significant role,
 especially in high-tech sectors. This view of a structural European Union
 (EU) innovation deficit is popular in European innovation policy
 discussions, but has received little or no thorough empirical
 investigation. This article aims to address this &#x2018;evidence
 gap&#x2019;. Using industrial R&D Scoreboard data from leading world
 innovators, we find that compared to the USA, the EU has fewer young firms
 among its leading innovators. Using a decomposition analysis, we show that
 having fewer young firms accounts for about one-third of the EU--US
 differential in R&D intensity, while 55% of the differential is due to the
 fact that young leading innovators in the EU are less R&D intensive than
 their US counterparts. Further analysis shows that this is almost entirely
 due to a different sectoral composition. We thus confirm that the EU--US
 private R&D gap is indeed mostly a structural issue. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 177-198 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.731166 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.731166 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:2:p:177-198




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Franco 
Author-X-Name-First: Chiara 
Author-X-Name-Last: Franco 
Author-Name: Riccardo Leoncini 
Author-X-Name-First: Riccardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Leoncini 
Title: Measuring China's innovative capacity: a stochastic frontier exercise 
Abstract:
  We adopt a stochastic frontier analysis of innovative activity to
 disentangle countries&#x2019; patenting capacity from patenting
 efficiency. We analyse the determinants of innovative capacity of a set of
 26 OECD countries plus China, over the period 1992--2007, to show if and
 how China's technological activity is growing faster than commonly held as
 compared to the most innovative countries of the world. Our results
 highlight that both internal and external elements jointly contribute to
 enhance countries&#x2019; innovative capacity and efficiency. In
 particular, while government-funded R&D is more important for innovative
 capacity, privately funded R&D as well as foreign direct investments
 (FDIs) affects technical efficiency (TE). Moreover, as for the whole set
 of countries, FDIs seem to exert a resource-seeking role (as they
 negatively affect TE), this does not happen for China, where FDIs exert a
 positive effect. Results are robust to the use of alternative measures of
 innovative inputs (such as higher education expenditure in R&D and R&D
 personnel, but also FDI flows rather than stocks). Finally, human capital
 measures are generally not very effective in enhancing patenting
 efficiency, apart from tertiary education. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 199-217 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.744174 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.744174 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Windrum 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Windrum 
Author-Name: Steve Thompson 
Author-X-Name-First: Steve 
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson 
Author-Name: Giuliana Battisti 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuliana 
Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti 
Title: Introduction to the special issue in honour of Peter Swann 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 219-221 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.708131 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.708131 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:3:p:219-221




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stan Metcalfe 
Author-X-Name-First: Stan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Metcalfe 
Title: Management and the representative firm revisited: the modern significance of Marshall's evolutionary economics 
Abstract:
	      In an essay written in honour of Peter Swann, it is second
 nature to discuss some aspects of the economics of innovation, as that is
 the very challenging area of economic life where he has added so much to
 our understanding. I will attempt to do this by posing the problem of how
 innovation fits into the theory of value. Innovation research continues
 apace, but its broader systemic implications for how we understand the
 dynamics of capitalism are in danger of being overlooked. But two
 important economists, Schumpeter and Marshall, have seen the problem
 differently and built innovation into their theoretical schemes from the
 start. Marshall's theory of evolutionary change provides a natural focus
 for our discussion, and this is reflected in his treatment of management,
 in his use of the representative firm and in the variation-cum-selection
 dynamics of his open competitive process. We treat each of these topics
 and show how his evolutionary dynamics can be expressed in the
 Fisher/Price dynamics of evolutionary change. More generally, the key to
 economic development is the uneven nature of innovation and it is the
 uneven nature that gives economic transformation its evolutionary
 character. This, I suggest, is the proper legacy of Marshalls economics.   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 222-237 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.708132 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.708132 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Title: The impact of prior use on the further diffusion of new process technology 
Abstract:
	      This paper contributes to our understanding as to how the
 extent of prior use of a new technology may impact upon current additions
 to use. This paper is innovative first in placing emphasis upon intra-firm
 aspects of the diffusion process and second by integrating rivalry and
 spill-over effects (such as early-mover advantages, learning by doing,
 network externalities and learning) in a unified theoretic framework.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 238-255 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.708133 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.708133 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristiano Antonelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano 
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli 
Author-Name: Francesco Crespi 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi 
Author-Name: Giuseppe Scellato 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scellato 
Title: Internal and external factors in innovation persistence 
Abstract:
	      This paper contributes to the analysis of the persistence of
 innovation activities, as measured by total factor productivity (TFP), and
 explores its internal and external determinants stressing its
 path-dependent characteristics. The external conditions, namely the
 quality of local knowledge pools and the strength of the Schumpeterian
 rivalry, along with the internal conditions (the actual levels of dynamic
 capabilities, as proxied by wage levels and firm size) exert a specific
 and localised effect upon the persistent introduction of innovations. A
 multiple transition probability matrixes (MTPMs) approach has been
 implemented to capture the contingent effects of external factors on
 long-term innovation persistence. The empirical analysis of the dynamics
 of firm-level TFP for a sample of approximately 7000 Italian manufacturing
 companies observed during the years 1996--2005 is based on both the
 comparison of different transition probability matrixes and on dynamic
 discrete choice panel data models. The evidence provided by the test of
 MTPMs in sub-periods suggests that innovation persistence is
 path-dependent, as opposed to past-dependent.		
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 256-280 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.708135 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.708135 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:3:p:256-280




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Birke 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Birke 
Title: Who you are or whom you know? Consumption interdependences in social networks 
Abstract:
	      This paper presents an analysis of whether a consumer's
 decision to switch from one mobile phone provider to another is driven by
 individual consumer characteristics or by actions of other consumers in
 her social network. Such consumption interdependences are estimated using
 a unique dataset, which contains transaction data based on anonymized call
 records from a large European mobile phone carrier to approximate a
 consumer's social network. Results show that network effects have an
 important impact on consumers' switching decisions: switching decisions
 are interdependent between consumers who interact with each other and this
 interdependence increases in the closeness between two consumers as
 measured by the calling data. In other words, if a subscriber switches
 carriers, she is also affecting the switching probabilities of other
 individuals in her social circle. The paper argues that such an approach
 is of high relevance to both switching of providers and to the adoption of
 new products.		
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 281-299 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.720513 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.720513 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:3:p:281-299




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bronwyn H. Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn H. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Francesca Lotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lotti 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Title: Evidence on the impact of R&D and ICT investments on innovation and productivity in Italian firms 
Abstract:
	      Both research and development (R&D) and information and
 communication technology (ICT) investment have been identified as sources
 of relative innovation underperformance in Europe vis-&#xe0;-vis the USA. In
 this article, we investigate the R&D and ICT investment at the firm level
 in an effort to assess their relative importance and to what extent they
 are complements or substitutes. We use data on a large unbalanced panel
 data sample of Italian manufacturing firms constructed from four
 consecutive waves of a survey of manufacturing firms, to estimate a
 version of the CDM model of R&D, innovation, and productivity
 [Cr&#xe9;pon--Duguet--Mairesse 1998. Research, innovation and productivity: An
 econometric analysis at the firm level. <italic>Economics of Innovation
 and New Technology</italic> 7, no. 2: 115--58] that has been modified to
 include ICT investment and R&D as the two main inputs into innovation and
 productivity. We find that R&D and ICT are both strongly associated with
 innovation and productivity, with R&D being more important for innovation,
 and ICT investment being more important for productivity. For the median
 firm, rates of return to both investments are so high that they suggest
 considerably underinvestment in both these activities. We explore the
 possible complementarity between R&D and ICT in innovation and production,
 but find none, although we do find complementarity between R&D and worker
 skill in innovation.	       
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 300-328 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.708134 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.708134 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:3:p:300-328




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chia-Lin Chang 
Author-X-Name-First: Chia-Lin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang 
Author-Name: Sung-Po Chen 
Author-X-Name-First: Sung-Po 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen 
Author-Name: Michael McAleer 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: McAleer 
Title: Globalization and knowledge spillover: international direct investment, exports and patents 
Abstract:
	      This paper examines, within the context of globalization, the
 impact of the main channels of international trade on domestic innovation,
 namely outward direct investment (ODI), inward direct investment (IDI),
 cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) by foreigners, R&D
 expenditure, exports, and imports. The number of approved Triadic patents
 serves as a proxy for innovation. The data set contains 37 countries that
 are considered to be highly competitive in world markets, covering the
 period 1994--2005. The empirical results show that increased exports and
 ODI are able to stimulate an increase in approved patents. In contrast,
 IDI exhibits a negative correlation with domestic patents. Imports are
 shown not to have a significant impact on international technology
 spillovers. The paper shows that the impact of IDI on domestic innovation
 is characterized by two forces, namely the cross-border M&A by foreigners
 and remaining IDI, both of which are found to be negative.	     
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 329-352 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.707412 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.707412 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:329-352




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Cimoli 
Author-X-Name-First: Mario 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cimoli 
Author-Name: Sebastian Fleitas 
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fleitas 
Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile 
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile 
Title: Technological intensity of the export structure and the real exchange rate 
Abstract:
	      This paper discusses the effects of the real exchange rate
 (RER, defined as the price of the foreign currency in units of the
 domestic currency, adjusted by price levels) on the diversification and
 technological intensity of the export structure. Based on a North-South
 Ricardian model of trade with a continuum of goods, in which comparative
 advantage depends on the RER and leads and lags in innovation and
 diffusion of technology, two hypotheses are suggested and tested. The
 first one is that a higher RER allows for a higher diversification of
 exports. The second hypothesis is that this diversification implies an
 upgrading in the technological intensity of exports. We find favorable
 evidence for the two hypotheses from a panel data study, including 111
 counties in the period 1962--2008. These results suggest that a
 competitive RER should be considered a relevant variable in the process of
 economic development as it encourages the transformation of the pattern of
 specialization.	  
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 353-372 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.748504 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.748504 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:353-372




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Funk 
Author-X-Name-First: Mark 
Author-X-Name-Last: Funk 
Title: Patent sharing by US universities: an examination of university joint patenting 
Abstract:
	      This paper examines the quantity and quality of patents
 assigned jointly to US universities. The proportion of US university
 patents with assignment shared with other entities has grown rapidly. The
 data show the practice of universities sharing patent assignment spans
 technology classes, universities, and types of co-assignees. Our findings
 reveal that the quality of university joint patents differs across types
 of co-assignees when compared to patents assigned solely to a single
 university or to a single non-university entity. University--corporate
 joint patents appear to be particularly important, while patents
 co-assigned to universities and non-profit research institutes and
 hospitals appear particularly basic in nature. Patents jointly assigned to
 universities and US government agencies are of lower quality than similar
 patents assigned to a university or a US government agency alone.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 373-391 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.757033 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.757033 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:373-391




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas S. Vonortas 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vonortas 
Author-Name: Koichiro Okamura 
Author-X-Name-First: Koichiro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Okamura 
Title: Network structure and robustness: lessons for research programme design 
Abstract:
	      The information and communication technology (ICT) network of
 the last two European Research Framework Programmes (FPs) is deeply
 influenced by two distinct groups of organizations: a small group of hubs
 (3% of the participants) hold the key to keeping the network together and
 a second group of non-hub connectors large enough (39% of the
 participants) with a significant share of the overall networking activity
 provide a robust base for the network. The ICT network can survive the
 removal of single important funding instruments such as integrated
 projects or specific targeted research projects. Increasing policy
 rhetoric on innovative application in the new FP (Horizon 2020) should be
 reflected in a shift of core participants from largely public research and
 teaching organizations to private-sector companies.	      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 392-411 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.757897 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.757897 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:392-411




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Engelst&#xe4;tter 
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Engelst&#xe4;tter 
Author-Name: Miruna Sarbu 
Author-X-Name-First: Miruna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarbu 
Title: Does enterprise software matter for service innovation? Standardization versus customization 
Abstract:
	      This paper analyzes the relationship between service
 innovation and different types of enterprise software systems, i.e.
 standardized enterprise software designed to fit one certain business
 sector and enterprise software specifically customized for a single firm.
 Using recent firm-level data of a survey among information and
 communication technology service providers as well as knowledge-intensive
 service providers in Germany, this is the first paper which empirically
 analyzes whether the use of sector specific or customized enterprise
 software triggers innovation. The results based on a knowledge production
 function suggest that customized enterprise software is related to the
 occurrence of service innovation. However, there is no relationship
 between sector specific enterprise software and innovation activity. The
 results stay robust to several different specifications and suggest that
 the causality runs from customized software usage to service innovation.   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 412-429 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.759705 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.759705 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:412-429




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Title: Strategic alliances: leveraging economic growth and development 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 430-430 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.804776 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.804776 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:430-430




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eduardo Pol 
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pol 
Title: Reconciling the Invisible Hand and innovation 
Abstract:
	      It is generally agreed that Adam Smith invoked the Invisible
 Hand to send the message to posterity that a free-market economy is the
 best form of economic organization. Strictly speaking, the Invisible Hand
 of Adam Smith is a conjecture about the virtues of a free-market economy.
 There are three claims in this paper concerning the interpretation of the
 Invisible Hand conjecture. First, the neoclassical interpretation
 engenders a conceptual confusion -- identified here as the 'double
 paradox' of the Invisible Hand. Second, the interpretation of Adam Smith's
 conjecture on the beneficial effects of the free-market economy cannot --
 and should not -- be confined to the production and consumption of
 existing products. Failure to distinguish the Invisible Hand Theorem from
 the Invisible Hand Doctrine distorts thinking about Adam Smith's message,
 creating the misconception that the Invisible Hand passage excludes
 business innovation. Third, the central message conveyed by Invisible Hand
 is to be read in the context of modern evolutionary economics. 	 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 431-446 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.759706 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.759706 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:5:p:431-446




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carter Bloch 
Author-X-Name-First: Carter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bloch 
Title: R&D spillovers and productivity: an analysis of geographical and technological dimensions 
Abstract:
	      This analysis examines whether potential spillover pools for
 R&D based on technological and/or geographical proximity have a positive
 impact on firm productivity for Danish firms, and the importance of
 absorptive capacity for spillover effects. Knowledge spillovers are
 constructed based on the research profiles of businesses. The article
 finds that measures of R&D spillovers based on technological proximity
 impact positively on firms' productivity, while results are much weaker
 for geographical measures. In general, the impact of spillovers is
 increasing in the share of R&D personnel, indicating the importance of
 absorptive capacity for benefitting from private knowledge pools on a
 broader scale. The geographical dimension of spillovers also shows some
 importance when considered together with the share of R&D personnel.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 447-460 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.760295 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.760295 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:5:p:447-460




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pier Paolo Saviotti 
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saviotti 
Author-Name: Andreas Pyka 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pyka 
Title: The co-evolution of innovation, demand and growth 
Abstract:
	      In order to explain long-run economic development, we analyse
 in this paper the interplay between supply-side and demand-side processes.
 On the supply side, three different innovation processes are observed and
 interact: (i) growing productive efficiency, (ii) the emergence of new
 sectors and (iii) the increasing quality and differentiation of existing
 products. On the demand side, we analyse the meaning of disposable income
 and varying preference systems. The analysis is undertaken with the help
 of a numerical model of economic growth by the emergence of new
 industries. Our results show that the time path of economic development
 which we observe could not have been generated by taking into account a
 supply-side-based view on innovations alone. Without making reference to
 the formation of an adequate demand, development processes cannot be
 explained. The three processes need to be combined because each one
 individually would not suffice to generate long-run economic development.
 However, only with the formation of an adequate demand long-run economic
 development becomes sustainable.	   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 461-482 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.768492 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.768492 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:5:p:461-482




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tadesse Wodajo 
Author-X-Name-First: Tadesse 
Author-X-Name-Last: Wodajo 
Author-Name: Jean Kimmel 
Author-X-Name-First: Jean 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kimmel 
Title: Explaining changes in the racial digital divide in the United States from 1997 to 2007 
Abstract:
	      This paper explores the dissemination of access to home
 Internet among Whites and Blacks in the US, the inequalities observed
 between the groups (known as the <italic>digital divide</italic>), the
 trends exhibited by the two groups in the acquisition of Internet access,
 and the factors contributing to these disparities. The study focuses on
 the large and growing digital divide observed among Whites and Blacks in
 the period 1997--2007. Both the standard and a variant of the
 Blinder--Oaxaca decomposition techniques are employed to identify and
 quantify the factors that contribute to this gap. In all decompositions,
 differences in education, family income, household composition, and access
 to the Internet outside the home are found to be the primary factors that
 explain the racial digital gap.	  
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 483-518 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.776267 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.776267 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:5:p:483-518




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sven M&#xfc;ller 
Author-X-Name-First: Sven 
Author-X-Name-Last: M&#xfc;ller 
Author-Name: Johannes Rode 
Author-X-Name-First: Johannes 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rode 
Title: The adoption of photovoltaic systems in Wiesbaden, Germany 
Abstract:
	      The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that
 determine the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Our case study of the
 city of Wiesbaden, Germany, is based on a geocoded data set of the
 grid-connected PV systems set up through 2009. We aim to determine whether
 the decision to install can be explained by peer effects measured by
 preexisting installations in the vicinity, i.e. the installed base which
 is determined for each decision-maker individually. We employ a binary
 panel logit model and control for spatial variations in buying power and
 population density. Our analysis reveals a significantly positive
 influence of previously installed systems located nearby on the decision
 to install a PV system.	  
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 519-535 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.804333 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.804333 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:5:p:519-535




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: John T. Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: John T. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Title: Public R&D subsidies, outside private support, and employment growth 
Abstract:
	      In the aftermath of the passage of the American Recovery and
 Reinvestment Act of 2009, the employment effects of public subsidies have
 been scrutinized because of new emphasis on public accountability and
 transparency. In this paper, we investigate conditions in which public
 subsidies of research and development (R&D) in small firms stimulate
 employment growth. We find, based on an empirical analysis of employment
 growth induced by US Department of Defense Small Business Innovation
 Research program awards, that the stimulated employment growth is greater
 under two conditions: one, the presence of outside investors providing
 additional funding for the R&D and, two, when an exceptional amount of
 intellectual property is created by the publicly subsidized R&D. In
 addition to outside investors, other firms that make commercial agreements
 with the subsidized firm appear important for the employment growth of the
 subsidized firm. Cooperation between the small business doing the R&D and
 other firms is an important determinant of the commercial success of the
 technologies created with the support of public funds. 	 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 537-550 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.776744 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.776744 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:6:p:537-550




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rajeev K. Goel 
Author-X-Name-First: Rajeev K. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel 
Author-Name: Devrim G&#xf6;ktepe-Hult&#xe9;n 
Author-X-Name-First: Devrim 
Author-X-Name-Last: G&#xf6;ktepe-Hult&#xe9;n 
Title: Industrial interactions and academic patenting: evidence from German scientists 
Abstract:
	      Using a unique survey of scientists at a large public
 research organization, this paper examines the effects of industry
 interactions on academic patenting. Two types of collaborations,
 industrial cooperation and consulting, are considered. Results show that
 both cooperation and consultancy increase the likelihood of patenting.
 However, only the positive influence of industrial cooperation stands up
 to robustness checks. Effects of personal, professional and institutional
 factors are in line with the literature, yet with some differences across
 cooperation and consultancy. Implications for research policy concerning
 academic patenting and challenges that industry may experience are
 discussed.	     
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 551-565 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.776861 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.776861 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:6:p:551-565




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gilles Grolleau 
Author-X-Name-First: Gilles 
Author-X-Name-Last: Grolleau 
Author-Name: Naoufel Mzoughi 
Author-X-Name-First: Naoufel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mzoughi 
Author-Name: Sanja Pekovic 
Author-X-Name-First: Sanja 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pekovic 
Title: Is there a relationship between workplace atmosphere and innovation activities? An empirical analysis among French firms 
Abstract:
	      We examine empirically the relationship between workplace
 atmosphere and innovation activities. A generalized method of moments
 estimator of Poisson regression is applied to a set of 5574 observations
 in French firms. Our estimation results show that firms in which employees
 report good workplace atmosphere are more likely to engage in innovation
 activities. Nevertheless, while a positive relationship is found between
 workplace atmosphere and product/service innovation, other types of
 innovation activities, namely process, organizational and marketing, are
 not related to better workplace atmosphere.	      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 566-580 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.777179 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.777179 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:6:p:566-580




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Iulia Siedschlag 
Author-X-Name-First: Iulia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siedschlag 
Author-Name: Xiaoheng Zhang 
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoheng 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang 
Author-Name: Donal Smith 
Author-X-Name-First: Donal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith 
Title: What determines the location choice of multinational firms in the information and communication technologies sector? 
Abstract:
	      We analyse the location decisions of 7931 foreign affiliates
 in the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector established
 in the European Union (EU) over the period 1998--2008. Our results suggest
 that, on average, the location probability of foreign-owned firms in ICT
 industries increased with market size, market potential, the presence of
 other foreign-owned firms in the ICT sector, human capital, income tax,
 and the size of the services sector in the neighbouring regions. Labour
 costs and human capital in neighbouring regions decreased the location
 probability. Further, our estimates suggest that multinationals based in
 the EU and the USA were attracted by market size and agglomeration
 economies from other foreign-owned firms in the ICT sector. However, they
 responded differently with respect to other location determinants such as
 income tax rates, human capital and innovation intensity.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 581-600 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.783266 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.783266 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:6:p:581-600




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Antonio Della Malva 
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Della 
Author-X-Name-Last: Malva 
Author-Name: Martin Carree 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carree 
Title: The spatial distribution of innovation: evidence on the role of academic quality for seven European countries 
Abstract:
	      The quality of academic research and research undertaken at
 public laboratories is an important determinant of successful technology
 transfer. Corporate innovativeness may benefit considerably from
 scientific discoveries at universities or public laboratories and from the
 availability of locally well-trained scientists and graduates. The extent
 to which quality matters is investigated for 86 European regions in seven
 countries between 1997 and 2007. We find that regions hosting research
 departments at the forefront of science produce significantly more
 inventions and more innovations, whereas the mere presence of R&D
 personnel in universities has no significant impact. The production of
 patents in high-technology domains instead does benefit from the presence
 of R&D personnel in public laboratories. These results complement the
 existing evidence on the relationship between public research and spatial
 distribution of innovation.	      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 601-618 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.805913 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.805913 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:6:p:601-618




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeremy Howells 
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Howells 
Author-Name: Ronnie Ramlogan 
Author-X-Name-First: Ronnie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramlogan 
Title: On the dynamics of innovation and change: essays in honour of Stan Metcalfe 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 619-622 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.827901 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.827901 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:619-622




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Franco Malerba 
Author-X-Name-First: Franco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Malerba 
Title: A tribute to Stan Metcalfe and his contributions to evolutionary theory, Schumpeterian dynamics and innovation systems 
Abstract:
				 This opening address at the Festschrift in
 Honor of Stanley Metcalfe examines his major contributions concerning
 evolutionary theory, innovation and Schumpeterian dynamics, competition
 and innovation systems. Metcalfe's broad intellectual framework is first
 presented: the use of complementary approaches (theory, appreciative
 analysis, empirical work and case studies); the wide range of disciplines
 addressed (economics, technology, sociology, business studies and
 political science) and the successful combinations of a micro and a macro
 approach, of a supply- and a demand-side view and of focus on advanced
 economies and on developing ones. Then the article discusses Metcalfe's
 contributions regarding competition and selection within an evolutionary
 framework; innovation systems, institutions and entrepreneurship; and
 public policy in an evolutionary and system view.		      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 623-630 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795783 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795783 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:623-630




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian J. Loasby 
Author-X-Name-First: Brian J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Loasby 
Title: Marshall, Schumpeter and evolution 
Abstract:
				 As Stan Metcalfe is the leading exponent
 of combining Marshallian and Schumpeterian conceptions of the evolution of
 economic systems, it is appropriate to explore the similarities and
 differences between Marshall's and Schumpeter's work, and in doing so, to
 draw particularly on major <italic>Companions</italic> to each and a
 conference volume, which is explicitly focused on such comparisons, to all
 of which he has contributed. Economic systems generate and diffuse novelty
 through the creation and application of knowledge, which is inherently
 unpredictable but which emerges from diverse forms of organization. This
 process of selective co-ordination relies on quasi-decomposability --
 which implies partial equilibrium, and therefore entails multiple failure
 and sometimes major disruption, both of which should be represented in
 economic theory and should inform economic policy.		     
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 631-642 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795782 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795782 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:631-642




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Gibbons 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gibbons 
Title: A remembrance of times past 
Abstract:
				 This paper begins with a brief review of
 Metcalfe's evolutionary economics as presented in the Graz Schumpeter
 Lectures and then moves onto Piaget's notion of and extension into what
 could be called cognitive phenocopy. Here, the main elements of Piaget's
 theories are introduced and related where possible to adaptive learning in
 business units. The notion of constructive evolution is then developed
 with a view to explaining, by analogy, how differential behaviours might
 explain differences in the performance of business units. The final
 section draws upon a few selected quotations from Metcalfe's Graz
 Schumpeter Lectures, in an attempt to show just how close Metcalfe's
 approach is to Piaget's, bar the step that the latter takes in linking
 changes in routines and cognitive development. In the conclusion it is
 argued that both approaches support the view that behaviour, whether in
 economics or behavioural psychology more generally, is the motor of
 evolution.			 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 643-652 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795778 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795778 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:643-652




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heinz D. Kurz 
Author-X-Name-First: Heinz D. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kurz 
Title: 'New combinations' in the economy and in economics: a tribute to Stanley Metcalfe 
Abstract:
 <disp-quote specific-use="block">					   
      Scientific analysis is not merely a logically consistent process that
 starts with some primitive notions and then adds to the stock in a
 straight-line-fashion. It is not simply progressive discovery of an
 objective reality. (Schumpeter 1954, 4)				   
 </disp-quote>				 The paper discusses an important
 case of the production of economic ideas by means of economic ideas: Stan
 Metcalfe's view of the restlessness of capitalism was shaped by ideas he
 had encountered in Schumpeter, and Schumpeter's view was influenced by
 ideas he had encountered in Marx. The three authors' aim can be said to
 consist in an elaboration of a <italic>histoire raisonn&#xe9;e</italic>
 (Schumpeter) of capitalism, in which the development of technology and
 science and its translation into economic analytical terms occupies centre
 stage. 		 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 653-665 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795781 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795781 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:653-665




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Harvey 
Author-X-Name-First: Mark 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harvey 
Author-Name: Andrew McMeekin 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew 
Author-X-Name-Last: McMeekin 
Title: Capitalism: restless and unbounded? Some neo-Polanyian and Schumpeterian reflections 
Abstract:
				 This paper first explores the notion that
 the limitlessness of knowledge is a privileged source of the restlessness
 of capitalism [Metcalfe, J. S. 2001. "Institutions and Progress."
 <italic>Industrial and Corporate Change</italic> 10 (3): 561--586; 2002.
 "Knowledge of Growth and Growth of Knowledge." <italic>Journal of
 Evolutionary Economics</italic> 12 (1): 3--13; 2004. "The Entrepreneur and
 the Style of Modern Economies." <italic>Journal of Evolutionary
 Economics</italic> 14 (2): 157--175; 2010. "University and Business
 Relations: Connecting the Knowledge Economy." <italic>Minerva</italic> 48
 (1): 5--33] when combined with incentives of entrepreneurialism in a
 market society. Metcalfe gives a central paradigm of evolutionary
 economics a distinctive turn, with knowledge the pre-eminent source of
 variation, and markets the primary arena of selection. The paper engages
 this approach with a neo-Polanyian approach of 'instituted economic
 process', in which the variation and selection dynamic is itself seen as
 instituted within a particular historical economic context. The paper
 develops a critique of the evolutionary paradigm firstly by suggesting
 variations in instituted 'economies of knowledge' within a multi-modal
 conception of capitalism. Further breaking with the bipolar
 variation-selection paradigm, the paper argues that there has been a
 significant role of the state as a distinctive source of variation and
 selection in innovation and economic transformation. This leads us finally
 to analyse the shifting place of economy in society and polity, and the
 strategic responses in the USA, Brazil and Europe to the historically
 novel conjuncture of peak oil and global climate change, as a further
 source of variation. We conclude that a choice between evolutionary and
 historical approaches to innovation and economic transformation is a false
 one, once a universalising and unbounded paradigm of variation and
 selection is abandoned.		  
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 666-683 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795779 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795779 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magnus Holm&#xe9;n 
Author-X-Name-First: Magnus 
Author-X-Name-Last: Holm&#xe9;n 
Author-Name: Maureen McKelvey 
Author-X-Name-First: Maureen 
Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey 
Title: Restless capitalism and the economizing entrepreneur 
Abstract:
				 This paper explains why capitalistic
 economies are restless by focusing on the role and the activities by
 entrepreneurs. The linkage between the entrepreneur and the economy is
 that as knowledge is a scarce resource, entrepreneurs must economize
 knowledge to reduce uncertainty if they are to undertake entrepreneurial
 action. Fortunately, ways of lowering uncertainty are important sources of
 opportunities for entrepreneurs. However, the exploitation of such sources
 may in turn increase uncertainty in the economy. Thus, entrepreneurial
 action reduces and regenerates uncertainty and complexity over time across
 different dimensions in the economic system. The paper argues that these
 processes are core mechanisms of economic development, creating
 interdependencies between the entrepreneur and the economic system.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 684-701 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795780 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795780 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:684-701




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Allen 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Allen 
Title: Complexity, uncertainty and innovation 
Abstract:
				 In reality, complexity science provides a
 general mathematical basis not only for evolutionary economics, but also
 for evolutionary thinking as a whole. It offers an understanding of
 inherent, irreducible uncertainty and of limits to knowledge and
 prediction. Although these are usually experienced as being annoying, they
 are really the 'very stuff of life' since they recognise and require
 learning, innovation, experimentation and adventure without which life
 would not have come into being nor be worth living. Complex, evolutionary
 systems work on the basis of on-going, continuous internal processes of
 exploration and experimentation at the underlying microscopic level. This
 is acted upon by selection forces coming from the level above whose
 stability is therefore probed by the micro-level freedom. However, models
 aimed at predicting system behaviour, therefore, consist of assumptions of
 constraints on the micro-level -- and because of inertia or conformity may
 be approximately true for some unspecified time. However, systems without
 strong mechanisms of repression and conformity will evolve and change, and
 create new emergent structures, capabilities and characteristics. Complex
 evolutionary systems, therefore, will out-compete other repressed,
 conformist ones. Systems with no individual freedom will have predictable
 behaviour in the short term -- and will not survive in the long term.
 Creative, innovative and evolving systems, on the other hand, will more
 probably survive over longer times, but will not have predictable
 characteristics or behaviours. These minimal mechanisms are all that are
 required to explain (though not predict) the co-evolutionary processes
 occurring in markets, organisations, and indeed in emergent, evolutionary
 communities of practice. Some examples are presented briefly.		    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 702-725 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795776 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795776 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:702-725




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola De Liso 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola 
Author-X-Name-Last: De Liso 
Title: From mechanical arts to the philosophy of technology 
Abstract:
				 In this paper, I reconstruct some of the
 key steps which characterise the way in which technology has been
 considered and studied since the times of ancient Greece. Within this
 reconstruction, I will highlight the evolution of the mechanical arts into
 the predominant technology which took centre stage during the First
 Industrial Revolution. The further step of the alliance between technology
 and science is also considered.		      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 726-750 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.795777 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.795777 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:7:p:726-750




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Shearmur 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Shearmur 
Author-Name: David Doloreux 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux 
Title: Innovation and knowledge-intensive business service: the contribution of knowledge-intensive business service to innovation in manufacturing establishments 
Abstract:
				 It is well established that
 knowledge-intensive business service (KIBS) firms can be innovators in
 their own right. It is also well established that KIBS can contribute to
 innovation in their client firms. This role of KIBS has been theorised,
 and some of the processes by which KIBS contribute to innovation have been
 scrutinised by way of case studies. However, there are few, if any,
 large-scale analyses that permit the two following questions to be
 addressed: (i) Do firms that use KIBS systematically introduce more
 innovations than those that do not? (ii) Is recourse to certain types of
 KIBS associated with certain types of innovation? Our survey of KIBS use
 across 804 manufacturing establishments in Quebec shows that KIBS
 contribute to their client's innovation -- thereby confirming in a more
 general way what has been observed in case studies -- but also that
 different types of KIBS contribute to different types of innovation.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 751-774 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.786581 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.786581 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:8:p:751-774




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kyriakos Drivas 
Author-X-Name-First: Kyriakos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Drivas 
Author-Name: Claire Economidou 
Author-X-Name-First: Claire 
Author-X-Name-Last: Economidou 
Title: Government sponsorship and nature of patenting activity of US universities and corporations 
Abstract:
				 This paper studies the relationship
 between government sponsorship and nature of innovation produced by US
 universities and corporations. Using detailed patent data information and,
 in particular, from the patent document wrapper, where the applicant is
 obliged to disclose any federal support, we examine whether (i) federally
 funded patented innovations are more basic than their non-federally funded
 peers, and (ii) federally funded corporate and university patented
 innovations are very different from their existed research agenda. Our
 results strongly support that federally funded corporate patents are more
 basic in nature, while the evidence for universities is less nuanced. Also
 less pronounced and conclusive are the findings about university patented
 inventions and their ties to university's own research agenda. Results,
 however, may vary depending on university (corporation) size. While the
 federal government finances high-risk basic projects, it appears that some
 firms do not incorporate them in their overall research portfolio.	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 775-806 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.788286 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.788286 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:22:y:2013:i:8:p:775-806




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luigi Aldieri 
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldieri 
Title: Knowledge technological proximity: evidence from US and European patents 
Abstract:
				 The purpose of this paper is to explore
 the correlation between the technological proximity measures in three
 areas: USA, Japan and the Europe. In each economic area, we use
 information from two international patent systems to construct the
 technological proximity for 240 large international firms. In particular,
 we select firms' patents from United States Patent and Trademarks Office
 data and European Patent Office data. In order to compute the
 technological proximity, we follow the methodology developed by Jaffe
 [1986. "Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from
 Firms' Patents, Profits and Market Value."  <italic>American Economic
 Review</italic> 76 (5): 984--1001], where a technological vector is based
 on the distribution of patents of each firm across technology classes.
 Since the Jaffe distance assumes that spillovers only occur within the
 same technology class, but rules out spillovers between different classes,
 we develop also a distance measure which exploits the Mahalanobis norm to
 identify the distance between different technology classes based on the
 frequency that patents are taken out in different classes by the same
 firm. The contribution to the existing literature is to investigate the
 robustness of the technological proximity measure and the extent to which
 it may be affected by patent system features.			       
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 807-819 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.788838 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.788838 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Oliviero A. Carboni 
Author-X-Name-First: Oliviero A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Carboni 
Title: A spatial analysis of R&D: the role of industry proximity 
Abstract:
				 This paper employs individual firm data in
 order to check the existence of industry-spatial effects alongside other
 microeconomic determinants of R&D investment. Spatial proximity is defined
 by a measure of firms' industry distance based on trade intensity between
 sectors. The spatial model specified here refers to the combined
 spatial-autoregressive model with autoregressive disturbances. In
 modelling the outcome for each location as dependent on a weighted average
 of the outcomes of other locations, outcomes are determined
 simultaneously. The results of the spatial estimation suggest that in
 their R&D decision firms benefit from spillovers originating from
 neighbouring industries.		      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 820-839 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 22 
Year: 2013 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.788871 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.788871 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evangelos Mitrokostas 
Author-X-Name-First: Evangelos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitrokostas 
Author-Name: Emmanuel Petrakis 
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Petrakis 
Title: Organizational structure, strategic delegation and innovation in oligopolistic industries 
Abstract:
				 We endogenize firms' organizational
 structures in a homogenous goods duopoly where firms invest in
 cost-reducing R&D and compete in quantities, and examine their impact on
 R&D efforts and market performance. Each firm's owner can either delegate
 to a manager both market competition and R&D investment decisions (full
 delegation (FD) strategy) or delegate the market competition decision
 alone (partial delegation (PD) strategy). We show that when the initial
 marginal cost is relatively high, universal FD emerges in equilibrium.
 Otherwise, an asymmetric equilibrium with one owner choosing an FD
 strategy and the other a PD strategy arises. Finally, universal PD can
 arise in equilibrium only if the competition is in prices.		    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-24 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2012.746197 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2012.746197 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:1:p:1-24




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Almas Heshmati 
Author-X-Name-First: Almas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Heshmati 
Author-Name: Subal C. Kumbhakar 
Author-X-Name-First: Subal C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kumbhakar 
Title: A general model of technical change with an application to the OECD countries 
Abstract:
				 In the neoclassical production theory
 technical change (TC) is specified as a function of time. However, some
 exogenous external factors other than time can also affect the rate of TC.
 In this paper, we model TC via a combination of time trend (purely
 non-economic) and other observable exogenous factors that shift the
 technology. The exogenous economic factors are used to define several
 technology indices. These technology indices are embedded into the
 production function in a flexible manner. By estimating this generalized
 production function, we get estimates of rate of TC which is decomposed
 into a pure time component as well as several components attributed to
 technology indices. The empirical model uses panel data on OECD, accession
 and enhanced engagement countries observed during 1980--2006.		    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 25-48 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.805918 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.805918 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tsutomu Harada 
Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu 
Author-X-Name-Last: Harada 
Title: Focusing device as innovation mechanism and cluster growth 
Abstract:
				 This paper models a focusing device of
 innovation in which a cluster has an o-ring type production function and
 each technology component endogenously upgrades its quality. We show that
 provided the magnitude of innovation is the same across technology
 components, competitive equilibrium is an efficient mechanism by which
 core technology-driven innovations emerge with expanding inequality among
 clusters. Our result is in sharp contrast to bottleneck-removed innovation
 which is widely accepted. The inefficiency arises, however, when
 low-powered incentives, such as cost plus contracting, are employed to
 reward innovation. In this case, the corresponding factor price provides
 erroneous information regarding the potential benefits of innovation,
 which should be corrected by some form of policy intervention. 	    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 49-62 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.806407 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.806407 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:1:p:49-62




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Syoum Negassi 
Author-X-Name-First: Syoum 
Author-X-Name-Last: Negassi 
Author-Name: Tsu-Yi Hung 
Author-X-Name-First: Tsu-Yi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hung 
Title: The nature of market competition and innovation: does competition improve innovation output? 
Abstract:
				 The modelling of the relationship between
 innovation and competition through the theory of auction is simplistic.
 Researchers are re-evaluating previously tenuous assumptions in order to
 validate these thoughts for empirical use. However, the empirical
 verifications of this modelling remain fragmented and often
 unsatisfactory. Our study proposes different empirical approaches by
 testing the type of competition (Bertrand versus Cournot) between
 industries and by doing a more rigorous (by incorporating all
 specifications of auction models including uncertainty, extension of the
 property rights and capital constraints) and general (by constructing
 multi-sector data) verification. This paper explores also the rich
 information of the Community Innovation Survey. It groups together
 detailed innovation data sets and the patent data from the European Patent
 Office for France. The constructed data come from 612 firms financed by
 public Research and Development (R&D) investment (hereafter called public
 sector) and 3240 firms financed by private R&D investment (hereafter
 called civil sector). Our results, based mainly on a random coefficient
 model, illustrate that at the public sector, competition index is not
 correlated with innovation output. This is consistent with the belief that
 product market competition does not stimulate product innovation in this
 sector. At the civil sector, the competition index is positively and
 strongly correlated with innovation output. This result is expected since
 innovation for conquering new markets seems to be important for the civil
 sector. The market drives innovation output.			 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 63-91 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.811936 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.811936 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:1:p:63-91




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fulvio Castellacci 
Author-X-Name-First: Fulvio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Castellacci 
Title: Service innovation and the proximity-concentration trade-off model of trade and FDI 
Abstract:
				 This paper introduces service innovation
 in the proximity-concentration trade-off model of trade and foreign direct
 investments (FDI) [Helpman, E., M. Melitz, and S. R. Yeaple 2004. "Export
 Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms." <italic>American Economic
 Review</italic> 94 (1): 300--316]. The idea is that innovation will have
 two main effects on service firms' choice between exports and FDI. First,
 innovative firms will on average have higher productivity levels than
 non-innovative enterprises. Secondly, innovators will have to pay a higher
 relational distance cost for undertaking export activities, and they will,
 therefore, prefer to avoid (or reduce) these costs by choosing an FDI
 strategy instead. We test the empirical relevance of this idea on a new
 survey data set for a representative sample of firms in all business
 service sectors in Norway. The results show that firms are more likely to
 choose FDI rather than export the greater their productivity level and the
 higher the relational distance costs they face.		    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 92-108 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.828890 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.828890 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:1:p:92-108




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hanna Hottenrott 
Author-X-Name-First: Hanna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hottenrott 
Author-Name: Cornelia Lawson 
Author-X-Name-First: Cornelia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawson 
Title: Research grants, sources of ideas and the effects on academic research 
Abstract:
				 Based on a sample of research units in
 science and engineering at German universities, this study reports survey
 evidence on the relationship between research grants and research content.
 Research units that receive funds from industry are more likely to source
 ideas from the private sector. The higher the share of industry funding in
 a unit's total budget, the more likely it is that large firms influence
 the research agenda. Public research grants, on the other hand, are
 associated with a higher importance of conferences and scientific sources.
 What is more, the different sources of ideas impact scientific output.
 Research units that source research ideas from small- and medium-sized
 firms patent more, but are not more successful than others in terms of the
 impact of their inventions on future patents. If, on the other hand,
 research units source ideas from large firms, we find them to publish less
 and with lower impact on future scientific work.			
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 109-133 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.814425 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.814425 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:2:p:109-133




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefan Krabel 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Krabel 
Author-Name: Alexander Schacht 
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schacht 
Title: Follow the leader? How leadership behavior influences scientists' commercialization behavior (or not) 
Abstract:
				 In this study we analyze the impact of
 organization leaders on their fellows' behavior in academia by utilizing
 the unique structure of the Max Planck Society. The latter is a leading
 research organization in Europe with autonomous institutes which center
 around appointed directors. Using panel data of commercialization
 activities and royalties received in the period 1980--2007, we observe
 that both director engagement in disclosure activity and royalty shares
 received at the institute level lead to a significant increase in
 invention disclosure by non-directors in the following year. Yet, both
 effects are only significant when regarding short-term time lags of one
 year. Utilizing information based on a survey performed with Max Planck
 scientists in 2007 we find that scientists' perceived academic relevance
 of commercialization neither relates to previous director involvement in
 disclosure activity nor to previous overall disclosure efforts within the
 institute. We conclude that directors have a short-term impact on fellow
 scientists' behavior while there is hardly any long-lasting impact on
 scientists' attitude or behavior. Thus, scientists' adaption to director
 behavior in academia is rather <italic>symbolic</italic>.		    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 134-160 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.816107 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.816107 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Grazia Cecere 
Author-X-Name-First: Grazia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cecere 
Author-Name: Muge Ozman 
Author-X-Name-First: Muge 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozman 
Title: Technological diversity and inventor networks 
Abstract:
				 This article examines the relationship
 between the structure of intra-firm inventor networks and the
 technological diversity of firms. We test this relationship for a panel of
 222 firms in the ICT sector for the period 1995--2003, by utilizing data
 on their granted patents. The results reveal that the relation between the
 strength of ties between inventors in R&D teams and the firms'
 technological diversity is curvilinear. In other words, while strong ties
 between inventors can promote diversity, there is a limit to this positive
 effect. After this limit, strong ties can inhibit diversity, possibly by
 limiting the capabilities of network members to process novelty. In
 addition, we find that the impact of the scale-free metric on
 technological diversity is negative.			      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 161-178 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.815473 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.815473 
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File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:2:p:161-178




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gamal Atallah 
Author-X-Name-First: Gamal 
Author-X-Name-Last: Atallah 
Title: Conditional R&D subsidies 
Abstract:
				 This paper introduces a new type of R&D
 subsidy, which is conditional on the success of the R&D project. In a
 three-stage model, the government chooses a subsidy(ies), a monopolist
 chooses R&D effort which determines the size or the probability of success
 of the R&D project, and the firm chooses output. It is found that
 conditional subsidies can yield the same level of innovation and welfare
 as unconditional subsidies. However, when the probability of success is
 sufficiently low (be it endogenous or exogenous), conditional subsidies
 yield suboptimal levels of innovation and welfare. When the firm chooses
 the probability of success, conditional subsidies reduce the expected cost
 of the subsidy to the government as well as profits. The simultaneous use
 of conditional and unconditional subsidies is considered. Finally,
 subsidies conditional on failure are studied. It is found that they yield
 the same level of innovation and welfare as unconditional subsidies but
 increase expected subsidy costs and profits.			   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 179-214 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.827904 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.827904 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:2:p:179-214




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandy Campart 
Author-X-Name-First: Sandy 
Author-X-Name-Last: Campart 
Author-Name: Etienne Pfister 
Author-X-Name-First: Etienne 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister 
Title: Technological races and stock market value: evidence from the pharmaceutical industry 
Abstract:
				 We provide estimates of the abnormal stock
 market returns associated with pharmaceutical firms' announcements of
 technological and regulatory successes in drug development. On the basis
 of these estimates, we find empirical support for two key features of
 technological race models. First, we observe that leaders in the
 innovation race record higher abnormal returns than do latecomers when
 they announce a success. Hence, firms should indeed be racing to complete
 the innovation process before their rivals. Second, pharmaceutical firms
 are adversely affected by the technological and regulatory success of
 their rivals, implying that interfirm spillovers in drug development are
 not sufficient to offset technological rivalry. Additional results are
 also produced regarding the impact of competition on R&D racing and the
 extent of therapeutic competition.			
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 215-238 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.825427 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.825427 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:3:p:215-238




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank R. Lichtenberg 
Author-X-Name-First: Frank R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lichtenberg 
Author-Name: Billie Pettersson 
Author-X-Name-First: Billie 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pettersson 
Title: The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical expenditure in Sweden, 1997-2010: evidence from longitudinal, disease-level data 
Abstract:
				 We use longitudinal, disease-level data to
 analyze the impact of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity and medical
 expenditure in Sweden, where mean age at death increased by 1.88 years
 during the period 1997-2010. Pharmaceutical innovation is estimated to
 have increased mean age at death by 0.60 years during the period. The
 estimates indicate that longevity depends on the number of drugs to treat
 a disease, not the number of drug classes. Pharmaceutical innovation also
 reduced hospital utilization; the estimates indicate that an increase in
 the number of drugs commercialized for a disease reduces the number of
 hospital days due to the disease 8 years later, primarily due to its
 effect on the number of hospital discharges. The cost per life-year gained
 from the introduction of new drugs is estimated to be a small fraction of
 leading economists' estimates of the value of a 1-year increase in life
 expectancy.			   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 239-273 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.828456 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.828456 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:3:p:239-273




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco A. Marini 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marini 
Author-Name: Maria L. Petit 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria L. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Petit 
Author-Name: Roberta Sestini 
Author-X-Name-First: Roberta 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sestini 
Title: Strategic timing in R&D agreements 
Abstract:
				 We study the endogenous formation of R&D
 agreements in a R&D/Cournot duopoly model with spillovers where also the
 timing of R&D investments is endogenous. This allows us to consider the
 incentives for firms to sign R&D agreements over time. It is shown that,
 when both R&D spillovers and investment costs are sufficiently low, firms
 may find difficult to maintain a stable agreement due to the strong
 incentive to invest noncooperatively as leaders. In this case, the
 stability of an agreement requires that the joint investment occurs at the
 initial stage, thus avoiding any delay. When spillovers are sufficiently
 high, the coordination of R&D efforts becomes a profitable option,
 although firms may also have an incentive to sequence noncooperatively
 their investment over time. Finally, when spillovers are asymmetric and
 knowledge mainly leaks from the leader to the follower, investing as
 follower may become extremely profitable, making R&D agreements hard to
 sustain unless firms strategically delay their joint investment in R&D.    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 274-303 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.830905 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.830905 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:3:p:274-303




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna Laura Baraldi 
Author-X-Name-First: Anna Laura 
Author-X-Name-Last: Baraldi 
Author-Name: Claudia Cantabene 
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cantabene 
Author-Name: Giulio Perani 
Author-X-Name-First: Giulio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Perani 
Title: Reverse causality in the R&D-patents relationship: an interpretation of the innovation persistence 
Abstract:
				 Starting from the failure of the
 R&D-patents traditional relationship, when time-series and/or
 within-industry dimensions are included in the empirical analysis, the
 present work tries to contribute to the empirical literature from two
 directions. First, it performs a Granger causality test based on the
 theoretical presumption of a reverse patents&rarr;R&D link as an
 explanation for the failure of the traditional relationship. Second,
 assuming the reverse patents-R&D causality, we test and interpret the lag
 structure of such a relationship which shows the <italic>effective patent
 life</italic> that firms can expect within the two Schumpeterian patterns
 of innovations they belong to. In the light of the <italic>effective
 patent life</italic>, we offer a further explanation of innovation
 persistence which overturns the findings of the existing literature on
 persistence.			     
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 304-326 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.848059 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.848059 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:3:p:304-326




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matteo Grazzi 
Author-X-Name-First: Matteo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Grazzi 
Author-Name: Sebasti&#xe1;n Vergara 
Author-X-Name-First: Sebasti&#xe1;n 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vergara 
Title: Internet in Latin America: who uses it? ... and for what? 
Abstract:
				 The diffusion of the Internet is becoming
 a central policy issue for developing countries, being identified by
 scholars as a key driver of knowledge, innovation and development.
 Remarkably, the related literature is scarce and fragmented. In order to
 contribute to fill this gap, we analyse Internet access and usage patterns
 in seven Latin American countries. In addition to the traditional
 socio-economic determinants of Internet access, the results also suggest
 an important role for network effects, presence of students at households
 and complementarities in Internet use at different locations. Concerning
 usage, estimations show that Internet access does not translate
 automatically into usage. In particular, females are found to be less
 likely to use the Internet, even once access is provided. Finally, the
 evidence suggests that while technological skills are necessary to fully
 exploit Internet potentialities, individuals located in rural areas are
 more likely to use the Internet for education purposes, confirming the
 potential connectivity impact on human capital.			
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 327-352 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.854513 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.854513 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:4:p:327-352




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jaana Rahko 
Author-X-Name-First: Jaana 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rahko 
Title: Market value of R&D, patents, and organizational capital: Finnish evidence 
Abstract:
				 This paper studies how knowledge and
 organizational capital (OC) affect the market valuation of firms. Detailed
 occupational information from Finnish linked employer-employee data is
 used to form new estimates of firms' organizational investments. The
 market value of OC is analyzed together with research and development
 (R&D) and patent variables. A nonlinear least-squares regression is used
 to investigate the contribution of these variables to the market value of
 Finnish firms during the period 1995-2008. The results show that OC, R&D,
 patents, and patent citations all have positive and significant effects on
 market value. A particularly interesting finding is that the effect of OC
 appears to be even stronger than the effect of R&D investments. This study
 also provides internationally comparable results on the market valuation
 of knowledge assets that indicate that in Finland, the market valuation of
 R&D, but not patents, is lower than in the USA and many European
 countries.		     
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 353-377 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.864923 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.864923 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:4:p:353-377




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Falk 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Falk 
Title: The impact of new goods and service products on firm growth: evidence from Austrian-linked firm-level data 
Abstract:
				 Using a matched innovation survey and
 structural business statistics, we investigate the impact of the
 introduction of new service products and other types of technological
 innovations on firm growth measured as subsequent two-year employment
 growth. Results, based on median and robust regression methods for
 manufacturing firms, show that, on average, both the introduction of new
 goods and process innovations have a significant and positive impact on
 subsequent firm growth. In contrast, the introduction of new services does
 not, on average, have a significant impact on firm growth for both
 manufacturing and service firms. However, quantile regressions show that
 the introduction of new service products has a significant and positive
 impact on firm growth for high-growth service firms. Finally, in
 manufacturing, the introduction of product innovations has a positive
 impact on firm growth at both the lower and higher ends of distribution
 (i.e. for both high-growth and shrinking firms).		    
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 378-397 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.871165 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.871165 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:4:p:378-397




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Per Botolf Maurseth 
Author-X-Name-First: Per Botolf 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maurseth 
Author-Name: Roger Svensson 
Author-X-Name-First: Roger 
Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson 
Title: Micro evidence on international patenting 
Abstract:
				 Globalization, high growth rates in
 high-tech industries, growing emerging markets and harmonization of patent
 institutions across countries have stimulated patenting in foreign
 markets. We use a simple model of international patenting, where the
 decision to patent in a foreign country depends on country characteristics
 and the quality of the patented invention. With access to a detailed
 database on individual patents owned by small Swedish firms and inventors,
 we are able to estimate some of these relationships and test their
 validity. Our results indicate that the propensity to apply for
 international patent protection increases with indicators of the quality
 of the invention, technological rivalry and market size in the host
 market.		       
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 398-422 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.871166 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.871166 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:4:p:398-422




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Le Bas 
Author-X-Name-First: Christian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Le Bas 
Author-Name: Giuseppe Scellato 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scellato 
Title: Firm innovation persistence: a fresh look at the frameworks of analysis 
Abstract:
				 This paper introduces the special issue on
 innovation persistence. It delineates three complementary theoretical
 frameworks assessing drivers and implications of innovation persistence:
 'knowledge accumulation' approach, the 'success-breeds-success' hypothesis
 and the concept of sunk costs in R&D activities. It emphasizes how path
 dependence could be related to innovation persistence. It provides an
 extensive overview of the main empirical findings of recent papers and
 suggests a new research agenda about firms' dynamic capabilities and
 innovation persistence. Finally it highlights a set of issues that deserve
 further investigation in the future. The contributions to this issue are
 set out as well.		      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 423-446 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895511 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895511 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:5-6:p:423-446




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: &#xc1;ngela Triguero 
Author-X-Name-First: &#xc1;ngela 
Author-X-Name-Last: Triguero 
Author-Name: David C&#xf3;rcoles 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: C&#xf3;rcoles 
Author-Name: Mar&#xed;a C. Cuerva 
Author-X-Name-First: Mar&#xed;a C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cuerva 
Title: Measuring the persistence in innovation in Spanish manufacturing firms: empirical evidence using discrete-time duration models 
Abstract:
				 This paper measures the level of
 persistence in innovation using a large representative sample of Spanish
 manufacturing firms for the period 1990-2008. We determine survival in
 innovation activities using discrete-time duration models, which control
 for some of the existing problems in the continuous-time duration models
 used in previous studies (namely, unobserved heterogeneity and the
 proportional hazards assumption). This paper examines the relationship
 between the firm-specific characteristics of technological regimes and the
 persistence measured by innovative spells at the firm level. The results
 show that high technological opportunities, patents, cumulativeness of
 learning based on previous experience and accumulated R&D, as well as the
 use of generic knowledge provided by universities enhance persistence in
 innovative activity.			      
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 447-468 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895514 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895514 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:5-6:p:447-468




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Woerter 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Woerter 
Title: Competition and Persistence of R&D 
Abstract:
				 This paper investigates the R&D
 persistence of R&D active firms in different markets with different
 intensities of competition, based on firm-level panel data for the period
 1996-2008. In a dynamic setting of the empirical model, it turns out that
 persistence is strongly related to market competition (measured by the
 number of principal competitors). Persistence of R&D expenditures is more
 likely to be observed in markets with few principal competitors (between
 six and 10) and is very unlikely to be observed in polypolistic market
 types (more than 50 competitors).			
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 469-489 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895515 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895515 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:5-6:p:469-489




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Naciba Haned 
Author-X-Name-First: Naciba 
Author-X-Name-Last: Haned 
Author-Name: Caroline Mothe 
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mothe 
Author-Name: Thuc Uyen Nguyen-Thi 
Author-X-Name-First: Thuc Uyen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen-Thi 
Title: Firm persistence in technological innovation: the relevance of organizational innovation 
Abstract:
				 Organizational innovation favors
 technological innovation, but does it also influence persistence in
 technological innovation? This paper empirically investigates the pattern
 of technological innovation persistence and tests the potential impact of
 organizational innovation using firm-level data from three waves of French
 Community Innovation Surveys. The evidence indicates a positive effect of
 organizational innovation on persistence in technological innovation,
 according to the various measures of organizational innovation. Moreover,
 this impact is more significant for complex innovators, i.e. those who
 innovate in both products and processes. The results highlight the
 complexity of managing organizational practices with regard to the
 technological innovation of firms. They also add to understanding of the
 drivers of innovation persistence through the focus on an often forgotten
 dimension of innovation in a broader sense.			   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 490-516 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895509 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895509 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:5-6:p:490-516




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephane Lhuillery 
Author-X-Name-First: Stephane 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lhuillery 
Title: Marketing and persistent innovation success 
Abstract:
				 Despite their critical roles in innovation
 success, marketing activities are overlooked when the sources of
 innovation persistence are considered. Using three waves of the French
 Community innovation survey covering the period 2002-2008, this paper
 investigates the influence of marketing activities on innovation success
 and in particular on persistent innovation success in high-tech
 industries. Our results confirm that innovation success depends on past
 innovation success. Innovation marketing does not positively influence
 persistent innovation success in low-tech industries. The dynamic of
 innovation marketing is found to be more complex in high-tech industries:
 innovation marketing positively influences persistent innovation success
 for incremental innovation but negatively influences it for radical
 innovation. We therefore provide support to the existing literature on
 ambidextrous organizations which, for the most part, associate incremental
 innovation success with marketing and radical innovation success with R&D
 resources. Innovation marketing also impacts innovation success over the
 short term. However, there is no evidence of a positive carry-over effect
 from innovation marketing activities over time (short or long term). The
 results regarding the short-term effects of innovation marketing
 activities mainly hold for low-tech industries.		   
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 517-543 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895512 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895512 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arina Matvejeva 
Author-X-Name-First: Arina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Matvejeva 
Title: Determinants of persistence in innovation: evidence from the case study of the 'Eye Microsurgery' Complex 
Abstract:
				 This study aims at determining the major
 factors supporting innovative persistence based on an in-depth analysis of
 the internal organizational processes of the state-owned medical
 institution, 'Eye Microsurgery' Complex in Moscow. I propose a systemic
 approach to the study of innovation activities, which incorporates aspects
 of evolutionary economics, institutional analysis and dynamic capabilities
 theory. The study explicitly incorporates the changing external
 environment as a factor shaping innovation dynamics. The findings suggest
 that at the earliest stage of the firm's development, the interaction
 between the nature of the technology and the nature of the demand, the
 presence of prolific innovators and a certain organizational structure
 that supports learning, effective knowledge production and accumulation
 are determinant of persistence in innovation. In later periods, the
 availability of resources (material, financial, specialized human
 capital), external collaborations, specific production techniques,
 well-organized technological diffusion, and motivational factors are the
 elements providing the basis for innovative persistence. Leadership plays
 a crucial role in supporting innovation and organizational transformation. 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 544-562 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895513 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895513 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:5-6:p:544-562




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Achim Hecker 
Author-X-Name-First: Achim 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hecker 
Author-Name: Alois Ganter 
Author-X-Name-First: Alois 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ganter 
Title: Path and past dependence of firm innovation 
Abstract:
				 This study examines persistence of
 product, process, and organizational innovations for a large sample of
 German firms over the time span from 2002 to 2008. Descriptive analyses
 using transition probability matrices show pronounced patterns of
 persistence for all three types of innovation. State dependence effects
 vanish for process and organizational innovations once we control for
 unobserved heterogeneity and endogenize initial conditions (Wooldridge
 approach). We conclude that product innovation processes exhibit
 significant path dependence; process and organizational innovations, in
 contrast, are primarily shaped by time-invariant and unobserved firm
 characteristics. In addition, we find evidence of intertemporal
 complementarities among the various innovation types.			  
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 563-583 
Issue: 5-6 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 9  
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.895510 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.895510 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:5-6:p:563-583




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandra Colombelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra 
Author-X-Name-Last: Colombelli 
Author-Name: Francesco Quatraro 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Quatraro 
Title: The persistence of firms' knowledge base: a quantile approach to Italian data 
Abstract:
 The paper investigates the patterns of persistence of innovation and of
 the properties of firms' knowledge base (KB) across a sample of Italian
 firms in the period 1998-2006. The analysis draws upon a theoretical
 representation of knowledge as a collective good, stemming from the
 recombination of knowledge bits that are fragmented and dispersed across
 economic agents. On this basis, we derived properties of the KB like the
 coherence, the cognitive distance and the variety, and investigated their
 patterns of persistence over time. The empirical analysis is implemented
 by exploring the autocorrelation structure of such properties within a
 quantile regression framework. The results suggest that the properties of
 knowledge are featured by somewhat peculiar patterns as compared with
 knowledge stock, and that such evidence is also heterogeneous across firms
 in different quantiles.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 585-610 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.871164 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.871164 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:7:p:585-610




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gunnar Pippel 
Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pippel 
Title: R&D cooperation for non-technological innovations 
Abstract:
 Past research on the impact of R&D cooperation on firm innovation
 performance has almost solely focused on technological innovations. This
 paper investigates the impact of R&D cooperation on non-technological
 innovation performance of firms. In doing so, seven different cooperation
 partner types are distinguished. Survey data from German firms are used
 for the econometric analysis. It is shown that R&D cooperation increases
 the probability of a firm to introduce non-technological innovations. R&D
 cooperation with suppliers, consultants, other firms within the same firm
 group and universities has a significant positive impact on organizational
 and marketing innovation performance. Cooperation with governmental
 research institutes and competitors has no significant effect. R&D
 cooperation with customers has a significant impact on a firm's
 organizational innovation performance, but not on marketing innovation
 performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 611-630 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.871167 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.871167 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:7:p:611-630




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ioannis Voutsinas 
Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Voutsinas 
Author-Name: Constantinos Tsamadias 
Author-X-Name-First: Constantinos 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsamadias 
Title: Does research and development capital affect total factor productivity? Evidence from Greece 
Abstract:
 The purpose of this study is twofold: Firstly, it investigates the
 relationship between the research and development (R&D) capital and the
 total factor productivity (TFP) of the Greek economy over the period
 1981-2007. Secondly, it presents an overview of relevant empirical
 studies. It applies the Johansen methodology to estimate cointegrating
 vectors and uses vector error correction models to examine causality and
 short-term dynamics. The results indicate the presence of a long-run
 relationship between the total R&D capital and TFP and between the public
 R&D capital and TFP. On the other hand, the private R&D capital is not
 significantly related to TFP. A 1% increase in total R&D capital raises
 TFP by 0.038%, whereas a 1% increase in the public R&D capital raises TFP
 by 0.075%. The productivity of the Greek economy could be enhanced by
 higher R&D expenditure combined with the necessary structural reforms to
 improve the efficiency of the innovation system.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 631-651 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2013.871169 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2013.871169 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:7:p:631-651




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M&#xe1;rio Alexandre Patr&#xed;cio Martins da Silva 
Author-X-Name-First: M&#xe1;rio Alexandre Patr&#xed;cio Martins 
Author-X-Name-Last: da Silva 
Title: The knowledge multiplier 
Abstract:
 The paper develops a formal model of external knowledge and identifies the
 role of knowledge multipliers. Social interactions and knowledge
 multipliers play a crucial role in determining the rate of technological
 change. The analytical identification of the knowledge multiplier
 expression constitutes a key step in the appreciation of the crucial role
 of knowledge interactions. First, social considerations endogenously
 change the knowledge production function of each firm. The knowledge
 multiplier is the specific mechanism by means of which external knowledge
 contributes to enhance the innovative capacity of each firm. The
 production function of knowledge shows that the larger the knowledge
 multiplier is the stronger are the cumulative positive effects of external
 knowledge on the generation of new knowledge. Second, social
 considerations explain the long-run dynamics of innovation. Social
 reinforcement and the knowledge multiplier determine the rise or fall in
 the rate of accumulation of technological knowledge.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 652-688 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.882138 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.882138 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:7:p:652-688




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pieter W. Heringa 
Author-X-Name-First: Pieter W. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Heringa 
Author-Name: Edwin Horlings 
Author-X-Name-First: Edwin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Horlings 
Author-Name: Mari&euml;lle  van der Zouwen 
Author-X-Name-First: Mari&euml;lle  
Author-X-Name-Last: van der Zouwen 
Author-Name: Peter van den Besselaar 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: van den Besselaar 
Author-Name: Wim van Vierssen 
Author-X-Name-First: Wim 
Author-X-Name-Last: van Vierssen 
Title: How do dimensions of proximity relate to the outcomes of collaboration? A survey of knowledge-intensive networks in the Dutch water sector 
Abstract:
 There is a growing body of literature on the importance of proximity for
 innovation and other knowledge-related outcomes. We examine the impact of
 geographical, social, organisational, and cognitive proximity for a
 heterogeneous population, including people from academia, knowledge
 institutes, industry, and government. We analyse data on 1020 ego-alter
 relationships, derived from a survey among water professionals in the
 Netherlands. The use of survey data allows for more refined indicators of
 proximity and more diverse collaboration outcomes than those common in the
 literature. Social and cognitive proximity have a positive effect for all
 outcomes examined. Geographical and organisational proximity have a
 negative effect on hard (tangible) outcomes yet a weak positive (if any)
 effect on soft (intangible) outcomes. We do not find evidence for the
 suggestions in the conceptual literature that proximity follows an
 inverted U-curve where most outcomes are achieved in relations with some
 but not too much proximity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 689-716 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.882139 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.882139 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:7:p:689-716




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M.A. Stryszowska 
Author-X-Name-First: M.A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stryszowska 
Title: Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms and technology adoption: standard setting vs. incompatible technologies 
Abstract:
 The present paper shows that in the absence of fair, reasonable, and
 non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing terms, the adoption of a standard
 depends on the degree of network effects. If the degree of network
 externalities is low, patent holders may opt for developing incompatible
 technologies in order to avoid the entry deterrence in the downstream
 market and the resulting decrease in the royalty income. If the degree of
 network externalities is sufficiently high, patent holders may prefer
 developing a common standard even though it has a negative impact on the
 market entry in the downstream market. Generated network externalities are
 then sufficiently high to create additional demand compensating the losses
 from the entry deterrence. The application of FRAND terms eliminates the
 entry deterrence problem and by consequence stimulates the standard
 adoption. The use of the FRAND commitment has beneficial effects for
 consumer surplus and total welfare.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 717-738 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.886465 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.886465 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:8:p:717-738




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sajid Anwar 
Author-X-Name-First: Sajid 
Author-X-Name-Last: Anwar 
Author-Name: Sizhong Sun 
Author-X-Name-First: Sizhong 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sun 
Title: Entry of foreign firms and the R&D behaviour: a panel data study of domestic and foreign firms in China's manufacturing sector 
Abstract:
 Rapid globalization has resulted in increased competitive pressures. The
 entry of foreign firms in a host economy increases the level of
 competition faced by not only the domestic firms but also the existing
 foreign firms. We argue that domestic firms, especially in developing
 countries, respond to this situation by increasing their research and
 development (R&D) spending, whereas the foreign firms decrease their R&D
 spending. By making use of firm-level panel data from China's
 manufacturing sector, over the period 2005-2007, this paper investigates
 the impact of the entry of foreign firms on R&D behaviour of domestic and
 foreign firms. Empirical analysis, based on Tobit and Instrumental
 Variables Tobit regression, reveals that foreign entry increases the R&D
 intensity of domestic firms but its impact on R&D intensity of foreign
 firms is negative. The estimated results are found to be robust across
 balanced and unbalanced panels.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 739-757 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.887179 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.887179 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:8:p:739-757




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shoko Haneda 
Author-X-Name-First: Shoko 
Author-X-Name-Last: Haneda 
Author-Name: Keiko Ito 
Author-X-Name-First: Keiko 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ito 
Title: Modes of international activities and the innovativeness of firms: an empirical analysis based on the Japanese National Innovation Survey for 2009 
Abstract:
 We quantitatively examine the factors which account for differences in
 innovation output depending on the mode of international activities,
 employing the innovation accounting framework proposed by Mairesse and
 Mohnen [2001. <italic>To be or not to be innovative: An exercise in
 measurement</italic>. NBER Working Paper No. 8644. Cambridge, MA: National
 Bureau of Economic Research; 2002. "Accounting for Innovation and
 Measuring Innovativeness: An Illustrative Framework and an Application."
 <italic>American Economic Review</italic> 92 (2): 226-230]. We find that
 internationally engaged firms use more innovation inputs and generate more
 innovation outputs. Firms with R&D establishments abroad show the best
 innovation performance. A significant part of the higher innovation
 performance of internationally engaged firms can be explained by their
 greater intra-firm knowledge spillovers, R&D intensity, perceived
 competitive pressure, and proximity to basic research. However, more
 importantly, our innovation efficiency analysis suggests that engagement
 in international activities increases the sales amount of innovative
 products though it does not necessarily raise the probability that a firm
 successfully develops a new product or process.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 758-779 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.904540 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.904540 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:8:p:758-779




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Orset 
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Orset 
Title: Innovation and the precautionary principle 
Abstract:
 Recent environmental policies favour the polluter pays principle. This
 principle points out the pollutant financial liability for the eventual
 incidents induced by his activities. In this context, we analyse the
 decision of an agent to invest in new industrial activities, the
 consequences of which on human health and the environment are initially
 unknown. It is not possible for him to delay investing, but the agent has
 the opportunity to acquire information and to reduce the cost of an
 accident. This allows the agent to reduce uncertainty regarding dangers
 associated with the project and to limit potential damages that it might
 cause. However, the agent's chosen level of these actions may be
 considered as insufficient and not acceptable by society as response in
 the face of a possible danger. Precautionary state regulation may then be
 introduced. We appreciate that this regulation may slow down innovation
 and may favour innovation in countries with less safety requirements. We
 find that the agent may get around the goal of the regulation by ignoring
 the information on the dangerousness of its project. We then propose some
 policy tools which stimulate innovation and impose a certain level of risk
 considered as acceptable for society to the agent. Finally, we use a
 numerical analysis based on the Monsanto Company for studying the agent's
 behaviour with different regulatory frameworks.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 780-801 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.907667 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.907667 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:8:p:780-801




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rinaldo Evangelista 
Author-X-Name-First: Rinaldo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelista 
Author-Name: Paolo Guerrieri 
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrieri 
Author-Name: Valentina Meliciani 
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Meliciani 
Title: The economic impact of digital technologies in Europe 
Abstract:
 This paper analyses the economic impact of digital technologies in Europe
 distinguishing between different stages/domains of the digitalization
 process. A set of composite Information and Communication Technologies
 (ICT) indicators is used for capturing the access to ICTs, the ability to
 use them and the digital empowerment of individuals in key social and
 economic domains. We argue that the mere accessibility to ICT facilities
 is only a pre-condition for moving towards a digitalized society, while
 the 'level' and the 'quality' in the <italic>use</italic> of these
 technologies, as well as the conditions facilitating or hampering digital
 empowerment, play a much more important role. Several transmission
 mechanisms from ICT access, usage and digital empowerment to key
 macro-economic variables (namely labour productivity, gross domestic
 product per capita, employment growth and the employment rate) are
 identified. The econometric evidence supports our hypotheses showing that
 the usage of ICT, and mostly digital empowerment, exert the major economic
 effects, especially on employment also favouring the inclusion of
 'disadvantaged' groups in the labour market. We conclude that
 digitalization may drive productivity and employment growth and that
 inclusive policies may effectively contribute to bridge the gap between
 the most favoured and the disadvantaged parts of the population, thus
 helping in achieving the 2020 Europe targets.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 802-824 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.918438 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.918438 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:8:p:802-824




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Magri 
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Magri 
Title: Does issuing equity help R&D activity? Evidence from unlisted Italian high-tech manufacturing firms 
Abstract:
 This paper evaluates the causal effect of issuing equities on the
 probability that a firm engages in R&D activity. Equity is a better source
 of external finance than debt for innovation. It does not require
 collateral, does not exacerbate moral hazard problems connected with the
 substitution of high-risk for low-risk projects, quite common when using
 debt, and, unlike debt, does not increase the probability of bankruptcy;
 equity also allows investors to reap the entire benefit of the returns of
 successful innovative projects. This paper focuses on high-tech firms for
 which asymmetric information problems are more pervasive. Implementing an
 instrumental variable estimation, we find that issuing equity increases
 the probability that the firm has R&D expenditures by 30-40%. We detect
 considerable heterogeneity in this effect: the impact of issuing equity is
 significant only for small, young and more highly leveraged high-tech
 firms. We also find interesting evidence that issuing equity increases R&D
 expenditures in relation to sales.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 825-854 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 23 
Year: 2014 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.938574 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.938574 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:23:y:2014:i:8:p:825-854




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: B&#xf6;rje Johansson 
Author-X-Name-First: B&#xf6;rje 
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson 
Author-Name: Hans L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans 
Author-X-Name-Last: L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Title: Productivity, networks and knowledge flows 
Abstract:
 This introduction to the special issue of <italic>EINT</italic> surveys a
 collection of eight papers that study innovation and productivity at the
 firm level and the industry level for a number of European countries. This
 focus is supported by the view that an innovating firm can maintain a
 favourable position in terms of profits, productivity and growth by
 following a path along which its knowledge-creation efforts have become a
 regular activity. The performance of an innovating firm is also affected
 by the firm's accession of external knowledge sources, and this gives
 firms an incentive to develop innovation networks.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-4 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897862 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897862 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jinghai Zheng 
Author-X-Name-First: Jinghai 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng 
Title: Knowledge production function and Malmquist index regression equations as a dynamic system 
Abstract:
 In this study, we demonstrate that when the popular data envelopment
 analysis (DEA)-based Malmquist productivity indexes are used in regression
 analysis, the set of linear equations involved can be treated as a system.
 With reference to a special structure of the knowledge production
 function, the regression equations can be further specified as a dynamic
 system. Cross-equation restrictions are explored to reveal the rich
 structures for the relationship between productivity growth, productivity
 growth components, and their determinants. Preliminary empirical results
 using community innovation survey (CIS) data show that knowledge
 production in terms of technical progress can exhibit diminishing returns
 with respect to level of knowledge while technical efficiency may improve
 at an increasing rate. We expect that the study may have important
 implications for micro studies on the relationships between innovation and
 productivity and for macro modeling of endogenous economic growth.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 5-21 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897865 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897865 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Elena Bontempi 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Elena 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bontempi 
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse 
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse 
Title: Intangible capital and productivity at the firm level: a panel data assessment 
Abstract:
 The econometric literature on measuring returns on intangible capital is
 vast, but we still know little about the effects on productivity of
 different types of intellectual capital (R&D and patents) and customer
 capital (trademarks and advertising). The aim of this paper is to estimate
 the marginal productivity of different types of intangibles by relying on
 the theoretical framework of the production function, which we apply to a
 large panel of Italian companies. To this end, the European accounting
 system makes it possible to compare the impact on productivity of
 intangibles measured from expenditures (as usual in Anglo-American
 studies) with the impact of intangible assets reported by companies in
 their balance sheets (a measure which is available in the Italian context,
 for example, but less common in the literature). Our results contribute
 two main findings to the literature. First, among the intangible
 components, the highest marginal productivity is that of intellectual
 capital, customer capital and intangible assets. Second, the use of
 accounting information on intangible investments is crucial to find high
 effects of intangible assets on productivity, while intangibles measured
 from expenses seem to play a more limited role. Preliminary results
 obtained from sub-samples mimicking the presence of spillovers deliver
 higher effects of intellectual capital on productivity, suggesting that
 intangibles' social value is larger than the part we can estimate with
 individual firm data.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 22-51 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897859 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897859 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:1-2:p:22-51




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hans L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans 
Author-X-Name-Last: L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-Name: Pardis Nabavi Larijani 
Author-X-Name-First: Pardis Nabavi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Larijani 
Author-Name: Gary Cook 
Author-X-Name-First: Gary 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cook 
Author-Name: B&#xf6;rje Johansson 
Author-X-Name-First: B&#xf6;rje 
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson 
Title: Learning-by-exporting and innovation strategies 
Abstract:
 We examine the combined effect of exports, innovation and external
 knowledge on total factor productivity growth among manufacturing firms.
 This paper distinguishes between frequent and temporary exporters as well
 as between frequent and temporary innovators. Applying a dynamic approach
 on an unbalanced panel consisting of 8516 Swedish firms observed over a
 12-year period, the results show that among firms with permanent presence
 in export markets, persistent innovators have 0.5% point higher annual
 productivity growth than non-innovative exporters and 0.4% higher growth
 compared to firms that switch between being innovative or not. A similar
 pattern is found for the group of companies that alternates between
 exporting and non-exporting; however, the differences in growth rates are
 not statistically significant. We also show that only persistently
 innovative exporters and exporters with a large fraction of exports in
 their sales benefit from their presence in the local milieu with high
 knowledge intensity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 52-64 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897863 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897863 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:1-2:p:52-64




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Fritsch 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fritsch 
Author-Name: Luis F. Medrano Echalar 
Author-X-Name-First: Luis F. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Medrano Echalar 
Title: New technology in the region - agglomeration and absorptive capacity effects on laser technology research in West Germany, 1960-2005 
Abstract:
 We analyze the spatial diffusion of laser technology research in West
 Germany from 1960, when this technology began, until 2005. Early adoption
 of laser technology research was especially prevalent in large
 agglomerations. While we cannot detect knowledge spillovers from adjacent
 regions, geographic proximity to the center of initial laser research was
 conducive to early adoption of laser research; however, the effect is
 negligibly small. The earlier a region embarked on this type of research,
 the higher the level of laser research later, indicating the accumulation
 of knowledge generated in previous periods. Our results highlight the role
 of a region's absorptive capacity for commencing and conducting research
 in a new technological field. An interregional transfer of tacit knowledge
 was largely unimportant for the spatial diffusion of research in this
 technological field.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 65-94 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897861 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897861 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:1-2:p:65-94




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Torben Schubert 
Author-X-Name-First: Torben 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schubert 
Author-Name: Martin Andersson 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson 
Title: Old is gold? The effects of employee age on innovation and the moderating effects of employment turnover 
Abstract:
 There is consistent evidence in the literature that an average employee's
 age is negatively related to firm-level innovativeness. This observation
 has been explained by older employees working with outdated technological
 knowledge and being characterized by reduced cognitive flexibility. We
 argue that firms can mitigate this effect through employee turnover. In
 particular, turnover of R&D workers is deemed a vehicle for transfer of
 external knowledge to the firm, which can compensate for lower cognitive
 flexibility and up-to-date knowledge among older workers. We use a matched
 employer-employee data set based on three consecutive Community Innovation
 Survey surveys for Sweden to test our predictions. Our results suggest (a)
 that overall employee age impacts negatively on product innovation
 activities (both in terms of propensity and success), (b) that the effect
 of employee staying rate (measured by the share of employees who remain in
 the firm from one year to the next) on innovation follows an inverted
 <italic>U</italic>-shape implying an 'optimal' level of employment
 turnover and (c) that this 'optimal' value is lower for firms with older
 employees. The latter suggests that firms with older employees can at
 least partially compensate an aged workforce by increased employment
 turnover.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 95-113 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897858 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897858 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tobias Buchmann 
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias 
Author-X-Name-Last: Buchmann 
Author-Name: Andreas Pyka 
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pyka 
Title: The evolution of innovation networks: the case of a publicly funded German automotive network 
Abstract:
 In this paper we analyze the evolution of a publicly funded interfirm R&D
 network in the German automotive industry between 1998 and 2007. A
 stochastic actor-based model allows us to estimate the role of various
 drivers of the evolutionary change process. We test hypotheses derived in
 an innovation and evolutionary economics framework and show that
 structural positions of firms as well as actor covariates and dyadic
 covariates are influential determinants of network evolution. Our results
 indicate that knowledge-related effects such as absorptive capacity,
 technological distance and knowledge-base modularity are significant
 determinants of network evolution. Moreover, transitivity is found to be a
 relevant endogenous structural effect. Also, firms with an experience in
 cooperation tend to be engaged more intensive in cooperation both as
 initiators and as targets. The same holds for geographically neighboring
 firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 114-139 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897860 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897860 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:1-2:p:114-139




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: B&#xf6;rje Johansson 
Author-X-Name-First: B&#xf6;rje 
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson 
Author-Name: Hans L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans 
Author-X-Name-Last: L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-Name: Maxim Savin 
Author-X-Name-First: Maxim 
Author-X-Name-Last: Savin 
Title: European R&D efficiency 
Abstract:
 This paper explores the capacity to produce new knowledge proxied by
 patents granted in 18 industries in 11 European economies. For each
 industry in each country, the number of granted U.S. Patent and Trademark
 Office patents is recorded over the 1991-2005 period. Controlling for
 research and development, industry composition, and institutional setting,
 the paper shows that systematic differences in patent intensity exist
 between the studied countries, such that almost all industries are
 affected by country-specific conditions, suggesting that the countries'
 innovation systems differ in efficiency. The countries with the highest
 R&D efficiency are Sweden and Finland, followed by the Netherlands and
 Germany.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 140-158 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897857 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897857 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:1-2:p:140-158




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Srholec 
Author-X-Name-First: Martin 
Author-X-Name-Last: Srholec 
Title: Understanding the diversity of cooperation on innovation across countries: multilevel evidence from Europe 
Abstract:
 Much has been written about innovation cooperation, but little research
 has been done to explain the national differences thereof. Using macro and
 micro evidence from the fourth Community Innovation Survey, we
 econometrically investigate the extent to which national framework
 conditions account for the propensity of firms to cooperate on innovation
 at home and abroad. The results indicate strong differences across
 countries in the latter. Firms operating in countries with less developed
 research infrastructure are shown to be more likely to cooperate with
 foreign partners, supporting the thesis that in this context the foreign
 linkages tend to be diasporic. The size and openness of the economy
 matters too. But the characteristics of firms that explain cooperation are
 not found to differ much across country. The results furthermore draw
 attention to the limitations of the existing micro data sets on innovation
 cooperation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 159-182 
Issue: 1-2 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.897864 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.897864 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:1-2:p:159-182




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Iulia Siedschlag 
Author-X-Name-First: Iulia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Siedschlag 
Author-Name: Xiaoheng Zhang 
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoheng 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang 
Title: Internationalisation of firms and their innovation and productivity<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN0001"/> 
Abstract:
 This paper examines the links between the internationalisation of firms
 and their innovation and productivity performance using data from Ireland
 over the period 2004-2008. Our econometric results indicate that, relative
 to firms that served the domestic market only, firms with international
 activities were more likely to invest in innovation, they were more likely
 to be successful in terms of innovation output, and they had a higher
 labour productivity. In line with the most recent literature on
 international trade with heterogeneous firms, our empirical evidence shows
 that, among firms with international activities, labour productivity was
 higher in foreign affiliates in comparison to domestic exporters.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 183-203 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.918439 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.918439 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:3:p:183-203




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raquel Ortega-Argil�s 
Author-X-Name-First: Raquel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ortega-Argil�s 
Author-Name: Mariacristina Piva 
Author-X-Name-First: Mariacristina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Piva 
Author-Name: Marco Vivarelli 
Author-X-Name-First: Marco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vivarelli 
Title: The productivity impact of R&D investment: are high-tech sectors still ahead? 
Abstract:
 Our aim is to investigate the relationship between a firm's R&D
 expenditures and its productivity, looking at sectoral peculiarities. We
 use a unique longitudinal database consisting of 1809 US and European
 manufacturing and service firms over the period 1990-2008. Our main
 findings can be summarised as follows. Consistently with previous
 literature, the knowledge stock has a significant positive impact on a
 firm's productivity. More interestingly, the coefficient turns out to be
 significantly larger in the R&D-user services and high-tech manufacturing
 sectors than in the non-high-tech manufacturing sectors. Contrary to the
 'latecomer advantage' approach, these outcomes suggest that firms in
 high-tech sectors are still ahead in terms of impact on productivity of
 R&D investments.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 204-222 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.918440 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.918440 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:3:p:204-222




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giuliana Battisti 
Author-X-Name-First: Giuliana 
Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti 
Author-Name: Jorge Gallego 
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallego 
Author-Name: Luis Rubalcaba 
Author-X-Name-First: Luis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rubalcaba 
Author-Name: Paul Windrum 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Windrum 
Title: Open innovation in services: knowledge sources, intellectual property rights and internationalization 
Abstract:
 The paper investigates the direction of knowledge flows and, more
 generally, the pattern of open innovation that is taking place within
 services across Europe. Using the Eurostat Fourth Community Innovation
 Survey (CIS4) dataset, on 17 service sectors across 18 countries, we find
 significant differences between service innovation leaders and followers.
 Key findings are that a concentration of radical innovation is to be found
 mainly in knowledge-intensive research and development sectors; that
 leading innovators across all sectors tend to use intellectual property
 rights to protect their ideas; and that leading service innovators engage
 in international sales. We do not find evidence that external sources of
 information acquisition are significant in radical service product
 innovation. By contrast, innovation followers rely more extensively on
 external sourcing of knowledge and new ideas (with decreasing returns to
 innovation performance), and tend not to export. These findings contribute
 significantly to our understanding of the knowledge flows and the
 asymmetries in knowledge sharing in service sectors across Europe.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 223-247 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.924745 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.924745 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:3:p:223-247




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hidemichi Fujii 
Author-X-Name-First: Hidemichi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fujii 
Author-Name: Kazuma Edamura 
Author-X-Name-First: Kazuma 
Author-X-Name-Last: Edamura 
Author-Name: Koichi Sumikura 
Author-X-Name-First: Koichi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sumikura 
Author-Name: Yoko Furusawa 
Author-X-Name-First: Yoko 
Author-X-Name-Last: Furusawa 
Author-Name: Naomi Fukuzawa 
Author-X-Name-First: Naomi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fukuzawa 
Author-Name: Shunsuke Managi 
Author-X-Name-First: Shunsuke 
Author-X-Name-Last: Managi 
Title: How enterprise strategies are related to innovation and productivity change: an empirical study of Japanese manufacturing firms 
Abstract:
 This study analyzes the total factor productivity of 1067 Japanese
 manufacturing firms. In production estimation, we employ the directional
 distance function and Luenberger productivity indicator. Research and
 development strategy survey data are used to analyze the determinant
 factors related to improvements in innovation and productivity. Our
 results indicate that increasing technology and knowledge through a 'black
 box' process is related to an increase in productivity. Furthermore, the
 protection and management of production knowledge and expertise is a valid
 method of increasing global technical change.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 248-262 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.924746 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.924746 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:3:p:248-262




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ceyhun Elgin 
Author-X-Name-First: Ceyhun 
Author-X-Name-Last: Elgin 
Author-Name: Selman &Ccedil;ak&#x131;r 
Author-X-Name-First: Selman 
Author-X-Name-Last: &Ccedil;ak&#x131;r 
Title: Technological progress and scientific indicators: a panel data analysis 
Abstract:
 Total factor productivity (TFP) is generally interpreted to be a proxy for
 technological advancement. In this paper, we use stochastic frontier
 analysis to decompose the growth in TFP into three components:
 technological progress, scale effect and change in technical efficiency.
 Then, we conduct a comprehensive panel data analysis using the
 technological progress component of the TFP growth and several scientific
 and technological indicators using data from 160 countries over the period
 from 1960 to 2009. Our results generally show that the technological
 progress component of the TFP growth properly reflects certain dimensions
 of actual scientific and technological progress. However, we also find
 that this result is somewhat sensitive to different econometric
 specifications and assumptions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 263-281 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.938573 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.938573 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:3:p:263-281




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valeria Costantini 
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria 
Author-X-Name-Last: Costantini 
Author-Name: Francesco Crespi 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi 
Author-Name: Ylenia Curci 
Author-X-Name-First: Ylenia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Curci 
Title: A keyword selection method for mapping technological knowledge in specific sectors through patent data: the case of biofuels sector 
Abstract:
 In this paper, we propose an innovative methodology that aims to solve
 drawbacks related to how patent data are allocated and organized in
 international databases. We propose as a case study in the biofuels
 sector, in order to evaluate the validity of such a method. Starting with
 a systematic mapping of biofuels production value chain, we have built a
 comprehensive description of the biofuels technological domain. The
 resulting list of keywords relies on an iterative selection approach,
 based on an analysis of recent scientific literature combined with the
 keyword search tool developed by Scopus. The final patent database,
 BioPat, has been finalized by a validation procedure with the help of
 expert interviews, revealing improved accuracy compared with standard
 International Patents Classification-based codes. Collected information in
 BioPat allows us to derive more intriguing insights on the characteristics
 and evolution of technological patterns in the biofuels sector with
 respect to standard classification methods.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 282-308 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.942583 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.942583 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:4:p:282-308




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessia Lo Turco 
Author-X-Name-First: Alessia 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Turco 
Author-Name: Daniela Maggioni 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela 
Author-X-Name-Last: Maggioni 
Title: Dissecting the impact of innovation on exporting in Turkey 
Abstract:
 Does innovating promote firms' export probability? By separately modelling
 - theoretically as well as empirically - the impact of process and product
 innovation, we show that the joint adoption of both innovation strategies
 fosters Turkish firms' first time export entry in rich destination
 markets. Nevertheless, innovation strengthens firms' export probability.
 As predicted by our theoretical sketch, product innovation matters in
 particular for exporting to developing economies, while process innovation
 reinforces the role of product innovation for exporting to richer markets.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 309-338 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.946311 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.946311 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:4:p:309-338




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gilles Grolleau 
Author-X-Name-First: Gilles 
Author-X-Name-Last: Grolleau 
Author-Name: Naoufel Mzoughi 
Author-X-Name-First: Naoufel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mzoughi 
Author-Name: Sanja Pekovic 
Author-X-Name-First: Sanja 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pekovic 
Title: Environmental management practices: good or bad news for innovations delivering environmental benefits? The moderating effect of market characteristics 
Abstract:
 We examine empirically whether environmental management practices (EMPs)
 (environmental audits, ISO 14001 standard, etc.) promote (or not)
 additional innovations delivering environmental benefits. Using a large
 sample of French firms (<italic>N</italic>=4114) and simultaneous
 equations model (SEM), we found that EMPs positively influence the
 decision of firms to introduce innovations delivering environmental
 benefits, but this positive relationship is moderated by market
 characteristics. The findings indicate that EMPs promote such
 environmental-related innovations when the market of the main activity of
 the firm is growing. However, when the market is uncertain or competitive,
 this relationship turns out to be negative.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 339-359 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.946312 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.946312 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:4:p:339-359




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ram C. Acharya 
Author-X-Name-First: Ram C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Acharya 
Title: Revisiting measure of R&D spillovers: empirical evidence on OECD countries and industries 
Abstract:
 Using data for 17 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
 (OECD) countries over 29 years for 28 industries, this paper estimates
 industry-wise research and development (R&D) spillovers from the largest
 R&D investors and the most R&D-intensive industries that contribute 80% of
 global R&D. In doing so, it tests several assumptions made in the
 literature, and data rejecting them, proposes a methodology on R&D return
 estimation devoid of these assumptions. Results show that R&D has
 substantial spillovers, justifying R&D support policy. Each dollar of R&D
 generates about 29 cents in spillovers domestically and 4 cents in foreign
 countries. However, both intra- and inter-industry spillovers vary by
 industries, implying that the policy of supporting each R&D dollar
 uniformly across industries is suboptimal. Contrary to industry
 heterogeneity, the R&D spillovers from an industry do not vary
 substantially across countries, suggesting that optimal R&D policy across
 OECD countries might be uniform. An industry-by-industry technology matrix
 shows that sometimes an idea generates a greater impact on other
 industries than where it is generated.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 360-400 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.973293 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.973293 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:4:p:360-400




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Title: Strategic alliances: introduction to the special issue 
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 401-402 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988500 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988500 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:401-402




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Craig Boardman 
Author-X-Name-First: Craig 
Author-X-Name-Last: Boardman 
Author-Name: Barry Bozeman 
Author-X-Name-First: Barry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bozeman 
Title: Academic faculty as intellectual property in university-industry research alliances 
Abstract:
 In this article, we consider a particular type of strategic alliance that
 is perhaps most difficult to operate: those involving universities and
 industry that are based in a university setting. We consider this type of
 research alliance because while we know they face formidable challenges in
 terms of property rights - with the academic faculty participating in
 these alliances constituting the 'property' - there is very little study
 of how to address these challenges. Accordingly, we review a number of
 literatures focused on the shared use of human capital, from management
 science, organizational behavior, and science policy studies, among
 others, emphasizing the incenting of collaborative, boundary-spanning
 research. We discern lessons from these literatures for incenting
 industry-focused research in university settings and make some
 recommendations for future research on university-industry research
 alliances.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 403-420 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988499 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988499 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:403-420




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: V.G.R. Chandran 
Author-X-Name-First: V.G.R. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandran 
Author-Name: Christopher S. Hayter 
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hayter 
Author-Name: Derek Ryan Strong 
Author-X-Name-First: Derek Ryan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Strong 
Title: Personal strategic alliances: enhancing the scientific and technological contributions of university faculty in Malaysia 
Abstract:
 Scientific and technological human capital is a critical element for the
 economic and social advancement of countries in the developing world.
 Using Malaysia as an example, this paper examines the relationship between
 the research productivity of university faculty and human capital
 development with a specific focus on personal strategic alliances. The
 results show that educational attainment, location at a designated
 research university, and consulting experience positively influence
 faculty publication productivity. Furthermore, alliances established
 through consulting, applied research, and entrepreneurial experiences are
 critical for the development of new technologies stemming from university
 research. Malaysia's experience may hold lessons for developing countries:
 the full development potential of human capital investments may only be
 realized by simultaneously strengthening and supporting personal strategic
 alliances with communities outside academia.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 421-435 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988501 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988501 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:421-435




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael J. Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Title: Public investments in sustainable technology: an evaluation of North Carolina's Green Business Fund 
Abstract:
 North Carolina's Green Business Fund, a state-level
 sustainability-technology program, is evaluated in terms of net economic
 surplus. To conduct this evaluation, this paper develops and implements an
 economic model from which values of producer and consumer surplus can be
 measured. Data limitations drive modeling choices, namely the model must
 be applicable when the researcher is unable to decompose revenues into
 separate prices and quantities. The method used in this paper is an
 extension of one previously used to examine SBIR programs facing similar
 data limitations. An additional facet of the modeling method is a
 specification such that the presence of an existing technology can also be
 taken into account. This allows the evaluation to focus only on newly
 created surplus. The findings from this evaluation suggest that the Green
 Business Fund has resulted in a positive net social surplus and, when
 imposing an elasticity of demand drawn from the literature on other
 sustainability-based technologies, a benefit-to-cost ratio of above 2.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 436-456 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988502 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988502 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:436-456




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Troy J. Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: Troy J. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Author-Name: John T. Scott 
Author-X-Name-First: John T. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott 
Title: Standards and innovation: US public/private partnerships to support technology-based economic growth 
Abstract:
 This paper examines how strategic alliances to create and use standards
 affect economic growth and development. The explanation of the link from
 standards to economic growth and development is through the effects of
 standards on the incentives to perform industrial research and development
 (R&D). We examine product standards, metrology traceable to national and
 international standards, and regulatory standards to address negative
 externalities. The paper develops a theoretical explanation for the link
 from standards to growth, survey/interview-guides to gather information
 from industrial R&D experts about the explanation, and case-study evidence
 about the explanation. We discuss the standard-setting process and explain
 that it entails strategic alliances among firms and with government
 involvement. Case studies of R&D projects in firms and in a national
 laboratory support the belief that standards implemented via strategic
 alliances leverage economic growth and development.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 457-489 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988516 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988516 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:457-489




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas Vonortas 
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vonortas 
Author-Name: Lorenzo Zirulia 
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zirulia 
Title: Strategic technology alliances and networks 
Abstract:
 This paper briefly reviews the literature on strategic technology
 alliances (STAs) and networks, allocating the contributions to 'micro'
 (firm) and 'meso' perspectives (the network). The focus is on a logical
 reconstruction of important themes in the literature pertaining to the
 role of STAs in boosting innovation and in promoting the survival and
 growth of partners and their environments. Overall, the literature points
 to a quite important role of alliances and networks especially in
 knowledge-intensive industrial activities combining the production and
 utilization of technological knowledge for competitiveness and growth. Not
 unexpectedly, important differences are pointed out in terms of incentives
 and benefits from alliances across different types of firms and
 industries. Network structure evolves in accordance with the nature of the
 industry and with the type of technological advancement sought by
 participating organizations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 490-509 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988517 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988517 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:490-509




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan C. O'Connor 
Author-X-Name-First: Alan C. 
Author-X-Name-Last: O'Connor 
Author-Name: Albert N. Link 
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Link 
Author-Name: Brandon M. Downs 
Author-X-Name-First: Brandon M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Downs 
Author-Name: Laura M. Hillier 
Author-X-Name-First: Laura M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hillier 
Title: The impact of public investment in medical imaging technology: an interagency collaboration in evaluation 
Abstract:
 The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) and the Canadian Institutes of
 Health Research (CIHR) allied to analyze the impact of their investments
 in medical imaging research. The CFI funds capital and operating programs
 for research infrastructure, and CIHR's mandate concentrates its funding
 on research activity. It happens that CIHR-funded research consumes
 CFI-funded infrastructure as an input in the innovation process. Apart
 from a few partnered programs, by design there is no coordination between
 CFI and CIHR funding decisions. Together, these agencies invested $916
 million over a 14-year-period. In this paper, we evaluate the economic and
 health benefits from advancements in one funded area, namely computed
 tomography perfusion (CTP). CTP is an imaging technique that uses computed
 tomography to measure blood flow in organs and tissues. It is mostly used
 to assess acute ischemic stroke. The net social benefits attributable to
 these investments are substantially positive: the benefit-to-cost ratio is
 estimated to be between 6.66-to-1 and 9.99-to-1. We review how public
 investments from multiple funders comingle in the innovation process to
 deliver social value and improved health outcomes.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 510-531 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988518 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988518 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:510-531




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew A. Toole 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Toole 
Author-Name: Dirk Czarnitzki 
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk 
Author-X-Name-Last: Czarnitzki 
Author-Name: Christian Rammer 
Author-X-Name-First: Christian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rammer 
Title: University research alliances, absorptive capacity, and the contribution of startups to employment growth 
Abstract:
 This paper examines how university research alliances and other
 cooperative links with universities contribute to startup employment
 growth. We argue that 'scientific absorptive capacity' at the startup is
 critical for reaping the benefits from university research alliances, but
 not necessarily for other university connections. We also estimate the
 aggregate employment contribution from startup firms and attribute those
 employment gains to university research alliances and other university
 connections. We find significant contributions to employment growth from
 university research alliances and other university connections, but
 scientific absorptive capacity is critical for university research
 alliances. Only 7% of the startup population maintained a university
 research alliance, but among these firms, 3.4% of their total jobs created
 were attributable to their alliances. These results suggest that
 university connections are quite important for job growth and university
 research alliances contributed substantially to job creation for those
 firms that had such alliances.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 532-549 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.988519 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.988519 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:5:p:532-549




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pietro Santoleri 
Author-X-Name-First: Pietro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Santoleri 
Title: Diversity and intensity of information and communication technologies use and product innovation: evidence from Chilean micro-data 
Abstract:
 This study uses data from two waves of the Encuesta Longitudinal de
 Empresas (ELE) to examine the relationship between information and
 communication technologies (ICT) use and product innovation in Chilean
 firms. Our findings sustain the hypothesis that ICT act as enablers of
 innovation. However, the impacts of ICT on product innovation depend on
 the type of application considered. In particular, we find positive and
 significant association between production-integrating ICT, i.e.
 administrative and industry-specific software, and product innovation,
 while this is not the case for market-oriented ICT such as e-commerce or
 client relationship manager software. Finally, the results show that not
 every ICT combination is beneficial for innovation: firms that show a
 basic use of ICT are not associated with a better likelihood of
 introducing innovation, while firms with an advanced use of ICT are those
 with the more likelihood of innovating.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 550-568 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.946313 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.946313 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:6:p:550-568




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Mothe 
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mothe 
Author-Name: Uyen T. Nguyen-Thi 
Author-X-Name-First: Uyen T. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen-Thi 
Author-Name: Phu Nguyen-Van 
Author-X-Name-First: Phu 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen-Van 
Title: Complementarities in organizational innovation practices: evidence from French industrial firms* 
Abstract:
 Organizational innovation favours technological innovation. Yet the
 question of which organizational practices should be combined - that is,
 their compatibility - remains unanswered. This empirical investigation of
 patterns of complementarity considers three organizational practices:
 business practices, workplace organization, and external relations.
 Firm-level data drawn from the 2008 French Community Innovation Survey and
 supermodularity tests confirm the crucial role of organizational
 innovation in increasing firms' innovation. The pattern of complementarity
 among organizational practices differs according to the type of innovation
 (i.e. product or process), as well as the type of measure used to assess
 technological innovation performance. These results highlight the
 complexity of managing organizational practices to encourage firm
 innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 569-595 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.949416 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.949416 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:6:p:569-595




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Arvanitis 
Author-X-Name-First: S. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Arvanitis 
Author-Name: M. Woerter 
Author-X-Name-First: M. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Woerter 
Title: Exploration or exploitation of knowledge from universities: does it make a difference? 
Abstract:
 In the first step, based on the existing theoretical and empirical
 literature, we develop a series of hypotheses with respect to the relative
 importance of possible determinants of exploration and exploitation of
 knowledge in collaboration with universities and test them on Swiss firm
 data. In the second step, we investigate the impact on innovation
 performance of knowledge exploration versus knowledge exploitation. We
 obtain a clear pattern of the differences between firms that are engaged
 both in exploitative and explorative activities ('exploration'-oriented
 firms) and purely 'exploitation'-oriented firms. We find that
 exploration-oriented firms have a greater knowledge absorptive capacity,
 are technologically more diverse and are strongly exposed to intensive
 non-price competition compared with exploitation-oriented firms. We
 further find a positive effect on innovation performance for
 exploitation-oriented firms but not for those that were exploration
 oriented.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 596-623 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.973294 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.973294 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:6:p:596-623




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tarun Kabiraj 
Author-X-Name-First: Tarun 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kabiraj 
Author-Name: Srobonti Chattopadhyay 
Author-X-Name-First: Srobonti 
Author-X-Name-Last: Chattopadhyay 
Title: Cooperative vs. non-cooperative R&D incentives under incomplete information 
Abstract:
 This paper studies incentives for cooperative research vis-�-vis
 non-cooperative research in an incomplete information framework. We show
 that with quantity competition under asymmetric information, the expected
 payoff from non-cooperative research goes down compared to the case of
 symmetric information; hence research joint venture incentives of the
 firms are larger under asymmetric information. In either case, however,
 the larger is the size of the cost-reducing innovation the lower is the
 incentive for cooperative research. Finally, in our model, incomplete
 information does not affect the consumers' welfare, but the firms become
 worse off.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 624-632 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.991138 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.991138 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:6:p:624-632




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hiroyuki Okamuro 
Author-X-Name-First: Hiroyuki 
Author-X-Name-Last: Okamuro 
Author-Name: Junichi Nishimura 
Author-X-Name-First: Junichi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nishimura 
Title: Not just financial support? Another role of public subsidy in university-industry research collaborations 
Abstract:
 Management of university-industry research collaboration (hereafter UIC)
 is the key to its success. In this respect, government can play an
 essential role in UIC. A public subsidy for research and development
 (hereafter R&D) is not only an important financial support for UIC but may
 also serve as a useful means of promoting trust among UIC members,
 resulting in higher innovation performance. However, few empirical studies
 have investigated the role a public R&D subsidy plays in promoting trust
 in UIC. To this end, by using original survey data, this study examines
 empirically whether a public R&D subsidy for UIC contributes to trust
 formation and, thus, to higher innovation performance based on trust. Our
 findings suggest that a public R&D subsidy promotes trust formation, which
 then increases the innovation performance of UIC participants, partially
 mediating the more direct effects of R&D subsidy on innovation
 performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 633-659 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.973678 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.973678 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Davide Quaglione 
Author-X-Name-First: Davide 
Author-X-Name-Last: Quaglione 
Author-Name: Alessandro Muscio 
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Muscio 
Author-Name: Giovanna Vallanti 
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vallanti 
Title: The two sides of academic research: do basic and applied activities complement each other? 
Abstract:
 It is generally acknowledged that the cuts in government funding for
 research implemented in several European countries will induce academic
 researchers to increase their interaction with non academic entities to
 promote the acquisition of external funding for research. Indirectly this
 implies that there will be a shift in the focus of academic scientific
 activity from basic to applied research via private research contracts and
 consultancy work. The aim of our paper is to assess the extent of the
 trade-off between basic research and applied activity in academic research
 departments. We use data for the universe of Italian academic departments
 over the period 2006-2011 and estimate whether increased applied activity
 is substituting or complementing basic research activity. We provide
 empirical evidence of a strong substitution effect for life sciences
 departments and, to a lesser extent, for engineering and technology
 departments, while there does not seem to be evidence of a substitution
 effect for departments whose scientific activity revolves around basic
 science.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 660-681 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.974944 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.974944 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:7:p:660-681




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dagoberto Garza 
Author-X-Name-First: Dagoberto 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garza 
Author-Name: Yahel Giat 
Author-X-Name-First: Yahel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Giat 
Author-Name: Steven T. Hackman 
Author-X-Name-First: Steven T. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hackman 
Author-Name: Dan Peled 
Author-X-Name-First: Dan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Peled 
Title: A computational analysis of R&D support programs 
Abstract:
 We compare two common government R&D support programs, R&D tax credits and
 direct R&D grants. To study their effectiveness and the extent to which
 their design matters, we analyze these programs within a dynamic
 equilibrium model of imperfectly competitive industries. Adopting
 comprehensive welfare measures that take into account government, producer
 and consumer surpluses, we find that both schemes exhibit positive social
 returns. Mid-range R&D-intensive sectors exhibit higher social returns
 than either high or low R&D-intensive sectors. Both incentive schemes
 generate positive measures of R&D input additionality of magnitudes
 consistent with empirical R&D research. However, R&D grants that require
 firms to allocate subsidy funds to R&D spur <italic>less</italic> R&D than
 a more flexible R&D tax credit. Subsidy schemes can even induce competing
 firms to over-spend on R&D, generating negative producer surplus and
 possibly negative social returns.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 682-709 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.981004 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.981004 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:7:p:682-709




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tom-Reiel Heggedal 
Author-X-Name-First: Tom-Reiel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Heggedal 
Title: Knowledge spillovers and R&D subsidies to new, emerging technologies 
Abstract:
 Is knowledge spillover a rationale for supporting R&D on new, emerging
 technologies more than R&D on other technologies? In this paper, I analyze
 whether innovation externalities caused only by knowledge spillovers
 differ between technologies of different maturity. I show that R&D should
 not be subsidized equally across industries when the knowledge stocks
 differ. This is because knowledge spillovers depend on the size of the
 knowledge stock and the elasticity of scale in R&D production. R&D in the
 emerging technology should be subsidized more when the elasticity is
 smaller than one. However, R&D in the mature technology should be
 subsidized more when the elasticity is larger than one.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 710-733 
Issue: 7 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 10 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.983691 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.983691 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anna Lejpras 
Author-X-Name-First: Anna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lejpras 
Title: Knowledge, location, and internationalization: empirical evidence for manufacturing SMEs 
Abstract:
 This paper investigates the links between locational conditions,
 innovative capabilities, and internationalization of manufacturing small
 and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Two modes of foreign market servicing
 are explored: exporting activity and relocating of selected business
 activities abroad. The analysis is based on the survey of about 3000
 firms. The results reveal that the outputs of SMEs' innovative activities
 - product innovations and patent applications - enhance exporting
 propensity. Nevertheless, the input-side indicator - R&D intensity -
 appears to exert no impact. Furthermore, the locational factor proximity
 to research institutions promotes SMEs' exporting. Regarding the
 determinants of selective relocations abroad, the findings show that SMEs
 with a high degree of R&D are less likely to separate production from
 other operations and relocate it abroad. Moreover, manufacturing SMEs
 assessing the proximity to research facilities, as well as support from
 various regional authorities as important and good-quality locational
 conditions, exhibit a significantly lower likelihood to relocate selected
 activities abroad.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 734-754 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.997460 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.997460 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Lundmark 
Author-X-Name-First: Robert 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lundmark 
Author-Name: Kristoffer B�ckstr�m 
Author-X-Name-First: Kristoffer 
Author-X-Name-Last: B�ckstr�m 
Title: Bioenergy innovation and energy policy 
Abstract:
 Using panel data on 13 OECD countries between 1979 and 2008 this paper
 examines the affect climate and energy policies have had on the rate of
 biotechnology innovations. The explanatory variables include a vector of
 important determinants of patenting activity for biotechnologies (e.g.
 specific and general research and development expenditures, energy
 consumption, energy prices and total number of registered patents). Fixed
 effects are employed to capture unobservable country-specific
 heterogeneity using a negative binomial model. The empirical results
 indicate that policies are important for stimulating innovations in
 biotechnologies. The development of feed-in-tariffs (FITs) and the
 implementation of tradable green certificates have had a positive and
 statistically significant impact on patent activity. The economic impact
 of green certificates is found to be larger than that of FITs. In
 addition, R&D activities have also had a positive and statistically
 significant effect on innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 755-775 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2014.998862 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2014.998862 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:8:p:755-775




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Justus Baron 
Author-X-Name-First: Justus 
Author-X-Name-Last: Baron 
Author-Name: Henry Delcamp 
Author-X-Name-First: Henry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Delcamp 
Title: The strategies of patent introduction into patent pools 
Abstract:
 This article explores patterns of patent introduction into seven patent
 pools over time, analyzing 1337 essential patents. Pools grow
 significantly after their launch, in particular through the addition of
 new patents by incumbent members. The generality, width and significance
 of patents introduced into pools decreases significantly over time.
 Incumbent members file and introduce patents that are narrower, more
 incremental and less cited than new entrants. Pool members, however, also
 introduce patents relevant to larger parts of the standard.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 776-800 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1004245 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1004245 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:8:p:776-800




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Areti Gkypali 
Author-X-Name-First: Areti 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gkypali 
Author-Name: Kostas Tsekouras 
Author-X-Name-First: Kostas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsekouras 
Title: Productive performance based on R&D activities of low-tech firms: an antecedent of the decision to export? 
Abstract:
 We argue that technical efficiency, when R&D stock is considered as a
 crucial resource, reflects the effectiveness of the underlying firm
 governance mechanism which transforms competencies into capabilities. We
 argue that for the case of low-tech R&D active firms (i) their R&D-based
 productive performance and their decision to export are endogenously
 related 'due to self-selection', (ii) the examined low-tech R&D active
 firms are dichotomized in two regimes, exporters and non-exporters, and
 (iii) the role of innovation patterns is a premise in determining low-tech
 firms' R&D-based productive performance and export decision-making. We
 provide empirical evidence on the above hypotheses exploiting information
 from a unique data set regarding Greek low-tech R&D active manufacturing
 firms and adopting bootstrap data envelopment analysis techniques as well
 as an appropriate endogenous switching regressions, of the Mover-Stayer
 type, econometric model.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 801-828 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1006041 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1006041 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Scott G. Dacko 
Author-X-Name-First: Scott G. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dacko 
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman 
Author-X-Name-First: Paul 
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman 
Author-Name: Zafeira Kastrinaki 
Author-X-Name-First: Zafeira 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kastrinaki 
Title: New product introduction: follower firm timing behaviour 
Abstract:
 A multidisciplinary perspective is taken to the analysis of data upon the
 follower firm timing behaviour of 99 'non-pioneering' firms introducing
 low-fat products into US food markets, encompassing extant approaches in
 marketing, economic and managerial literatures. The payoffs to followers
 are considered to be related to demand growth, the extent of competition,
 early mover advantages, firm characteristics, and risk and entry cost
 reductions. The propensity of firms to react to these potential payoffs is
 considered as involving four sequential stages and determined by
 organizational characteristics. The findings suggest: (i) follower firms
 vary in the rate at which they ultimately move through each and all of the
 stages identified; (ii) there is evidence that firm characteristics, time
 and previous entry (although not simply) impact upon the speed of market
 entry by firms reflecting the various influences on payoffs identified;
 and (iii) speeds of reaction are related to firms' abilities to
 internalize external market developments
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 829-853 
Issue: 8 
Volume: 24 
Year: 2015 
Month: 11 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1017262 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1017262 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:24:y:2015:i:8:p:829-853




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neil Rickman 
Author-X-Name-First: Neil 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rickman 
Author-Name: Vasileios Zikos 
Author-X-Name-First: Vasileios 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zikos 
Title: Endogenous R&D networks when labour unions have preferences over wages and employment 
Abstract:
 We develop a model to analyse the pattern of R&D network formation when
 unions have relative preferences over wages and employment. Within a
 three-firm industry, we show that when the unions place a low weight on
 wages and technological spillovers are low, a partial R&D network that
 includes two firms but excludes the third emerges in equilibrium. In
 contrast, when the unions care a lot about wages, a complete R&D network
 that includes all firms emerges. For all other intermediate levels of
 union preferences over wages, there is no strong stable equilibrium
 network. Empirical implications emerge from these findings, which are also
 discussed.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 1-13 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1025601 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1025601 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sunil Kumar Ambrammal 
Author-X-Name-First: Sunil Kumar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ambrammal 
Author-Name: Ruchi Sharma 
Author-X-Name-First: Ruchi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma 
Title: Impact of patenting on firms' performance: an empirical investigation based on manufacturing firms in India 
Abstract:
 The study aims to estimate the impact of R&D expenditure and patenting on
 the performance of firms using productivity, profitability and Tobin's
 <italic>q</italic> ratio as the performance indicators. The study uses
 firm-level data of 489 high- and medium-technology firms during the period
 of 2000-2010. We employ relatively a new source of data particularly in
 the context of India, firm-level patent granted, that has not been
 explored earlier. The study finds that firms patenting result in
 productivity improvement of firms, whereas R&D expenditure does not. The
 study further finds the evidence of positive impact of patenting on
 financial performance of firm with significant differences between foreign
 and domestic firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 14-32 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1043767 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1043767 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philippe Askenazy 
Author-X-Name-First: Philippe 
Author-X-Name-Last: Askenazy 
Author-Name: Thomas Breda 
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Breda 
Author-Name: Delphine Irac 
Author-X-Name-First: Delphine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Irac 
Title: Advertising and R&D: theory and evidence from France 
Abstract:
 Advertising and innovation are two engines for firms to escape competition
 and improve profits. We propose a model that encompasses both the static
 and dynamic interactions between R&D, advertising and competitive
 environment. It provides three main predictions. First, for a given
 competitive environment, quality leaders spend more in advertising in
 order to extract maximal rents; thus, lower costs of ads may favor R&D.
 Second, the inverted-U relation between competition and R&D still holds
 with the introduction of advertising. Third, more competition is
 associated with on average more advertising expenditures. Empirical
 evidence from a large panel of 59,000 French firms over 1990-2004 supports
 these three properties.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 33-56 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1046670 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1046670 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:1:p:33-56




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Aiello 
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Aiello 
Author-Name: Fernanda Ricotta 
Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ricotta 
Title: Firm heterogeneity in productivity across Europe: evidence from multilevel models 
Abstract:
 This paper analyses the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) heterogeneity of a
 sample of manufacturing firms operating in seven EU countries (Austria,
 France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain and the UK). TFP data refer to
 2008. The empirical setting is based on the multilevel modeling which
 provides two main results. Firstly, we show that TFP heterogeneity is
 largely due to firm-specific features (85% of TFP variability in the empty
 model). Interestingly, we find that some key-drivers of firm performance
 (size, family management, group membership, innovations and human capital)
 are significantly related to TFP, but do not, on the whole, absorb much of
 firm TFP variance, implying that differences in productivity are due to
 notable yet unobservable firm characteristics. Secondly, as far the role
 of localization is concerned, we demonstrate that the country effect is
 more influential than region effect in explaining individual productivity.
 Net of the country effect, the localization in different European regions
 explains about 5% of TFP firm heterogeneity. When considering the case of
 three individual countries, France, Italy and Spain, location in different
 regions explains 5.3% of TFP heterogeneity in Italy, while this proportion
 is lower (3.6%) in France and higher (9.9%) in Spain.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 57-89 
Issue: 1 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 1 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1057001 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1057001 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:1:p:57-89




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eleonora Bartoloni 
Author-X-Name-First: Eleonora 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bartoloni 
Author-Name: Maurizio Baussola 
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Baussola 
Title: Does technological innovation undertaken alone have a real pivotal role? Product and marketing innovation in manufacturing firms 
Abstract:
 This paper investigates the role of non-technological innovation on firms'
 innovation propensity and performance. We note that emphasis on
 technological innovation alone is misleading, as a firm's decision to
 undertake technological innovation brings about a more complex and general
 process which may involve new attitudes regarding organization and market
 orientation. We analyse the relationship between product and marketing
 innovation in manufacturing, focusing specifically on the food industry.
 We propose a bivariate probit model in which product and marketing
 innovation are estimated taking into account their reciprocal
 interactions. This enables us to provide more efficient and realistic
 estimates of a firm's probability of introducing either a new or improved
 product or a new marketing technique. In addition, the proposed model
 provides the determinants of such probabilities.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 91-113 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1057002 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1057002 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:2:p:91-113




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carsten Fink 
Author-X-Name-First: Carsten 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fink 
Author-Name: Mosahid Khan 
Author-X-Name-First: Mosahid 
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan 
Author-Name: Hao Zhou 
Author-X-Name-First: Hao 
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou 
Title: Exploring the worldwide patent surge 
Abstract:
 Worldwide patent filings are at historically unprecedented levels. In
 2011, the total number of patent applications for the first time exceeded
 two million -- double the approximately 1.05 million patents filed in
 1995. Understanding what is behind this growth is important, as it may
 indicate faster technological progress, new innovation models and
 strategic shifts in how companies use the patent system. Policy-makers
 need to understand what drives the growth in patenting worldwide, not
 least to evaluate how the patent system can cope with the increasing flow
 of applications. A number of studies have looked at the growth in patent
 filings in individual countries, but have not focused on the world as a
 whole. This paper seeks to fill this gap by providing an analysis of
 global patenting trends using the most comprehensive data currently
 available. Among other things, it finds that subsequent patent filings --
 additional filings of the same invention, mostly in additional countries
 -- contributed considerably to the growth in filings worldwide, pointing
 to globalization as one important driver of filing growth. However, no
 single factor can fully explain the marked increase in the use of the
 patent system.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 114-142 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1055088 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1055088 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:2:p:114-142




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Mahathi 
Author-X-Name-First: A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahathi 
Author-Name: Rupayan Pal 
Author-X-Name-First: Rupayan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pal 
Author-Name: Vinay Ramani 
Author-X-Name-First: Vinay 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramani 
Title: Competition, strategic delegation and delay in technology adoption 
Abstract:
 This paper examines how strategic managerial delegation affects firms'
 timing of adoption of a new technology under different modes of product
 market competition. It demonstrates that strategic delegation has
 differential impacts on adoption dates under Cournot and Bertrand
 competitions. Strategic delegation with
 &#x2018;own-performance&#x2019;-based incentive schemes always leads to
 early adoption in markets with Bertrand competition compared to that under
 no-delegation, but not necessarily so in markets with Cournot competition.
 It also shows that under strategic delegation with
 &#x2018;own-performance&#x2019;-based incentive schemes, adoption occurs
 earlier (later) in markets with Cournot competition than in markets with
 Bertrand competition, if the degree of product differentiation is high
 (low). In contrast, under strategic delegation with
 &#x2018;relative-performance&#x2019;-based incentive schemes, adoption
 dates do not differ across markets with different modes of competition. It
 also analyses implications of firms' choice over types of managerial
 incentive schemes on the speed of diffusion of new technology.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 143-171 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1062075 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1062075 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:2:p:143-171




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luca Lambertini 
Author-X-Name-First: Luca 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambertini 
Author-Name: Luigi Marattin 
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marattin 
Title: To adjust or not to adjust after a cost-push shock? A simple duopoly model with (and without) resilience 
Abstract:
 We characterize the equilibrium in a homogeneous good Cournot duopoly in
 which firms have the choice to react to a cost-push shock by paying a
 lump-sum adjustment cost in order to offset the initial rise in marginal
 cost. Our results show that the size of the shock and the size of the
 adjustment cost jointly determine the nature and the number of the
 equilibria generated in the game. In particular, if the adjustment cost is
 high enough, at least one firm decides not to adjust at the pure-strategy
 equilibrium, and such a partial adjustment by the industry can be socially
 efficient as well. The main conclusions are robust to the endogenization
 of the adjustment cost as an increasing function of the shock size. Some
 implications of this partial equilibrium analysis about industry's
 resilience are outlined.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 172-181 
Issue: 2 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 3 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1031344 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1031344 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:2:p:172-181




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bronwyn H. Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn H. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Pietro Moncada-Patern&#xf2;-Castello 
Author-X-Name-First: Pietro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Moncada-Patern&#xf2;-Castello 
Author-Name: Sandro Montresor 
Author-X-Name-First: Sandro 
Author-X-Name-Last: Montresor 
Author-Name: Antonio Vezzani 
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vezzani 
Title: Financing constraints, R&D investments and innovative performances: new empirical evidence at the firm level for Europe 
Abstract:
 The relationship between financing constraints, investments in research
 and development (R&D) and innovative performances has recently attracted
 renewed attention in the aftermath of a financial crisis that has led to
 problems of access to the credit on which innovation activities crucially
 rely. In spite of past developments in the theoretical analysis and in the
 data and methodologies for empirical investigation, some issues have
 remained unexplored to date. In this introduction to the special issue, we
 examine the contribution of the papers it contains, which provide new
 conceptualisations and empirical evidence at the firm level for Europe.
 Most previous research results, which were mainly based on extending
 models of financing constraints and physical investments to R&D
 investments, are confirmed, while new insights about this relationship are
 uncovered, in terms of the structural characteristics of the constrained
 firms, of the industries in which they operate, of their innovative
 activities and of the innovation outcomes they achieve.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 183-196 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076194 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076194 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:183-196




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hanna Hottenrott 
Author-X-Name-First: Hanna 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hottenrott 
Author-Name: Bronwyn H. Hall 
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn H. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall 
Author-Name: Dirk Czarnitzki 
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk 
Author-X-Name-Last: Czarnitzki 
Title: Patents as quality signals? The implications for financing constraints on R&D 
Abstract:
 Information about the success of a new technology is usually held
 asymmetrically between the research and development (R&D)-performing firm
 and potential lenders and investors. This raises the cost of capital for
 financing R&D externally, resulting in financing constraints on R&D,
 especially for firms with limited internal resources. Previous literature
 provided evidence for start-up firms on the role of patents as signals to
 investors, in particular to Venture Capitalists. This study adds to
 previous insights by studying the effects of firms&#x2019; patenting
 activity on the degree of financing constraints on R&D for a panel of
 established firms. The results show that patents do indeed attenuate
 financing constraints for small firms where information asymmetries may be
 particularly high and collateral value is low. Larger firms are not only
 less subject to financing constraints, but also do not seem to benefit
 from a patent quality signal.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 197-217 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076200 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076200 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:197-217




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Neicu 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel 
Author-X-Name-Last: Neicu 
Author-Name: Peter Teirlinck 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Teirlinck 
Author-Name: Stijn Kelchtermans 
Author-X-Name-First: Stijn 
Author-X-Name-Last: Kelchtermans 
Title: Dipping in the policy mix: Do R&D subsidies foster behavioral additionality effects of R&D tax credits? 
Abstract:
 We analyze how behavioral additionality effects of wage-based R&D tax
 credits are influenced by the firm's joint use of R&D subsidies. Using
 matching estimators and a multivariate probit analysis of cross-sectional
 survey data on Belgian firms, we find that R&D subsidies induce tax credit
 users to focus more strongly on research relative to development and to
 accelerate the execution of R&D projects. To a slightly lesser extent, we
 also find size effects, firms scaling up current R&D or initiating
 additional projects. Overall, these findings suggest that companies that
 benefit from the &#x2018;policy mix&#x2019; respond more strongly to R&D
 tax credits and use the tax-exempted resources to adopt a more strategic
 approach to R&D.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 218-239 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076192 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076192 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:218-239




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Elena Bontempi 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Elena 
Author-X-Name-Last: Bontempi 
Title: Investment--uncertainty relationship: differences between intangible and physical capital 
Abstract:
 This paper disentangles the effects of uncertainty in explaining the
 heterogeneity of firms&#x2019; investments. In particular, following Bloom
 [2007. &#x201c;Uncertainty and the Dynamics of R&D.&#x201d;
 <italic>American Economic Review</italic> 97 (2): 250--255], we test the
 role of uncertainty and liquidity constraints extending the model to
 include R&D, non-R&D intangibles, as well as physical capital. The
 analysis is performed on a large data set of Italian firms, covering both
 manufacturing and services sectors, as well as large and small firms. We
 show that non-convex adjustment costs affect different capital inputs in
 different ways, depending on their degree of firm-specificity. The results
 confirm the Bloom model: flow adjustment costs explain investment in R&D
 and, to a lesser extent, in non-R&D intangibles. However, it struggles to
 explain tangible investment plans because of the ambiguous effect of the
 stock adjustment costs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 240-268 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076197 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076197 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:240-268




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hans L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-X-Name-First: Hans 
Author-X-Name-Last: L&#xf6;&#xf6;f 
Author-Name: Pardis Nabavi 
Author-X-Name-First: Pardis 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nabavi 
Title: Innovation and credit constraints: evidence from Swedish exporting firms 
Abstract:
 Using data from approximately 8300, primarily small, exporting firms in
 Sweden observed over the business cycle period 1997--2007, we examine the
 relationship between innovation and financial factors in a regression that
 include changes in cash holdings, cash flow and debt issues. Our nonlinear
 econometric approach with interaction variables between recession period,
 technology intensity and finance suggests that innovative firms in
 high-tech sectors tend to offset the effect of a negative financial shock
 by exploiting internal cash resources. No corresponding link between
 innovation and financial factors is found for medium and low-technology
 exporters.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 269-282 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076196 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076196 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:269-282




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Altomonte 
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo 
Author-X-Name-Last: Altomonte 
Author-Name: Simona Gamba 
Author-X-Name-First: Simona 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gamba 
Author-Name: Maria Luisa Mancusi 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Luisa 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mancusi 
Author-Name: Andrea Vezzulli 
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vezzulli 
Title: R&D investments, financing constraints, exporting and productivity 
Abstract:
 This paper adds new empirical evidence on the mutual relationships between
 credit constraints, total factor productivity, Research and Development
 (R&D) investments and exporting, by jointly considering them in a
 simultaneous equation framework. Our empirical analysis focuses on a large
 sample of manufacturing firms from France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Our
 results confirm the well-known mutual positive correlation among
 exporting, R&D and firm's productivity. They also show the existence of a
 mutual relationship between exporting, productivity and credit
 constraints: exporters and high productivity firms are less likely to be
 credit constrained, while better access to credit is associated with
 larger productivity and a higher probability of exporting. By contrast, we
 find no significant relation between investing in R&D and the probability
 to be credit constrained, conditional on exporting. This suggests that
 efficiency-improving strategies, mediated by the existence of credit
 constraints, are at the core of firm growth achieved through exporting and
 innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 283-303 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076203 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076203 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:283-303




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Cincera 
Author-X-Name-First: Michele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cincera 
Author-Name: Julien Ravet 
Author-X-Name-First: Julien 
Author-X-Name-Last: Ravet 
Author-Name: Reinhilde Veugelers 
Author-X-Name-First: Reinhilde 
Author-X-Name-Last: Veugelers 
Title: The sensitivity of R&D investments to cash flows: comparing young and old EU and US leading innovators 
Abstract:
 Using firm-level information on the world leading R&D investors and
 employing a system generalised method of moment estimation, this paper
 investigates how sensitive R&D investments are to cash-flow movements,
 which would be suggestive of financial constraints. The analysis confirms
 that over the last decade, the R&D investments of younger aged leading
 innovators appear to be more sensitive to cash flows compared to their
 older counterparts and that this holds particularly for EU younger aged
 leading innovators compared to their US counterparts, particularly in
 medium- and high-tech sectors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 304-320 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076201 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076201 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:304-320




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alex Coad 
Author-X-Name-First: Alex 
Author-X-Name-Last: Coad 
Author-Name: Gabriele Pellegrino 
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriele 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pellegrino 
Author-Name: Maria Savona 
Author-X-Name-First: Maria 
Author-X-Name-Last: Savona 
Title: Barriers to innovation and firm productivity 
Abstract:
 The paper analyzes the effect of financial, knowledge, demand, market
 structure and regulation barriers to innovation on firms&#x2019; economic
 performance. It contributes to the literature on barriers to innovation by
 accounting for the heterogeneous effects that each barrier has on firms
 across the productivity distribution. We do so by employing both quantile
 regression techniques and matching estimators on this UK CIS panel
 2002--2010 merged with the Business Structure Database. While we find
 evidence that both the cost and also the availability of finance
 negatively affect productivity across the whole distribution, the lack of
 qualified personnel mostly hinders high productivity firms. Moreover,
 quantile regression reveals some interesting variation in effect sizes
 across the (conditional) productivity distribution.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 321-334 
Issue: 3 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 4 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076193 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076193 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:3:p:321-334




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefania Cosci 
Author-X-Name-First: Stefania 
Author-X-Name-Last: Cosci 
Author-Name: Valentina Meliciani 
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Meliciani 
Author-Name: Valentina Sabato 
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina 
Author-X-Name-Last: Sabato 
Title: Relationship lending and innovation: empirical evidence on a sample of European firms 
Abstract:
 This paper investigates the impact of relationship lending on innovation
 (the probability to innovate and the intensity of innovation). Using a
 unique dataset providing detailed information on bank--firm relationships
 across European firms, we relate different proxies of relationship lending
 (soft information, long-lasting relationships, number of banks and share
 of the main bank) to innovation. We find a very strong and robust positive
 effect of &#x2018;soft-information-intensive&#x2019; relationships, a less
 robust positive effect of long-lasting relationships and a negative effect
 of credit concentration as measured by the number of banking
 relationships. We also find that
 &#x2018;soft-information-intensive&#x2019; relationships reduce credit
 rationing for innovative firms, while long-lasting relationships seem to
 favour innovation via other relational channels. These results raise some
 concern on the impact of screening processes based on automatic
 procedures, as those suggested by the Basel rules, on firms' capability to
 finance innovative activities in Europe.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 335-357 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1062098 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1062098 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:4:p:335-357




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Philipp Schautschick 
Author-X-Name-First: Philipp 
Author-X-Name-Last: Schautschick 
Author-Name: Christine Greenhalgh 
Author-X-Name-First: Christine 
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhalgh 
Title: Empirical studies of trade marks -- The existing economic literature 
Abstract:
 This paper surveys empirical studies employing trade mark data that exist
 in the economic literature to date. In the introductory section we
 summarise the theory of trade marks. Section 2 documents the use of trade
 marks by firms of different size and industry and by firms in several
 advanced countries, including Australia, the UK, and the USA. Section 3
 reviews various attempts to gauge the function of a trade mark as an
 indicator of innovation and product differentiation. Section 4 surveys
 studies that have demonstrated firms' incentives to use trade marks,
 including transferring information to consumers, realising synergies
 between different types of intellectual property rights, strategies to
 raise rivals' costs and using trade mark portfolios as debt collateral. In
 Section 5, we provide an overview of the importance of trade-mark-use for
 firm survival and the association of trade marks with several dimensions
 of firm performance, including productivity and their ability to generate
 well-paid jobs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 358-390 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1064598 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1064598 
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:4:p:358-390




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Doloreux 
Author-X-Name-First: David 
Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux 
Author-Name: Richard Shearmur 
Author-X-Name-First: Richard 
Author-X-Name-Last: Shearmur 
Author-Name: Mercedes Rodriguez 
Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes 
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodriguez 
Title: Determinants of R&D in knowledge-intensive business services firms 
Abstract:
 Research and development (R&D) is a key factor enabling firms to gather
 information, create knowledge and innovate. Although often seen as the
 preserve of goods-producing sectors, knowledge-intensive business services
 (KIBS) in particular also engage in R&D. In this paper, we are interested
 in understanding the determinants of R&D in KIBS. We address this question
 by exploring factors connected to R&D in KIBS, with attention to whether
 it is connected with internal capabilities or to establishments' openness.
 We show that KIBS' R&D is associated with internal capabilities, and that
 recourse to external R&D is part of a strategy of openness that
 complements internal capacity. We also suggest that KIBS's own view of R&D
 is aligned with R&D in the goods-producing sector, leading establishments
 in non-technological KIBS sectors to under-report R&D.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 391-405 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1067001 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1067001 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:4:p:391-405




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agnieszka Gehringer 
Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka 
Author-X-Name-Last: Gehringer 
Author-Name: Inmaculada Mart&#xed;nez-Zarzoso 
Author-X-Name-First: Inmaculada 
Author-X-Name-Last: Mart&#xed;nez-Zarzoso 
Author-Name: Felicitas Nowak-Lehmann Danzinger 
Author-X-Name-First: Felicitas 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nowak-Lehmann Danzinger 
Title: What are the drivers of total factor productivity in the European Union? 
Abstract:
 This paper examines the evolution of total factor productivity (TFP) over
 time, as well as across countries and sectors, and investigates its
 determinants. To this end, a panel data set of 17 European Union (EU)
 countries and 13 sectors over the period 1995--2007 is used as part of a
 twofold approach. First, we estimate aggregate and sectoral TFP for 17 EU
 countries by means of the augmented mean group estimator to control for
 endogeneity, cross-section dependence and heterogeneous production
 technologies. Second, we investigate the relative importance of the
 drivers of predicted TFP using a dynamic ordinary least-squares estimator.
 The results indicate that rationalization, human capital and information
 and communication technologies are the main drivers of TFP.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 406-434 
Issue: 4 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 6 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1067007 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1067007 
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File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. 
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:4:p:406-434




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego Aboal 
Author-X-Name-First: Diego 
Author-X-Name-Last: Aboal 
Author-Name: Paula Garda 
Author-X-Name-First: Paula 
Author-X-Name-Last: Garda 
Title: Technological and non-technological innovation and productivity in services vis-&#xe0;-vis manufacturing sectors 
Abstract:
 In this paper, the links between investment in innovation activities,
 innovation outputs (technological and non-technological innovation) and
 productivity in services vis-&#xe0;-vis the manufacturing sector are
 explored using innovation survey data from Uruguay. The size of firms,
 their cooperation in R&D activities, the use of public financial support,
 patent protection and the use of market sources of information are very
 important drivers of the decision to invest in innovation activities
 across sectors. The main determinants of technological and
 non-technological innovations are the level of investment in innovation
 activities and the size of the firm. The results indicate that both
 technological and non-technological innovations are positively associated
 to productivity gains in services, but non-technological innovations have
 a more important role. The reverse happens for manufacturing, where
 technological innovations are more relevant for productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 435-454 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1073478 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1073478 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:5:p:435-454




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gunnar Pippel 
Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pippel 
Author-Name: Vivian Seefeld 
Author-X-Name-First: Vivian 
Author-X-Name-Last: Seefeld 
Title: R&D cooperation with scientific institutions: a difference-in-difference approach 
Abstract:
 Economists and business managers have long been interested in the impact
 of research and development (R&D) cooperation with scientific institutions
 on the innovation performance of firms. Recent research identifies a
 positive correlation between these two variables. This paper aims to
 contribute to the identification of the relationship between R&D
 cooperation with scientific institutions and the product and process
 innovation performance of firms by using a difference-in-difference
 approach. In doing so, we distinguish between two different types of
 scientific institutions: universities and governmental research
 institutes. For the econometric analyses, we use data from the German
 Community Innovation Survey. In total, data from up to 560 German service
 and manufacturing firms are available for the difference-in-difference
 analyses. The results suggest that R&D cooperation with universities and
 governmental research institutes has a positive effect on both product
 innovation and process innovation performance of firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 455-469 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1073480 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1073480 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:5:p:455-469




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amitrajeet A. Batabyal 
Author-X-Name-First: Amitrajeet A. 
Author-X-Name-Last: Batabyal 
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp 
Author-X-Name-First: Peter 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp 
Title: Digital technologies, knowledge spillovers, innovation policies, and economic growth in a creative region 
Abstract:
 We theoretically study the impact of two innovation policies on economic
 growth in a region that is creative in the sense of Richard Florida and
 that uses digital technologies to produce a final consumption good. The
 use of these digital technologies in our creative region gives rise to
 <italic>incomplete</italic> knowledge spillovers. Our analysis generates
 three salient findings. First, we characterize the balanced growth path
 (BGP) equilibrium. Second, we solve the social planner's problem, describe
 the Pareto optimal allocation of resources, and then compare the Pareto
 optimal allocation with the BGP equilibrium allocation. Finally, we study
 the impacts that a research subsidy and a particular patent policy have on
 economic growth in our creative region and then we relate our findings to
 the incompleteness of the above-mentioned knowledge spillovers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 470-484 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1073485 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1073485 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:5:p:470-484




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Soma Dey 
Author-X-Name-First: Soma 
Author-X-Name-Last: Dey 
Title: Does a strong patent regime discourage innovation? 
Abstract:
 Does a strengthening of the patent regime impact R&D expenditure? For the
 US semiconductor industry, a strengthening of the patent regime in the
 1980s was followed by a sharp increase in patenting but had almost no
 impact on R&D expenditure. This paper attempts to understand this
 <italic>patent paradox</italic> by taking some of the industry features
 into account. We present a model of invention and product development in
 complex industries where product development involves putting together a
 large number of inventions and where licensing of patentable inventions is
 common. While a stronger patent regime leads to higher patenting in both
 in presence and absence of licensing, the positive relationship between
 patenting and R&D is weakened in presence of licensing since licensing
 provides an alternative way of accessing inventions. A stronger patent
 regime, therefore, may only create weak incentives to increase R&D, while
 strongly increasing patenting activities in such an industry.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 485-502 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1074350 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1074350 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:5:p:485-502




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniela Federici 
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela 
Author-X-Name-Last: Federici 
Author-Name: Enrico Saltari 
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico 
Author-X-Name-Last: Saltari 
Title: Elasticity of substitution and the stagnation of Italian productivity 
Abstract:
 <title>ABSTACT</title>The aim of this paper is to investigate the roots of
 the stagnation in the Italian total factor productivity (TFP). The
 analysis focuses on the specific pattern of technical progress in
 determining the dynamics of the TFP. This analysis cannot be done with
 Cobb-Douglas technology, but requires the employment of a constant
 elasticity of substitution (CES) production function that allows
 distinguishing between the direction and the bias of technical progress.
 We employ a CES specification embodying both labor- and capital-augmenting
 technical change, with a <italic>&#x3c3;</italic> less than 1. We obtain
 three main results. (1) There seems to have been a structural break around
 the mid-1990s in the direction and bias of technological change; (2) The
 first half of the sample features a labor-augmenting technical change and
 a capital bias; and (3) In the second part of the sample, both these
 characteristics seem to disappear, and the evolution of factor endowments
 assumes a key role. This fact may be seen as one of the potential causes
 of the stagnation in Italian productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 503-515 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076195 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076195 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Serge Pajak 
Author-X-Name-First: Serge 
Author-X-Name-Last: Pajak 
Title: Do innovative firms rely on big secrets? An analysis of IP protection strategies with the CIS 4 survey 
Abstract:
 Innovative companies have a variety of instruments at their disposal to
 protect themselves from imitators, and this paper investigates the
 determinants of the protection choices with a focus on highly innovative
 respondents. While the patent system's aim is that firms apply to patent
 their innovations, especially the most important ones, theoretical results
 in the existing literature suggest that large innovations will rather be
 protected by secrecy because of the legal uncertainty surrounding
 intellectual property rights. In line with the predictions of their model,
 our probit analysis conducted using data from the Community Innovation
 Survey 4 shows that, in the intermediate goods industry, small innovations
 are patented while secrecy is used to protect large ones. For very
 innovative small firms, the share of innovative sales in total sales has a
 negative effect on patent application. These findings support the view
 that many innovative firms regard patent filing as no more secure than
 secrecy, which therefore limits the diffusion of knowledge.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 516-532 
Issue: 5 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 7 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1080902 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1080902 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joan Crespo 
Author-X-Name-First: Joan 
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespo 
Author-Name: J&#xe9;r&#xf4;me Vicente 
Author-X-Name-First: J&#xe9;r&#xf4;me 
Author-X-Name-Last: Vicente 
Author-Name: Fr&#xe9;d&#xe9;ric Amblard 
Author-X-Name-First: Fr&#xe9;d&#xe9;ric 
Author-X-Name-Last: Amblard 
Title: Micro-behaviors and structural properties of knowledge networks: toward a &#x2018;one size fits one&#x2019; cluster policy 
Abstract:
 The economic returns of cluster policies have been recently called into
 question. Based on a &#x201c;one size fits all&#x201d; approach consisting
 in boosting R&D collaborations and reinforcing network density, cluster
 policies are suspected to have failed in reaching their objectives. The
 paper proposes to go back to the micro foundations of clusters in order to
 disentangle the links between the long run performance of clusters and
 their structural properties. We use a simple agent-based model to shed
 light on how individual motives to build knowledge relationships can give
 rise to emerging structures with different properties, which imply
 different innovation and renewal capacities. The simulation results are
 discussed in a micro-macro perspective, and motivate suggestions to
 reorient cluster policy guidelines towards more targeted public-funded
 incentives for R&D collaboration.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 533-552 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1076199 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1076199 
File-Format: text/html
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dominik Heinisch 
Author-X-Name-First: Dominik 
Author-X-Name-Last: Heinisch 
Author-Name: &#xd6;nder Nomaler 
Author-X-Name-First: &#xd6;nder 
Author-X-Name-Last: Nomaler 
Author-Name: Guido Buenstorf 
Author-X-Name-First: Guido 
Author-X-Name-Last: Buenstorf 
Author-Name: Koen Frenken 
Author-X-Name-First: Koen 
Author-X-Name-Last: Frenken 
Author-Name: Harry Lintsen 
Author-X-Name-First: Harry 
Author-X-Name-Last: Lintsen 
Title: Same place, same knowledge -- same people? The geography of non-patent citations in Dutch polymer patents 
Abstract:
 It has long been argued that geographic co-location supports knowledge
 spillovers. More recently, this argument has been challenged by showing
 that knowledge spillovers mainly flow through social networks, which may
 or may not be localized at various geographic scales. We further
 scrutinize the conjecture of geographically bounded knowledge spillovers
 by focusing on knowledge flows between academia and industry. Looking into
 citations to non-patent literature (NPL) in 2385 Dutch polymer patents, we
 find that citation lags are shorter on average if Dutch rather than
 foreign NPLs are cited. However, when excluding individual and
 organizational self-citations, geographically proximate NPLs no longer
 diffuse faster than foreign NPLs. This suggests that knowledge is not
 &#x2018;in the air&#x2019; but transferred by mobile individuals and/or
 direct university--industry collaboration. Our findings moreover suggest
 an important role of international conferences in the diffusion of recent
 scientific knowledge.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 553-572 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1081333 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1081333 
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:6:p:553-572




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Fontana 
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto 
Author-X-Name-Last: Fontana 
Author-Name: Franco Malerba 
Author-X-Name-First: Franco 
Author-X-Name-Last: Malerba 
Author-Name: Astrid Marinoni 
Author-X-Name-First: Astrid 
Author-X-Name-Last: Marinoni 
Title: Pre-entry experience, technological complementarities, and the survival of de-novo entrants. Evidence from the US telecommunications industry 
Abstract:
 We investigate the effect of pre-entry experience on firms&#x2019;
 performance in terms of survival. In particular we focus on entrants from
 a related upstream industry -- semiconductors -- into a downstream
 industry -- telecommunications. We examine a sample of 336 de-novo
 start-ups in the US telecommunication industry and we estimate a discrete
 time hazard model of firm exit. Our findings show that, after controlling
 for both firms and founders&#x2019; characteristics, firms whose founders
 had prior experience in a related upstream industry such as semiconductors
 enjoy a relatively lower hazard of exit with respect to intra-industry
 spinoffs and other types of start-ups. Additionally, background
 heterogeneity of the founding team is an important determinant of survival
 for the firms in our sample. Our results point to the role of
 interdependences and technological complementarities between two
 vertically related industries in affecting the performance of new
 entrants.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 573-593 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 9  
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1087687 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1087687 
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:6:p:573-593




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gregory Tassey 
Author-X-Name-First: Gregory 
Author-X-Name-Last: Tassey 
Title: The technology element model, path-dependent growth, and innovation policy 
Abstract:
 This paper uses a multi-element model of technology-based growth,
 including characterizations of both private and public components of such
 elements, to assess expansion paths for high-tech industries. Such a
 technology element model (TEM) maintains the traditional proprietary
 (excludable) technology element that directly results in innovations,
 while adding the &#x2018;technology platform&#x2019; -- a quasi-public
 (non-excludable) proof of concept that bridges the gap between an
 industry's science base and proprietary technology development, and a
 diverse technical infrastructure that has substantial impacts on industry
 productivity. These three elements are related to each other and to the
 production of technical knowledge by a homothetic technology production
 function. The TEM is then applied to assess the concept of constrained
 expansion paths. Such path dependence is shown to be a natural
 evolutionary process in that the evolving character of a technology over
 time is not necessarily the result of market failures. Finally, the TEM
 and the concept of path dependence are combined to assess the factors
 affecting both adaptive and allocative efficiency with respect to the
 expansion path, thereby better informing innovation policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 594-612 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1100845 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1100845 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eva Hagsten 
Author-X-Name-First: Eva 
Author-X-Name-Last: Hagsten 
Title: Broadband connected employees and labour productivity: a comparative analysis of 14 European countries based on distributed Microdata access 
Abstract:
 In this study, the association between information and communication
 technology (ICT) intensity in firms and labour productivity is explored
 across 14 European countries for the years 2001--2010. ICT intensity is
 approximated by the proportion of broadband internet-enabled employees, a
 novel indicator measuring not only adoption but also diffusion within and
 among firms. Data have been retrieved by means of the distributed
 microdata approach (DMD) from registers on business, trade and education
 as well as from surveys on production, ICT usage and innovation activities
 in firms held at the national statistical offices. This pioneering
 approach allows access to otherwise confidential linked firm-level
 information in dimensions not earlier available. Pooled OLS estimations
 based on approximately 400,000 observations in harmonised and
 representative datasets show that in a majority of countries there is a
 significant and positive relationship between the proportion of broadband
 internet-enabled employees and labour productivity in firms. However, the
 strength of the relationship varies across countries and industries.
 Manufacturing firms receive 50% larger estimates than the services firms,
 while the latter instead experience the positive association more
 frequently.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology 
Pages: 613-629 
Issue: 6 
Volume: 25 
Year: 2016 
Month: 9 
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1105547 
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1105547 
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Zwick
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Zwick
Author-Name: Katharina Frosch
Author-X-Name-First: Katharina
Author-X-Name-Last: Frosch
Title: Attenuation bias when measuring inventive performance
Abstract: 
 Most previous results on determinants of inventive performance are biased because inventive performance is measured with error. This measurement error causes attenuation bias. More specifically, for example age and education as drivers of patenting success have biased coefficients and too high standard errors when inventive performance is measured in short observation periods. The reason for measurement errors in inventive performance is that patents are typically applied for in waves.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 195-201
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1155270
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1155270
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:3:p:195-201




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marc Baudry
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Baudry
Author-Name: Adrien Hervouet
Author-X-Name-First: Adrien
Author-X-Name-Last: Hervouet
Title: The private value of plant variety protection and the impact of exemption rules
Abstract: 
 Plant Breeders Rights (PBRs) are sui generis IPRs intended to promote plant variety creation. Two characteristics distinguish PBRs from patents: the research and the farmers' exemptions. This article attempts to assess the impact of these exemption rules on the private value of PBRs. For this purpose, a microeconometric model of PBRs renewals is developed and estimated. This model extends previous models of patents renewals by allowing the use of PBRs-specific variables. It is argued that simple tests on the coefficients associated with key PBRs-specific variables can provide insights into the impact of the two exemption rules. Implementation to PBRs in France over the period 1973–2011 for six major crops suggests that neither the farmers' exemption nor the research exemption have a clear-cut effect on the private value of PBRs. We conclude that there is no evidence to argue in favor of a reform of PBRs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 202-226
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1165714
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1165714
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karol J. Borowiecki
Author-X-Name-First: Karol J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Borowiecki
Author-Name: Trilce Navarrete
Author-X-Name-First: Trilce
Author-X-Name-Last: Navarrete
Title: Digitization of heritage collections as indicator of innovation
Abstract: 
 Heritage institutions house cultural and research content, which is the key source to stimulate soft innovation. Despite the potential, heritage collections are mostly inaccessible via digital mediums. We analyse the macro, meso and micro conditions of heritage organizations across Europe to identify the key determinants that foster soft innovation as reflected by the share of collection digitization and online publication. We find that organizations respond positively to an environment of high consumer digital literacy and sustainable resource allocation that enables slack, skilled staff and long-term strategic planning. Innovation is thus, in fact, enhanced by digital literacy from both producers and consumers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 227-246
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1164488
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1164488
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Santiago
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Santiago
Author-Name: Claudia De Fuentes
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: De Fuentes
Author-Name: Gabriela Dutrénit
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriela
Author-X-Name-Last: Dutrénit
Author-Name: Natalia Gras
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Gras
Title: What hinders innovation performance of services and manufacturing firms in Mexico?
Abstract: 
 Barriers to innovation are heterogeneous, of financial and non-financial nature. The importance of barriers to innovation and their actual influence on innovation depend on firms’ characteristics such as sectoral affiliation, technological behavior and their response to perceived obstacles to innovation. Firms either continue to engage in innovation, or they avoid the activity altogether. This paper explored the nature and perceived importance of the obstacles to innovation that firms confront, in a developing-country context; we build on survey data about firms in Mexico. Our findings suggest that two kinds of policy interventions should help offset a firm’s perception of barriers to innovation. On the one hand, policies should enhance the innovation capacity of firms interested in innovation; on the other hand, policies need to tackle factors that reduce the interest of firms in innovation. Policies that boost demand for locally generated innovations would assist in achieving both these goals.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 247-268
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1181297
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1181297
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:3:p:247-268




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raquel Campos
Author-X-Name-First: Raquel
Author-X-Name-Last: Campos
Author-Name: María Arrazola
Author-X-Name-First: María
Author-X-Name-Last: Arrazola
Author-Name: José de Hevia
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: de Hevia
Title: Economic crisis and benefits of the Internet: differentiated Internet usage by employment status
Abstract: 
 Using data from the Spanish Survey on Equipment and Use of ICTs in Households for 2007–2011, this paper evaluates the effect of employment status on the diffusion of the Internet among the labor force. We use a bivariate probit with sample selection model to account for a potential selection bias that arises because online usage is only observed for Internet users. Our results show that, controlling for income, employment influences online adoption and usage, and we find evidence of a digital divide in adoption and usage by education and age among the labor force. Employed individuals are more likely to have accessed the Internet and used it more frequently than the unemployed and for different activities. However, conditional on adoption, they do not use the Internet for more personal activities. These findings suggest that firms promote and subsidize Internet access, but this sponsored access does not translate into more personal use.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 269-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1188524
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1188524
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:3:p:269-294




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Irene Bertschek
Author-X-Name-First: Irene
Author-X-Name-Last: Bertschek
Author-Name: Michael Polder
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Polder
Author-Name: Patrick Schulte
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Schulte
Title: ICT and resilience in times of crisis: evidence from cross-country micro moments data
Abstract: 
 ICT-intensive firms are often found to have a better performance than their non-ICT-intensive counterparts. Along with investing in ICT capital they have to adapt their production and business processes in order to reap the potentials implied by the use of ICT. Are these firms also more resilient in times of crisis? We study this question by exploiting a novel and unique data set from the Micro Moments Database. Covering 12 countries, 7 industries and the period from 2001 to 2010, the data allow us to distinguish between ICT-intensive and non-ICT-intensive firms within industries. We find evidence that indeed during the crisis in 2008 and 2009, ICT-intensive firms were hit less hard with respect to their productivity. This holds in particular for firms from service industries. Moreover, ICT-intensive firms were also more successful in introducing process innovations during that period which could explain their better productivity performance compared to non-ICT intensive firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 759-774
Issue: 8
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557417
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557417
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:8:p:759-774




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sam Meng
Author-X-Name-First: Sam
Author-X-Name-Last: Meng
Author-Name: George S. Chen
Author-X-Name-First: George S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Title: A new patent system to usher in a new economy
Abstract: 
 This paper shows that economic recessions result from a scarcity of product innovations attributable to the flawed balanced approach of the current patent system. While rejecting the balanced approach, this paper proposes an innovative approach and suggests a number of reforms to build a new patent system, including redefining patent right, banning exclusive patent licenses and patent assignments, standardizing patent licenses, prolonging patent duration infinitely, and improving the patent quality standard. It is projected that the new patent system will lead to faster and smoother economic growth.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 775-797
Issue: 8
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557428
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557428
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:8:p:775-797




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Seraphim Dempsey
Author-X-Name-First: Seraphim
Author-X-Name-Last: Dempsey
Author-Name: Seán Lyons
Author-X-Name-First: Seán
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons
Author-Name: Selina McCoy
Author-X-Name-First: Selina
Author-X-Name-Last: McCoy
Title: Later is better: mobile phone ownership and child academic development, evidence from a longitudinal study
Abstract: 
 Digital technologies have become an increasingly prominent feature of children’s lives both within and outside educational environments (McCoy, Quail, and Smyth 2012. Influences on 9-Year-Olds’ Learning: Home, School and Community. Dublin: Department of Children and Youth Affairs). Despite considerable media debate, we have little robust evidence on the impact of technology use on children’s development, both academically and socially. Much of the literature in this area relies on small-scale cross-sectional studies. Using longitudinal data on 8500 9-year-old children in Ireland, we examine the influence of early mobile phone ownership on children’s performance in reading and maths between 9 and 13 years of age. Across both reading and maths domains, children who already report owning a phone by the age of nine fare less well in terms of their academic development as they move into adolescence. The measured effects are sizeable, implying about 4 percentile lower ranking on standardised tests for an average student. Our results are consistent with the idea that there may be significant educational costs arising from early mobile phone use by children. Parents and policymakers should consider whether the benefits of phone availability for children are sufficiently large to justify such costs. We suggest a range of direct and indirect cognitive effects that could help explain these results.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 798-815
Issue: 8
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1559786
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1559786
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:8:p:798-815




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven Bond-Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Bond-Smith
Title: The impact of compatibility on innovation in markets with network effects
Abstract: 
 This article analyses the relationship between compatibility and innovation in markets with network effects using a model of competition with endogenous R&D, commercialization and compatibility. Compatibility is a mutual decision between firms and demand is partially dependent on overall consumption across compatible networks. Incumbent acquisition of an innovation or profit from entry provides entrepreneurs with an incentive for developing technological improvements and entrepreneurs receive greater returns if larger incumbents offer compatibility with their installed base. But for sufficiently weak network effects a large incumbent increases demand for its own product by denying compatibility to rivals. As a result, a credible threat of incompatibility reduces the entrepreneur's reserve to sell an innovation, but can also increase offers from smaller incumbents to acquire the innovation if it also avoids an incompatibility response from a larger incumbent. In response, entrepreneurs adjust their research effort in order to target a favourable compatibility regime that maximizes profit from entry or offers to acquire the innovation from incumbents. This leads to a complex relationship between the strength of network effects, innovation incentives, the entrepreneur's ambition for improvement and potentially disrupting the compatibility regime.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 816-840
Issue: 8
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1563936
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1563936
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:8:p:816-840




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valentina Giannini
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Giannini
Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci
Author-X-Name-First: Donato
Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci
Author-Name: Francesco Perugini
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Perugini
Title: Local variety and innovation performance in the EU textile and clothing industry
Abstract: 
 A large body of the literature showed that related variety at local level is more relevant than unrelated variety for explaining the innovation performance of firms. Knowledge relatedness is usually measured by considering activities within the same industry (i.e. the same two-digit code) while activities in different industries are associated with unrelated variety. This approach is challenged by the increasing relevance of transversal technologies, i.e. technologies that are developed and applied in rather different sectors. As a result, between industry variety (i.e. unrelated variety) is expected to be more important than within industry variety (i.e. related variety). We test this hypothesis by examining the innovation activities of firms in the textile and clothing industry. The innovation model of these firms is characterized by low investment in R&D, little capabilities for autonomous innovation and dependence from knowledge suppliers belonging to different sectors. The empirical analysis, carried out over the 1996–2014 period at the EU NUTS2 level, shows that between industry variety has a greater impact than within industry variety for the innovative performance of firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 841-857
Issue: 8
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1571668
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1571668
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:8:p:841-857




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jorge Nogueira de Paiva Britto
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Nogueira
Author-X-Name-Last: de Paiva Britto
Author-Name: Leonardo Costa Ribeiro
Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Ribeiro
Author-Name: Lucas Teixeira Araújo
Author-X-Name-First: Lucas Teixeira
Author-X-Name-Last: Araújo
Author-Name: Giulia Tonon da Matta Machado
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia Tonon
Author-X-Name-Last: da Matta Machado
Author-Name: Eduardo da Motta e Albuquerque
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: da Motta e Albuquerque
Title: Knowledge flows, changing firms’ competences and patent citations: an analysis of the trajectory of IBM
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates knowledge flows that a leading firm might deal to transform its core competencies, through a case study about IBM. The transformation of IBM from a hardware company to a knowledge service provider is strongly dependent upon different knowledge sources and areas, different capabilities fed by different science and engineering fields. Our theoretical framework presents how the literature on innovation has been enriched by elaborations on dynamic capabilities of firms, on the role of knowledge and knowledge flows as a source of those capabilities and on patent citations as statistical tool to capture those knowledge flows. This paper integrates those three different approaches using patent citations statistics to measure knowledge flows behind IBM’s changing capabilities. Our contribution to this literature is an articulation of a historical summary of the evolution of IBM with an empirical analysis of those changes through patent citations statistics.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 317-347
Issue: 4
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1496602
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1496602
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:4:p:317-347




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gilbert Cette
Author-X-Name-First: Gilbert
Author-X-Name-Last: Cette
Author-Name: Jimmy Lopez
Author-X-Name-First: Jimmy
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez
Author-Name: Giorgio Presidente
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgio
Author-X-Name-Last: Presidente
Author-Name: Vincenzo Spiezia
Author-X-Name-First: Vincenzo
Author-X-Name-Last: Spiezia
Title: Measuring ‘indirect’ investments in ICT in OECD countries
Abstract: 
 ICT components, such as microprocessors, may be embodied in other capital goods not recorded as ICT in National Accounts. We name ‘indirect ICT investment’ the value of embodied ICT components in non-ICT investment. The paper provides estimates of ‘indirect ICT investment’ based on detailed and unpublished Supply-Use tables (SUT) in 12 OECD countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.Our main finding is that ICT investment appears significantly higher when considering its indirect component, the average increase being about 35%. The inclusion of indirect ICT investment, excluding software (for which firms’ expenditures are difficult to measure), changes significantly the relative position of countries with respect to the ICT intensity of their investments. The inclusion of software further increases indirect ICT investment but the increase is smaller (in percentage) than without this inclusion. A final result, but concerning only three countries, it that the diagnosis of a stabilisation, or even a decrease, of ICT investment in percentage of GDP or of total investment, observed from the beginning of the century, is not modified if we take into account the indirect ICT investment.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 348-364
Issue: 4
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1500105
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1500105
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:4:p:348-364




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sepehr Ghazinoory
Author-X-Name-First: Sepehr
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghazinoory
Author-Name: Maghsoud Amiri
Author-X-Name-First: Maghsoud
Author-X-Name-Last: Amiri
Author-Name: Soroush Ghazinoori
Author-X-Name-First: Soroush
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghazinoori
Author-Name: Parisa Alizadeh
Author-X-Name-First: Parisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Alizadeh
Title: Designing innovation policy mix: a multi-objective decision-making approach
Abstract: 
 A consistent mix of policy tools can solve complex policy problems. However, the diversity of policy instruments and their interactions make the analysis of various packages difficult. Mathematical methods can help policy makers to choose better alternatives. This article proposes a novel application of a multi-objective decision-making (MODM) method to design policy mixes and applies it to plan a policy mix for increasing business expenditure on research and development (BERD) in Iran. The interactions between the policy instruments were successfully modeled to design policy mix with maximized effectiveness and feasibility. Moreover, constraints regarding the consistency and diversity of instruments were added to the model. Using a genetic algorithm in MATLAB R2016a the optimum mix was searched, and the Pareto frontier was found for the different levels of total cost. The results of this research show that mathematical programing can be effectively used to handle the complexity of designing policy mixes.1
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 365-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1500115
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1500115
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:4:p:365-385




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Constantinos Tsamadias
Author-X-Name-First: Constantinos
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsamadias
Author-Name: Panagiotis Pegkas
Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis
Author-X-Name-Last: Pegkas
Author-Name: Emmanuel Mamatzakis
Author-X-Name-First: Emmanuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Mamatzakis
Author-Name: Christos Staikouras
Author-X-Name-First: Christos
Author-X-Name-Last: Staikouras
Title: Does R&D, human capital and FDI matter for TFP in OECD countries?
Abstract: 
 This study investigates the interplay between research and development (R&D), human capital (HC), foreign direct investment (FDI) and total factor productivity (TFP) in OECD countries. We divide the sample into two sub-groups; the European and the non-European states so as to account for underlying country heterogeneity. The analysis follows a panel data approach over the period 1995–2015, taking into account the modelling on non-stationarity, long-run relationships and short-run dynamics with a panel VAR. Both R&D and HC have a positive effect on TFP, whilst FDI has a positive and significant effect only in the case of non-European countries. Moreover, the contribution of R&D is higher than that of HC and FDI in all cases. Thus, based on these findings, policymakers should design and implement policies to increase resources invested in R&D, with a consistent ongoing spending review, to attract foreign direct investment, especially for the majority of the European and some of the non-European countries and to improve education system on a more productive innovation and research base.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 386-406
Issue: 4
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1502394
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1502394
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:4:p:386-406




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Kalthaus
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalthaus
Title: Identifying technological sub-trajectories in patent data: the case of photovoltaics
Abstract: 
 This paper proposes a patent search strategy for photovoltaics which allows distinguishing patents of the photovoltaic system into sub-trajectories. Identifying and analyzing sub-trajectories is of particular importance for understanding micro patterns of technological change. The proposed search strategy is modular and replicable. It performs similar to benchmark search strategies and allows us to distinguish three cell sub-trajectories and two system components. The identified sub-trajectories allow a more detailed economic analysis previously not possible. Descriptive analyses reveal that inventive activity differs between sub-trajectories and countries. The market dominating silicon wafer cell sub-trajectory shows hardly any patented inventive activity even though it dominates the market. Furthermore, there are shifts in relative patenting activity between sub-trajectories, previously unnoticed at the trajectory level. Country comparison reveals that Asian countries focus on the emerging cell sub-trajectory, fostering their competitive advantage. The USA focuses on the established thin-film sub-trajectory, and inventive activity in Germany focuses on module components. The results have several implications for policy, for example, questioning the effectiveness of demand pull policies for inventive activity, and economic theory. The empirical assessment of sub-trajectories can increase understanding of technological change and uncover dynamics not observable at the trajectory level.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 407-434
Issue: 4
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1523356
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1523356
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:4:p:407-434




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yasuhiro Arai
Author-X-Name-First: Yasuhiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Arai
Title: Intellectual property right protection in the software market
Abstract: 
 We discuss the software patent should be granted or not. There exist two types of coping in the software market; reverse engineering and software duplication. Software patent can prevent both types of copies since a patent protects an invention. If the software is not protected by a patent, software producer cannot prevent reverse engineering. However, the producer can prevent the software duplication by a copyright. It is not clear the software patent is socially desirable when we consider these two types of coping. We obtain the following results. First, the number of copy users under the patent protection is greater than that under the copyright protection. Second, the government can increase social welfare by applying copyright protection when the new technology is sufficiently innovative.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-13
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1286734
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1286734
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:1:p:1-13




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sasan Bakhtiari
Author-X-Name-First: Sasan
Author-X-Name-Last: Bakhtiari
Author-Name: Robert Breunig
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Breunig
Title: The role of spillovers in research and development expenditure in Australian industries
Abstract: 
 Using administrative data from firms in Australia that conduct research and development (R&amp;D), we examine how R&amp;D activity of other firms and public institutions affect a firm's own R&amp;D expenditure. We distinguish between the impact of peers, suppliers and clients. We examine whether geographical proximity and industrial clustering affect R&amp;D spillovers. Overall, we detect positive effects on R&amp;D expenditure from spillovers from peers and clients to firms that are nearby; within 25 or 50 km. R&amp;D expenditure by academia, unlike by government bodies, has a positive influence on a firm's own R&amp;D expenditure within state boundaries. We fail to find any significant role for industrial clusters in augmenting spillover effects.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 14-38
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1290898
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1290898
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:1:p:14-38




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucio Picci
Author-X-Name-First: Lucio
Author-X-Name-Last: Picci
Author-Name: Luca Savorelli
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Savorelli
Title: The ‘inventor balance’ and the functional specialization in global inventive activities
Abstract: 
 Inventors and organizational assets are inputs of inventive activities which are often provided at a global scale, where countries might specialize in the provision of one or the other type of inputs. We introduce a new patent-based metric, the ‘inventor balance’, to quantify this type of functional specialization, which we discover to be considerable, and we propose a conceptual framework to explain it. We observe a progressive ‘decoupling’ of national sub-systems providing respectively inventors and organizational assets. Moreover, we find that countries with a high level of innovativeness relative to their economic development, high technological specialization, and strong individualistic cultural traits, contribute relatively more inventors than organizations to the global production of inventions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 39-61
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1293598
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1293598
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:1:p:39-61




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mariano Pereira
Author-X-Name-First: Mariano
Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira
Author-Name: Diana Suárez
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Suárez
Title: Matthew effect, capabilities and innovation policy: the Argentinean case
Abstract: 
 The purpose of this paper is to test the presence of Matthew effects in different types of public funding for innovation – non-refundable grants, subsidized loans and tax credits. According to the literature, Matthew effect refers to the impact of past accessing to public funds on reputation, which increases the probability of accessing in the present. The dataset is made of 966 firms that accessed the Technological Argentinean Fund (FONTAR), main instrument to foster innovation in Argentina, during 2007–2013 – 3300 observations. Results confirm the existence of Matthew effects: past accessing to FONTAR increases the probability of accessing in the present, but only when different instruments are taken altogether. Then, Matthew effect is positively associated with the diversification of access to promotional instruments rather than the repeated access to one type of funding tool. Additionally, results show that firm’s innovation investments, R&amp;D activities, and human resources, explain the increase in probability of accessing, which provides evidence regarding the presence of capability effects. All of this suggests that once the firm enters the system of public funding, it remains with an active innovative behaviour, not just because of reputation effects, but because it has accumulated capabilities in the pursuit of a technological advantage.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 62-79
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1294544
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1294544
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:1:p:62-79




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jussi Heikkilä
Author-X-Name-First: Jussi
Author-X-Name-Last: Heikkilä
Author-Name: Annika Lorenz
Author-X-Name-First: Annika
Author-X-Name-Last: Lorenz
Title: Need for speed? Exploring the relative importance of patents and utility models among German firms
Abstract: 
 Despite the wide use of two-tiered patent systems (patents and utility models (UMs)), there is little empirical evidence about how often UMs are actually used, what kind of firms use them to protect their intellectual property, and how firms rank them relative to patents. We offer such an analysis using data from Germany. We find that larger firms are more likely to use both protection methods. Moreover, a short life cycle of products and services is associated with an increased likelihood to use UMs. The features and functioning of the German UM system are of broader interest because it has been a benchmark for several second tier patent protection systems around the world.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 80-105
Issue: 1
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1310794
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1310794
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:1:p:80-105




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sam Tavassoli
Author-X-Name-First: Sam
Author-X-Name-Last: Tavassoli
Author-Name: Charlie Karlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Charlie
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson
Title: Innovation strategies and firm performance: Simple or complex strategies?
Abstract: 
 This paper analyzes the effect of various innovation strategies (ISs) of firms on their future performance, captured by labor productivity. Using five waves of the Community Innovation Survey in Sweden, we have traced the innovative behavior of firms over a decade, that is, from 2002 to 2012. We defined ISs to be either simple or complex (in various degrees). We call an IS a simple IS when firms engage in only one of the four types of Schumpeterian innovations, that is, product, process, marketing, or organizational, while a complex IS is when firms simultaneously engage in more than one type. The main findings indicate that those firms that choose and afford to have complex ISs are better off in terms of their future productivity in comparison with those firms that choose not to innovative (base group) and also in comparison with those firms that choose simple ISs. The results are mostly robust for those complex innovators that have a higher degree of complexity and also keep the balance between technological (product and process) and non-technological (organizational and marketing) innovations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 631-650
Issue: 7
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1108109
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1108109
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:7:p:631-650




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Neuhäusler
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Neuhäusler
Author-Name: Torben Schubert
Author-X-Name-First: Torben
Author-X-Name-Last: Schubert
Author-Name: Rainer Frietsch
Author-X-Name-First: Rainer
Author-X-Name-Last: Frietsch
Author-Name: Knut Blind
Author-X-Name-First: Knut
Author-X-Name-Last: Blind
Title: Managing portfolio risk in strategic technology management: evidence from a panel data-set of the world's largest R&amp;D performers
Abstract: 
 In this article, we analyze the impact of firms’ technology bases on their financial performance. By taking a strategic perspective of technology, we argue that it is not sufficient to analyze only the size or novelty/quality of the technology base as technology bases can best be understood as portfolios of individual technologies. In such a framework, risk consideration should be taken into account. More specifically, we argue that increasing technological breadth can serve as a hedge against the inherent uncertainties of developing and commercializing technology, in particular when the technology base is very large or novel. We also propose that technology has higher impacts on financial performance for firms with broader technology portfolios. A similar argument proposes that technological breadth can offset the increased risks of addressing foreign markets. We test our hypotheses using an international panel data-set of large R&amp;D-performing firms. Our results suggest that broad technology portfolios can indeed serve as a hedge against technological and commercialization risks.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 651-667
Issue: 7
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1109780
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1109780
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:7:p:651-667




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Bianchini
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchini
Author-Name: Francesco Lissoni
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Lissoni
Author-Name: Michele Pezzoni
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Pezzoni
Author-Name: Lorenzo Zirulia
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo
Author-X-Name-Last: Zirulia
Title: The economics of research, consulting, and teaching quality: theory and evidence from a technical university
Abstract: 
 We investigate the effect of both research and consulting on teaching quality in higher education, at the individual level. We propose a theoretical model in which academics allocate effort between the three activities, over a two period time horizon, under the assumption of positive spillovers from research to both consulting opportunities and teaching, and of life-cycle effects on incentives. Propositions from the model are tested against data from a mid-sized Italian engineering faculty. We find that teaching quality is negatively related to consulting and positively related to research experience. However, both relationships are not linear, due to the importance of several mediating factors, such as seniority and the role of scientific publications as a signal for attracting consulting opportunities.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 668-691
Issue: 7
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1114340
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1114340
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:7:p:668-691




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Davide Antonioli
Author-X-Name-First: Davide
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonioli
Author-Name: Simone Borghesi
Author-X-Name-First: Simone
Author-X-Name-Last: Borghesi
Author-Name: Massimiliano Mazzanti
Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzanti
Title: Are regional systems greening the economy? Local spillovers, green innovations and firms’ economic performances
Abstract: 
 The adoption and diffusion of environmental innovations (EIs) is crucial to greening the economy and achieving win–win environmental/economic gains. A large and increasing literature has focused on the levers underlying EIs that are external to the firm, such as stakeholder and policy pressures. Little attention, however, has been devoted to the possible role of local spillovers of a sector/geographical nature as a factor that correlates with EIs and economic performances. A rich data set that covers the innovative activities and economic performances of firms in the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy, an area dense in manufacturing districts, is analysed. EIs’ drivers and effects on firms’ performance are investigated through a two-step procedure. First, we examine the relevance of spatial levers, namely, whether high rates of eco-innovators in a given local area induce the adoption of EIs in firms located in the same local area. The role of the ‘agglomeration lever’ turns out to be fairly local in nature: we find that spillovers are significantly inducing innovation within municipal boundaries. Second, we test whether EIs adoptions have significantly increased firms’ economic performances and find that some firms’ productivity performances are positively related to EI adoption.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 692-713
Issue: 7
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1127557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1127557
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:7:p:692-713




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Isabel Almudi
Author-X-Name-First: Isabel
Author-X-Name-Last: Almudi
Author-Name: Francisco Fatas-Villafranca
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Fatas-Villafranca
Author-Name: Julio Sanchez-Choliz
Author-X-Name-First: Julio
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Choliz
Title: A formal discussion of the Sarewitz-Nelson rules
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we formally discuss the Sarewitz-Nelson rules for technological fixes (SN-rules). In their original form, the SN-rules were formulated from an implicit theoretical framework such that they define a broad technology assessment heuristic. This formulation has advantages and disadvantages. In this work, we propose that it is possible to make advances in the interpretation and use of the SN-rules, if we formally consider them as a procedure for technology screening, integrated within a wider process of technology choice and policy-making. This conception helps us to assess the nature and applicability of the SN-rules in different contexts, and allows us to position them as a contribution to the economic theory of technology policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 714-730
Issue: 7
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2015.1133042
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2015.1133042
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:7:p:714-730




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Camerani
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Camerani
Author-Name: Nicoletta Corrocher
Author-X-Name-First: Nicoletta
Author-X-Name-Last: Corrocher
Author-Name: Roberto Fontana
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Fontana
Title: Drivers of diffusion of consumer products: empirical evidence from the digital audio player market
Abstract: 
 We empirically study the factors affecting the timing of adoption of a consumer technology. We account for four possible effects (epidemic, probit, stock, and order effect) in relation to the diffusion of portable digital audio players (DAPs) using an original dataset of several hundred potential adopters from eight European countries and Japan. Our findings suggest that each one of these effects, which are often incorporated into competing models of diffusion, contribute to explain the diffusion of DAPs. Thus while researches informed by a specific approach to the study of innovation diffusion could lead to important results, they also run the risk of accounting for only a part of the phenomenon. This consideration highlights the quest for a more comprehensive approach to diffusion studies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 731-745
Issue: 7
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1142125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1142125
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:25:y:2016:i:7:p:731-745




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bronwyn H. Hall
Author-X-Name-First: Bronwyn H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall
Author-Name: Vania Sena
Author-X-Name-First: Vania
Author-X-Name-Last: Sena
Title: Appropriability mechanisms, innovation, and productivity: evidence from the UK
Abstract: 
 We use an extended version of the well-established Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse model [1998. “Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7 (2): 115–158] to model the relationship between appropriability mechanisms, innovation, and firm-level productivity. We enrich this model in three ways: (1) We compare estimates obtained using a broader definition of innovation spending to those that use R&amp;D spending. (2) We assume that a firm simultaneously innovates and chooses among different appropriability methods to protect the innovation. (3) We estimate the impact of innovation output on firm productivity conditional on the choice of appropriability mechanism. We find that firms that innovate and rate formal methods for the protection of intellectual property highly are more productive than other firms, but that the same does not hold in the case of informal methods of protection, except possibly for large firms as opposed to SMEs. We also find that this result is strongest for firms in the services, trade, and utility sectors, and negative in the manufacturing sector.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 42-62
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202513
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202513
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:42-62




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk Czarnitzki
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk
Author-X-Name-Last: Czarnitzki
Author-Name: Julie Delanote
Author-X-Name-First: Julie
Author-X-Name-Last: Delanote
Title: Incorporating innovation subsidies in the CDM framework: empirical evidence from Belgium
Abstract: 
 This paper integrates innovation input and output effects of R&amp;D subsidies into a modified Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse (CDM) model. Our results largely confirm insights of the input additionality literature, i.e. public subsidies complement private R&amp;D investment. In addition, results point to positive output effects of both purely privately funded and subsidy-induced R&amp;D. Furthermore, we do not find evidence of a premium or discount of subsidy-induced R&amp;D in terms of its marginal contribution on new product sales when compared to purely privately financed R&amp;D.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 78-92
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202514
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202514
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:78-92




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christopher F. Baum
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Baum
Author-Name: Hans Lööf
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Lööf
Author-Name: Pardis Nabavi
Author-X-Name-First: Pardis
Author-X-Name-Last: Nabavi
Author-Name: Andreas Stephan
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Stephan
Title: A new approach to estimation of the R&amp;D–innovation–productivity relationship
Abstract: 
 We apply a generalized structural equation model approach to the estimation of the relationship between R&amp;D, innovation and productivity that focuses on the potentially crucial heterogeneity across sectors. The model accounts for selectivity and handles the endogeneity of this relationship in a recursive framework which allows for feedback effects from productivity to future R&amp;D investment. Our approach enables the estimation of the different equations as one system, allowing the coefficients to differ across sectors, and also permits us to take cross-equation correlation of the errors into account. Employing a panel of Swedish manufacturing and service firms observed in three consecutive Community Innovation Surveys in the period 2008–2012, our full-information maximum likelihood estimates show that many key channels of influence among the model's components vary meaningfully in their statistical significance and magnitude across six different sectors based on the OECD classification on technological and knowledge intensity. These results cast doubt on earlier research which does not allow for sectoral heterogeneity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 121-133
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202515
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202515
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:121-133




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bettina Peters
Author-X-Name-First: Bettina
Author-X-Name-Last: Peters
Author-Name: Mark J. Roberts
Author-X-Name-First: Mark J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts
Author-Name: Van Anh Vuong
Author-X-Name-First: Van Anh
Author-X-Name-Last: Vuong
Title: Dynamic R&amp;D choice and the impact of the firm's financial strength
Abstract: 
 This article investigates how a firm's financial strength affects its dynamic decision to invest in R&amp;D. We estimate a dynamic model of R&amp;D choice using data for German firms in high-tech manufacturing industries. The model incorporates a measure of the firm's financial strength, derived from its credit rating, which is shown to lead to substantial differences in estimates of the costs and expected long-run benefits from R&amp;D investment. Financially strong firms have a higher probability of generating innovations from their R&amp;D investment, and the innovations have a larger impact on productivity and profits. Averaging across all firms, the long-run benefit of investing in R&amp;D equals 6.6% of firm value. It ranges from 11.6% for firms in a strong financial position to 2.3% for firms in a weaker financial position.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 134-149
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202516
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202516
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:134-149




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Bartelsman
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Bartelsman
Author-Name: George van Leeuwen
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: van Leeuwen
Author-Name: Michael Polder
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Polder
Title: CDM using a cross-country micro moments database
Abstract: 
 This note starts with a retrospective view of the CDM model [Crépon, Bruno, Emmanuel Duguet, and Jacques Mairesse. 1998. “Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7 (2): 115–158.] as an econometric framework for studying innovation and growth. A narrative interpretation of CDM describes the chain from innovative activity at firms to increases in welfare and makes links to the policy environment. Filling in missing pieces of the innovation to productivity puzzle has a heavy data burden. The paper makes use of the micro moments database (MMD) that allows observing micro-level behavior and macro-level impacts of innovation and production in a large selection of European countries. Two examples are given of research using the MMD. First, we estimate a simplified system of innovation and production equations that can be applied to average firm choices and outcomes, as well as to industry or aggregate outcomes. We find that innovative activity contributes to aggregate productivity even while the average effect at the firm level is insignificant. Next, a cross-country exploration is made that shows heightened productivity effects of combined use by firms of various enterprise-level information and communications technologies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 168-182
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202517
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202517
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:168-182




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristiano Antonelli
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli
Title: The derived demand for knowledge
Abstract: 
 This paper calls attention on the effects of the economic properties of knowledge on its derived demand, an issue that has not received enough attention in the literature. The results of the analysis suggests that, because of the idiosyncratic – Arrovian – properties of knowledge, a chain of effects takes place: (i) in downstream markets the price of goods that have been produced using knowledge as an intermediate good, falls, (ii) consequently the derived demand in upstream knowledge markets – both within corporations and by them to knowledge-intensive business services – has a lower position, and (iii) the price of knowledge is lower than it should be were knowledge a standard good traded in competitive markets, (iv) with negative consequences in terms of adverse selection of large scale high quality research projects, but (v) possible compensating effects stemming from the use of knowledge spillovers to generate cheaper knowledge. Such results have important implications for economic policy discussions and decisions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 183-194
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202518
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202518
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:183-194




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anders Broström
Author-X-Name-First: Anders
Author-X-Name-Last: Broström
Author-Name: Staffan Karlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Staffan
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson
Title: Mapping research on R&amp;D, innovation and productivity: a study of an academic endeavour
Abstract: 
 This paper accounts for the development of the academic endeavour to determine the firm-level relationship between investments in R&amp;D and productivity. The impact of 28 highly cited publications within this line of study is investigated using a combination of bibliometric techniques and citation function analysis. We show how the attention paid to this line of research broadens and deepens in parallel to the diffusion of innovation as a research theme during 2000s. Our findings also suggest that the attraction of scholarly attention is driven by combination of broadening interest in the central research question under study and boundary-pushing methodological contributions made in the key contributions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 6-20
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202519
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202519
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:6-20




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ad Notten
Author-X-Name-First: Ad
Author-X-Name-Last: Notten
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen
Author-X-Name-First: Bart
Author-X-Name-Last: Verspagen
Title: The CDM framework: knowledge recombination from an evolutionary viewpoint
Abstract: 
 Since Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse published their ground-breaking article (‘Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level’, 1998), the CDM framework has known a large diffusion, despite being published in a non-indexed journal. The present study is an exploration of the spread and recombination of ‘knowledge’ in the ‘CDM universe’, comprising all papers in Scopus indexed journals citing CDM or/and CDM cited papers. We assess first the speed and range of diffusion of CDM and investigate next the ‘origins’ and further ‘genealogical’ make up of the knowledge recombinations within the CDM universe. We find that CDM is cited by a growing number of papers, which spread over a variety of fields, and that it compares very well with the most cited comparable articles in indexed journals in its domain of research. We further find that the CDM universe is mainly constituted of three large clusters and for each of them we are able to identify knowledge paths going from the CDM and earlier cited papers to the subsequent main citing papers. We intend to provide a detailed interpretation of these findings in future work.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 21-41
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202520
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202520
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: George van Leeuwen
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: van Leeuwen
Author-Name: Pierre Mohnen
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohnen
Title: Revisiting the Porter hypothesis: an empirical analysis of Green innovation for the Netherlands
Abstract: 
 Almost all empirical research that has attempted to assess the validity of the Porter hypothesis (PH) has started from reduced-form models, for example, single-equation models for estimating the contribution of environmental regulation to productivity. This paper follows a structural approach that allows testing what is known in the literature as the ‘weak’ and the ‘strong’ version of the PH. Our ‘Green Innovation’ model includes three types of eco-investments to explain differences in the incidence of two types of eco-innovation, which are allowed to affect labor productivity. We allow for complementarity between the two types of eco-innovations. Using a comprehensive panel of Dutch manufacturing firm-level data we estimate the relative importance of environmental regulations on eco-investment and eco-innovations. The results of our analysis show a strong corroboration of the weak and a nuanced corroboration of the strong version of the PH.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 63-77
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202521
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202521
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:63-77




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hans Lööf
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Lööf
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse
Author-Name: Pierre Mohnen
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohnen
Title: CDM 20 years after
Abstract: 
 In year 1998, the seminal paper Research Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level was published in this journal. The empirical framework, following on ideas in the research of Zvi Griliches at the NBER and commonly labeled CDM (the acronym of the three authors’ names, Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse) is one of the most influential contributions in recent literature on economics of innovation. The original CDM paper and papers inspired by its framework have received hundreds of citations in the empirical innovation literature. Whether directly linked or not to the CDM framework, the flow of studies improving on and enlarging the scope and methods of the empirical literature on R&amp;D, innovation and productivity is continuing. Some of them, for example, focus on financing innovation, innovation and employment, innovation and trade, competition, or intellectual property; some adopt a managerial perspective, while others prefer an innovation system approach in a Schumpeterian tradition, etc. This introduction to the special issue of EINT surveys a collection of 12 papers on the CDM model by 25 authors from eight countries. The papers take stock of the evolution of research based on the original CDM model launched 20 years ago, linking it to the previous literature, and proposing developments and generalizations of it in various dimensions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-5
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202522
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202522
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:1-5




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen R. Bond
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bond
Author-Name: Irem Guceri
Author-X-Name-First: Irem
Author-X-Name-Last: Guceri
Title: R&amp;D and productivity: evidence from large UK establishments with substantial R&amp;D activities
Abstract: 
 We use Office for National Statistics' micro data for large UK establishments in the production industries in the period 1997–2008 to study the relationship between their productivity and the presence of substantial R&amp;D activities, either at the production unit itself, or at other UK reporting units owned by the same enterprise group. We estimate that total factor (revenue) productivity is on average about 14% higher at the establishments which have substantial R&amp;D themselves, compared to those with no R&amp;D. Among the establishments with no R&amp;D themselves, we estimate that productivity is on average about 9% higher at those which belong to enterprise groups which do have substantial R&amp;D elsewhere in the UK in the same sub-sector. For the establishments with substantial R&amp;D themselves, we also estimate a significant positive relationship between current productivity and past R&amp;D expenditure using dynamic specifications which allow for both establishment-specific ‘fixed effects’ and a serially correlated error component.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 108-120
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1203525
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1203525
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:108-120




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jordi Jaumandreu
Author-X-Name-First: Jordi
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaumandreu
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse
Title: Disentangling the effects of process and product innovation on cost and demand
Abstract: 
 We explore in this note different structural models of the impact of process and product innovation on firms' demand and production cost functions. We find that the introduction of process and product innovations affects them differently as could be expected. Both product and process innovation shift forward the demand for the products of the firm. Process innovation reduces production marginal cost, but not always. A possibility, that we cannot prove or reject with the current specification of our models and available data, is that process innovation associated with product innovation raise marginal cost. Interestingly, we also find that advertising significantly augments demand but does not affect production marginal cost. To obtain broader conclusions, richer data will be needed allowing an enlargement of the model, in which process and product innovations could be specified distinctively and well identified.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 150-167
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1205276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1205276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:150-167




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacques Mairesse
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques
Author-X-Name-Last: Mairesse
Author-Name: Stéphane Robin
Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane
Author-X-Name-Last: Robin
Title: Assessing measurement errors in the CDM research–innovation–productivity relationships
Abstract: 
 The Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse 1998 article, known as CDM, initiated a structural econometric framework to analyze the relationships among research, innovation and productivity, which has been estimated most generally on the basis of cross-sectional innovation survey-type data. Some econometric implementations of the CDM approach have suggested that such data give useful but imprecise measures of the innovation output (share of innovative sales), and to a lesser degree of the innovation input (R&amp;D). These ‘measurement errors’ may result in attenuation biases of the estimated R&amp;D and innovation impact elasticities in the two basic CDM ‘roots’ relations of R&amp;D to innovation and innovation to productivity, as well as in the extended production function à la Griliches linking directly R&amp;D to productivity. Using a panel of three waves of the French Community Innovation Survey (CIS), we assess these biases and the magnitude of the underlying measurement errors, assuming mainly that they are ‘white noise’ errors. We do so by comparing two pairs of usual panel estimators (Total and Between) in both the cross-sectional and time dimensions of the data (Levels and Differences). We find large measurement errors on innovation output in the innovation–productivity equation, resulting in large attenuation biases in the related elasticity parameter. We also find smaller but sizeable measurement errors on R&amp;D, with significant attenuation biases in the corresponding elasticity estimates, in the R&amp;D–innovation equation and the extended production function. Simulations suggest that the measurement errors on innovation and R&amp;D are unaffected by similar measurement errors on the capital variable.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 93-107
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1210771
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1210771
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:1-2:p:93-107




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ioana A. Igna
Author-X-Name-First: Ioana A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Igna
Author-Name: Francesco Venturini
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Venturini
Title: The impact of educational mismatch on returns to R&D: evidence from manufacturing in OECD countries
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates the effect of educational mismatch of R&D workers on firm's returns to innovation. R&D labour mismatch emerges when R&D workers have competencies different from those required by their occupation providing a contribution to innovation lower than in the case of perfect educational matching. By estimating a knowledge production function on data for 13 manufacturing industries from 16 OECD countries between 2003 and 2011, we find that R&D labour mismatch may cause returns to R&D investment to be between 10 and 15% lower than estimated in the literature. These results are robust to controlling for institutional factors, simultaneity feedbacks and other mis-specification issues. The detrimental effect of the misallocation of R&D labour is found to be stronger in those sectors where R&D activities have greater potential (returns), i.e. high-tech sectors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 435-464
Issue: 5
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1527548
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1527548
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:5:p:435-464




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Syoum Negassi
Author-X-Name-First: Syoum
Author-X-Name-Last: Negassi
Author-Name: Stephane Lhuillery
Author-X-Name-First: Stephane
Author-X-Name-Last: Lhuillery
Author-Name: Jean-François Sattin
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-François
Author-X-Name-Last: Sattin
Author-Name: Tsu-Yi Hung
Author-X-Name-First: Tsu-Yi
Author-X-Name-Last: Hung
Author-Name: Florent Pratlong
Author-X-Name-First: Florent
Author-X-Name-Last: Pratlong
Title: Does the relationship between innovation and competition vary across industries? Comparison of public and private research enterprises
Abstract: 
 The relationship between innovation and competition remains unclear despite the substantial number of theoretical and empirical papers on this topic. Firms in different industries differ substantially in terms of the innovation strategy they adopt and the technological performance they achieve: sectors provide firms with a set of opportunities and constraints shaping the way they organize their innovation activities. By introducing, national factors, knowledge, capital, firm’s external linkage, sectoral characteristics and R&D public policies, our econometric study confirms that the relationship between competition and innovation takes an inverted U-shape due to the simultaneous influence of two opposing forces (‘Schumpeterian effect’ and the ‘escape competition effect’). However, we show further that this general result does not hold if we distinguish between public and private sector industries: we find an inverted-U shaped relationship between innovation and competition in the public sector, but, due to the high level of competition among private firms, not in the private sector. Moreover, we show that the public research sector is ‘innovative’ while the private sector seems to be a ‘catch-up’ sector. It suggests the key theoretical assumption that public manufacturing industries are technologically neck-and-neck with their counterparts in the private sector.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 465-482
Issue: 5
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1527552
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1527552
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:5:p:465-482




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas W. Hazlett
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hazlett
Author-Name: Ben Schwall
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Schwall
Author-Name: Scott Wallsten
Author-X-Name-First: Scott
Author-X-Name-Last: Wallsten
Title: The educational impact of broadband subsidies for schools under E-rate
Abstract: 
 In 1998, the U.S. began spending about $2 billion annually to help fund computer access in elementary and secondary schools. In 2013, the Federal Communications Commission, citing the experience of a school district in North Carolina, increased these annual ‘E-Rate’ subsidies to $4 billion. Do such expenditures actually improve academic achievement? We estimate a model wherein SAT scores, a proxy for student performance, are a function of explanatory factors including federal broadband funding. Examining data from all North Carolina public high schools, 2000–2013, we find no gain in student test results associated with Internet subsidy levels.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 483-497
Issue: 5
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1527554
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1527554
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:5:p:483-497




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rekha Rao-Nicholson
Author-X-Name-First: Rekha
Author-X-Name-Last: Rao-Nicholson
Author-Name: Zaheer Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Zaheer
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Name: Pervaiz Akhtar
Author-X-Name-First: Pervaiz
Author-X-Name-Last: Akhtar
Title: Nature of technology and location effects on firm performance in the US medical device industry
Abstract: 
 This paper examines the location effects on firm performance (sales, employment and market value) by analyzing geographical and technological proximities in the US medical device industry. The nature of technology is introduced as a new way to scrutinize the impact of various proximities, and the findings indicate that the geographical and technological proximity in itself does not affect performance, whereas the spatially-mediated technological proximity, characterized by the technological proximity within a cluster, positively influences the performance of medical device firms. The paper addresses an important theoretical question. It consequently contributes to the effects of different proximities and nature of technology on firm performance and provides relative managerial implications interlocked with insights obtained from the medical industry.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 498-517
Issue: 5
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1536357
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1536357
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:5:p:498-517




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paulina Becerra
Author-X-Name-First: Paulina
Author-X-Name-Last: Becerra
Author-Name: Darío Gabriel Codner
Author-X-Name-First: Darío Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Codner
Author-Name: Dominique Philippe Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Dominique Philippe
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Title: Scopes of intervention and evolutionary paths for argentinian universities transfer offices
Abstract: 
 The majority of researches on knowledge and technology transfer from universities focused on the topic of processes which can improve the efficiency of the commercialization of R&D results. Furthermore, the different channels of transfer have been studied mainly independent of each other. This article develops a more strategic approach and proposes an integrated view of 16 channels of transfer organized around four core competences and considering their main form of governance. The empirical analysis is based on data gathered through a survey and an interview on a sample of 29 Argentinian National Universities publicly funded. The findings highlight four types of strategies – integral, network, entrepreneurial and undetermined – and two main types of potential evolutionary paths. The ability to differentiate the scopes of the intervention of universities transfer activities has implications for universities as well as for policymakers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 518-535
Issue: 5
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1542770
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1542770
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:5:p:518-535




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Author-Name: Cody A. Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Cody A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Author-Name: Martijn van Hasselt
Author-X-Name-First: Martijn
Author-X-Name-Last: van Hasselt
Title: The impact of public R&D investments on patenting activity: technology transfer at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract: 
 This paper presents estimates of the impact of public R&D on patenting activity at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Using a time series of public sector agency data, we estimate the per-capita R&D elasticity of new patent applications using a knowledge production function framework model that is an expanded version of what other scholars have used with private sector data. New patent applications are an important step in the technology transfer activities of a federal agency. We estimate this elasticity to be about 2.0. This elasticity value represents an initial estimate of the impact of EPA’s R&D investments on its technology transfer activity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 536-546
Issue: 5
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1542772
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1542772
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:5:p:536-546




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Bolli
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Bolli
Author-Name: Ursula Renold
Author-X-Name-First: Ursula
Author-X-Name-Last: Renold
Author-Name: Martin Wörter
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wörter
Title: Vertical educational diversity and innovation performance
Abstract: 
 This paper uses panel data of Swiss firms to analyse the impact of education-level diversity in the workforce on innovation performance, addressing endogeneity by exploiting within-firm variation as well as variation in labour supply across regions. We find that vertical educational diversity increases the extensive margin of R&amp;D and product innovation, particularly new product innovation. However, the relationship with process innovation, R&amp;D intensity, and product innovation intensity is insignificant. These results are in line with the idea that vertical educational diversity enhances the creative moment of the invention phase, while it has no effect on the commercialization phase due to the relevance of coordination and communication costs relative to the gains in creativity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 107-131
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1314075
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1314075
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:2:p:107-131




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mahdiyeh Entezarkheir
Author-X-Name-First: Mahdiyeh
Author-X-Name-Last: Entezarkheir
Author-Name: Saeed Moshiri
Author-X-Name-First: Saeed
Author-X-Name-Last: Moshiri
Title: Mergers and innovation: evidence from a panel of US firms
Abstract: 
 Mergers lead to larger firms and a less competitive market structure, but their effects on innovation are not clear. Mergers may improve innovation incentives by promoting economies of scope and scale, R&amp;D activities, and increasing the ability to deal with uncertainties. However, mergers may also discourage innovation by reducing competition, increasing costs, and decreasing production and R&amp;D efficiencies. In this study, we investigate merger impacts on innovation using a panel data consisting of four different data sets on publicly traded US manufacturing firms from 1980 to 2003. Our proxy for innovation is based on citation-weighted patent stocks. In our estimation model, we control for endogeneity using instrumental variables and factors such as market share, size, industry, and time. We find that mergers are positively and significantly correlated with firms’ innovation. Our findings also indicate that merger effect on innovation is heterogeneous across industries, increases with market share, and is greater in the long run. Our findings are robust to alternative measures of innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 132-153
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1319094
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1319094
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:2:p:132-153




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maëlle Della Peruta
Author-X-Name-First: Maëlle
Author-X-Name-Last: Della Peruta
Title: Adoption of mobile money and financial inclusion: a macroeconomic approach through cluster analysis
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates the patterns of adoption of mobile money in emerging and developing countries. Mobile money is a mobile-based service, which provides access to low-cost financial services for people excluded from the banking system. It is designed to overcome the difficulties related to entering the banking system and the unavailability of banking infrastructure. Drawing on macroeconomic comparative and case study analysis conducted by practitioner experts, this study takes a wide macroeconomic approach to the adoption of mobile money adoption in 2011 and 2014, based on the alternative strategy of cluster analysis. We exploit the new technology diffusion frameworks to evaluate dissimilarity among groups of countries with similar levels of adoption of mobile money. We investigate whether adoption of mobile money services are highest in countries where access to formal banking services is lowest. Our analytical results support the predictions in the technology diffusion literature and nuance the potential of mobile money as a tool to counter banking exclusion.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 154-173
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1322234
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1322234
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:2:p:154-173




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diana Heger
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Heger
Author-Name: Alexandra K. Zaby
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaby
Title: Patent breadth as effective barrier to market entry
Abstract: 
 Firms protecting their invention by a patent have the legal right to exclude competitors from using the patented matter. However, despite patent protection, competitors could enter the market by ‘inventing around’. Provided that inventing around becomes more difficult the broader a patent is, the strength of protection against market entry increases in patent breadth. Building on a theoretical benchmark formalizing the relationship between varying patent breadth and the threat of market entry, our empirical analysis supports the prediction that inventors perceive broad patents as effective market entry barriers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 174-188
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1322720
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1322720
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:2:p:174-188




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Angel L. Meroño-Cerdán
Author-X-Name-First: Angel L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Meroño-Cerdán
Author-Name: Carolina López-Nicolás
Author-X-Name-First: Carolina
Author-X-Name-Last: López-Nicolás
Author-Name: Francisco J. Molina-Castillo
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Castillo
Title: Risk aversion, innovation and performance in family firms
Abstract: 
 An analysis of the effect of family governance on the relationships among risk aversion, innovation and performance is the purpose of this study. Beyond the level of risk and innovation, we are interested in analysing the relationship between them and their influence on performance in family firms. Traditionally, risk-seeking has been associated with innovation and performance. Our results confirm both components to be independent and, furthermore, show relationships with opposite signs as expected in the literature. In a sample of 500 firms, the results confirm an idiosyncratic behaviour in family firms; innovation contributes to performance to a higher extent in family firms, and at the same time, risk aversion is positively associated with performance only in non-family firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 189-203
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1325569
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1325569
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:2:p:189-203




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Corrigendum
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 204-204
Issue: 2
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1389129
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1389129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:2:p:204-204




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kieran O'Brien
Author-X-Name-First: Kieran
Author-X-Name-Last: O'Brien
Title: Is newest always best? Firm-level evidence to challenge a focus on high-capability technological (product or process) innovation
Abstract: 
 This paper sets out to address a gap in the empirical literature on the importance of ‘low-capability’ innovation for firms. The study is framed around discussion of the conceptual bias that remains in policy and academic literature towards a narrow subset of technological (product or process) innovation labelled ‘high-capability’ innovation in this paper. The paper argues that this bias influences the public and business community's understanding of the term ‘innovation’ and has implications for innovation measurement, research, policy and strategy. The study uses data from an economy-wide, regional innovation survey based on the Oslo manual, and includes 648 innovative firms covering all industry sectors. The paper combines elements of both subject and object approaches to innovation measurement, using data from an open-ended survey question to explore the alignment between what firms report as their ‘most important innovation’ (MII) and firm capabilities for introducing ‘high-capability’ technological innovation. Results show that a substantial share of firms report an MII that is a ‘low-capability’ innovation, including those firms with high R&amp;D intensity, those with novel technological innovation, and firms in more innovative sectors of manufacturing and knowledge intensive business services. The paper discusses the implications of this result for future innovation measurement and research.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 747-768
Issue: 8
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1147194
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1147194
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Spyros Arvanitis
Author-X-Name-First: Spyros
Author-X-Name-Last: Arvanitis
Author-Name: Florian Seliger
Author-X-Name-First: Florian
Author-X-Name-Last: Seliger
Author-Name: Tobias Stucki
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias
Author-X-Name-Last: Stucki
Title: The relative importance of human resource management practices for innovation
Abstract: 
 Human resource management (HRM) practices are generally expected to stimulate a firm's innovation performance. However, which of these practices really pay off? Based on a unique dataset that includes detailed information for both a firm's innovation activities and a broad set of HRM practices, we find that primarily new workplace organization practices seem to enhance a firm's innovation activities. Flexible practices of working time management and incentive payment schemes show only small effects on both innovation propensity and innovation success. Further training does only affect innovation success, but not innovation propensity. Overall, we find a stronger linkage between HRM practices and innovation propensity than with innovation success. Further, we find that innovation propensity increases, first, with the number of combinations of HRM practices adopted by a firm but not with the number of combinations of HRM practices from different groups of HRM practices adopted by a firm.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 769-800
Issue: 8
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1158533
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1158533
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saeed Moshiri
Author-X-Name-First: Saeed
Author-X-Name-Last: Moshiri
Title: ICT spillovers and productivity in Canada: provincial and industry analysis
Abstract: 
 Research on the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) on productivity in developed countries is already extensive, but the spillover and time-varying effects of ICT investment across economic activities have been only minimally explored. This paper investigates the impacts of ICT and its spillovers on productivity in Canada, focusing on heterogeneity across provinces and industries over time. The panel data estimation model includes 10 provinces with diverse economic activities for the period 1990–2008, and the two-digit level industries for the period 1981–2008. The findings show that ICT has a positive impact on labour productivity, but the effects vary significantly across provinces, industries, and time. Specifically, while provinces with higher shares of manufacturing and services in their GDP have reaped the benefits of ICT investment, other provinces primarily dependent on natural resources and agriculture are lagging behind. The industry-level analysis also reveals that manufacturing and services industries have benefited from ICT investment much more than primary sector industries. The results further indicate that ICT investment in the USA, a major trading partner, has spilled over to some Canadian provinces and industries and that the overall ICT effects are stabilized in those ICT-intensive provinces and industries.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 801-820
Issue: 8
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1159864
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1159864
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pasquale L. Scandizzo
Author-X-Name-First: Pasquale L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scandizzo
Author-Name: Marco Ventura
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Ventura
Title: Innovation and imitation as an interactive process
Abstract: 
 This article deals with the problem of the coexistence of innovators and imitators in a competitive market. The study proposes a model of innovation and diffusion of productive knowledge as an interactive process between innovators and imitators under conditions of dynamic uncertainty. The process can be modelled as a Stackelberg game, where the innovator acts as a leader in choosing whether to share knowledge or set up private protection and the imitator as a follower in choosing when becoming active. Under these conditions, activation thresholds are derived for both innovators and imitators. If protection policies are effective, the imitator can be trapped into an inaction region by the innovator. Thus, there will be two regimes without and with diffusion, according to whether the inaction region is enacted or not. Under these conditions, discovery and diffusion appear to be dynamic complements, as a higher speed of activation of innovating firms is favoured by a higher level of imitation and a higher speed of activation of imitating firms is favoured by a higher level of discoveries. In order to explore some of the quantitative implications of these results, the paper also proposes an application of the model to four European countries.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 821-851
Issue: 8
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1164985
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1164985
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial Board
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: ebi-ebi
Issue: 8
Volume: 25
Year: 2016
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1231270
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1231270
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonas Grafström
Author-X-Name-First: Jonas
Author-X-Name-Last: Grafström
Title: International knowledge spillovers in the wind power industry: evidence from the European Union
Abstract: 
 The purpose of this paper is to analyze the presence of international knowledge spillovers in the wind power sector. Specifically, the paper investigates whether successful invention efforts in one country, measured by way of granted wind power patent counts, have had positive effects on the neighboring countries’ abilities to generate patents of the same category. Data on the number of patents granted at the European Patent Office during the period 1978–2008 are used for the eight national technological leaders in the western European wind power sector. The few comprehensive wind power studies that exist have only found limited evidence of international knowledge spillovers. However, in this paper, we find that international spillovers are statistically significant determinants of a country’s wind power patenting outcomes. Geographical distance is also taken into consideration, and the knowledge spillover effects are shown to become stronger with decreases in this distance. The results should have important policy implications, for example, for a national government when it comes to applying an investment strategy in wind power or, alternatively, free-riding on other countries’ invention efforts.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 205-224
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1328778
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1328778
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dennis Patrick Leyden
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Leyden
Author-Name: Matthias Menter
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Menter
Title: The legacy and promise of Vannevar Bush: rethinking the model of innovation and the role of public policy
Abstract: 
 The linear model of innovation argues that innovation takes place in a unidirectional sequence, with basic research directly diffusing in marketable product or process innovations. This perspective has served society well in past decades. However, recent productivity slowdowns in developed economies and the failure of innovation policies to continue to deliver desired results have called this perspective into question. Scholars explain these slowdowns by the oversimplification of the linear model which fails to consider the complexities associated with innovation processes. Although it is generally believed that Vannevar Bush’s report Science – The Endless Frontier – was based on his belief in a linear model of innovation and the notion that basic research is the ultimate source of all innovation, an examination of Bush’s writings and his life reveals that he believed in a more sophisticated model in which basic and applied research cross-fertilize each other and in which government’s job is not so much to stimulate basic research as it is to facilitate interactions between basic and applied research for the benefit of both and the prosperity of society. This paper explicates Bush’s model of the research and innovation process, explores the implications of that model, and derives policy recommendations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 225-242
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1329189
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1329189
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:3:p:225-242




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christophe Feder
Author-X-Name-First: Christophe
Author-X-Name-Last: Feder
Title: A measure of total factor productivity with biased technological change
Abstract: 
 The paper presents a new measure of total factor productivity (TFP) that also takes into account the effect of biased technological change. With this methodology, we can distinguish the effects resulting from the introduction of neutral or biased technological change on TFP, called neutral factor productivity and biased factor productivity (BFP), respectively. The new measure of TFP also holds in extreme cases where only the effect of neutral/biased technological change is presented. In particular, the BFP component increases (decreases) when the productivity of the cheaper (more expensive) factor increases. Moreover, the TFP holds up to the modification of both units of measure and to the costs of factors. Finally, the intensity of the BFP is independent of the direction of the technological change.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 243-253
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1329697
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1329697
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:3:p:243-253




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Holgersson
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Holgersson
Author-Name: Orsa Kekezi
Author-X-Name-First: Orsa
Author-X-Name-Last: Kekezi
Title: Towards a multivariate innovation index
Abstract: 
 This paper argues that traditional measures of innovation as a univariate phenomenon may not be dynamic enough to adequately describe the complex nature of innovation. Consequently, the purpose is to develop a multidimensional index of innovation that is able to reflect innovation enablers and outputs. The index may then be used (i) to assess and quantify temporal changes of innovation, (ii) to describe regional differences and similarities of innovation, and (iii) serve as exogenous variables to analyze the importance of innovation for other economic phenomena. Our index is defined in a four-dimensional space of orthogonal axes. An empirical case study is used for demonstration of the index, where 44 variables are collected for all municipalities in Sweden. The index spanning the four-dimensional innovation comprises size, accessibility, firm performance, and agglomeration. The proposed index offers a new way of defining and analyzing innovation and should have a wide range of important applications in a world where innovation is receiving a great deal of recognition.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 254-272
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1331788
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1331788
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:3:p:254-272




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rinaldo Evangelista
Author-X-Name-First: Rinaldo
Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelista
Author-Name: Valentina Meliciani
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Meliciani
Author-Name: Antonio Vezzani
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vezzani
Title: Specialisation in key enabling technologies and regional growth in Europe
Abstract: 
 This paper explores the specialisation of European Union (EU) regions in key enabling technologies (KETs) and assesses whether or not being specialised in these technological areas has an effect on regional growth. The evidence presented shows that regions specialised in KETs are concentrated in central Europe; however, over the period taken into account (1996–2011), less innovative and peripheral EU regions have been increasing their specialisation in these technological areas at the expense of the most advanced regions. There is also evidence that (spatial) diffusion of KETs often occurs across regions contiguous to each other. The results of the econometric estimations show that being specialised in KETs affects regional economic growth (per capita gross domestic product) and that this effect is stronger in the case of less innovative EU regions. Overall, these results hint at the pervasive nature and enabling role of KETs and demonstrate the importance for EU regions to target these technologies as part of their smart specialisation strategies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 273-289
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1338392
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1338392
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:3:p:273-289




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joaquín García-Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín
Author-X-Name-Last: García-Cruz
Author-Name: Juan C. Real
Author-X-Name-First: Juan C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Real
Author-Name: José L. Roldán
Author-X-Name-First: José L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Roldán
Title: Managerial perceptions of employees’ affective commitment and product innovation
Abstract: 
 In this paper we examine how managers perceive employees’ affective commitment and how this perception determines their trust as a managerial attitude toward organizational learning capability (OLC). Likewise, we study how managerial trust affects product innovation and OLC. In other words, we carry out a double mediation: firstly, we examine whether managerial trust is a mechanism through which managerial perceptions of employees’ affective commitment influences on OLC, and secondly, we study if OLC mediates between managerial trust and product innovation. By using structural equation modeling (partial least squares) on a sample of 192 Spanish firms we conclude that: (1) if managers perceive employees to be affectively committed, they will be willing to enhance OLC and to trust them; (2) managerial trust favors OLC and product innovation and (3) OLC appears to exert a full mediation between managerial trust and product innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 290-305
Issue: 3
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1346163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1346163
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:3:p:290-305




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Florencia Alejandra Fiorentin
Author-X-Name-First: Florencia Alejandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Fiorentin
Author-Name: Mariano Pereira
Author-X-Name-First: Mariano
Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira
Author-Name: Diana Valeria Suarez
Author-X-Name-First: Diana Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Suarez
Title: As times goes by. A dynamic impact assessment of the innovation policy and the Matthew effect on Argentinean firms
Abstract: 
 The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of public funds for innovation on firm’s capabilities, innovative dynamics and economic performance. A large stream of literature about the evaluation of public funds is focused on testing the existence of additionality effects on investments and results. This paper aims to provide evidence about other dimensions of the firm that public policy can alter, with focus on the time window between the treatment and the impact, and the role of the Matthew effect (recurrence) in this process. The empirical exercise is based on a dynamic panel data made of 1465 firms (3337 observations) that applied to the Argentinean Technological Fund (FONTAR), which is the main public fund for innovation in Argentina, between 2007 and 2016. Results show short-term effects of accessing to FONTAR on firms’ capabilities, medium-term effects on innovation efforts and long-term effects on productivity. Even though the effect on productivity is larger among recurrent firms, the differences among recurrent and non-recurrent firms are not conclusive in case of capabilities and innovation efforts. All in all, this research provides evidence about the ‘when’ of public policy and the need to look beyond input additionality effects when analysing its impact.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 657-673
Issue: 7
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557404
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557404
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:7:p:657-673




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fabian Frick
Author-X-Name-First: Fabian
Author-X-Name-Last: Frick
Author-Name: Corina Jantke
Author-X-Name-First: Corina
Author-X-Name-Last: Jantke
Author-Name: Johannes Sauer
Author-X-Name-First: Johannes
Author-X-Name-Last: Sauer
Title: Innovation and productivity in the food vs. the high-tech manufacturing sector
Abstract: 
 The food sector is considered a mature industry characterized by low research and development (R&D) intensity. Nevertheless, food companies face numerous challenges and cannot do without innovation activity if they want to keep their competitiveness. In this study, we examine the impact of innovation on labor productivity in European food companies and compare it to results for firms operating in high-tech sectors. The central motivation of our study is that the low R&D intensity observed in the food sector should be mirrored in different productivity effects of innovation when compared to the high-tech sector. We use microdata from the European Union's ‘Community Innovation Survey’ (CIS) and apply an endogeneity-robust multi-stage model that has been applied by various recent studies. Our results point out major differences between the examined subsectors. While we find strong positive effects of innovation on labor productivity for food firms, we find insignificant effects in the high-tech sector. This might suggest that the returns to innovation might be best evaluated separately by sector rather than for the manufacturing sector as a whole.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 674-694
Issue: 7
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557405
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:7:p:674-694




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Junichi Nishimura
Author-X-Name-First: Junichi
Author-X-Name-Last: Nishimura
Author-Name: Yungyun Tsai
Author-X-Name-First: Yungyun
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsai
Author-Name: Sadao Nagaoka
Author-X-Name-First: Sadao
Author-X-Name-Last: Nagaoka
Title: Impact of initial seeds on the growth of biotechnology startups: evidence from the U.S. and Japan
Abstract: 
 We assess the impact of initial seeds on the long-run growth of biotechnology startups, including the response of the capital market, in the U.S. and Japan. For this purpose, we collected a comprehensive dataset of the matched sample of listed firms from their foundations to the post-IPO period. We find that the quality of initial seeds predicts significantly both the level and the growth rate of the patent stock as well as those of the asset size of the U.S. startups, even controlling for their alliances and acquisitions, while it predicts only the level of the patent stock for the Japanese startups. Furthermore, the asset growth and the patent stock growth in turn account for the market value performances of the U.S. firms much more significantly than those of the Japanese firms. On the other hand, there are only small differences with respect to the time to IPO and the asset growth through the IPO. These results suggest that higher quality of initial seeds significantly enhanced long-run growth of biotechnology startups in the U.S. but not in Japan, and that the differences in fertility of the initial seeds and in efficiency of the capital market could significantly explain the difference.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 695-721
Issue: 7
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557410
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557410
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:7:p:695-721




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank R. Lichtenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Frank R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lichtenberg
Title: The long-run impact of new medical ideas on cancer survival and mortality
Abstract: 
 We test the hypothesis that the arrival of new medical ideas played a major role in the long-run increase in US cancer survival and decline in cancer mortality, by investigating whether the types of cancer (breast, colon, lung, etc.) subject to greater penetration of new ideas, measured using the MEDLINE/PubMED database, had larger subsequent survival gains and mortality reductions, controlling for changing incidence. The 5-year survival rate is strongly positively related to the novelty of ideas in articles published 12–24 years earlier; evidence from case studies that it takes a long time for research evidence to reach clinical practice. Between 1994 and 2008, the 5-year observed survival rate for all cancer sites combined increased from 52.1% to 61.2%. The estimates suggest that about 70% of this increase may have been due to the increase in the novelty of medical ideas 12–24 years earlier. The number of years of potential life lost from cancer before ages 80 and 70 and the number of cancer deaths are inversely related to the novelty of ideas in articles published 12–24 years earlier, conditional on the number of patients diagnosed 1–10 years before and their mean age at time of diagnosis.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 722-740
Issue: 7
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557421
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557421
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:7:p:722-740




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Capozza
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Capozza
Author-Name: Marialuisa Divella
Author-X-Name-First: Marialuisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Divella
Title: Human capital and firms’ innovation: evidence from emerging economies
Abstract: 
 We explore the relationship between human capital and firms’ innovation in emerging economies. Most papers consider the formal knowledge developed in R&D laboratories as a major source of innovation. However, a critical portion of knowledge required for innovation resides in human resources and is created outside any formalised R&D activity. We consider that, to improve their technological capabilities, firms should invest in different forms of human capital, namely highly educated workforce and experienced managers, but also in strategic human resource (HR) practices aimed at developing human capital by increasing employees’ firm-specific technical skills and competences. Besides looking at the type of innovation outcomes, we place greater emphasis on the strategies of innovation development, as these should signal an improved firms’ ability, not just to innovate, but to put their own creative effort in the development of innovation. Our results contrast with the traditional view of firms in emerging economies as mainly relying on the external acquisition of innovations, by showing their actual ability to develop new technologies. In this respect, HR practices aimed at fostering employees’ learning and autonomy at work appear more important than the educational attainment of workers, whilst the experience of managers does not seem effective.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 741-757
Issue: 7
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1557426
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557426
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Innovative behavior of minorities, women, and immigrants
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 758-758
Issue: 7
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1644727
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1644727
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:7:p:758-758




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leonel Muinelo-Gallo
Author-X-Name-First: Leonel
Author-X-Name-Last: Muinelo-Gallo
Author-Name: Macarena Suanes Martínez
Author-X-Name-First: Macarena Suanes
Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez
Title: Persistence and economic effects of technological innovations: a dynamic and sequential analysis of Uruguayan manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 This paper analyzes the long-term relationship between research and development (R&amp;D), innovations and productivity in 400 Uruguayan manufacturing firms during the period 2001–2009 based on a modified version of the structural model of Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse. The paper also analyzes thoroughly the decision of these firms to engage in R&amp;D activities by using a novel categorical dependent variable, which takes three values: non-performance R&amp;D activities, occasional performance or continuous performance over the period. Furthermore, the study investigates whether these manufacturing firms innovate persistently or discontinuously over the period. The results suggest a positive link between the intensity of R&amp;D activities and the generation of product and process innovations. They also indicate that innovation probability is temporally persistent at the firm-level only for product innovations. Finally, the empirical findings reveal that these technological innovations have a positive effect on firm’s productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 671-694
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1389119
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1389119
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:671-694




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Enrico Guzzini
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico
Author-X-Name-Last: Guzzini
Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci
Author-X-Name-First: Donato
Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci
Author-Name: Antonio Palestrini
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Palestrini
Title: Collaboration for innovation and project failure. A dynamic analysis
Abstract: 
 The aim of this paper is to investigate the hypothesis that there is a complex and bidirectional relation between collaboration and failure in innovation projects. On the one hand, collaboration in innovative activities may increase the likelihood of project failure. At the same time, the failure in innovation projects may induce the firm to collaborate in order to overcome the problems that determined the failure of innovation projects (induced collaboration). Up to now, we are not aware about the existence of any empirical paper analysing the interaction between these two mechanisms. This paper aims at filling this gap by providing a motivation for the induced collaboration and testing its empirical relevance in a dynamic framework. The empirical analysis is carried out by using two consecutive German Community Innovation Surveys referring to the period 2006–2010. The empirical results support the hypothesis of a bidirectional causal relationship between collaboration and failure.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 695-708
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1389125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1389125
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:695-708




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Clauss
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Clauss
Author-Name: Robert J. Breitenecker
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Breitenecker
Author-Name: Sascha Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Author-Name: Alexander Brem
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Brem
Author-Name: Chris Richter
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Richter
Title: Directing the wisdom of the crowd: the importance of social interaction among founders and the crowd during crowdfunding campaigns
Abstract: 
 Crowdfunding plays an important role as an alternative funding source for technology ventures. No earlier studies particularly investigated the importance of social interactions during such crowdfunding campaigns. Hence, we particularly take the interaction between the project owner and the community as well as among community members into account. We empirically investigated potential success factors for crowdfunding projects of entrepreneurs on the base of 430 projects from the German crowdfunding platform Visionbakery. Our results show that social interaction during a crowdfunding campaign indeed increases the likelihood of its success. As comments from crowd members on particular projects might be positive or negative and can also provide additional argumentation or raise questions, comments can cause a dialog among crowd members. This shows that herding might not only be related to the number of contributors but also to their shared attributes and perceptions. Our discussion of theoretical and managerial implications closes with recommendations for future research on this evolving topic.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 709-729
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1396660
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1396660
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:709-729




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabetta Iossa
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabetta
Author-X-Name-Last: Iossa
Author-Name: Federico Biagi
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Biagi
Author-Name: Paola Valbonesi
Author-X-Name-First: Paola
Author-X-Name-Last: Valbonesi
Title: Pre-commercial procurement, procurement of innovative solutions and innovation partnerships in the EU: rationale and strategy
Abstract: 
 We discuss public procurement instruments for acquiring innovation, focusing on the European Pre-commercial Procurement, Procurement of Innovative Solutions and Innovation Partnerships. We analyse, in particular, how firms’ innovation incentives are affected by: (i) economies of scope and externalities between R&amp;D and large-scale production; (ii) the degree of specificity of the innovation; (iii) the presence of Small and Medium Enterprises in the market and the level of market competition; (iv) the risk of market foreclosure and supplier lock-in. Our study contributes to the literature on incentives in demand-side innovation policy by tapping into the contractual design features and by offering relevant implications for academics and policy-makers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 730-749
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1402431
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1402431
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:730-749




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederico Rocha
Author-X-Name-First: Frederico
Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha
Title: Procurement as innovation policy and its distinguishing effects on innovative efforts of the Brazilian oil and gas suppliers
Abstract: 
 This paper aims to assess the effect of public procurement for innovation (PPI) in the Brazilian oil and gas sector on the innovative behavior of suppliers. It emphasizes the role PPI may play in developing countries due to its ability to target a wide range of firm sizes and to contribute to a more even diffusion of technical progress. Using microdata from RAIS and coarsened exact matching, results show that treated firms present on average a higher intensity of innovative efforts than the control sample. In small firms, PPI has a positive effect on the probability of carrying out innovative activities. Once small firms have decided to carry out these activities, treated and control samples have similar innovative effort intensities. The treatment’s effect on large firms’ probability of performing innovative activities is positive but lower than small firms. Nonetheless, there is a significant and positive effect on the intensity of these efforts. The paper suggests that, due to its effects over a wide range of firm sizes, PPI may be a worthwhile policy to implement for the reduction of structural heterogeneity present in developing countries.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 750-769
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1408199
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1408199
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:750-769




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hanna Hottenrott
Author-X-Name-First: Hanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Hottenrott
Author-Name: Elmar Lins
Author-X-Name-First: Elmar
Author-X-Name-Last: Lins
Author-Name: Eva Lutz
Author-X-Name-First: Eva
Author-X-Name-Last: Lutz
Title: Public subsidies and new ventures’ use of bank loans
Abstract: 
 Access to financial resources is crucial for young firms to strive. To foster innovation and growth in these firms, governments address financing constraints by initiating public support programs. For such financial support to be effective, it is, however, important that firms are able to augment publicly provided resources with additional means. This study examines the relationship between new ventures’ subsidy receipt and long-term bank loans. Studying new ventures founded between 2005 and 2009 in Germany, we test whether the subsidy itself facilitates use to bank financing. Applying econometric techniques that account for the endogenous nature of a subsidy receipt, we find that subsidized young firms are more likely to use bank loans and to have obtained a larger share of their financing mix from banks. We further show that this effect is stronger in highly information-opaque sectors. These results suggest that the effect may be attributed to an information value carried by the grant that is relevant to banks’ loan assessment procedures, especially when new venture value is difficult to judge.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 786-808
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1408200
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1408200
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:786-808




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew S. Clancy
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Clancy
Title: Combinations of technology in US patents, 1926–2009: a weakening base for future innovation?
Abstract: 
 In combinatorial models of innovations, new technologies are built from combinations of pre-existing technological components. Researchers learn which components work well together by observing previously successful combinations and the pool of ideas can be ‘fished out’, i.e. exhausted, if it is not ‘restocked’ by the discovery of novel connections. We first show US patents have made increasingly less novel connections among technological constituents since the 1950s, and that the number of technological fields to which these connections are applicable has stopped growing since the 1980s. We then estimate the parameters of an ideas production function, and find parameter estimates consistent with technology fields being fished out if not continually restocked by the discovery of novel connections between technological components. We use the ideas production function to estimate the number of new patent applications induced by each patent granted between 1926 and 2001, and show this number has trended downward since the 1940s.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 770-785
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1410007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1410007
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:770-785




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew C. Chang
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang
Title: Tax policy endogeneity: evidence from R&amp;D tax credits
Abstract: 
 This paper estimates the causal effect of research and development (R&amp;D) tax incentives on R&amp;D expenditures using new data on U.S. states. Identifying tax variation comes from changes in federal corporate tax laws that heterogeneously and, due to the simultaneity of state and federal corporate taxes, automatically affect state-level tax laws. Instrumental variables regressions indicate that a 1% increase in R&amp;D tax incentives causes a statistically significant 2.8–3.8% increase in R&amp;D. Alternatively, ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions of R&amp;D expenditures on R&amp;D tax incentives, which do not correct for the policy endogeneity of R&amp;D tax incentives, indicate that a 1% increase in R&amp;D tax incentives causes a statistically insignificant 0.4–0.7% increase in R&amp;D. One possible explanation for these results is that tax policies are implemented before an economic downturn.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 809-833
Issue: 8
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1415001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1415001
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:8:p:809-833




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deepak Chandrashekar
Author-X-Name-First: Deepak
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandrashekar
Author-Name: M. H. Bala Subrahmanya
Author-X-Name-First: M. H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bala Subrahmanya
Title: Exploring the factors of cluster linkages that influence innovation performance of firms in a cluster
Abstract: 
 Clusters being considered as the proponents of innovation, there is a reasonable consensus among researchers and policy-makers that they are the sources of innovation. Therefore, of late, both researchers and policy-makers have increasingly focused on demystifying the factors driving innovation among the firms in a cluster, especially in a high-tech cluster. At the surface level, researchers have identified that the dynamism through interactions of a firm with other firms and associated institutions is one of the key drivers of innovation in a firm residing in a cluster. However, the factors that constitute degree of cluster interactions of firms that determine their innovation levels have not been explored adequately. Bengaluru being one of the highly ranked global hubs of technological innovation in Asia, houses densely interconnected network of high-tech manufacturing firms. It is in the context of Bengaluru cluster that this paper discerned the factors constituting degree of cluster linkages of firms that differentiated the innovation performance among the firms in a cluster. It was found that the ability of a firm to integrate global value chain both vertically and horizontally through extra-cluster linkages determines the innovation performance of a firm in a cluster.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-22
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1384102
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1384102
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisa Calza
Author-X-Name-First: Elisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Calza
Author-Name: Micheline Goedhuys
Author-X-Name-First: Micheline
Author-X-Name-Last: Goedhuys
Author-Name: Neda Trifkovi&#x107;
Author-X-Name-First: Neda
Author-X-Name-Last: Trifkovi&#x107;
Title: Drivers of productivity in Vietnamese SMEs: the role of management standards and innovation
Abstract: 
 Using a rich panel dataset of small and medium scale manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) active in the manufacturing sector in Viet Nam, this paper investigates the drivers of firm productivity, focusing on the role played by international management standards certification. We test the hypothesis that, accounting for technological innovation (product and process) and other variables related to technological capabilities, international standards are conducive to higher productivity, through improved management practices and business organization. In line with&#xA0;the requirement of continuous improvement implied by most international standards, the main findings show that the possession of an internationally recognized standard certificate leads to significant productivity premium. We further find that the effect of certification on productivity is particularly strong for firms with technological innovation, located in southern provinces, and operating in more scale-intensive industries.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 23-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1423765
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1423765
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:1:p:23-44




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Grazia Cecere
Author-X-Name-First: Grazia
Author-X-Name-Last: Cecere
Author-Name: Sascha Rexh&#xE4;user
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Rexh&#xE4;user
Author-Name: Patrick Schulte
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Schulte
Title: From less promising to green? Technological opportunities and their role in (green) ICT innovation
Abstract: 
 This article aims to shed light on the role of technological opportunities for green innovation by studying the case of Green ICT innovation. We test whether firms active in low-opportunity technological areas are less likely to be innovative and whether they are more likely to change their direction of technical change. To do so, we construct a firm-level panel data set for the years 1992&#x2013;2009 combining patent data from the European Patent Office with firm-level data from the German Innovation Panel (Mannheim Innovation Panel). The results are based on dynamic count data estimation models applying General Methods of Moments estimators. Our results support our hypotheses: firms active in low-opportunity technological areas are less innovative but are more likely to switch from pure ICT innovation to Green ICT innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 45-63
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1423766
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1423766
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:1:p:45-63




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wiston Adri&#xE1;n Risso
Author-X-Name-First: Wiston
Author-X-Name-Last: Adri&#xE1;n Risso
Author-Name: Edgar J. S&#xE1;nchez Carrera
Author-X-Name-First: Edgar J.
Author-X-Name-Last: S&#xE1;nchez Carrera
Title: On the impact of innovation and inequality in economic growth
Abstract: 
 We present robust results on the empirical relationship among income inequality, innovation, and economic growth for a panel dataset of 74 countries over the period 1996&#x2013;2014. We estimate pairwise causality tests to show that there is bidirectional causality between GDP per capita and R&amp;D, while R&amp;D causes the Gini index of income inequality, and it causes human capital. Allowing coefficients to be different across cross-sections of countries, we get in any case a pairwise bi-directionality. By dynamic panel data estimations, when regressing R&amp;D on GDP per capita, we obtain a threshold value of 0.16% of R&amp;D such that for values above it there is economic growth. While regressing R&amp;D on the Gini index, we get a threshold of 0.10% of R&amp;D above which, the income distribution begins to improve. Finally, we estimate a growth equation that depends on R&amp;D, income inequality, and physical capital. We obtain two thresholds, one of 38.79 for the Gini (above which the economic growth decreases), and one of 0.06% for R&amp;D such that above it, economic growth is rising.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 64-81
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1429534
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1429534
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:1:p:64-81




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giorgio d'Agostino
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgio
Author-X-Name-Last: d'Agostino
Author-Name: Margherita Scarlato
Author-X-Name-First: Margherita
Author-X-Name-Last: Scarlato
Title: Knowledge externalities, innovation and growth in European countries: the role of institutions
Abstract: 
 This paper provides an empirical analysis of the linkages between institutions and economic growth in the European context and highlights innovation as the intermediate variable that drives this interplay. Building on the literature in the evolutionary approach to the economics of innovation and in the economic growth theory with a political economic perspective, we assume that knowledge externalities can fully take place where institutions guarantee a level playing field in the access to knowledge. We estimate the effects of a set of relevant institutional variables on the growth rate of technological knowledge and per capita GDP for a sample of European countries. The empirical analysis confirms that institutions that tend to equalise opportunities to innovate significantly amplify the impact of an exogenous increase in the knowledge base on the growth rate of per capita GDP.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 82-99
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1429536
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1429536
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:1:p:82-99




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Urraca-Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Ana
Author-X-Name-Last: Urraca-Ruiz
Title: On the evolution of technological specialization patterns in emerging countries: comparing Asia and Latin America
Abstract: 
 This paper explores the role of technological opportunity and cumulativeness in the evolution of technological specialization patterns (TSP) in catching-up processes. Concretely, I assume that opportunity induces mobility while cumulativeness leads to diversification and stability. The empirical analysis uses patent data indicators for nine Asian and Latin American countries between 1978 and 2012. The paper shows that, during economic liberalization (although with different timings), emerging countries caught up and redefined the path of technological accumulation for Asian and Latin American countries. With the exception of Hong Kong, all the countries increased their technology share, but they ran in different directions. Asian countries made greater relative efforts in dynamic technologies, while Latin American countries focused on stagnant technologies. In this sense, Asian countries achieved a more successful performance, building new technological bases and taking a technological leap in some of the more dynamic technologies. Meanwhile, Latin American countries left their technological bases unchanged. The paper also shows that, at the beginning of the catching-up cycle, the TSPs were turbulent. Afterwards, cumulativeness in the technological choice induced the diversification and stabilization of the TSPs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 100-117
Issue: 1
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1433525
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1433525
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:1:p:100-117




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Davide Quaglione
Author-X-Name-First: Davide
Author-X-Name-Last: Quaglione
Author-Name: Massimiliano Agovino
Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Agovino
Author-Name: Claudio Di Berardino
Author-X-Name-First: Claudio
Author-X-Name-Last: Di Berardino
Author-Name: Alessandro Sarra
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarra
Title: Exploring additional determinants of fixed broadband adoption: policy implications for narrowing the broadband demand gap
Abstract: 
 Using data from the survey ‘Aspects of daily life’ conducted on Italian individuals in 2014 by the Italian Institute of Statistics, we propose new evidence on the factors that encourage the adoption of fixed broadband, a topic relevant for the reduction of the so-called broadband demand gap. We estimate a probit model through the two-step Heckman procedure for the selection bias, and find that, besides the already studied socio-demographic determinants, Internet-capable devices other than personal computers, as well as recreational (essentially video contents) and cloud-related uses of the Internet, have a relevant positive role. Policies aimed at fostering the diffusion of smart homes and more generally of the Internet of things at the residential level might be very effective in favouring fixed broadband adoption, provided that the network be neutral, not discriminating between data based on their contents and/or the destination device, and that possible foreclosing behaviours in the access to (premium) contents be properly and promptly addressed.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 307-327
Issue: 4
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1350358
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1350358
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:4:p:307-327




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Isabel Almudi
Author-X-Name-First: Isabel
Author-X-Name-Last: Almudi
Author-Name: Francisco Fatas-Villafranca
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Fatas-Villafranca
Author-Name: Jason Potts
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Potts
Author-Name: Stuart Thomas
Author-X-Name-First: Stuart
Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas
Title: Absorptive capacity of demand in sports innovation
Abstract: 
 We propose a stylized and tractable neo-Schumpeterian model of sectorial transformations in which demand-side knowledge constraints inhibit innovation diffusion and industrial change, causing structural instability. Evolutionary competition in the model implies that innovation can overshoot the absorptive capacity of demand, leading to a slowdown in sectorial dynamism and even to structural collapse. Closed-form analytical results prove the existence of a unique stationary state in the dynamic model that is (globally) asymptotically stable. We show how the dynamic paths and the stationary rest-point depend on the trade-off between innovation and demand absorptive capacity parameters. To illustrate the plausibility and relevance of our results, we examine the Australian windsurfing industry in which diminished demand absorptive capacity (in the terms of the model) was a factor underlying sectoral collapse. We discuss how development of absorptive capacity of demand presents a collective action problem for an industry sector, and the role of demand-side factors as constraints in industry and innovation policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 328-342
Issue: 4
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1356045
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1356045
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yannis Caloghirou
Author-X-Name-First: Yannis
Author-X-Name-Last: Caloghirou
Author-Name: Ioannis Giotopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis
Author-X-Name-Last: Giotopoulos
Author-Name: Efthymia Korra
Author-X-Name-First: Efthymia
Author-X-Name-Last: Korra
Author-Name: Aggelos Tsakanikas
Author-X-Name-First: Aggelos
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsakanikas
Title: How do employee training and knowledge stocks affect product innovation?
Abstract: 
 The main purpose of this paper is to explore how interactions of knowledge flows and knowledge stocks could shape firms’ innovative performance. Knowledge flows are measured on the grounds of human resource training practices while different levels and forms of knowledge stocks (i.e. educational attainment, exporting activity, and firm age) are considered. We make use of two-period panel probit regressions and a rich data survey of the 524 largest Greek manufacturing firms conducted in two waves (2011 and 2013). Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of knowledge flows strengthen when knowledge stocks accumulated by employees’ education and firm age are low. When knowledge stocks are limited, knowledge flows can act as a bridge for product innovation. On the contrary, when knowledge stocks are high, higher investments in knowledge flows may lead to diminishing returns and, thus, to decreased innovation performance beyond a certain point.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 343-360
Issue: 4
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1362796
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1362796
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:4:p:343-360




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tsutomu Harada
Author-X-Name-First: Tsutomu
Author-X-Name-Last: Harada
Title: Endogenous innovation under New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model
Abstract: 
 This paper constructs an endogenous growth model using the framework of New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models. We incorporate the Schumpeterian approach that generates seemingly sticky prices and reinterpret the Calvo mechanism from the perspective of Bertrand competition and successful entrepreneurs. Our results demonstrate that both positive productivity shocks and endogenous innovation have a negative effect on subsequent endogenous innovation. These self-destructive effects of endogenous innovation might account for the IT productivity paradox and productivity slowdown seen in advanced countries. Furthermore, it is shown that there are both neutral and non-neutral properties of monetary policy shocks. They are neutral in terms of the growth effect, but non-neutral in terms of the level effect. In particular, expansionist monetary policies are desirable to facilitate endogenous innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 361-376
Issue: 4
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1362797
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1362797
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:4:p:361-376




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hannu Piekkola
Author-X-Name-First: Hannu
Author-X-Name-Last: Piekkola
Title: Broad-based intangibles as generators of growth in Europe
Abstract: 
 This paper analyzes broad performance-based measures of intangibles in European Union countries to find new sources of growth and shows that intangible capital (IC)-driven growth was halted in European industries during the 2008–2013 financial crisis period. Much of this IC, such as purchased organizational, research and development (R&amp;D) and information and communication technology capital, is unaccounted for in systems of national accounts, so that total IC investment is 29.6% of value added, with R&amp;D having the lowest gross domestic product share at 5.0%. On average, deteriorating IC growth has decreased labor productivity by −2.9% annually. Policies fostering multifactor productivity growth have been strongly biased and have ignored the loss of those skills necessary for long-term growth. During 2008–2013, innovation thus failed to compensate for Europe’s dwindling fixed-capital-intensive manufacturing and job losses, but broad-based IC offers a roadmap for recovery by relying on an increasing role for IC-producing services.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 377-400
Issue: 4
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1376170
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376170
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:4:p:377-400




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jason M. Walter
Author-X-Name-First: Jason M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Walter
Author-Name: Jeffrey M. Peterson
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Peterson
Title: Strategic R&amp;D and the innovation of products: understanding the role of time preferences and product differentiation
Abstract: 
 We evaluate the effects of innovation on competition using an optimal control approach that incorporates firms' time preferences. Using a model where firm(s) innovates by investing in research and development to create a more appealing product for heterogeneous consumers, we examine conditions that maximize social welfare. When firm(s) choose discount rate regardless of market structure, a monopoly will develop more innovative products. However, we show that duopolies may increase innovation if competition alters firms' outlook. Finally, we identify firm incentives to behave myopically, which in the context of collusion may impede industry-wide innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 575-595
Issue: 7
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1249063
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1249063
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:7:p:575-595




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Smruti Ranjan Behera
Author-X-Name-First: Smruti Ranjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Behera
Title: Regional foreign direct investment and technology spillover: evidence across different clusters in India
Abstract: 
 This paper examines whether there exist productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) to domestic firms at the regional level, using firm-level panel dataset covering 22 manufacturing industries in India from 2000 to 2012. In order to estimate the productivity spillovers from FDI at the regional level, we select 10 industrial clusters across 4 regions in India. In estimating productivity, we control for a possible simultaneity bias by using semi-parametric estimation techniques. We find that local firms benefit from horizontal and vertical FDI, but the benefits from the latter are found to be substantially stronger. The absorptive capacity of domestic firms is highly relevant to harvest the spilled technology from foreign-owned firms. Furthermore, we find that domestic firms belonging to high-technology industries benefit more from FDI at the regional level. We also find that market concentration is a crucial conduit for firm innovation, technological upgradation, and having a direct effect on local firm total factor productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 596-620
Issue: 7
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1254850
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1254850
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:7:p:596-620




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Scholz
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Scholz
Title: Estimating demand function parameters of mobile applications
Abstract: 
 The vibrant market for mobile applications has raised awareness of several professional and also voluntary software developers. The key question especially for professional developers is how to improve the profit gained with a developed app. Recent research provided evidence on the factors that determine the demand of a mobile app. This paper presents a procedure to estimate demand function parameters that are required for developing pricing, advertising and also product update strategies. More specifically, the procedure estimates an app’s maximal willingness to pay, demand elasticity on price and network value. The procedure is based on the Fulfilled Expectations Cournot Model and requires knowledge about the apps being considered as substitutes to each other. It is applied to a data set consisting of download rank data of Apple iPhone apps.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 621-633
Issue: 7
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1263444
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1263444
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fabienne Rasel
Author-X-Name-First: Fabienne
Author-X-Name-Last: Rasel
Title: ICT and global sourcing – evidence for German manufacturing and service firms
Abstract: 
 This paper analyses the relevance of information and communication technologies (ICT) for firms’ probability of global sourcing of inputs. Using firm-level data from Germany in 2009, which include mainly small and medium-sized firms, the empirical analysis differentiates between manufacturing and service firms. The results show some differences between the manufacturing and service sector. Controlling for various sources of firm heterogeneity, the global sourcing probability is increasing in the firms’ share of employees with Internet access in the manufacturing sector. E-commerce-intensive firms are more likely to source inputs from abroad but generally, this relationship between e-commerce and global sourcing is only robust in services and much stronger there than in manufacturing. In both sectors, it is strongest in industries with higher upstream industry diversity. Moreover, labour productivity is positively linked to global sourcing. The findings support arguments for the importance of the Internet for global trade.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 634-660
Issue: 7
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1267939
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1267939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:7:p:634-660




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego Aboal
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Aboal
Author-Name: Valeria Arza
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Arza
Author-Name: Flavia Rovira
Author-X-Name-First: Flavia
Author-X-Name-Last: Rovira
Title: Technological content of exports
Abstract: 
 A large body of literature argues that the characteristics of exports matter for economic growth and development because some goods trigger positive externalities or are subject to increasing returns. Thus, for policy purposes, it is important to know whether a country’s export basket enjoys these productive opportunities. They have been associated with technological content of exports. However, measuring them is not easy. Previous methodologies to account for exports’ technological content used either R&amp;D data or trade data. The former is used to account for knowledge-intensive activities during the production phase and the latter to identify levels of ‘sophistication’ of exports based on exporting countries’ characteristics. Building on these contributions, this paper combines industry-based and product-based indicators to circumvent some of the shortcomings of the received literature, including the product-industry controversy (i.e. are the actual activities during the production process or the product characteristics what better accounts exports’ technological content?). We use data from Uruguay on direct and indirect R&amp;D spending from public and private sources and also trade data to build the sophistication index corrected by quality. We contrast our findings with existing methodologies to highlight our contribution.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 661-682
Issue: 7
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1266075
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1266075
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saleh S. Tabrizy
Author-X-Name-First: Saleh S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Tabrizy
Title: Productivity and offshoring innovative activities
Abstract: 
 Recent studies suggest that firms may gain from global sourcing of innovative activities. Yet, only a small number of firms offshore their R&amp;D, design, and engineering tasks. To explain this selection pattern, this paper examines the heterogeneity in total factor productivity among a large group of European firms. The results suggest that those firms that offshore their innovative activities tend to be more productive than domestic firms, exporters, and other multinational corporations. This finding implies that firms with superior productivity are more likely to exploit the global task distribution in innovative activities, which may provide an explanation for why such low participation is observed in the data.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 501-515
Issue: 6
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1240778
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1240778
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:6:p:501-515




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Seán Lyons
Author-X-Name-First: Seán
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons
Author-Name: Bryan Coyne
Author-X-Name-First: Bryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Coyne
Title: The price of broadband quality: tracking the changing valuation of service characteristics
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates how retail broadband prices, choice and quality are changing over time. Using a data set containing daily observations of plans offered in Ireland from 2007 to 2013, this paper applies hedonic modelling techniques to observe the changing pricing of service characteristics. Although we find that average nominal prices remain static throughout our sample period, quality of service has risen dramatically over time, particularly with respect to download speed. Some characteristics of broadband plans exhibit broadly stable valuations over time, but the elasticity of price with respect to advertised download speed and the premium on bundled services declined for most types of broadband plans during the sample period. In addition, the retail price premium enjoyed by the incumbent operator fell significantly since 2007.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 516-532
Issue: 6
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1237007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1237007
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:6:p:516-532




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maxwell Mkondiwa
Author-X-Name-First: Maxwell
Author-X-Name-Last: Mkondiwa
Title: Graphical analysis of agricultural research spillover potential
Abstract: 
 This paper introduces two important extensions to the uncentered correlation metric, the commonly used metric proposed by Jaffe [1986. “Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R &amp; D: Evidence From Firms’ Patents, Profits, and Market Value.” The American Economic Review 76 (5): 984–1001] for analyzing research spillovers across firms or countries. First, it is shown that the Jaffe metric can be displayed graphically using the biplot, a graphical display of a two-dimensional approximation to any multidimensional matrix. Second, it is illustrated that since the data used to produce the Jaffe metric are constrained within the simplex (i.e. shares add up to one), then a theoretically superior metric satisfying the basic axioms of technological proximity measures in this sample space is the Aitchison distance measure, a metric based on log-ratios of shares. The findings of the paper using agricultural research and development spillover potential for Southern African countries show that the Jaffe metric overestimates the technological proximity across countries as compared to the proposed Aitchison measure.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 533-553
Issue: 6
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1238913
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1238913
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:6:p:533-553




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Aristei
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Aristei
Author-Name: Alessandro Sterlacchini
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Sterlacchini
Author-Name: Francesco Venturini
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Venturini
Title: Effectiveness of R&amp;D subsidies during the crisis: firm-level evidence across EU countries
Abstract: 
 This paper is one of the first attempts in the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of R&amp;D policies in Europe during the great crisis of the late 2000s. Using homogenous firm-level data for the largest EU Member States over the period 2007–2009, we test whether manufacturing firms receiving public subsidies spent more on R&amp;D. The analysis is performed using both non-parametric techniques and parametric estimation methods accounting for the possible endogenous selectivity of R&amp;D subsidies. The hypothesis of full crowding-out is rejected in all countries under exam as firms did not replace their own resources with public grants. However, these firms did not allocate additional funds to research and hence, differently from earlier works, we do not find evidence for additionality effects of R&amp;D subsidies. Our estimates indicate that, albeit not expansive, public subsidies to R&amp;D thwarted the reduction of firm R&amp;D efforts in the aftermath of economic crisis.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 554-573
Issue: 6
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1249543
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1249543
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:6:p:554-573




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Title: Assessing technology and innovation policies: introduction to the special issue
Abstract: 
 This collection of papers brings together eminent international scholars to discuss and analyze regional and country technology and innovation policies from an economic assessment or economic impacts perspectives. The breadth of analysis covers policies relevant to countries in Europe and Asia, as well as the United States. Not only might this collection initiate further study, on a country-by-country basis, of technology and innovation policies, but also it might open doors for comparative policy analysis.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 401-403
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1374035
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1374035
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:401-403




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Amoroso
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Amoroso
Author-Name: Alex Coad
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Coad
Author-Name: Nicola Grassano
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola
Author-X-Name-Last: Grassano
Title: European R&amp;D networks: a snapshot from the 7th EU Framework Programme
Abstract: 
 Recent empirical studies have investigated the territorial impact of Europe’s research policies, in particular the contribution of the European Framework Programmes to the integration of a European Research Area. This paper deepens the analysis on the integration and participation of peripheral regions, by focusing on the differences in intensity and determinants of inter-regional collaborations across three groups of collaborations. We consider collaborations among more developed regions, between more and less developed regions, and among less developed regions. Building on the recent spatial interaction literature, this paper investigates the effects of physical, institutional, social and technological proximity on the intensity of inter-regional research collaboration across heterogenous European regions. We find that the impact of disparities in human capital and technological proximity on regional R&amp;D cooperation is relevant and differs across subgroups of collaborations. Moreover, despite the efforts of integrating marginal actors, peripheral regions have lower rates of collaborations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 404-419
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1374037
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1374037
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:404-419




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Erik E. Lehmann
Author-X-Name-First: Erik E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehmann
Author-Name: Matthias Menter
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Menter
Title: Public cluster policy and neighboring regions: beggar-thy-neighbor?
Abstract: 
 Research on public cluster policy has largely taken a perspective evaluating firm performance or local cluster performance, almost neglecting spillover effects on neighboring regions. This study evaluates the effects and performance of public cluster policy in three ways: firstly, by evaluating public cluster policy per se; secondly, whether positive effects are shaped as a consequence of the ‘picking-the-winner’ competition or by the subsidizing effects afterwards; and finally, whether effects of public cluster policy spill over to neighboring regions or are mainly bounded locally. Based on a unique panel dataset encompassing all German labor market regions and covering a 15-year period, we apply difference-in-difference estimations and quantile regression techniques to identify and separate the different effects. Our results confirm positive cluster effects of the chosen industries, but also show that positive externalities are spatially limited. Policy-makers should be aware of the local boundedness of public cluster initiatives and possible adverse ‘beggar-thy-neighbor’ effects.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 420-437
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1374039
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1374039
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:420-437




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Derek R. Strong
Author-X-Name-First: Derek R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Strong
Author-Name: V. G. R. Chandran
Author-X-Name-First: V. G. R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Chandran
Author-Name: Christopher S. Hayter
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hayter
Title: Great expectations: assessing the impact of commercialization-focused policies among Malaysia’s public research institutes
Abstract: 
 In 2006, the Malaysian government released its 9th five-year development plan which, among other things, directed the country’s numerous public research institutes (PRIs) to focus primarily on commercializing technologies stemming from their respective research agendas. This directive envisioned a de facto division of labor between universities, that would emphasize basic research, and PRIs, that would become Malaysia’s translational research and technology commercialization hubs. Employing a scientific and technical human capital conceptual lens, this paper assesses the extent to which PRIs have met the expectations of the new commercialization directive through the analysis of data collected during a 2011–2012 survey among university and PRI researchers. First, we find descriptively that, in comparison to university researchers, PRI researchers do not differ substantially in terms of average patents and prototypes produced, our proxies for technology commercialization. Second, we investigate factors among PRI researchers that explain commercialization behavior and find that holding a PhD correlates strongly with publication and patenting behavior while conducting applied research and expressing adequate commercialization support correlates modestly with prototyping behavior. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 438-453
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1374043
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1374043
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:438-453




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Moira Daly
Author-X-Name-First: Moira
Author-X-Name-Last: Daly
Title: The effect of participation in Denmark’s Innovation Network program
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates Denmark’s Innovation Network program which aims to foster cooperation and knowledge sharing on research and innovation between knowledge institutions and companies in an effort to promote knowledge-based growth and productivity. Consistent with recent research on the effects of business network formation, this paper finds that participation in the Innovation Network increases labor productivity and total factor productivity by almost 7 and 13 percent respectively after four years. In addition, participants in the Innovation Network program are about 5 percentage points more likely to participate in other Danish innovation programs in the subsequent four years, explaining one mechanism by which the Innovation Network facilitates productivity growth. Generally, those firms with lower than (industry) median levels of full time equivalent employees realize the largest benefits from program participation. Despite small sample sizes, evidence that particular networks experience even larger gains is presented.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 454-478
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1374045
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1374045
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:454-478




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Meoli
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Meoli
Author-Name: Eleonora Pierucci
Author-X-Name-First: Eleonora
Author-X-Name-Last: Pierucci
Author-Name: Silvio Vismara
Author-X-Name-First: Silvio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vismara
Title: The effects of public policies in fostering university spinoffs in Italy
Abstract: 
 Performance-based research funding systems in the European Union include a number of established spinoffs among the measures of universities’ third mission. Through a longitudinal study on the establishment of 1254 spinoffs during 1999–2015 from 85 Italian state universities, we find that the introduction of such a policy increased the number of academic spinoffs. However, the rate of creation of academic spinoffs increased in regions with higher skilled unemployment and in universities with fewer academic career opportunities, rather than in more research-oriented or more prestigious universities. These results cast doubt on the appropriateness of measures based on the sheer number of academic spinoffs in evaluating the third mission of universities.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 479-492
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1374048
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1374048
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:479-492




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Coletti
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Coletti
Author-Name: Paolo Landoni
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Landoni
Title: Collaborations for innovation: a meta-study of relevant typologies, governance and policies
Abstract: 
 Innovation is often the result of collaborative efforts, but many firms lack skills and resources to engage in collaborations. Therefore, policy-makers have developed a variety of measures and programmes to increase interaction and favour partnerships between organisations. They range from innovation vouchers, meant to provide SMEs with external knowledge and opportunities for business partnerships (mostly dyadic), to consortia for R&amp;D, marketing or production (small group of participants), to cluster initiatives involving many geographically concentrated organisations. For each of these main forms, we carried out a multiple-case study research. This paper is a meta-study (specifically a meta-synthesis) of previous pieces of research conducted by mostly the same authors. Here, we identify the commonalities of the forms of collaboration that are conducive to innovation, how to govern them and discuss the policy instruments that foster collaboration while reducing opportunistic behaviours.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 493-509
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1376166
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376166
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:493-509




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandrine Kergroach
Author-X-Name-First: Sandrine
Author-X-Name-Last: Kergroach
Author-Name: Dirk Meissner
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk
Author-X-Name-Last: Meissner
Author-Name: Nicholas S. Vonortas
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vonortas
Title: Technology transfer and commercialisation by universities and PRIs: benchmarking OECD country policy approaches
Abstract: 
 The article highlights the challenges of benchmarking the science, technology and innovation (STI) policy mix between countries. A benchmarking concept is developed to compare policies across countries, which takes account of country structural features, the way policies are embedded in the national STI policy context and the country’s development stage. We focus on policies aiming at fostering technology transfer and commercialisation of public research in selected OECD and emerging economies, drawing on the recent EC/OECD STI Outlook Policy database. Countries combine instruments across different policy domains, including business innovation, entrepreneurship and industrial policies in accordance with their public research orientation and business absorptive capacities. Policy interventions focus on upstream and/or downstream stages of knowledge transfer as attention is given to adjusting the supply of public research to social and economic needs or to encouraging business demand for public research results. Transfer and commercialisation of public research is increasingly integrated into STI policy governance. Policy sets for knowledge transfer tend to be denser in more advanced STI systems.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 510-530
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1376167
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376167
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:510-530




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diego d’Andria
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: d’Andria
Author-Name: Dimitrios Pontikakis
Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios
Author-X-Name-Last: Pontikakis
Author-Name: Agnieszka Skonieczna
Author-X-Name-First: Agnieszka
Author-X-Name-Last: Skonieczna
Title: Towards a European R&amp;D incentive? An assessment of R&amp;D provisions under a common corporate tax base
Abstract: 
 A recent proposal for a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) across the European Union (EU) includes provisions in support of business R&amp;D investment. This paper presents the rationale for the inclusion of R&amp;D provisions, quantifies the subsidy implied by alternative options using the user's cost approach and approximates aggregate impacts by means of simple extrapolations from elasticities found in literature. We find that the provisions for immediate expensing of R&amp;D included in the 2011 proposal would be less generous than what national schemes currently offer. We present alternative allowances that would serve to either maintain present levels or increase business R&amp;D expenditure and we cost them in terms of foregone CIT revenue. In view of the pressing current need for a boost in business investment and the EU's R&amp;D investment targets for the year 2020, we argue that the level of support should be ambitious. Importantly, to take full advantage of the opportunities afforded by this tax reform, EU member states will have to engage in complementary interventions in their national innovation systems. We conclude with a broad consideration of what these may be for the varied and variably developed business innovation capabilities found across the EU.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 531-550
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1376168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376168
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:531-550




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James D. Adams
Author-X-Name-First: James D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Adams
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Title: The structure and performance of U.S. research joint ventures: inferences and implications from the Advanced Technology Program
Abstract: 
 Research joint ventures (RJVs) are projects that combine the research resources of different firms. A sample of RJVs supported by the U.S. Advanced Technology Program shows that the projects yield revenues that are far less than costs. Related to this point, the RJVs are subject to commercialization delays, loss of intellectual property, and product market competition. Partner firms undertake joint research, but if they commercialize at all, they do so separately, to avoid splitting of revenues from new products. Ultimately, difficulties with the RJVs occur because frequently, firms are potential competitors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 551-575
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1376169
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1376169
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:5-6:p:551-575




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Cantabene
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Cantabene
Author-Name: Iacopo Grassi
Author-X-Name-First: Iacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Grassi
Title: Public and private incentives to R&amp;D cooperation in Italy
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we provide evidence on the determinants of R&amp;D cooperation in Italy. Using data concerning firms already engaged in R&amp;D, we find that at least one between public subsidies to R&amp;D and public orders crucially determine firms propensity to cooperate in R&amp;D, whatever the sector, the size or the geographic area. On the contrary, the impact of other determinants (emphasized by previous literature) depends on the kind of data disaggregation &#x2013; in particular the private orders are not significant in the South of Italy and highly significant in the rest of the country.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 217-242
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1461336
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1461336
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:3:p:217-242




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chiara Conti
Author-X-Name-First: Chiara
Author-X-Name-Last: Conti
Author-Name: Marco A. Marini
Author-X-Name-First: Marco A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Marini
Title: Are you the right partner? R&amp;D agreement as a screening device
Abstract: 
 This paper focuses on the strategic use of firms' R&amp;D agreements to overcome R&amp;D inefficiencies under asymmetric information and research spillovers. We introduce a duopoly game where initially one firm is not fully informed on its rival's R&amp;D productivity. We show that, without R&amp;D agreements, the usual underinvestment problem can be exacerbated by the presence of asymmetric information. However, the R&amp;D agreement can be used strategically as a screening device to assess the true type of the firm with private information, hence solving the inefficiencies generated by asymmetric information. According to the model, firms are more likely to pursuit R&amp;D agreements in presence of similar productivity and less when their productivity gap is high. This is consistent with the empirical findings highlighting the importance of firms' similarities for R&amp;D collaborations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 243-264
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1466471
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1466471
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:3:p:243-264




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernardo Maggi
Author-X-Name-First: Bernardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Maggi
Title: ICT stochastic externalities, technology innovation and business services: is there an evidence of missed opportunity growth?
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we present an analysis of the production process for some OECD countries and consider the new technology of the ICT capital as driver of growth. In doing so, the production function approach adopted allows to disentangle the externalities not exploited. In line with the general-purpose technology theory, we attribute such externalities to the new technology ICT capital. Business services are a relevant vehicle to use better the innovative capital embedded in the production process. We develop and implement a methodology for the evaluation of the effect on growth related to the interaction between innovative capital and business services. The main conclusion of the paper is that the potentials of new technologies in use are almost completely exploited during the productive process. Then, even if a competitive solution is viable, there are small, though possible, margins to improve a sustainable European growth in the long run linked to externalities. We also point out some conclusions on the capital and labor shares showing that the latter is &#x2018;too small&#x2019; both in the long and short run.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 265-278
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1483485
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1483485
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:3:p:265-278




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katherine Wynn
Author-X-Name-First: Katherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Wynn
Author-Name: German Spangenberg
Author-X-Name-First: German
Author-X-Name-Last: Spangenberg
Author-Name: Kevin F. Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Author-Name: William Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Title: Valuing transgenic drought tolerant canola using real options
Abstract: 
 Building on the application of real options to value research and development (R&amp;D) investment, this paper extends the application to value new canola varieties still being developed using gene technology in Australia. In this study we develop an economic model using real options and Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the ex-ante value of trait technologies under development. The model is applied to empirical field trial data for Australian canola that has been genetically modified to increase its tolerance to drought. The results show that drought tolerant canola is more profitable for farmers than cropping with conventional canola. The results also quantitatively demonstrate why breeding for drought tolerance as it is often defined, with a yield deficit under average rainfall conditions, is an unattractive investment, and why a yield advantage across rainfall levels is necessary for the trait to have market value. Investment analysis and planning is at the core of agricultural strategy and it is difficult but essential to be able to evaluate R&amp;D investments while they are still in development. This paper contributes to that cause by demonstrating how real options can be used to value a live investment in gene technology.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 279-295
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1483526
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1483526
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:3:p:279-295




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Niebel
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Niebel
Author-Name: Fabienne Rasel
Author-X-Name-First: Fabienne
Author-X-Name-Last: Rasel
Author-Name: Steffen Viete
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Viete
Title: BIG data &#x2013; BIG gains? Understanding the link between big data analytics and innovation
Abstract: 
 This paper analyzes the relationship between firms' use of big data analytics and their innovative performance in terms of product innovations. Since big data technologies provide new data information practices, they create novel decision-making possibilities, which are widely believed to support firms' innovation process. Applying German firm-level data within a knowledge production function framework we find suggestive evidence that big data analytics is a relevant determinant for the likelihood of a firm becoming a product innovator as well as for the market success of product innovations. These results hold for the manufacturing as well as for the service sector but are contingent on firms' investment in IT-specific skills. Overall, the results support the view that big data analytics have the potential to enable innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 296-316
Issue: 3
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1493075
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1493075
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:3:p:296-316




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Paul Cozzarin
Author-X-Name-First: Brian Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzarin
Title: Impact of organizational innovation on product and process innovation
Abstract: 
 The purpose of this paper was to test the effect of organizational innovation on product and process innovation (while controlling for endogeneity). Our hypothesis was that organizational innovation should have a significant and positive impact on technical (product or process) innovation. We control for endogeneity by using a Poisson estimator that accommodates a binary endogenous regressor. We test 10 potential instruments using a battery of test criteria and settle on five. All results are presented using the five instruments to avoid expectation bias. In general we find that organizational innovation does impact technical innovation positively. With the 2009 data we find that the mean of the average treatment effect for product innovation is roughly 1.7 times that of process innovation. For the 2009–2012 data we find that the impact on product innovation is roughly 1.5 times that of process innovation. For the 2012 data, we had anomalous results for process innovation, such that organizational innovation reduced the number of process innovations by 2.3 per year. In terms of Canadian government policy, the results lend support to the view that technical innovation is not the only innovation that matters. The right policy mix may encourage firms to experiment with and adopt more organizational innovations to enhance technical innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 405-417
Issue: 5
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1204779
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1204779
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:5:p:405-417




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dusanee Kesavayuth
Author-X-Name-First: Dusanee
Author-X-Name-Last: Kesavayuth
Title: The benefits of the reciprocal grantback clause in patent licensing
Abstract: 
 This paper shows that a reciprocal grantback clause could potentially be a better licensing provision than a one-way type. There are two benefits associated with the use of a reciprocal grantback clause. First, it improves efficiency by reducing the (minimum) contract compatible royalty rate to zero. As a result, the production becomes efficient because both the licensor and the licensee produce at the same marginal cost. Second, a reciprocal grantback clause is a more effective provision than a one-way grantback clause to guarantee the transfer of superior technology, hence it promotes better technology diffusion.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 418-428
Issue: 5
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1210295
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1210295
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:5:p:418-428




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Trinh Le
Author-X-Name-First: Trinh
Author-X-Name-Last: Le
Author-Name: Adam B. Jaffe
Author-X-Name-First: Adam B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaffe
Title: The impact of R&amp;D subsidy on innovation: evidence from New Zealand firms
Abstract: 
 This study examines the impact of government subsidy through R&amp;D grants on innovation output for firms in New Zealand. Using a large database that links administrative and tax data with survey data, we find that R&amp;D grants have a stronger effect on more novel innovation (e.g. applying for a patent or introducing new products to the world) than on incremental innovation (e.g. any product innovation) and that larger, project-based grants are more effective at promoting innovation than smaller, non-project-specific grants. There is little evidence that R&amp;D grants have differential effects between smaller (&lt;50 employees) and larger firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 429-452
Issue: 5
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1213504
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1213504
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:5:p:429-452




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Moses K. Tule
Author-X-Name-First: Moses K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Tule
Author-Name: Moses O. Oduh
Author-X-Name-First: Moses O.
Author-X-Name-Last: Oduh
Title: Financial innovations and the future of monetary policy in Nigeria
Abstract: 
 This paper examines the implications of financial innovations on Nigeria’s monetary policy, using: trend analysis, error correction mechanism, and a structural model estimated with generalized method of moments. The study found that financial innovation improves the interest rate channel of monetary policy transmission, and the efficiency of the financial system. However, it increases the output gap and adds an element of uncertainty in the monetary policy environment as it increases the cost of implementing monetary policy and impinges on the potency of the operating target through its impact on the stability of the money multiplier, money velocity, and demand for money.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 453-476
Issue: 5
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1229854
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1229854
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:5:p:453-476




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank Crowley
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Crowley
Author-Name: Declan Jordan
Author-X-Name-First: Declan
Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan
Title: Does more competition increase business-level innovation? Evidence from domestically focused firms in emerging economies
Abstract: 
 This paper explores the relationship between the level of competition and innovation output for domestically focused businesses in emerging economies in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It uses survey data from 5054 businesses from the fifth Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. A multivariate probit estimation of the likelihood of different innovation types finds that higher levels of competition are associated with greater likelihood of innovation, but this rises at a decreasing rate as competitor numbers grow. Also, firms operating in economies where competition policy is more effectively enforced are more likely to innovate. However, there is a point where ‘too much’ competition leads to less innovation – suggesting a tipping point effect. This suggests that policies to maximise competition, as measured by number of competitors, may not be optimal for promoting innovation in emerging economies. This requires a need for more nuanced competition policy approaches. The paper also finds that businesses relying on local markets are significantly less likely to introduce innovations than businesses trading domestically outside their local area, but increased competition in local markets increases the likelihood of businesses introducing product innovation. This points to a local rivalry effect.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 477-488
Issue: 5
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1233627
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1233627
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:5:p:477-488




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Troy J. Scott
Author-X-Name-First: Troy J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Author-Name: John T. Scott
Author-X-Name-First: John T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Title: Commercial complexity and entrepreneurial finance
Abstract: 
 This paper shows that the probability of small business firms obtaining outside financing to support their research and development projects is greater given more complex commercial opportunities – defined as a greater number of different potential applications for a project’s anticipated results – for their innovations. The effects on the probability of outside finance found for other factors are consistent with the earlier findings in the literature about innovative entrepreneurial firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 489-500
Issue: 5
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1236474
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1236474
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:5:p:489-500




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hannes Maxin
Author-X-Name-First: Hannes
Author-X-Name-Last: Maxin
Title: Corporate venture capital and the nature of innovation
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates a model where two corporate venture capital firms (CVCs) decide whether to finance a new venture stand-alone or together, called syndication. The CVCs obtain a cash flow if the venture succeeds. In addition, the venture has a positive or negative effect on an asset (e.g. a product or a process) of the CVCs parental companies. This effect may differ among the parental companies. I show that the CVC faced with the weaker positive effect becomes the stand-alone investor only if the cash flow is low. Otherwise, in equilibrium, there are only syndicates or stand-alone investments of the CVC with the stronger positive effect. However, if one CVC faces a positive effect on its parental company's asset whereby the opponent faces a negative effect, then a syndicate is still possible. The model generates empirical predictions for syndicates consisting of several CVCs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-30
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1571673
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1571673
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:1:p:1-30




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luc L. G. Soete
Author-X-Name-First: Luc L. G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Soete
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen
Author-X-Name-First: Bart
Author-X-Name-Last: Verspagen
Author-Name: Thomas H. W. Ziesemer
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas H. W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer
Title: The productivity effect of public R&D in the Netherlands
Abstract: 
 Using a vector-error-correction model (VECM) with total factor productivity (TFP), domestic and foreign research and development investment (R&D) as well as GDP, we find that for the Netherlands for the period 1968–2014, extra investment in public and private R&D has a clear positive effect on TFP growth and GDP. Taking into account the costs of these extra investments, we find that the rate of return to such a policy is positive and high. We also find dynamic complementarity of public and private stocks of R&D for a long period after the initial shock. However, our results also show that the productivity effects on the Dutch economy are weaker when they are part of an internationally concerted policy effort, i.e. when other OECD countries implement policies with the same effects on R&D stocks in their countries. While complements in the long run equations of the model, in the adjustment process Dutch domestic private R&D appears to consider foreign public R&D as a substitute, i.e. when foreign public R&D rises, Dutch private R&D tends to shrink.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 31-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1580813
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1580813
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:1:p:31-47




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giulio Cainelli
Author-X-Name-First: Giulio
Author-X-Name-Last: Cainelli
Author-Name: Valentina De Marchi
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: De Marchi
Author-Name: Roberto Grandinetti
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Grandinetti
Title: Do knowledge-intensive business services innovate differently?
Abstract: 
 This paper contributes to the debate on the differences across service and manufacturing firms focusing on two comparable sectors: knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), and specialized suppliers within manufacturing (SSM). Using a large panel dataset of Spanish firms, we compare the two industries in terms of the impact on their innovation performance of three factors: investment in R&D, cooperation with customers, and cooperation with other firms. These are the factors that – following the paradigm of open innovation – work together in the process of firm innovation. Our findings show that the impact of R&D is comparable in the two sectors, whereas cooperation with customers is more important for SSM than for KIBS because the latter are rather more reliant on a larger network of partners (especially knowledge providers). For both sectors, the role of cooperation vanishes when performance is measured in terms of the proportion of sales generated by innovation rather than propensity for innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 48-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1585639
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1585639
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:1:p:48-65




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Natalia Petelski
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Petelski
Author-Name: Darío Milesi
Author-X-Name-First: Darío
Author-X-Name-Last: Milesi
Author-Name: Vladimiro Verre
Author-X-Name-First: Vladimiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Verre
Title: Public support to innovation: impact on technological efforts in Argentine manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 Following the evolutionist and neo-schumpeterian approach and the literature on additionality of innovation policy, this paper evaluates the impact of public funding to innovation on the intensity of the R&D expenditures and on the intensity of the employment in innovation. The analysis is based on recent evidence of Argentine manufacturing firms surveyed by ENDEI for 2010–2012 using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. The results show a positive impact on the intensity of the R&D effort of the supported firms in monetary terms, allowing us to reject the full crowding-out hypothesis. However, the positive monetary impact is not accompanied by a greater proportion of employment oriented to innovation activities, neither formal nor informal; so it is not possible to conclude that the analyzed policy translates into an improvement in the innovation competencies of the firms based on this indicator.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 66-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1585672
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1585672
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucia Foster
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Foster
Author-Name: Cheryl Grim
Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl
Author-X-Name-Last: Grim
Author-Name: Nikolas Zolas
Author-X-Name-First: Nikolas
Author-X-Name-Last: Zolas
Title: A portrait of U.S. firms that invest in R&D
Abstract: 
 This paper combines micro-level cross-sectional data from the Survey of Industrial Research and Development (SIRD) and the Business Research & Development and Innovation Survey (BRDIS) with the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD) to characterize U.S. firms that invest in research and development (R&D). The result is a firm-level panel data set from 1992 to 2013 that tracks firms as they enter and exit the R&D surveys. Using R&D expenditures to proxy R&D performance, we find that the majority of R&D is performed by large manufacturing firms that export, but the composition of R&D performing firms has gradually shifted more towards smaller nonmanufacturing firms. We find a high degree of persistence in R&D investment with previous R&D experience being a significant determinant of current R&D intensity, even after controlling for individual firm effects. We also uncover differences in observable firm characteristics between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing, as well as small and large, R&D performing firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 89-111
Issue: 1
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1595366
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1595366
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:1:p:89-111




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Pianta
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Pianta
Title: Innovation and economic change
Abstract: 
 This essay takes stock of the search for effectively integrating the analysis of technological change in economic theory, pointing out the need for bridging Schumpeterian and evolutionary perspectives on innovation with post-Keynesian approaches to growth and structural change. The challenge facing scholars in this field is to account for the diversity and complexity of technological change while addressing at the same time macroeconomic and structural dynamics, issues of demand and distribution. This challenge is addressed in various ways by the articles published in this special issue of Economics of Innovation and New Technologies and a summary of their contribution is provided in this opening article. They have in common an exploration on issues at the frontier of innovation research, attention to industry-level dynamics, novel – and widely different – methodological and modelling tools. The results of these articles are discussed in the light of the research trajectories investigating the two-way links between innovation and economic change.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 683-688
Issue: 8
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1257447
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1257447
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristiano Antonelli
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli
Title: Endogenous innovation: the creative response
Abstract: 
 The limits of both evolutionary approaches, based upon biological metaphors, and the new growth theory based on the early economics of knowledge, are becoming apparent. Considerable progress can be made by implementing an evolutionary complexity approach that builds upon the legacy of Schumpeter [1947a. ‘The Creative Response in Economic History’. The Journal of Economic History 7 (2): 149–159] with the notions of: (i) reactive decision-making; (ii) multiple feedback; (iii) innovation as the outcome of an emergent system process rather than individual action; (iv) organized complexity and knowledge connectivity; (v) endogenous variety; (vi) non-ergodic path dependent dynamics. Building upon these bases, the paper articulates an endogenous theory of innovation centered upon the analysis of the systemic conditions that make the creative reaction and hence the introduction of innovations possible.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 689-718
Issue: 8
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1257444
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1257444
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:8:p:689-718




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neil Foster-McGregor
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Foster-McGregor
Author-Name: Johannes Pöschl
Author-X-Name-First: Johannes
Author-X-Name-Last: Pöschl
Author-Name: Robert Stehrer
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Stehrer
Title: The importance of absorptive capacities: productivity effects of international R&amp;D spillovers through intermediate inputs
Abstract: 
 Trade in goods and services is likely to be an important channel for international knowledge diffusion. This paper considers the extent of R&amp;D spillovers through intermediate inputs for a sample of up to 40 developed and developing countries at the industry level. Results suggest that such spillovers are present and are economically important. We find that countries and industries initially further behind the technological frontier enjoy stronger foreign R&amp;D spillovers. Furthermore, foreign R&amp;D spillovers are stronger in countries with greater absorptive capacity as measured by average years of secondary schooling and R&amp;D spending.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 719-733
Issue: 8
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1257445
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1257445
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valeria Cirillo
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Cirillo
Title: Technology, employment and skills
Abstract: 
 This article investigates the relationships between technological change and employment considering the dynamics of four major professional groups - Managers, Clerks, Craft and Manual workers – defined on the basis of ISCO classes. The aim is to move beyond skill-biased and task-based views of the impact of technical change on skills and to identify the structural determinants of employment changes. A model is developed explaining changes in jobs as a result of changes in demand – total, domestic and foreign –, wages, the importance of innovation in products and processes and the role of the international fragmentation of production. The empirical analysis is carried out on manufacturing and service industries of major European countries over the 2000–2014 period. Results show that moving from aggregate employment to the dynamics of professional groups major diversities emerge; managers – for instance – are the main beneficiaries from product innovations, while clerks, craft and manual workers are negatively affected by the introduction of new processes. Separate estimations are also carried out for high and low tech industries and for Northern and Southern European countries, identifying a variety of ways in which patterns of innovation and structural change affect jobs in specific professional groups.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 734-754
Issue: 8
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1258765
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1258765
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Keun Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Keun
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Jonghoon Park
Author-X-Name-First: Jonghoon
Author-X-Name-Last: Park
Author-Name: Minho Yoon
Author-X-Name-First: Minho
Author-X-Name-Last: Yoon
Title: Industry dynamics with diversity in firms’ catch-up strategies and demand conditions: a simulation approach
Abstract: 
 Dynamic simulations have been conducted to analyze the performance dynamics of entering firms using three different entry strategies (i.e. path-following, PF, stage-skipping, SS, and path-creating/leapfrogging, PC) under four different demand conditions (i.e. fixed demand, fluctuating demand with constant average, expanding demand with constant growth, and fluctuating demand with constant growth rate). One of the key contributions of this study is clarifying the role of diverse entrant strategies and demand conditions in industry dynamics. First, we find that market expansion is favorable to incumbent firms, whereas market fluctuation is favorable to entering firms. Among the three entry strategies, the PC strategy is often best, whereas the PF strategy is the worst. However, the gap in catch-up performance is reduced if the demand condition is of the fluctuating demand variety. Fluctuation of demand works better for PF strategy firms compared with SS and PC firms, which would suffer during downturns, particularly during the early stage of entry. By contrast, the gap between each strategy increases under expanding demand with constant growth rate.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 755-778
Issue: 8
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1258030
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1258030
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:8:p:755-778




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dario Guarascio
Author-X-Name-First: Dario
Author-X-Name-Last: Guarascio
Author-Name: Mario Pianta
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Pianta
Title: The gains from technology: new products, exports and profits
Abstract: 
 The introduction of new products, greater competitiveness-based export performances, and higher profits are three major benefits from technological change. We build on previous work that has identified ‘virtuous circles’ between R&amp;D, innovation and profits in firms and industries [Bogliacino, F., and M. Pianta. 2013a. “Profits, R&amp;D and Innovation: A Model and a Test.” Industrial and Corporate Change 22 (3): 649–678; Bogliacino, F., and M. Pianta. 2013b. “Innovation and Demand in Industry Dynamics. R&amp;D, New products and Profits.” In Long Term Economic Development, edited by A. Pyka, and E. S. Andersen. Berlin: Springer., Bogliacino, F., M. Lucchese, L. Nascia, and M. Pianta. 2016a. “Modelling the Virtuous Circle of Innovation. A Test on Italian Firms” Industrial and Corporate Change. doi:10.1093/icc/dtw045.] and between R&amp;D, innovation and exports [Guarascio, D., M. Pianta, M. Lucchese, and F. Bogliacino. 2015. “Business Cycles, Technology and Exports.” Economia Politica – Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics 32 (2): 167–200; Guarascio, D., M. Pianta, and F. Bogliacino. 2016. “Export, R&amp;D and New Products: A Model and a Test on European Industries.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 26 (4): 869–905.]. We test a model – with a Three Stage Least Squares methodology – using data at the industry level – for 39 manufacturing and service industries – for 6 major EU economies – Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom – over the period 1995–2011. Results confirm the presence of a ‘virtuous circle’ linking the gains from technology, and identify the specific role of additional variables and the presence of lags and feedbacks. Moreover, the relevance of differences between Northern and Southern European countries is examined, with separate estimations that shed new light on the heterogeneity of these relationships.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 779-804
Issue: 8
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1257446
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1257446
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:8:p:779-804




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pavlo Buryi
Author-X-Name-First: Pavlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Buryi
Author-Name: Sajal Lahiri
Author-X-Name-First: Sajal
Author-X-Name-Last: Lahiri
Title: Matching public support for private product-innovating R&amp;D: a theoretical analysis
Abstract: 
 This paper develops a theoretical model of product innovation where research and development (R&amp;D) effort by a monopolist firm is endogenous and its outcome uncertain. The government attempts to aid such efforts with a matching grant. We consider different scenarios depending on whether two parties act simultaneously, act sequentially, or take part in a dynamic cooperative game with a trigger strategy. We also consider cases (i) when the products are exported, (ii) when the firm lobbies for R&amp;D subsidy, and (iii) when the firm is foreign owned. We characterize situations when government intervention increases the chances of product innovation and when it does not.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 295-310
Issue: 4
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1193320
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1193320
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patricia Laurens
Author-X-Name-First: Patricia
Author-X-Name-Last: Laurens
Author-Name: Christian Le Bas
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Le Bas
Author-Name: Stéphane Lhuillery
Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane
Author-X-Name-Last: Lhuillery
Author-Name: Antoine Schoen
Author-X-Name-First: Antoine
Author-X-Name-Last: Schoen
Title: The determinants of cleaner energy innovations of the world’s largest firms: the impact of firm learning and knowledge capital
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we address the determinants of clean energy inventions by 946 large firms. We use a new set of large firms’ patent portfolios and we broaden and deepen existing literature on this issue in two main ways: first, we conduct our study directly at the firm level and not at the industry or national levels and second, we do not focus on a single industry but encompass all industrial sectors. Drawing on firm (internal and external) knowledge and knowledge accumulation, we show there is a robust positive association between the (past) knowledge accumulated capital related to clean technologies and the number of inventions produced in that field, even after controlling for industry and nation fixed effects and other factors. The same relation works for (past) knowledge-accumulated capital in other (non-clean) technologies. However, the relation’s impact on the number of clean inventions produced is much lower. The magnitudes of our coefficient are in line with that obtained previously on firms in the auto-industry or at the sectoral level.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 311-333
Issue: 4
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1193940
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1193940
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Waters
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Waters
Title: Determinants of initial technology adoption and intensification: evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we examine determinants of initial adoption and subsequent intensification of commercial use of the internet. In contrast to previous examinations that have looked at initial adoption and intensification in the highest income countries, we study companies in Latin America and the Caribbean and so contribute to empirical understanding of the two types of adoption. Many variables such as company size and industry intensification previously identified as influential in high-income regions continue to be important determinants. Novel determinants are also found, including informal sector competition and regional influence. There are sharp differences in determinants between the two adoption types.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 334-352
Issue: 4
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1196970
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1196970
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mickael Géraudel
Author-X-Name-First: Mickael
Author-X-Name-Last: Géraudel
Author-Name: Johanna Gast
Author-X-Name-First: Johanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Gast
Author-Name: Katherine Gundolf
Author-X-Name-First: Katherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Gundolf
Title: New product and service launching in new ventures: a multilevel approach to innovation antecedents
Abstract: 
 Macro-economic policies such as public financing seek to push the development and introduction of innovations; however, entrepreneurs also need support in their ‘day-to-day’ activities to improve their capability to launch innovations. As this micro-level perspective is rarely studied, we analyze both the micro and macro levels by examining the effects of the entrepreneurs’ individual intention to innovate and public financing. Additionally, we include the meso level, representing entrepreneurs’ network. Entrepreneurs are embedded in social spheres in which they capture resources and identify opportunities. But not all entrepreneurs are equally well supported, and some tend to be completely isolated. We thus focus on multilevel factors explaining new product or service launching in new ventures. Drawing on data of 48,251 French new ventures, we reveal that innovation intention and public financing positively impact new ventures’ product and service innovation launching, while entrepreneurs’ isolation has a negative effect. We also highlight two interaction effects that enhance the multilevel effects of innovation antecedents.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 353-367
Issue: 4
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202623
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202623
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:4:p:353-367




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James A. Brander
Author-X-Name-First: James A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brander
Author-Name: Wei Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Wei
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Employee relations and innovation: an empirical analysis using patent data
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates the relationship between employee relations (ER) as tracked in the environment, social, and governance (ESG) database provided by MSCI Inc., and innovation as measured by patents and patent citations. Some ER policies, such as broadly based profit-sharing plans, stock option plans, and stock ownership, create a direct link between a firm’s performance and employee compensation and might therefore be expected to encourage successful innovation. In addition, some other aspects of ER, including good pension plans, good union relations, and a variety of specific benefits (such as flex time) might improve innovation performance through their effect on employee morale or institutional loyalty, or simply by creating incentives to stay with the firm. We find that both of these categories of ER – financial incentives and non-pecuniary motivations – have a positive effect on innovation as measured by patenting and patent citations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 368-384
Issue: 4
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1202523
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202523
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:4:p:368-384




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian Paul Cozzarin
Author-X-Name-First: Brian Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzarin
Author-Name: Weonseek Kim
Author-X-Name-First: Weonseek
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Bonwoo Koo
Author-X-Name-First: Bonwoo
Author-X-Name-Last: Koo
Title: Does organizational innovation moderate technical innovation directly or indirectly?
Abstract: 
 We find a divergence in the literature regarding the treatment of how organizational innovation affects innovation and performance. One point of view suggests that organizational innovation impacts performance only, while the other suggests that it impacts technical innovation and firm performance. We use the framework of Crepon-Duguet-Mairesse (CDM) to control for endogeneity; we also use two different measures for organizational innovation. Our contributions to the literature are: the CDM framework in this context is novel; prior research either did not/could not control for endogeneity whereas the CDM framework mitigates this. To discriminate between the direct and indirect approach, we implemented AIC and BIC tests. We find that for the innovation equations in all cases and regardless of which organizational innovation variable is used the direct model is preferable. In contrast, for the productivity equations, we find that in all cases the indirect model is preferable. Thus we do not have a definitive statistical test for which model is superior. Yet, it is our contention that organizational innovation is a new routine within the firm that should impact technical innovation. Furthermore, organizational design theories deduce that organizational innovation should impact technical innovation-implying that the direct model is indeed preferable.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 385-403
Issue: 4
Volume: 26
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2016.1203084
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2016.1203084
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:26:y:2017:i:4:p:385-403




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco Fatas-Villafranca
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Fatas-Villafranca
Author-Name: Carlos M. Fern&#xE1;ndez-M&#xE1;rquez
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fern&#xE1;ndez-M&#xE1;rquez
Author-Name: Francisco J. V&#xE1;zquez
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco J.
Author-X-Name-Last: V&#xE1;zquez
Title: Consumer social learning and industrial dynamics
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we propose an agent-based model in which industrial dynamics depend on consumer social learning and firm innovation efforts. We draw on behavioral economics and consumer psychology to model consumer learning as a process of social adaptation-cum-individual novelties which operates within a stochastic dynamic network. In our model, consumers create original patterns of behavior, but they also imitate similar others through a (degree-dependent) influence-biased process of change. Likewise, consumer behavior is shaped by firms which attempt to capture larger market shares. Thus, we propose a model in which consumers update their position (tastes) in a product characteristics space through innovation and adaptation, and co-evolve with profit-seeking firms which observe and shape evolving consumer behavior. We simulate the resulting market process obtaining trajectories and stationary states for the degree of industrial concentration, the number of producers, and certain features of the industry lifecycle.The analysis of the model reveals how three demand parameters &#x2013; consumer &#x2018;insistence&#x2019; (capturing inertia in decision-making), the &#x2018;locality&#x2019; of consumer learning, and consumer &#x2018;loyalty&#x2019; to firms &#x2013; affect industry evolution. Likewise, the model generates a continuum of limit industrial structures &#x2013; from perfect competition, to oligopolies or monopolies &#x2013; with said demand parameters influencing the stationary states.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 119-141
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1433582
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1433582
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:2:p:119-141




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amitrajeet A. Batabyal
Author-X-Name-First: Amitrajeet A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Batabyal
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Title: Creative capital, information and communication technologies, and economic growth in smart cities
Abstract: 
 We study aspects of economic growth in a stylized smart city with two distinct features. First, the modeled inhabitants of this city are smart because they possess skills. Using the language of Richard Florida, these inhabitants comprise the city&#x2019;s creative class and hence they possess creative capital. Second, the city is smart because it uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and we model one specific kind of ICT use. In this setting, we first derive expressions for three growth related metrics. Second, we use these metrics to show that the economy of smart city A converges to a balanced growth path (BGP). Third, we compute the growth rate of output per effective creative capital unit on this BGP. Fourth, we study how heterogeneity in initial conditions affects outcomes on the BGP by introducing a second smart city B into the analysis. At time t&#x2009;=&#x2009;0 two key savings rates in city A are twice as large as in city B. We compute the ratio of the BGP value of income per effective creative capital unit in city A to its value in city B. Finally, we compute the ratio of the BGP value of skills per effective creative capital unit in city A to its value in city B.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 142-155
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1433587
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1433587
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:2:p:142-155




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrin Spescha
Author-X-Name-First: Andrin
Author-X-Name-Last: Spescha
Title: R&amp;D expenditures and firm growth &#x2013; is small beautiful?
Abstract: 
 This paper examines how efficiently different groups of firms use their R&amp;D expenditures. To this end, it investigates how the empirical relationship between firms' R&amp;D expenditures and their sales growth varies with different values of firm size, firm age, and the number of firms in the respective industry. Using panel data for Switzerland ranging from 1995 to 2012, the paper finds that smaller, more mature firms show a more positive relation between R&amp;D expenditures and sales growth than both relatively larger or younger firms. The paper argues that, on the one hand, these firms can benefit from various small size advantages in the R&amp;D process, such as more motivated researchers, caused by a stronger connection to the firm's fate. On the other hand, these firms can also benefit from a well-established R&amp;D department that allows absorbing the latest technological developments. The paper further finds that industries consisting of many small firms show a more positive relation between R&amp;D expenditures and sales growth than industries consisting of only a few large firms. The intuition behind this result is that industries consisting of many small firms imply more independent innovative trials, which then together result in a higher probability of discovering successful innovations. In sum, the paper finds that groups consisting of a large number of small, more mature firms spend their R&amp;D in the most efficient way.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 156-179
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1443154
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1443154
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:2:p:156-179




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Amaia Altuzarra
Author-X-Name-First: Amaia
Author-X-Name-Last: Altuzarra
Title: R&amp;D and patents: is it a two way street?
Abstract: 
 This paper provides empirical evidence on the link between firms&#x2019; R&amp;D expenditure and patent registrations by applying the Granger causality test. We use a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1990&#x2013;2013. We first, examine the R&amp;D-patents relationship in the manufacturing firms as a whole and subsequently, manufacturing was broken down into three groups of firms according to the technological level of the industries to which the firms belonged: high and medium-high (HMHT), low medium (LMT) and low (LT) technology firms. For the entire panel, our results provide support for a bidirectional relationship between R&amp;D and patents, supporting both the traditional view and the reverse causality approach (patents cause R&amp;D). When the sample is split into the three technology levels, we also find strong support for a bidirectional relationship in HMHT firms and weak support in LT ones. We found no evidence of this bidirectional link in LMT firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 180-196
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1449726
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1449726
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:2:p:180-196




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Capuano
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Capuano
Author-Name: Iacopo Grassi
Author-X-Name-First: Iacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Grassi
Title: Spillovers, product innovation and R&amp;D cooperation: a theoretical model
Abstract: 
 We analyze the impact of post-innovation knowledge spillovers on firms&#x2019; decisions to invest and cooperate in R&amp;D, forming a research joint venture (RJV). We study the case of two potential investors involved in a non-tournament stochastic competition for developing a new but imitable product. We propose a theoretical model where cooperation may emerge as a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium of a three-stage game. In the first stage, firms decide whether to cooperate; in the second, they decide whether to invest; and in the third, they compete. We show that firms cooperate in R&amp;D when the spillovers are high enough and the fixed costs associated with R&amp;D activities are low enough; however, our analysis suggests that forming an RJV may not always be socially optimal, and subsidizing R&amp;D cooperation may not be efficient. We propose an optimal scheme of subsidies, which should be designed according to the intensity of the spillovers, the level of the R&amp;D costs, and the probability of innovation success. Finally, we show that in the case of mergers the private incentive to invest is maximized, and firms may not need public subsidies to cooperate. When subsidies are costly, not hindering mergers may be the second-best solution.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 197-216
Issue: 2
Volume: 28
Year: 2019
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1461333
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1461333
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:28:y:2019:i:2:p:197-216




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tom Dedeurwaerdere
Author-X-Name-First: Tom
Author-X-Name-Last: Dedeurwaerdere
Author-Name: Paolo Melindi-Ghidi
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Melindi-Ghidi
Author-Name: Willem Sas
Author-X-Name-First: Willem
Author-X-Name-Last: Sas
Title: Networked innovation and coalition formation: the effect of group-based social preferences
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we study the production and dissemination of public knowledge goods, such as technological knowledge, generated by a network of voluntarily cooperating innovators. We develop a private-collective model of public knowledge production in networked innovation systems, where group-based social preferences have an impact on the coalition formation of developers. Our model builds on the large empirical literature on voluntary production of pooled public knowledge goods, including source code in communities of software developers or data provided to open access data repositories. Our analysis shows under which conditions social preferences, such as ‘group belonging’ or ‘peer approval’, influence the stable coalition size, as such rationalising several stylized facts emerging from large-scale surveys of open-source software developers, previously unaccounted for. Furthermore, heterogeneity of social preferences is added to the model to study the formation of stable but mixed coalitions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 577-593
Issue: 7
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1378163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1378163
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Guido Baldi
Author-X-Name-First: Guido
Author-X-Name-Last: Baldi
Author-Name: André Bodmer
Author-X-Name-First: André
Author-X-Name-Last: Bodmer
Title: R&amp;D investments and corporate cash holdings
Abstract: 
 This paper presents evidence about how research and development (R&amp;D) expenditures affect corporate cash holdings in European country groups that differ in their innovation capacity. In theory, one can expect intangible investments such as R&amp;D to result in higher cash stocks than fixed investments, particularly because intangible capital is less suitable as collateral for obtaining external funds. The relationship can be expected to be particularly strong in innovative countries. These countries carry out a relatively high proportion of cutting-edge R&amp;D, which tends to be particularly risky and may be associated with substantial gestation lags before becoming productive. These features tend to increase firms' precautionary cash holdings. To investigate this issue in a European context, we examine different groups of countries that are clustered based on differences in their innovative capacity. Our estimation results confirm a positive relation between changes in R&amp;D investment and changes in cash holdings, whereas changes in fixed investment do not appear to be related to changes in cash positions. The impact of changes in R&amp;D on cash tends to be higher for country groups characterized by a high level of innovative capacity than for countries with moderate levels of innovative capacity. However, the differences across country groups are less pronounced than expected.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 594-610
Issue: 7
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1378191
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1378191
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:27:y:2018:i:7:p:594-610




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Akihiro Otsuka
Author-X-Name-First: Akihiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Otsuka
Title: Dynamics of agglomeration, accessibility, and total factor productivity: evidence from Japanese regions
Abstract: 
 With Japan’s declining population, improving productivity is important to achieving continuous regional economic growth. This study focuses on the regional effects of population agglomeration and accessibility on total factor productivity (TFP). Empirical analysis shows that population agglomeration contributed to TFP growth, most significantly in the Greater Tokyo area. The interaction (flow) of people was examined and the importance of high-speed transportation network for TFP growth was clarified as the effect of accessibility on TFP growth. Population agglomeration and the development of transportation network are thus important strategies for growing regional economies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 611-627
Issue: 7
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1384110
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2017.1384110
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giorgio Calcagnini
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgio
Author-X-Name-Last: Calcagnini
Author-Name: Germana Giombini
Author-X-Name-First: Germana
Author-X-Name-Last: Giombini
Author-Name: Giuseppe Travaglini
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe
Author-X-Name-Last: Travaglini
Title: A Schumpeterian model of investment and innovation with labor market regulation
Abstract: 
 Theoretical and empirical models provide ambiguous responses on the relationship between labor market regulation, innovation and investment. On the one hand, labor market regulation increases firms' adjustment costs and, ceteris paribus, decreases investment. But, on the other, it also stimulates firms to invest, innovate, increase productivity and profit in the long run. In this paper we present an endogenous growth model that describes the role of these opposite forces, and why a stricter labor market regulation may positively affect innovation and investment in the long run. Most of the theoretical and empirical results hold for Italy, Germany, France, and Spain.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 628-651
Issue: 7
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1389107
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1389107
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evangelos M. Falaris
Author-X-Name-First: Evangelos M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Falaris
Author-Name: James G. Mulligan
Author-X-Name-First: James G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mulligan
Author-Name: Burton A. Abrams
Author-X-Name-First: Burton A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Abrams
Title: Diffusion of steam-powered firefighting equipment in the United States: innovation adoption at the municipal level
Abstract: 
 To date, econometrics-based diffusion studies have focused almost exclusively on the timing of adoption of new technology by firms and individuals. While there are detailed case studies on the evolution of firefighting for some of the largest U.S. cities in the nineteenth century, ours is the first formal econometric diffusion study of the timing of adoption of steam-powered, firefighting engines, whose first adoption was an important initial step in the evolution from independent volunteer fire departments to centralized control at the municipal level. We find evidence that the amount of manufacturing capital at risk of fire loss played a crucial role in influencing the timing of initial adoptions of this technology. This is consistent with the argument that increased industrialization in large cities was conducive to the growth in capital-intensive firefighting and centralized control of fire departments in urban America during this period.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 652-669
Issue: 7
Volume: 27
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2018.1396659
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2018.1396659
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Charles A. W. deGrazia
Author-X-Name-First: Charles A. W.
Author-X-Name-Last: deGrazia
Author-Name: Jesse P. Frumkin
Author-X-Name-First: Jesse P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Frumkin
Author-Name: Nicholas A. Pairolero
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pairolero
Title: Embracing invention similarity for the measurement of vertically overlapping claims
Abstract: 
 Clear and well-defined patent rights can incentivize innovation by granting monopoly rights to the inventor for a limited period of time in exchange for public disclosure of the invention. However, with cumulative innovation, when a product draws from intellectual property held across multiple firms (including fragmented intellectual property or patent thickets), contracting failures may lead to suboptimal economic outcomes. However, an alternative theory, developed by a variety of scholars, contends that patent thickets have a more ambiguous effect. Researchers have developed several measures to gauge the extent and impact of cumulative innovation and the various channels of patent thickets. This paper contends that mis-measurement may contribute to the incoherence and overall lack of consensus within the patent thickets literature. Specifically, the literature is missing a precise measure of vertically overlapping claims. We propose a new measure of vertically overlapping claims that incorporates invention similarity to more precisely identify inventive overlap. The measure defined in this paper will enable more accurate measurement, and allow for novel economic research on cumulative innovation, fragmentation in intellectual property, and patent thickets within and across all patent jurisdictions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 113-146
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1593035
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1593035
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Madan Dhanora
Author-X-Name-First: Madan
Author-X-Name-Last: Dhanora
Author-Name: Ruchi Sharma
Author-X-Name-First: Ruchi
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma
Author-Name: Manu Jose
Author-X-Name-First: Manu
Author-X-Name-Last: Jose
Title: Two-way relationship between innovation and market structure: evidence from Indian high and medium technology firms
Abstract: 
 This study analyses a two-way relationship between innovation and market structure in Indian high and medium technology firms. We perform an empirical analysis based on a simultaneous equation model on data for 991 high and medium technology firms during 2000–2015. Patent applications and patent grants capture innovation activity of the firms. We find that the market structure has an insignificant impact on innovation. A separate analysis of neck-and-neck firms also suggests that market structure has no impact on innovation. On the other hand, patenting has a positive and significant impact on market structure in both high and medium technology firms. The study concludes that in-house technology creation is a vital source of market dominance in Indian high and medium technology firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 147-168
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1596575
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1596575
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:2:p:147-168




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandro Muscio
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Muscio
Author-Name: Andrea Ciffolilli
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Ciffolilli
Title: What drives the capacity to integrate Industry 4.0 technologies? Evidence from European R&D projects
Abstract: 
 Industry 4.0 is a word that identifies innovative technologies, processes and products, typical of a Fourth Industrial Revolution characterised by a massive and pervasive use of interdependent digital technologies and the rise of cyber-physical spaces or smart factories. European Member States are committed to adapting their innovation systems in order to be able to benefit from Industry 4.0 and the European Commission is also facing the challenge of putting less advanced regions in a position to do so. However, little is known about the drivers of the capacity to compete in the domain of Industry 4.0 by integrating different enabling technologies at the regional level. On the basis of data on regional participation in the 7th European Framework Programme for research and technological development, we investigate the factors underlying the capacity to compete by integrating Industry 4.0 enabling technologies. The evidence shows that EU funding, centrality in research networks and interregional cooperation all play a significant role in technology integration, and these results have important policy implications.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 169-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1597413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1597413
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:2:p:169-183




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Masatoshi Kato
Author-X-Name-First: Masatoshi
Author-X-Name-Last: Kato
Title: Founders’ human capital and external knowledge sourcing: Exploring the absorptive capacity of start-up firms
Abstract: 
 This study highlights the importance of founders’ human capital on firms’ absorptive capacity for explaining the external knowledge sourcing (licensing-in and joint R&D) of start-up firms, using panel data from original questionnaire surveys conducted in Japan. The results of a probit model with an endogenous regressor show that firms managed by founders with a high level of specific human capital, measured as prior innovation experience and industry-specific work experience, tend to engage in external knowledge sourcing because of their superior absorptive capacity. The findings indicate that this type of human capital also promotes research and development (R&D) investment. Contrariwise, this study finds that firms managed by founders with a high level of general human capital, measured as educational attainment, tend to invest more in R&D, which enhances their absorptive capacity and thereby promotes external knowledge sourcing. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed from the perspective of public policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 184-205
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1598670
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1598670
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:2:p:184-205




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefano Colombo
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Colombo
Title: Does licensing promote innovation?
Abstract: 
 We analyse the impact of licensing on the equilibrium amount of cost-reducing innovation under several licensing mechanisms in the case of a duopoly model with heterogeneous firms. Under a wide class of licensing mechanisms, we find that as product substitutability increases, the possibility of higher innovation under licensing compared to no licensing decreases. Therefore, firms’ heterogeneity is crucial to assess whether licensing incentivizes or not R&D cost-reducing investments.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 206-221
Issue: 2
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1601373
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1601373
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:2:p:206-221




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Geoff Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Geoff
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Author-Name: Ana Rincon-Aznar
Author-X-Name-First: Ana
Author-X-Name-Last: Rincon-Aznar
Author-Name: Francesco Venturini
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Venturini
Title: Which skills contribute most to absorptive capacity, innovation and productivity performance? Evidence from the US and Western Europe
Abstract: 
 Skills are widely recognised as central to absorptive capacity, that is, firms’ ability to identify and make effective use of knowledge, ideas and technologies that are generated elsewhere. But identification of the specific levels of education and skills that contribute most to the development of absorptive capacity is often hampered by the use of skill measures as proxies for absorptive capacity itself. Drawing on a cross-country industry-level dataset, we retain separate measures of key components of absorptive capacity, namely, skills, R&D investments and openness to foreign trade and investment. We then estimate a system of structural equations in order to evaluate the extent to which different levels of skill contribute to innovative output (measured by growth in patenting) and subsequently to growth in productivity. We find important roles for both high-level skills and upper intermediate (technician-level) skills in converting the knowledge sourcing opportunities provided by openness into innovative output. In final stages of production (making use of innovative output), productivity growth in countries near to the technological frontier is enhanced not just by high-level and upper intermediate skills but also by the skills of the workforce as a whole.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 223-241
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1610547
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1610547
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:3:p:223-241




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ángela Triguero
Author-X-Name-First: Ángela
Author-X-Name-Last: Triguero
Author-Name: David Córcoles
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Córcoles
Author-Name: Sara Fernández
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández
Title: Influence of open innovation strategies on employment dynamics: evidence for Spanish manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we explore the influence of different modes of openness of innovative firms on employment growth. Using a panel database of Spanish manufacturing firms during the period 1998–2015, we analyze the influence open innovation (OI) strategies on employment distinguishing by type of external partner. The main objective of the research is to know whether opening innovation strategy contributes to employment taken into account another firm capabilities and sectorial technological opportunities. For this purpose, a two-step procedure is specified. Firstly, a random-effect computes the effects of OI on the innovation probability. In the second step, the variation of innovativeness due to openness on GMM-system estimation controlling by potential endogeneity and unobserved firm heterogeneity is used. The results support that the influence of open strategy on employment growth is positive. Moreover, the employment depends on the breadth of OI measured by the number of out-inbound relationships. Finally, the employment consequences are different for each mode of open strategy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 242-265
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1615169
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1615169
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:3:p:242-265




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jason West
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: West
Title: Heterogeneous agent modelling of technology adoption in competitive agricultural markets
Abstract: 
 Slow adoption rates of innovation in rural settings are a source of frustration for technology advocates. Adoption decisions consume two valuable but limited resources: (1) time, and (2) capacity to integrate new information. We explore the structural sociological factors using a heterogeneous agent programming model (HAM) to understand the mechanics of socio-economic linkages of diffusion in rural settings. Diffusion constraints are introduced in the form of network-threshold values that reflect the cumulative effects of experience and observation of peers’ experiences. We test a range of confounding factors and find that strong social pressures dramatically increase both innovation diffusion penetration and irregularity. Clustering is caused by strong social pressures and the aggregation of buyers near innovative firms which creates a pattern of buying explosions. As competition between innovators increases, the resulting diffusion process becomes more variable and irregular and is highly likely to result in innovation monopolies in rural areas.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 266-286
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1616661
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1616661
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:3:p:266-286




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zhao Rong
Author-X-Name-First: Zhao
Author-X-Name-Last: Rong
Author-Name: Jinlan Ni
Author-X-Name-First: Jinlan
Author-X-Name-Last: Ni
Title: How do housing cycles influence listed firms’ R&D investment: evidence from the collateral channel
Abstract: 
 Firm innovation is essential to long-run economic growth. Financially constrained R&D firms may use firm-owned properties as collateral to finance their R&D projects. Therefore, the housing price cycle can affect firms’ R&D investment through influencing their real estate value. By examining listed R&D firms during the housing boom period 2002–2006 in the U.S., we find that a $1 increase in real estate value leads a firm to increase its R&D investment by $0.38. We also find that this collateral effect is more pronounced among financially constrained R&D firms than that among unconstrained ones. Additionally, we examine the housing bust period 2008–2012, and find that real estate depreciation retarded R&D investment, especially among constrained R&D firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 287-312
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1616662
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1616662
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:3:p:287-312




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carla Marchese
Author-X-Name-First: Carla
Author-X-Name-Last: Marchese
Author-Name: Fabio Privileggi
Author-X-Name-First: Fabio
Author-X-Name-Last: Privileggi
Title: A competitive idea-based growth model
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we present a model in which endogenous growth arises in competitive markets. Knowledge is described as a factor used directly in the final goods' production. Firms demand both basic nonrival knowledge contents, which are supplied jointly and inelastically with raw labor, and further contents supplied by patent holders. This fact, together with Lindahl prices for knowledge, allows competition to work, while it also implies that workers' income share declines overtime. In a first version of the model with constant cost of knowledge production, the first best is attained. In a further version of the model, in which the cost of knowledge production is allowed to change over time and thus intertemporal externalities arise, in a decentralized economy a second best equilibrium occurs in the transitional period, while in the long run there is convergence to efficiency.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 313-330
Issue: 3
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1616663
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1616663
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:3:p:313-330




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandra Tanda
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanda
Author-Name: Giancarlo Manzi
Author-X-Name-First: Giancarlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Manzi
Title: Underpricing of venture backed IPOs: a meta-analysis approach
Abstract: 
 Listing firms are subject to underpricing mainly because of asymmetries of information, but IPOs backed by a venture capitalist are generally found to be subject to less underpricing. Although this condition is commonly verified by the empirical evidence, a consistent number of studies finds contrasting results. This paper aims to answer to the question: do venture capitalists effectively reduce underpricing at IPO? Evidence provides a negative answer, with venture-backed IPOs having higher underpricing especially in US markets. Meta-regression results confirm the different effect of VC between US and European IPOs. Results overall suggest that other explanations on underpricing might hold in US markets.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 331-348
Issue: 4
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1625154
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1625154
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:4:p:331-348




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juhong Feng
Author-X-Name-First: Juhong
Author-X-Name-Last: Feng
Author-Name: Kam Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Kam
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Title: Moore's law and price trends of digital products: the case of smartphones
Abstract: 
 Since the introduction of the iPhone by Apple in 2007 and Google's Android platform in 2009, the two systems have accounted for a total of 90% of the U.S. smartphone market. Apple, however, reaps most of the profit in the industry. In the second quarter of 2016, for example, Apple's iPhone gets 104% of the sector's profit. This suggests that the smartphone market resembles a Stackelberg leadership model. Despite Apple's strong market power, we investigate if the market leader is under pressure to be price competitive. We calculate a quality-adjusted price index for smartphones from 2007 to 2016. Our results show that the average price declines at an average rate of over 27% per year. The price trend is similar to other digit products such as computers, cameras, and portable music players. We observe that the large price decline reflects the effect of Moore's law, which predicts that the capacity of integrated circuits undergoes an exponential growth. The effect of Moore's law is incorporated into the Stackelberg model. We also observe that price trends of other digital products also follow a similar pattern. This suggest that the long-run price trends of digital consumer goods are somewhat independent of the market structures.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 349-368
Issue: 4
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1628509
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1628509
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:4:p:349-368




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sahar Milani
Author-X-Name-First: Sahar
Author-X-Name-Last: Milani
Title: Who innovates with whom and why? Evidence from international collaboration in energy patenting
Abstract: 
 The use of renewable and alternative energy technologies, which have the potential to reduce carbon emissions worldwide, is limited. Common environmental policy environments may encourage inventors to share the costs and risks needed to develop high quality energy technologies. In this work, I study the propensity to collaboratively innovate by examining counts of renewable energy and alternative energy patents from 1990–2013 that have multiple inventors that are located in more than one country. Results from a gravity model framework suggest that similarity in environmental regulations is an important, positive driver of collaboration in energy technologies. I find that this impact is driven by market-based environmental policies that give inventors the flexibility to seek out international partnerships. I provide evidence that market-based environmental policy similarity may encourage collaboration across geographic and cultural distances but may not encourage collaboration across technologically dissimilar nations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 369-393
Issue: 4
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1629531
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1629531
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:4:p:369-393




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Aiello
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Aiello
Author-Name: Lidia Mannarino
Author-X-Name-First: Lidia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mannarino
Author-Name: Valeria Pupo
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Pupo
Title: Innovation and productivity in family firms: evidence from a sample of European firms
Abstract: 
 Using firm-level data, we estimate the returns to R&D investments for a sample of European manufacturing firms over the period 2007–2009. Results confirm that R&D efforts are positively related to productivity regardless of firm type (family or nonfamily firms). Additionally, we find that family firms invested more in R&D than nonfamily firms, but the returns to their R&D investments are low, emphasizing that they have a lower capacity to translate R&D investments into economic gains.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 394-416
Issue: 4
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1629533
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1629533
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:4:p:394-416




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Javier Ortiz
Author-X-Name-First: Javier
Author-X-Name-Last: Ortiz
Author-Name: Vicente Salas Fumás
Author-X-Name-First: Vicente
Author-X-Name-Last: Salas Fumás
Title: Technological innovation and the demand for labor by firms in expansion and recession
Abstract: 
 With firm data from the Spanish Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for the period 2003–2014, we find a positive and significant effect of innovation in the demand for labor when firms introduce product and process innovations in the same time period. The effect of innovation on the demand for labor is countercyclical, higher in the recession, after 2008, than in the expansion, before 2008, but the probability that firms innovate in product and process is counter-cyclical, i.e. lower in the recession. Altogether, the elasticity of the demand for labor to the probability that firms introduce product and process innovations remains stable throughout the sample period, at around 0.035. Innovation contributes to stabilize average employment during the cycle, more so when the innovation is in product, alone or together with process, than when it is only in process. These results are broadly consistent with product and process innovations shifting firms’ demand and production functions upwards, but differentially in expansions (less product market competition) than in contractions (more competition).
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 417-440
Issue: 4
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1629535
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1629535
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:4:p:417-440




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Lamperti
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Lamperti
Author-Name: Franco Malerba
Author-X-Name-First: Franco
Author-X-Name-Last: Malerba
Author-Name: Roberto Mavilia
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Mavilia
Author-Name: Giorgio Tripodi
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgio
Author-X-Name-Last: Tripodi
Title: Does the position in the inter-sectoral knowledge space affect the international competitiveness of industries?
Abstract: 
 This paper empirically investigates how the inter-sectoral knowledge flows affect the international competitiveness of industries, once controlling for both cost and other technological factors. Using patent data on 14 manufacturing industries in 16 OECD countries over the period 1995–2009, we apply a network-based approach to capture the effect of industries' position in the flows of technical knowledge across industries, which we label inter-sectoral knowledge space. We find that (i) centrality and local clustering in the inter-sectoral knowledge space positively affect the export market shares of an industry, (ii) such two effects are rather redundant and (iii) national-level knowledge flows' impacts on international competitiveness are way stronger than international ones. Network measures of position in the knowledge space are found to be more relevant than standard technological indicators such as patent counts. Our results point to the importance of industries being well located in the stream of knowledge flows, rather than being innovative per se, and offer a novel yet robust proxy to measure technological factors affecting trade performances. In addition, we find evidence of geographical boundaries of knowledge flows.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 441-488
Issue: 5
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1633113
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1633113
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:5:p:441-488




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Author-Name: John T. Scott
Author-X-Name-First: John T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Title: Creativity-enhancing technological change in the production of scientific knowledge
Abstract: 
 We view scientific publications as a measure of technical knowledge. Using the Solow method of functional decomposition and scientific publication data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, we find that 79% of the increase in scientific publications per unit of scientific personnel is explained by an increase in federal R&D capital per unit of scientific personnel. We describe the unexplained or residual 21% as a measure of creativity-enhancing technological change, a phenomenon that offers a way to reverse the perceived slowing of the productivity of science. The explained 79% offers a possible metric for federal laboratories’ mandated reporting of a ROI to federal R&D. Understanding the drivers of the residual 21% could enable public policy to mitigate the resource constraints caused by the breakdown of exponential growth of the resources devoted to science.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 489-500
Issue: 5
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1636449
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1636449
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:5:p:489-500




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eleonora Bartoloni
Author-X-Name-First: Eleonora
Author-X-Name-Last: Bartoloni
Author-Name: Maurizio Baussola
Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio
Author-X-Name-Last: Baussola
Title: Is there a profit premium for market-oriented firms? A panel data investigation
Abstract: 
 This paper provides an empirical investigation of the impact of market orientation on firms' economic performance during the period 1998–2012 using a panel of Italian manufacturing firms. We introduce a dynamic concept of market orientation, in that we define a market-oriented firm as one that persistently undertakes product and marketing innovation, while at the same time introducing organizational changes and training efforts to manage and improve its knowledge assets over the long term. This notion of market orientation is therefore crucially related to the so-called dynamic capability approach. The related empirical model shows that being a market-oriented firm significantly affects profitability, in a framework in which this latter is simultaneously estimated with productivity, thus allowing for more precise estimates of the profit premium which is earned accordingly.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 501-521
Issue: 5
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1636451
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1636451
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:5:p:501-521




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Felipe Berrutti
Author-X-Name-First: Felipe
Author-X-Name-Last: Berrutti
Author-Name: Carlos Bianchi
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi
Title: Effects of public funding on firm innovation: transforming or reinforcing a weak innovation pattern?
Abstract: 
 This paper adds to the ongoing debate on the effects of public funding programmes on business innovation. This policy instrument, based upon a simple but a robust rationale, has been applied in an almost homogeneous manner in different contexts, but evidence from such experiences is far from shown homogeneous effects. The main contribution of this paper is that it shows the limitations faced by public funding instruments in affecting a traditionally low innovative pattern. Using panel data techniques, we find heterogeneous effects of public funding on the innovation behaviour of Uruguayan firms between 2001 and 2015. Our results show that, after a strong public policy effort, the critical mass of innovative firms has hardly changed. Input additionality effects of public funding in private innovation investment are found, but only for innovation activities based on the acquisition of embodied knowledge. Moreover, we obtain some evidence of behavioural additionality in process and organizational innovation leading to higher productivity levels, but we find no effects on interaction for innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 522-539
Issue: 5
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1636452
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1636452
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:5:p:522-539




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Önder Nomaler
Author-X-Name-First: Önder
Author-X-Name-Last: Nomaler
Author-Name: Bart Verspagen
Author-X-Name-First: Bart
Author-X-Name-Last: Verspagen
Title: Perpetual growth, the labor share, and robots
Abstract: 
 The recent literature on the economic effects of machine learning, robotization and artificial intelligence suggests that there may be an upcoming wave of substitution of human labor by machines. We argue that these new technologies may lead to so-called perpetual growth, i.e. growth of per capita income with a non-progressing state of technology. We specify an exact parameter threshold beyond which perpetual growth emerges, and argue that ongoing technological change may bring the threshold in reach. We also show that in a state of perpetual growth, factor-eliminating technological progress reduces the role of labor in the production process and that this leads to a rising wage rate but ever-declining share of wage income. We present simulation experiments on several policy options to combat this inequality, including a universal basic income as well as an option in which workers become owners of ‘robots’.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 540-558
Issue: 5
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1643557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1643557
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:5:p:540-558




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicoletta Corrocher
Author-X-Name-First: Nicoletta
Author-X-Name-Last: Corrocher
Author-Name: Muge Ozman
Author-X-Name-First: Muge
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozman
Title: Green technological diversification of European ICT firms: a patent-based analysis
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates whether and how diversified firms in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector innovate in green technologies and assess the potential impact of these innovations on firm performance. The analysis relies on a balanced panel dataset of European ICT firms in the period 2009–2013. The results suggest an inverted u-shaped relationship between the extent of technological diversification and the likelihood to develop green technologies. Technological diversification generally increases the likelihood of green innovations, but too high a dispersion of resources across a large variety of different technologies decreases the intensity of green innovations. The results show also that the development of green technologies is positively associated with firm performance: ICT firms involved in green patenting activity perform better than ICT firms with no green patents.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 559-581
Issue: 6
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1645989
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1645989
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:6:p:559-581




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nathan Goldschlag
Author-X-Name-First: Nathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Goldschlag
Author-Name: Travis J. Lybbert
Author-X-Name-First: Travis J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lybbert
Author-Name: Nikolas J. Zolas
Author-X-Name-First: Nikolas J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zolas
Title: Tracking the technological composition of industries with algorithmic patent concordances
Abstract: 
 Patents are a useful proxy for innovation, technological change, and diffusion. However, fully exploiting patent data for economic analyses requires linking patents to measures of economic activity, which has proven to be difficult. We construct probabilistic linkages between the U.S. Patent Classification (USPC) system and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) system and industry and product classifications including the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Harmonized System (HS) and Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). We use these concordances to evaluate the persistence of technology-industry relationships over time by generating linkages over different years of patent data. We find strong persistence in technology usage within industries and, until recently, relatively little change in the technology composition of industries over time. As the technology composition of industries becomes more stable, we find evidence of increased specialization. Finally, we show that industries that exhibit changing technology composition also show shifting occupational composition.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 582-602
Issue: 6
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1648014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1648014
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:6:p:582-602




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hannu Piekkola
Author-X-Name-First: Hannu
Author-X-Name-Last: Piekkola
Author-Name: Jaana Rahko
Author-X-Name-First: Jaana
Author-X-Name-Last: Rahko
Title: Innovative growth: the role of market power and negative selection
Abstract: 
 This paper relies on register-based statistical data from Finland to measure broad research and development (R&D), organizational capital (OC) and information and communication technology (ICT) investments as innovation inputs in addition to formal survey-based R&D and CIS survey data on innovations. The linked panel data are appropriate for a comparison of low-market-share (small) and large-market-share (large) firms. We analyze the productivity growth and profitability of Finnish firms with varying market power. In contrast to high-market-share firms, low-market-share firms are characterized by low profit derived from new innovations. This study suggests that in addition to imitative growth, a ‘negative selection mechanism’ explains the high productivity growth relative to the low profits.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 603-624
Issue: 6
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1655878
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1655878
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:6:p:603-624




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simón Ramírez
Author-X-Name-First: Simón
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez
Author-Name: Juan Gallego
Author-X-Name-First: Juan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallego
Author-Name: Mery Tamayo
Author-X-Name-First: Mery
Author-X-Name-Last: Tamayo
Title: Human capital, innovation and productivity in Colombian enterprises: a structural approach using instrumental variables
Abstract: 
 In this paper we explore the R&D–innovation–productivity linkage for the Colombian manufacturing industry, paying special attention to the role of human capital. Using data from two firm-level surveys, the Survey of Development and Technological Innovation (EDIT) and the Annual Manufacturing Survey (EAM), we extend the model of Crépon, Duguet, and Mairesse [1998. ‘Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level.’ Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7 (2): 115–158] (hereafter CDM) by including human capital at the investment decision stage. We implement an instrumental variable methodology to correct the potential endogeneity that may arise with the inclusion of human capital. Our results suggest that human capital has a causal effect on research and development (R&D) investment decisions, the innovation behavior of the firm, and increases the labor productivity of the firm. The conclusions highlight the relevance of human capital in the surrounding literature which stands in contrast to prior work that has not included this variable.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 625-642
Issue: 6
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1664700
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1664700
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:6:p:625-642




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mohammad Afshar Ali
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Afshar Ali
Author-Name: Khorshed Alam
Author-X-Name-First: Khorshed
Author-X-Name-Last: Alam
Author-Name: Brad Taylor
Author-X-Name-First: Brad
Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor
Title: Do social exclusion and remoteness explain the digital divide in Australia? Evidence from a panel data estimation approach
Abstract: 
 Despite rapid digital development in the past two decades, the remote parts of Australia still experience disadvantages with the adoption and diffusion of digital technology. As the adoption of information and communication technology continues to increase at a significant rate, investigating the underlying factors of the digital divide in general and also in the context of social exclusion in Australia is pertinent. The current study fills the gap in the existing body of knowledge by exploring the effect of socio-demographic factors and remoteness on the digital divide landscape with a country-specific focus on Australia. Using state-wide longitudinal data covering the 1998–2015 period within the panel data estimation framework, this study finds that digital divide is significantly associated with socio-demographic factors and remoteness in Australia. Moreover, the findings affirm that in addition to telecommunication infrastructure development, policymakers should also underscore socio-demographic factors in shaping digital inclusion strategies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 643-659
Issue: 6
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1664708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1664708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:6:p:643-659




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Diana Suarez
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Suarez
Author-Name: Gabriel Yoguel
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Yoguel
Title: Latin American development and the role of technology: an introduction
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 661-669
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1715058
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1715058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:661-669




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alenka Guzman
Author-X-Name-First: Alenka
Author-X-Name-Last: Guzman
Author-Name: Flor Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Flor
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Author-Name: Edgar Acatitla
Author-X-Name-First: Edgar
Author-X-Name-Last: Acatitla
Title: Conditional factors Pushing catch-up across developed and emerging countries in the nanotechnology sector, 2000–2010
Abstract: 
 The aim of this article is to test national and sectorial technological and innovation capability factors, as well as social capability indicators, which could explain a possible conditional convergence across countries in nanotechnology within the context of a model of innovative technological knowledge β convergence. Based on growth convergence models, our proposal also takes into account the Schumpeterian theory, the National System Innovation –NSI– approach, and particularly the sectorial system of innovation and the technological catch-up hypothesis, as well as theoretical and empirical literature on conditional convergence. The findings allow us to confirm that new nanotechnology knowledge convergence is conditioned by a higher growth rate of technological capabilities in nanotechnology: growth from the initial level of patents granted, cumulative knowledge, and links to technological and scientific activities. Finally, as regards social capabilities, only the institutional weakness variable (corruption index) associates negatively with β convergence. As an emergent paradigm, we realize that convergence and catch-up are starting processes, which could allow less technologically developed countries to benefit from higher growth of some of the factors identified.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 670-688
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1715059
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1715059
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:670-688




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mónica Casalet
Author-X-Name-First: Mónica
Author-X-Name-Last: Casalet
Author-Name: Federico Stezano
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Stezano
Title: Risks and opportunities for the progress of digitalization in Mexico
Abstract: 
 The aim of this research is to identify Mexico’s current conditions for the incorporation of the changes derived from the processes of increasing digitization into its productive sector, called Industry 4.0. To achieve this goal, this work uses the results obtained from a survey questionnaire answered by qualified technological and productive informants with the purpose of identifying the perspectives of firms initiating this transformation. The selection of information units was based on a theoretical sample (not statistically representative), a methodological feature that forced us to analyze carefully the data collected. The results reached show that, from the perspective of the actors involved, the innovative structure in Mexico presents serious limitations in terms of technical and organizational capabilities of the firms to incorporate digital technologies in their production processes. This paper proposes a first exploratory analysis on the visions of Mexican firms and intermediary organizations that deals with the increasing technical and organizational challenges of the new digital technologies. This article provides analytical and empirical inputs for the analysis of the opportunities that Mexican firms have to incorporate these new technical trends. Finally, the work highlights critical institutional and governance aspects for the debate of national industrial and innovative policy agendas.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 689-704
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719643
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719643
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:689-704




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristian Brixner
Author-X-Name-First: Cristian
Author-X-Name-Last: Brixner
Author-Name: Paula Isaak
Author-X-Name-First: Paula
Author-X-Name-Last: Isaak
Author-Name: Silvina Mochi
Author-X-Name-First: Silvina
Author-X-Name-Last: Mochi
Author-Name: Maximiliano Ozono
Author-X-Name-First: Maximiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozono
Author-Name: Diana Suárez
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Suárez
Author-Name: Gabriel Yoguel
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Yoguel
Title: Back to the future. Is industry 4.0 a new tecno-organizational paradigm? Implications for Latin American countries
Abstract: 
 The objective of this article is to establish a dialogue between the recent ‘Industry 4.0’ (I4.0) literature and evolutionary neo-Schumpeterean studies about techno-organizational paradigms. In that direction, we wonder whether I4.0 constitutes a new paradigm, as it is assumed by the first group of literature, or it represents – until the moment – an intensification of key features of the information and communication technology (ICT) paradigm, following the second group of studies. Some questions are raised about the implications of I4.0 for developing countries (DEC), afterwards. Specifically, we reflect on the possibilities of these countries to identify and take advantage of new windows of opportunity, opened by the development and diffusion of these technologies. In this regard, the review of recent Latin American experience raises strong concerns regarding I4.0 as a new source of intra- and international heterogeneity, linked to the severe difficulties these countries have in appropriating these technologies in the form of productivity gains and quasi-rents. It seems that this is partially derived from weak technological, organizational, and connectivity capabilities paths of accumulation between institutions and actors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 705-719
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719642
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719642
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:705-719




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcela Amaro Rosales
Author-X-Name-First: Marcela
Author-X-Name-Last: Amaro Rosales
Author-Name: José Miguel Natera Marín
Author-X-Name-First: José Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Natera Marín
Title: Technological capabilities accumulation and internationalization strategies of Mexican biotech firms: a multi case study from agro-food & pharma industries
Abstract: 
 In this paper our aim is to analyze the relationship between technological capabilities accumulation of Mexican biotech firms and their different types of internationalization strategies. Because of the determining effect of firms’ capital investment level, we analyzed three groups of firms: start-ups, small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and multinational firms (MNEs). We made use of a wide range of information: The First Survey of Biotechnology Development Firms in Mexico, the systematization of 20 case studies, interviews with key persons in the industry and public sources. We confirmed the two hypotheses outlined: (i) TCA process does not follow a linear path in Mexican biotech firms and (ii) firms with lower capital investment levels exhibit a lower level of TCA and less complex internationalization strategies; while firms with higher capital investment levels are associated with higher TCA levels and more complex internationalization strategies. Biotechnology requires high levels of capital investment and these to a large extent determine the development and technological capabilities accumulation. Therefore, we suggest that a capitalization program is much needed to foster Mexican biotech firms’ TCA processes and develop internationalization strategies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 720-739
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719634
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719634
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:720-739




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Cimoli
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Cimoli
Author-Name: Jose Antonio Ocampo
Author-X-Name-First: Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonio Ocampo
Author-Name: Gabriel Porcile
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel
Author-X-Name-Last: Porcile
Author-Name: Nunzia Saporito
Author-X-Name-First: Nunzia
Author-X-Name-Last: Saporito
Title: Choosing sides in the trilemma: international financial cycles and structural change in developing economies
Abstract: 
 This paper analyzes the impact of international financial cycles on structural change in developing economies. It is argued that the impact of these cycles depends on the specific combination of macroeconomic and industrial policies adopted by the developing economy. The cases of Brazil and Argentina are contrasted with those of Korea and China. In the Asian economies, macroeconomic policy has been a complementary tool along with industrial policy to foster the diversification of production and capabilities. Inversely, in the case of the Latin American countries, long periods of real exchange rate (RER) appreciation, combined with the weaknesses (or absence) of industrial policies, contributed to the loss of capabilities and lagging behind.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 740-761
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719631
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719631
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lorenzo Cassini
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo
Author-X-Name-Last: Cassini
Author-Name: Veronica Robert
Author-X-Name-First: Veronica
Author-X-Name-Last: Robert
Title: Services as drivers of economic growth. Is there an opportunity for Latin America countries?
Abstract: 
 Considering the recent improvements in services innovation and productivity performance, the aim of the article is to analyze if they can act as a new growth driver for Latin American countries. For that, we review the literature on services and structural change in two stages. First, we apply a bibliometric methodology to identify the main trends in literature. Second, we analyze in-depth a smaller set of papers in order to extract the main lessons regarding three aspects of our question: (i) services and productivity growth, (ii) new opportunities for innovation in services and (iii) relation between services and manufacturing through servitization process. The results show that productivity and innovation growth in services are concentrated in only a few branches. Besides this, services performance depends on their links with manufacturing activities. We conclude that the current Latin American servitization process clausure opportunities for developing instead of opening them.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 762-783
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:762-783




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Eduardo Cassiolato
Author-X-Name-First: José Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Cassiolato
Author-Name: Helena Maria Martins Lastres
Author-X-Name-First: Helena Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Martins Lastres
Title: The framework of ‘local productive and innovation systems’ and its influence on STI policy in Brazil
Abstract: 
 Throughout its twenty years of existence, a Brazilian research network, RedeSist, has developed and improved the theoretical and methodological framework of National Systems of Innovation. The first aim of this article is to present RedeSist’s focusing device of Local Innovation and Production Systems (LIPS), a combination of the Systems of Innovation framework with the contributions of the Latin American Structuralist Approach and to explain the main tools devised to capture collective and systemic processes of production and innovation, taking into account that every LIPS is inserted in specific, local, regional, national and global systems. The second objective is to discuss the Brazilian experience in designing and implementing LIPS policies as part of its industrial and innovation policies. The concluding remarks attempt at recuperating the most important arguments of the discussion and at highlighting the advantages of creating and using contextualized and systemic theories, concepts, indicators and policy models.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 784-798
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719650
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719650
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wilson Suzigan
Author-X-Name-First: Wilson
Author-X-Name-Last: Suzigan
Author-Name: Renato Garcia
Author-X-Name-First: Renato
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia
Author-Name: Paulo Henrique Assis Feitosa
Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Henrique
Author-X-Name-Last: Assis Feitosa
Title: Institutions and industrial policy in Brazil after two decades: have we built the needed institutions?
Abstract: 
 This paper aims to examine the design and implementation of industrial policy in Brazil based on their capacity to affect the prevailing institutions. We argue that the main reason for the failure of policies in Brazil, and in Latin America, is their inability to induce persistent changes in firms’ innovative behavior. Based on the analysis of national innovation indicators, and on previous empirical studies, we demonstrate that the Brazilian industrial policy was not able to change the prevailing conventions. The main problems related to this fragility are: institutional problems and related to industrial policy development conventions; serious coordination problems; maintaining a macroeconomic policy that is not convergent toward industrial policy efforts; policy instruments that were not able to change prevailing conventions, such as low R&D and innovative expenditures; a set of strategic choices that are inconsistent with innovation, technological catch-up and structural change.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 799-813
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719629
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719629
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:799-813




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rodrigo Arocena
Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo
Author-X-Name-Last: Arocena
Author-Name: Judith Sutz
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: Sutz
Title: The need for new theoretical conceptualizations on National Systems of Innovation, based on the experience of Latin America
Abstract: 
 The peripheral condition of Latin America has changed but persists in spite of a long decade of favorable economic conditions and heterodox policies. A renewed conceptualization of underdevelopment and of Innovation Systems is needed. Here it is connected with Sustainable Human Development, with the dynamics of power and with the transformative change framework. The ‘triangle paper’ is a main guide. Special attention is given to innovation heuristics forged in the South. If combined with advanced knowledge and high qualifications, they may contribute worldwide to the urgent transitions to less inequality and higher sustainability. Some elements for a related research agenda are sketched.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 814-829
Issue: 7
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1719640
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719640
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:7:p:814-829




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gbodja Hilaire Houeninvo
Author-X-Name-First: Gbodja Hilaire
Author-X-Name-Last: Houeninvo
Author-Name: Cossi Venant Célestin Quenum
Author-X-Name-First: Cossi Venant
Author-X-Name-Last: Célestin Quenum
Author-Name: Gbêtondji Melaine Armel Nonvide
Author-X-Name-First: Gbêtondji Melaine Armel
Author-X-Name-Last: Nonvide
Title: Impact of improved maize variety adoption on smallholder farmers’ welfare in Benin
Abstract: 
 This paper aims to analyze the impact of improved maize adoption on farmers’ welfare in Benin, using a random sample of 356 maize farmers. We provide a rigorous estimation by addressing selection bias and endogeneity issues. First, we applied a double-hurdle model to identify factors that inform farmers’ decision to adopt improved maize. Second, we used the instrumental variable model to assess the impact of improved maize on farmers’ income, poverty status, and poverty gap. For this, we used the predicted area under improved maize from the double-hurdle model as an instrument for the observed area under improved maize. We found that farm size, extension services, training on improved seed, and farmers’ location are key variables that affect both farmers’ decision and the amount of land under improved maize. We also found evidence that adoption of improved maize is positively associated with yield, income, and poverty reduction. Finally, we found no heterogeneous impacts of improved maize among poor and non-poor farmers. Adoption of improved maize favors small landholding farmers but did not have a significant impact on income for those who own large farms size. Overall, our results suggest that improved maize variety is important for rural development.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 831-846
Issue: 8
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1669331
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1669331
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:8:p:831-846




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nana Ishikawa
Author-X-Name-First: Nana
Author-X-Name-Last: Ishikawa
Author-Name: Takashi Shibata
Author-X-Name-First: Takashi
Author-X-Name-Last: Shibata
Title: Market competition, R&D spillovers, and firms' cost asymmetry
Abstract: 
 We examine the effects of firms' cost asymmetry on R&D investments. We obtain five novel results. First, the social preference between noncooperative and cooperative R&D investments is independent of the degree of firms' cost asymmetry. Second, R&D investments of low-cost firms are larger than those of high-cost firms. Third, for a small spillover, noncooperative R&D investments have a U-shaped curve with the degree of market competition. Fourth, as market competition intensifies, a low-cost (high-cost) firm may decrease (increase) its noncooperative R&D investment. Fifth, the difference in profit between low-cost and high-cost firms increases with the degree of market competition.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 847-865
Issue: 8
Volume: 29
Year: 2020
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1673564
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1673564
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:29:y:2020:i:8:p:847-865




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wim Naudé
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Naudé
Title: Artificial intelligence: neither Utopian nor apocalyptic impacts soon
Abstract: 
 After a number of AI-winters, AI is back with a boom. There are concerns that it will disrupt society. The immediate concern is whether labor can win a ‘race against the robots’ and the longer-term concern is whether an artificial general intelligence (super-intelligence) can be controlled. This paper describes the nature and context of these concerns, reviews the current state of the empirical and theoretical literature in economics on the impact of AI on jobs and inequality, and discusses the challenge of AI arms races. It is concluded that despite the media hype neither massive jobs losses nor a ‘Singularity’ is imminent. In part, this is because current AI, based on deep learning, is expensive and difficult for most businesses to adopt, not only displaces but in fact also create jobs, and may not be the route to a super-intelligence. Thus AI is unlikely to have either Utopian or apocalyptic impacts soon. Considering Amara's Law, one should however be wary not to underestimate the long-run impacts of AI.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-23
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1839173
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1839173
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Tirelli
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Tirelli
Author-Name: Luca Spinesi
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Spinesi
Title: R&D financing and growth
Abstract: 
 R&D investment are an important engine of growth and development. Yet economists have often claimed underinvestment, based on the consideration that these projects are more costly to finance, especially, due to the asymmetric information between inside and outside investors. Coherently, a recent empirical evidence has shown that firms intensively active in R&D are less leveraged and rely more heavily on internal finance. Motivated by this evidence, we study the effects of asymmetric information and financial frictions within a GE economy of Schumpeterian tradition. The model and equilibrium concept are rich enough to represent investment and innovation decisions, technology adoption/diffusion through patent licensing and, most importantly, firms' financial decisions. In this representation, R&D-intensive firms might effectively rely more on internal sources and equity than on debt financing, relative to what would happen in frictionless markets. Further, financial decisions affect aggregate investment and income dynamics.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 24-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1666505
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1666505
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:1:p:24-47




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xin Fang
Author-X-Name-First: Xin
Author-X-Name-Last: Fang
Author-Name: Noelia R. Paez
Author-X-Name-First: Noelia R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Paez
Author-Name: Bei Zeng
Author-X-Name-First: Bei
Author-X-Name-Last: Zeng
Title: The nonlinear effects of firm size on innovation: an empirical investigation
Abstract: 
 In conventional studies, large firms tend to emphasize more on process innovation than product innovation. This paper explores factors that could indicate a distinct pattern of firms’ innovation-size relationship: threshold size that implies a positive effect of firm size on the probability of product innovation success; cannibalization effect that creates incentives for large firms to favor product innovations; and financial constraints that have differential effects given different firm sizes. A hypothesis about a non-monotonic relationship between the proportion of product innovation and firm size is tested with nonlinear and dynamic econometric models. For the large firms, empirical evidence shows product innovations result in an overall larger share of new products in total sales, relative to existing products in which process innovations are rooted.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 48-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1677013
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1677013
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:1:p:48-65




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas O. Boucher
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas O.
Author-X-Name-Last: Boucher
Title: A two-factor learning model for private sector industrial firms
Abstract: 
 The Cobb–Douglas form of the two-factor learning curve model has been the conventional choice in empirical studies of the relative importance of R&D versus capacity expansion for cost reduction in energy technologies. Most empirical studies have focused on the role of public R&D in the context of renewable energy technologies. In this study, we provide a rationale for considering a different model formulation of the tradeoff between R&D and production capacity expansion when studying technology development in the private sector and we compare it to the conventional Cobb–Douglas model. We then apply our model formulation to a particular emerging technology case study.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 66-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1680171
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1680171
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:1:p:66-88




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manzoor Ahmad
Author-X-Name-First: Manzoor
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad
Author-Name: Zeeshan Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Zeeshan
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Name: Zia Ur Rahman
Author-X-Name-First: Zia Ur
Author-X-Name-Last: Rahman
Author-Name: Shoukat Iqbal Khattak
Author-X-Name-First: Shoukat Iqbal
Author-X-Name-Last: Khattak
Author-Name: Zia Ullah Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Zia Ullah
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Title: Can innovation shocks determine CO2 emissions (CO2e) in the OECD economies? A new perspective
Abstract: 
 This study has attempted to address prior knowledge gaps in the environmental economics literature by integrating the innovation shocks into the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) equation for twenty-six OECD economies using data from 1990 to 2014. Foreign direct investment (FDI), exports (EXP), renewable energy consumption (REC), and GDP per capita were included as control variables. The results from multiple empirical analyses indicated that positive shocks to innovation improve, but the negative shocks disrupt environmental quality. Data analyses also showed that a positive correlation exists between income per capita of OECD economies. From the negative coefficient of income per capita (squared) and the existence of a negative nexus between FDI and CO2e, both the EKC and the Pollution Halo Hypothesis (PHH) were confirmed in sampled economies, respectively. The paper offers empirical support for the favourable impacts of REC on the quality of the environment and calls for the adoption of innovation shocks as a policy instrument to formulate better environmental policies for a sustainable future.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 89-109
Issue: 1
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1684643
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1684643
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:1:p:89-109




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vinícius Eduardo Ferrari
Author-X-Name-First: Vinícius Eduardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrari
Author-Name: José Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira
Author-X-Name-First: José Maria Ferreira Jardim
Author-X-Name-Last: da Silveira
Author-Name: Maria Ester Soares Dal-Poz
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Ester Soares
Author-X-Name-Last: Dal-Poz
Title: Patent network analysis in agriculture: a case study of the development and protection of biotechnologies
Abstract: 
 Plant biotechnology has consolidated itself as a radical agricultural innovation, boosting the patenting activities of universities, biotechnology firms, and seed & agrochemicals corporations. We use patent citations networks to study the appropriability efforts that affected the emergence and dynamics of the technological trajectories (TTs) of the genetically modified organisms. Our methodological contribution consists of combining new procedures to identify TTs with the study of the characteristics of scale-free networks. This paper also proposes legal enforcement indicators that attempt to assess the economic importance of patents that make up citation networks. We identify two TTs that include patents on biotech traits and enabling technologies. These patents were both effective in collecting royalties from farmers and deterring potential entrants, particularly through intellectual property (IP) litigation. The results also show that these litigated patents have impacted merger and acquisition activity in seed industry. We conclude that IP lawsuits may have contributed to delaying the R&D investments of new entrants, thus preserving the monopolistic position enjoyed by the pioneering company and restricting the scope of crop innovations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 111-133
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1684645
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1684645
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:2:p:111-133




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: O. Lerena
Author-X-Name-First: O.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lerena
Author-Name: F. Barletta
Author-X-Name-First: F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Barletta
Author-Name: F. Fiorentin
Author-X-Name-First: F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fiorentin
Author-Name: D. Suárez
Author-X-Name-First: D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Suárez
Author-Name: G. Yoguel
Author-X-Name-First: G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Yoguel
Title: Big data of innovation literature at the firm level: a review based on social network and text mining techniques
Abstract: 
 This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art-review of the literature on the innovation process at the firm level (IFL), based on Social Network Analysis and Text Mining techniques. As opposed to the ‘black box’ vision, we conceive innovation as a process that emerges from formal and informal R&D efforts. Based on search results on academic publishing, we built a corpus of 13,132 contributions, published between 1970 and 2018. A bibliographic-coupling analysis was then performed, which allowed us to detect eight thematic communities: i) Collaborative innovation, ii) Business model, iii) Knowledge management, iv) Innovation capabilities, v) Firm performance, vi) Networks of innovators, vii) R&D studies, and viii) Eco-innovation. Each of them is subsequently analyzed with text mining and tested using term-based clustering. Our analysis reveals the existence of multiple and heterogeneous dimensions of the IFL that are partially addressed by the literature. Findings open up new questions about the content of the communities and the existence of bridges between them.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 134-150
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1684646
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1684646
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:2:p:134-150




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luigi Aldieri
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldieri
Author-Name: Cristian Barra
Author-X-Name-First: Cristian
Author-X-Name-Last: Barra
Author-Name: Concetto Paolo Vinci
Author-X-Name-First: Concetto
Author-X-Name-Last: Paolo Vinci
Author-Name: Roberto Zotti
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Zotti
Title: The joint impact of different types of innovation on firm's productivity: evidence from Italy
Abstract: 
 This paper explores the firm-level relationship between product, process, organizational and marketing innovation activities and firm productivity. We propose a structural model that relates R&D decisions, innovation activities, and productivity by using a version of the model developed by [Crépon, B., E. Duguet, and J. Mairesse. (1998). “Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 7: 115–158] and empirically analyze the drivers of firms’ innovation strategies as well as which combination has effects on firm's economic productivity. Results show that R&D expenditures are an important predictor of all types of innovation as well as an important indirect driver of firm productivity through innovation activities. Both process and product innovation have positive effects on firm's economic productivity, especially when they are jointly conducted. Organizational activities are beneficial also for other types of innovation and especially for process innovation. The introduction of a new product on the market may raise productivity if complemented by marketing innovations. Results are driven by firms that have invested the most in new equipment and machinery.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 151-182
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1685211
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1685211
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:2:p:151-182




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John Marthinsen
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Marthinsen
Author-Name: Steven Gordon
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon
Title: A theory of optimum cryptocurrency scope
Abstract: 
 Robert Mundell (1961. “A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas.” The American Economic Review 51 (4): 657–665) framed the fixed-versus-flexible exchange rate controversy in a novel way when he focused attention on currency areas and the ingredients necessary for a group of nations to form an optimal currency area (OCA). This paper proposes an analogous theory for cryptocurrencies, called optimal currency scope (OCS), and explains the conditions necessary for an OCS to exist. In contrast to an OCA, which is defined by its non-overlapping geographic areas, an OCS is defined by its multiple-overlapping attributes and the needs they solve, which we call scope. Scopes are not geographic and have fuzzy boundaries; so, the possibility of competing currencies in a single scope needs to be considered. The central issues surrounding an OCS are the optimal number and magnitude of currency attributes, rather than whether nations should adopt fixed versus fluctuating exchange rates. Similar to the findings since Mundell first introduced his OCA Theory, we find that the optimum number of cryptocurrency attributes and, therefore, the optimal number of cryptocurrencies must be determined empirically rather than theoretically.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 183-196
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1687395
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1687395
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:2:p:183-196




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giacomo Damioli
Author-X-Name-First: Giacomo
Author-X-Name-Last: Damioli
Author-Name: Claudia Ghisetti
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghisetti
Author-Name: Daniel Vertesy
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Vertesy
Author-Name: Andrea Vezzulli
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Vezzulli
Title: Open for growth? Evidence on EU countries and sectors
Abstract: 
 The Open Innovation (OI) concept has pervaded the academic and policy debate due to its potential to further stimulate the circulation of knowledge between business partners and institutions and, consequently, to increase their innovation potential. This paper studies the relationships between OI and innovation and economic returns at the ‘aggregate’ level, i.e. at the country and industry levels. It exploits three waves of the Community Innovation Survey to conduct an empirical analysis on sectoral data for 16 EU countries. Results confirm the role of OI in stimulating – even at the aggregate level – innovation, with returns increasing at diminishing rates. OI also has an indirect impact on value added by strengthening the positive effect exerted on aggregate economic performance by R&D expenditure. The mutual reinforcement of R&D intensity and collaborations between companies and business partners is coherent with the principles underlying ‘smart specialization' policies of the European Union.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 197-219
Issue: 2
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 2
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1688459
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1688459
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:2:p:197-219




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Srholec
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Srholec
Author-Name: Pavla Žížalová
Author-X-Name-First: Pavla
Author-X-Name-Last: Žížalová
Author-Name: Petr Horák
Author-X-Name-First: Petr
Author-X-Name-Last: Horák
Title: Indigenous lead firms in rural regions: geography of global production networks revisited
Abstract: 
 This paper examines regional distribution of indigenous lead firms in global production networks (GPNs). The paper triangulates unique evidence at the firm-level from a large innovation survey, extensive field interviews and detailed case studies in Czechia. The results indicate that lead firms are not predominantly urban species, as often assumed in the literature, but tend to be located to a surprisingly high extent in rural areas. Nevertheless, rural lead firms differ significantly from the urban ones in many respects. Urban regions turn out to be a seedbed for young, ambitious, close to the market and networked lead firms in new industries, which conforms to typical urbanization economics in action, whereas rural regions tend to harbor mature, established and relatively self-reliant lead firms with strong technical know-how in traditional industries, which build on location-specific resources and traditions. The results call for a more nuanced view on the coupling between GPNs and location advantages and more granular take on the regional dimension of innovation policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 221-238
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1689565
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1689565
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:3:p:221-238




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vu Hoang Nam
Author-X-Name-First: Vu Hoang
Author-X-Name-Last: Nam
Author-Name: Hoang Bao Tram
Author-X-Name-First: Hoang
Author-X-Name-Last: Bao Tram
Title: Business environment and innovation persistence: the case of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam
Abstract: 
 While it is well known that efforts have been increasingly paid to improve the business environment in transition economies to support the private sector, it is unclear how these efforts affect firm innovation. Utilising longitudinal data derived from bi-annually repeated surveys of randomly selected small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in ten provinces in Vietnam over the period of 2007–2015 combined with yearly collected panel data of Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI), which is used to measure the quality of provincial business environment, this study employs a dynamic random probit estimation to analyse the effects of business environment on the persistence of innovation of the SMEs. It is found that the persistence of moderately complex innovation including both single-dimensional and multidimensional innovation exists in weak business environment, while it disappears in improved business environment. These findings suggest that policies to improve business environment enhance innovation policies and, thus, promote innovation of the SMEs that are inexperienced in carrying out such innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 239-261
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1689597
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1689597
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:3:p:239-261




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harald Edquist
Author-X-Name-First: Harald
Author-X-Name-Last: Edquist
Author-Name: Peter Goodridge
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Goodridge
Author-Name: Jonathan Haskel
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Haskel
Title: The Internet of Things and economic growth in a panel of countries
Abstract: 
 Is the world on the cusp of a fourth industrial revolution driven by technological developments in ICT including artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT)? This paper focuses on IoT and how it might affect economic growth. We attempt to gauge the potential impact of IoT using: (1) regressions based on current IoT data; and (2) longer run estimates of growth accounting parameters based on those observed in a previous wave of the ICT-revolution. We find that: (a) according to definitions in the literature, IoT is an innovational complementarity to ICT; (b) early data already suggest an economically and statistically significant correlation between IoT connections and TFP growth, implying that an increase of 10 percentage points in the growth of IoT connections per inhabitant is associated with a 0.23 percentage points increase in TFP growth; (c) longer run predictions of the IoT contribution based on a growth-accounting framework suggest a potential global annual average contribution to growth of 0.99% per annum (pa) in 2018–2030, approximately $849 billion pa of world GDP in 2018 prices.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 262-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1695941
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1695941
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:3:p:262-283




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Markus Merz
Author-X-Name-First: Markus
Author-X-Name-Last: Merz
Title: Innovative efficiency as a lever to overcome financial constraints in R&D contests
Abstract: 
 Often the winner of an R&D contest seems unexpected or surprising, e.g. small firms win a disproportionate number of R&D contests despite having limited funds and on average lower market power. Here, different contest situations are modeled by considering variations in the innovative efficiency, patent valuation and financial resources of firms. It is found that small firms can be the Nash winner through highly efficient innovation despite financial constraints and low patent valuation. The results are helpful in understanding and predicting the probability of a firm's successful innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 284-294
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1695946
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1695946
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:3:p:284-294




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deep Jyoti Francis
Author-X-Name-First: Deep
Author-X-Name-Last: Jyoti Francis
Author-Name: Saradindu Bhaduri
Author-X-Name-First: Saradindu
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhaduri
Title: Intellectual property rights, social values, and innovation: a cross-country simultaneous equations model
Abstract: 
 The WTO-led globalization is often believed to be the era of transfer and homogenization of the so-called ‘Global Standard Institutions’ (GSI). The institution of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a case in point, where various trade treaties have persuaded countries to homogenize the IPR laws, purportedly, to boost technological change and innovation. Such enthusiasm to homogenize the international policy space, however, is often at odds with the conjectures made by the scholars on institutions, who suggest that transfer of institutions across societies are burdened with problems of incompatibilities with other existing institutions, social values and historical, country-specific contingencies. Moreover, academic scholarship is divided on the relationship between IPR and innovations. This paper uses cross-country simultaneous equation estimations to analyze the two-way relationships between IPR, its underlying social values, historical-political contingencies, and innovation. Taking into consideration both technological and non-technological innovation, our results suggest that the impact of IPR on innovation dynamics of a country is neither one-way nor linear. Besides, various social values and historical contingencies seem to have a complex relationship with, and consequence on, the dynamics of innovation and IPR. The results suggest the need for interlinking development policies with the policies for innovations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 295-316
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1700607
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1700607
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:3:p:295-316




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberto Ippoliti
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Ippoliti
Author-Name: Giovanni B. Ramello
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramello
Author-Name: Frederic M. Scherer
Author-X-Name-First: Frederic M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scherer
Title: Partnership and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: the case of clinical research
Abstract: 
 This study attempts to test the hypothesis that collaborative research projects boost R&D performance. More specifically, through an empirical investigation, it ascertains which organizational solution best enhances scientific impact, focusing on a sample of phase II and III clinical trials and using citations in scientific journals as a measure. The main findings confirm that there are substantial differences in the ability of distinct research organizations to foster innovation, with the collaborative solution more likely to be productive. All in all, this result supports the literature asserting that collaborative networks play a productive role in knowledge domains. It may also offer an explanation for the puzzle characterizing the pharmaceutical industry, where extensive consolidation has coincided with a fall in R&D productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 317-334
Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1701782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1701782
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:3:p:317-334




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexandre Aparecido Dias
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre
Author-X-Name-Last: Aparecido Dias
Author-Name: Sérgio Kannebley Junior
Author-X-Name-First: Sérgio
Author-X-Name-Last: Kannebley Junior
Title: Scientific productivity and patenting at the laboratory level: an analysis of Brazilian public research laboratories
Abstract: 
 In this study, we investigated how different styles of research organisation of laboratories were related to scientific performance and patenting. From a Brazilian national database that included 1,412 laboratories, we defined a typology with five categories of laboratories. The categories were defined based on team composition—represented by the participation of permanent researchers, postgraduate students, and technicians—and by the scope of activities conducted in the laboratories. Adopting the concept of knowledge production functions, we estimated the productivity of the different categories of laboratories and the elasticities of capital and labour available for scientific production and patenting at the laboratory level. We found that medium-scale university laboratories focused on teaching and research reported higher scientific productivity, whereas laboratories focused on providing technological services and small-scale laboratories, which were less common in universities, filed for more patents. The estimation of knowledge production functions showed that scientific production was determined both by capital and by the labour of permanent and non-permanent researchers. Patenting was mainly determined by the labour factor. We also found complementarity between scientific production and patenting as well as constant returns to scale for scientific production at the laboratory level.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 335-355
Issue: 4
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1703347
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1703347
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:4:p:335-355




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David A. Harper
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harper
Author-Name: Félix-Fernando Muñoz
Author-X-Name-First: Félix-Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz
Author-Name: Francisco J. Vázquez
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez
Title: Innovation in online higher-education services: building complex systems
Abstract: 
 Digitization is increasing the complexity and variety of educational services supplied and demanded. However, there is a lack of a systematic treatment of this phenomenon from the perspective of innovation and entrepreneurship. This paper employs the complex adaptive systems approach to explore how digitization changes the characteristics, generativity (combinatorial possibilities) and architecture of online educational services. Our main claims are that: (a) online courses (OCs) are modular complex hierarchical systems; (b) the development of new OCs is a significant type of innovation (not limited merely to technological change) brought about by entrepreneurial reconfiguration of modules that create new combinations in the design space of new educational services; (c) these new combinations generate new OC systems; and (d) OCs are embedded in broader institutional and social structures (e.g. universities) that co-evolve with technological change. By means of a formal combinatorial model, we examine the computational mechanism and the principles of connection-making that govern how new OCs are created and adapted.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 412-431
Issue: 4
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1716508
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1716508
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:4:p:412-431




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luigi Aldieri
Author-X-Name-First: Luigi
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldieri
Author-Name: Teemu Makkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Teemu
Author-X-Name-Last: Makkonen
Author-Name: Concetto Paolo Vinci
Author-X-Name-First: Concetto Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Vinci
Title: Spoils of innovation? Employment effects of R&D and knowledge spillovers in Finland
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates the relationship between innovation and employment by analyzing the factors that drive job creation processes and particularly by scrutinizing the role of innovation on the skill structure of regional labor demand. The study utilizes Finnish regional innovation (proxied with R&D expenditures) and employment data for 2000–2013. The results show statistically significant positive employment effects from local innovation activities and knowledge spillovers from other regions only on the demand for high-skilled employees. For low-skilled employees, the employment effects of local innovation activities are significantly negative, while there is no impact from knowledge spillovers from other regions. These effects are robust also for different lag structures. The findings are significant in terms of their policy implications for supporting employment; Finnish innovation policy should consider the negative impacts of innovation on low-skilled employees more explicitly.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 356-370
Issue: 4
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1703754
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1703754
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:4:p:356-370




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michele Bernini
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Bernini
Author-Name: Georgios Efthyvoulou
Author-X-Name-First: Georgios
Author-X-Name-Last: Efthyvoulou
Author-Name: Ian Gregory-Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Gregory-Smith
Author-Name: Jolian McHardy
Author-X-Name-First: Jolian
Author-X-Name-Last: McHardy
Author-Name: Antonio Navas
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Navas
Title: Interlocking directorships and patenting coordination
Abstract: 
 The aim of this paper is to investigate the role interlocking directorships play in the patenting activities of UK companies and provide further insights into the channels through which this relationship emerges. We develop a theoretical model that identifies interlocking directorships as a mechanism for resolving property rights conflicts. Our empirical analysis suggests a strong relationship between interlocking and patenting behaviour and finds that interlocking leads to a higher number of successful patent applications, particularly for those firms located in technology-intensive industries.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 382-411
Issue: 4
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1710026
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1710026
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:4:p:382-411




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Author-Name: John T. Scott
Author-X-Name-First: John T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Title: Technological change in the production of new scientific knowledge: a second look
Abstract: 
 This paper presents and explains an approach for measuring technological change in the production of new scientific knowledge. The paper expands our previous work on this topic. Our approach is illustrated by using as an example new scientific journal publications from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. The empirical findings are consistent with the expectation that resource constraints will cause a breakdown in the process of creating new scientific knowledge and with the evidence that scientific research has been less productive in recent decades.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 371-381
Issue: 4
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1705004
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2019.1705004
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:4:p:371-381




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Serenella Caravella
Author-X-Name-First: Serenella
Author-X-Name-Last: Caravella
Author-Name: Francesco Crespi
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi
Author-Name: Dario Guarascio
Author-X-Name-First: Dario
Author-X-Name-Last: Guarascio
Author-Name: Matteo Tubiana
Author-X-Name-First: Matteo
Author-X-Name-Last: Tubiana
Title: Heterogeneity in the demand-growth relationship at the firm level: the role of demand sources and innovation/knowledge characteristics
Abstract: 
 This work investigates whether different demand sources (i.e. demand for the firms’ output from households, other firms and the public sector) have different effects on firms’ employment growth and whether the growth effects of the demand sources vary by the firms’ innovation/knowledge characteristics. Relying on a representative sample of Italian companies observed between 2012 and 2017, we find that companies serving prevalently other firms or the government as their main demand source tend to grow faster than firms selling final goods to households. However, the growth advantage is more robust for firms serving prevalently other firms as their main demand source. We also find that the relative growth advantage is more pronounced among innovation-intensive and knowledge-intensive firms supplying other firms prevalently. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of firm-level controls and time, sectoral and geographical dummies. Confirming one of the major insights of both the Keynesian and the Schumpeterian traditions, demand emerges as a key driver of growth, the effects of which are mediated by the firms’ innovation/knowledge characteristics.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 516-535
Issue: 5
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1853013
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1853013
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:5:p:516-535




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edna Maeyen Solomon
Author-X-Name-First: Edna Maeyen
Author-X-Name-Last: Solomon
Title: Types of R&D investment and firm productivity: UK evidence on heterogeneity and complementarity in rates of return
Abstract: 
 Existing evidence on the impact of R&D on productivity is heterogenous and does not address the question of whether different types of R&D are complements or substitutes. The aim of this research is to open the R&D black box by providing fresh insights about how different R&D types affect productivity in different industrial and technological contexts in the UK. The model adopted allows for non-linearities between R&D and productivity and interactions between R&D types. The analysis makes use of micro data from the Office of National Statistics, comprising 8284 firms from 1998 to 2012. The results show evidence of diminishing marginal returns to total R&D. This concave relationship also holds for intramural R&D, applied/experimental R&D and private R&D. These findings suggest that studies which do not allow for non-linear relationships between R&D and productivity could suffer from specification bias. The results also indicate complementarity between intramural and extramural R&D and between basic and applied/experimental research. Returns to publicly funded R&D are insignificant and there is neither complementarity nor substitution between publicly and privately funded R&D. The findings strengthen the case for modelling the sources of heterogeneity explicitly by taking into account non-linearities and interactions between the different R&D types and productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 536-563
Issue: 5
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1846249
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1846249
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:5:p:536-563




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mehmet Ugur
Author-X-Name-First: Mehmet
Author-X-Name-Last: Ugur
Author-Name: Marco Vivarelli
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Vivarelli
Title: Innovation, firm survival and productivity: the state of the art
Abstract: 
 We review the theoretical underpinnings and the empirical findings of the literature that investigates the effects of innovation on firm survival and firm productivity, which constitute the two main channels through which innovation drives growth. We aim to contribute to the ongoing debate along three paths. First, we discuss the extent to which the theoretical perspectives that inform the empirical models allow for heterogeneity in the effects of R&D/innovation on firm survival and productivity. Secondly, we draw attention to recent modelling and estimation effort that reveals novel sources of heterogeneity, non-linearity and volatility in the gains from R&D/innovation, particularly in terms of its effects on firm survival and productivity. Our third contribution is to link our findings with those from prior reviews to demonstrate how the state of the art is evolving and with what implications for future research.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 433-467
Issue: 5
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1828509
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1828509
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:5:p:433-467




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eshref Trushin
Author-X-Name-First: Eshref
Author-X-Name-Last: Trushin
Author-Name: Mehmet Ugur
Author-X-Name-First: Mehmet
Author-X-Name-Last: Ugur
Title: Intra-industry firm heterogeneity, sub-optimal adaptation and exit hazard: a fitness landscape approach to firm survival and learning
Abstract: 
 We draw on insights from the fitness landscape literature and from models of firm dynamics with learning to hypothesise that: (i) firms in industries with higher company age or size heterogeneity have higher exit hazard after controlling for age, size, and a variety of other predictors of firm survival; and (ii) higher levels of R&D investment mitigate the hazard-increasing effects of industry firm heterogeneity after controlling for the direct effects of R&D intensities at industry and firm level. We test for these novel sources of selection with evidence from a panel dataset of 35,136 R&D-active UK firms from 1998 to 2012 and a range of discrete-time hazard estimators. The findings, which remain robust to multiple sensitivity checks, offer two novel contributions to the literature: (i) firm heterogeneity is not just a passive precondition for subsequent selection process in industry evolution; this heterogeneity enhances selection as more firms might be stranded in suboptimal positions; (ii) firms in more heterogenous industries can mitigate the hazard-increasing effects through R&D investment that facilitates adaptation and search for better fitness locations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 494-515
Issue: 5
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1766655
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1766655
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:5:p:494-515




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Guerzoni
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerzoni
Author-Name: Consuelo R. Nava
Author-X-Name-First: Consuelo R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nava
Author-Name: Massimiliano Nuccio
Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Nuccio
Title: Start-ups survival through a crisis. Combining machine learning with econometrics to measure innovation
Abstract: 
 This paper shows how data science can contribute to improving empirical research in economics by leveraging on large datasets and extracting information otherwise unsuitable for a traditional econometric approach. As a test-bed for our framework, machine learning algorithms allow to create a new holistic measure of innovation following a 2012 Italian Law aimed at boosting new high-tech firms. We adopt this measure to analyse the impact of innovativeness on a large population of Italian firms which entered the market at the beginning of the 2008 global crisis. The methodological contribution is organised in different steps. First, we train seven supervised learning algorithms to recognise innovative firms on 2013 firmographics data and select a combination of those models with the best prediction power. Second, we apply the latter on the 2008 dataset and predict which firms would have been labelled as innovative according to the definition of the 2012 law. Finally, we adopt this new indicator as the regressor in a survival model to explain firms' ability to remain in the market after 2008. The results suggest that innovative firms are more likely to survive than the rest of the sample, but the survival premium is likely to depend on location.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 468-493
Issue: 5
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1769810
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1769810
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:5:p:468-493




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Alderighi
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Alderighi
Author-Name: Christophe Feder
Author-X-Name-First: Christophe
Author-X-Name-Last: Feder
Title: Snobby markets and technology adoption
Abstract: 
 We study how snob consumption externalities (SCEs) affect the adoption of a new technology in a vertically differentiated duopoly. We show that the leader firm does not adopt when SCEs are medium or high. From a social viewpoint, medium SCEs lead to excessive inertia (the leader firm should adopt, but it does not), and high SCEs lead to reverse adoption (the adopter is the wrong firm). Lower SCE thresholds emerge when the innovative step is large. Our findings suggest that selective policies must be implemented to increase market efficiency, including discouraging adoption.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 603-620
Issue: 6
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1741945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1741945
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:6:p:603-620




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Toker Doganoglu
Author-X-Name-First: Toker
Author-X-Name-Last: Doganoglu
Author-Name: Firat Inceoglu
Author-X-Name-First: Firat
Author-X-Name-Last: Inceoglu
Author-Name: Johannes Muthers
Author-X-Name-First: Johannes
Author-X-Name-Last: Muthers
Title: Licensing with free entry
Abstract: 
 We introduce a fairly general licensing model with an endogenous industry structure – in terms of number of active firms – and general licensing contracts. We show that when the innovator can employ contracts that can condition on licensee quantity and revenue, it can implement an outcome that yields monopoly profits by awarding the license to a single firm. Commonly assumed two-part tariff contracts cannot replicate this outcome, but still perform better than fixed-fee or proportional fee contracts. The key to the effectiveness of licensing contracts lies in their ability to deter the entry of non-licensees who use the old technology while keeping the number of licenses low. We discuss the welfare implications of various contractual schemes.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 643-660
Issue: 6
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1761590
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1761590
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:6:p:643-660




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 661-662
Issue: 6
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1731129
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1731129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:6:p:661-662




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas H. W. Ziesemer
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas H. W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer
Title: Semi-endogenous growth models with domestic and foreign private and public R&D linked to VECMs
Abstract: 
 We present semi-endogenous growth models with productivity as functions of domestic and foreign private and public R&D. In a small country case with a Cobb–Douglas productivity production function, foreign R&D drives steady-state growth and the production function can be a long-term relation in a vector-error-correction model (VECM). Marginal productivity conditions can be long-term relations for a vector-error-correction model if the functional form is of a VES function generalizing a CES function. Combining the marginal products of VES functions with recent evidence from VECMs for five countries shows that private and public R&D have a positive effect on productivity (except for France), and a negative R&D augmenting technical change. In the case of a VES function, steady states with constant R&D/productivity ratios exist only for special cases of parameter restrictions, which are not supported by the evidence.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 621-642
Issue: 6
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1760423
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1760423
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:6:p:621-642




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Quan Dong
Author-X-Name-First: Quan
Author-X-Name-Last: Dong
Author-Name: Juan Carlos Bárcena-Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Bárcena-Ruiz
Title: Corporate social responsibility and disclosure of R&D knowledge
Abstract: 
 In this paper we analyse whether firms that are concerned with corporate social responsibility (CSR) are willing to disclose their R&D knowledge for free. Assuming strategic R&D with endogenous spillovers in a non-tournament model, Poyago-Theotoky (1999. “A Note on Endogenous Spillovers in a Non-tournament R&D Duopoly.” Review of Industrial Organization 15 (3): 253–262) shows that profit maximising firms do not disclose their information when they act non-cooperatively. We find that firms that are concerned with CSR fully disclose their R&D knowledge when they choose R&D investment levels non-cooperatively. Therefore, CSR is a factor that encourages firms to disclose their R&D knowledge, which speeds up the innovation process. Moreover, the decision by these firms on whether to disclosure R&D knowledge depends on their level of concern. We find that the firms that freely disclose their R&D knowledge are those who care enough about consumers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 585-602
Issue: 6
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1741186
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1741186
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:6:p:585-602




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adelheid Holl
Author-X-Name-First: Adelheid
Author-X-Name-Last: Holl
Title: The regional environment and firms’ commitment to innovation: empirical evidence from Spain
Abstract: 
 Using panel data for Spanish firms, this paper examines the role of firms’ regional knowledge environment for commitment to innovation of innovation active firms. The empirical results show that a stronger regional knowledge environment increases the likelihood that an innovator engages continuously in R&D as opposed to occasionally. This positive relationship with the regional knowledge environment is robust and significant in manufacturing and specifically for small firms and for technology-intensive firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 565-584
Issue: 6
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1730032
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1730032
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:6:p:565-584




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lateef Olalekan Bello
Author-X-Name-First: Lateef Olalekan
Author-X-Name-Last: Bello
Author-Name: Lloyd J. S. Baiyegunhi
Author-X-Name-First: Lloyd J. S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Baiyegunhi
Author-Name: Gideon Danso-Abbeam
Author-X-Name-First: Gideon
Author-X-Name-Last: Danso-Abbeam
Title: Productivity impact of improved rice varieties’ adoption: case of smallholder rice farmers in Nigeria
Abstract: 
 The use of agricultural technology, such as high-yielding seed varieties in developing countries where the primary source of livelihood is agriculture is vital in reducing poverty, hunger, and promoting food security. This study examined the productivity impact of improved rice varieties (IRV) among smallholder farmers in South West, Nigeria, using cross-sectional data obtained from a sample of 250 rice farming households. The propensity score matching (PSM) technique was used to evaluate the impact of IRV adoption on rice productivity. The results of the study indicated that educational attainment, experience in rice farming, extension contact, access to credit, and access to IRV seeds had a positive and statistically significant influence on the adoption of IRV. Moreover, adopters of IRV gain 452 kg more rice grains per hectare of rice farms. The paper concludes that strengthening extension services using new strategies like electronic and social media may be more effective than the conventional method of extension delivery. Also, having an effective credit scheme and making the improved seeds physically accessible to farmers will increase adoption of IRVs, and subsequently boost farm productivity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 750-766
Issue: 7
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1776488
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1776488
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Serenella Caravella
Author-X-Name-First: Serenella
Author-X-Name-Last: Caravella
Author-Name: Francesco Crespi
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Crespi
Title: The role of public procurement as innovation lever: evidence from Italian manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 The study focuses on the impact exerted on private R&D expenditures by regular and innovative public procurement when taken in combination or insolation with supply-push measures. The econometric analysis relies on a pulled sample of 4206 Italian manufacturing firms observed between 2010 and 2014. The empirical exercise confirms previous evidences on the relevance of technology-push instruments in sustaining firms’ innovativeness. On the contrary, the ability of public procurement activities in shaping innovative investments is found to depend on a number of instances related to: (i) the adoption of contemporaneous supply side measures; (ii) the inclusion of innovative demand in procurement contracts. The analysis provides important suggestions with respect to the potential effectiveness of demand-side tools when implemented in weak administrative and innovation systems, as in the Italian case. Moreover, it is shown that the design of the policy mix matters, and its effectiveness improves when demand-side and supply-side instruments are jointly implemented.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 663-684
Issue: 7
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1761591
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1761591
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:7:p:663-684




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lluís Gimeno-Fabra
Author-X-Name-First: Lluís
Author-X-Name-Last: Gimeno-Fabra
Author-Name: Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno
Author-X-Name-Last: van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie
Title: Decoding patent examination services
Abstract: 
 This paper puts forward a new methodology to characterize and compare the examination practice of patent offices. The methodology codifies public information into a typology of chronological key examiner actions. This approach translates into a quantitative characterization of search completeness (i.e. classification and citation practices), certainty, speed and stringency, or grant rate. The methodology is tested on a sample of 100 random families of a non-controversial field, comprising EPO, JPO and USPTO members. The results show profound differences across offices in respect to search completeness, certainty and speed, and indicate heterogeneous levels of stringency.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 707-730
Issue: 7
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1766183
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1766183
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:7:p:707-730




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudio Di Berardino
Author-X-Name-First: Claudio
Author-X-Name-Last: Di Berardino
Author-Name: Gianni Onesti
Author-X-Name-First: Gianni
Author-X-Name-Last: Onesti
Title: Explaining deindustrialisation from a vertical perspective: industrial linkages, producer services, and international trade
Abstract: 
 This paper aims to provide new findings on the extent of the deindustrialisation process by adopting a new subsystem approach. In particular, we have extended the subsystem approach in a multi-country setting using world input-output tables. An empirical investigation is carried out on the four largest eurozone countries based on the World Input-Output Database (WIOD). The results show the substantial fall in labour intensity of production, rather than a real decline in manufacturing. We establish a series of facts concerning deindustrialisation. First, international fragmentation of inter-industry linkages has rapidly increased. Second, a pervasive process of falling employment has been influenced by decline in domestic demand. Third, the direction of this change is driven by the technological and innovative intensity of subsystems. Fourth, we show increasing specialisation in producer services within the manufacturing subsystem.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 685-706
Issue: 7
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1763550
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1763550
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:7:p:685-706




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Filatrella
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: Filatrella
Author-Name: Nicola De Liso
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola
Author-X-Name-Last: De Liso
Title: The R&D stochastic component within the ‘sailing-ship effect’
Abstract: 
 In this work, we apply a stochastic component to a previously proposed deterministic model which expounds the ‘sailing-ship effect’ – that is, the reaction of an existing technology to the appearance of a new, potentially better, technology. The evolution of the technical performance – e.g. data transmission capacity – is studied taking into account the noise engendered by the presence of a random variable that mimics the uncertainty of R&D productivity. Both a Gaussian and a Cauchy–Lorentz distribution are considered. Performances’ evolution is studied by running simulations of a nonlinear functional map which is capable of showing the sailing-ship effect in the two possible variants, i.e. either the old or the new technology prevails in terms of performance. A noteworthy counterintuitive result for the Gaussian case is that noise may actually be beneficial to performance improvement.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 731-749
Issue: 7
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1772707
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1772707
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:7:p:731-749




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tobias Regner
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias
Author-X-Name-Last: Regner
Author-Name: Paolo Crosetto
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Crosetto
Title: The experience matters: participation-related rewards increase the success chances of crowdfunding campaigns
Abstract: 
 Crowdfunding recently emerged as an alternative funding channel for start-ups, creative artists and social endeavors. On specialized web platforms, project creators ask the crowd for support and provide in return a set of rewards, modulated according to the amount of support pledged. We analyze the role played by the type of reward in mobilizing pledgers; specifically, we look at self- and social-image enhancing rewards and to what extent they determine project success. Our data consist of the pledges to 346 projects hosted by Startnext, the biggest crowdfunding platform in Germany. We show that higher shares of reward levels that let pledgers participate in and experience the project are correlated with project success. Our paper contributes to the literature on the motivation driving pledgers in reward crowdfunding. A practical implication for the managing of a successful campaign is to employ the reward levels as a tool to involve the crowd in the project.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 843-856
Issue: 8
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1792606
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1792606
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:8:p:843-856




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia De Fuentes
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: De Fuentes
Author-Name: Jorge Niosi
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge
Author-X-Name-Last: Niosi
Author-Name: Jahan Ara Peerally
Author-X-Name-First: Jahan Ara
Author-X-Name-Last: Peerally
Title: Exploring innovation and export interplay in Canadian firms
Abstract: 
 We propose that there exists a virtuous circular relationship between firm exports and firm innovation whereby they drive and reinforce each other. We analyse two key elements which support this relationship, namely policy initiatives and firm-level strategies for innovation and exports. We use data from Canadian innovation surveys, and the two-stage least squares technique to explore the interplay between innovation and exports. Our results confirm our hypothesis; however, the effect of policies and firm-level strategies are not uniform or predictable across sectors and time.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 786-806
Issue: 8
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1786999
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1786999
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:8:p:786-806




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Khalid Anser
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Anser
Author-Name: Muhammad Azhar Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Azhar
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Name: Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
Author-X-Name-First: Abdelmohsen A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nassani
Author-Name: Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil
Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Mohammed
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldakhil
Author-Name: Xuan Hinh Voo
Author-X-Name-First: Xuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Hinh Voo
Author-Name: Khalid Zaman
Author-X-Name-First: Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaman
Title: Relationship of environment with technological innovation, carbon pricing, renewable energy, and global food production
Abstract: 
 The United Nation sustainable development goals are largely emphasized on advancement in cleaner production technologies to take action against climate change and maintain the average global temperature less than 1.5°C. The role of carbon pricing, renewable energy, and sustainable food production would be helpful to achieve sustainable development goals in line with technological innovations. This study works in given factors and evaluated the global pace of economic growth towards sustainable development. The ex-ante and ex-post analysis is carried out on the world aggregated data for a period of 1980–2017. The results show that knowledge spillover, combustible renewables & waste, and carbon pricing substantially decreases carbon emissions, whereas trademark applications have a direct relationship with carbon emissions that exhibit the innovation embodied emissions at a global scale. The results support the inverted U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and global income with a turning point of US$15,800 and US$11,100 by using FMOLS and DOLS estimators respectively. The ex-ante analysis shows that knowledge spillover, trademark applications, and carbon pricing will largely decrease carbon emissions while carbon pricing, food production index, FDI inflows, and broad money supply will decrease fossil fuel emissions for the next 10 years time period.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 807-842
Issue: 8
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1787000
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1787000
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:8:p:807-842




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pier Luigi Sacco
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Luigi
Author-X-Name-Last: Sacco
Author-Name: Emanuele Teti
Author-X-Name-First: Emanuele
Author-X-Name-Last: Teti
Title: Maintaining content innovation in an industry with unpredictable returns: a portfolio approach to movie production
Abstract: 
 The movie industry is typically characterized by high production risk and unpredictable returns. Innovating in this kind of environment is very risky and calls for smart strategies of risk diversification. Hollywood is a recognized content innovation leader in the global movie industry, but the recent tendency for major production companies in the industry is to reduce risk by imitating previously successful productions rather than maintaining an innovation drive. We analyse here an alternative possible strategy based on risk diversification, and show how such strategy is viable for the Hollywood system whereas it is less viable for alternative, less market oriented movie production systems. We study cost/return data for 909 films from the US movie market 1988–99 by the five major US studios, and 118 films from the Italian market 1995–2003 by the three major Italian producers. Three different strategies of portfolio composition are tested, in a comparative perspective, in the US and Italy production and market environments. We find that portfolio diversification strategies are always successful in reducing operating risk in the US, but only partially so in Italy due to major differences in market size and players’ characteristics, and ultimately to differences in entrepreneurial culture.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 767-785
Issue: 8
Volume: 30
Year: 2021
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1776502
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1776502
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:30:y:2021:i:8:p:767-785




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James A. Cunningham
Author-X-Name-First: James A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham
Author-Name: Alejandro Escribá-Esteve
Author-X-Name-First: Alejandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Escribá-Esteve
Author-Name: María José Foncubierta-Rodríguez
Author-X-Name-First: María José
Author-X-Name-Last: Foncubierta-Rodríguez
Author-Name: Fernando Martín-Alcázar
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Martín-Alcázar
Author-Name: José Luis Perea-Vicente
Author-X-Name-First: José Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Perea-Vicente
Title: A gender study of principal investigator lead public R&D centres and funding
Abstract: 
 To survive and grow public Research and Development (R&D) centres need to raise competitive funds (Bazeley 1998; Lee and Om 1996; Muñoz 2007; Santamaría, Brage-Gil and Modrego 2010). The factors that can influence the capacity of national R&D teams within R&D centres to apply for and obtain competitive funding does not seem to have been studied in depth. The purpose of study is to firstly, to examine whether a consistent set of priorities defined by R&D centre lead principal investigators secures more competitive funding. Secondly, to examine whether the PI gender moderates the effect of the PI’s priorities on the amount of competitive public funds that the R&D team of the PI obtains. Our study focuses on R&D activities carried out in Spanish public centres in the areas of Health and Biomedicine. Our results found that there were no gender differences in relation to the acquisition of competitive funding which is contrary to findings of other studies (Mayer and Rathmann 2018; Lerchenmueller and Sorenson, 2018).
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 54-69
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843990
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843990
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:54-69




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Title: Innovative behavior of minorities, women, and Immigrants
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-2
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843987
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843987
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:1-2




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero
Author-X-Name-First: Maribel
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero
Title: Does workforce diversity matter on corporate venturing?
Abstract: 
 Ongoing academic debates demand a better understanding of the effect of workforce diversity (not only top managers) on unexplored outcomes (not only financial performance). We proposed/tested a conceptual model that theorizes the moderate role of workforce demographics corporate venturing drivers by adopting different theoretical approaches. Using a sample of 17217 employees across 20 countries, our findings highlight that women and migrant workers contribute to corporate venturing by identifying business opportunities (exploration experiences) and taking advantage of intellectual capital (human capital and social capital). Several implications for leaders who manage a diversified workforce emerge from this study.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 35-53
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843989
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843989
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:35-53




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthias Menter
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Menter
Title: Entrepreneurial universities and innovative behavior: the impact of gender diversity
Abstract: 
 Whereas the impact of entrepreneurial universities is rather well understood, the underlying mechanisms that foster and accelerate university innovation outcomes are much less clear. Besides institutional factors, especially individual characteristics of scientists may decisively influence the quality of university outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of gender diversity on university innovation outcomes across all three university missions, i.e. teaching, research and the commercialization of knowledge. The results of this study suggest that gender diversity positively affects university innovation outcomes in the context of universities’ mission implementation, yet follows an inverted U-shape. Whereas a higher share of female scientists seems to be particularly conducive for innovative behavior with regard to teaching and research activities, male scientists seem to be better able to produce radical innovations, i.e. transfer new knowledge from academia towards the market. The findings further suggest that there seems to be a certain threshold in that a minimum level of gender diversity is necessary to drive augmented innovative behavior within universities. Based on these findings, recommendations for university managers and policy makers are derived as well as future avenues of research are outlined.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 20-34
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843988
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843988
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:20-34




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Fisch
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Fisch
Author-Name: Michele Meoli
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Meoli
Author-Name: Silvio Vismara
Author-X-Name-First: Silvio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vismara
Title: Does blockchain technology democratize entrepreneurial finance? An empirical comparison of ICOs, venture capital, and REITs
Abstract: 
 Initial coin offerings (ICOs) are one of the major innovations that characterize the digital revolution of financial markets. Among the expectations created by the digital revolution is the democratization of entrepreneurial finance, defined in terms of the creation of more equality regarding the access to financial resources by categories known to be underrepresented among potential entrepreneurs. Following this line of research, we investigate, through two complementary empirical studies, whether gender, ethnicity, and geography affect the choice of ICOs vs. traditional financing alternatives. Additionally, we assess whether these characteristics increase the amount of money an entrepreneur can raise. In Study I, we compare 390 ICO ventures to a sample of 1,078 VC-backed blockchain ventures, identifying a negative correlation between the choice of an ICO (vs. VC-backing) and a location in an urban area. In Study II, we compare 160 ICO ventures to 163 real estate investment trusts (REITs), reaffirming the results of Study I. The findings show significant participation and likelihood of successful campaigns for ethnical minorities in ICOs, with the latter also being able to collect, ceteris paribus, larger amounts of funding. In contrast, female entrepreneurs do not have higher chances to participate nor raise funds in ICOs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 70-89
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843991
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843991
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:70-89




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Amoroso
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Amoroso
Author-Name: D. B. Audretsch
Author-X-Name-First: D. B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch
Title: The role of gender in linking external sources of knowledge and R&D intensity
Abstract: 
 Scholars examining the effect of knowledge spillovers on R&D and innovation all agree on one thing – there is a strong relationship between the firm's R&D effort and knowledge spillover. The sign of this relationship depends, however, on many things, such as the type of spillovers (horizontal, vertical, or from other sources), the level of appropriability, the type of firm (e.g. age and sector), and the measurement of the spillover itself. A missing piece of evidence to this literature is the role of gender in the founding team of the firm. Our contribution is to fill this gap by explicitly analysing the role played by gender in the founding team. Given that the relationship between a firm's R&D intensity and external knowledge spillovers is ultimately context-specific, we analyse the differences between male-owned and female-owned young entrepreneurial firms with respect to the influence that knowledge spillovers have on their R&D intensity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 3-19
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1844038
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1844038
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:3-19




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Author-Name: Martijn van Hasselt
Author-X-Name-First: Martijn
Author-X-Name-Last: van Hasselt
Title: The use of intellectual property protection mechanisms by publicly supported firms
Abstract: 
 Technology-based firms use intellectual property protection mechanisms (IPPMs) to appropriate the returns to their research investments. The empirical literature has generally focused on the use of IPPMs by private sector firms to appropriate the returns to their privately financed R&D-based technologies. To date, studies have not considered the use of IPPMs by private sector firms whose research is publicly financed. We identify empirically a number of significant covariates with the use of a portfolio of formal IPPMs consisting of patents, copyrights, and trademarks. However, our multivariate empirical analyses show that caution is needed in generalizing about such covariates when discussing any one particular formal IPPM.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 111-121
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843993
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843993
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:111-121




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David B. Audretsch
Author-X-Name-First: David B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch
Author-Name: Maksim Belitski
Author-X-Name-First: Maksim
Author-X-Name-Last: Belitski
Author-Name: Candida Brush
Author-X-Name-First: Candida
Author-X-Name-Last: Brush
Title: Innovation in women-led firms: an empirical analysis
Abstract: 
 The availability of resources is paramount for innovation in women-led firms. We define a women-led firm where a chief executive officer (CEO) is a woman. We examine how nature – a pervasive and arbitrary type of institutional environment as well as access to resources is associated with different propensity to innovate between women and men-led firms.Using micro-level cross-country data of 12,412 firms and a reduced sample of 5,052 firms during 2008–2015 and across 75 economies, we find that the differences in risk perception between women and men-led firms ae not associated with innovation propensity. Instead, the availability of resources proxied by a country's fiscal freedom and availability of internal resources lead to an increase in innovation in women-led firms. The relationship is non-linear and increases with the availability of finance. This work has important policy implications for the role of institutions to spur innovation in women-led firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 90-110
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843992
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843992
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:1-2:p:90-110




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Douglas
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Douglas
Author-Name: Dragana Radicic
Author-X-Name-First: Dragana
Author-X-Name-Last: Radicic
Title: Network additionality and policy mix of regional and national public support for innovation
Abstract: 
 Applying a multilevel treatment model to a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, we evaluate the joint impact of regional and national funding on firms’ cooperative relationships. A joint provision of public support from different administrative levels is termed a multilevel innovation policy mix. Because of heterogeneity in innovation behaviour and performance, we separately analyse small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large firms. Our empirical findings show heterogenous results with respect to both firm size and a type of cooperative partners. For SMEs, a multilevel policy mix has a synergistic effect on cooperation with customers. For other cooperative partners, the joint effectiveness depends on the comparison group. Namely, both sources jointly are more effective than regional support in isolation in promoting cooperation with suppliers and universities. For those SMEs that are funded from central government, a multilevel governance is effective in case of cooperation with government agencies and consultants. With regards to large firms, we find a limited evidence on complementarity between regional and national support. Namely, the policy mix is effective when large firms cooperate with other firms, specifically with customers and competitors. In contrast, empirical findings suggest no complementary effects for cooperation with knowledge providers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 148-172
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1789277
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1789277
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:3:p:148-172




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hyuk-Soo Kwon
Author-X-Name-First: Hyuk-Soo
Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon
Author-Name: Jihong Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Jihong
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Sokbae Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Sokbae
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Ryungha Oh
Author-X-Name-First: Ryungha
Author-X-Name-Last: Oh
Title: Knowledge spillovers and patent citations: trends in geographic localization, 1976–2015
Abstract: 
 This paper examines the trends in geographic localization of knowledge spillovers via patent citations, extracting multiple cohorts of new sample US patents from the period of 1976–2015. Despite accelerating globalization and widespread perception of the ‘death of distance’, our matched-sample study reveals significant and growing localization effects of knowledge spillovers at both intra- and international levels after the 1980s. Increased localization effects have been accompanied by greater heterogeneity across states and industries. The results are robust to various methods of proxying the existing geography of knowledge production.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 123-147
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1787001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1787001
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:3:p:123-147




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giovanni Cerulli
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: Cerulli
Author-Name: Marco Corsino
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Corsino
Author-Name: Roberto Gabriele
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Gabriele
Author-Name: Anna Giunta
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Giunta
Title: A dose–response evaluation of a regional R&D subsidies policy
Abstract: 
 This paper evaluates the effects of a regional R&D policy in the Italian province of Trento from 2002 to 2007, an ideal testing ground for the role of local government and the effectiveness of an R&D place-based policy. Exploiting a unique database and using a counterfactual dose–response regression model, we perform an evaluation exercise of policy targets concerning employment, fixed and intangible assets. We find that two years after the award date, there exists an inverted u-shaped relationship between subsidies intensity and impact size: there exists a range of subsidy doses that is effective in stimulating employment and intangible assets growth. Instead, we do not find any additionality of the policy on fixed assets. At longer time span, i.e. four years after the award, the effect on employment growth persists and we do observe a mild effect on labor quality for intermediate grants spending. Moreover, the effect on intangible assets spending growth is also persistent for a similar interval of R&D subsidies amounts. We discuss the impact deriving some policy considerations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 173-190
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1792604
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1792604
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:3:p:173-190




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Satyam Mukherjee
Author-X-Name-First: Satyam
Author-X-Name-Last: Mukherjee
Author-Name: Tarun Jain
Author-X-Name-First: Tarun
Author-X-Name-Last: Jain
Title: Social embeddedness in user innovation networks: Evidence from Stackoverflow.com
Abstract: 
 The innovation contribution by the users is crucial for the success of the online innovation networks. Therefore, it becomes critical to explore the impact of innovation networks’ structural characteristics on the user innovation contribution. For this purpose, we use observational data from online innovation knowledge sharing platform, Stackoverflow.com and studied the user contribution of 253779 users answering approximately 2 Million questions during the one-year period of 2017. Our results provide empirical support that the user embedded at the maximum k-core of the innovation network has higher innovation contribution as compared to the user embedded at the lower k-cores. Our study has implications for online innovation network communities and various managerial and commercial enterprises.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 191-208
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1792605
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1792605
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:3:p:191-208




Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marlies Schütz
Author-X-Name-First: Marlies
Author-X-Name-Last: Schütz
Author-Name: Rita Strohmaier
Author-X-Name-First: Rita
Author-X-Name-Last: Strohmaier
Title: Power relations in European RDI-collaboration networks. Disparities in policy-driven opportunities for knowledge generation in ICT
Abstract: 
 Due to their potential for economic growth and development, the enabling technologies of the digital transformation, ICT and complementary fields such as advanced robotics, artificial intelligence and smart systems integration, are high on the innovation policy agenda of the EU. A strong innovative performance of the EU in this technology field depends inter alia on the extent to which the bundling of resources for innovative activities is achieved and disparities in innovative activities between its member states are overcome. Focusing on Horizon 2020, we trace disparities of knowledge generation in ICT across the geographical dimension and the network dimension. We apply descriptive and analytical statistics as well as network analysis to the CORDIS database and connect our findings to the distribution of power between EU member states and other countries associated with Horizon 2020. We then investigate whether there is power-law behaviour in our empirical data. We find a rather unequal distribution of power between countries that manifests in country size, per capita income and member status in the EU. Future innovation policy needs to prioritise a more cohesive and egalitarian European knowledge base in this strategic technology field and cope with the current imbalances in the distribution of power.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 209-230
Issue: 3
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1799139
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1799139
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:3:p:209-230





Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maman Setiawan
Author-X-Name-First: Maman
Author-X-Name-Last: Setiawan
Author-Name: Nury Effendi
Author-X-Name-First: Nury
Author-X-Name-Last: Effendi
Author-Name: Teguh Santoso
Author-X-Name-First: Teguh
Author-X-Name-Last: Santoso
Author-Name: Vera Intanie Dewi
Author-X-Name-First: Vera Intanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Dewi
Author-Name: Militcyano Samuel Sapulette
Author-X-Name-First: Militcyano Samuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Sapulette
Title: Digital financial literacy, current behavior of saving and spending and its future foresight
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates the relationship among digital financial literacy (DFL), current saving behavior, current spending behavior, and foresight of future spending and saving behavior among Indonesian millennials. This research uses structural equation modeling to estimate the relationship among the variables. The research surveyed millennials in the 25–40 age group in several urban areas of Java island. The survey collected information of the indicators constructing the latent variables. The results indicate that DFL is influenced by social-economic standing. DFL also positively affects the current saving and spending behavior. Moreover, the current saving and spending behavior contribute to the future saving and spending foresight. This research suggests policymaker to provide knowledge about DFL to the millennials.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 320-338
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1799142
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1799142
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:4:p:320-338



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Muhammad Khalid Anser
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Anser
Author-Name: Muhammad Azhar Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Azhar
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Author-Name: Abdelmohsen A. Nassani
Author-X-Name-First: Abdelmohsen A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nassani
Author-Name: Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil
Author-X-Name-First: Abdullah Mohammed
Author-X-Name-Last: Aldakhil
Author-Name: Xuan Hinh Voo
Author-X-Name-First: Xuan Hinh
Author-X-Name-Last: Voo
Author-Name: Khalid Zaman
Author-X-Name-First: Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaman
Title: Relationship of environment with technological innovation, carbon pricing, renewable energy, and global food production
Abstract: 
 The United Nation sustainable development goals are largely emphasized on advancement in cleaner production technologies to take action against climate change and maintain the average global temperature less than 1.5°C. The role of carbon pricing, renewable energy, and sustainable food production would be helpful to achieve sustainable development goals in line with technological innovations. This study works in given factors and evaluated the global pace of economic growth towards sustainable development. The ex-ante and ex-post analysis is carried out on the world aggregated data for a period of 1980–2017. The results show that knowledge spillover, combustible renewables & waste, and carbon pricing substantially decreases carbon emissions, whereas trademark applications have a direct relationship with carbon emissions that exhibit the innovation embodied emissions at a global scale. The results support the inverted U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and global income with a turning point of US$15,800 and US$11,100 by using FMOLS and DOLS estimators respectively. The ex-ante analysis shows that knowledge spillover, trademark applications, and carbon pricing will largely decrease carbon emissions while carbon pricing, food production index, FDI inflows, and broad money supply will decrease fossil fuel emissions for the next 10 years time period.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 231-267
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1792607
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1792607
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:4:p:231-267



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tai-Hsi Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Tai-Hsi
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Author-Name: Pei Ju Lucy Ting
Author-X-Name-First: Pei Ju Lucy
Author-X-Name-Last: Ting
Author-Name: Mei-Chen Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Mei-Chen
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Author-Name: Chia-Chi Chang
Author-X-Name-First: Chia-Chi
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang
Title: Corporate ownership and firm performance: a mediating role of innovation efficiency
Abstract: 
 Using data from companies in Taiwan’s electronics industry, this study examines the effect of corporate ownership on firm innovation efficiency and performance. We use a network-typed data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to calculate firm-level innovation efficiency, which is composed of the R&D efficiency and the commercialization efficiency, respectively. We find that overall innovation efficiency is positively correlated with institutional ownership and directors’ ownership. In addition, R&D efficiency is positively associated with ROA and commercialization efficiency positively correlates with Tobin’s Q. R&D efficiency partially mediates the relationship between ownership-control deviation and ROA. However, commercialization efficiency plays a mediating role for institutional ownership on a firm’s Tobin’s Q. Our findings point to a bright side of the role of corporate governance in terms of its effects on corporate innovation and the effects of such innovation, in turn, on firm performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 292-319
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1799140
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1799140
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:4:p:292-319



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Eckert
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Eckert
Author-Name: Corinne Langinier
Author-X-Name-First: Corinne
Author-X-Name-Last: Langinier
Author-Name: Long Zhao
Author-X-Name-First: Long
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao
Title: Determinants of locational patenting behavior of Canadian firms
Abstract: 
 Using a unique data set combining Canadian and U.S patent data with firm-level data, we analyze Canadian firms' locational patenting decisions during the period 2000–2008. We find that the likelihood of Canadian firms' patenting in both the U.S. and Canada is associated with past patenting experience, firm size, profitability and patent scope. While manufacturing firms in export intensive industries are more likely to patent in both countries, firms in Foreign Direct Investment intensive industries are more likely to patent domestically. Finally, Canadian Intellectual Property Office's role as an International Search Authority under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is associated with an increase in the use of PCT by Canadian firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 268-291
Issue: 4
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1792608
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1792608
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:4:p:268-291

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Agustí Segarra-Blasco
Author-X-Name-First: Agustí
Author-X-Name-Last: Segarra-Blasco
Author-Name: Mercedes Teruel
Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes
Author-X-Name-Last: Teruel
Author-Name: Sebastiano Cattaruzzo
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastiano
Author-X-Name-Last: Cattaruzzo
Title: Innovation, productivity and learning induced by export across European manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 This paper analyses the links between R&D, innovation, productivity and exports for European manufacturing firms between 2001 and 2014. In comparison with previous studies, we consider the temporal and spatial dimension of learning-by-exporting. By applying a Heckman equation and GSEM methodology, we find a robust self-selection process from productivity to export and export-induced learning effects in terms of length of time and number of markets. Our results show that firms in leader countries are more sensitive to temporal learning, while spatial learning has more influence for firms in less advanced countries. Our results indicate that the export learning has a different impact depending on the innovation position of each country.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 387-415
Issue: 5
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1823673
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1823673
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:5:p:387-415



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fabrizio Fusillo
Author-X-Name-First: Fabrizio
Author-X-Name-Last: Fusillo
Author-Name: Francesco Quatraro
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Quatraro
Author-Name: Stefano Usai
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Usai
Title: Going green: the dynamics of green technological alliances
Abstract: 
 This paper investigates the impact of strategic technological alliances and environmental regulation, and their interaction, on the generation of green technologies. The empirical analysis is carried out on a newly constructed dataset of European firms over the period 2005–2011 and it is articulated in two steps. Firstly, we test the existence of a relationship between the environmental regulation, as measured by the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency index, and GTs, proxied by patent applications. We then employ a dynamic network analysis model to explore the dual role of GTs both as the determinant of the collaboration network and as the outcome of firms' collaboration strategies. We find that, even though there exists a strong and positive relationship, the regulatory framework has not a direct effect on GTs but rather it stimulates firms to search for new and qualified collaborations. Then, it is the nature and the structure of these collaborations that encourages firms to generate new green technological knowledge.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 362-386
Issue: 5
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1799143
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1799143
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:5:p:362-386



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Petros Gkotsis
Author-X-Name-First: Petros
Author-X-Name-Last: Gkotsis
Author-Name: Antonio Vezzani
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vezzani
Title: The price tag of technologies and the ‘unobserved’ R&D capabilities of firms
Abstract: 
 In this work, we develop and apply a methodology to estimate technology-specific R&D investments at the firm level. To do so, we combine R&D investment with patent data for the world top R&D investors worldwide and show that investment per patent varies greatly across technologies and across firms developing a given technology. We then use these results to assess the relationship between technology-specific R&D investments and a series of factors characterizing technological development. The estimation strategy makes use of a multilevel framework that allows modelling heterogeneity at the firm and sector level. In line with the literature on the sectoral systems of innovation, we find that sector specificities matter in determining the price of technologies, economies of scale in knowledge production, and the cost associated to specialization. Moreover, our results suggest that the persistent differences in R&D intensity across firms are related to the technological choices they make. Firms’ idiosyncrasies co-exist with significant differences across sectors in shaping knowledge production functions. Implications for policy and research are discussed accordingly.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 339-361
Issue: 5
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1799141
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1799141
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:5:p:339-361



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristian Mardones
Author-X-Name-First: Cristian
Author-X-Name-Last: Mardones
Author-Name: Luis Sepúlveda
Author-X-Name-First: Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Sepúlveda
Title: Public funding effects on inputs and outputs from the innovative process in Chilean firms
Abstract: 
 The objective of this study is to identify the effect of public funding instruments on the innovation expenditure intensity, percentage of innovative sales, and the number of intellectual property rights (IPRs) applications performed by Chilean firms using pseudo-panel data. Given the lack of panel data to perform this type of evaluation for a long period, repeated cross-sectional data of the different versions of the Innovation Survey are used to generate a pseudo-panel in which the firms are grouped in cohorts according to the economic sector to which they belong. The results estimated using linear and Tobit models of pseudo-panel with instrumental variables show that the use of public funding for innovation has a positive and significant effect on the innovation expenditure intensity and percentage of innovative sales, but that the effects on the number of IPRs applications performed by firms are not robust to different methods.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 416-445
Issue: 5
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1827574
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1827574
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:5:p:416-445

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
# input file: catalog-resolver6957244621066450901.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004
Author-Name: Elena Huergo
Author-X-Name-First: Elena
Author-X-Name-Last: Huergo
Author-Name: Alberto López
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: López
Title: Growth effects of economic conditions at birth: the role of public funding for technology-based start-ups
Abstract: 
 This article aims to evaluate the impact of public venture capital (VC) initiatives in the form of government-subsidized participative loans on the future growth of technology-based start-ups. We also analyze the role of the business cycle at the time of birth in firms’ growth potential. To do this, we take advantage of a unique data set on Spanish technology-based start-ups that includes information about the profile of the technological entrepreneur at the time of birth and data on company accounts for the period 2001–2018. This information allows accounting for potential selection and endogeneity problems by using matching techniques. Our evidence is consistent with an effectiveness of this kind of public VC initiative to encourage firms’ development through their medium-term effect on growth rates of sales and labor productivity and on intangible assets intensity, but only for start-ups created before the economic crisis. We also find that this latter set of start-ups has greater employment growth rates than other start-ups born during the crisis. These results are in line with the hypothesis that firms’ growth is partly determined by the phase of the business cycle at the time of birth.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 511-538
Issue: 6
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1837525
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1837525
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:6:p:511-538



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
# input file: catalog-resolver3265862982979704982.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004
Author-Name: Michele Capriati
Author-X-Name-First: Michele
Author-X-Name-Last: Capriati
Author-Name: Marialuisa Divella
Author-X-Name-First: Marialuisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Divella
Title: Firms’ organisational capabilities and innovation generation: the case of Italy
Abstract: 
 This paper explores the relation between firms’ organisational capabilities and their engagement in different innovation processes based on generation or adoption. We place greater emphasis on the internal generation, as this should signal whether firms’ have put their own inventive and creative efforts in the development of the new products and processes introduced and, thus, the achievement of higher capabilities of innovating. We consider that, to increase their innovative capabilities, firms could introduce different organisational innovations aimed at improving the management of their internal and external activities. Besides this, we consider whether firms are organised in a business group as also this likely shapes their organisational capabilities, enabling them to better capture and take advantage of various group-level resources for the internal generation of new technologies. The empirical analysis carried out by using recent data from the Italian Community Innovation Survey shows that different organisational innovations are always beneficial, whatever the innovation process followed by firms: however, especially those related to firms’ internal activities facilitate innovation generation more than adoption. At least to some extent, even group affiliation contributes to increase firms’ innovative capabilities, regardless of the location of the mother firm.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 447-466
Issue: 6
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1823674
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1823674
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:6:p:447-466



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
# input file: catalog-resolver6613393510381964750.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004
Author-Name: Carlo Capuano
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Capuano
Author-Name: Iacopo Grassi
Author-X-Name-First: Iacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Grassi
Title: R&D incentives to cooperate and invest with licensing
Abstract: 
 In this paper, we evaluate the private incentive to cooperate comparing three different scenarios (R&D cooperation, and R&D competition with and without licensing), in terms of expected profits, industry probability of innovation, and expected welfare. We show that the feasibility of licensing increases the appropriability of returns and may stimulate R&D investment; moreover, licensing an innovation may lead to the highest social welfare. However, some conflict may emerge between the public and private incentive to license the innovation, and between different policy targets.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 539-551
Issue: 6
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1841941
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1841941
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:6:p:539-551



Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
# input file: catalog-resolver6303943433738486050.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004
Author-Name: Michael A. Verba
Author-X-Name-First: Michael A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Verba
Title: Growth and innovation in the presence of knowledge and R&D accumulation dynamics
Abstract: 
 This article develops a modeling framework for growth and innovation in which accumulation dynamics of knowledge and R&D are explicitly considered. The framework is based on a more general knowledge production process than commonly used in Endogenous Growth Theory and R&D productivity literatures, reconciling as special cases disparate analytical approaches. The proposed model of knowledge dynamics highlights the role of human and physical capital accumulation in the creation of innovations and cautions against their omission in empirical models. Econometric analysis largely supports the model's predictions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 485-510
Issue: 6
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1828510
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1828510
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# input file: catalog-resolver-4502988036647645032.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220713T202513 git hash: 99d3863004
Author-Name: Diego Matricano
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Matricano
Title: Economic and social development generated by innovative startups: does heterogeneity persist across Italian macro-regions?
Abstract: 
 The aim of the present paper is to investigate if heterogeneity – meant in terms of economic and social development generated by innovative startups – persists or not across the three Italian macro-regions (north, centre, and south of Italy). According to law number (L. n.) 221/2012, Italian innovative startups are characterized by three parameters: (A) investments in R&D activities; (B) hiring experienced researchers; (C) holding a patent. By testing the effect that these parameters can exert in terms of economic and social development, heterogeneity or homogeneity between northern, central, and southern Italian macro-regions is disclosed. Methodologically, statistical elaborations leverage an unbalanced panel of 11,052 Italian innovative startups (data are retrieved from the official website of Italian Chambers of Commerce at http://startup.registroimprese.it) and are carried out through the estimation of a Stochastic Frontier Analysis – SFA without a time variable stochastic efficiency term.Achieved results disclose that heterogeneity persists across Italian macro-regions in reference to factors generating an economic and social impact; however, homogeneity exists in reference to causes of gaps from the efficiency frontier. In particular, results about northern macro-region reveal specific dynamics that – if properly managed – can increase the economic and social impact of innovative startups.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 467-484
Issue: 6
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1823675
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1823675
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# input file: GEIN_A_1838412_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Linghui Tang
Author-X-Name-First: Linghui
Author-X-Name-Last: Tang
Author-Name: Richard Baker
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Baker
Author-Name: Liping An
Author-X-Name-First: Liping
Author-X-Name-Last: An
Title: The success of crowdfunding projects: technology, globalization, and geographic distance
Abstract: 
 We explore the implications of geographic distance between founders and backers for reward-based crowdfunding. We argue that the development of crowdfunding platforms in the past decade has expanded significantly the network of entrepreneurs by attracting long-distance supporters. Using projects from Kickstarter during a four-week period, we found that geographic distance increased the number of funders for innovative technology-based crowdfunding campaigns, and for projects with early backers from large metropolitan areas. The finding was robust using average distance measures weighted by top backer cities. However, the positive distance effect was marginal for projects founded in smaller cities.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 553-574
Issue: 7
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1838412
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1838412
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# input file: GEIN_A_1841943_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Emanuele Bacchiega
Author-X-Name-First: Emanuele
Author-X-Name-Last: Bacchiega
Author-Name: Paolo G. Garella
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Garella
Title: Niche vs. central firms: pattern of technology choice and cost-price dynamics in a differentiated oligopoly
Abstract: 
 We investigate whether and how positions in the characteristics space influence technological adoption and how price levels are affected; furthermore we assess the effects of policy interventions. In an industry where a central firm competes with two peripheral/niche ones, two technologies are available: one with low marginal and high fixed costs and one with opposite pattern. The central firm is in direct competition with all the rivals. We show that this firm has higher incentives to adopt the technology efficient at large production scale; consequently if fixed cost decreases, the diffusion of this technology in the industry starts from the center and then spreads over to the niche firms. Changes in fixed and marginal costs affect long-run prices in non-obvious way. On the normative side, subsidies affect the technology pattern and deliver relevant effects: lump-sum subsidies increase consumer surplus, but can reduce profits. A price-cap that forestalls a technological change improves welfare. Our analysis is well-suited to analyze the digitalization process that has taken place in the last years.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 604-627
Issue: 7
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1841943
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1841943
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:31:y:2022:i:7:p:604-627



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# input file: GEIN_A_1843271_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ritika Jain
Author-X-Name-First: Ritika
Author-X-Name-Last: Jain
Author-Name: V.S. Krishnapriya
Author-X-Name-First: V.S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Krishnapriya
Title: Effect of innovation on corporate social responsibility: does ownership matter? Evidence from Indian manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 Based on the resource-based view that identifies both CSR and innovation as resourceful and competitive advantage-generating activities, the current paper examines the effect of innovation spending on corporate social responsibility (CSR) decisions and how this relationship is affected by state ownership. Using firm-level data on India’s manufacturing sector from 2014 to 2016, the study examines the relationship between innovation and CSR spending in the period after the mandatory CSR provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 came into force. An instrumental variable approach is adopted to overcome the problem of endogeneity. To examine if the innovation-CSR spending association is affected by state ownership, the study draws firm-level data on two Indian industry groups from 2011 to 2016 and uses double robustness models. The results suggest that innovation spending affects CSR decisions positively. Additionally, the effect of innovation spending on CSR spending is stronger for private firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 628-649
Issue: 7
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843271
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1843271
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# input file: GEIN_A_1846248_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: John Mann
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Mann
Author-Name: Scott Loveridge
Author-X-Name-First: Scott
Author-X-Name-Last: Loveridge
Title: Measuring urban and rural establishment innovation in the United States
Abstract: 
 What are the best proxies for innovation and do the best proxies vary by type of region? A commonly used and easily obtained measure is patenting, but there may be disadvantages to using it exclusively. We compare patents to 39 alternative innovation measures in terms of how they perform across tradeable urban and rural establishments. Data are from the USDA’s 2014 National Survey of Business Competitiveness, a survey with nearly 11,000 respondents, with a rural region over-sample (25% of establishments responding are urban and 75% are rural). We employ a bivariate probit model using as controls a number of establishment-level characteristics for our analysis. A log likelihood ratio test confirms that urban and rural establishments should be modeled separately. While patents may provide a reasonable measure of innovative activity for urban establishments, they are more a problematic measure for rural establishments. We conclude with a brief discussion of implications and study limitations.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 650-667
Issue: 7
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1846248
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1846248
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# input file: GEIN_A_1841942_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Hien Thu Tran
Author-X-Name-First: Hien Thu
Author-X-Name-Last: Tran
Author-Name: Enrico Santarelli
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico
Author-X-Name-Last: Santarelli
Author-Name: William X. Wei
Author-X-Name-First: William X.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wei
Title: Open innovation knowledge management in transition to market economy: integrating dynamic capability and institutional theory
Abstract: 
 This study provides a theoretical framework and empirical evidence to argue that a knowledge management process under the open innovation paradigm brings a viable solution for firms, especially those in transition economies, to acquire valuable knowledge-based dynamic capabilities to respond to environmental changes and achieve desirable organizational performance. These knowledge-based capabilities in turn enable firms to enhance their economic performance in terms of productivity and profitability. Dynamic capabilities act as an intermediary that bridges firms’ open innovation efforts and their economic realization. Local institutional quality plays an important moderating role in this process. Micro-sized firms have not consistently obtained the expected economic benefits from their open innovation efforts, which require more policy attention. For empirical evidence, we consider a comprehensive range of measures for open innovation and dynamic capabilities. Our proposed hypotheses are tested in a set of seemingly unrelated equations by combining two datasets from the Vietnam SME survey and the Provincial Competitiveness Index survey. As a robustness check, we estimate the performance equation applying fixed-effect regression and one-year lag structure.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 575-603
Issue: 7
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1841942
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1841942
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# input file: GEIN_A_1849969_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Zongjun Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Zongjun
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Jinrong Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Jinrong
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Author-Name: Zhenyu Jiang
Author-X-Name-First: Zhenyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang
Title: Change in sales, managerial overconfidence and persistence of firm R&D investment: evidence from China
Abstract: 
 Previous studies have discussed firm R&D investment widely, ignoring the asymmetric responses to different shocks and the influence of managers. And most of these studies were based on developed markets, with few based on emerging markets. Based on the Chinese A-share firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in 2008–2017, this paper analyzes the impact of change in sales and managerial overconfidence on R&D investment, finding that both changes in sales and managerial overconfidence are positively related to R&D investment and that managerial overconfidence negatively moderates the relationship between changes in sales and R&D investment. The empirical results show that managerial overconfidence acts as an important moderator to increase R&D persistence under different shocks in the emerging market context.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 711-728
Issue: 8
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1849969
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1849969
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# input file: GEIN_A_1849967_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Gilbert Cette
Author-X-Name-First: Gilbert
Author-X-Name-Last: Cette
Author-Name: Sandra Nevoux
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Nevoux
Author-Name: Loriane Py
Author-X-Name-First: Loriane
Author-X-Name-Last: Py
Title: The impact of ICTs and digitalization on productivity and labor share: evidence from French firms
Abstract: 
 Taking advantage of an original firm-level survey carried out by the Banque de France, we empirically investigate how the employment of ICT specialists (in-house and external) and the use of digital technologies (cloud and big data) have an impact on firm productivity and labor share. Our analysis relies on the survey responses in 2018 of 1,065 French firms belonging to the manufacturing sector and with at least 20 employees. To tackle potential endogeneity issues, we adopt an instrumental variable approach as proposed by Bartik (1991, Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies? Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.). The results of our cross-section estimations point to a large effect: ceteris paribus, the employment of ICT specialists and the use of digital technologies improve a firm’s labor productivity by about 23% and its total factor productivity by about 17%. Conversely, the employment of in-house ICT specialists and the use of big data both have a detrimental impact on labor share, of about 2.5 percentage points respectively.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 669-692
Issue: 8
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1849967
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1849967
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# input file: GEIN_A_1868069_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ya Bu
Author-X-Name-First: Ya
Author-X-Name-Last: Bu
Author-Name: Hui Li
Author-X-Name-First: Hui
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Xiaoqing Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoqing
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Title: Effective regulations of FinTech innovations: the case of China
Abstract: 
 In recent years, China has witnessed the rapid development of FinTech and become a leading country in the world. However, the regulatory mode under the traditional regulatory framework in China is difficult to effectively deal with the potential risks of FinTech innovations, which leads to frequent risk events. Firstly, based on the in-depth analysis of some research reports and regulatory policies, we clearly define the development status and essential characteristics of FinTech companies and regulatory authorities. Secondly, we construct a two-player evolutionary game model to depict the evolutionary game behavior between FinTech companies and regulatory authorities and analyze influencing factors of their strategic choices. We find that strategic choices of FinTech companies are mainly affected by extra benefits from non-compliance innovation, rewards from compliance innovation and penalty intensity from regulatory authorities, and strategic choices of regulatory authorities are mainly affected by regulatory costs, social evaluation and negative externalities. Finally, based on the realities of excessive innovations and insufficient regulations in China’s FinTech industry, we put forward some policy suggestions to promote the effective regulations of FinTech innovations and achieve a balance between regulation and innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 751-769
Issue: 8
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1868069
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1868069
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# input file: GEIN_A_1849968_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Zoltán Cséfalvay
Author-X-Name-First: Zoltán
Author-X-Name-Last: Cséfalvay
Author-Name: Petros Gkotsis
Author-X-Name-First: Petros
Author-X-Name-Last: Gkotsis
Title: Robotisation race in Europe: the robotisation chain approach
Abstract: 
 Who leads the robotisation race in Europe? For the answer, this paper develops a novel analytical framework, primarily by applying the concept of the global value chain to robotisation. By doing this, we investigate in detail the entire robotisation chain, from robotics developers over robot manufacturers to companies that deploy the industrial robots. For the R&D-intensive part of the chain (robotics development), we analyse robotics patent data from PATSTAT combined with firm data from ORBIS while for the capital-intensive part (deployment of robots) the source of information is the International Federation of Robotics. Our results show that the European robotisation landscape is fragmented into three groups. The first includes economies (Sweden, Germany, Austria, Denmark and France) that have the highest densities both in robotics development and in robot deployment. Countries of the second group (Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Finland) possess good positions only in some specific parts of the chain, while the lagging behind region (the majority of Central and Eastern Europe) is integrated into the robotisation chain solely by robot deployment. Hence, one of the main related policy challenges is to find ways for upgrading along the robotisation chain.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 693-710
Issue: 8
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1849968
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1849968
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# input file: GEIN_A_1853659_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Antonio Biurrun
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Biurrun
Title: New evidence toward solving the puzzle of innovation and inequality. The role of institutions
Abstract: 
 The new information age and the phenomena of digitalization and automation make investments in research and development (R&D) indispensable for economic and social progress. Meanwhile, increased inequality within countries and its effects on advanced countries is one of the consequences of the recent turbulences in the global economy. These two dynamics open debates around the still-unresolved nature of the relationship between innovation and inequality. This paper contrasts postulates from the existing theory and relevant empirical evidence to argue that the analysis of the positive and complex co-evolution of inequality reduction and technological progress in Europe implies a recombination of factors that highlights institutions as the backbone of the relationship. The results of this analysis based on time series / cross-section regressions with panel data from a sample of 20 European countries for the period 1995–2017 show the relevance of structural and institutional aspects within the region, while two sets of countries evince a dissimilar European behavior in the relationship under study. According to our findings, it is plausible to argue the existence of a virtuous circle defined by the combination of social protection contributions with innovation policies that certainly help settle the controversial relationship between innovation and inequality.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 729-750
Issue: 8
Volume: 31
Year: 2022
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1853659
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1853659
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# input file: GEIN_A_1891659_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Pablo Casas
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Casas
Author-Name: José L. Torres
Author-X-Name-First: José L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Torres
Title: Automation, automatic capital returns, and the functional income distribution
Abstract: 
 This paper studies the economic implications of automation. We consider that automation is affected by disruptive technologies which entail a structural change consisting in the introduction of a new physical capital input (a combination of artificial intelligence and autonomous robots), additional to ‘traditional’ capital assets and labor. This new ‘automatic’ physical capital is assumed to carry out production activities without the need to be combined with labor. We propose a simple production function combining both traditional and new technologies, and show that the consequences of automation depend on the combination of the automatic capital adoption rate and the elasticity of substitution between traditional and automatic technology. We find out that, if the adoption rate is below a threshold that matches the marginal productivity of automatic capital, little effects are derived from automation, independently of the elasticity of substitution. However, if the automatic capital adoption rate is above the threshold level and the elasticity of substitution is higher enough, the automation process can lead to a robocalypse scenario with a total shift of both traditional capital and labor. We estimate, through the benchmark calibration of the model, that the adoption rate threshold for automatic capital is about 22.5%.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 113-135
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1891659
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1891659
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# input file: GEIN_A_1859751_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Antonis Adam
Author-X-Name-First: Antonis
Author-X-Name-Last: Adam
Author-Name: Antonios Garas
Author-X-Name-First: Antonios
Author-X-Name-Last: Garas
Author-Name: Marina-Selini Katsaiti
Author-X-Name-First: Marina-Selini
Author-X-Name-Last: Katsaiti
Author-Name: Athanasios Lapatinas
Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios
Author-X-Name-Last: Lapatinas
Title: Economic complexity and jobs: an empirical analysis
Abstract: 
 This paper analyses the impact of economic complexity on the labour market using annual data on OECD countries for the period 1985–2008 and averaged data over the period 1990–2010 for 70 developed and developing countries with a large number of controls. We show that moving to higher levels of economic sophistication of exported goods leads to less unemployment and more employment, revealing that economic complexity does not induce job loss. Our findings remain robust across alternative econometric specifications. Furthermore, we place the spotlight on the link between products' embodied knowledge (sophistication) and labour market outcomes at the micro-level. We build a product-level index that attaches a product to the average level of unemployment (or employment) in the countries that export it. With this index, we illustrate how the development of sophisticated products is associated with changes in the labour market and show that the economic sophistication of exported goods captures information about the economy's job creation and destruction.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 25-52
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1859751
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1859751
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# input file: GEIN_A_1893139_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jelena Reljic
Author-X-Name-First: Jelena
Author-X-Name-Last: Reljic
Author-Name: Armanda Cetrulo
Author-X-Name-First: Armanda
Author-X-Name-Last: Cetrulo
Author-Name: Valeria Cirillo
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Cirillo
Author-Name: Andrea Coveri
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Coveri
Title: Non-standard work and innovation: evidence from European industries
Abstract: 
 Following a market-oriented approach, policies aimed at increasing labour flexibility by weakening employment protection institutions should enable firms to efficiently allocate resources, improve their capability to compete on international markets and adjust to economic cycle. This work documents the rise of non-standard (i.e. temporary and part-time) work in five European countries (Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) over the period 1994–2016 and investigates the nexus between the use of non-standard work and innovation performance using data for 18 manufacturing and 23 service industries. Contrary to the objectives that market-oriented policy recommendations promised to achieve, we show that there is a significantly negative association between the share of workers employed under non-standard contractual arrangements and the introduction of both product and process innovation. Furthermore, we show that the harmful consequences of the spread of non-standard work on firms’ product innovation propensity are more pronounced in high-tech sectors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 136-164
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1893139
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1893139
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# input file: GEIN_A_1857499_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Jonas Grafström
Author-X-Name-First: Jonas
Author-X-Name-Last: Grafström
Author-Name: Patrik Söderholm
Author-X-Name-First: Patrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Söderholm
Author-Name: Erik Gawel
Author-X-Name-First: Erik
Author-X-Name-Last: Gawel
Author-Name: Paul Lehmann
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehmann
Author-Name: Sebastian Strunz
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian
Author-X-Name-Last: Strunz
Title: Government support to renewable energy R&D: drivers and strategic interactions among EU Member States
Abstract: 
 Although the climate challenge requires proactive policies that spur innovation in the renewable energy sector, various countries commit vastly different levels of support for renewable energy R&D. This paper addresses the question why this may be the case. Specifically, the objective is to analyse the determinants of government support to renewable energy R&D in the European Union (EU), and, in doing this, we devote particular attention to the question of whether the level of this support tends to converge or diverge across EU Member States. The investigation relies on a data set of 12 EU Member States and a bias-corrected dynamic panel data estimator. We test for the presence of conditional β-convergence, and the impacts of energy dependence and electricity regulation on government R&D efforts. The findings display divergence in terms of government support to renewable energy R&D, and this result is robust across various model specifications and key assumptions. The analysis also indicates that countries with a low energy-import dependence and deregulated electricity markets tend to experience lower growth rates in government renewable energy R&D. The paper ends by discussing some implications of the results, primarily from an EU perspective.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1857499
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1857499
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# input file: GEIN_A_1868061_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Brian Paul Cozzarin
Author-X-Name-First: Brian Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Cozzarin
Author-Name: Jennifer C. Percival
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Percival
Title: Differential effects of training on innovation
Abstract: 
 Evidence shows that training can increase product innovation. Yet in most studies survey design omits the differentiation between ‘new' and ‘improved' technical innovation. Thus, our objective is to quantify the impact of training on product and process innovation, especially in terms of new versus improved innovations. We use a national, establishment level, mandatory survey, explicity designed as longitudinal. We use a 2SLS approach to correct for endogeneity of training in the innovation production function. We find that training has no effect on new products, while it augments improved products. Training has a positive and significant effect on new and improved process innovations. A question that comes to mind is: ‘Can we specifically train for new product innovation?' While there are highly cited papers in strategic management, we conclude after scanning the economics literature that a widely accepted theory of new product innovation does not exist. Perhaps, it is possible to train for new product innovation, while remaining cognizant of our inability to predict the recombinant knowledge required for newness. As Polanyi (1958. Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press) surmised: ‘ … invention must be acknowledged to be unpredictable, a quality which is assessed by the intensity of the surprise it might reasonably have aroused’.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 53-68
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1868061
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1868061
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# input file: GEIN_A_1871271_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Md Ruhul Amin
Author-X-Name-First: Md Ruhul
Author-X-Name-Last: Amin
Author-Name: Chune Young Chung
Author-X-Name-First: Chune Young
Author-X-Name-Last: Chung
Author-Name: Sanggyu Kang
Author-X-Name-First: Sanggyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Kang
Title: Does information quality matter in corporate innovation? Evidence from the Korean market
Abstract: 
 Using extensive manually collected data on granted patents, this study examines the effects of the degree of a firm’s information asymmetry on corporate innovation in the Korean market, which is characterized by weak transparency and active firm innovation. Based on four measures of information asymmetry, we find that the quality of information about a firm has a positive influence on its innovation activities. In addition, this influence is more evident in firms with poor corporate governance practices and in Chaebol-affiliated firms. Overall, this study offers insights on the importance of information quality for firms planning investments in innovation, which is a long-term and highly uncertain commitment. An important policy implication is that regulatory authorities should promote the timely and reliable disclosure of information on firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 92-112
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1871271
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1871271
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# input file: GEIN_A_1871270_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Thomas Bolli
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Bolli
Author-Name: Filippo Pusterla
Author-X-Name-First: Filippo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pusterla
Title: Is technological change really skills-biased? Firm-level evidence of the complementarities between ICT and workers' education
Abstract: 
 This paper extends and refines the concept of ICT-driven skills-biased technological change by disentangling the effects of information technologies (IT) and communication technologies (CT). Guided by the theory that IT and CT differently affect firms' production processes, we investigate the complementarities between these two distinct technologies and workers' levels of education in affecting firms' productivity. Exploiting within-firm variation between 2005 and 2017, we find that the use of IT – measured as use of business management tools – is particularly beneficial for workers with a tertiary vocational education. In contrast, CT – measured as workers' use of the intranet – is especially complementary to workers with a tertiary academic education. While consistent with the ICT-driven skills-biased technological change hypothesis, our results offer evidence on the necessity for differentiating between the effects of IT and CT on firm productivity when differently educated workers use these technologies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 69-91
Issue: 1
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1871270
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2020.1871270
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:1:p:69-91

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# input file: GEIN_A_1910815_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Salvatore Corrente
Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore
Author-X-Name-Last: Corrente
Author-Name: Ana Garcia-Bernabeu
Author-X-Name-First: Ana
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Bernabeu
Author-Name: Salvatore Greco
Author-X-Name-First: Salvatore
Author-X-Name-Last: Greco
Author-Name: Teemu Makkonen
Author-X-Name-First: Teemu
Author-X-Name-Last: Makkonen
Title: Robust measurement of innovation performances in Europe with a hierarchy of interacting composite indicators
Abstract: 
 For a long time, the measurement of innovation has been at the forefront of policymakers' and researchers' agenda worldwide. Therefore, there is an ongoing debate about which indicators should be used to measure innovation. Recent approaches have favoured the use of composite innovation indicators. The European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) is a relevant tool for benchmarking innovation in Europe. Still, the EIS lacks a proper scheme for weighting the included indicators according to their relative importance. Moreover, despite there is a consensus on the importance of interaction between different dimensions of innovation, there is no composite indicator taking into account of this. We propose an appraisal methodology permitting to take into consideration the interaction of dimensions to be aggregated and robustness concerns related to the elicitation of the weights assigned to the elementary indicators structured in a hierarchical way. With this aim, we apply a multiple-criteria decision-making approach being the conjunction of three methodologies, namely, the multiple-criteria hierarchy process, the Choquet integral and the stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis. It helps the users to rank and benchmark countries' innovation performance at partial and global level taking into account the importance and interaction of dimensions as well as robustness concerns.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 305-322
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1910815
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1910815
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:2:p:305-322



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# input file: GEIN_A_1910031_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Fang Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Fang
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Zhaoyuan Xu
Author-X-Name-First: Zhaoyuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Xu
Author-Name: Xiaoyong Dai
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoyong
Author-X-Name-Last: Dai
Title: Is learning by exporting technology specific? Evidence from Chinese firms
Abstract: 
 Integrating the theory of heterogeneous firm and trade with the neo-Schumpeterian view, this paper examines whether learning-by-exporting processes in Chinese firms are technology specific. Using a combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences estimation, we find weak evidence that exports generate higher productivity and growth for Chinese firms. This learning effect is subject to the nature of technology across industries: learning-by-exporting processes favor sectors characterized by high levels of appropriability and technological opportunity, while they are hindered in sectors featuring a wider knowledge base and higher cumulativeness. This technology-specific nature of learning effects leads to discrepant post-export gains in productivity across different sectors as well as economies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 275-304
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1910031
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1910031
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# input file: GEIN_A_1895496_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Carter Bloch
Author-X-Name-First: Carter
Author-X-Name-Last: Bloch
Author-Name: Carita Eklund
Author-X-Name-First: Carita
Author-X-Name-Last: Eklund
Author-Name: Hannu Piekkola
Author-X-Name-First: Hannu
Author-X-Name-Last: Piekkola
Title: Innovative competences, the financial crisis and firm-level productivity in Denmark and Finland
Abstract: 
 This paper examines how intangible assets contribute to firm-level productivity in the small open economies of Denmark and Finland from 2000 to 2013. We examine whether the role of intangible assets has changed over time, from the period of fairly stable growth prior to the crisis in 2008 to the more difficult period of recovery afterwards where intangible capital deepening decreased in 2008–2013 in many European countries. The productivity analysis is conducted in two stages. First, we derive total factor productivity (TFP), and second, we estimate the effects of intangible assets on total factor productivity. Our approach for measuring intangible assets is based on occupational classifications in a linked employer–employee dataset. We construct measures for three types of intangibles: broad R&D assets (R&D), organizational assets (OC) and information and communication technology assets (ICT). In both countries, the TFP effects of broad R&D increase slightly in the period after the crisis. For Finland, we also find that the TFP effects of OC increase after the crisis, while Denmark experienced a considerable increase in OC assets after financial crises in intangible intensive industries such as information, education and health industries, where productivity is lower.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 198-212
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1895496
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1895496
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:2:p:198-212



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# input file: GEIN_A_1895905_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Albert N. Link
Author-X-Name-First: Albert N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Link
Title: The economics of metrology: an exploratory study of the impact of measurement science on U.S. productivity
Abstract: 
 Metrology is the study of measurement science. Publicly funded outputs from measurement science have public good characteristics, and thus scholars have previously investigated the economic impact of such outputs on aggregate productivity as a first look at the impact of such public funds on economic activity. This study is the first to explore the relationships between one output from measurement science—calibration tests at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)—and aggregate productivity. The finding of a positive relationship is suggested to be a springboard for future research on the economics of metrology.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 213-222
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1895905
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1895905
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:2:p:213-222



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# input file: GEIN_A_1908896_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Umeair Shahzad
Author-X-Name-First: Umeair
Author-X-Name-Last: Shahzad
Author-Name: Jing Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Jing
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Tingyun Pang
Author-X-Name-First: Tingyun
Author-X-Name-Last: Pang
Author-Name: Fukai Luo
Author-X-Name-First: Fukai
Author-X-Name-Last: Luo
Title: Institutional investors and the moral hazards of technology investment: Evidence from China
Abstract: 
 This study investigates the impact of institutional ownership on the moral hazards of technology investment in China from 2003 to 2017. We use firms’ patent count data to test the quality and quantity of innovation, and apply a negative binomial regression to the baseline outcomes and a difference-in-difference model to control for endogeneity. The results show a significantly positive relationship between institutional investors and enterprise innovation. Particularly, mutual fund investors and qualified foreign institutional investors actively promote radical innovation, which minimizes the agency risks of enterprise innovation. However, bank and insurance fund investors tend to ignore the noise of technology investment, and instead prefer incremental innovation for enterprise growth. The study also analyzes the potential channels underlying these results. We find that institutional investors control CEOs’ career concerns and offer insurance against earnings sensitivity. Additionally, their supervisory role has a significant impact in controlling the agency risks of managers. Therefore, we propose that high-tech enterprises should consider the advantages of institutional investment in improving their innovation trajectories. The findings offer important policy implications for China’s indigenous innovation plans and indicate that institutional investors’ enthusiasm in enabling radical enterprise innovation is a valuable instrument for economic growth.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 223-249
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1908896
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1908896
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# input file: GEIN_A_1910030_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Kittiphod Charoontham
Author-X-Name-First: Kittiphod
Author-X-Name-Last: Charoontham
Author-Name: Thunyarat (Bam) Amornpetchkul
Author-X-Name-First: Thunyarat (Bam)
Author-X-Name-Last: Amornpetchkul
Title: Reputational impact on startup accelerator’s information disclosure and performance
Abstract: 
 This study examines the implications of reputational concerns on a startup accelerator’s decisions towards effort exertion in the venture assessment process and strategic adoption of information revelation policies. In our model, the startup accelerator charges an equity share of the venture admitted into her acceleration program in exchange for the resources provided to help nurture and prepare the venture for fundraising from the investor. The accelerator can choose how much effort to exert in the accelerating process, which in turn determines how accurately the accelerator can learn about the quality of the venture. At the end of the acceleration program, the accelerator can then decide whether to reveal this quality information to the investor consistently with (full disclosure regime) or contrastingly to (biased disclosure regime) what has actually been observed. The accelerator’s reputation will be negatively affected if the venture’s performance does not match with what the accelerator previously announced to the investor. Our findings show that the accelerator is motivated to exert a high level of effort in learning about the venture’s quality and fully disclose the credible quality information to the investor when the severity of the reputational loss is sufficiently high. Otherwise, if the impact of the reputational loss is too small, the accelerator would exert no effort in assessing the venture’s quality and announce information about the venture based primarily on the market information, which may or may not match with what she has actually observed during the acceleration program. Furthermore, we show that a larger equity share makes the accelerator more sensitive to the reputational loss, and hence, the accelerator is better incentivized to exert significant effort to improve the accuracy of the venture’s quality information and adopt the full disclosure regime.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 250-274
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1910030
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1910030
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# input file: GEIN_A_1893140_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Franco Mosconi
Author-X-Name-First: Franco
Author-X-Name-Last: Mosconi
Author-Name: Dario D’Ingiullo
Author-X-Name-First: Dario
Author-X-Name-Last: D’Ingiullo
Title: Institutional quality and innovation: evidence from Emilia-Romagna
Abstract: 
 In the last few decades, the role of institutions has received renewed attention as a key factor to foster regional growth and innovative performance, raising researchers’ interest in assessing the mechanisms through which the institutional framework could affect innovation. This paper, by focusing attention to the Emilia-Romagna context, empirically investigates the effects on innovative capacity related to higher institutional quality and to its dimensions. This region, in fact, provides – due to the performance achieved in the new economic scenario (EMU, globalisation, Industry 4.0) – a relevant testing ground to verify the extent to which the evolution of regional institutions has favoured the creation of a fertile ecosystem able to promote innovative capacity. The main findings reveal a positive role associated with two fundamental institutional components: the quality of public services (government effectiveness) and the degree of association and social cooperation (voice and accountability), which represent the most important institutional dimensions in this region.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 165-197
Issue: 2
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1893140
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1893140
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# input file: GEIN_A_1916486_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Xia Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Xia
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Author-Name: Xin Gu
Author-X-Name-First: Xin
Author-X-Name-Last: Gu
Author-Name: Xue Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Xue
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Title: Firm age and loan financing with patents as collateral of Chinese startups: the roles of innovations and experience
Abstract: 
 This article examines how startups obtain loan financing through pledged patents as the startup’s age increases. By using a panel dataset containing 31,083 Chinese startups and 88,264 patents of invention from 2006 to 2015, we test and verify an inverted U-shaped relationship between the age of startups and their patent pledges, and there is an optimal age for patent collateral financing. Younger startups do not find it easy to obtain patent pledge financing, while older startups do not rely on this financing channel. We further verify that firm innovation capabilities and pledge experience can optimize the inverted U-shaped relationship between firm age and their likelihood of obtaining patent pledge financing by accelerating startups’ success in obtaining financing and steepening the curve. However, the optimization mechanism behind them is different. Specifically, the patent scale or innovative competitiveness of startups exhibits enterprise quality information to the lenders, while pledge experience is mainly beneficial to the transmission of soft information between the borrowers and lenders. Thus, we advance the research on startups’ using patents as loan collateral by emphasizing the temporal dimension of pledges and their interplay with innovation and experience at the firm level in emerging economics.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 343-369
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1916486
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1916486
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# input file: GEIN_A_1924697_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Giuliana Battisti
Author-X-Name-First: Giuliana
Author-X-Name-Last: Battisti
Author-Name: Paul Stoneman
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoneman
Title: Complementarities in the sourcing, use and exploitation of managerial and technological innovations
Abstract: 
 This paper is primarily concerned with how managerial and technological innovations interact, and their relationship with firm performance. Parallels between managerial innovations and investments in intangibles are highlighted. Using an existing data set relating to 1497 UK enterprises in 2009 with an emphasis upon the service sector, it is shown that firms both source and use managerial and technological innovations and different types thereof simultaneously, suggesting widespread complementarities. Factor analysis is used to generate combined indicators of firms’ overall efforts in both sourcing and using different innovations and enables their allocation to clusters. The most active sourcing and using clusters are the smallest, whilst the least active are the largest. Firm characteristics differ across both sourcing and using clusters in expected ways. Further, (i) there is a positive relationship between corporate performance and the intensity of both sourcing and using innovations, and (ii) firms undertaking technological (managerial) innovation experience greater improvement in sales growth if they also undertake managerial (technological) innovation. The findings indicate that reliance upon either managerial or technological indicators of innovation alone could be misleading in terms of both measuring the extent of innovation and the impacts of different types of innovation upon firm performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 393-413
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1924697
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1924697
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:3:p:393-413



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# input file: GEIN_A_1937617_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Matteo Laffi
Author-X-Name-First: Matteo
Author-X-Name-Last: Laffi
Author-Name: Camilla Lenzi
Author-X-Name-First: Camilla
Author-X-Name-Last: Lenzi
Title: The antecedents of 4.0 technologies: an analysis of European patent data
Abstract: 
 New 4.0 technologies are spreading in the economy and society. Yet, empirical evidence lags behind conceptual reflections in the analysis of these technologies, their antecedents and the degree of continuity and/or originality with respect to ICTs (i.e. 3.0 technologies). To fill this gap, this paper proposes a large-scale analysis of the full spectrum of 4.0 technologies based on an original and methodologically innovative database of 4.0 inventions in European countries, over the period 2000–2015. The analysis highlights that 4.0 technologies do not overlap in full with 3.0 technologies. Rather, they are the outcome of recombination processes involving substantially diverse and distant technologies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 414-431
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1937617
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1937617
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# input file: GEIN_A_1919517_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Seamus McGuinness
Author-X-Name-First: Seamus
Author-X-Name-Last: McGuinness
Author-Name: Konstantinos Pouliakas
Author-X-Name-First: Konstantinos
Author-X-Name-Last: Pouliakas
Author-Name: Paul Redmond
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Redmond
Title: Skills-displacing technological change and its impact on jobs: challenging technological alarmism?
Abstract: 
 We use data from a new international dataset – the European Skills and Jobs Survey – to create a unique measure of skills-displacing technological change (SDT), defined as technological change that may render workers’ skills obsolete. We find that 16 percent of adult workers in the EU are impacted by SDT, with significant variance across countries, ranging from a high of 28 percent in Estonia, to below seven percent in Bulgaria. Despite claims that technological change contributes to the deskilling of jobs, we present evidence that SDT is associated with dynamic upskilling of workers. The paper also presents the first direct micro-evidence, based on worker survey responses, of the reinstatement effect of automating technology, namely a positive contribution of automation to the task content and skills complexity of the jobs of incumbent workers. Despite the recent focus on the polarising impact of automation and associated reskilling needs of lower-skilled individuals, our evidence also draws attention to the fact that SDT predominantly affects higher-skilled workers, reinforcing inequalities in upskilling opportunities within workplaces. Workers affected by SDT also experience greater job insecurity.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 370-392
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1919517
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1919517
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# input file: GEIN_A_1950539_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Kang Ho Bong
Author-X-Name-First: Kang Ho
Author-X-Name-Last: Bong
Author-Name: Jaemin Park
Author-X-Name-First: Jaemin
Author-X-Name-Last: Park
Title: Two faces of failure in innovation: a multinomial logit approach
Abstract: 
 In innovation literature, some view firms’ failures as negative to their innovative behaviour, while others argue that failures have a net function – learning from failure. However, we question whether classic linear regression methods constrain understandings of patterns by presenting only one side of the cause-and-effect relationship. This paper complements conventional approaches to literature by characterising the forms of innovation behaviour as mutually exclusive alternatives. Through an empirical approach evaluating mutually exclusive alternatives, we detected that firms’ failures simultaneously affect both the probability of choice to increase innovation investment and that to decrease innovation investment. Our results suggest that there is a certain threshold for the degree of failure to trigger innovative behaviour. When this is kept at a low level, innovative behaviour, rather than conservative behaviour, is more likely to be triggered. However, at a high level, companies could choose to increase their innovation investment; but they could also do the exact opposite at any time. Overall, attempts to model the innovation decision-making process as one on choosing the best out of mutually exclusive alternatives allows us to simultaneously compare the probability of innovation behaviour, elucidating the multidimensional aspects of innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 432-448
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1950539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1950539
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# input file: GEIN_A_1913136_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Oscar Afonso
Author-X-Name-First: Oscar
Author-X-Name-Last: Afonso
Title: The Oscar goes to … robots or humans? Competition in a directed technical change model with monetary policy
Abstract: 
 In this paper, the Directed Technical Change model was extended to consider robotics and the monetary authority. Production, in two sectors, uses human labor and robotic labor, in addition to the intermediate goods where technological knowledge is incorporated. It resulted that the growth-inflation relationship is negative (positive) when there is substitutability (complementarity) between sectors. In addition, a relaxation of the CIA's restrictions on one sector promotes an improvement in technological knowledge of that sector and in the remuneration of the labor it uses. Both the direction of technological knowledge and the relative return on human labor depend positively on the relative importance of the human sector in the economy, the relative productivity of the human sector in R&D, and the increasing financial constraints for R&D producers in the robotic sector relative to the human sector. Finally, a numerical analysis gave an idea of the relative remuneration of human labor in the eurozone and allows the evaluation of theoretical results.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 323-342
Issue: 3
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1913136
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1913136
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:3:p:323-342

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# input file: GEIN_A_1965475_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Gamal Atallah
Author-X-Name-First: Gamal
Author-X-Name-Last: Atallah
Author-Name: Ibrahim Bousmah
Author-X-Name-First: Ibrahim
Author-X-Name-Last: Bousmah
Author-Name: Claudia De Fuentes
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: De Fuentes
Title: Previous intrapreneurship experience as a determinant of entrepreneurial activity and performance
Abstract: 
 We analyze the effect of previous intrapreneurship experience as a key determinant of becoming a new entrepreneur, and the role that it plays in driving innovation and performance in startups, as indicated by employment and exports, and discuss the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. We use pooled cross-section data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the years 2013–2018, with a focus on Canada and the US. The results indicate that previous intrapreneurship experience plays a key role in the decision to engage in the creation of a startup, and that previous experience brings higher innovation outcomes, and shows a higher impact in terms of generation of new jobs and exports, compared to similar startups by entrepreneurs without intrapreneurship experience. The findings suggest the potential to encourage better schemes that promote the acquisition of expertise in an existing organization, and to address those factors that prevent some population groups from engaging in entrepreneurial activity. We contribute to the discussion by estimating the effect that intrapreneurship plays in the decision to start a new firm, and the impacts generated by the startup in terms of innovation, generation of employment and intensity of exports, differentiating between spinoffs and other-new-entrants.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 519-536
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1965475
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1965475
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:4:p:519-536



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# input file: GEIN_A_1956316_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Thomas Ziesemer
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer
Title: Labour-augmenting technical change data for alternative elasticities of substitution: growth, slowdown, and distribution dynamics
Abstract: 
 The main aim of this paper is to derive data for labour-augmenting technology (LAT) through growth accounting from a CES production function compatible with the stylized facts of growth. We solve a CES function for its LAT term and insert data. This provides LAT levels for alternative elasticities of substitution for 70 countries, 1950-2017. These LAT data then are analysed in relation to topics in the literature. Results are as follows. (i) The percentage growth rates of LAT are shown to fall over time (productivity slowdown) for all elasticity values in a panel data analysis with slope homogeneity. (ii) The standard growth result of a GDP growth rate equal to that of LAT and labour input holds only for LAT data based on low elasticities of substitution indicating that the economies are not in steady states. (iii) Matching the labour/capital share ratios from CES functions with those of PWT9.1 if the MPL-to-wage ratio is 1.6, the elasticities of substitution vary around 0.8. For this value, (iv) 13 of 69 countries have a productivity slowdown; (v) LAT growth rates are negatively related to their levels ten years ago without strongly changing the coefficient of variation or kernel density distribution over time.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 449-475
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1956316
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1956316
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# input file: GEIN_A_1974299_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Francisco-Jose Molina-Castillo
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco-Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Castillo
Author-Name: Mark de Reuver
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: de Reuver
Author-Name: Harry Bouwman
Author-X-Name-First: Harry
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouwman
Author-Name: Jose G. Clavel
Author-X-Name-First: Jose G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Clavel
Title: Business model experimentation in SMEs: the application of a dual scaling technique
Abstract: 
 Business model experimentation is an essential step for developing new business models. While the benefits of business model experimentation are increasingly studied, it is still poorly understood why companies engage in business model experimentation. This paper examines, starting from environmental turbulence reasoning, which external and internal drivers serve as antecedents for business model experimentation by firms that already have established business models. We do so by making use of a unique, quantitative data set based on a survey study among 929 European SMEs actively engaged in business model innovation. Using Dual Scaling, a procedure to scale categorical inputs that yields the least-squares lower-rank approximation to the elements of our data set, we find that external drivers relating to technological turbulence are the most important antecedents for business model experimentation. External competitive intensity doesn't motivate business model experimentation. Regarding internal drivers, strategic change, related to product innovation, is a significant antecedent, while innovative activities are less outspoken. By examining why companies engage in business model experimentation, the paper contributes to understanding the antecedents of business model innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 579-601
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1974299
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1974299
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# input file: GEIN_A_1967151_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Jin-Uk Choi
Author-X-Name-First: Jin-Uk
Author-X-Name-Last: Choi
Author-Name: Chang-Yang Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Chang-Yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: Do government-funded patents have higher quality than privately-funded patents?
Abstract: 
 This paper examines whether there exists a quality difference between government-funded and privately-funded patents. Furthermore, to the extent that there is a quality difference, this paper investigates under what conditions such a difference is particularly more pronounced. Using a unique dataset of Korean manufacturing firms during the period of 2006-2010 that provides project-level information on public R&D subsidies, we find the following. First, for the pooled sample of patents, there exists a quality difference between government-funded and privately-funded patents. Overall, the quality of government-funded patents is higher than that of privately-funded ones. Second, within each firm, quality differences between government-funded and privately-funded patents are more likely to be positive for large firms than small ones. Third, within-firm quality differences between government-funded and privately-funded patents are more likely to be positive for firms with a large technological knowledge base, particularly when they perform more exploratory, rather than exploitative, R&D projects with public R&D subsidies.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 537-562
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1967151
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1967151
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:4:p:537-562



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# input file: GEIN_A_1959326_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Rajeev K. Goel
Author-X-Name-First: Rajeev K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel
Author-Name: James W. Saunoris
Author-X-Name-First: James W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Saunoris
Title: The role of socio-historic factors and income inequality in global innovation
Abstract: 
 In order to better understand why some nations are more innovative than others, this paper considers the influence of socio-historic dimensions of colonialism and income inequality. Using data from 72 nations over the years 1997–2018, we find that ethnic income inequality (along with income inequality) and ethnolinguistic fractionalization of the population reduced the pace of innovation. These findings underscore the role of income distribution and other social factors in facilitating innovation. Furthermore, nations with a colonial past were more innovative, ceteris paribus, whereas nations with long histories (longevity) were no different from others. Finally, we found some support for presidential democracies fostering more innovation.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 498-518
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1959326
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1959326
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:4:p:498-518



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# input file: GEIN_A_1959325_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Caroline Viola Fry
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Viola
Author-X-Name-Last: Fry
Title: A lasting connection: colonial ties and scientific capabilities in sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract: 
 To what extent do colonial ties and knowledge spillovers continue to influence the development of scientific capabilities in sub-Saharan Africa? Using a new database of publication output of 46 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1976–2016 and a production function approach, this paper gives evidence that knowledge produced in former colonizing countries continues to have a large and persistent effect on publication output in Africa. This relationship is growing stronger over time. Furthermore, the publication output of smaller countries and those at more advanced stages of scientific, economic and political development is more closely related to the publication output of their former colonizer. Overall, these findings have implications for programs and policies aiming to facilitate the development of scientific capacity in the region.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 476-497
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1959325
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1959325
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# input file: GEIN_A_2188771_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Cristiano Antonelli
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiano
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonelli
Title: Obituary
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 602-602
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2188771
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2188771
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# input file: GEIN_A_1973896_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Jie Tang
Author-X-Name-First: Jie
Author-X-Name-Last: Tang
Author-Name: Wenyue Cui
Author-X-Name-First: Wenyue
Author-X-Name-Last: Cui
Title: Does urban agglomeration affect innovation convergence: evidence from China
Abstract: 
 Based on the β-convergence method, this paper studies whether there is innovation convergence in Chinese cities as a whole, and analyzes the reasons why cities within urban agglomerations show significant innovation convergence. We find that:(i) Empirical regression based on β convergence theory indicates that there is significant innovation convergence at the city level in China. The analysis based on σ convergence theory also supports this result. (ii) The speed of innovation convergence of cities within urban agglomerations is significantly higher than that of cities outside urban agglomerations. (iii) Human capital spillover and market interaction can significantly affect the level of urban innovation growth, which is the main reason for the innovation convergence difference inside and outside the urban agglomeration.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 563-578
Issue: 4
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1973896
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1973896
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:4:p:563-578

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# input file: GEIN_A_1982712_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Muhammad Farooq Ahmad
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad Farooq
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad
Author-Name: Oskar Kowalewski
Author-X-Name-First: Oskar
Author-X-Name-Last: Kowalewski
Author-Name: Paweł Pisany
Author-X-Name-First: Paweł
Author-X-Name-Last: Pisany
Title: What determines initial coin offering success: a cross-country study
Abstract: 
 This study investigates the determinants of the presence and success of initial coin offering (ICO) campaigns using data on 503 ICOs from 60 countries launched between 2015 and 2018. The analysis is based on an individual project, considering a country-wide perspective. The results show that while insider retention and resource-related signals, such as the number of team members and advisors, contribute positively to the ICO’s funding success and post-ICO activity, presale offers and bonuses contributed negatively. Additionally, the results highlight that a country’s financial system development and ICO-related legal friendliness boost the market. The study also documents that a country’s culture strongly determines the ICO issue but less so its long-term performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 622-645
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1982712
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1982712
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# input file: GEIN_A_1981305_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Quan Dong
Author-X-Name-First: Quan
Author-X-Name-Last: Dong
Author-Name: Juan Carlos Bárcena-Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Juan Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Bárcena-Ruiz
Author-Name: Amagoia Sagasta
Author-X-Name-First: Amagoia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sagasta
Title: Cooperative and non-cooperative R&D with spillovers under consumer-friendly firms
Abstract: 
 Given that there is ample evidence that firms have social concerns, in this paper, we analyse their influence on firms’ R&D cooperation with spillovers. We find that social concerns encourage firms to invest more in R&D when they do not cooperate than when they do. Moreover, when the social concern is great enough firms invest more under non-cooperative R&D independently of the spillover value. We also find that firms may prefer not to cooperate on R&D, which does not happen when they do not care about social concerns. Regarding the preference of the government, cooperative R&D agreements generate greater social welfare than non-cooperative R&D in two cases: if the spillover is high enough and the concern of firms about social issues is low enough, and if firms care enough about social issues. Finally, under non-cooperative R&D firms may invest more than the socially efficient level.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 603-621
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1981305
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1981305
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# input file: GEIN_A_2007093_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Maryam Hajialibeigi
Author-X-Name-First: Maryam
Author-X-Name-Last: Hajialibeigi
Title: Is more diverse always the better? External knowledge source clusters and innovation performance in Germany
Abstract: 
 This study gives a new identity to a knowledge search mode named search diversity and investigates how it is more rigorous in capturing knowledge heterogeneity in comparison to general assessment of search breadth. By distinguishing between diversifying and expanding search domain as building blocks of broadening search scope, this study proposes a hybrid search strategy when it comes to analysis of the link between external search and innovation performance. While a positive trend is found for search breadth and innovation in this article, search diversity indicates a curvilinear pattern but with a steeper positivity than search breadth. A prerequisite extension of this article is to use a clustering method among different external sources acting as a reference to codify a diversity index for measuring the new search scheme. In addition, the effect of usage of each cluster on innovation is empirically illustrated. This article suggests that the optimal hybrid search outlook in respect to innovation is built up by initially increasing diversity in search up to the downturn point and then shifting into usage of same source clusters without helping diversity. This analysis provides practitioners with additional insights for managing external sourcing strategies and leveraging innovativeness.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 663-681
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2007093
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2007093
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:5:p:663-681



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# input file: GEIN_A_2018313_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Carlos A. Carrasco
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrasco
Author-Name: Edgar Demetrio Tovar-García
Author-X-Name-First: Edgar Demetrio
Author-X-Name-Last: Tovar-García
Title: High-tech trade as determinant of the US bilateral trade balance
Abstract: 
 The relevance of high-tech industries has increased in recent years, particularly because of their effects on productivity and economic growth. However, the analysis of their relationship with the external sector is scarce, being a potential determinant of external imbalances. We examine the role of the share of high-tech exports and imports in the performance of the bilateral trade of the United States (US), characterized by a persistent trade deficit. The study focuses on bilateral data between the US and its 20 major partners, including developed and emerging countries, over the years 1990–2019. Accordingly, we developed dynamic panel data models based on the DIF GMM estimator, examining the relationship between bilateral trade balance and traditional regressors (relative income and exchange rate) and new explanatory variables (the high-tech composition of exports and imports). We found that the US high-tech composition of exports and imports has been changing over the last three decades, with the share of high-tech imports increasing and their exports decreasing. Furthermore, the regression results suggest that imports composed of high-tech goods are significant in explaining the US trade deficit, while the bilateral real exchange rate remains as a robust explanatory variable.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 713-730
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2018313
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2018313
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# input file: GEIN_A_1991798_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Raúl Katz
Author-X-Name-First: Raúl
Author-X-Name-Last: Katz
Author-Name: Fernando Callorda
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Callorda
Author-Name: Juan Jung
Author-X-Name-First: Juan
Author-X-Name-Last: Jung
Title: The impact of automation on employment and its social implications: evidence from Chile
Abstract: 
 Building on the literature of labor implications from technological disruptions, this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research carried out regarding the expected effects of automation on employment levels and performs diverse empirical approaches to estimate the effects for an emerging country. To illustrate the impact, the paper presents various empirical approaches to estimate jobs gains and losses using Chile as a case study. Results from the empirical estimates suggest that jobs lost to automation technology currently match the jobs being created, thereby resulting in a negligible overall impact on the labor force. However, the occupations being created require a higher number of highly educated workers. The findings, therefore, indicate potential social exclusion effects, as the most vulnerable groups facing a high risk of losing their jobs are low-skilled, low-income workers. To counteract these effects, active public policies need to be formulated and implemented in order to achieve the potential job gains while mitigating the potential negative effects on vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 646-662
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.1991798
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.1991798
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# input file: GEIN_A_2017289_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Florencia Fiorentin
Author-X-Name-First: Florencia
Author-X-Name-Last: Fiorentin
Author-Name: Mariano Pereira
Author-X-Name-First: Mariano
Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira
Author-Name: Diana Suarez
Author-X-Name-First: Diana
Author-X-Name-Last: Suarez
Author-Name: Alexis Tcach
Author-X-Name-First: Alexis
Author-X-Name-Last: Tcach
Title: When Matthew met Matilda: the Argentinean gender gap in the allocation of science and technology public grants
Abstract: 
 This article analyses the presence of the gender gap in the process of allocation of public grants for science and technology activity – the Matilda effect – in Argentina. The empirical approach is based on the Argentinean Scientific and Technological Research Projects programme (in Spanish PICT), the main national public grant for scientific and technological projects, for the period 2003–2015. Two manifestations of the Matilda effect are verified. First, entry barriers since female researchers have lower probabilities of being selected for the first time than their male counterparts. Then, persistency barriers are also demonstrated, given that being awarded when funded immediately before is only significant among male researchers. The gap is even larger for the case of science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields of science. The cumulative nature of the Matilda effect calls for deliberated public actions to reduce the gap since horizontal instruments tend to increase the biases over time.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 700-712
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2017289
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2017289
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# input file: GEIN_A_2011258_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Thiago Caliari
Author-X-Name-First: Thiago
Author-X-Name-Last: Caliari
Author-Name: Marcos José Barbieri Ferreira
Author-X-Name-First: Marcos José Barbieri
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira
Title: The historical evolution of the Brazilian aeronautical sector: a combined approach based on mission-oriented innovation policy (MOIP) and sectoral innovation system (SIS)
Abstract: 
 This study aims to present the evolution of the Brazilian aeronautical industry, focusing on mission-oriented innovation policy (MOIP) and sectoral innovation system (SIS) theories. We argue that a consolidated arrangement in national boundaries was useful to improve a leading national firm to compete at the international level. This was achieved through changes in MOIP over time, from a Type-1 strategy for a heterogeneous one, combining Type-1 and Type-2 features (Robinson, D. K. R., and M. Mazzucato. 2019. “The evolution of mission-oriented policies: Exploring changing market creating policies in the US and European space sector.” Research Policy 48: 936–948). We identify three main periods of industrial evolution from the 1930s until now. As main conclusions, we highlight that the joint observation through MOIP and SIS theories is important to explain the evolution of the aeronautical sector in Brazil. As technological, market, and institutional conditions shift, government policies change, new results are achieved, and new goals are being established, in line with the MOIP theory. Hence, the need for evaluation and adjustment over time would be seen as a more general lesson from this study, and the role of government intervention emerges as a particular strategy for each nation-state. Moreover, these responses to particular strategies need to be coherent with industry preconditions (each country’s internal features) and industry discontinuities.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 682-699
Issue: 5
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 07
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2011258
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2011258
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# input file: GEIN_A_2036609_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Adelheid Holl
Author-X-Name-First: Adelheid
Author-X-Name-Last: Holl
Author-Name: Bettina Peters
Author-X-Name-First: Bettina
Author-X-Name-Last: Peters
Author-Name: Christian Rammer
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Rammer
Title: Local knowledge spillovers and innovation persistence of firms
Abstract: 
 Innovation activities of firms tend to be highly persistent. Yet, little is still known about potential spatial contingencies affecting the degree of persistence. This paper analyses the influence of local knowledge spillovers on firms’ persistence in innovation activities. Using a representative panel data set of firms in Germany from 2002 to 2016, complemented by detailed geographic information of patent activity over discrete distances to proxy local knowledge spillovers, we find that the local patenting activity positively moderates persistency in innovation activities. Estimations with different distance bands show that the strength of knowledge spillovers that contribute to innovation persistence attenuates with increasing distance and vanishes beyond 30 kilometres in manufacturing and beyond 20 kilometres in services.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 826-850
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2036609
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2036609
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# input file: GEIN_A_2024074_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Mounir Amdaoud
Author-X-Name-First: Mounir
Author-X-Name-Last: Amdaoud
Author-Name: Petr Hanel
Author-X-Name-First: Petr
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanel
Author-Name: Christian Le Bas
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Le Bas
Title: Firm patenting and types of innovation. An empirical investigation on patenting determinants in developing countries
Abstract: 
 The literature has accumulated numerous pieces of evidence and trends as far as developed countries’ firm patenting is concerned. To date only a small amount of information concerning developing countries’ firm patenting is available. This paper contributes to the literature by accounting for the determinants of firm patenting in developing countries. The core assumption of this paper is that the occurrence of firm patenting is positively related to innovation strategies. As a result, we place the emphasis on the diverse ways to innovate and we identify their effects on a firm’s probability to patent. Our findings indicate that despite the weaknesses of the patenting systems in developing countries, the probability to patent an innovation occurs when it is new to the market type, whether it is a product or a process (after controlling for many other effects).
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 731-750
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2024074
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2024074
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# input file: GEIN_A_2038147_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Sandro Montresor
Author-X-Name-First: Sandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Montresor
Author-Name: Gianluca Orsatti
Author-X-Name-First: Gianluca
Author-X-Name-Last: Orsatti
Author-Name: Francesco Quatraro
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Quatraro
Title: Technological novelty and key enabling technologies: evidence from European regions
Abstract: 
 This paper deals with the determinants of technological novelty at the local level and, in particular, with the impact of the local endowment of key enabling technologies (KETs). Looking at local innovations as recombinations of pre-existing knowledge, we argue that the local endowment of KETs facilitates regions introducing inventions with novel technological origins, either in absolute or in relative terms. We test for this argument by focusing on a sample of 1,255 EU (NUTS3) regions over the 2000–2014 period and propose an original instrumental variable strategy that allows us to maintain the local endowment of KETs as exogenous. The results confirm our main hypotheses. In particular, a 1% increase in KETs increases by ∼1.8% the number of novel patents generated at the local level. KETs therefore appear to be ‘enabling’ of technological innovations that are unique in recombination across the board. However, KETs promote ‘new-to-the-region’ innovations more than ‘new-to-the-world’ innovations, representing a policy leverage to which regions could resort in targeting the local replication of technological advancements already present at the global frontier for some time.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 851-872
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2038147
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2038147
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# input file: GEIN_A_2051020_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Phaphon Plumwongrot
Author-X-Name-First: Phaphon
Author-X-Name-Last: Plumwongrot
Author-Name: Piriya Pholphirul
Author-X-Name-First: Piriya
Author-X-Name-Last: Pholphirul
Title: Are Robots stealing jobs? Empirical evidence from 10 developing countries
Abstract: 
 This research study aims, therefore, to examine the impacts of the adoption of new technology on jobs and employment in developing countries. Using ordered-probit regression model estimations from a survey of multinational firms in 22 industrial sectors from 10 selected developing countries, our results show that the probability of employment is found to decrease if a firm considers it important to adopt new technology. A relationship between the introduction of robots and the disappearance of jobs was found among firms in Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and Turkey. Sector-wise, information technology (IT) seems to be the only sector in which a positive relationship was found between higher employment within firms and new technology adoption. Other sectors exhibited an opposite relationship (higher technology adoption causes a decrease in employment). This indicates that talented and highly skilled labourers seem less likely to be replaced by robots and automation. Therefore, governments in developing countries should act to enhance the quality of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education to support workers in learning and using new technology and to provide upskill/reskill training programmes for workers so that they can work in tandem with new technology.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 873-889
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2051020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2051020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:6:p:873-889



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# input file: GEIN_A_2026221_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Federico Caviggioli
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Caviggioli
Author-Name: Antonio De Marco
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: De Marco
Author-Name: Petros Gkotsis
Author-X-Name-First: Petros
Author-X-Name-Last: Gkotsis
Author-Name: Giuseppe Scellato
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe
Author-X-Name-Last: Scellato
Author-Name: Antonio Vezzani
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vezzani
Title: Dual use inventions: identification and characterization using patent data
Abstract: 
 This study focuses on the spillover from the outcomes of military R&D to subsequent civil applications. We aim to identify the characteristics of those military innovations that are more likely to be exploited in civilian areas (i.e. dual use) and we build on previous literature to develop a methodology to identify such cases. Using both patent and citation data, we investigate country effects and invention-level characteristics that increase the likelihood to observe a military-to-civil knowledge spillover. We test these relationships by estimating probit, survival, and competing-event models on a large sample of military inventions filed between 2002 and 2012. Our results indicate that the incidence of dual use decreases during the period analysed and is heterogeneous across both technologies and countries. Military inventions having wider technological and geographical scopes are more likely to be cited by subsequent civil patents but military-to-civil spillovers occur later than military-to-military ones. Finally, the first dual use application of a military invention tends to appear within the country boundaries, suggesting that cross-border knowledge spillovers are not immediate. Our evidence is functional to the assessment of the potential indirect effects generated by the innovative activities of companies operating in the defence sector on the civilian sectors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 804-825
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2026221
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2026221
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# input file: GEIN_A_2024075_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Valeria Arza
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Arza
Author-Name: Xavier Cirera
Author-X-Name-First: Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Cirera
Author-Name: Emanuel López
Author-X-Name-First: Emanuel
Author-X-Name-Last: López
Author-Name: Agustina Colonna
Author-X-Name-First: Agustina
Author-X-Name-Last: Colonna
Title: Explaining differences in the returns to R&D in Argentina: the role of contextual factors
Abstract: 
 Argentinean firms’ investments in R&D are well below its regional peers. One potential explanation for this fact is the existence of low and heterogeneous returns for these investments. This paper uses novel microdata to estimate the returns to R&D and analyse the role of contextual factors in shaping its heterogeneity. The findings confirm that returns are indeed heterogeneous and depend on some important factors related to the market context, such as measures of uncertainty; and the knowledge context, such as knowledge spillovers. Acknowledging that heterogeneity of returns depends on firms’ context is crucial for designing innovation policies to boost private R&D returns.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 751-782
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2024075
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2024075
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# input file: GEIN_A_2024432_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Luca Sandrini
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Sandrini
Title: Innovation, competition, and incomplete adoption of a superior technology
Abstract: 
 This article shows that competition exerts a feedback effect on market structure via the process of innovation. First, downstream competition increases the willingness to pay for a more efficient technology (the direct effect). Second, a sufficiently large innovation may offer the licensees a robust strategic advantage that forces non-adopters out of business. In turn, this raises the licensee's willingness to pay to survive in the market (the indirect effect). More specifically, if competition is intense, even a tiny innovation may result in drastic effects in the market. This work also demonstrates that royalties do not always imply the complete adoption of a superior technology because of competition's indirect effect on innovation. If granted the possibility of denying access to innovation to some downstream manufacturers, an inventor or rights holder may prefer to license a substantial patent to a subset of manufacturers at a discounted price, regardless of the contract scheme enforced. Finally, this article suggests that a ban on obsolete technology is not welfare-improving from a policy perspective.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 783-803
Issue: 6
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2021.2024432
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2021.2024432
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:32:y:2023:i:6:p:783-803

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# input file: GEIN_A_2063122_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Silvio Traverso
Author-X-Name-First: Silvio
Author-X-Name-Last: Traverso
Author-Name: Massimiliano Vatiero
Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Vatiero
Author-Name: Enrico Zaninotto
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaninotto
Title: Robots and labor regulation: a cross-country/cross-industry analysis
Abstract: 
 This work discusses and empirically investigates the relationship between labor regulation and robotization. In particular, the empirical analysis focuses on the relationship between the discipline of workers' dismissal and the adoption of industrial robots in nineteen Western countries over the 2006–2016 period. We find that high levels of statutory employment protection have been negatively associated with robot adoption, suggesting that labor-friendly national legislations, by increasing adjustment costs (such as firing costs), and thus making investment riskier, provide less favorable environments for firms to invest in industrial robots. We also find, however, that the correlation is positively mediated by the sectoral levels of capital intensity, a hint that firms do resort to industrial robots as potential substitutes for workers to reduce employees' bargaining power and to limit their hold-up opportunities, which tend to be larger in sectors characterized by high levels of operating leverage.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 977-999
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2063122
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2063122
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# input file: GEIN_A_2067150_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Keun Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Keun
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Sung Hoon Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Sung Hoon
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Title: A Schumpeterian approach to entry barrier and firm profitability: cycle time of technology
Abstract: 
 Entry barrier has long been considered as a major determinant of firm profitability. Although a less competitive market structure has been commonly known as an indicator of an entry barrier, pieces of past empirical evidence are mixed. Moreover, technological factors, such as R&D intensity, have also been considered. However, no satisfactory empirical analysis has been made, mostly due to the lack of a suitable proxy variable that can reflect the technological environment of a sector. This study addresses this problem by trying a new proxy variable, cycle time of technologies (CTT), and shows, using the US firm data, that firms in a sector with a long CTT tend to enjoy higher profitability and values than others. A long CTT of a sector presents a high entry barrier against any entrant because in such sectors, an existing stock of knowledge tends to be important for a longer period of time, making new innovation continuously rely on old knowledge owned by incumbents and protected by patent rights.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1019-1036
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2067150
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2067150
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# input file: GEIN_A_2053848_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Luis Rubalcaba
Author-X-Name-First: Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Rubalcaba
Author-Name: Matthias Deschryvere
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Deschryvere
Title: The uneven role of users in service innovation performance
Abstract: 
 This paper provides a conceptual and empirical framework for analyzing the role of users in innovation and performance at the firm level in the service sector. The theoretical model builds on the user innovation theory in services and proposes to distinguish between different modes and degrees of user participation that may perform differently. The empirical testing is based on a unique dataset from Finland. Results show that not all user engagement led to similar impacts: more active roles versus passive ones have a significant positive relationship with innovation output, but only specific combinations of user orientation and its intensity matter. Besides, no direct significant impacts from user orientation on productivity were found. As a managerial implication, service companies may approach users as co-innovation partners oriented to service quality and customer satisfaction rather than oriented to increase business efficiency.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 953-976
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2053848
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2053848
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# input file: GEIN_A_2052053_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Pilar Beneito
Author-X-Name-First: Pilar
Author-X-Name-Last: Beneito
Author-Name: Maria E. Rochina-Barrachina
Author-X-Name-First: Maria E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rochina-Barrachina
Author-Name: Amparo Sanchis
Author-X-Name-First: Amparo
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchis
Title: Female R&D teams and patents as quality signals in innovative firms
Abstract: 
 Innovative firms use patents to signal the quality of their R&D teams in evaluation processes affected by asymmetric information. Examples of these processes occur when applying for finance from external sources or when searching for collaboration partners for innovation projects. In this paper we provide evidence that, in these cases, firms' external agents undervalue patents of female R&D teams as compared to patents of male R&D teams. We investigate this issue using data of Spanish innovating firms from PITEC, spanning 2005–2014, a panel database that follows the structure of the European Community Innovation Surveys (CIS). We interpret our results as consistent with an evaluation bias against female researchers, making them to be subject to a greater scrutiny as compared to their male counterparts, and thereby suggesting the existence of gender discrimination in R&D.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 891-922
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2052053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2052053
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# input file: GEIN_A_2065634_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Federico Caviggioli
Author-X-Name-First: Federico
Author-X-Name-Last: Caviggioli
Author-Name: Alessandra Colombelli
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Colombelli
Author-Name: Chiara Ravetti
Author-X-Name-First: Chiara
Author-X-Name-Last: Ravetti
Title: Gender differences among innovators: a patent analysis of stars
Abstract: 
 This article examines the gender gap in patenting activities and the predominance of male innovators among outstanding inventors, so-called ‘stars'. In particular, we investigate different metrics of productivity among top inventors, identified employing different definitions with respect to the quantity and quality of output. We distinguish between prolific inventors, with high numbers of patents registered in their name, and high-quality inventors, with portfolios comprising patents with large numbers of citations. Using patent data for more than 600,000 inventors, we find that star inventors differ from the pool of non-star inventors in terms of gender: while for non-star inventors being a woman constitutes a significant disadvantage, for stars it actually presents a positive association both with quantity and quality of innovative outputs. Moreover, career length constitutes a key premium for female inventors’ productivity, but with smaller magnitudes among stars. The only exception where we observe no gender differences is among inventors with large portfolios (more than five patent families): among them, women do not display any significant gap in the quality of outputs, nor does career length provide a gendered premium.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1000-1018
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2065634
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2065634
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# input file: GEIN_A_2072307_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Mário A. P. M. da Silva
Author-X-Name-First: Mário A. P. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: da Silva
Title: Cobb–Douglas R&D production function, appropriability and opportunity: effects on R&D, technological progress and knowledge sharing
Abstract: 
 We consider a Cobb–Douglas production function with two firm-specific R&D resource inputs and specify the conditions under which higher knowledge spillovers cause higher technological progress in the industry. We then consider the exponential R&D production function and establish sufficient conditions for per-firm own R&D expenditures to be an increasing function of knowledge spillovers and technological opportunities. Knowledge spillovers and technological possibilities encourage R&D spending if firms’ decisions on R&D investments are strategic complements. We consider two identical firms that, prior to competition in the product market, first decide whether to reveal their R&D efforts to the other firm and second conduct cost-reducing or demand-enhancing R&D and examine the conditions under which full revelation of R&D efforts to rivals yields higher profits. Trigger strategies which require non-cooperative firms to share their R&D inputs will ensure the efficient sharing of R&D efforts. This model has new policy implications about the effects of knowledge spillovers and complementarity in R&D on the incentives to innovate and promote welfare. We present an intellectual property policy that challenges the traditional model of intellectual property as exclusive ownership rights.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1069-1086
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2072307
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2072307
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# input file: GEIN_A_2070843_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Anders Kärnä
Author-X-Name-First: Anders
Author-X-Name-Last: Kärnä
Author-Name: Johan Karlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson
Author-Name: Erik Engberg
Author-X-Name-First: Erik
Author-X-Name-Last: Engberg
Author-Name: Peter Svensson
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson
Title: Political failure: a missing piece in innovation policy analysis
Abstract: 
 Within the field of innovation studies, researchers have identified systematic failures that hamper investment in R&D, innovation, and growth. Accordingly, researchers in this field often seek to provide policy recommendations on how to alleviate these failures. However, previous discussions have often been lacking considerations to the risks of political failures, meaning that policies fail to achieve their stated goals in a systematic manner. In response to this gap, this article aims to illustrate the concept of political failure and its relevance for innovation research. This is done by both discussing how political failure can impact innovation policy and by reviewing the prevalence of any discussions of political failure among top-ranked journals on innovation for the period 2010–2019, a total of 7161 articles. The results show that consideration of political failure is scarce, with a small number of papers that have a substantial analysis of political failures. If the awareness of political failures could be increased, this could lead to better policy recommendations with a more nuanced discussion of the risks and limitations of public policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1037-1068
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2070843
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2070843
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# input file: GEIN_A_2052054_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Chiara Lodi
Author-X-Name-First: Chiara
Author-X-Name-Last: Lodi
Author-Name: Silvia Bertarelli
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Bertarelli
Title: Eco-innovation and exports in heterogeneous firms: pollution haven effect and Porter hypothesis as competing theories
Abstract: 
 The effects of environmental policies on eco-innovation and trade performance are studied separately in the literature, and varying inferences across the studies are reported. This paper sheds light on this debate as it theoretically and empirically studies the pollution haven effect and strong Porter hypothesis in a unified framework that accounts for productivity and size heterogeneity at the firm level. The present study discusses a detailed analysis of theoretical predictions and empirical outcomes, based on the regulation–innovation–trade nexus, to assess the specific channels through which such effects might operate. Based on German and East European cross-sectional data at the firm level, results show that an eco-innovation that a regulation induces can generate either a positive effect or a detrimental effect on exporting propensity. Results also suggest that productivity, size and geographical heterogeneity of firms are extremely relevant.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 923-952
Issue: 7
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2052054
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2052054
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# input file: GEIN_A_2095513_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Domenico Buccella
Author-X-Name-First: Domenico
Author-X-Name-Last: Buccella
Author-Name: Luciano Fanti
Author-X-Name-First: Luciano
Author-X-Name-Last: Fanti
Author-Name: Luca Gori
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Gori
Title: Network externalities, product compatibility and process innovation
Abstract: 
 This article augments d’Aspremont and Jacquemin’s [1988. “Cooperative and Noncooperative R&D in Duopoly with Spillovers.” American Economic Review 78: 1133–1137; 1990. “Cooperative and Noncooperative R&D in Duopoly with Spillovers: Erratum.” American Economic Review 80: 641–642] cost-reducing R&D duopoly by introducing network externalities and product compatibility and then considers the investment decision stage. For standard non-network industries, the received literature has robustly shown that the non-cooperative R&D investment decision game is, without technological spill-over, a prisoner’s dilemma with investing firms (there is a conflict between self-interest and mutual benefit of investing in R&D), and a deadlock (there is no conflict between self-interest and mutual benefit of investing in R&D) only whether the extent of technological spill-over is sufficiently high. Network externalities and product compatibility challenge this result. In fact, outcomes antithetical to those emerging in a non-network industry do exist. Under symmetric full compatibility, the game is a deadlock also without spill-over effects. Under symmetric incompatibility, the game can be a prisoner’s dilemma irrespective of the extent of the technological spill-over. From a policy perspective, the article shows that R&D subsidies or taxes can be used as social welfare maximising tools depending on the extent of the network externality and the degree of product compatibility. The work focuses on Cournot rivalry, but results hold also for price-setting firms (Bertrand rivalry).
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1156-1189
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2095513
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2095513
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# input file: GEIN_A_2122456_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Anthony Howell
Author-X-Name-First: Anthony
Author-X-Name-Last: Howell
Author-Name: Robin Guohuibin Li
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Guohuibin Li
Author-Name: Maryann Feldman
Author-X-Name-First: Maryann
Author-X-Name-Last: Feldman
Author-Name: Haifeng Qian
Author-X-Name-First: Haifeng
Author-X-Name-Last: Qian
Title: Agglomeration, recombinant innovation and the role of market reforms in a transitioning China
Abstract: 
 This paper estimates a knowledge production function to study the effects of local spillovers on the patenting activity and new innovation sales of Chinese firms during a period marked by rapid economic reform. We show that local spillovers expected to arise between co-located firms in related industries encourages firm innovation outcomes, especially among firms that diversify their core competencies into new related (versus unrelated) technological domains. Exploiting the gradual and spatially uneven economic transitioning process as a quasi-natural experiment, we find that the positive effects of relatedness on firm innovation are significantly larger in size following more intense market-oriented reforms. The results are potentially relevant for policy-makers in transitioning economies, highlighting for the first time the importance of firms' own diversification process and market-oriented reforms for encouraging innovation-enhancing technological related spillovers.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1235-1248
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2122456
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2122456
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# input file: GEIN_A_2072836_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Dolores Añón Higón
Author-X-Name-First: Dolores
Author-X-Name-Last: Añón Higón
Title: The persistence and cross-persistence of R&D outsourcing: onshore and offshore strategies
Abstract: 
 Research and Development (R&D) outsourcing has rapidly grown in recent decades but little attention has been paid to the persistence with which these contracts are carried out. In this way, this study contributes to the literature by providing new evidence on the extent of true state dependence in explaining the persistence of outsourcing R&D to a type of contractor. Further, we explicitly distinguish between offshore and onshore outsourcing strategies and study their own- and cross-state dependence. In doing so, we estimate a set of dynamic models of strategy adoption using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms from 2005 to 2014. The data allow for the distinction between five types of contractors and their domestic or foreign origin in each of them. Our results support the idea that R&D outsourcing with a type of contractor exhibits true-state dependence although moderate, with onshore R&D outsourcing being more state-dependent than its offshore counterpart. Results also indicate the existence of cross-state dependence in both directions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1087-1113
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2072836
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2072836
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# input file: GEIN_A_2119564_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Lennart Ante
Author-X-Name-First: Lennart
Author-X-Name-Last: Ante
Title: Non-fungible token (NFT) markets on the Ethereum blockchain: temporal development, cointegration and interrelations
Abstract: 
 The market for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), transferrable and unique digital assets on public blockchains, has received widespread attention and experienced strong growth since early 2021. This study provides an introduction to NFTs and explores the 14 largest submarkets using data from the Ethereum blockchain between June 2017 and May 2021. The analyses rely on (a) the number of NFT sales, (b) the dollar volume of NFT trades and (c) the number of unique blockchain wallets that traded NFTs. Based on the number of transactions and wallets, the Ethereum-based NFT market peaked at the end of 2017 due to the success of the CryptoKitties project. As of 2021, fewer transactions occur but the traded value is much higher. We find that NFT submarkets are cointegrated and feature various causal short-run connections between them. The success or adoption of younger NFT projects is influenced by that of more established markets. At the same time, the success of newer markets has an impact on the more established projects. The results contribute to the overall understanding of the NFT phenomenon as an emerging asset class and suggest that NFT markets are immature or even inefficient.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1216-1234
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2119564
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2119564
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# input file: GEIN_A_2132239_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Omer Majeed
Author-X-Name-First: Omer
Author-X-Name-Last: Majeed
Author-Name: Robert Breunig
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Breunig
Title: Determinants of innovation novelty: evidence from Australian administrative data
Abstract: 
 Innovation is key for productivity growth and an important focus for policy in many countries. Innovation novelty, increasing from new-to-firm to new-to-world, is linked with firm growth and spillover effects. We examine the role of R&D, management capability and business skills in innovation novelty. Using detailed firm-level data, we find that firm-specific variables such as R&D, collaboration, foreign ownership, business focus on innovation and management capability are significantly associated with higher levels of innovation novelty. We also find that innovation strategy can vary based on firm size. We provide new evidence for Australia.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1249-1273
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2132239
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2132239
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# input file: GEIN_A_2075357_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Barbara Bratta
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara
Author-X-Name-Last: Bratta
Author-Name: Livio Romano
Author-X-Name-First: Livio
Author-X-Name-Last: Romano
Author-Name: Paolo Acciari
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Acciari
Author-Name: Francesca Mazzolari
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzolari
Title: Assessing the impact of digital technology diffusion policies. Evidence from Italy
Abstract: 
 This paper provides firm-level evidence on how subsidies to buyers of advanced digital production technologies work in sustaining private investments in innovation, and how such investments correlate with firms’ demand for labor. By exploiting the introduction in 2017 of a fiscal incentive granted to all Italian companies purchasing tangible goods instrumental to their digital transformation, we are able to quantify the volume of the subsidized investments within the national economy, to correlate the decision to invest with ex-ante structural and strategic characteristics of the beneficiary firms, and to evaluate the labor market effects (hirings and separations) of these investments at the firm level, for different classes of workers and firms. Overall, the analysis suggests that the policy has been so far an effective means to support the advanced digital technology transformation of the Italian production system and that such transformation has been positively correlated with employment growth at investing firms.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1114-1137
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2075357
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2075357
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# input file: GEIN_A_2119563_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Mehmet Ugur
Author-X-Name-First: Mehmet
Author-X-Name-Last: Ugur
Author-Name: Eshref Trushin
Author-X-Name-First: Eshref
Author-X-Name-Last: Trushin
Title: Information asymmetry, risk aversion and R&D subsidies: effect-size heterogeneity and policy conundrums
Abstract: 
 Drawing on the theory of contracts and Schumpeterian models of innovation, we demonstrate that information asymmetry and risk aversion are conducive to effect-size heterogeneity and sub-optimal allocation of R&D subsidies. Utilising an unbalanced panel of 43,650 British firms from 1998 to 2012 and an entropy balancing methodology, we find that R&D subsidies are less likely to generate additionality effects when: (a) firms are larger, older, or more R&D-intensive; and (b) investment in basic research or during crisis episodes is considered. We also report that over 85% of the subsidies are allocated to large, old and R&D-intensive firms that do not deliver additional R&D investment. Our findings reveal a policy conundrum: the case for R&D subsidies is stronger during economic downturns, when R&D investment is in basic research and when firm age, size and R&D intensity reflect success in converting R&D investment into innovative product lines; but the subsidy is less likely to increase business R&D under these conditions.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1190-1215
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2119563
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2119563
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# input file: GEIN_A_2095512_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ya Bu
Author-X-Name-First: Ya
Author-X-Name-Last: Bu
Author-Name: Xinghui Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Xinghui
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Author-Name: Hui Li
Author-X-Name-First: Hui
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: The nonlinear impact of FinTech on the real economic growth: evidence from China
Abstract: 
 Financial technology (FinTech) in promoting the real economy is a topic attracting much attention. This paper adopts a threshold regression model to solve the endogenous problem well and make up for the lack of empirical evidence of scientific models in existing research in this area. The empirical results show that FinTech has a significant promoting effect on real economic growth, manifested as a U-shaped relationship and double threshold effect. In the early stage of FinTech development, it will restrain economic growth. The continuous improvement will positively impact economic growth, and the result shows a law of marginal decline. Moreover, there are significant regional differences in the nonlinear characteristics. Our research has solid practical significance and contributes to the literature on the effects of FinTech on real economic growth.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1138-1155
Issue: 8
Volume: 32
Year: 2023
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2095512
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2095512
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# input file: GEIN_A_2144844_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Luca Cattani
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Cattani
Author-Name: Giovanni Guidetti
Author-X-Name-First: Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: Guidetti
Author-Name: Riccardo Leoncini
Author-X-Name-First: Riccardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Leoncini
Title: Innovation and skill premium
Abstract: 
 The relationship between innovation and skill premium is analysed on a panel of 12 countries for a 16-year span (2000–2015). According to a Schumpeterian view, a non-linear relationship between innovation and skill premium is found showing a threshold effect that reverses the relationship for relatively high levels of innovative activity. Moreover, the relationships change from convex to concave when variables representing different types of innovative activity are considered. In fact, with R&D a positive relationship with skill premium reverses once a threshold is exceeded, while the opposite holds for patents, for which the relationship is initially negative and then becomes positive. We argue that this is due to the different degrees of appropriability of the knowledge produced by innovators with these activities. We then show how to exploit these different patterns to provide a truly innovation-based analysis of the patterns of skill premium for the United States, France, Germany and Great Britain.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 66-91
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2144844
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2144844
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# input file: GEIN_A_2140658_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Sebastiano Cattaruzzo
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastiano
Author-X-Name-Last: Cattaruzzo
Author-Name: Agustí Segarra-Blasco
Author-X-Name-First: Agustí
Author-X-Name-Last: Segarra-Blasco
Author-Name: Mercedes Teruel
Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes
Author-X-Name-Last: Teruel
Title: Firm-level contributions to the R&D intensity distribution: evidence and policy implications
Abstract: 
 This paper decomposes the Spanish aggregate R&D distribution to disentangle the contributions of R&D public financing, gazelle firms, and financial constraints. Applying the Chernozhukov, Fernández-Val and Melly (2013) distribution regression approach, we estimate the contributions of these components at each point of the distribution. The analysis is carried out for two periods, pre-crisis 2004–2008 and post-crisis 2009–2014. We thereby introduce a comparative perspective that allows us to consider possible business cycle effects. Our findings show that the main explanatory factors of the significant post-crisis drop in Spanish aggregate R&D are changes in the public financing scheme and the decreased contribution of gazelles. Our results provide a rigorous analysis of Spanish R&D, hint at a possible transmission channel for reduced business dynamism, and offer interesting insights for policymaking.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 45-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2140658
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2140658
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# input file: GEIN_A_2145559_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Claudia Cantabene
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Cantabene
Author-Name: Iacopo Grassi
Author-X-Name-First: Iacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Grassi
Title: Firm performance and R&D cooperation: what matters?
Abstract: 
 In this paper we analyze whether R&D cooperation improves firms' performance, and which variables would boost R&D cooperation the most. We contribute to the literature linking two different branches: using a sample of Italians firms, we analyze which are the main determinants of R&D cooperation and whether R&D cooperation improves firms' performance. Thus, we conduct a two-step analysis: in the first step we investigate the significant determinants of cooperation, and in the second we employ these determinants to test the effect of R&D cooperation on firm performance, measured by ROA, Ebitda, and value added per capita. The analysis focuses on four relevant disaggregations: (i) small, medium, and large firms; (ii) Pavitt (1984. “Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory.” Research Policy 13 (6): 343–373) sectors; (iii) location (North, and Center-South); and (iv) public and private partners. Although the determinants of cooperation can vary depending on the type of disaggregation, we find that R&D cooperation always boosts firm performance, that is, on average, profitability and productivity are higher among cooperating firms compared to those that do not cooperate. Identifying the determinants of cooperation allows management and policymakers to understand which strategies should be implemented to stimulate cooperation and, consequently, to improve firms' performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 142-165
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2145559
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2145559
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# input file: GEIN_A_2145560_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Sergio Pelaez
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Pelaez
Author-Name: Bryan Hurtado
Author-X-Name-First: Bryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Hurtado
Author-Name: Javier Avila-Maecha
Author-X-Name-First: Javier
Author-X-Name-Last: Avila-Maecha
Title: Taxation and innovation: evidence from Colombia
Abstract: 
 We use firm-level data from a Colombian manufacturing survey, complemented with data from the tax department, to test the effect of firms’ total tax and contribution rate (TCR) on the ratio of innovation expenditures to sales. We construct a data panel from 2003 to 2018 comprising 104,762 observations and implement fixed effects and instrumental variables estimation methods. Our results suggest that an increase of one percentage point in direct taxation leads to a decrease of 0.10% in the probability that firms engage in innovation investments, and market power moderates this effect. We discuss distinctive features of the effect of taxation on innovation in emerging economies—one being the inability of local innovation clusters to temper it. Policy implications include considering modifications to the magnitude and composition of the TCR as an alternative to R&D tax credits.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 166-184
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2145560
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2145560
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# input file: GEIN_A_2144846_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Gbêtondji Melaine Armel Nonvide
Author-X-Name-First: Gbêtondji Melaine Armel
Author-X-Name-Last: Nonvide
Title: Beyond productivity, does the adoption of agricultural technologies improve food consumption and reduce poverty? Empirical evidence from Benin
Abstract: 
 Beyond productivity, does the adoption of agricultural technologies improve food consumption and reduce poverty? To provide answers to this, the paper used data from the household survey on the Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) carried out in 2017 in Benin. Five agricultural technologies were considered in this study. First, an extended ordered probit model was estimated to analyze the impact of technology choice sets on food consumption groups (poor, limit and acceptable). Second, an extended probit model is employed to assess the impact on poverty status. The results show that the adoption of multiple technologies increases food consumption and reduces poverty among agricultural households in Benin. Combinations of technologies that enhance both food consumption and poverty status are irrigation and herbicide, irrigation and chemical fertilizers and improved seed and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, policy interventions should help farming households gain access to these improved technologies to improve food security and reduce poverty.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 124-141
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2144846
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2144846
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# input file: GEIN_A_2134125_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Francesco Aiello
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Aiello
Author-Name: Paola Cardamone
Author-X-Name-First: Paola
Author-X-Name-Last: Cardamone
Author-Name: Lidia Mannarino
Author-X-Name-First: Lidia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mannarino
Author-Name: Valeria Pupo
Author-X-Name-First: Valeria
Author-X-Name-Last: Pupo
Title: Patents, family, and size: evidence from Italian manufacturing firms
Abstract: 
 This study explores whether the probability to patent differs between family and non-family firms, and whether any potential difference between firm-type is moderated by size. The analysis is based on a large archive of patenting activities (Orbis–PATSTAT dataset) carried out by around 3700 Italian manufacturing firms over the 2010–2017 period. The results from a random effect probit model show that family firms patent less than non-family firms (the estimated average marginal effect of family ownership ranges from −0.055 to −0.032 according to model specification). Furthermore, the size effect is positive in every model, suggesting that the probability of patenting increases with size. While it is demonstrated that family firms remain less likely to patent than non-family firms, we also show that their disadvantages increase as they grow in size: in large firms, the probability of patenting is 0.22 for family firms and 0.39 for non-family firms. Importantly, the results hold when considering patent counts, citations and a number of additional sensitivity tests.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 1-25
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2134125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2134125
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# input file: GEIN_A_2144845_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Theresa Michlbauer
Author-X-Name-First: Theresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Michlbauer
Author-Name: Thomas Zwick
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Zwick
Title: Precocious inventors: early patenting success and lifetime inventive performance
Abstract: 
 Precocious inventors have a higher inventive productivity during their remaining career. Inventors who have their first patent either applied for extraordinarily fast or a first patent of especially high quality are regarded as precocious. This paper systematically includes individual and employer characteristics that can drive career productivity beside an early patenting success to reveal the true productivity effect of precociousness. We show that early patenting success reveals dimensions of inventive ability that are not captured in individual characteristics that are predetermined at the start of the career such as the school education level. The favourable work environment precocious inventors enjoyed also has a relatively low explanatory value for career productivity. Precocious inventors also do not benefit from cumulative advantage. Although also rival firms can use early patenting success as indicator for a high career productivity, early employers can retain a high share of their precocious inventors. We propose several reasons for this surprising phenomenon.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 92-123
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2144845
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2144845
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# input file: GEIN_A_2134126_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Scott Alan Carson
Author-X-Name-First: Scott Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Carson
Title: Independent and major equity market and commodity return sources around the time of hydraulic fracking and horizontal drilling revolution: a differences-in-decompositions approach
Abstract: 
 Fracking and unconventional drilling have revolutionized international oil and natural gas production. Fracking increases the likelihood of well completion and decreases oil and gas equity and commodity market risk. Oil and gas Majors are producers with the greatest time and liquidity in the industry and are the largest integrated producers. Independents are smaller upstream, midstream, and downstream producers that have different capital and infrastructure and are less liquid than Majors. The fracking and unconventional recovery transition decreased returns to Independent equity market returns more than the Majors equity market decrease. Major oil returns increased with the transition by more than Independents. Independent equity returns across groups were higher after the transition than Majors both across and within groups. Fracking technology increased the likelihood of successful well completion, and with lower financial market risk, equity returns decreased in the post-fracking period.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 26-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2134126
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2134126
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# input file: GEIN_A_2184809_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Peter MacDonald
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald
Author-Name: Sandra Selmanovic
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Selmanovic
Title: How localised are knowledge spillovers? Evidence from microgeographic data on UK patent citations
Abstract: 
 We model the spatial characteristics of technological knowledge flows in the UK. Using a novel and highly accurate dataset of inventor locations, we test for localisation of knowledge spillovers in citations between UK patent applications from 1982 to 2015. We apply continuous distance localisation tests separately to patent citations in 313 technologies and find that spillovers are localised in far fewer technologies and at shorter distances than previous studies have suggested. Only 30% of technologies in the UK display localisation, knowledge spillovers decay rapidly at distances between 30 and 80 km, and spillovers within technologies are twice as frequently localised as spillovers between technologies. Our results suggest that technological and geographical proximity are important determinants of knowledge spillovers in the UK and that close physical proximity is particularly relevant for industrial sectors that are more reliant on tacit knowledge.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 323-343
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2184809
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2184809
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# input file: GEIN_A_2183854_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: A. Pronti
Author-X-Name-First: A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pronti
Author-Name: S. Auci
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Auci
Author-Name: M. Mazzanti
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzanti
Title: Adopting sustainable irrigation technologies in Italy: a study on the determinants of inter- and intra-farm diffusion
Abstract: 
 This paper analyses the drivers for adopting irrigation systems with water conservation and saving technologies (WCSTs) by Italian farmers. The agricultural sector in Italy, like in other Mediterranean countries, suffers from water scarcity and water endowment variability. Water resources play a decisive role in agricultural production and in implementing large-scale WCSTs capable of improving the resilience of the whole agricultural sector. This study uses a microeconomic panel data approach to estimate farmers’ decisions in adopting (inter-farm) sustainable irrigation technologies and assesses the intensity of (intra-farm) water-saving practices. Our analysis identifies the main determinants of adopting WCSTs for Italian farmers based on different socio-economic, physical, environmental and climatic variables.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 299-322
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2183854
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2183854
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# input file: GEIN_A_2163480_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Mingqing Xing
Author-X-Name-First: Mingqing
Author-X-Name-Last: Xing
Author-Name: Leonard F.S. Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Leonard F.S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Chan Zhou
Author-X-Name-First: Chan
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou
Title: Cross-ownership on R&D and social welfare in mixed oligopoly
Abstract: 
 We analyze the effects of cross-ownership between private firms (i.e. private cross-ownership) on R&D and social welfare in a mixed oligopoly in which a partially privatized public firm competes with two private firms. The main findings are that: (i) private cross-ownership induces the public firms’ R&D, despite it reduces the private firm’s R&D; (ii) private cross-ownership leads to a decrease (an increase) in industry profits if the degree of privatization is low (high); and (iii) private cross-ownership improves (decreases) consumer surplus and social welfare if the degree of privatization is low (high).
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 206-217
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2163480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2163480
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# input file: GEIN_A_2164493_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Thomas H. W. Ziesemer
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas H. W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziesemer
Title: Mission-oriented R&D and growth of Japan 1988–2016: a comparison with private and public R&D
Abstract: 
 We analyze the dynamic interaction of Japan’s total factor productivity (TFP), GDP, stocks of domestic and foreign private and public as well as mission-oriented R&D, called GBARD in OECD statistics, in a vector-error-correction model (VECM) for Japan with stock data for the period 1987–2016. Permanent policy changes show the following main results: (i) GBARD as well as private and public R&D each encourage growth rates of the other R&D stocks and of TFP and GDP, and (ii) all have high internal rates of return; (iii) Japan’s R&D policies affect and are affected by foreign R&D; in particular, Japan’s public R&D has a positive impact on European private R&D, whereas other OECD countries’ R&D has a negative one. Japan’s R&D policies should be supported by education policies enhancing especially the number of PhDs and IT personnel.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 218-247
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2164493
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2164493
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# input file: GEIN_A_2184810_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Frank R. Lichtenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Frank R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lichtenberg
Title: The impact of biomedical innovation on the disability of elderly Medicare recipients, 2013–2019
Abstract: 
 We investigate the relationship across U.S. states between indicators of the growth in the quality of medical goods and services used by elderly Medicare enrollees and the growth or decline in their disability, during the period 2013-2019. Our indicators of quality are the utilization-weighted mean vintages of prescription drugs and of medical services and procedures. We control for person-level demographic characteristics (sex, age, race, education, marital status), state/year characteristics (Medicare spending per enrollee, per capita income, prevalence of chronic conditions), state fixed effects, and year fixed effects. Our estimates indicate that the numbers of 2019 beneficiaries with three types of disabilities—cognition, vision, and independent living difficulties—were each reduced by between 650 and 760 thousand by the 2013-2019 increase in drug vintage, and that the numbers of 2019 beneficiaries with self-care and ambulation difficulties were each reduced by about 1.1 million by the 2013-2019 increase in drug vintage. The 2013-2019 increase in drug vintage reduced the mean number of disabilities from 0.91 to 0.82—77% of the observed increase—and it reduced the total number of disabilities by 4.9 million. The incremental drug cost per reduced disability may have been $5555, which seems quite reasonable.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 344-361
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2184810
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2184810
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# input file: GEIN_A_2167201_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Manuel Acosta
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Acosta
Author-Name: Daniel Coronado
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Coronado
Author-Name: Jennifer Medina
Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer
Author-X-Name-Last: Medina
Title: Effects of co-patenting across national boundaries on patent quality. An exploration in pharmaceuticals
Abstract: 
 This paper explores three novel research questions. First, is an increase in the number of countries involved in ownership of a co-patent an effective way to enhance patent quality? Second, if the objective is to raise patent quality, which are the right countries to collaborate with? And third, does cooperation with partners located in a tax haven affect patent quality? The empirical methodology relies on forward citations as an indicator of quality, and patent co-ownership as a measure of international collaboration. Our econometric findings show that, first, the average effect of international collaboration is a 4.9% increase in patent quality compared with those patents for which the assignees come from a single country (once we controlled for patent characteristics). When the number of countries in which the assignees are based increases, the effect of this wider collaboration on patent quality is also greater, though only for up to a maximum of five countries. Second, to produce patents of better quality, the most suitable countries with which to collaborate were found to be the United States, Switzerland, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. Finally, collaboration with firms located in a country categorized as a tax haven does not have any significant impact on patent quality.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 248-281
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2167201
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2167201
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# input file: GEIN_A_2150180_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Inês Carrilho-Nunes
Author-X-Name-First: Inês
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrilho-Nunes
Author-Name: Margarida Catalão-Lopes
Author-X-Name-First: Margarida
Author-X-Name-Last: Catalão-Lopes
Title: The complementary effects of environmental policy and oil prices on innovation: evidence from OECD countries
Abstract: 
 This paper examines the single and the joint influence of environmental policy stringency and oil prices on green innovation, admitting the possibility of different magnitudes of the response of innovation depending upon whether oil prices are increasing or decreasing, and accounting for endogeneity of policies. A panel data set of OECD countries is used over the period 1990–2016. Results suggest that increasing the stringency of environmental regulation can, beyond inducing green innovation, shield the effect of oil prices on innovation. In addition, a more stringent environmental policy reduces the asymmetric response of innovation when oil price increases or decreases. Thus, environmental policy and oil prices can be complements when inducing green innovation. Exploiting these complementarities requires an interdependent use of environmental and energy policies, through dynamic adjustments of subsidies and taxes on oil prices alongside reasonable levels of stringency in environmental policy.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 185-205
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2022.2150180
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2022.2150180
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# input file: GEIN_A_2172000_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Alberto López
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: López
Title: The role of information technology and workplace organization in firm productivity: evidence from Spanish firms
Abstract: 
 This paper explores the complementarity effect of information technology (IT) and workplace organization (WO) on firms’ productivity, but it also provides evidence of the differential effect of two of the main IT systems: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM). To do this, I use a sample of more than 1,600 large Spanish firms for the period 2006-2009. I find evidence supporting the hypothesis that IT and WO are complementary. I also find that the use of CRM seems to interact better with WO to enhance productivity. Finally, results are consistent when analyzing manufacturing and services firms separately, although evidence for complementarity is strong for services.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 282-298
Issue: 2
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 02
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2172000
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2172000
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# input file: GEIN_A_2196419_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Pål Børing
Author-X-Name-First: Pål
Author-X-Name-Last: Børing
Author-Name: Michael Spjelkavik Mark
Author-X-Name-First: Michael Spjelkavik
Author-X-Name-Last: Mark
Title: Is a firm’s productivity level affected by its number and types of innovation cooperation partners?
Abstract: 
 We first examine the effect of having innovation cooperation arrangements on the productivity level among firms with innovation activities. Then, we examine whether a firm’s productivity level is affected by its number and types of innovation cooperation partners among those with innovation cooperation arrangements. Data on Norwegian firms with innovation activities is used. In the analysis, we differentiate between small and large firms. The estimation results show that unlike small firms, large firms can benefit from cooperation arrangements by achieving productivity improvements. Using the group of internal partners as the reference category, the results show that the productivity level is relatively higher in the short term among all and small firms that had cooperation arrangements with competitors or other enterprises in their sector, and relatively lower both in the short and medium term among all and small firms that had arrangements with partners in the academic sector. This level is relatively higher among large firms that had arrangements with consultants or consulting enterprises, and relatively lower among large firms that had arrangements with commercial labs or R&D-enterprises, in the medium term. We also find that most effects of the number of different types of cooperation partners are not significant.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 455-488
Issue: 3
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2196419
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2196419
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# input file: GEIN_A_2185779_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Samuele Ialenti
Author-X-Name-First: Samuele
Author-X-Name-Last: Ialenti
Author-Name: Guido Pialli
Author-X-Name-First: Guido
Author-X-Name-Last: Pialli
Title: The increase in the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour: a repeated cross-country investigation
Abstract: 
 The economics literature emphasizes the importance of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour in several economic contexts. However, analyses of the effect of the elasticity of substitution on the direction of technological change are often overlooked. Most assessments of the direction of technological change rely on a Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production framework. This strand of empirical work considers the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour as a deep and fixed parameter. In this article, we show that the change in the elasticity of substitution that has occurred in recent decades might be an alternative source of change of factor income shares in addition to changes in factor-augmenting technological change. We construct a theoretical environment in which the elasticity of substitution is determined endogenously by the capital share and capital intensity. Rolling window estimates and non-linear estimation methods show that the elasticity of substitution in nine OECD economies observed between 1950 and 2017 was not constant and that, in fact, in the latter half of the 1970s, the elasticity of substitution increased, in the presence of labour-augmenting technical change.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 380-400
Issue: 3
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2185779
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2185779
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# input file: GEIN_A_2185614_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Li-Ming Li
Author-X-Name-First: Li-Ming
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Chun-Yu Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Chun-Yu
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Ya-Feng Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Ya-Feng
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Will renewal fee reduction introduce low-quality patents? Evidence from patents endorsed LOR in the UK
Abstract: 
 Considering the trade-off between cost-saving and commitment to a non-exclusive license, we use a dataset of the patents endorsed license of right (LOR) in the UK from 2004 to 2022 and apply the propensity score matching (PSM) method to examine whether the LOR system’s renewal fee reduction will introduce low-quality patents. The results suggest that the renewal fee reduction leads to an increase of 1.89 years to the average age of patents endorsed LOR. Furthermore, the LOR system has a limited attraction to high-quality patents for both institution-preference enterprises and institution-prudent enterprises. The findings are robust to several empirical checks. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 363-379
Issue: 3
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2185614
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2185614
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# input file: GEIN_A_2196418_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Yuelong Zheng
Author-X-Name-First: Yuelong
Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng
Author-Name: Chunguang Bai
Author-X-Name-First: Chunguang
Author-X-Name-Last: Bai
Author-Name: Lin Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Lin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Chunjia Han
Author-X-Name-First: Chunjia
Author-X-Name-Last: Han
Author-Name: Mu Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Mu
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Author-Name: Anusha Pappu
Author-X-Name-First: Anusha
Author-X-Name-Last: Pappu
Title: Evolutionary game analysis on the diffusion of general purpose technologies with government multiple supports
Abstract: 
 General purpose technologies (GPTs) are seen as engines of economic growth, which is achieved through diffusion in various application sectors. The diffusion of GPTs is the key to unleashing their potential value. However, the market and organisational failure of GPT diffusion are seen as hurdles to realise this potential. To address this issue, a single-group evolutionary game model was established to analyse the GPT diffusion process and its influencing factors and reveal the evolutionary mechanism of GPT diffusion. The main findings of the study show that the GPT diffusion is an evolutionary process influenced by many factors. GPT diffusion is negatively related to adoption and commercial development costs and positively related to the success rate of commercial development. In addition, government support is found to be positive for GPT diffusion, but a disproportionate share of government funding supports dampens the diffusion process. It is also found that government funds, knowledge and technological support are conducive to GPT diffusion. The effect of knowledge and technological support on GPT diffusion is positively regulated by the technology conversion coefficient, but the intellectual property rights system has a negative impact. The study sheds light on strategic choices for the diffusion and supply of GPTs.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 436-454
Issue: 3
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2196418
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2196418
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# input file: GEIN_A_2187385_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Leonardo L. Etro
Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Etro
Author-Name: Pier Luigi Sacco
Author-X-Name-First: Pier Luigi
Author-X-Name-Last: Sacco
Author-Name: Emiliano Sironi
Author-X-Name-First: Emiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Sironi
Author-Name: Nicola Taccalite
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola
Author-X-Name-Last: Taccalite
Author-Name: Emanuele Teti
Author-X-Name-First: Emanuele
Author-X-Name-Last: Teti
Title: Exuberance by design? Hyping cryptocurrencies markets through token underpricing
Abstract: 
 We investigate potential factors influencing token after-market returns to explain the extreme levels of underpricing experienced in the cryptocurrencies market. This research analyses a sample of 300 tokens issued between September 2015 and May 2018, fully capturing the window of maximum ICO activity. The results confirm the presence of significant underpricing with an average of 180.66% and a median of 32.21%, which far exceed that of the IPO market. The cumulative after-market mean returns at three months, six months, nine months, and twelve months continue to be remarkably high and above 100%. However, the return distributions exhibit substantial negative median values, highlighting the poor post-ICO performance of most tokens. The research also confirms the IPO ‘fads hypothesis’ as a reasonable explanation of token underpricing, which attributes positive initial returns to investor overreactions. This hypothesis provides a rationale for ICO higher underpricing with respect to the IPO market as well. Finally, the quality of the management team positively affects token after-market returns while the project technical validity does not significantly impact on them. Blockchain entrepreneurs may use these results to design tokens and the offering campaigns with the aim of reducing negative swings in the after-market.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 401-416
Issue: 3
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2187385
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2187385
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# input file: GEIN_A_2194641_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: E. L. van ‘t Klooster
Author-X-Name-First: E. L.
Author-X-Name-Last: van ‘t Klooster
Author-Name: C. N. Teulings
Author-X-Name-First: C. N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teulings
Title: Monopolistic price-setting behavior of information technology firms
Abstract: 
 Markups, which are when prices are greater than the marginal cost of production, have increased in the USA over the last decades. Our paper explores the differences in markups between Information Technology (IT) and non-IT firms. By doing so, we contribute to the understanding of the role of the IT industry in the increase in markups. We extend to De Loecker, Eeckhout, and Unger (2020), who find that markups of publicly traded firms have risen since 1980. They argue that no industry has systematically higher markups. We develop a novel firm-level classification method using natural language processing (NLP) to distinguish IT from non-IT firms. Our approach differs from the commonly used North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Using our classification, we find that the increase in markup in the period since 1980 occurred in two separate episodes. In the first, from 1980 until 1996, firms recovered from the fall of markups in the 1970s. In the second episode, since 1996, markups of IT firms diverge enormously. Markups of IT firms surge from 47% in 1996 to 80% in 2018, while the markup of non-IT firms remains largely unchanged.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 417-435
Issue: 3
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 04
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2194641
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2194641
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:3:p:417-435

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# input file: GEIN_A_2224736_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Olugbenga Michael Adewumi
Author-X-Name-First: Olugbenga Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Adewumi
Author-Name: Gudbrand Lien
Author-X-Name-First: Gudbrand
Author-X-Name-Last: Lien
Author-Name: Ørjan Mydland
Author-X-Name-First: Ørjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Mydland
Title: Optimizing effects of firms’ technological and non-technological processes on export-led innovation
Abstract: 
 This study contributes to research by evaluating the optimizing effects of innovation approaches on export-led innovation to ascertain a more efficient outcome. It uses the probit model with binary endogenous regressors to test the effects on 4,049 firms’ observations in Norway (1,784 manufacturing and 2,265 service firms). Results reveal that as export-led innovation induces a superior firm's innovation, it optimizes with innovation approaches – technological (STI) and non-technological (DUI) processes. While export-led innovation optimizes with STI in manufacturing firms’ product and process innovations, the optimizing effect is traceable to service firms’ process and service innovations. Nevertheless, export-led innovation optimizes with DUI in manufacturing firms’ service and New-to-Market innovations, and the effect only associates with service firms’ product innovations. Results show that while firms’ and export-led innovations optimize with the individual influence of STI and DUI, their interaction is inadequate. The study indicates that innovation methods are crucial for optimizing export-led innovation and present constructive policy implications that entrench invaluable decision-making that can enhance business performance.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 510-532
Issue: 4
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2224736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2224736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:4:p:510-532



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# input file: GEIN_A_2226090_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Manel Antelo
Author-X-Name-First: Manel
Author-X-Name-Last: Antelo
Author-Name: Lluís Bru
Author-X-Name-First: Lluís
Author-X-Name-Last: Bru
Title: Licensing a product innovation in a duopoly
Abstract: 
 This paper studies the licensing of a product innovation in a duopoly by means of two-part tariff contracts composed of fixed-fee payments combined with per-unit or ad-valorem royalties. When the licensor is a firm within the industry (internal licensor), it licenses the innovation to its competitor by using a pure ad-valorem royalty, and welfare is reduced because the royalty has anticompetitive effects on market performance. On welfare grounds, fixed-fee predominates over per-unit royalty licensing, but has the disadvantage that firms sometimes fail to reach an agreement. A simple regulatory rule is then proposed for a second-best optimal policy on product innovation licensing. However, when the innovator is outside the industry (external licensor), it never uses ad-valorem royalties. Also evaluated is the value of the innovation for an internal and an external innovator, and licensing by both innovators under Bertrand competition.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 533-549
Issue: 4
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2226090
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2226090
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:4:p:533-549



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# input file: GEIN_A_2222268_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Marina Cavalieri
Author-X-Name-First: Marina
Author-X-Name-Last: Cavalieri
Author-Name: Livio Ferrante
Author-X-Name-First: Livio
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrante
Author-Name: Marco Martorana
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Martorana
Author-Name: Ilde Rizzo
Author-X-Name-First: Ilde
Author-X-Name-Last: Rizzo
Title: The ICT strategy of Italian museums: institutional, supply and demand side drivers
Abstract: 
 It is common wisdom that the diffusion of information and communication technology (ICT) in cultural institutions can influence their mission and activities, reshaping their role as producers and distributors of cultural content. Nevertheless, the extent of ICT facilities in European museums has been rather scarce, although recently it has grown faster in response to the new challenges brought up by the COVID-19 crisis. This paper aims at exploring the drivers of the ICT strategy adopted by museums and similar institutions (in terms of both in situ and online services), considering not only supply-side but also demand-side characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, such an issue has not been investigated so far in a systematic way. We use a novel dataset based on three waves (2011, 2015, 2018) of a census survey carried out by the Italian National Statistical Office on all the cultural institutes spread over the Italian territory. Results show that supply-side, demand-side and contextual factors are significantly associated with the use of ICT by museums and similar institutions. Interestingly, we find that the relationship between demand features and museums’ digital strategy is closely related to the type of services and to the presence of financial incentives.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 489-509
Issue: 4
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2222268
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2222268
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:4:p:489-509



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# input file: GEIN_A_2227947_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: İpek Akad
Author-X-Name-First: İpek
Author-X-Name-Last: Akad
Author-Name: Çağaçan Değer
Author-X-Name-First: Çağaçan
Author-X-Name-Last: Değer
Title: The impact of R&D incentives and sectoral knowledge stocks on R&D outcomes
Abstract: 
 Given the importance of technological improvement for economic growth, policies are designed to enhance technological progress. A very common policy approach is to provide incentives to R&D (research and development) activities to improve the possibility of favorable outcomes. This study investigates the impact of R&D incentives on R&D outcomes measured in terms of patent applications and patent grants. The analysis focuses on the data for four sectors from 15 high-income countries covering the 2007 to 2019 period. A U-shaped pattern is observed to dominate the relationship between R&D incentives and R&D outcomes. For incentives to have positive impacts on R&D outcomes, they must be of a considerable portion of the national income. The study also covers the knowledge stocks and the implied spill-overs across sectors. The analysis does not reveal a single sector that generates innovative spill-overs to all the other sectors.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 550-585
Issue: 4
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2227947
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2227947
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:4:p:550-585



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# input file: GEIN_A_2227954_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Derick Almeida
Author-X-Name-First: Derick
Author-X-Name-Last: Almeida
Author-Name: Tiago Neves Sequeira
Author-X-Name-First: Tiago
Author-X-Name-Last: Neves Sequeira
Title: Are Robots, Software, ICT and physical capital related to productivity? A panel quantile approach
Abstract: 
 We study comparable elasticities of labor productivity on Robots, ICT, Non-ICT and Software for the whole conditional distribution of labor productivity through quantile regression analysis. When considering both country-industry fixed-effects and IV approaches, we obtain an increasing elasticity of labor productivity with respect to robot density across the main deciles of the labor productivity distribution. On average, a 1% increase in robot density is associated with nearly 0.15% increase at the 1st decile with nearly 0.17% at the 9th decile of productivity, an effect that is nearly nonsignificant within manufacturing and is crucially dependent on the lower robotized sectors. The elasticity of labor productivity to non-ICT capital (about 0.4%) and software (reaching 0.23%) are shown to be higher than that towards robots. Also the elasticities towards ICT and software vary more across the productivity distribution – presenting a downward slope – than those towards robots and physical capital. This may indicate an association of ICT and software technologies with decreasing inequality and of Robots with increasing inequality.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 586-603
Issue: 4
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2227954
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2227954
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:4:p:586-603



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# input file: GEIN_A_2233081_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Emin Dinlersoz
Author-X-Name-First: Emin
Author-X-Name-Last: Dinlersoz
Author-Name: Zoltan Wolf
Author-X-Name-First: Zoltan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf
Title: Automation, labor share, and productivity: plant-level evidence from U.S. manufacturing
Abstract: 
 This paper provides direct evidence of automation's role in production using establishment-level data from the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Manufacturing Technology. The data indicate that more automated plants have lower production labor share and higher capital share, higher labor productivity, and a smaller fraction of workers in production who receive higher wages. To understand the connection between automation and total factor productivity, we estimate a CES model of production where a plant chooses the degree of automation by adjusting the relative weight of capital and production labor given their relative price. The results indicate that, in the presence of heterogeneity in the extent of automation, productivity estimates are more dispersed and skewed relative to Cobb-Douglas residuals, and that the choice of functional form affects the level of productivity estimates. Overall, broad and deep automation is concentrated in larger plants with higher total factor productivity and lower labor share, consistent with a role for automation in contributing to dispersion in input utilization and market share.
Journal: Economics of Innovation and New Technology
Pages: 604-626
Issue: 4
Volume: 33
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2023.2233081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438599.2023.2233081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:33:y:2024:i:4:p:604-626